text
stringlengths 144
682k
|
|---|
Holborn Head
(Holburn Head)
A prominent headland on the north coast of Caithness, Holborn Head (also Holburn Head) represents the western termination of Thurso Bay, a mile (1.5 km) northeast of Scrabster and 2 miles (3 km) north of Thurso. It is surrounded by cliffs. This may have been the Tarvedunum Promontorium, referred to by the Egyptian geographer Ptolemy around 140 AD. Now disused, Holborn Head lighthouse lies a half-mile (1 km) to the south.
If you have found this information useful please consider making
|
Quick Answer: What Is Sound Doctrine According To The Bible?
What does doctrine in the Bible mean?
What are the 10 doctrines of the Bible?
What is doctrinal teaching?
What is the doctrine of God?
For most Christians, beliefs about God are enshrined in the doctrine of Trinitarianism, which holds that the three persons of God together form a single God. The Christian doctrine of the Trinity teaches the unity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as three persons in one Godhead.
You might be interested: FAQ: What Is The Love Of God According To The Bible?
What is the doctrine of Jesus only?
What are the characteristics of God?
Attributes of God in Christianity
• Aseity.
• Eternity.
• Graciousness.
• Holiness.
• Immanence.
• Immutability.
• Impassibility.
• Impeccability.
What is the most important doctrine in Christianity?
How many different doctrines are there?
There are three types of doctrine: Service, joint, and multinational.
What are the 4 types of theology?
What are the four types of theology?
• Systematic theology.
• Practical theology.
• Study theology and progress your faith journey.
What is the difference between doctrine and concepts?
Concepts are proposals and the basis for experiments on conducting future operations whereas doctrine addresses how Army forces actually operate today.
Do Christians believe in reincarnation?
You might be interested: Readers ask: What Names Are In The Bible?
What is a doctrinal statement?
What We Believe (Doctrinal Statement) “We believe that God created human beings, male and female, in the image of God to live in God’s perfect will. As such, human beings are called to be faithful stewards of God’s creation.”
What God is God?
What is the doctrine of creation?
Summary. THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION. All cultures, ancient and modern alike, seek for a way of accounting for the universe that will give their lives coherence and meaning.
What is the Trinitarian doctrine?
A Trinity doctrine is commonly expressed as the statement that the one God exists as or in three equally divine “Persons”, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Every term in this statement (God, exists, as or in, equally divine, Person) has been variously understood. Yet the tradition asserts exactly one god.
Leave a Reply
Related Post
|
Nasa tests foldable heat shield that could help humans land on Mars
File photo showing the Curiosity Mars rover vehicle. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration plans to send a new rover robotic lander to Mars in 2020. PHOTO: AFP
SPACEPORT AMERICA, NEW MEXICO (REUTERS) - The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Nasa) launched and tested a new umbrella-like heat shield on Wednesday (Sept 12), opening the door to landing humans on Mars.
The new technology - dubbed the Adaptable Deployable Entry Placement Technology (Adept) - stores like a folded umbrella inside smaller rockets, opening handle-up in space to protect larger payloads as they enter a planet's atmosphere, said Brandon Smith, Nasa's principal investigator on the project. The shape allows it to protect larger areas than current heat shields.
Adept, launched with a Spaceloft suborbital rocket made by UP Aerospace, was tested at the spaceport in southern New Mexico. It deployed between 100 and 120 kilometres before opening and making its way back to Earth, landing at White Sands Missile Range.
Data gathered from the test will not be available until the shield is recovered, officials said. The system, once implemented, will allow Nasa to send more complex missions to other planets.
|
International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance
International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance
These principles are the outcome of a global consultation with civil society groups, industry and international experts in communications surveillance law, policy and technology.
Privacy is a fundamental human right, and is central to the maintenance of democratic societies. It is essential to human dignity and it reinforces other rights, such as freedom of expression and information, and freedom of association, and is recognised under international human rights law.[1] Activities that restrict the right to privacy, including communications surveillance, can only be justified when they are prescribed by law, they are necessary to achieve a legitimate aim, and are proportionate to the aim pursued.[2]
Before public adoption of the Internet, well-established legal principles and logistical burdens inherent in monitoring communications created limits to State communications surveillance. In recent decades, those logistical barriers to surveillance have decreased and the application of legal principles in new technological contexts has become unclear. The explosion of digital communications content and information about communications, or "communications metadata" -- information about an individual’s communications or use of electronic devices -- the falling cost of storing and mining large sets of data, and the provision of personal content through third party service providers make State surveillance possible at an unprecedented scale.[3] Meanwhile, conceptualisations of existing human rights law have not kept up with the modern and changing communications surveillance capabilities of the State, the ability of the State to combine and organize information gained from different surveillance techniques, or the increased sensitivity of the information available to be accessed.
The frequency with which States are seeking access to both communications content and communications metadata is rising dramatically, without adequate scrutiny.[4] When accessed and analysed, communications metadata may create a profile of an individual's life, including medical conditions, political and religious viewpoints, associations, interactions and interests, disclosing as much detail as, or even greater detail than would be discernible from the content of communications.[5] Despite the vast potential for intrusion into an individual’s life and the chilling effect on political and other associations, legislative and policy instruments often afford communications metadata a lower level of protection and do not place sufficient restrictions on how they can be subsequently used by agencies, including how they are data-mined, shared, and retained.
In order for States to actually meet their international human rights obligations in relation to communications surveillance, they must comply with the principles set out below. These principles apply to surveillance of a State’s own citizens and conducted in its own territory as well as of its surveillance of others extraterritorially. The principles also apply regardless of the purpose for the surveillance -- law enforcement, national security or any other regulatory purpose. They also apply both to the State’s obligation to respect and fulfil individuals’ rights, and also to the obligation to protect individuals’ rights from abuse by non-State actors, including corporate entities.[6]The private sector bears equal responsibility for respecting human rights, particularly given the key role it plays in designing, developing and disseminating technologies; enabling and providing communications; and - where required - cooperating with State surveillance activities. Nevertheless, the scope of the present Principles is limited to the obligations of the State.
"Communications surveillance" in the modern environment encompasses the monitoring, interception, collection, analysis, use, preservation and retention of, interference with, or access to information that includes, reflects, arises from or is about a person’s communications in the past, present or future. "Communications" include activities, interactions and transactions transmitted through electronic mediums, such as content of communications, the identity of the parties to the communications, location-tracking information including IP addresses, the time and duration of communications, and identifiers of communication equipment used in communications.
Traditionally, the invasiveness of communications surveillance has been evaluated on the basis of artificial and formalistic categories. Existing legal frameworks distinguish between "content" or "non-content," "subscriber information" or "metadata," stored data or in transit data, data held in the home or in the possession of a third party service provider.[7] However, these distinctions are no longer appropriate for measuring the degree of the intrusion that communications surveillance makes into individuals’ private lives and associations. While it has long been agreed that communications content deserves significant protection in law because of its capability to reveal sensitive information, it is now clear that other information arising from communications – metadata and other forms of non-content data – may reveal even more about an individual than the content itself, and thus deserves equivalent protection. Today, each of these types of information might, taken alone or analysed collectively, reveal a person’s identity, behaviour, associations, physical or medical conditions, race, color, sexual orientation, national origins, or viewpoints; or enable the mapping of the person’s location, movements or interactions over time,[8] or of all people in a given location, including around a public demonstration or other political event. As a result, all information that includes, reflects, arises from or is about a person’s communications and that is not readily available and easily accessible to the general public, should be considered to be "protected information", and should accordingly be given the highest protection in law.
In evaluating the invasiveness of State communications surveillance, it is necessary to consider both the potential of the surveillance to reveal protected information, as well as the purpose for which the information is sought by the State. Communications surveillance that will likely lead to the revelation of protected information that may place a person at risk of investigation, discrimination or violation of human rights will constitute a serious infringement on an individual’s right to privacy, and will also undermine the enjoyment of other fundamental rights, including the right to free expression, association, and political participation. This is because these rights require people to be able to communicate free from the chilling effect of government surveillance. A determination of both the character and potential uses of the information sought will thus be necessary in each specific case.
When adopting a new communications surveillance technique or expanding the scope of an existing technique, the State should ascertain whether the information likely to be procured falls within the ambit of "protected information" before seeking it, and should submit to the scrutiny of the judiciary or other democratic oversight mechanism. In considering whether information obtained through communications surveillance rises to the level of "protected information", the form as well as the scope and duration of the surveillance are relevant factors. Because pervasive or systematic monitoring has the capacity to reveal private information far in excess of its constituent parts, it can elevate surveillance of non-protected information to a level of invasiveness that demands strong protection.[9]
The determination of whether the State may conduct communications surveillance that interferes with protected information must be consistent with the following principles.
LEGALITYAny limitation to the right to privacy must be prescribed by law. The State must not adopt or implement a measure that interferes with the right to privacy in the absence of an existing publicly available legislative act, which meets a standard of clarity and precision that is sufficient to ensure that individuals have advance notice of and can foresee its application. Given the rate of technological changes, laws that limit the right to privacy should be subject to periodic review by means of a participatory legislative or regulatory process.
LEGITIMATE AIMLaws should only permit communications surveillance by specified State authorities to achieve a legitimate aim that corresponds to a predominantly important legal interest that is necessary in a democratic society. Any measure must not be applied in a manner which discriminates on the basis of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
NECESSITYLaws permitting communications surveillance by the State must limit surveillance to that which is strictly and demonstrably necessary to achieve a legitimate aim. Communications surveillance must only be conducted when it is the only means of achieving a legitimate aim, or, when there are multiple means, it is the means least likely to infringe upon human rights. The onus of establishing this justification, in judicial as well as in legislative processes, is on the State.
ADEQUACYAny instance of communications surveillance authorised by law must be appropriate to fulfil the specific legitimate aim identified.
PROPORTIONALITYCommunications surveillance should be regarded as a highly intrusive act that interferes with the rights to privacy and freedom of opinion and expression, threatening the foundations of a democratic society. Decisions about communications surveillance must be made by weighing the benefit sought to be achieved against the harm that would be caused to the individual’s rights and to other competing interests, and should involve a consideration of the sensitivity of the information and the severity of the infringement on the right to privacy.
Specifically, this requires that, if a State seeks access to or use of protected information obtained through communications surveillance in the context of a criminal investigation, it must establish to the competent, independent, and impartial judicial authority that:
1. there is a high degree of probability that a serious crime has been or will be committed;
2. evidence of such a crime would be obtained by accessing the protected information sought;
3. other available less invasive investigative techniques have been exhausted;
4. information accessed will be confined to that reasonably relevant to the crime alleged and any excess information collected will be promptly destroyed or returned; and
5. information is accessed only by the specified authority and used for the purpose for which authorisation was given.
If the State seeks access to protected information through communication surveillance for a purpose that will not place a person at risk of criminal prosecution, investigation, discrimination or infringement of human rights, the State must establish to an independent, impartial, and competent authority:
1. other available less invasive investigative techniques have been considered;
2. information accessed will be confined to what is reasonably relevant and any excess information collected will be promptly destroyed or returned to the impacted individual; and
3. information is accessed only by the specified authority and used for the purpose for which was authorisation was given.
COMPETENT JUDICIAL AUTHORITYDeterminations related to communications surveillance must be made by a competent judicial authority that is impartial and independent. The authority must be:
1. separate from the authorities conducting communications surveillance;
2. conversant in issues related to and competent to make judicial decisions about the legality of communications surveillance, the technologies used and human rights; and
1. Notification would seriously jeopardize the purpose for which the surveillance is authorised, or there is an imminent risk of danger to human life; or
2. Authorisation to delay notification is granted by the competent judicial authority at the time that authorisation for surveillance is granted; and
3. The individual affected is notified as soon as the risk is lifted or within a reasonably practicable time period, whichever is sooner, and in any event by the time the communications surveillance has been completed. The obligation to give notice rests with the State, but in the event the State fails to give notice, communications service providers shall be free to notify individuals of the communications surveillance, voluntarily or upon request.
TRANSPARENCYStates should be transparent about the use and scope of communications surveillance techniques and powers. They should publish, at a minimum, aggregate information on the number of requests approved and rejected, a disaggregation of the requests by service provider and by investigation type and purpose. States should provide individuals with sufficient information to enable them to fully comprehend the scope, nature and application of the laws permitting communications surveillance. States should enable service providers to publish the procedures they apply when dealing with State communications surveillance, adhere to those procedures, and publish records of State communications surveillance.
PUBLIC OVERSIGHTStates should establish independent oversight mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of communications surveillance.[11] Oversight mechanisms should have the authority to access all potentially relevant information about State actions, including, where appropriate, access to secret or classified information; to assess whether the State is making legitimate use of its lawful capabilities; to evaluate whether the State has been transparently and accurately publishing information about the use and scope of communications surveillance techniques and powers; and to publish periodic reports and other information relevant to communications surveillance. Independent oversight mechanisms should be established in addition to any oversight already provided through another branch of government.
INTEGRITY OF COMMUNICATIONS AND SYSTEMSIn order to ensure the integrity, security and privacy of communications systems, and in recognition of the fact that compromising security for State purposes almost always compromises security more generally, States should not compel service providers or hardware or software vendors to build surveillance or monitoring capability into their systems, or to collect or retain particular information purely for State surveillance purposes. A priori data retention or collection should never be required of service providers. Individuals have the right to express themselves anonymously; States should therefore refrain from compelling the identification of users as a precondition for service provision.[12]
SAFEGUARDS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONIn response to changes in the flows of information, and in communications technologies and services, States may need to seek assistance from a foreign service provider. Accordingly, the mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs) and other agreements entered into by States should ensure that, where the laws of more than one state could apply to communications surveillance, the available standard with the higher level of protection for individuals is applied. Where States seek assistance for law enforcement purposes, the principle of dual criminality should be applied. States may not use mutual legal assistance processes and foreign requests for protected information to circumvent domestic legal restrictions on communications surveillance. Mutual legal assistance processes and other agreements should be clearly documented, publicly available, and subject to guarantees of procedural fairness.
SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ILLEGITIMATE ACCESSStates should enact legislation criminalising illegal communications surveillance by public or private actors. The law should provide sufficient and significant civil and criminal penalties, protections for whistle blowers, and avenues for redress by affected individuals. Laws should stipulate that any information obtained in a manner that is inconsistent with these principles is inadmissible as evidence in any proceeding, as is any evidence derivative of such information. States should also enact laws providing that, after material obtained through communications surveillance has been used for the purpose for which information was given, the material must be destroyed or returned to the individual.
1. (Amman, Jordan)
2. (International)
3. (Africa)
4. (Argentina)
5. (Russia)
6. (Germany)
7. All India Peoples Science Network
8. (Turkey)
9. (India)
10. (International)
11. (Canada/Iran)
12. (Argentina)
13. (Spain)
14. (Paraguay)
15. (Argentina)
16. (United States)
17. (Brasil)
18. (Spain)
19. (International)
20. (Romania)
21. Association of Community Internet Center – APWKomitel
22. (Australia)
23. (Bahrain)
24. (Bangladesh)
25. (United Kingdom)
26. (Netherlands)
27. (Pakistan)
28. (Brasil)
29. (Canada)
30. (Pakistan)
31. (USA)
32. (India)
33. (United States)
34. (Canada)
35. (Argentina)
36. (Brasil)
37. (Poland)
38. (Canada)
39. (Colombia)
40. (Colombia)
41. (International)
42. (South Korea)
43. (International)
44. (India)
45. (Germany)
46. (Pakistan)
47. (Finland)
48. (International)
49. (Australia)
50. (Italy - Europe)
51. (United States)
52. (Europe)
53. (United States)
54. (Argentina)
55. (Thailand)
56. (United Kingdom)
57. (United States)
58. (Europe)
59. (India)
60. (Thailand )
61. (United States)
62. (Egypt)
63. (Colombia)
64. (Argentina)
65. (International)
66. (Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, Colombia)
67. (Arab Gulf region)
68. (Poland)
69. (Peru)
70. (International)
71. (Kenya)
72. (United Kingdom)
73. (Africa)
74. (Brasil)
75. (International)
77. (United States)
78. (Palestine)
79. (United States)
80. (United States)
81. (Irak)
82. (India)
83. (Czech Republic)
84. (Mauritania, Senegal, Tanzania)
85. (Jordan)
86. (Kenya)
87. (Kenya)
88. Knowledge Commons
89. (France/Europe)
90. (Latin America)
91. (United Kingdom)
92. (United States/international)
93. (United States)
94. (Germany)
95. (Brasil)
96. (Tunisia)
97. (United States)
98. (Western Balkans)
99. (United States)
100. (United Kingdom)
101. (United States)
102. (South Korea)
103. (United Kingdom)
104. (Canada)
105. (Palestine)
106. (Poland)
107. (Serbia)
108. (International)
109. (Canada)
110. (United States)
111. (International)
112. (Cameroon/ Africa)
113. (Colombia)
114. (International)
115. (Canada)
116. (Balkan Region)
117. (Lebanon)
118. (India)
119. (South East Asia)
120. Statewatch
(United Kingdom)
121. (Costa Rica)
122. (Taiwan)
123. (New Zealand)
124. (Paraguay)
125. (Thailand)
126. (USA)
127. (United States)
128. (Brasil)
129. (Bangladesh)
130. (International)
[2]Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 29; General Comment No. 27, Adopted by The Human Rights Committee Under Article 40, Paragraph 4, Of The International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9, November 2, 1999; see also Martin Scheinin, "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism," 2009, A/HRC/17/34.
[4]For example, in the United Kingdom alone, there are now approximately 500,000 requests for communications metadata every year, currently under a self-authorising regime for law enforcement agencies who are able to authorise their own requests for access to information held by service providers. Meanwhile, data provided by Google’s Transparency reports shows that requests for user data from the U.S. alone rose from 8888 in 2010 to 12,271 in 2011. In Korea, there were about 6 million subscriber/poster information requests every year and about 30 million requests for other forms of communications metadata every year in 2011-2012, almost of all of which were granted and executed. 2012 data available athttp://www.kcc.go.kr/user.do?mode=view&page=A02060400&dc=K02060400&boardId=1030&cp=1&boardSeq=35586
[5]See as examples, a review of Sandy Petland’s work, ‘Reality Mining’, in MIT’s Technology Review, 2008, available athttp://www2.technologyreview.com/article/409598/tr10-reality-mining/ and also see Alberto Escudero-Pascual and Gus Hosein, ‘Questioning lawful access to traffic data’, Communications of the ACM, Volume 47 Issue 3, March 2004, pages 77 - 82.
[6]Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, May 16 2011, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/a.hrc.17.27_en.pdf
[8]"Short-term monitoring of a person’s movements on public streets accords with expectations of privacy" but "the use of longer term GPS monitoring in investigations of most offenses impinges on expectations of privacy." United States v. Jones, 565 U.S., 132 S. Ct. 945, 964 (2012) (Alito, J. concurring).
[10]The term "due process" can be used interchangeably with "procedural fairness" and "natural justice", and is well articulated in the European Convention for Human Rights Article 6(1) and Article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.
[11]The UK Interception of Communications Commissioner is an example of such an independent oversight mechanism. The ICO publishes a report that includes some aggregate data but it does not provide sufficient data to scrutinise the types of requests, the extent of each access request, the purpose of the requests, and the scrutiny applied to them. See http://www.iocco-uk.info/sections.asp?sectionID=2&type=top.
|
The Need For An Analysis
Blog contribution is written by current Coach with TCU Sports Performance, Andrew Behnam.
There are many factors that make up the intricacies of a strength and speed program for a specific sport. What you see on paper is a neatly designed regimen with strategically placed exercises ready for a team of athletes to attack it with relentless intent. What you don’t see on that paper is all of the behind-the-scenes efforts that went into making up the components of that program. Part of those behind-the-scenes efforts include creating what is called a needs analysis. In order give yourself the best chance at reducing the likelihood of injuries for your team, conducting a needs analysis is a great place to start when first designing a strength and speed program.
What Is A Needs Analysis?
A needs analysis, at its core, is a detailed description of a particular sport that includes information like common injuries, various movements made in the sport, time-motion demands, avg HR, total distance covered, etc. If properly detailed, a needs analysis can provide all of the necessary data a performance coach needs to get their athletes prepared for the demands of sport. To ensure that the sport is detailed to its entirety, the needs analysis is organized into four sections:
In every sport, there is a different combination of kinetic and kinematic movements needed for an athlete to be successful. These combinations dictate what exercises should be implemented in a strength and speed program. Created by Yuri Verkoshansky, this structure addresses the process of selecting exercises for a sport:
a) groups of muscles predominantly involved in the work
b) amplitude (ROM) and direction of movement
c) magnitude of effort and time of its development
d) accentuated part of the movement ROM
e) muscle work regime
If we look at two different sports like golf and basketball for example, we can see how they are both biodynamically different. Golf is a transverse plane dominated sport that focuses on a singular rotation while basketball is a sport that requires multi-directional speed in the frontal and sagittal planes. As stated in Verkoshansky’s first point, the groups of muscles that are predominantly involved in the work for both of these sports are different. The common goal of every strength program should be to build a more robust athlete, albeit you need to train both of these respective athletes in different ways.
Considered one of the more important aspects of a needs analysis, the bioenergetic section addresses the time-motion demands of the sport you are programming for. Depending on the amount of technology you have within your team/organization, this portion can be as detailed as you want. If you don’t have technology to help you – that’s ok. A basic trick you can do to combat this is to go on youtube and watch an athlete compete while using a stopwatch to record work:rest ratios. We are very fortunate that at TCU we have GPS monitors that collect information like average heart rate, peak HR, distance traveled, # of accelerations/decelerations, etc. From there we can program our training sessions to match these demands.
If you dive deeper past the surface of bioenergetics in the team setting, you will also realize there is a distinct difference positionally. If time and resources allow, you might consider training your wide receivers separately from your lineman due to the variance in distances traveled by both positions.
Kovacs M. S. (2006). Applied physiology of tennis performance. British journal of sports medicine, 40(5), 381–386.
If every sport required just strength, it would be easy to train athletes; however, this is not the case. In order to be a well-rounded, robust athlete, you need an array of bio-motor qualities with some qualities more heavily trained than others. The bio-motor categories can be broken down into six main abilities, and what we call the 5 S’s: strength, speed, stamina, suppleness, and skill. Having a firm understanding of what your sport needs in terms of bio-motor abilities will be the key to your programming focus. Each category of bio-motor abilities, with the exception of skill, have field work and weight room based exercises that fulfill the needs of athletes to be ready for sport.
You can never completely mitigate injuries occurring in sport no matter how good your strength and speed program is. With athletes being in the weight room 1 out of the 24 hours in the day, there are so many more factors that play a role into this category. However, we can do our best to ensure the athletes have the greatest chance to reduce common injuries during the short time they are with us. Through reverse engineering the sport, we can hone in on prepping the tissue and musculature that is placed under the greatest amounts of stress. This portion of the analysis can provide performance coaches with a plethora of information that they can use to better their exercise selection.
The more detailed you can make your needs analysis in turn, the more “sport specific” your program will be. Breaking down the intricacies of a sport and categorizing it into these sections can help prevent the performance coach from creating a “one size fits all” program. Often times, creating a needs analysis gets overlooked and essentially, the first step in programming is passed over. Follow these steps for creating a needs analysis and make sure you are setting your athletes, and yourself up in the best position for success.
Andrew Behnam is currently a strength and conditioning coach at TCU working with the baseball team. Before arriving at TCU, Andrew pitched in college for 4 years, and made stops at Millersville University and Villanova University where he worked as a performance coach. You can follow Andrew on social media:
Instagram –
Twitter –
|
Whats Startup
The term is most commonly applied to high-tech companies that develop products that use technology to offer something new or perform an existing task in a novel way. A start-up is a newly established company based on a perceived demand for a product, service or service from a particular market. A start-up’s intention is to grow fast by offering something that addresses a particular gap in the market. There are a number of different types of companies that can be considered start-ups, but there is not a single type of start-up that we can all consider a “start-up.”
Many start-ups have no product for sale, and many have no source of income. Companies with limited growth potential due to a lack of product or service offerings are not considered start-ups.
Although there is no single standard for defining a startup, business recognizes that there are certain working cultures within startups. For example, a company with a high level of employee engagement and a strong work-life balance is unlikely to be called a “start-up.”
A start-up culture and mentality are characterized by several key characteristics, including a willingness to take risks and make decisions quickly. If your passion is to rock an industry in a way that brings great financial and influential benefits, you have the potential to be a startup founder.
If you have taken the first steps in entrepreneurship but do not know where to start, your efforts should begin with finding a mentor. Many offer consulting services and programs to help aspiring entrepreneurs bring their entrepreneurial innovations to life. Look for mentors with proven success in building startups and small businesses.
Startup investors often make up for their investments by selling their startups to larger, more established companies. Therefore, supporting institutions often provide mentoring opportunities for experienced business leaders and successful entrepreneurs to mentor startup executives. Selling an exit strategy : Some start-ups choose to remain private and use their accumulated profits to reinvest in the company and pay founders and employees.
Startups can use start-up capital to invest in research and develop their business plan, but it is also widely regarded as the most challenging arena. Silicon Valley, California, is a popular destination for startups and known for its high-tech incubators and incubator programs. It is home to some of the world’s biggest technology companies including Google, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft. Many start-ups turn to venture capital, venture capital or private equity firms for financing.
Entrepreneurs need to raise money, plan for the long term, create a business model and plan, hire key personnel, and strike the right balance between their business’s short-term and long-term goals. Market research can help determine the demand for a product or service, while a comprehensive business plan outlines the company’s vision, goals, goals, and strategy for its future.
Many of today’s most successful companies started out as startups, and some eventually became public companies. The early years are very important for startups, a time when entrepreneurs should focus on raising capital and developing a business model.
Startups have to decide whether they want to run their business online, in the office, at home, in the office or in business. For a small business owner, giving up control would destroy the purpose of running his own business. For a start-up, however, it may be necessary to scale for growth, and it is fundamentally different if both the founder and the small entrepreneur are entrepreneurs.
The term ‘venture capital’ is often used in the technology and start-up world, but do you know what it means? Learn more about venture capital and its role in exploring your own startup ideas and entrepreneurial ideas at the Annual General Meeting.
The first thing you need to know is that venture capital is a kind of private equity and its investors put people’s money into a company, thereby supporting the company. If you raise venture capital, you may receive equity, depending on the amount you raise. But don’t worry, there is an answer to that question and you have it covered.
The amount of venture capital raised varies greatly depending on the stage your start-up is at. Startups in the early stages are usually closed and the money is usually used to get the business going. Startups formed during this phase typically have an established product, a growing customer base and a strong business model.
At this stage, the company should have revenues in selected markets and look to expand its business. At this stage, your company should have income in a selected market, but also consider expanding to other markets.
Your company should not start with high costs and limited revenue, so it is looking for opportunities in other markets such as China, India, Japan and other countries.
A start-up is a company or company that focuses on a single product or service that the founder wants to bring to market. Once the company is up and running, it is often financed by its founder and is able to finance many different startups, including venture capital, private equity, angel investors, venture capitalists, and other investors.
|
Eyeglass Frame
American humorist Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) once wrote caustically that "Men seldom make passes at girls who wear glasses." Her comment tells as much about the eyeglass fashions available in her youth as about the customs of flirtation. Ms. Parker would be pleasantly surprised to visit any suburban shopping mall today and to see the wide variety of eyeglass frames now available. Frames have become hot fashion accessories just like jewelry or shoes, and the wearer can change them to match moods or to convey an image.
The ancient Greeks made the first studies of vision and the workings of the eye. They also attempted to understand magnification and to use it to understand vision problems. Alhazen, an Arabian scientist who lived during the eleventh century, studied the refraction (bending) of light and the connection between optic nerves and the brain. It was the thirteenth century Polish scientist, Vitello, who first understood that the shapes of lenses could be used to control the focus of light rays.
In 1257, the English friar Roger Bacon explored so many aspects of science that he was imprisoned by the monks of his Franciscan order who were suspicious of his knowledge. While he was in prison, Friar Bacon sent Pope Clement IV some magnifying lenses for reading; despite Bacon's controversial standing, the monks who labored over detailed manuscripts and copy work quickly adopted the use of his spectacles. Bacon's work occurred at the same time as that of Salvino d'Armato of Florence, Italy, and several Chinese and German scientists. All can be thanked for their collective invention of spectacles.
The invention of devices to keep spectacles on the nose took several more centuries. And, despite Ms. Parker's rhyme, style and a variety of lens shapes and frames have been important since the beginning of eyeglass frames. The earliest eyeglasses were unframed lenses that were simply held by hand in front of the face. Alternatively, two lenses were mounted in a half frame that could be held with one hand. Spectacles also were attached to hats or tied around the head with bands made of leather or ribbon. Will Somers, a jester to the court of Henry VIII, sported a suit of armor with spectacles attached to the metal helmet with rivets. The painter El Greco portrayed Cardinal Niño de Guevara wearing glasses with cords that looped over his ears. The seventeenth century design called the forehead frame consisted of a metal band that encircled the head and had metal frames mounted to it.
The most common frames held two lenses on a frame that rode on the lower part of the nose. Lightweight materials were used to lessen the burden and pinching of these "nose frames." In the court of the Spanish King Philip V and Queen Marie-Louise (about 1701), all 500 of the queen's ladies-in-waiting wore tortoise-shell frames because of their light weight. This style saluted both fashion and superstition; the frames supposedly brought good luck because the tortoise is sacred in China. Attempts at stylistic designs were varied and clever. The bridge pieces that rest on the nose were decorated in endless ways. Lenses were mount-ed in fans, watch fobs, and on walking sticks. The status-conscious had their nose frames made of gold or other precious materials or employed artists to decorate the frames with coats of arms.
Other than nose glasses, lens wearers could choose the monocle (a single lens in a frame or holder), the lorgnette (a pair of lenses with a nose bridge and a single handle on one side), a quizzer or quizzing glass (a monocle that was mirrored so the wearer could see to the rear as well), the perspective glass (a single lens worn on a ribbon and used for distance vision), or scissors glasses that had two eyepieces mounted on a hinged handle that was held up in front of the nose. Finally, in 1728, Edward Scarlett of London developed temples for frames. These clamps gripped the temple area and held nose glasses more securely to the face. A loop at the end of each temple piece held ribbons that were tied around the head or wig. By the 1880s, temples were curved to extend and fit over the ears to hold spectacles in place.
In the Colonies, spectacles were imported and were very expensive until American glass-making skills improved enough to develop an eyeglass trade. Just as curved and fitted temples were developed and adopted all over the world, fashion reverted to a style called the oxford that consisted of nose glasses improved by a more elastic and wearable bridge. These glasses were also called pince-nez and had nose pads fitted to small springs on the flexible bridge. Presidents Teddy Roosevelt and Calvin Coolidge wore oxfords. During the 1900s, simple steel-framed glasses were the most common, although less expensive frames were available in a material called gutta-percha—a rubbery plastic-like substance. Tortoiseshell and horn-rimmed glasses became popular in the 1920s and 1930s, but many of these frames were actually made of celluloid, an early plastic that could be dyed and molded to resemble animal horn or tortoise shell. Steel-framed spectacles and sunglasses were issued to millions of servicemen during World War II.
The business of manufacturing eyeglass frames and lenses made its most dramatic leap in the twentieth century with the rise of plastics. Plastic lenses are lighter in weight and can be manufactured as bifocals, trifocals, and quadrifocals to correct a wider range of vision problems. Frames made of plastic are also less expensive. A broad range of styles and colors can be made in plastic and changed to suit wardrobes, fads, and moods. Sunglasses also became affordable, thanks to the plastics industry, but Hollywood was responsible for their popularity. Large, square-rimmed glasses like those worn by Clark Kent became popular among men in the 1950s, and the ladies favored "cat's-eye" glasses that angled up at the temples. Granny glasses with fine metal frames accompanied the flash of the "flower power" generation in the 1960s and may have been responsible for making antique eyeglasses popular collectibles. Although contact lenses were also developed during this century and have become very popular, the variety of available eyeglass frames has kept glasses fashionable.
Raw Materials
Eyeglasses frames are typically made of either metal or a type of plastic called cellulose-acetate. Cellulose acetate is derived from cotton and is flexible and strong. It is produced in long narrow sheets that are slightly wider than eyeglass frames. The sheets are up to 3 ft (0.91 m) long and 0.33 in (0.84 cm) thick.
Eyeglasses manufacturers may retain their own staff of designers or use outside consultants to design frames. The consultants often include fashion designers, who create their own lines of eye wear that change along with trends in clothing design. The designers' names are important in selling eyeglasses and especially in interesting fashion-conscious buyers in multiple pairs of glasses or sunglasses. There are definitely trends or fashions in eyewear including light- or dark-colored frames, thick or delicate ones, and decorative shapes or ornament-bearing styles. Specialized frames for children and half-frames for reading glasses are also designed with an eye to style.
Designs also incorporate certain standards including bridge size and eye size. The bridge size allows for different thicknesses of the upper part of the nose where the nose
pads on the glass's rest. Three eye sizes are standard for the range of dimensions of corrective lenses. Each style is typically manufactured in four different colors, so a single style will result in 12 combinations of color and dimension. Frame designers and manufacturers typically produce a new style every few months and discontinue styles if they don't sell well.
The Manufacturing
Die-cutting plastic frames
Producing the temples
Finishing the fronts
Finishing the temples
Quality Control
Eyeglasses frames must be manufactured with great attention to detail because they are critical in supporting lenses to improve vision, they must be comfortable for the wearer, and they are an accessory to professional dress and personal style. Although processes for making frames are performed by machines, operators are responsible for each step and are quality control checkers for their particular operations. The eyeglasses industry has become highly competitive because of the aspects of fad and fashion involved, but operators are well aware that their products provide vision care. Fronts and temples for eyeglasses can be rejected at any step in the process of manufacture.
No byproducts result from the manufacture of eyeglass frames. Plastic waste is generated during blanking, with the bulk of the waste from the lens portion of the frame that is cut out. This waste is carefully collected and recycled.
The Future
The past 50 years of eyeglass history have soundly established the future of frames. Despite the popularity of contact lenses and the advent of laser surgery to correct vision problems, many people will find eyeglasses necessary or desirable for their personal needs. Improved technology in the manufacture of plastic lenses and frames and in the comfort of fitted frames have made eyeglasses more enjoyable to wear. The fashion industry also actively supports eyeglass frames as an added avenue for expressive designs and a popular method of stating personal style.
Where to Learn More
Corson, Richard. Fashions in Eyeglasses. Dufour Editions, Inc., 1967.
Goldstein, Margaret J. Eyeglasses. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 1997.
Gottlieb, Leonard. Factory Made: How Things are Manufactured. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1978.
Kelley, Alberta. Lenses, Spectacles, Eyeglasses, and Contacts: The Story of Vision Aids. New York: Elsevier/Nelson Books, 1978.
York, Alan. "Eyeglasses: Fads and Fashions in Spectacles." In The Encyclopedia of Collectibles: Dogs to Fishing Tackle. Andrea DiNoto, ed. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1978.
Morais, Richard C. "Luxottica's golden spectacles," Forbes (May 20, 1996): 98.
The Antique Spectacles Home Page. 9 September 1998. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/christopher.ridings/ (March 11, 1999).
University of Waterloo Museum of Visual Science and Optometry. 6 December 1996. http://www.optometry.uwaterloo.ca/-museum/ (March 11, 1999).
Gillian S. Holmes
Other articles you might like:
User Contributions:
R Wilford
Report this comment as inappropriate
Sep 13, 2011 @ 11:11 am
I found this a highly readable and informative article on an interesting niche subject, giving an insight into what is a more elaborate process than one might imagine.
Could the author please say what specification of adhesive is best suited for rejoining a cracked frame (which I assume would be similar to that which you say is used for the nose-pads)?
Report this comment as inappropriate
Jul 22, 2014 @ 4:16 pm
I have many frame designs and would like to locate associates to launch a line. How can custom made frames be fabricated statesides?
Ima Weeks
Report this comment as inappropriate
Aug 21, 2014 @ 2:14 pm
Thanks for your article. I recently got a pair of spectacles with new frames and found that the frames had a very strong chemical scent. I only noticed after my face began itching and my throat began to tighten. Is there a probable explanation for this?
Thank you kindly for a response.
I. Weeks
|
ny river
iner the
This Is How Video Game Will Appear Like In 10 Years Time.
20 November, 2021
Computer game are generally electronic games used a digital display (normally an outside display, an integrated display if used a hand-held device, or an LCD display if played on a computer system). There are a number of various classifications, or kinds, of these electronic games: sports, activity, first-person shooters, role-playing, puzzle, auto racing, as well as racing games. Many video games are solitary player. The gamer controls a game personality and acts based on the actions displayed on the screen. As an example, in a racing game, the player relocates his lorry along a track and makes turns. In a sports video game, the player plays the sporting activity character and competes versus others.
Computer game consoles consist of computer systems, personal computers, minicomputers, as well as other media adapted for use as video game consoles. Early console versions used analog circuitry to allow signals from key-boards or game controllers to be sent to the video display. Digital game-based consoles vary from video clip game-based consoles because they make use of a different type of signal to interact with the display. In terms of efficiency, both types of gaming consoles are comparable. dragon ball xenoverse 2 mobile
Video game consoles come in 2 general types: devoted game consoles and also open-source game gaming consoles. Devoted video game consoles are developed to play one or more details types of media. Examples of open-source video game consoles are the PSP, Nintendo DS as well as X-Box. For the most part, devoted game gaming consoles are extra pricey than their alternative, closed-source consoles.
In Japan, Sony Computer System Amusement America, better referred to as Sony Computer Amusement Inc., is the biggest vendor of computer game and also accessories to the gaming market. One reason for the firm’s success has actually been its partnership with its PlayStation 2 competitors Nintendo. Sony utilized its PlayStation department to create the initial computer game console that was resistant to insects connected with mobile video games. The PlayStation 2, on the other hand, was susceptible to a number of the very same mistakes that tormented the initial PlayStation. By developing the PlayStation 2’s networking features, Sony was able to minimize its reliance on gamers to fix troubles.
Sony’s open growth approach has likewise added to the enhanced interactivity used by many computer games today. Thanks to the PlayStation 2’s wireless feature, gamers can currently take their entire office with them when they pursue the day. With a percentage of additional hardware, gamers can hook up their PlayStation 2 system to a tv to enjoy computer game while away from home. This function is especially prominent with hardcore players who can’t stand the limitations imposed upon them by the layout of console systems. Connecting the PlayStation 2 to a television is additionally more convenient than using an external DVD player or the like.
A significant downside of Nintendo’s competitors is that it lacks a digital video game console. With the exception of the Game Kid Advanced system, Nintendo’s very first line of computer game gaming consoles were made for usage with the business’s home gaming system. Many experts feel that the lack of a digital game console is one of the reasons why Nintendo has not seen the sales that its rivals have actually taken pleasure in. dragon ball xenoverse 2 apk
On the other hand, Sony’s PlayStation department has actually managed to avoid some of the very same challenges that troubled Nintendo. For instance, Sony has prevented creating its own proprietary styles as well as creating its own proprietary software. This dependence has actually aided to limit the capability of competing video game consoles to benefit from brand-new developments in on the internet computer game. Video game-based solutions such as OnLive as well as Sony Online have actually additionally restricted the possibilities for video game gamers to take advantage of advancing modern technologies that do not allow players to have fun with those video games without using their consoles.
Developing a proprietary game style has actually been one of the most threatening difficulties that any type of new business faces when initial getting in the market. The obstacles to access that originate from having a proprietary layout can protect against a firm from being able to make the money that they desire. However Sony’s choice to adopt the open resource software program has actually helped them prevent this issue. This code is licensed under an open license, which allows the Sony Computer system Home entertainment America to transform as well as add to it as they desire. Consequently, Sony’s first computer game console has actually enabled them to create new video games and also continue to sustain the one that they already have.
Computer game are computergames used a computer system (normally a computer, an added monitor if used a hand-held console, or an external display if used a portable equipment). There are several various kinds, or styles, of these video games: journey and simulation games; racing video games; first-person shooters; virtual-reality simulators, and also world-builders. However, some computer game in the form of applications or electronic web content have actually additionally been created. Computer game are frequently sold commercially, either as boxed sets or as downloadable content.
Console video games are usually established for a particular console. The most typical ones are Nintendo Wii, Sony PlayStation 3, Microsoft Xbox 360, and also Nintendo Wii Fit. These computer game gaming consoles can be utilized to play basic computer game, along with downloaded or purchased content. Consoles, which resemble Nintendo gaming consoles, permit players to play computer game using activity controllers. The growth as well as release of video game systems such as the Xbox and also the PlayStation 3 has actually caused an excellent rise in the number of third party designers producing ready these platforms. As a matter of fact, it is now possible for the periodic non-Microsoft console gamer to buy and also install a video game development system that can running most present versions of the major video game systems.
Console computer game can be used as both home entertainment and also academic devices. Several secondary schools as well as colleges utilize them to instruct students abilities such as just how to play video games, create versions, or make their college tasks function. Actually, some schools have actually taken so seriously the potential use of video game gaming consoles for education and learning that they have actually created extracurricular groups that are dedicated to assisting students find out how to establish their skills with them. Various other teams have actually taken the idea one step further and also developed groups that are dedicated solely to playing computer game with each other. While this sort of task is barely unique to colleges, it is a fad that is rapidly catching on. dragon ball xenoverse 2 android
Numerous moms and dads also think that console video games can aid their youngsters find out vital life lessons without them even understanding it. As an example, young children can be taught how to save cash, for example, by investing the money gained from playing computer game rather than getting television commercials or various other types of ads. The lesson, however, does not stop at just investing cash. As soon as a child develops a routine of conserving their incomes from video game play, moms and dads can teach their children even more useful life lessons without their expertise, since the video game will be helping them achieve the very same outcomes.
Leave a Reply
|
The 2001 Translation CommentariesWhat is Truth?
Behold the Man!
Ecce Homo (Behold the Man!), by Antonio Ciseri, 1862
Is there Truth?
At John 18:37, 38 we find this interchange of words between Jesus and Pontius Pilate while Jesus was on trial:
Pilate: ‘You aren’t a king, are you?’
Jesus: ‘You’re the one that’s saying that I’m a king. The reason why I was born and why I came into the world is to testify to the truth, and everyone that’s on the side of the truth listens to my voice.’
Pilate:What is truth?
Pilate’s cynical and sullen question certainly seems appropriate in the world that we’re living in today, because truth – real, absolute truth – is very difficult to find.
What people usually accept as truth is often shaded by propaganda, news sources, what they were taught in school, what they were taught in church, or the word of ‘authorities.’ Although only the most ignorant will accept everything they are told without question, this is what most religions expect of us.
If we’re really searching for truth, we must be willing to question everything that we’ve been taught, and be humble enough to change our thinking in accordance with what we’ve discovered.
A wise person once said: ‘Our minds don’t control our beliefs; our beliefs control our minds.’
Notice that Jesus was someone that believed in the importance of truth. He told us that he came to the earth to ‘testify to the truth’. Therefore Christians should hold telling the truth and searching for the truth in the highest esteem, especially when it comes to truth from the Bible. However, many (like Pilate) have become too cynical in their disgust for religion and have concluded that knowing the truth really doesn’t matter, so they’ve given up in their search.
Please don’t do that. The truth can be found if you keep on seeking, knocking, and asking.
The problem with organized religions
Today, religions are the main obstacles to finding the truth. Almost all have leaders that have set themselves up (or have been held up by others) as unquestionable (even infallible) sources of truth.
You can easily identify such ones by the way they teach. How? They do not humbly admit that their teachings and interpretations could be right, no, they usually insist that you believe all of their teachings, predictions, creeds, doctrines, and opinions (every religion has them). Further, when they change their minds, or if their positions are proved wrong, they do not apologize, repent, and change their ways. Instead they simply impose a different set of unquestionable creeds, doctrines, and rules.
So the greatest obstacles to finding truth are these barriers that such people have created. Let’s examine them more closely.
Creeds are lists of fundamental beliefs of a ‘Church’. They are written to be memorized by its members, which religions claim should never be questioned by the ‘faithful.’
Many of these creeds began as misunderstandings of people that lived centuries ago, and were often taught just to control people through fear and superstition. Today, the religions that teach them are locked into them, as these are their basic ‘truths’ that define who their religion.
A doctrine is an specific teaching or interpretation that is typically not allowed to be questioned or researched.
However, when free and open debate is no longer allowed, then people have stopped searching for truth. If people have stopped searching for truth, then their spirituality has ended, for they have stopped thinking and learning. They are now blindly following men. The traditional gospel song, Old Time Religion even encourages this, by urging people to unthinkingly adopt the beliefs of earlier generations.
Religious rules are the endless collections of laws that are created by religious hypocrites (like the Pharisees).
Such rules are usually just the personal opinions of whoever was in power at the time. They then make it look like the rules came “from God” by cherry-picking scriptures or so-called ‘Bible principles’ (just the ones they choose, not all of them). Thus they turn their own opinions into rules, or laws, when such things are not clearly spelled out in the Bible.
These laws may include: what we may wear, how we groom ourselves, what we eat or drink, what entertainment we choose, matters of sexual conduct that aren’t specifically spelled out in the Bible, things we choose to observe or celebrate, and many other things.
They are doing exactly what Paul warned against doing, at 1 Corinthians 4:6:
‘Don’t go beyond the things that are written!’
They want you to stop searching for Truth
In the centuries since Jesus and his Apostles founded Christianity, prominent men have created countless creeds, doctrines, and rules. Most of these have gone unquestioned by the people, as the masses were usually denied the opportunity to verify what they were being taught (either via threats or by the unavailability of the Bible). That may be one reason why there are now more than 1,000 different religions calling themselves ‘Christian.’ Such diversity proves that religion has become the primary obstacle to truth, for they all state:
“To become one of us, you must believe the following…”
Or even:
“To be baptized as one of us, you must say that you believe the following…”
As a result, people start believing things blindly. They do not research the Bible themselves to verify that what they’re being taught is really the truth.
Is this the Christian way? No. At Acts 17:11 it is said of those at the synagogue at Berea:
‘Now, these people were more noble-minded than those in ThesSalonica, because they eagerly welcomed the Word and studied the Scriptures each day to make sure that the things [they were being told] were true’.
The fact is: Truth can stand up to examination!
Religions falsely claim that there’s no need for us to examine or to question the meaning of the scriptures ourselves. They’ve already determined ‘the truth’ on our behalf, so they say, and further, their conclusions should never be questioned! Indeed, if you do so, you may even be punished.
So this is why most people no longer care to ‘study the Scriptures each day,’ because they’re not allowed to ask questions. Rather, members are encouraged, not to study the Bible directly, but to study what their religion says the Bible says. This is mind control!
Often Christians are encouraged to just ‘follow along’ in their Bibles and to not ‘waste time’ verifying what is being taught by looking for scriptures that may disagree. People are subtly discouraged from doing any personal deep Bible research by being told that it’ll only confuse them or mislead them into ‘apostasy’ or ‘heresy’ (finding out that what they are being taught is wrong).
However, true Christianity still invites questions, research, and the right to come to different conclusions. In fact, it encourages a deep study of the Bible, because this is where real truth is found. If a religion ever says, “We ARE the truth” or, “We are chosen by God and we speak for Him”, it’s best to run! What they are really saying is:
“You are not allowed to disagree with us even when we are WRONG!”
So, where can we find truth? It can only be found through a never-ending study of the entire Bible. Yes, not just the ‘New Testament,’ but the whole thing; for if you don’t believe the beginning, there is no reason to believe in the end.
Remember that when we stop searching, knocking, and asking, this proves that we have already drawn our own conclusions without considering all the evidence. So, just like the religions with their creeds and doctrines, we have stopped learning; for we have created our own creeds and doctrines.
What if you feel that you don’t have time for such study and research?
If you have the time to read or listen to a religion, then you have time to read the Bible instead. After all, which is more important if you are truly seeking, knocking, and asking (and not trusting someone else to give you the answers)?
Truth is important
Jesus placed a high priority on the need for his followers to find the truth. Notice what he said about this:
John 4:23, 24 says:
‘But the time is coming (and it’s now) when true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth… because, the Father is searching for such people to worship Him. And since God is spirit; those who worship Him must worship Him in spirit… and in truth.’
John 8:32 says:
John 14:6 says:
‘I am the way, the truth, and the life. Nobody comes to the Father unless [he comes] through me.
John 14:16, 17 says:
‘Now, I’m going to ask the Father and He will provide you with an advocate that will be with you through the age… the Spirit of Truth. The world won’t receive it, because they can’t see it or understand it… but you’ll recognize it, for it will stay with you and in you.’
Notice that Jesus wasn’t telling us to ‘Worship at the church or synagogue of your choice.’ Rather, he was telling us to seek the truth. Can we really say that “we’ve found the truth” if we are only allowed to believe what someone else (not the Bible) tells us?
So, where can we find the truth? Jesus told us:
Your Word is the truth.’ —John 17:17
And Paul wrote:
All the Scriptures are inspired (Breathed) by God.’ —2 Timothy 3:16
As you can see, we find the truth by reading the Bible. Yet it’s not by just reading selected scriptures (the ones you know so well), or just our favorite parts, but the whole Bible! This certainly includes the so-called Old Testament, because when Paul wrote the above words, most of the New Testament had not been written yet.
‘The Truth will set you free’
What did Jesus mean when he said, “The truth will set you free”? (John 8:32)
If we read that verse in context, you’ll notice that his listeners were very offended by his words. They quickly reminded him that they were already a “free” people, thank-you-very-much. Yet, as Paul later pointed out, they weren’t really free at all. Rather, they were slaves to the Old Law as well as to their own sins. Indeed, that’s one of the reasons why Jesus came, to free them from all of that using truth.
Are there people today who think they’re free while really being slaves to something? Absolutely!
We are all slaves to sin and death. Many of us are in slavery to fear of what will happen to us at death, and most are slaves to some sort of religious or atheist dogma and tradition. But according to Jesus, what gives us freedom is truth! So if we’re afraid to search for truth, then we cannot be – nor will we ever be – free.
But is truth really the thing that will save us? Well, from our work producing this Bible translation, we can prove that no religion is teaching 100% unvarnished truth. So if absolute truth is required for salvation, then no one would be saved! But finding the truth about everything is not the point. It is the search for it. For if true Christians become lazy, satisfied, and settled in their beliefs, then they are, in effect, saying “I know that some of my beliefs are probably wrong, but I don’t care.” Such ones have lost their spirituality, and perhaps even their relationship with God.
Here’s an example of how searching for truth can open your eyes. Could you explain to someone the difference between right and wrong (good from evil)?
Well, if you could forget everything you’ve been taught, and go back to the Bible to see what it actually teaches, you would likely have quite a different opinion from what you have now. How come? If you look at the lives of people (like AbraHam and David) whom God loved and compare their lives and actions to your current opinions, you would start to see how far your ideas may be from those of God.
Another example: Do you quote the Old Law when giving an answer? If so, you probably don’t understand the meaning of the New Covenant. If you study the Bible with a free and open mind, you will discover much better truths than what you have now.
One of the other freedoms that comes with always seeking Bible truth is the freedom from hating those who disagree with you. You can develop a new-found sorrow for those who insist that they’re always right. You see, you’ll realize that you still have much to learn, and that the mark of a true Christian isn’t proving that we are right, but that we love other Christians even when they don’t fully understand the truth yet.
After all, who are we to condemn those that claim to be the servants of God? As Paul wrote at Romans 14:4:
‘Who are you to judge the house servant of another? He only stands or falls before his own master’
The Middle Ages – a time of awakening
Why are the European ‘Dark Ages’ called that? Historians regard them as a period of mental darkness that was created by religion.
Yes, blind adherence to religious doctrines and laws stifled art, science, learning, and human development. Organized religion was particularly to blame for this darkness, because it used the threat of being tortured in the fires of Hell if anyone disagreed. This kept the people ignorant, shaking in fear, and unwilling to question what they were taught. Also, ordinary folks were not allowed to own Bibles, and few were taught how to read.
However, in the early 1500s the Protestant Reformation began. It brought much change, as for the first time the Bible was being translated into the common languages, printed, and distributed. Also, more people were learning to read (bringing an end to the Dark Ages). Then people started to learn from their Bible reading that they weren’t being taught the truth by their religions. This growing knowledge of what the Bible truly says infuriated the dominant religions because the people were now learning the truth. Some of the early Bible translators (such as Huss and Tyndale) were literally slowly-roasted over fires for their efforts.
Do you notice one thing that made this period so unique in history? People were willing to be flayed or buried alive (and thousands were) just to read the Bible! The result of this was the founding of some new denominations with some amazingly better understandings of what the Bible really teaches. Yes, we gained more truth!
But oh, how times have changed!
Today, most Bibles sit on shelves unread and covered in dust. Hardly anyone is interested in (or would be willing to die for) reading them. Most people prefer to just listen to whatever they want to hear at some church, and they consider this righteous devotion to God.
Back in those bygone years, many of those new denominations were horribly persecuted and many were destroyed. Those that survived became lethargic, formed political and national alliances, and settled comfortably into their own false doctrines and creeds. So with time, and as the Bible became commonly available, most Bible reading and searching for the truth ended for the people in these religions. Their minds once again became blinded to truth by creeds, doctrines, and laws, which discouraged Bible reading and asking questions.
Yes, we’ve gone from a time when people were willing to die for reading the Bible, to a time when nobody wants to read it, because it already comes prepackaged by some religion.
Another time of awakening – the late 19th century
Another period of spiritual awakening happened close to the end of the 19th century.
The availability of new Bible translations caused people to examine the things they were being taught by their churches once again. Additionally, archaeological discoveries cast light on the ancient peoples and fueled a massive public interest in the past. Further, many people became interested in Bible prophecies, and some argued that world events indicated that the time Jesus foretold (at Matthew 24, Mark 13, and Luke 21) had arrived.
So once again, Bible reading and research peaked as people started searching for the truth.
Several different religious groups began to form which were referred to as ‘Adventists’ (although most didn’t adopt Adventist as part of their name). They were called this because they were looking for the “advent” (or coming) of Jesus. Many of these Adventist groups were unique in that they rejected the old creeds and doctrines of established religions and tried to search the Bible to find truth. Indeed, some did find more truth. How?
It was not by accepting the views of ‘authorities,’ but by sitting down together and discussing all the scriptures on a subject, then trying to harmonize them. Thus they believed they could establish what the Bible itself teaches and what the 1st century Christians believed and taught.
Notice how the Adventists aren’t Protestants, because they weren’t “protesting” the teachings of the Catholic Church as did those of the 15th and 16th centuries; they were just looking for something new and better (the truth).
What happened to the Adventists?
The Protestant Reformation and the Adventist groups created two great periods of spiritual awakening and renewed independent research of the Bible.
However, this always attracted opposition from established religions, who viewed the new groups as upstarts and dangerous competitors. Even today you’ll still find hundreds of webpages denouncing different Adventist groups, even though it’s been over a century since most were formed.
However, despite all the opposition against them, the Adventists have definitely affected almost all religions since then. Doctrines such as Purgatory, Hell Fire, and the Trinity are no longer as widely accepted – or at least, not in the same forms as they were in the past.
The sad thing about the Adventist groups is that although they got so much right (as did the early Protestant Churches), over time they have allowed disillusionment and the growth of religious “authority” to tire them out. As they’ve grown into large religious organizations, they have all stopped progressing into truth.
As they grew larger and became more respectable, they too:
In other words, they became smaller versions of the larger religious organizations, with the search for truth stopped, and their members compelled or forced into submission to a central authority of men.
The Pseudo-Chistocracy
Most religions today could really be called a “pseudo-christocracy”. What is that? Well “pseudo” means fake or false, “christ” means anointed or chosen, and “-ocracy”, means rulership. In other words, a rulership by fake anointed ones. Yes, the slavish devotion to (or worship of) men who call themselves the Chosen, the Anointed, or the Saints.
Interestingly, the Bible foretold this. For in Greek, Jesus is recorded as saying:
‘Egerthesontai gar pseudochristoi kai pseudoprophetai.’
or in English,
‘Will/arise for false/anointed and false/prophets.’ —Matthew 24:24
Most Bibles incorrectly translate the word pseudochristoi as “false Christs”. This gives the wrong impression that some people would claim to be Jesus, since most people think that ‘Christ’ was Jesus’ name. It wasn’t!
The verse really says that false anointed ones and false prophets would arise. For the Greek word christoi just means anointed (or chosen). In other words, men would set themselves up over other Christians, falsely claiming to be chosen (or anointed) by God to have authority over the others, and to be their leaders.
Remember what Jesus said about this at Matthew 23:8-12:
‘But not you! Don’t [have people] call you rabbi, for you have but one teacher, while you are all just brothers. Nor should you address anyone on earth as Father, because there’s just One that’s your Father, the Heavenly One.
Don’t even be called leaders, because you have but one Leader, the Anointed One.
Rather, the greatest one among you must be your servant.
For whoever promotes himself will be humbled and whoever humbles himself will be promoted
Yes, the power-hungry hate this scripture.
Today, all Christian religions have a group of men claiming to be chosen, called, or anointed ruling over the rest. Many even insist on being called “father” in direct opposition to Jesus’ own words. They go by various names, whether it be Popes, Bishops, Pastor-Generals, a Quorum, a Governing Body, a Polity, or whatever else, they are always well-known as the leaders of their various groups.
It is all in direct opposition to Jesus’ words, “don’t even be called leaders, because you have but one Leader, the Anointed One”.
Does Bible research lead to “apostasy” or “heresy”?
Do you remember what Jesus said as written at Matthew 7:7, 8?
‘Keep asking and it will be given.
Keep searching and you will find.
Keep knocking and it will be opened.
For all will receive, that keep asking;
All that keep searching, will find;
And [the door] will be opened to all those that knock.’
Okay, but won’t deep independent Bible research lead you in the wrong direction (as most religions warn)? For when you start casting doubts on your beliefs, doesn’t that eventually lead to ‘apostasy’ or ‘heresy?’ Definitely not!
For Jesus went on to say (at Matthew 7:9-11):
‘For, of which man isn’t this true:
When his son asks him for bread, he won’t hand him a stone, and if he asks for a fish, he won’t hand him a snake! So if you in your wicked condition give good gifts to your children; how much more so will your Father in heaven give good things to those that keep asking?
As you can see, Jesus taught us that asking, searching, and knocking doesn’t lead us astray. Rather, it leads us to God and to the truth! However, when we adopt a church creed or doctrine, we stop obeying that command.
(See also our translator note on the words apostasy and apostates.)
There is so much more to be learned
Some might think, “The Bible has already been researched and commented on for centuries by thousands of people. Surely there’s nothing left to learn through study.” Is this right? Absolutely not!
Although the Bible has remained the same, our research shows that there’s still much hidden truth to be found – even on the most basic teachings. The fact that there are so many opposing religious doctrines proves that we need to keep an open mind; for each religion can quote their favorite scriptures to prove that they are right. However, there is only one truth, which can usually be found somewhere between the extremes!
Yes, all religions claim that they encourage Bible reading, but that really isn’t true of any of them. No, they only encourage such reading when it’s “explained” by their own writings, or when it is read from their pulpits. This is ‘directed’ Bible reading, so that you aren’t ‘led astray.’ We say that such discouragement of independent Bible research is what is directly responsible for the lack of interest in Bible reading today.
Yes, religion is the main barrier that prevents people from finding the truth!
Today, most people who call themselves ‘Christians’ are used to looking for quick answers. They do not search, ask, or knock. Rather, they seek out prepackaged or franchised ‘truth’ provided by the research, doctrines, and creeds of others.
Therefore, most people are only familiar with a few cherry-picked scriptures, which they use to “prove” the doctrines that their denomination taught them. These people only read new Bible translations, like this one, to see whether it confirms what they’ve already been taught. If this translation happens to translate a particular verse in a way which supports their pre-formed belief, then they love our translation. On the other hand, if our translation does not say what they want it to say, they dismiss our translation, and go seeking their confirmation bias elsewhere.
So despite the fact that the Bible is the most published and translated book in the world, it has become one of the world’s least read publications! It’s no longer interesting. After all, religious people have already been told what to believe; reading the Bible with an open mind will only confuse them. So very few people today would be willing to be tortured and killed, as were those in the 15th century, just to read and research the Bible.
Yes, what others once literally died to read, just sits there on shelves gathering dust. This is true in all religions; yes, even yours.
Searching for the Truth
All Christian denominations claim that their teachings are correct and true. Why, some of them even dare to refer to themselves as ‘the Truth!’ However, we should ask all such religions a question:
Do they still allow their members to freely discuss all the scriptures regarding a subject, and then try to harmonize them, even if that leads to discarding old doctrines? Or rather, have they appointed ‘authorities,’ which claim some special choosing or anointing by God to do all the heavy Bible research for them? Further, do their leaders condemn anyone who disagrees or questions their teachings as ‘apostates’ or ‘heretics?’
Sure, if anyone really has discovered a truth, he or she should follow it without wavering; but they should never have another human deny them the option to question it. Questioning is how ‘the truth’ is found in the first place!
The interesting thing about the truth is that it can withstand all challenges and questions! Yes, truth has nothing to fear.
No one that has the truth should ever be afraid of persons who may ask questions, or do research, or who doubt. It is only false teachers who have something to fear from independent Bible research; for it is the raising of questions and doubts that leads to finding the truth. The worst thing for a false teacher is to be exposed, for if he has set himself up as a “Leader” (in direct opposition to Jesus’ own words) then it proves that not only was he wrong, but also his claim of divine appointment was nothing more than a sham.
So as you can see, organized religion is a great quandary. On the one hand, we need association with others to remain (or to become) spiritual people. On the other hand, most religions promote hatred of anyone who disagrees with their creeds, doctrines, and man-made rules.
So if you have found a group of spiritually-minded people among whom you can freely express differing opinions and ideas, you’ve truly found a gem. But never forsake regular Bible reading (keep on reading the whole Bible)! For reading religious books or magazines, or for listening to sermons is where you just learn doctrines!
The Bible is the only real source of truth; all else is just the ideas of men!
Ancient and modern inquisitions
There is an inevitable outcome for religions that believe that they have the truth and God-given authority. It can be seen in the history of the Catholic Church.
Whenever religious leaders are considered the only source of truth from God, their rule then becomes absolute. Their flocks think that their leaders can do no wrong, and the leaders can no longer be questioned when it comes to matters of faith.
You can see this whenever people quote the decisions a prelate, a religious body, a book, a sermon, or even a magazine article to prove scriptural points to each other, rather than quoting the Bible. We see this everywhere, especially among very zealous religions. You see, once the rule makers (think Pharisees) take over and start creating their laws and doctrines, anyone who disagrees will feel their wrath.
The next step, of course, is the inquisition and repression of anyone who questions or contradicts the authority. This is what happened in the Catholic Church of the 16th century (the Inquisition). Obviously, secular laws prevent religions from torturing and murdering anyone today, but many religions still have their ways of giving out punishments; they can shun, excommunicate, or disfellowship.
Although such an action may sound mild compared to what happened in the Inquisition, the effect is often the same as killing a person spiritually. Doubters can lose their friends, their jobs, and their families, since in the eyes of their church they have been killed and are now considered as dead with no hope of salvation.
(Was this the way among the 1st century Christian congregations? No! See our commentary, ‘Removing the Wicked from the Congregation’ for more information.)
The lack of Christian humility
If you think that you’ve found a true faith, here is something to look for: is there any presence of true Christian humility? Are those who teach willing to admit and apologize when they are wrong?
When a religion changes it doctrines, rules, or predictions, they should realize the damage that they’ve done to people’s lives and families, and they should freely apologize for their wrong teachings.
Is that what we see when looking at the different “Christian” denominations?
Although almost all religions have changed their policies and viewpoints (to greater and lesser degrees), we are unaware of any that have admitted their guilt, confessed before all, and apologized for the harm they’ve done. Yet according to Jesus, that is precisely what true Christians are supposed to do!
Rather, there is usually the haughtiness of trying to cover up, sometimes by appealing to so-called ‘good things’ that resulted, or by saying that everyone should be grateful for this new “guidance from God”. They may even still hate those who proved them wrong. Most commonly, however, false teachers simply ignore their wrong, and hope that whatever they previously taught and enforced will just be forgotten in time.
That’s not true Christianity.
Surely then, shouldn’t all doctrines be treated as current opinions that are subject to review and correction when other proof is brought forward? YES, if you’re really interested in finding and teaching the truth!
Indeed, we should all be wary of stating our opinions too firmly, and of rejecting any that may disagree with us. We could be wrong. Others may turn out to be right.
What has happened to ‘The Faith?’
Have you ever wondered why Jesus, when he was speaking of his return, asked the following question (found at Luke 18:8):
‘However, when the Son of Man arrives, will he really find the faith on the earth?
He obviously had good reason to ask that; he must have known that by the time of his return, people would be following ‘the broad road’ by adopting the religious ideas and doctrines of others, rather than doing their own Bible research. He knew that people would be following the teachings of the ‘false anointed’ and ‘false prophets’ who falsely claim knowledge and guidance from God.
If you’re happy with that, what can we say? But we hope that the faith will be found on the earth, in you.
However, for that to be true, you will have to search for the truth yourself! No, you won’t find complete truth through the written teachings of men as they dispense it through their sermons, magazines, videos, or books. It can only be found in the Bible.
As Paul wrote at Romans 3:4:
Let God be proven true even if that makes every man a liar.’
The purpose of the 2001 Translation
Our purpose in publishing this Bible translation, our translator notes, and our scriptural commentaries isn’t to create new doctrines or a new religion. There are too many doctrines and religions already.
No, we don’t recognize ourselves as infallible authorities, nor do we claim to understand the full truth. We’ll just keep doing our own research in the Bible. Rather, we hope to awaken everyone who loves God to the need to search for Him by studying His words, and to put aside the baggage of doctrines, opinions, and creeds. That’s why we’ve spent so many years developing the 2001 Bible Translation, and it’s why it reads so differently.
A common question that we receive from our readers is, “So, what are you saying?” or, “What’s the bottom line?”
They want us to give them answers (or doctrines) to believe in, because that’s the shortcut. Yet that’s the problem with religions today; they provide the shortcuts; but there are no shortcuts to truth. That’s why most of our commentaries don’t reach any definite conclusions, because we’re still studying and learning.
Therefore, we don’t offer our commentaries and notes as truth. They are just the observations of the translators, our supporters, and records of our discussions. Everything is open for correction as we learn more about the meanings of Bible words and their historical contexts. In fact, in several places you’ll find differing opinions, because we (unlike the hypocrites) don’t think that we have all the answers! Rather, we are still searching, knocking, and asking, and we urge you to do the same.
However, you can only find truth if you read the whole Bible. Could you manage just 4 or 5 chapters a day? After all, the 2001 Translation is much easier to read (and understand) than most translations, is available for free, can be read online, and can be downloaded in various formats. You can read it on most modern devices, such as your computer, tablet, smartphone, or e-reader.
At one time, people died horribly just to have the privilege of reading the Bible. Does it mean that much to you? We hope so!
The search for Bible truth
Also, please see the many scriptural commentaries, as well as our translator notes.
|
NASA JPL's Automated HORIZONS Interface
Information about planets (and moons, and asteroids, and stars) is free!
Joe Carpinelli's photo
Joe Carpinelli
·Oct 27, 2021·
6 min read
NASA provides fantastic tools that are available for personal use – one such tool is NASA JPL's HORIZONS. HORIZONS allows users to request positions, velocities, and physical attributes for thousands of bodies in our solar system. Users can request celestial body positions and velocities (often referred to as ephemeris) for several time steps. These orbital states are very accurately modeled! Ephemeris models often include relativistic effects, solar radiation pressure, aspherical bodies, and more. After receiving a grid of orbital states from HORIZONS, a user can interpolate between timesteps to find precise orbital states at any time.
HORIZONS has a web interface, and email and Telnet interfaces. While the web interface is simple to use, it does not provide every capability offered by the email and Telnet interfaces. If you just want one ephemeris file for a specific use case, the web interface is probably ideal! While I've never used the email interface, I have used the Telnet interface -- the Telnet interface can be invoked by entering telnet:// in a terminal of your choice. Otherwise, if you want to batch-request many ephemeris files, read on for a walkthrough for requesting ephemeris files from HORIZONS within a terminal, without manually walking through the Telnet interface!
Rather than manually entering your desired ephemeris file attributes through HORIZONS' web or Telnet interfaces, NASA JPL has provided open-source scripts for automatically fetching ephemeris data from JPL servers. The steps below provide all the information you need to use these scripts, and wrap them with a simple .sh script for ease of use.
Note -- the rest of this walkthrough requires you use a terminal within a Unix-like system. If you want to use a Windows machine, consider using the Windows Subsystem for Linux.
If you follow the directions in this walkthrough verbatim, you'll fetch a CSV-formatted ephemeris file without any text labels, with columns (from left to right): Julian day, X Position (km), Y Position (km), Z Position (km), X Velocity (km/s), Y Velocity (km/s), Z Velocity (km/s).
Install Dependencies
JPL's scripts use expect, an automation tool, to interact with the HORIZONS Telnet interface (so you don't have to). You will need both expect and telnet installed on your system. JPL's output ephemeris files contain carriage return characters that are not expected by Unix-like systems. You can install and use sponge (often packaged with moreutils), as shown below, to help remove these carriage returns, and other extraneous information from the data files returned by HORIZONS. If you only wish to remove the carriage return characters, you can also simply open the output ephemeris file in VSCode -- this will re-format the file for your operating system.
Installing Dependencies on MacOS:
# Uses Homebrew, a MacOs package manager:
brew install inetutils # provides telnet
brew install expect
brew install moreutils # (optional) provides sponge
Installing Dependencies on Ubuntu:
# Uses apt, the default Ubuntu package manager
sudo apt install telnet
sudo apt install expect
sudo apt install moreutils # (optional) provides sponge
Installation on other systems (Debian, Arch, etc.) is likely very similar to the installation commands above.
Download JPL Scripts
Download vec_tbl and vec_tbl.inp from JPL's servers. The latter sets input parameters for your requested ephemeris data, the former is the ultimate script users can call to get ephemeris data. Remember to read their license – usage may not be free for commercial use.
We'll also need to make vec_tbl executable.
chmod u+x vec_tbl
Set Input Parameters
The input file, vec_tbl.inp, sets environment variables that vec_tbl uses to walk through the HORIZONS Telnet interface automatically. These parameters provide information like "where should the origin be placed" and "what time window, and what size timesteps should be returned".
Edit vec_tbl.inp with your desired ephemeris file parameters. Some helpful parameter values are provided below -- these parameters will result in an ephemeris format with the following attributes:
• Origin placed at solar system barycenter
• CSV output with Cartesian coordinates
• Time window from 2020 to 2070, with 6-hour increments
• No text labels in the CSV data
Note -- you can replace @ssb with @sun to place the origin of the ephemeris data at the Sun's center of mass.
set EMAIL_ADDR "" ;
set CENTER "@ssb" ;
set REF_PLANE "FRAME" ;
set START_TIME "2020-Jan-1" ;
set STOP_TIME "2070-Jan-1" ;
set STEP_SIZE "6h" ;
set CSV_FORMAT "YES" ;
set VEC_TABLE "2" ;
set REF_SYSTEM "J2000" ;
set VEC_CORR "1" ;
set OUT_UNITS "1" ;
set CSV_FORMAT "YES" ;
set VEC_LABELS "NO" ;
set VEC_DELTA_T "NO" ;
set VEC_TABLE "2" ;
Fetch Ephemeris Data
Now we can use vec_tbl to download Ephemeris data for any celestial body tracked by HORIZONS. The usage for vec_tbl is shown below.
The second argument is the NAIF ID for the celestial body you'd like to track. IDs for common solar system bodies are provided in the table below.
Solar System BodyNAIF ID
Mercury Barycenter1
Venus Barycenter2
Earth-Moon Barycenter3
Mars Barycenter4
Jupiter Barycenter5
Saturn Barycenter6
Uranus Barycenter7
Neptune Barycenter8
Pluto Barycenter9
Note the output file will have a preamble, which includes physical characteristics of your selected celestial body, and other information.
Re-format Ephemeris Data (optional)
The output format of the Ephemeris file will depend on your input parameters provided in vec_tbl.inp. If you're following this walk-through verbatim (aka using the input parameters provided above), then your output file will have 7 columns: Julian day, date-time label, X, Y, Z positions, X, Y, Z velocities. All columns are numeric, with the exception of column 2 -- this makes loading data into MATLAB, Python, or Julia a bit more complicated. We don't need column 2 to interpolate between Cartesian states, because column 2 is simply a plain-language description of the Julian Day value in column 1. We can use sed and awk magic to strip out the second column, and remove the preamble from the Ephemeris file. The sed and awk commands below are taken directly from the two StackOverflow answers: sed reference, awk reference. Remember to replace <FILE> with your desired output file name!
# Filter out data-file preamble
sed -n '/\$\$SOE/,/\$\$EOE/{//!p;}' <FILE> | sponge <FILE>
# Remove second column (data-time label)
awk -F , 'BEGIN {OFS=FS} {$2=""; sub(",,", ","); print}' <FILE> \
| sponge <FILE>
Now your file will have only comma-delimited rows of numbers!
Share this
|
10 Fun Facts about Engineers
Share This Article:
Engineers beware! You thought you knew everything about yourself, your colleagues and your job?
You surely have not heard the following 10 facts – which will make your engineer’s heart skip a beat ;-)
1. The word “engineer” is derived from the Latin word “ingenium”, which means something like “native talent” or “cleverness”. Until the 18th century, the job exclusively referred to war engines, i.e. engineers built weapons and fortresses.
2. The first engineer known by name was the Egyptian pyramid builder Imhotep. Around 2700 B.C. he built the first pyramids in Egypt and thus gained an almost godlike status.
first engineer built pyramids
3. The namesake of Mount Everest was an engineer: From 1832 to 1842, the British Surveyor George Everest was the Superintendent and later, the Surveyor General of the “Great Trigonometric Survey of India“. He contributed substantially to the measurement of the Indian meridian arc starting at the southernmost tip of India and reaching up to the foothills of the Himalayas.
4. The Ferris wheel is regarded as one of the largest engineering wonders of the world. The first modern big wheel was built by Pittburgh’s George Washington Gale Ferris, an engineer for railway technology and bridge building, for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. This giant wheel was also named after him: The Ferris Wheel. By the way, with a height of 135 m, the London Eye is the tallest Ferris wheel in Europe.
5. Engineers also play an important role in the amusement park industry. Engineers are involved in planning, construction, lighting and even crowd control.
6. The snowboard was invented by an engineer. Serman Poppen created a winter toy for his daughter, by bolting two snow skis together and attaching a rope to the front. From this “Snurfer” and after various refinements and technical modifications, the modern snowboard evolved into what we know today – a wonder of geometry, chemistry and biomechanics.
Snowboard invention of an engineer
7. What do fashionable running shoes have to do with engineers? Well, engineers are significantly involved in their production process. They make sure that the impact from the ground contact, i.e. the shock of each walking or running step, is dispersed through the entire foot. This will not only be kind to our feet, but will also protect our joints and spine.
8. And while on the subject of sports: Many athletes owe their performance to the art of engineering. Sports engineers examine the complex interaction of physical movements and technical equipment. They not only develop sports equipment such as tennis rackets or skis, but sportswear and shoes as well. In today’s German universities, there are many programs that offer sports engineering.
9. A civil engineer invented the water slide. He developed a pump system that allowed the exact amount of water onto the slide which made sliding actually possible.
10. Do you like watching movies? Whether Lord of the Rings, Star Wars or James Bond: It wouldn’t be possible without all the sophisticated special effects. Together with animators, engineers create digital images that look real by using Morphing technology.
We all need a bit of fun – in our everyday work life, too ;-). Nevertheless, technical issues are not neglected in our blog. Subscribe to our blog so that you will not miss out on either one!
Subscribe to our blog to receive monthly updates
|
• 214,99 €
Beschreibung des Verlags
This book deals with theoretical bases of the modern optics division concerned with coherent light fields with singularities characterized by phase uncertainty. Singular light fields include laser vortex beams or beams that carry orbital angular momentum. Laser vortex beams that have been introduced in optics in recent years are discussed in detail. Among them, of special notice are families of asymmetric laser vortex beams that, while being devoid of radial symmetry, remain unchanged upon propagation. What makes the laser vortex beams especially interesting is the ability to preserve their structure while propagating in a scattering medium or through a turbulent atmosphere. The orbital angular momentum is an extra degree of freedom of laser vortices because beams with different topological charge can be utilized as independent channels for data transmission in wireless communications. Laser vortex beams are generated from conventional Gaussian beams using liquid crystal light modulators, which are now readily available at any optical laboratory.
Provide a framework for the comparative analysis of the efficiency of different vortex beams for micromanipulation.
Includes detailed illustrations, enabling the vortex structure to be easily understood even by non-experts.
Presents detailed descriptions of more than a dozen most popular types of vortex laser beams.
Explores how optical vortices have been used in many practical applications including conventional and quantum wireless communications, micromanipulation, optical measurements with super-resolution, spiral interferometry, microscopy, and atom cooling.
Presents in a systematic and detailed form many analytical and numerical results for the propagation vortex optical beams (chiefly in the linear propagation regime).
Gewerbe und Technik
3. September
CRC Press
Mehr Bücher von Victor V. Kotlyar, Alexey A. Kovalev & Alexey P. Porfirev
|
Contribution Margin
However, when you carry a variety of goods, calculating a breakeven point on sales or working toward a particular profit level becomes more complex because profit from item to item differs. To find out how many of each item you need to sell, you must use your sales mix, variable costs and purchase prices for individual items to determine their contribution margins. Contribution margins are then averaged to determine the weighted average contribution margin, or WACM, a key component of a multi-product breakeven calculations. Calculating the break-even on a company with only one product is relatively easy.
One of such methods in calculating the for the break-even analysis. The break-even point of a firm can be expressed in terms of units or dollars sales. BEP units are computed by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin. The contribution margin is the amount that remains after variables costs are deducted from sales. At times a firm produces more than one product and therefore it is important to determine the weighted average contribution margin. The weighted average contribution margin can provide useful forecast information on break-even sales and volume.
If fixed expenses are $2,400 and the WACM is $6, then the breakeven point is sales of 400 candle units. To bring the cumulative total back down to small and large units, you create a fraction for each product line consisting of unit sales to overall sales. You should avoid using the contribution margin ratio as the only financial metric to decide whether to continue to stock a product.
In computing for the multi-product break-even point, the weighted average unit contribution margin and weighted average contribution margin ratio are used. Similarly, we saw that with a weighted average margin of 33.33%, the company would need to make $1.2 million in sales to receive a gross profit of $100,000. The analysis can provide useful forecasts for the company to examine the variable costs and increase its contribution. The key formula used to calculate the break-even or target profit point in units for a company with multiple products is as follows. Simply set the target profit to $0 for break-even calculations, or to the appropriate profit dollar amount for target profit calculations. Unit margin, also called unit contribution margin, reflects the cost incurred to produce and sell a particular unit of product.
How Do Fixed And Variable Costs Affect The Marginal Cost Of Production?
Contribution margin , or dollar contribution per unit, is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. “Contribution” represents the portion of sales revenue that is not consumed by variable costs and so contributes to the coverage of fixed costs. The contribution margin percentage, also known as the contribution margin or the contribution margin ratio, is a margin stated on a gross or per-unit basis. The contribution margin is the selling price of any given unit minus the variable cost associated with the production of that unit. Your company can use the contribution margin ratio to make operational decisions more straightforward.
We’ve Got 1 Shorthand For Weighted Average Contribution Margin »
You can take the opportunity to work with your accountant to get a clearer understanding of different financial terms so that you’ll know more about your company’s finances. Save time – If you’re not familiar with accounting rules and how to classify some of your costs, learning what figures go where can be time-consuming.
Cost-volume-profit analysis looks at the impact that varying levels of sales and product costs have on operating profit. Also commonly known as break-even analysis, CVP analysis looks to determine the break-even point for different sales volumes and cost structures. Very low or negative contribution margin values indicate economically nonviable products whose manufacturing and sales should be discarded. The contribution margin is computed as the difference between the sale price of a product and the variable costs associated with its production and sales process.
weighted average contribution margin
In the YouTube video below, our sales mix is 20% for product A, 30% for product B, and 50% for product C. Using the sales mix, you can calculate the weighted average price, weighted average variable cost, and weighted average cost per unit.
Some companies automatically get rid of a product with a low or negative contribution margin. However, there could be products with a low contribution margin that don’t need a high level of support. A product line with a negative contribution margin ratio will mean that your company loses money when it produces this product. You have the option of removing negative contribution margin ratio products from your company or raising the price to allow for a positive contribution margin. The higher the contribution margin per unit, the more profitable it is to sell that specific product. The spreadsheet indicates that Straight Leg has the higher contribution margin per unit ($25 vs. $20).
Any remaining revenue left after covering fixed costs is the profit generated. To calculate WACM, one should collect the most accurate data. It is vital to determine a sale price for each item, along with fixed costs for the business. The sales mix can be expressed as a percentage, and it shows how much each product line contributes to overall sales. The WACM is 70%, it is considerably high which means that Bridgestone is keeping the variable cost at a relatively small proportion of the total costs. The contribution margin is the sales price of a unit, minus the variable costs involved in the unit’s production. It also measures whether the product is generating enough revenue to pay for fixed costs and determine the profit it is generating.
Assess the profitability of output when there are resource limitations. Say a machine for manufacturing ink pens comes at a cost of $10,000. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Amy’s Accounting Service must achieve $266,667 in sales to break even. In a weighted average, some numbers count more than others or carry more weight, so use a weighted average whenever some data points are worth more than others. lets us get a feel for what caused the Contribution Margin Volume Variance because breaking the total variance into two smaller variances gives us a better picture of what happened during the period. Sally sells 50 small candles per month at a price of $10 each.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of weighted average method?
The main disadvantages of weighted average costing method are as under:Materials used may not be charged to production at the current price.
The cost charged to production are not the actual prices.
If the receipts are numerous, many calculations are required.
Should the company produce more of the product P1, P2, or P3? The sales mix percentage and the weighted average contribution provides the information on that. We saw the sales mix and the weighted average contribution margin gave varying required production levels for all four products. For a multiple product facility, the contribution margin for each product weighed against the portion of sales is called the weighted average contribution margin. We can calculate the contribution per unit for each product and then take the average. To calculate contribution margin, start by finding out how much the product sells for.
You need to have a firm understanding of what your company classifies as fixed and variable costs in order to accurately calculate the contribution margin ratio. Unfortunately, some costs aren’t easily classified and can cause issues when determining the contribution margin.
It is the point at which a company breaks even, i.e. its total costs equal total sales. Contribution margin ratio is the ratio of contribution margin to sales. It is calculated by dividing the excess of sales over variable costs weighted average contribution margin with sales. Consider Sally’s sales of small candles from above and add in the sale of 20 large candles at $20 each with variable costs of $9. The contribution margin is sales price of $20 minus variable costs of $9, or $11.
If the contribution margin for an ink pen is higher than that of a ball pen, the former will be given production preference owing to its higher profitability potential. Low contribution margins are present in labor-intensive companies with few fixed expenses, while capital-intensive, industrial companies have higher fixed costs and thus, higher contribution margins. We can verify that by knowing the 56,285 multiplied with the average unit contribution $ 5.33 equals the fixed costs of $ 300,000. LWD Fashion LLC has to sell 14,000 pairs of jeans, 7,000 T-shirts, and 14,000 sweaters.
Use the weighted average contribution margin to see if you’re improving your results. The contribution margin is computed as the selling price per unit, minus the variable cost per unit. Also known as dollar contribution per unit, the measure indicates how a particular product contributes to the overall profit of the company. It provides one way to show the profit potential of a particular product offered by a company and shows the portion of sales that helps to cover the company’s fixed costs.
weighted average contribution margin
Cvp Analysis Commonly Requires The Use Of The Contribution Margin Concept To Calculate The Break
To determine the dollar amount of target sales, we can simply multiply the number of units by the sales price per unit. The second step is to determine the weighted average contribution margin. Calculate in units the number of target sales for each product. You add up the total CM from all of the products and divide by the total units from ALL products. Calculated by multiplying each product’s unit contribution margin by the product’s proportion of total sales. In the case of Kayaks-For-Fun, the River model accounts for 60 percent of total unit sales and the Sea model accounts for 40 percent of total unit sales. , which is the contribution margin for each type of unit we sell times that unit’s percentage of total unit sales.
Combine this with small candle sales of 50 units and a $4 contribution margin. To calculate the WACM, all you need to do is add the unit sales for each product line into one large total. Multiply the contribution margin per unit for each product by the number of sales, and then add the totals. Divide the total of individual contribution margins by the total number of unit sales.
Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by production management and management accountants. Total variable and fixed costs are compared with sales revenue in order to determine the level of sales volume, sales value or production at which the business makes neither a profit nor a loss (the “break-even point”). For example, ABC International has two product lines, each of which is responsible for 50% of sales. The contribution from Line A is $100,000 and the contribution from Line B is $50,000. This means that the weighted average contribution margin for the entire business is $10/unit (calculated as $150,000 total contribution / 15,000 units). In the YouTube video below, I use Excel to find the break-even with multiple products. I demonstrate the array function, use conditional formatting, and work with absolute reference to find the weighted average contribution margin per unit.
• So, the game with sales mix is to sell more of the products that generate a higher contribution margin per unit.
• The contribution margin represents the portion of a product’s sales revenue that isn’t used up by variable costs, and so contributes to covering the company’s fixed costs.
• You need a tool to judge how well your sales mix changes have improved your results.
• That means that you sales mix is headed in the right direction.
• In real life, companies produce a range of products, not just one kind as was assumed in our earlier examples.
this, the payment of interest in the intervening period many be considered a holding cost for owning the asset. It is also important to identify if there is an opportunity cost (i.e. what is given up if one alternative is chosen over another) as a result of the decision. The mix of sales should remain consistent for more accurate WACM results, and that is why it is important to choose data for a more extended period of time. Contribution margin ratio remains constant for each product, segment, or department. Amy’s Accounting Service must achieve $822,222 in sales to earn $250,000 in profit.
However, fixed costs are normally incurred for all the products hence a need to compute for the composite or multi-product break-even point. A problem arises when the company sells more than one type of product. Break-even analysis may be performed for each type of product if fixed costs are determined separeately for each product. The determination of the break-even point in CVP analysis is easy once the variable and fixed components of costs have been determined.
How do you find maximum contribution margin?
Total contribution margin (TCM) is calculated by subtracting total variable costs from total sales. Contribution margin per unit equals sales price per unit P minus variable costs per unit V. It can be calculated by dividing total contribution margin CM by total units sold Q.
Target profit analysis with a sales mix uses a contribution margin approach for different products that are not equally profitable for a company. Calculating target sales both in units and in dollars requires three steps. The weighted average contribution margin is an amount calculated to determine project profit levels for different amounts of sales. It presents an average amount that a group of services or products pays for the fixed cost of a business.
• مدیر روابط عمومی
• شهریور 5, 1399
• 30 بازدید
دیدگاهتان را بنویسید
نشانی ایمیل شما منتشر نخواهد شد. بخشهای موردنیاز علامتگذاری شدهاند *
|
REVIEW Developing Cultural Competence in Physical Therapy Practice presents invaluable perspectives on specific cultural groups. Relative to the provision of healthcare services, this text compliments the American Physical Therapy Association’s vision statement that physical therapists’ will "provide culturally sensitive care distinguished by trust, respect, and an appreciation for individual differences.”1
Purpose As stated in the introduction of the book, the purpose of this text is to provide a framework for cultural self-exploration, information about general cultural differences, and a selection of cultural–specific information and considerations. This book is written for those in the physical therapy profession and is an excellent reference for physical therapy students, new graduates, and seasoned physical therapist alike. However, this text may be appropriate for use by other allied health professions. The text utilizes meaningful exercises, case studies, and vignettes to promote learning. Organized into 2 parts, Part 1 includes 2 sections (Chapters I-9) and Part 2 includes 3 sections (Chapters 10-22). Twelve authors contributed to the book, all of whom are physical therapist, except one who is a nurse.
Self-Exploration Throughout the book the text introduces self-exploration of culture throughout each chapter. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the study of culture and present the Purnell Model of Cultural Competence which is used as an organizational framework. Using current research supporting self-exploration of health practitioners for providing culturally competent care, this section offers the reader an exercise exploring the Purnell Model. The Purnell Model for cultural competence has been classified as theory because it includes a model and organizing framework that can be used by all healthcare providers in various disciplines and settings. Readers complete a self-assessment at the end each chapter. In Chapters 3-9, the Purnell Model inter-relates economic, political, communication, family organization, workforce, biological variation, nutrition, death ritual, and healthcare practice concepts that may have an effect on a patient’s culture.
Cultural Groups Chapters 10 through 15 present different cultural groups with whom the provider might engage. These chapters present African American/Black, Chinese, Latino/Hispanic, American Indian, Middle Eastern, and Jewish culture. Chapters 16 through 20 present other categories of culture based on special populations such as: the disabled, veterans, the military, poor/homeless, pediatric, and geriatric populations. These populations present with special needs such as: communication barriers, biological/genetic variations, education level, nutrition, family organization, spirituality, disease and health conditions. These chapters address attitudes toward those with disabilities within the cultural context of the societal, community, individual, and family level responses to disability. Culturally congruent strategies that can be implemented by physical therapists are highlighted.
Strategies and Resources Chapter 21 and 22 articulate strategies and resources for physical therapy students, educators, and practitioners. Chapter 21 lays a framework for establishing a culturally competent practice by addressing demographic changes, meeting regulatory and accreditation standards, improving physical therapy outcomes, improving marketing by targeting communities of diversity, decreasing the likelihood of malpractice claims, and considering professional ethical standards of practice. Chapter 22 addresses the nurturing of cultural competence from the educator, student, or professionals perspective utilizing workshop/unit presentation, integration into curriculum, policy, service-learning experiences, and international immersion experiences. Professional literature supports the concept that physical therapists, students, and other health care practitioners to become culturally competent, a desire to be culturally competent must first exist.2
Summary Cultural competence of physical therapists and health care professionals minimizes cultural barriers to health care and make health services more user friendly to culturally diverse groups and subgroups, and thereby help to reduce their disproportionate burden of poor health. The Purnell Model does offer a good organizational framework for each of the ethnic or cultural backgrounds addressed. Even though the later chapters address groups or specific population groups that physical therapists work with, the authors make it clear that a specific and unique culture does exists within the group for those with disabilities. The authors have done an excellent job of challenging the reader to explore their beliefs and attitudes. The text engages the reader in appropriate reflection and special studies. Visual learners can appreciate various pictures, figures, and tables which are clear in demonstrating key points. As an academic coordinator of clinical education I would strongly recommend this text to physical therapy faculty, practitioners, and students as it highlights the importance of considering a patient’s culture in physical therapy evaluation and intervention.
Submission Location
you may Download the file to your hard drive.
|
- Example with Summarized Data
Example: Lactose Intolerance Section
In a sample of 100 African American adults, 70 were identified as having some level of lactose intolerance. Compute a 95% confidence interval to estimate the proportion of all African American adults who have some level of lactose intolerance.
To create a 95% confidence interval of dog ownership using the normal approximation method in Minitab:
In Minitab, select Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Proportion
1. In this case we have summarized data so select Summarized data in the dropdown.
2. For number of events, add 70 and for number of trials add 100.
3. Select Options
4. The default Confidence level is 95.
5. Change the Method to Normal approximation because the assumption of \(n \widehat p \geq 10\) and \(n(1- \widehat p) \geq 10\) has been met
6. Click OK and OK.
This should result in the following output:
p: event proportion
Normal approximation is used for this analysis.
Descriptive Statistics
N Event Sample p 95% CI for p
100 70 0.700000 (0.610183, 0.789817)
|
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–98) was a writer and activist who was pivotal in the women’s suffrage movement in America. She is best remembered today for the six-volume encyclopaedia series she produced in collaboration with Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Ida Husted Harper, History of Woman Suffrage, which chronicles the history of women’s suffrage in the United States.
|
James Webb Space Telescope majestic Mirror
NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope deployed primary mirror, looks like a spring flower in full bloom.
NASA technicians lifted the telescope using a crane and moved it inside a clean room at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Once launched into space, the Webb telescope’s 18-segmented gold mirror is specially designed to capture infrared light from the first galaxies that formed in the early universe, and will help the telescope peer inside dust clouds where stars and planetary systems are forming today.
For more information about the Webb telescope at www.nasa.gov/webb
Image credit NASA/Desiree Stover
source NASA
|
Cause and effect essay
What Does "cause and Effect" Mean? | The cause-and-effect relationship can be seen clearly between heavy rain and consequent flooding. Lack of rainfall leads to drought; excessive exposure to direct sunlight causes sunburn. The cause-and-effect relationship is present whenever one event could not have occurred without a preceding event. An Essay Example About WWII: The Causes And Effects
Cause and Effect Essay Examples | | Page 2 of 4 Cause and Effect Essay Samples - Page 2 To demonstrate a cause and its effect is never that easy in written form. Check out our cause and effect essay samples to understand how to write an essay of this type on your own. Cause and Effect Essay | PrivateWriting Cause and effect essay writing gives reasons and explanations for events, conditions, or behavior. Cause and effect essay is a type of essays that centers on why things occur (causes) and the outcomes of the happenings (effects). Cause-and-effect writing gives reasons and explanations for events, conditions, or behavior. How To Write A Cause And Effect Essay (Definition + Topics ... Watch our video and you will find information on every aspect of this type of essay. We will show you how to create a cause and effect essay outline and show the ins and outs of the process of ... Definition and Examples of Cause and Effect in Essays
A cause and effect essay is a type of essay that explains why the event or the situation occurs (causes) and the results of its happening (effects). Writing a cause and effect essay takes students lots efforts cause the main idea of writing such an essay is to examine the reasons and the results of the phenomenon.
Trigger and Impact Essays – the Secret is Matter RefinementIf in case you have been assigned a trigger and impact essay, there are certainly one of two specifics to this project College students have been given a basic educational space… Cause and Effect Essay | Relax Essay Cause and effect essay is another popular type of college essay. Our writers will gladly help with any kind of cause and effect writing. Cause And Effect Essay Essays are long, tiring and intimidating, which means they’re usually put off until the last minute. If you’re mere hours away from a deadline with barely a page worth of words, fear ...
A cause and effect essay is designed to organize the discussion of the ideas of a certain topic (its causes and results). Writing a cause and effect essay In order to write a professional cause and effect essay it is necessary to understand the term casual chain or domino effect.
In its simplest form, Lorenz’s example represents cause and effect. But unlike Lorenz’s dramatic and complicated example and unlike the convoluted plot of Mr. Kutcher’s movie (sigh), the keys to writing a strong cause and effect essay are quite simple. So let’s take a look at how to write a cause and effect essay and get an A. Cause and Effect Essay - YouTube Review the basic concepts and essay structure for the cause and effect college composition essay. ORDER YOUR GRAMMAR & PROOFREADING BOOKS (DISCOUNTS ON LULU.COM) The Good Grammar Workbook for ... Cause and Effect essay outline & structure - Effect #3=Cause #4 etc. (analyzes the effect of the third cause, which in its turn is the effect that provokes the next cause). Conclusion (summarizes all the mentioned above causes and effects which bring each other up to prove the thesis statement. 150 Really Good Ideas for Cause and Effect Essay Topics
Cause and effect Essay -
9. Create cause-and-effect cards. Similar to the above cause-and-effect lesson plan, but instead of unfolding the paper, just leave it folded like a greeting card. I actually like to make the cards fairly small, then they can be grouped together in a little cause-and-effect museum for a fun display. Essay Writer: Pro Essay Writers for Your Academic Needs
Cause and effect essay topics. As the moniker cause and effect suggests that a cause and effect essay focuses specifically on exploring why something has happened and what the cause of such occurrence was. In a college setting, it is likely that topics will be assigned – these are normally tied to course studies, or current events.
Dying from a vaccine may be the least likely effect to come from being vaccinated, yet, it's the most serious effect. It's vital to research any medications and health treatments before trying them. Knowing all the effects they can have on a person is part of that researching process. Cause and Effect Essay Topics: 50 Best Ideas for a Winning ... The main goal of a cause and effect essay is to explain the main reasons or results of certain events, occurrences, and situations. There are three sub-categories that fall under this kind of essays: Cause Essays, Effect Essays, and Cause and Effect Essays. Suggestions and Tips: Good Topics for Cause and Effect Essays ... The cause and effect essay is based on a scenario, in which one action or event causes specific effects to occur. Most students encounter a problem right at the beginning: it's difficult for them to choose cause and effect essay topics. Writing Cause and Effect Essay Outline
How To Write A Cause And Effect Essay — IELTS ACHIEVE Task Achievement - The answer provides a paraphrased question, to begin with, followed by a relevant cause and effects.Both the cause and effects are fully supported (relevant examples are given) in the main body paragraphs in the essay, with fully extended and well-supported ideas. the style of the writing is appropriate for an academic essay. How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay - Essay Writing Help The purpose of the cause and effect essay may be either to analyze or inform. Generally, the cause and effect essay is organized either chronologically or in order of importance. Keep causes and effects clearly defined by using keywords for causes such as because of, due to, since, and leads to. How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay | Pen and the Pad
|
3 Ways Social Determinants of Health Aggravate Covid-19 Outcomes
Share this post
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact communities across the U.S. and internationally. However, where some countries are trending toward decline in new cases, others—like the U.S—are still reporting new COVID-19 cases.
Some areas of the U.S. are affected more than others. This is largely attributed to social determinants of health, which are often out of an individual’s control. Below, we’ve highlighted the five key determinant categories and how each can increase the risk of contracting COVID-19.
The 5 key determinants of health and COVID-19
The following areas represent factors that impact individual and community health. We highlighted a few ways each determinant area could impact communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
1. Economic stability
Economic stability encompasses employment status, food security, housing stability, and poverty. For most people in the U.S., employment status dictates housing quality, healthcare access, and education opportunities.
But employment does not necessarily guarantee access to stable housing. The average person compensated at minimum wage would have to work nearly 80 hours per week to afford a one-bedroom apartment.
Housing costs cut deeply into many household budgets. For such households, that means less money to spend on healthy food, and potentially more time spent working to cover other expenses. In the COVID-19 pandemic, these budgetary restrictions might mean that households have little money to spend on high-quality or reusable face coverings. It could also mean that some individuals spend more time exposed to the general public through work—increasing their odds of contracting the virus.
2. Education
Education refers to language skills and literacy, high school graduation rates, enrollment in higher education, and access to early childhood development programs.
In March 2020, COVID-19 precautions drove education into the digital realm. Teachers and students became reliant on video calls, email, and other technologies to finish the school year. This sudden disruption was particularly difficult for students in lower-income and rural areas. Students in these areas are less likely to have access to the technologies they need for remote learning.
Experts worry that the shift to digital learning will deepen existing educational disparities. The United Nations estimates that roughly 24 million youth may drop out or otherwise lose access to education solely due to the economic impact of the pandemic.
3. Social and community context
Social and community context includes sociopolitical factors like discrimination, incarceration, civic participation, and social cohesion or solidarity.
Social support and inclusion are vital for mental health and wellbeing. Strict quarantine and social distancing measures began in March 2020 to slow the spread of COVID-19. Research suggests that this social isolation increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other mental health issues.
These negative psychological impacts combined with severe economic impacts are driving cities across the U.S. to reopen businesses—despite reports of new COVID-19 diagnoses.
4. Health and healthcare
Health and healthcare incorporates access to primary and preventative care, access to general healthcare services, and healthcare literacy.
There may be no better time to emphasize the importance of healthcare access than during a pandemic. From a backlog of COVID-19 tests to a scarcity of testing sites in some regions, patients face hurdles even without the complications of insurance coverage.
Fear of contracting the COVID-19 virus is causing many patients to delay essential care. This could mean patients are postponing visits for initial diagnoses or putting off regular appointments. Despite a surge in telemedicine use spurred by the pandemic, patients with restricted access to telehealth technology or who require in-person treatments may face lasting repercussions from postponing care.
5. Neighborhood and built environment
Neighborhood and built environment refers to food access, housing quality, crime and violence rates, and environmental conditions (i.e. air and water quality). Many of the factors in this group are both physical and social determinants.
For several reasons, people living in cities and urban centers may be at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 than those living in rural areas. Because the COVID-19 virus primarily impacts the respiratory system, air pollution could put city dwellers at additional risk. Additionally, crowded living situations, like large apartment buildings with common areas or apartments with many roommates, can increase the risk of exposure.
Housing instability can further increase the risk of COVID-19 exposure. People experiencing homelessness would not have somewhere to safely quarantine or sanitize. Unhoused people may also not have regular access to news alerts and safety recommendations regarding the spread of COVID-19.
An illustration of five circles representing the categories of social health determinants
How can social determinants of health increase COVID-19 exposure?
Social determinants impact everything from where we grocery shop to the types of employment we pursue. Below, we’ve highlighted specific ways that specific social determinants of health can increase risk of COVID-19 exposure.
1. Public transportation increases COVID-19 exposure
Though many employers turned to remote work to limit the spread of COVID-19, not everyone had this luxury. For essential workers, like healthcare professionals and grocery store employees, working from home is not an option. Of course, there is risk of virus exposure for anyone working with the general public, even with proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
The risk of COVID-19 exposure increases for those who rely on public transportation. City buses, cabs, ridesharing services, and other shared modes of transportation often require passengers to sit or stand in close proximity. These vehicles are more difficult to sanitize and may not be cleaned as often as recommended by public health organizations.
Similarly, patients seeking care at nearby hospitals may rely on public transit or ridesharing to attend appointments. These passengers could be at high-risk of developing or suffering complications from COVID-19 and using public transit could increase exposure.
2. Healthcare access decreases likelihood of COVID-19 testing and treatment
As mentioned earlier in this blog, health insurance in the U.S. is largely tied to employment status. For uninsured or underinsured patients, paying for COVID-19 screening tests may be difficult. While some testing sites do accept Medicare and Medicaid, many require appointments and the full testing cost may not be covered.
Additionally, suburban and rural areas may have fewer COVID-19 testing sites than urban areas. This makes it more difficult for patients in these areas to access testing services. Telemedicine use may alleviate this issue. Between June 2019 and June 2020, telemedicine use grew by 2,400 percent.
Top 5 telemedicine procedures in 2020
• CPT code 99442: telephone evaluation by a physician, 11-20 minutes
• CPT code 99441: telephone evaluation by a physician, 5-10 minutes
• CPT code 99443: telephone evaluation by a physician, 21-30 minutes
• CPT code Q3014: telehealth facility fee
• CPT code 93295: interrogation device evaluation, up to 90 days
Fig. 1 Data from Definitive Healthcare’s Medical Claims database. Data is from the calendar year 2020 through June (most recent available). Commercial claims data is sourced from multiple medical claims clearinghouses in the United States. Full list available at Top 25 Telemedicine Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
3. Poverty limits ability to take time off work and school to avoid COVID-19 exposure
As schools prepare for students to return, many working parents will have to make difficult decisions about whether to keep their children home. Most parents cannot afford to take time off work to homeschool, and many will have to juggle schedules for multiple children. Parents back at work and students back in schools significantly increases the likelihood of COVID-19 exposure.
With some schools moving to a blended syllabus of online and in-person classes, families may struggle to provide access to computers and tablets for multiple children. In addition, more than 22 million U.S. children rely on free or reduced-cost lunches during the school year and may struggle with adequate nutrition if they’re out of school for extended periods—putting them at greater risk of developing long-term health conditions.
Learn More
Are you looking for more information about the impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare delivery and technology? Watch our on-demand webinar, Examining The COVID-Driven Rise of Telehealth With Claims at any time.
Webinar hosts explore:
• What patterns in claims data reveal about the digital expansion of healthcare
• What these observations mean for sales organizations for companies that serve providers
• What current regulations mean for the continued growth in digital utilization
• Blog
• 3 Ways Social Determinants of Health Aggravate Covid-19 Outcomes
Explore our data
|
An Urban's Rural View
Could Russia Dominate World Agriculture?
Urban C Lehner
By Urban C Lehner , Editor Emeritus
Connect with Urban:
Between 2000 and 2018 Russia's ag exports increased about 16 times. Russia recently became the world's largest wheat exporter. Imagine if the country saw millions of acres more land available for agriculture. (DTN file photo)
Vladimir Putin used to make light of climate change. "An increase of two or three degrees wouldn't be so bad for a northern country like Russia," he said in 2003. "We could spend less on fur coats, and the grain harvest would go up."
Since then, Russia's president has changed his tune. In 2015 he called climate change "one of the gravest challenges humanity is facing." But he still wants to boost Russia's grain production -- and climate change is giving him a hand.
It could give him an even bigger hand in the future, according to a lengthy (listening time: 47 minutes) article from ProPublica and the New York Times. It's headlined "How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis" and it paints Russia as a rising agricultural power with the potential to become a colossus. Thanks to its vast, unexploited and warming Siberia region, the article declares, "No country may be better positioned to capitalize on climate change than Russia." (…) and (…)
Canada and the Scandinavian countries also stand to gain from increasing temperatures, the article concedes. But Russia has more land -- a lot more. The article quotes a scholarly estimate that permafrost melting will make 2 million square miles of Siberia available for farming by 2080. That's nearly 1.3 billion acres. By comparison, there are only 897 million acres being farmed in the U.S. (…)
Situated north of China and other populous Asian countries, Siberia is credited with another big climate change-related advantage: migrants to do the farming. As the optimal climate for human productivity -- average annual temperatures between 52 and 59 degrees Fahrenheit -- moves north in the years ahead, people will move north with it, the article maintains.
To one American foreign-policy expert quoted in the article, Russia has the potential to dominate world agricultural production, which he sees as "a national security issue" that is "underappreciated as a geopolitical threat." The article says American agriculture is currently "a significant, if low-key, instrument of leverage in America's own foreign affairs," but warns that advantage could disappear as Russia's production rises and increasing temperatures hurt U.S. farm yields.
It's a chilling scenario for American farmers and ranchers, who will naturally wonder if there's anything to it. If I thought the answer was "nothing," I wouldn't have brought the article to your attention. There is something to it -- but perhaps not as much as the journalist who wrote it, Abrahm Lustgarten, thinks.
Let's assume he's right in his assessment of how the climate will change. It seems plausible to me. The question is, do rising temperatures mean Russia is destined to dominate world agriculture?
Climate change might make 1.3 billion acres of Siberia available for farming six decades from now, but it's hard to believe anything remotely like that number will be farmed. How many Russians will want to farm them? As Lustgarten notes, the population of Russia's far eastern states has been declining. Moscow's efforts to lure Russians to resettle there have mostly failed.
Economic opportunity and climate change could drive immigrants across the border from China. Lustgarten concedes that fear of foreigners, and especially Chinese, is strong in Russia. But Russia is determined to develop its far East, and "a strategy of accommodating migrants would almost certainly be more to Russia's benefit than one that attempts to keep them out."
In other words, to get a lot of those acres farmed will require a willingness in the Kremlin to take political heat. A liberal immigration policy may be rational but it will almost certainly be unpopular. Indeed, it may be more unpopular in Russia than it would be in other countries. It's fair to question whether even an authoritarian regime can muster the necessary political will to let hordes of Chinese move in.
Thawing land will be muddy and unstable and soil quality in some places will be poor, Lustgarten admits. The mosquitos won't be any fun, either.
There are other reasons for skepticism. A warming north won't be the only thing going on in the world. Shifting weather patterns could make the north wetter as well as warmer, and therefore muddier.
Lustgarten maintains farming in today's temperate zones will become much less productive, making the far north more attractive, but this again reduces a dynamic world to one in which climate change is the only variable. Farmers won't just quit because their yields are declining. They will change crops, adopt more customized seeds and technologies and otherwise adapt.
This is not to deny Russia is a rising agricultural power. Between 2000 and 2018 its ag exports increased about 16 times. (…) Russia recently became the world's largest wheat exporter.
Chinese money is flowing into Russian agriculture. The article mentions a 2019 Chinese investment to develop 123,000 acres for growing soybeans and other crops and build a soybean-processing plant.
(That investment, however, was near Vladivostok, which is actually east of China. It doesn't mean China necessarily has eyes on Russia's far North.)
There's little dispute that Russia, Canada and Scandinavia will be climate change winners, and not just thanks to the new shipping lanes through the Arctic that melting ice will create. Agriculture in these countries will benefit, as well.
How much it will benefit is unclear. ProPublica and the New York Times have sketched one rather dire scenario: Russia morphs into the Godzilla of world agriculture. It's a scenario worth contemplating, but less sensational scenarios are equally possible. A great many things will have to go right for Russia if it's to dominate world agriculture.
Urban Lehner can be reached at
To comment, please Log In or Join our Community .
|
May 17, 2021
Tinnitus Q+A with Dr. Ben Thompson
Tinnitus Q+A with Dr. Ben Thompson
Dr. Ben Thompson is an audiologist and tinnitus expert who also happens to be an old friend of our team. During the pandemic, Dr. Thompson took a new approach to specialized treatment and started combining telecare and tinnitus therapy to better support his patients from home.
The CDC estimates 15% adults in the US experience some form of tinnitus, so we reached out to Dr. Thompson to learn more about this condition and ways to manage treatment no matter where you are.
What is tinnitus?
Tinnitus is the perception of a phantom sound. If you have ever heard a high-pitch ringing sound after going to a concert, that is tinnitus. If you hear ringing noise in a very quiet place, like going to sleep at night, that is also tinnitus.
Tinnitus can sound differently to each individual. One person may hear a ringing sound, while another may describe hearing the buzzing of a high-tension wire. In most cases, hearing a different sound does not signify one specific cause versus another.
What causes tinnitus?
The most common cause of tinnitus is damage to the cochlea, the hearing organ that lies far behind the eardrum. Loud noise exposure is a common reason why individuals develop tinnitus. This may be from going to music concerts, working with power tools, or service in the military.
Although sustained exposure to loud noise can rapidly degrade the function of the cochlea, tinnitus can also develop in the natural aging process. Tinnitus is one of the most common symptoms of age-related hearing loss.
A common misconception is that tinnitus comes from the ears. Typically, tinnitus comes from the auditory brain. The hearing system relies on the eardrum, the hearing organ, the hearing nerve, and the auditory brain. Watch this video to learn the basic neuroscience of tinnitus.
Can you prevent tinnitus?
The best way to prevent tinnitus is to limit further damage to your hearing system. Using hearing protection, like EarPeace ear plugs, reduces the volume of potentially harmful sounds. Hearing protection is especially important if you have hobbies or an occupation that is noisy. Some common examples are motorcycle riding, construction, live music, and gunfire.
A tinnitus spike is considered a period of time when tinnitus gets worse. This is not always related to loud noise exposure. It is important to realize that tinnitus can increase in volume because of certain inputs from your mind and body. Prolonged periods of anxiety and stress are known to increase tinnitus. Poor sleep can also play a harmful role and lead to increased tinnitus. Learning how to manage tinnitus spikes involves focusing on your overall health and wellness.
How can you manage tinnitus symptoms? Is there a cure?
Currently, there is no surgical or pharmaceutical cure for tinnitus. Researchers have been studying the complex neurological mechanism of tinnitus for decades. This is a research area that is well-funded; however, no researchers have discovered a cure.
The most common tinnitus treatment is Tinnitus Retraining Therapy, which involves audiology and psychology. This treatment aims to reduce the tinnitus perception by conditioning our reaction to tinnitus. The treatment takes six months or more of continued practice.
One of today’s most promising research to cure tinnitus is coming from a group that is trying to regrow cells of the cochlea to restore function to the high-frequency cells of the inner ear. This drug may create a way to reduce hearing loss and tinnitus at a cellular level in the ear. Current research is also investigating bi-modal neuro-stimulation for reduction of tinnitus.
One of the key factors for managing tinnitus is to calm the central nervous system. This is one of the best ways to reduce tinnitus. The auditory brain receives information from the central nervous system. Unfortunately, sometimes the nervous system can perceive tinnitus as a threat. When this happens, the body’s natural response is to increase the perception of tinnitus. This leads to a dangerous feedback loop of anxiety, stress, and tinnitus.
The best way to manage tinnitus symptoms will focus on these three pillars: audiology, psychology, and relaxation. First, using sound therapy will help reduce the perception of tinnitus. Second, managing stress and anxiety has a positive effect. Third, sustaining overall health and wellness will calm the central nervous system.
What are the health implications of tinnitus beyond hearing phantom sounds?
Tinnitus is not very well understood by most doctors in the medical field. Unfortunately, a patient may be told by their doctor that there is nothing they can do to help their tinnitus. This negative counseling has been shown to exacerbate the symptoms, often leading to fear and despair.
Tinnitus is linked to insomnia, anxiety, and stress. If you have a loud high-pitch sound in your head for most hours of the day, you can imagine how difficult it would be to stay focused and calm. When tinnitus becomes bothersome, it can quickly spiral out of control and lead to depression.
Please remember that although there is no drug to eliminate the sound, there are things that can be done. Specifically, focusing on audiology, psychology, and overall wellness.
The management of tinnitus will focus on the whole person. For more helpful information, download a free 10 ebook, The Ultimate Guide to Tinnitus Relief, courtesy of Pure Tinnitus.
More on Dr. Ben Thompson
Dr. Ben Thompson
Dr. Ben Thompson is an audiologist and tinnitus expert. He completed his residency at University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) and is a past board member of the California Academy of Audiology.
Dr. Thompson decided to specialize in tinnitus management because of his interests in mindfulness, music and psychology. After helping one particular tinnitus patient who drove 4 hours to see him, Dr. Thompson realized both the demand and potential of combining telecare and tinnitus treatment. As a result, he founded Pure Tinnitus in 2020 and provides tinnitus relief therapy to individuals in both private and group settings via telehealth.
Dr. Thompson is also one of the founding audiologists with HearWeb, the ultimate product resource for modern hearing devices. HearWeb provides independent reviews of hearing aid technology. Dr. Thompson makes YouTube review videos of PSAPs, OTC hearing aids, and traditional hearing aids.
Visit the HearWeb YouTube channel to learn more about today’s newest technology for hearing loss.
Get in touch with Dr. Thompson through the channels below!
Pure Tinnitus Youtube
Pure Tinnitus Facebook
Hear Web YouTube
Related articles
What Causes Hearing Loss In Children And Young Adults?
How can we change the way young people think about noise exposure, hearing loss, and prevention? The Ear Peace: Save Your Hearing Foundation explores this and much more.
Read more
Ear Protection Across the Pond: EarPeace PRO Launching in UK
We're bringing the patented redesign & improved performance across the pond! UK friends can upgrade their plugs to EarPeace PRO starting August 1, 2021.
Read more
Partner Spotlight: AudioCardio - like physical therapy for your hearing
We are thrilled to connect the EarPeace community with our friends at AudioCardio. Together, we are changing the way people care for their hearing health and that’s always been our goal.
Read more
|
Characteristics of Aggregates: Shape, Size & Specific Gravity
In the previous installment of this two-part series on aggregates used in construction materials, we discussed properties related to durability, strength, and abrasion resistance. Now, we will take a look at popular tests and testing equipment that measure other characteristics important in aggregate materials performance; density, shape, and particle size distribution.
Characteristics of Aggregates: Size, Shape, and Density
Particle Size and Gradation:
has more influence on the performance of hardened concrete, asphalt, and base material performance than any other characteristic of aggregates. The size and distribution of particles directly impact properties of stiffness, strength, workability, permeability, stability, skid resistance, and more.
It is no surprise that this is by far the most common and primary test to be performed on an aggregate sample. As most of these aggregate characterization tests, it is not difficult to perform properly and can be conducted effectively by technicians with minimal training.
Once the proportions of the individual fractions are determined and plotted in graphical form as a gradation curve, the information can be used for more than just a report of grain sizes. The values can qualitatively group the aggregate with classification terms like gap-graded, open-graded, or uniformly-graded to describe particle distribution. This information can be used to adjust the proportions of the fractions to manipulate the qualities of the final mix designs.
ASTM C136 and AASHTO T 27 spell out requirements of the sieve analysis test for aggregates. ASTM E11 lists specifications and tolerances for the test sieves.
• Test Sieves are available with a wide variety of opening sizes, as well as different types and sizes of frames.
• Sieve Shakers are highly recommended for efficient and repeatable processing of aggregate samples.
• Testing Screens offer a practical solution for the effective sizing of large samples of coarse aggregate.
Specific Gravity (Relative Density):
Is the ratio of the mass of an aggregate to the mass of a volume of water equal to the volume of the aggregate particles. Specific gravity is a fundamental property of aggregates that are used in many different calculations and for the proportioning of asphalt and concrete mixtures.
There are many standard test methods to determine specific gravity values of different construction materials, but for our purposes, we will stick to the two test methods for coarse and fine aggregates. Both test methods require care to execute properly, but the procedures are straightforward. The methods also allow calculation of absorption of water, which can indicate aggregate that may not be durable and estimate the amount of asphalt binder that may be absorbed.
The Coarse Aggregate Test (ASTM C127 and AASHTO T 85) is simply a volume determination by displacement of water. A basic test can be performed with a woven-wire basket and water container, or the complete test can be performed more efficiently using a specific gravity bench for suspended weighing of the specimen from an electronic balance.
The Fine Aggregate Test (ASTM C128 and AASHTO T 84) is a comparison of sample masses in oven-dry, saturated surface-dry (SSD), and immersed conditions. This test method offers alternate procedures to determine specific gravity. Either a volumetric flask or a simple pycnometer can be used for the gravimetric procedure. For the volumetric procedure, a special Le Chatelier flask is needed. A conical mold and tamper are also required to confirm that the moisture level of the specimen is in a saturated surface dry condition.
Both of these standard test methods allow calculation of different types of specific gravity:
• Apparent Specific Gravity is a measurement of the volume of the aggregate particle, not including the volume of water permeable voids. The mass measurement only includes the aggregate particle. Apparent specific gravity only measures the specific gravity of the solids.
• Bulk Specific Gravity is a measurement of the volume of the aggregate particle as well as the volume of the water permeable voids. The mass measurement only includes the aggregate particle. Since it includes the water-permeable void volume, the bulk specific gravity will be less than apparent specific gravity.
• Bulk Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) Specific Gravity includes the overall volume of the aggregate particle as well as the volume of the water permeable voids. The mass measurement includes the aggregate particle plus the water within the water permeable voids.
Particle Angularity:
Fine Aggregate Angularity measures the void content of an uncompacted specimen of fine aggregate, including sand, to provide an indirect indication of its angularity. A high void content indicates a higher degree of angularity, or surface roughness, of the particles. If the aggregate is too rounded, the shear strength of the matrix is reduced. For asphalt paving mixes used in road construction, this can result in rutting and shoving of the material in use.
The test method is described in ASTM C1252 and AASHTO T 304. A sample of fine aggregate is placed in the fine aggregate angularity apparatus and flows through a funnel into a calibrated cylindrical measure. Uncompacted void content is calculated using the difference between the volume of the cylinder and the total volume of the fine aggregate and the material bulk specific gravity. The test procedure is uncomplicated, and the equipment is simple and relatively inexpensive.
Coarse Aggregate Angularity is similar in function and purpose to fine aggregate angularity, using coarse aggregate angularity apparatus that is proportionally larger to accommodate the coarse aggregate. The test method is specified in AASHTO T 326. As of this writing, ASTM does not list a procedure for this test.
Flat and Elongated Particles testing measures dimensional ratios of individual coarse aggregate particles. Particles with significantly greater length compared to their width will tend to fracture across the narrow aspect when loaded and can resist reorientation during compaction of asphalt paving mixtures. The fracturing of the particles also negatively affects the void content, stability, and binder distribution of asphalt. These dimensional characteristics also interfere with the placement and consolidation properties of freshly mixed concrete. In the ASTM D4791 test method, a proportional caliper is used to test and classify a representative sample of about 100 individual aggregate particles from each size fraction.
Flakiness Index is looking for some of the same dimensional properties as the flat and elongated test but uses a slotted thickness gauge and a separate length gauge to classify the particles. This test method is based on procedures in British Standard BS 812 and is preferred by some state departments of transportation over the ASTM flat and elongated method. Individual particles from each size fraction are tried in the thickness and length gauges. Aggregate particles in this test are classified as flaky when their smallest dimension is less than 0.6 of their nominal size.
Our technical support team has real experience in construction materials testing and is ready to help you with detailed information and guidance for all of your testing applications.
About the Author Ben Backus
|
What Rachel And Leah Really Looked Like According To The Bible
The Biblical tale of Jacob, Rachel, and Leah is one of the more enduring love stories from the Bible's Old Testament. The narrative, which can be found in Genesis 29, is described by National Geographic as "the Bible's original love triangle," inasmuch as it involves a man, two women, and his, shall we say, "complicated" feelings for both of them. The story also weaves a tale of deception and chicanery being overcome by love and pure force of will. And although the ending is not exactly happy, the entire narrative offers a glimpse into the cultural and religious practices of Jacob's day.
But what did the two sisters actually look like? It's difficult to say with certainty since the Bible is generally quite thin when it comes to describing the physical attributes of its characters. However, in this case, the text does give readers precious little to go on. Unfortunately for one of the two women, the narrative doesn't paint a very flattering picture of her physical appearance.
Rachel is described as beautiful; Leah, not so much
To set the scene of how Jacob came to be in love with Rachel: As National Geographic explains, he was fleeing from his brother, Esau, when he took refuge in the household of his cousin, Laban. There, he fell in love with Laban's daughter, Rachel, and asked to marry her. However, Laban wanted Jacob to pay for Rachel, and indeed, Jacob worked for his relative for seven years to earn her hand. But according to the text, it only "seemed like a few days" to him because he was so in love with her.
But Laban deceived Jacob. And on the day following his wedding night, Jacob woke up to find that he'd been given Leah, not Rachel. After some more bargaining, Jacob worked another seven years and wound up with Rachel, but only after 14 years of servitude to his father-in-law. She must have been pretty beautiful, right?
Actually, yes. The Bible describes Rachel as "beautiful and lovely" — or similar words, depending on the English translation. Leah, however, is described as having "weak eyes." As Rabbi Sarah Mack writes in T'Ruah, the Hebrew word in that passage could be translated in several ways, and the contextual clues here don't really help. Was Leah visually impaired? Were her eyes droopy and unattractive? For whatever it's worth, Mack believes that her eyes were "weak" in a metaphorical sense from crying over how little Jacob loved her compared to her sister.
Rachel and Leah were Eurasian spinsters
According to Britannica, the region in which Jacob lived when he married Rachel and Leah was Harran, which is in the modern-day nation of Turkey. It's not a huge stretch, then, to assume that Rachel and Leah weren't unlike modern Turkish women. If you're unclear what modern Turkish women look like, you can see four of them in the image above.
They were also likely quite old, at least, for marrying. As Study.com notes, it was not uncommon for ancient cultures to marry off their girls at puberty. Assuming Laban had been itching to marry off Leah as soon he could, she was likely around 13 or 14 when Jacob first took a shine to her sister. Following seven years of servitude, she'd have been pushing 20. Jacob then had to work another seven for Rachel — the woman he wanted to marry from the beginning. The math means that she'd likely have been in her middle 20s, if not pushing 30, by the time their marriage was consummated. And while that's not unusual today — particularly in the West — in Jacob's day and age, the two women would have been practically ancient in terms of being marriage material.
|
Which countries have the highest incidence of leishmaniasis?
Updated: Feb 18, 2020
• Print
Geographic distribution of leishmaniasis is generally restricted to tropical and temperate regions (natural habitats of the sandfly), and it is limited by the sandfly’s susceptibility to cold climates, its tendency to take blood from humans or animals only, and its capacity to support the internal development of specific species of Leishmania. With the increase in international travel, immigration, overseas military exercises, and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leishmaniasis is becoming more prevalent throughout the world.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports endemic leishmaniasis in 98 countries and 3 territories on 5 continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America), with an official estimated annual incidence of 0.7-1.3 million cases of cutaneous disease and 0.2-0.4 million cases of visceral disease. [11]
Approximately 95% of cases of cutaneous disease occur in the Americas, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, and Central Asia. More than two-thirds of these cases are reported in six countries, including Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Iran, and Syria. Over 90% of new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur in 6 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan, and Sudan. [11] India has the largest burden of visceral leishmaniasis, with 13,869 new cases reported in 2013. [12]
The visceral leishmaniasis control program has achieved significant gains in Southeast Asia, with the incidence declining to 10,209 cases in 2014, which is approximately 75% lower than in 2005, when the Kala-Azar control program was launched. In this region, the disease is on the verge of being removed from the Public Health Problem list. [13]
Almost 90% of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. [11]
In Colombia, the military fighting the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) saw more than 30,000 cases of leishmaniasis over 3-year period.
Countries and/or regions not considered to have endemic leishmaniasis despite being surrounded by regions that do include Australia and the South Pacific, Chile, Uruguay, and Canada.
Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in patients with AIDS have been increasingly appreciated as a potential opportunistic infection. Coinfection with HIV has been reported in more than 35 countries throughout southern Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, Central and South America, and India. [14] Disease occurs in conjunction with severe immunosuppression. The incidence of coinfection has decreased in developed countries because of the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy.
Did this answer your question?
Additional feedback? (Optional)
Thank you for your feedback!
|
iStock 1089093618 1
Why Do I Need to Wear Compression Hosiery?
In August’s first blog, we detailed Dr. Stevens being interviewed for a story on varicose veins on In the article, compression hosiery was discussed as one treatment approach to help prevent and treat varicose veins. Patients often wonder why these leg squeezing socks, sleeves, and hose are used for varicose veins.
Let’s get into that in August’s second blog for our patients from San Luis Obispo and across the Central Coast.
How compression stockings work
Medical-grade compression hose are designed to be stronger in the feet and gradually diminish in pressure as they extend up the calf into the thigh. These stockings and socks promote the venous blood flow from the feet upward, by helping support the veins and surrounding tissues. They do this by preventing venous blood from pooling in the legs and feet. This improves vein health and decreases the risk of blood clots from forming.
Compression hose basically add strength to what your muscles and surrounding tissues are supposed to do. Since the veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs, they have an uphill climb in the lower body. Gravity is a constant impediment. To help the veins move the blood upward, the muscles and tissues in the feet and legs squeeze the veins. But as we get older, our muscles and tissues weaken, and they provide less support to the veins. This is why the blood can pool and create problems such as varicose veins and spider veins.
Compression hosiery simply supplies some of that squeezing that our muscles and support tissues used to do a better job of when we were younger.
When do you wear them?
It helps to think about what the compression stockings are doing to know when to wear them. Since the veins don’t have trouble moving blood when we are lying flat, you don’t wear compression hose at night in bed. But when you’re up and about, that’s when you wear them. They should go on when you wake up in the morning, right when you get out of bed. You shouldn’t wait until later in the morning to put them on — by that point blood will already have pooled in the lower legs and feet.
What if I don’t have varicose veins?
If you still have good blood flow and your valves (that prevent blood backflow) are still functioning well, you may think that wearing compression hosiery isn’t necessary. While they may not be “necessary” they are still a good idea, particularly if your occupation keeps you on your feet or sitting for long periods of time. At Premier Heart & Vein Care, Dr. Stevens views compression hose as a preventive measure, right along with regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, elevating your legs when possible, and not wearing high heels too frequently.
Do you have questions about your veins? Call Dr. Stevens at Premier Heart & Vein Care, (805) 540-3333, to schedule an appointment.
|
5-minute listening: What environmentally-harmful items would you banish to ‘Room Below Zero’?
• Practise your English with our short listening exercises: play the audio linked below; answer the questions; and check the answers at the bottom of the page
• In this week’s podcast, two contestants take part in a game as they convince listeners why single-use plastic and fast fashion belong in Room Below Zero
John Millen |
Latest Articles
One contestant on the show says we should ban single-use plastic. Photo: AFP
Click on the video below for the audio.
Play a Kahoot! game about this podcast as a class or with your friends by clicking on the link here.
Or play on your own below to test your understanding:
1. Which of the following best describes Room Below Zero?
A. It is a game show.
B. It is a reality television show.
C. It is a documentary.
D. It is a soap opera.
2. What is Room Below Zero based on?
A. a film
B. a book
C. a comedy act
D. a true story
3. What does it mean to “banish” something?
A. to accept it willingly
B. to get rid of it
C. to admit it is real
D. to hide it
4. What are landfills and oceans overflowing with according to Li-ying?
A. disposable cups
B. styrofoam food containers
C. plastic bags
D. all of the above
5. According to Li-ying, why do people use plastic packaging?
A. because it is light and keeps its contents from spilling
B. because it is cheap and easy to transport
C. because it is lightweight and lasts for a long time
D. because it can keep food fresh and is cheap to produce
6. How many marine animals are killed because of plastic pollution every year?
A. hundreds
B. tens of thousands
C. hundreds of thousands
D. none of the above
7. What example does Li-ying use to show how plastic packaging affects wildlife?
A. whales being tangled in fishing nets
B. sea turtles that need plastic straws to be removed from their nostrils
C. dolphins with plastic bags trailing from their fins
D. fish getting caught in plastic cling film
8. Which word has an opposite meaning to “heart-wrenching”?
A. exhilarating
B. agonising
C. dreadful
D. distressing
9. What does it mean if people “hardly think twice” before doing something?
A. They do it immediately without thinking.
B. They spend time making a decision.
C. They are nervous about doing it.
D. They have no knowledge of what they are doing.
10. What percentage of global emissions is a result of the fast fashion industry?
A. between 2 and 3 per cent
B. less than 15 per cent
C. more than 30 per cent
D. as much as 50 per cent
11. Which two materials are widely used in fast fashion products?
A. wool and leather
B. silk and cotton
C. cotton and plastic fibres
D. plastic fibres and wool
12. Based on your understanding of the podcast, why is cotton called the world’s “dirtiest crop”?
A. because of the amount of time needed to grow the plant
B. because of how much work it takes to clean the cotton plant
C. because of the damage it does to the environment
D. because of how much plastic waste is produced to grow the plant
13. How much water is needed to produce one cotton T-shirt?
A. 270 litres
B. 900 litres
C. 1,500 litres
D. 2,700 litres
14. According to Charlie, how do farmers protect cotton plants from pests?
A. by using more fertiliser
B. by spraying pesticides
C. by covering them with plastic
D. by keeping them in greenhouses
15. How does the fast fashion industry contribute to water pollution?
A. After clothes are dyed, the waste water is thrown into nearby bodies of water.
B. A large amount of water is used to produce the chemicals for dyeing clothes.
C. Unwanted clothes are usually dumped into open waters.
D. none of the above
SheIn is a popular fast fashion brand, but the affordable, trendy clothes come at a cost for the environment. Photo: Bloomberg
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. A
Kennedy: Welcome back to another episode of Room Below Zero. I’m your host, Kennedy. Today, we have two contestants who will need to convince listeners to banish items from their homes and leave them in Room Below Zero. The response with the most votes from listeners will win a $500 cash prize. For those who are new to our podcast, this idea was inspired by a novel which has a room where horrible things are locked away forever. This week’s theme is pollution. Without further ado, let’s welcome, Wong Li-ying and Charlie Sin.
Wong Li-ying and Charlie Sin: Hi Kennedy!
Kennedy: Hello both! Shall we get started?
Wong Li-ying: Sure. That sounds good!
Kennedy: So, Li-ying, could you tell us what you would like to banish to Room Below Zero?
Li-ying: Single-use food packaging and utensils for sure – they’re destroying our planet. Our landfills and oceans are overflowing with styrofoam food containers, disposable cups and plastic bags. No doubt, plastic is good for packaging because it is light and durable, but we need to ask ourselves – at what cost?
Single-use plastics are not only polluting the environment, but they are also harming wildlife too. Millions of birds, fish and other marine animals die because of plastic pollution every year. I’m sure we have all watched videos of seals being strangled by abandoned fishing gear and sea turtles with plastic straws removed from their nostrils. That’s just heart-wrenching. Food packaging and utensils definitely belong in Room Below Zero.
Kennedy: Indeed. How about you, Charlie?
Charlie: I would say fast fashion. Most of us hardly think twice before adding the latest trendy outfit to our wardrobes. Fast fashion makes shopping for clothes more affordable, but it comes at a huge environmental cost.
The fast fashion industry is responsible for about 10 per cent of the world’s carbon emissions, according to the UN Environment Programme. This is because many of the items are made of cheap plastic fibres that require large amounts of petroleum to produce.
Cotton, a common material in fast fashion products, is also called the world’s “dirtiest crop”. Producing one cotton T-shirt requires about 2,700 litres of water – enough for one person to drink for 900 days. Farmers also use pesticides on cotton plants to prevent them from being destroyed by pests. But the toxic chemicals found in most pesticides harm the environment and farmers’ health.
More importantly, the fast fashion industry relies heavily on chemical dyes instead of natural ones. This is a major cause of water pollution because the waste water from the dyeing process is often dumped into open waters. For this reason alone, the fast fashion industry must be banished to Room Below Zero.
Kennedy: That’s a great answer, Charlie. Listeners, it’s time for you to vote for your favourite response. Who will be the winner of this week’s Room Below Zero contest and walk away with 500 dollars?
Sign up the YP Teachers Newsletter
Get updates for teachers direct to your inbox
|
Teaching Vocabulary K-6
Session Description
Instruction in vocabulary involves far more than looking up words in a dictionary and using the words in a sentence. How are you explicitly teaching vocabulary in your classroom? What strategies do you use to teach vocabulary in the classroom? How can we be more intentional with vocabulary instruction? Are there words should be be teaching? In this session participants will learn simple strategies for building vocabulary and increasing comprehension in spoken and written communication.
Learner Outcomes
1. Explore multiple strategies to explicitly teach vocabulary in the classroom
2. Create an intentional read aloud lesson that focuses on vocabulary
3. Learn how to integrate social studies and science during your ELA block while using vocabulary to summarize content specific text
Activity 1:
Learn how to integrate social studies and science during your ELA block while using vocabulary to summarize content specific text using the rolling vocabulary “Sensational Six” strategy. You will explore several books on the same topic. We’ll start by exploring the easier books first, collecting words and definitions in our notebooks that are important to the topic. After reading, we’ll determine the SIX (“Sensational Six”) most important words to the topic. We’ll continue the process with more challenging texts. Finally, after all of our words have been collected, we will use the “Sensational Six” from all of the texts to summarize the important learning from the text set.
Activity 2:
You will watch a brief read aloud video and discuss the ways/strategies the teacher intentionally focused on vocabulary. You will then participate in a read aloud activity in which the presenter will model how to focus on vocabulary in a text. Finally, you will use the books and lesson plan template provided to create your own to use in your classroom.
Activity 3:
You will have time to explore the smore that contains multiple strategies for teaching vocabulary in your classroom. After your exploration (approx. 15 minutes), you’ll REFLECT/THINK:
- How could I easily implement these strategies in my class?
- Why would it be beneficial my students?
- How could I “technify” these strategies?
Finished Early?
Are there words you should be teaching? Check out this resource to learn the differences between Tier 1, 2, and 3 words.
Follow up Activity:
1) Select a text that your students will be reading. (Check out NewsELA, ReadWorks.org, Wonderopolis, Vale Articles, or Reading A-Z)
2) List all the words that are likely to be unfamiliar to students.
3) Analyze the word list:
• Which words can be categorized as Tier Two words?
• Which of the Tier Two words are necessary for comprehension?
• Are there other words needed for comprehension? Which ones?
4) On the basis of your analysis, which words will you teach?
• Which will need only brief attention?
• Which will you give more elaborate attention to?
• How will you teach them?
Additional Resources
Recommended Links
|
Background Information
Voor nederlands zie zijbalk links
Which dermatophytes?
Dermatophyte infections in pets and horses are caused exclusively by members of the Microsporum and Trichophyton families. The last family also harbours Arthroderma benhamiae, which is difficult to identify in culture and has recently been found in animals (especially guinea pigs) in the Netherlands and elsewhere.
The susceptibility for developing skin lesions varies per individual, but young individuals are generally more susceptible.
Note : Dermatophytes are not host species specific. However, Microsporum mainly (but not exclusively) infects cats and dogs, and Trichophyton mainly infects rodents.
How does the infection come about?
In most cases, the source of infection is another animal with which direct or indirect physical contact has occurred. A rare exception to this is mainly found in horses where the soil can be the source.
Cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs can also be so-called carriers, which appear perfectly healthy but are infected and do spread the infection. Dermatophytes form spores (similar to plant seeds), which can survive for a long period of time in the environment (house / stable etc.), and thus remain a source of infection for susceptible animals. Therefore, the environment of the patient must always be an integral part of the treatment (see ' Rules of thumb treatment).
Contaminated animal environment
The fact that the immediate environment of a patient is contaminated implies that the coat of healthy animals in that environment can consequently be contaminated and thus positive when tested. Lack of expertise in interpreting test results may thus lead to incorrect conclusions.
Often hard to recognize
Because the clinical picture of a dermatophyte infection is often not typical, laboratory testing is needed for a reliable diagnosis.
Culture was the common approach
With culture, a sample from the patient is placed on special culture media and then incubated for at least 10 days. Daily checks for suspect growth have to be performed. This can be done by the local veterinarian, but requires some expertise and strict following of the guidelines. Alternatively, the sample can be submitted to an external laboratory with proven expertise in this field.
Knowledge is obligatory
It is important to be aware of false results. It is therefore essential that practices who perform in-house testing have a protocol describing the method and responsibilities. Additionally, a certain level of expertise is essential but this may even be lacking in some laboratories.
The reliability of the result is essential
A reliable result is important, both because dermatophyte infections in animals are contagious (also to humans) and because the treatment of an infection is a burden for the animal and requires a lot of energy and time from the owner. Notably, prescribing anti-mycotic drugs must be based on a proper diagnosis. In situations with dense animal populations, e.g. catteries and shelters, a dermatophytosis outbreak is an true disaster for humans and animals, and therefore should be avoided at any cost.
Reliable testing starts with a good sample
The reliability of a test result depends greatly on the quality of the sample. A good quality sample is representative for the patients skin (disorder) and contains sufficient material.
Sensitivity and Specificity
The diagnostic reliability of a test result is determined by two factors; the sensitivity -essentially: how reliable is a negative result?- and the specificity -essentially: how reliable is a positive result? These factors strongly depend on the method used and the expertise of the investigator. In general, a specialised -'dedicated'- laboratory is more accurate than a practicing veterinarian or a general laboratory. The sensitivity of 'culture' greatly affected by the extent to which the sample material is in contact with the culture medium. The sample -usually hair- is extremely difficult to handle in this respect. The specificity depends greatly on the available expertise. The most commonly used culture media contain 'color indicators'. However, the color change is not entirely specific; the required microscopic identification is sometimes omitted. In short, 'culture' may suffer from uncertainties.
Culture is Time Consuming
Another problem with 'culture' is its duration. Due to the slow growth of dermatophytes, a reliable negative result may take up to 2-3 weeks. In contrast, a relatively reliable positive result may come as soon as 5 to 7 days, but it usually takes longer. So, it is hard to predict when the result will be available, which is frustrating all those involved.
The new VdQd test
VdQd has developed a test that resolves the issues above. The sampling is optimised by using a special brush, whereas the sensitivity and specificity are maximised by a unique lysis and extraction method of the entire sample, followed by an analysis at the DNA level with the aid of a so-called real-time PCR. The test detects all common veterinary dermatophytes and distinguishes between the two major families. And finally, performing the test only takes us a few hours.
Maximum reliability
An extensive validation study (> 200 field samples) showed that this new test is as sensitive as the culture carried out by an expert, while the specificity is 100%. These results demonstrated that the new VdQd test yields maximum reliability for both negative and positive results. Notably, it also performed well with post-treatment samples.
VdQd: unique expertise
VdQd boasts unique expertise in the field of veterinary dermatophyte diagnostics and has long standing experience with the treatment of dermatophytosis in animals (also see 'About us' and' Rules of thumb treatment).
|
Healthy Heart Tips
So often people don’t think about maintaining a healthy heart until something goes wrong. We wait until our bodies tell us something is wrong and has to be done. However, preventative care is far more powerful than sick care. In this article, we will cover a few tips you can make part of your lifestyle today.
Benjamin Franklin said, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” When you take the steps to ensure health, not only do you prevent diseases from happening, but you embrace a higher quality of life.
Sometimes it can seem daunting when there is a list of dos and don’ts to follow in regards to our health. The goal can seem too far off and we discourage ourselves from trying before we even begin. However, taking one healthy practice at a time and turning them into habits can be a powerful strategy that has been found to succeed time and time again. Good habits today lead to positive outcomes tomorrow
The path to a healthy heart starts with some simple steps that you can do today.
Cut Out Smoking
The chief cause of preventable disease and death in the US is cigarette smoking. This is a harmful habit that can affect almost any part of the body. The smoke from cigarettes contains more than 7,000 chemicals that affect your body’s normal functions. An extremely important function that is hindered is oxygen rich blood being delivered to your heart and body.
Oxygen is consumed when you breathe in and delivered to your body via your blood. When you consume cigarette smoke, you consume chemicals that your body then distributes. This is why even the inhalation of smoke can be harmful. Nearly 30,000 US coronary heart disease deaths are caused by secondhand smoke.
Even if you have been a smoker, stopping today can still benefit your body and lower your risk of heart disease. According to the FDA:
• “Twenty minutes after you quit smoking, your heart rate drops.8
• Within four years of quitting, your risk of stroke drops to that of lifetime nonsmokers.9
Lower Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol consumption, although there may be some benefits particularly with red wine, can potentially cause much damage to the body and heart. However, as in many cases, moderation is the key.
Heavy drinking is a serious issue that can come between you and a healthy heart. High blood pressure, heart failure, or strokes are all by products of excessive drinking.
To keep your drinking moderate, John Hopkins Medicine suggests, “One drink per day for women and one or two for men. A drink might be less than you think: 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of wine or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof spirits.” They go on to even suggest that this amount may be too much, based off your health history and personal reaction.
Regular Blood Sugar Testing
An important part of preventative care is routine testing. Blood testing in particular can be a very good way to hone in on problems in your body or system. Knowing what your body is prone to or weak in regards to can enable you to take on a fitness plan or diet designed to benefit you.
Cut Out Saturated Fats
Another path to a healthy heart is to stay away from saturated fats. But what are saturated fats? The name saturated fats comes from the saturation of hydrogen molecules. At room temperature these fats are solid. It is recommended to limit your consumption of these fats, to around 6 or 5%.
Saturated fat can be found in a variety of foods, including pork, lamb, fatty beef, various oils, butter, fried foods, and baked goods. Consumption of these fats raise the level of cholesterol in your blood. High levels of cholesterol create a great risk for heart disease and stroke.
In order to reduce saturated fat consumption, try to fill your diet with foods that benefit your body. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish and nuts can be substituted and aid the way to a healthier heart.
Manage Your Stress
The emotions, thoughts and stress that you experience can have an impact on your heart health. Your mental state can impact your heart, and overall health. How does stress impact your body? When you experience stress, your body releases adrenaline. This hormone increases the rate of your breathing and heart. These reactions can be helpful to deal with situations that arise, but an excess of feeling them with no outlet can have a negative impact.
For your health and well-being, it is good to maintain a positive mental state and reduce your stress. You can lower your risk of heart disease and death by following a few simple practices.
• Exercise regularly. Exercise gives an outlet to release tension and emotions that your body stores up.
• Social Connections. Keeping healthy and trusting relationships can be beneficial to your mental health and stress.
• Full night sleep. A beneficial night of sleep is around 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night.
• Keep your attitude positive. This can go a long way to how each problem and challenge you encounter affects your heart.
• Take time to relax. Letting your body wind down is crucial.
• Get a new hobby. Find a hobby where you can engage your mind and distract from the every day stress.
Slow & Steady Weight Loss
Obesity increases your risk for a variety of diseases. Heart disease, diabetes and cancer are just a few of the many side effects of being overweight. Reading the previous sentence can cause a panic if you are currently struggling with weight loss, but it is important to take a healthy approach to weight loss as in all other areas.
weight loss
Weight loss should not come in spurts of starving yourself. It should come in a healthy way, with a long term solution that is balanced and fully benefits your body. Weight loss should be a healthy balance of consuming less calories than you burn each day. Consequently, taking on and maintaining new habits can be one of the most powerful tools for weight loss. Not only can healthy diet habits be good for weight loss, but they can be extremely good for your heart.
Average 7-9 Hours of Sleep
Good sleep has so many benefits to your health and well being. Your heart and brain receive direct benefits from a good night sleep, such as a better mental well being. In addition, your nervous, skeletal, muscular and immune systems are all improving when your body is in its resting state.
For average adults, it is important to get around 7-9 hours of sleep.
For average adults, it is important to get around 7-9 hours of sleep. Keeping steady and recurring sleep habits is one of the most beneficial things you can do for your heart and mind. Irregular sleep patterns, however, where you sleep for a long time on the weekends only, has been found to actually be harmful to your heart. As the other points of this article mention, it is so important to create healthy habits, vs sporadic binges.
The Power of Healthy Habits
In conclusion, all of these heart health tips can be summed up into maintaining heart healthy habits. Regular sleep, healthy diet, and regular exercise are just a few of the good habits to work on adding to your lifestyle. Remember, it’s not about suddenly changing everything about your life. It takes baby steps, little victories that become healthy habits.
ACS Diagnostics, Inc.
ACS Diagnostics has been monitoring and delivering quality ECG for nearly 40 years. We believe in quality products, that produce High Resolution ECG, with Full Disclosure. If you have any arrhythmias or heart issues, contact us today. ACS Diagnostics can get you in touch with a Cardiologist, or get a remote test sent directly to your home. Don’t ignore your heart, take control today!
|
Why do incubators need water?
An incubator with an exterior water tank and humidity pump
So why do add water to incubators when mother hens don't wet their nests?
The moisture in a nest comes from the environment and the hens skin. Incubation in a nest is a more passive heating process that does not rely on elements and fans so will not dry the eggs out so much.
Incubators mostly come with plastic trays or reservoirs to hold water. These are sometimes divided up so you can vary the volume and the depth of the water in the incubator.
Below: Old style incubators like this one had huge water tanks heated by paraffin burners.
If you are using water in your incubator, you should never let it run dry as the variation in humidity this causes can seriously effect the hatch. An incubator that has contained water allowed to run dry might experience a rise in temperature.
When adding water to the incubator you should ensure it is between 32 and 36 Celsius or between 90 and 95 Fahrenheit. Adding cold water to a large reservoir during an incubation cycle can lower the temperature for many hours.
Water has two functions in the incubator:
1. It provides water to humidify the air in the incubator.
2. It help moderate the temperature in the incubator.
As the air moves around inside the incubator, water evaporates from the surface in the reservoir and help to raise the humidity inside the incubator. In modern fan assisted incubators this can be quite a rapid process.
Below: An external water tank for an incubator.
Water has a balancing or buffering effect on the temperature in the incubator helping to shield the eggs from rapid changes in temperature as the thermostat switches on and off.
Some incubators come with large external water containers so you can easily see how much is left and when you are going to need to refill.
In the good old days, my grandfathers incubator held nearly two gallons of water and was heated by a paraffin lamp that had to be checked every few hours, even at night. The water was used to spread the heat all across the base of the machine.
Modern incubators hold between 1 pint and 2 litres of water. How fast you get through the water will depend on the humidity of your environment.
Do you always need to have water in the incubator?
You do not always need to add water to incubators. The volume or surface are of water you add depends on the local conditions and humidity. You only need to add water to incubator if the humidity in the incubator drops below 55%.
If the humidity in the incubator is above 65% then you can reduce the surface area to slow evaporation.
There is a whole school of though that says you can incubate dry, after all the hens don't add water to their nests.
Should incubator water be deep or have a large surface area?
Depth of water in the incubator: Depth of water has nothing to do with humidity in the incubator but it does help to moderate the temperature and hold it steady. Deep water reservoirs also make for longer intervals between refilling.
Surface area of water in the incubator: The surface area, or the lack of it, determines the humidity in the incubator during operation. This is accomplished in three different ways in the incubators I use:
• One type has the water container in the bottom divided into 4 sections.
• One of my incubators has three removable slide in trays in the base.
• One uses and external water container and drip feed moisture into the system.
You need both depth of water and surface area in the incubator to maintain a balance.
|
Snares in the Depths #amwriting
Something lurks in the depths of the Word Pond that is our story, snares waiting to drown the unwary author.
An early trap is confusion: At first, we don’t know what to do with commas. Some frustrated authors will decide to do without them altogether.
This decision leads to chaos and an unreadable manuscript.
I’ve said this before, but it bears repeating:
Commas are to clauses what traffic signals are to streets. They govern the flow of traffic, although, in the case of sentences, the traffic is comprised of words, not cars.
• Commas follow introductory words and clauses. Instead, they took a left turn.
• Commas set off “asides.” Her sister, Sara, brought coffee.
• Commas separate words in lists: We bought apples, oranges, and papayas for the salad.
• Commas join two complete sentences, and once joined, they form one longer sentence. When used too freely, linked clauses can create run-on sentences.
• Commas frequently precede conjunctions, but only when linking complete clauses. When connecting a dependent clause to a complete clause, don’t insert a comma. “I intended to go back to London but found myself here instead.”
Another early snare the new author must avoid is the long-winded sentence. How often do you link several clauses together with the word and? Conjunctions are the gateway to run-on sentence hell.
If you are deliberate in your use of conjunctions, em dashes, and hyphens, you will also use fewer commas. Craft your prose but use grammatical common sense. Brevity usually strengthens prose.
Another trap waiting for the unwary is descriptive TMItoo much information.
Don’t waste words describing every insignificant change of expression and mood. Consider this hot mess of fifty-one words that make no sense:
Eleanor looked at Gerard with concern. His voice changed so much in the telling of the story as his emotions came to the surface that it still seemed so raw, as if Timmy’s death had happened only days ago. In addition, his expressions also changed and his current one was akin to despair.
That waste of ink could be cut down to fourteen (14) words that convey the important parts of the sentence: Gerard’s raw despair concerned Eleanor, seeming as if Timmy’s death had happened only days before.
Using too many words mingled with catchphrases and acronyms to express simple concepts is a common requirement of corporate emails and documents for project managers. If you are coming from that environment, you must learn to write a lean narrative. Readers don’t want fluffy, meaningless prose littered with clichés and obscure words in their literature.
What does “Kill your darlings” really mean? All it means is don’t write self-indulgent drivel.
We all fall in love with our characters. Why make the point that people fall over themselves drooling at the beauty of the protagonist? Why make that point in every other paragraph? Is it that important to the narrative?
If it isn’t important to that scene, don’t include it. Gerard’s handsome visage and grace should be mentioned occasionally, but only where his god-like magnetism and charisma impacts the story.
Really–in real life, how often does that happen? However, if Gerard’s looks and charisma cause trouble wherever he goes, then it becomes a key part of the action and can be used to set up other scenes.
We write because we love words, but simplicity is usually best. Consider this morsel of “yuck.”
Delicious sounds captivated their eardrums.
Please, just say it sounded amazing. If music touches the protagonist’s soul, it’s good to say so.
We want to convey the fact the music was beautiful, and we don’t want to be boring. However, when we get too artful we are at risk of creating awkward visuals.
Odors and sounds are part of the background, the atmosphere of the piece, and while they need to be there, we don’t want them to be obtrusive, in-your-face.
This is an instance of prose working better when it isn’t fancy.
I hope these thoughts help get your writing week started.
Now, go! Write like the wind!
Filed under writing
15 responses to “Snares in the Depths #amwriting
1. Stephen Swartz
I have no need to save some ink
No reason to have any hyperlink
Just tell the story
Like 10 ton lorry
Crashing through the town with a wink
Liked by 2 people
2. Johanna Flynn
Good piece. I find that I get too wordy when I’m trying to fake my way through a passage.
Liked by 2 people
3. An excellent post. Simple and easy to follow. Commas are a nightmare for some weiters, but not as much as the semicolon, which I find peppered through so much writing these days. Usually wrongly used.
Liked by 1 person
4. Very useful pointers!
Liked by 1 person
5. Lindsey Russell
Ha! ‘Self-indulgent drivel’ – like it 🙂
Liked by 1 person
|
Why Eco?
This project was about planning and building the first eco-or low-energy house in Montenegro. The aim of the project was not only to illustrate how such a building is constructed and operates, but also to initiate the transfer of the necessary skills from countries where the technology and legal requirements are in place for such buildings and are not yet in place in Montenegro.
This Eco-House has thus become a practical demonstration for sustainable building practice combined with environment for the various trades and professions involved in the construction industry, from building contractors, architects, and equipment/material suppliers, to government agencies and the educational establishment.
flowersgrass The concept of the house itself is that its construction is passive – ie making use of the design to minimise energy consumption throughout the year. The principle is that with a closed highly insulated shell, comfort levels can be achieved by heating and cooling the flow of fresh air coming into the building.
Recovery of the waste heat in the exhaust air is an essential part of this. Additionally, the demand on external power supply will be minimised by the use of solar energy for water heating and, possibly, electricity generation. With water in short supply in the country, especially during the summer, rain-water harvesting and the recycling of ‘grey’ water will also be an essential part of the house.
The current situation in Montenegro is that modern energy-saving technologies are hardly used. Given the construction boom which is likely to last into the medium term (five to ten years) and beyond even with the current economic crisis, this means that on-going demand for energy in a region already suffering from power-supply shortages will get more severe than it would if such technologies were mandatory and implemented.
The same is true for of water use. Having proclaimed in its Constitution of 1991 that it is an Ecological State, Montenegro has done little since to implement this bold statement.
There is a vast need for a mindset change and raising of awareness about the impact of building techniques on future energy and costs. This is not only at the level of the individual house owner, but as importantly at local and central government levels, as well as in the construction industry and the academic and professional services associated with it.
More information about the Eco aspects of our house and studio
|
Is San Juan part of the United States?
San Juan, capital and largest city of Puerto Rico, located on the northern coast of the island, on the Atlantic Ocean. A major port and tourist resort of the West Indies, it is the oldest city now under U.S. jurisdiction.
Do you need a passport to go to San Juan?
A: If you’re a United States citizen, you do NOT need a passport to go to Puerto Rico. Since Puerto Rico is a US territory, all you need is the same identification you use to fly anywhere else in the country. Just one of the many reasons traveling to Puerto Rico is easy.
What area is San Juan?
77 mi²
San Juan/Area
Was Puerto Rico called San Juan?
Initially, Columbus christened the Island as San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist). Still, the name was soon changed to Puerto Rico, or “rich port,” when the Spaniards realized the impressive amount of gold found in its rivers. When the capital city was established, it took the name of San Juan.
Can non US citizens go to Puerto Rico?
Foreign Visitors
If you’re visiting us from another city outside the United States, you need a VISA to enter Puerto Rico. Since Puerto Rico is a United States territory, the requirements are the same as when entering the United States.
Can you drink tap water in Puerto Rico?
The water in Puerto Rico is safe to drink—but read this first. Sure, Puerto Rico’s beaches are known for their crystal clear and breathtakingly blue water. … If you’re in the countryside and you’ve got a soft stomach, drink bottled water instead of tap. Note: We had no problem drinking the tap water in San Juan.
What language do they speak in Puerto Rico?
Puerto Rico/Official languages
After heavy resistance from the Puerto Rican people, officials declared Spanish the language of instruction, with English as a required subject. In the present day, Spanish and English are both official languages in Puerto Rico.
Is San Juan a big city?
77 mi²
San Juan/Area
What is the meaning of Puerto?
port, harbor; mountain pass.
Can you drive from Miami to Puerto Rico?
Miami is located around 4732 KM away from Puerto Rico so if you travel at the consistent speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Puerto Rico in 94.66 hours. Your Puerto Rico travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or depending upon the vehicle you use.
What currency does Puerto Rico use?
United States Dollar
Puerto Rico/Currencies
Is Puerto Rico safe?
With all that said, Puerto Rico is still one of the safest Caribbean islands, with a lower crime rate than many mainland U.S. cities. Here are our top safety tips for traveling to Puerto Rico: 1. Be careful of your belongings.
How long is flight Miami to Puerto Rico?
2 hours and 34 minutes
Miami, Florida to San Juan, Puerto Rico Flight Questions
Answer: The average Miami, Florida to San Juan, Puerto Rico flight time is 2 hours and 34 minutes. Question: How far is San Juan, Puerto Rico from Miami, Florida? Answer: The distance from Miami, Florida to San Juan, Puerto Rico is 1,044 miles (1,680 kilometers).
How long is a boat ride from Miami to Puerto Rico?
about 13 hours
Ferry to Puerto Rico Duration
Generally, ferries to Puerto Rico take about 13 hours, but be sure to ask before you board what your expected sail time will be.
Is there a ferry between Florida and Puerto Rico?
No ferry from anywhere in Florida to Puerto Rico. The practical way to get there via the sea is by cruise ship and if you did that you’d have to get special permission from the cruise to disembark in Puerto Rico and not continue with the cruise.
Can you drive to Puerto Rico?
Visitors from the United States can use their driver’s license to drive in Puerto Rico since the island is a territory of the United States. International visitors will need an International Driving Permit along with their country’s license.
How far is Puerto Rico from New York by plane?
The calculation of flight time is based on the straight line distance from New York, NY to Puerto Rico (“as the crow flies”), which is about 1,610 miles or 2 592 kilometers. Your trip begins in New York, New York. It ends in Puerto Rico.
How long is a plane ride from Florida to Puerto Rico?
Flying time from Florida to Puerto Rico
The total flight duration from Florida to Puerto Rico is 2 hours, 50 minutes.
Can you run a red light in Puerto Rico?
Red lights and stop signs aren’t strictly enforced. Many people do not stop at stop signs, especially during early morning hours. Yellow usually means slow down; however, in Puerto Rico, to some, yellow means go faster.
What is the best time of year to go to Puerto Rico?
The best time to visit Puerto Rico is from mid-April to June, right after the busy winter season and just before the rainy summer. Spring weather is also very pleasant, barely escaping the mid-80s on most days.
Can you ride in the back of a truck in Puerto Rico?
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), 26 states plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico in 1997 had some type of prohibition on passengers riding in the bed of a pickup truck. Of these, 13 states banned the practice on highways and six banned it on streets.
Can you boat from Miami to Puerto Rico?
No ferry from anywhere in Florida to Puerto Rico.. … The approximate distance from Miami Florida to San Juan Puerto Rico is approximately 1600 miles, therefore you would have to fly or take a cruise boat.
How long does it take to drive around the entire island of Puerto Rico?
How long does it take to drive completely around the island of Puerto Rico? If you stick to the highway, primary roads and do not make stops 4 hours. If you do the back roads, about 6 hours.
How much does it cost to take a boat to Puerto Rico?
What is the price of a ferry ticket in Puerto Rico? $120.00 is the average price of a ferry ticket in Puerto Rico. Depending on whether you are traveling locally or long-distance, tickets can be as cheap as $115.00 or as expensive as $125.00.
|
What happens to your body when adrenaline is released?
Adrenaline helps your body react more quickly. It makes the heart beat faster, increases blood flow to the brain and muscles, and stimulates the body to make sugar to use for fuel. When adrenaline is released suddenly, it’s often referred to as an adrenaline rush.
What triggers adrenaline release?
Adrenaline is released mainly through the activation of nerves connected to the adrenal glands, which trigger the secretion of adrenaline and thus increase the levels of adrenaline in the blood. This process happens relatively quickly, within 2 to 3 minutes of the stressful event being encountered.
Why does adrenaline feel good?
In addition, adrenaline stimulates the release of dopamine in our nervous system. That is to say, it contributes to the release of a substance that causes a feeling of wellbeing. Once everything has happened and the risk has been eliminated, the sensation of pleasure and peace can be quite noticeable.
Are adrenaline rushes good for you?
Adrenaline is an important and healthy part of normal physiology. Your body has evolved its adrenal system over millions of years to help you survive danger. However, sometimes psychological stress, emotional worries, and anxiety disorders can trigger the release of adrenaline when it’s not needed.
Why does adrenaline make you stronger?
Adrenaline. The hormone adrenaline makes your heart and lungs work faster, which sends more oxygen to your major muscles. As a result, you get a temporary boost of strength.
What happens if you inject adrenaline?
Symptoms of an epinephrine overdose may include numbness or weakness, severe headache, blurred vision, pounding in your neck or ears, sweating, chills, chest pain, fast or slow heartbeats, severe shortness of breath, or cough with foamy mucus.
What is an adrenaline dump?
This is your body’s way of dealing with a fight-or-flight reaction that occurs due to the stress of being out on the competition mat for the first time in front of a crowd and being attacked by an unknown opponent. An adrenaline dump can leave you feeling wiped out after just one match.
Can adrenaline make you feel high?
This release helps you focus so you can take on the situation. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a stress hormone. An adrenaline rush can feel like anxiousness, nervousness, or pure excitement as your body and mind are preparing for an event.
How does adrenaline block pain?
Adrenaline also triggers the blood vessels to contract to re-direct blood toward major muscle groups, including the heart and lungs. The body’s ability to feel pain also decreases as a result of adrenaline, which is why you can continue running from or fighting danger even when injured.
Does adrenaline cause shaking?
Adrenaline triggers the following changes in the body: increasing the heart rate, which may lead to a feeling of the heart racing. redirecting blood toward the muscles, causing a surge in energy or shaking limbs.
How long does it take to recover from an adrenaline rush?
Although an adrenaline rush occurs immediately, the length of time it lasts is largely determined by what triggered it. Generally, it may take 20-30 minutes to calm down. The effects of adrenaline on the body, however, may take longer (typically an hour) to subside.
What is it called when your body produces too much adrenaline?
Overactive Adrenal Glands/Cushing’s Syndrome.
Why does adrenaline make you poop?
“Stress and anxiety increase hormones, such as cortisol, adrenaline, and serotonin,” Eid says. The gut responds to these hormones by producing physical symptoms, like watery stools, nausea, or constipation. Serotonin is especially important when we’re talking about anxiety poop.
Why do people shake their legs?
Shaking legs can also signal that you’re bored. The shaking releases tension that’s stored up when you’re forced to sit through a long lecture or a dull meeting. Constant bouncing in your leg might also be a motor tic. Tics are uncontrollable, quick movements that give you a feeling of relief.
|
Gender inequality
"Gender imbalance" redirects here. For demographics, see Sex-selective abortion.
Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles.[1] Gender systems are often dichotomous and hierarchical; gender binary systems may reflect the inequalities that manifest in numerous dimensions of daily life. Gender inequality stems from distinctions, whether empirically grounded or socially constructed. (On differences between the sexes, see Sex and psychology.)
Natural sex differences
There are natural differences between the sexes based on biological and anatomic factors, most notably differing reproductive roles. Biological differences include chromosomes and hormonal differences.[1] There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths (on average) of the sexes, both in the lower body and more pronouncedly in the upper-body, though this does not mean that any given man is stronger than any given woman.[2][3] Men, on average, are taller, which provides both advantages and disadvantages.[4] Women live significantly longer than men,[5] though it is not clear to what extent this is a biological difference - see Life expectancy.
In the workplace
93% of workplace deaths (fatal occupational injuries) in the US between 1980 and 1997 were men (97,053 deaths). The male fatality rate (8.6 per 100,000 workers) was 11 times greater than the female death rate of the 1980-97 time range (0.8). This accounts for the other 7% of work place deaths (6,886 deaths).[6]
Income disparities linked to job stratification
Main article: Gender pay gap
Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally qualified and perform the same work but one group of workers is paid more than another. Historically, wage discrimination has favored men over similarly qualified women.[7]
Income disparity between genders stems from processes that determine the quality of jobs and earnings associated with jobs. Earnings associated with jobs will cause income inequality to take form in the placement of individuals into particular jobs through individual qualifications or stereotypical norms. Placement of men or women into particular job categories can be supported through the human capital theories of qualifications of individuals or abilities associated with biological differences in men and women. Conversely, the placement of men or women into separate job categories is argued to be caused by social status groups who desire to keep their position through the placement of those in lower statuses to lower paying positions.[8]
Human capital theories refer to the education, knowledge, training, experience, or skill of a person which makes them potentially valuable to an employer. This has historically been understood as a cause of the gendered wage gap but is no longer a predominant cause as women and men in certain occupations tend to have similar education levels or other credentials. Even when such characteristics of jobs and workers are controlled for, the presence of women within a certain occupation leads to lower wages. This earnings discrimination is considered to be a part of pollution theory. This theory suggests that jobs which are predominated by women offer lower wages than do jobs simply because of the presence of women within the occupation. As women enter an occupation, this reduces the amount of prestige associated with the job and men subsequently leave these occupations. The entering of women into specific occupations suggests that less competent workers have begun to be hired or that the occupation is becoming deskilled. Men are reluctant to enter female-dominated occupations because of this and similarly resist the entrance of women into male-dominated occupations.[9]
The gendered income disparity can also be attributed in part to occupational segregation, where groups of people are distributed across occupations according to ascribed characteristics; in this case, gender. Occupational gender segregation can be understood to contain two components or dimensions; horizontal segregation and vertical segregation. With horizontal segregation, occupational sex segregation occurs as men and women are thought to possess different physical, emotional, and mental capabilities. These different capabilities make the genders vary in the types of jobs they are suited for. This can be specifically viewed with the gendered division between manual and non-manual labor. With vertical segregation, occupational sex segregation occurs as occupations are stratified according to the power, authority, income, and prestige associated with the occupation and women are excluded from holding such jobs.[9]
As women entered the workforce in larger numbers since the 1960s, occupations have become segregated based on the amount femininity or masculinity presupposed to be associated with each occupation. Census data suggests that while some occupations have become more gender integrated (mail carriers, bartenders, bus drivers, and real estate agents), occupations including teachers, nurses, secretaries, and librarians have become female-dominated while occupations including architects, electrical engineers, and airplane pilots remain predominately male in composition.[10] Based on the census data, women occupy the service sector jobs at higher rates than men. Women’s overrepresentation in service sector jobs, as opposed to jobs that require managerial work acts as a reinforcement of women and men into traditional gender roles that causes gender inequality.[11]
Scholars disagree about how much of the male-female wage gap depends on factors such as experience, education, occupation, and other job-relevant characteristics. Sociologist Douglas Massey found that 41% remains unexplained,[9] while CONSAD analysts found that these factors explain between 65.1 and 76.4 percent of the raw wage gap.[13] CONSAD also noted that other factors such as benefits and overtime explain "additional portions of the raw gender wage gap".
The glass ceiling effect is also considered a possible contributor to the gender wage gap or income disparity. This effect suggests that gender provides significant disadvantages towards the top of job hierarchies which become worse as a person’s career goes on. The term glass ceiling implies that invisible or artificial barriers exist which prevent women from advancing within their jobs or receiving promotions. These barriers exist in spite of the achievements or qualifications of the women and still exist when other characteristics that are job-relevant such as experience, education, and abilities are controlled for. The inequality effects of the glass ceiling are more prevalent within higher-powered or higher income occupations, with fewer women holding these types of occupations. The glass ceiling effect also indicates the limited chances of women for income raises and promotion or advancement to more prestigious positions or jobs. As women are prevented by these artificial barriers, from either receiving job promotions or income raises, the effects of the inequality of the glass ceiling increase over the course of a woman’s career.[14]
Statistical discrimination is also cited as a cause for income disparities and gendered inequality in the workplace. Statistical discrimination indicates the likelihood of employers to deny women access to certain occupational tracks because women are more likely than men to leave their job or the labor force when they become married or pregnant. Women are instead given positions that dead-end or jobs that have very little mobility.[7]
In Third World countries such as the Dominican Republic, female entrepreneurs are statistically more prone to failure in business. In the event of a business failure women often return to their domestic lifestyle despite the absence of income. On the other hand, men tend to search for other employment as the household is not a priority.[15]
The gender earnings ratio suggests that there has been an increase in women’s earnings comparative to men. Men’s plateau in earnings began after the 1970s, allowing for the increase in women’s wages to close the ratio between incomes. Despite the smaller ratio between men and women’s wages, disparity still exists. Census data suggests that women’s earnings are 71 percent of men’s earnings in 1999.[10]
The gendered wage gap varies in its width among different races. Whites comparatively have the greatest wage gap between the genders. With whites, women earn 78% of the wages that white men do. With African Americans, women earn 90% of the wages that African American men do.
There are some exceptions where women earn more than men: According to a survey on gender pay inequality by the International Trade Union Confederation, female workers in the Gulf state of Bahrain earn 40 per cent more than male workers.[16]
In 2014, a report by the International Labor Organization (ILO) reveals the wage gap between Cambodian women factory workers and other male counterparts. There was a $25 USD monthly pay difference conveying that women have a much lower power and being devalued not only at home but also in the workplace. [17]
Professional education and careers
The gender gap also appeared to narrow considerably beginning in the mid-1960s. Where some 5% of first-year students in professional programs were female in 1965, by 1985 this number had jumped to 40% in law and medicine, and over 30% in dentistry and business school.[18] Before the highly effective birth control pill was available, women planning professional careers, which required a long-term, expensive commitment, had to "pay the penalty of abstinence or cope with considerable uncertainty regarding pregnancy."[19] This control over their reproductive decisions allowed women to more easily make long-term decisions about their education and professional opportunities. Women are highly underrepresented on boards of directors and in senior positions in the private sector.[20]
Additionally, with reliable birth control, young men and women had more reason to delay marriage. This meant that the marriage market available to any one women who "delay[ed] marriage to pursue a career...would not be as depleted. Thus the Pill could have influenced women's careers, college majors, professional degrees, and the age at marriage."[21]
Studies on sexism in science and technology fields have produced conflicting results. Corinne et al. found that science faculty of both sexes rated a male applicant as significantly more competent and hireable than an identical female applicant. These participants also selected a higher starting salary and offered more career mentoring to the male applicant.[22] Williams and Ceci, however, found that science and technology faculty of both sexes "preferred female applicants 2:1 over identically qualified males with matching lifestyles" for tenure-track positions.[23]
Customer preference studies
A 2010 study conducted by David R. Hekman and colleagues found that customers who viewed videos featuring a black male, a white female, or a white male actor playing the role of an employee helping a customer were 19 percent more satisfied with the white male employee's performance.[24][25][26][27][28]
This discrepancy with race can be found as early as 1947, when Kenneth Clark conducted a study in which black children were asked to choose between white and black dolls. White male dolls were the ones children preferred to play with.[29][30]
Gender pay differences in the medical field
Although the disparities between men and women are decreasing in the medical field, gender inequalities still exist as social problems. From 1999 to 2008, recently qualified female doctors in the US made almost $170,000,000 less than their male counterparts. The pay discrepancy could not be explained by specialty choice, practice setting, work hours, or other characteristics.[31]
Gender discrimination against men
There is a common misconception that women are the only ones that experience gender inequality in the workplace, but that is not true; Men face discrimination as well. Where women will receive some form of parental leave after having a child, a father will not get nearly as much time off, if any at all. New fathers usually will not get enhanced pay during parental leave like women do. Many employers will work with women when it comes to schedule changes, but men will rarely enjoy that same benefit. Under the Equality Act 2010, sex discrimination is not solely defined as a man harassing a woman; male employees have also faced sexual harassment in the workplace, though it is rarely, if ever, discussed. [32]
At home
Gender roles in parenting and marriage
Sigmund Freud suggested that biology determines gender identity through identification with either the mother or father. While some people agree with Freud, others argue that the development of the gendered self is not completely determined by biology, but rather the interactions that one has with the primary caregiver(s).
According to the non-Freudian view, gender roles develop through internalization and identification during childhood. From birth, parents interact differently with children depending on their sex, and through this interaction parents can instill different values or traits in their children on the basis of what is normative for their sex. This internalization of gender norms can be seen through the example of which types of toys parents typically give to their children ("feminine" toys such as dolls often reinforce interaction, nurturing, and closeness, "masculine" toys such as cars or fake guns often reinforce independence, competitiveness, and aggression).[1] On the other hand, it has been shown that rhesus macaque children exhibit preferences for stereotypically male and female toys.[33] Education also plays an integral role in the creation of gender norms.[34]
In Strong Fathers, Strong Daughters, Meg Meeker emphasizes the importance of opposite-gender parental roles. She claims "fathers, more than anyone else, set the course for a daughter's life."[35]
Gender inequality in relationships
Gender equality in relationships has been growing over the years but for the majority of relationships, the power lies with the male.[36] Even now men and women present themselves as divided along gender lines. A study done by Szymanowicz and Furnham, looked at the cultural stereotypes of intelligence in men and women, showing the gender inequality in self-presentation.[37] This study showed that females thought if they revealed their intelligence to a potential partner, then it would diminish their chance with him. Men however would much more readily discuss their own intelligence with a potential partner. Also, women are aware of people’s negative reactions to IQ, so they limit its disclosure to only trusted friends. Females would disclose IQ more often than men with the expectation that a true really true friend would respond in a positive way. Intelligence continues to be viewed as a more masculine trait, than feminine trait. The article suggested that men might think women with a high IQ would lack traits that were desirable in a mate such as warmth, nurturance, sensitivity, or kindness. Another discovery was that females thought that friends should be told about one’s IQ more so than males. However, males expressed doubts about the test’s reliability and the importance of IQ in real life more so than women. The inequality is highlighted when a couple starts to decide who is in charge of family issues and who is primarily responsible for earning income. For example, in Londa Schiebinger’s book, "Has Feminism Changed Science?", she claims that "Married men with families on average earn more money, live longer and happier, and progress faster in their careers," while "for a working woman, a family is a liability, extra baggage threatening to drag down her career."[38] Furthermore, statistics had shown that "only 17 percent of the women who are full professors of engineering have children, while 82 percent of the men do."[39]
Attempts in equalizing household work
Despite the increase in women in the labor force since the mid-1900s, traditional gender roles are still prevalent in American society. Women may be expected to put their educational and career goals on hold in order to raise children, while their husbands work. However, women who choose to work as well as fulfill a perceived gender role of cleaning the house and taking care of the children. Despite the fact that different households may divide chores more evenly, there is evidence that supports that women have retained the primary caregiver role within familial life despite contributions economically. This evidence suggest that women who work outside the home often put an extra 18 hours a week doing household or childcare related chores as opposed to men who average 12 minutes a day in childcare activities.[40] One study by van Hooff showed that modern couples, do not necessarily purposefully divide things like household chores along gender lines, but instead may rationalize it and make excuses.[36] One excuse used is that women are more competent at household chores and have more motivation to do them. Another is that some say the demands of the males’ jobs is higher.
Gender inequalities in relation to technology
One survey showed that men rate their technological skills in activities such as basic computer functions and online participatory communication higher than women. However, it should be noted that this study was a self-reporting study, where men evaluate themselves on their own perceived capabilities. It thus is not data based on actual ability, but merely perceived ability, as participants' ability was not assessed. Additionally, this study is inevitably subject to the significant bias associated with self-reported data.[41]
Property Inheritance
Many countries have laws that give less inheritance of ancestral property for women compared to men.[42][43]
Structural marginalization
Gender inequalities often stem from social structures that have institutionalized conceptions of gender differences.
Marginalization occurs on an individual level when someone feels as if they are on the fringes or margins of their respective society. This is a social process and displays how current policies in place can affect people. For example, media advertisements display young girls with easy bake ovens (promoting being a housewife) as well as with dolls that they can feed and change the diaper of (promoting being a mother).
Gender stereotypes
Main article: Gender stereotypes
Cultural stereotypes are engrained in both men and women and these stereotypes are a possible explanation for gender inequality and the resulting gendered wage disparity. Women have traditionally been viewed as being caring and nurturing and are designated to occupations which require such skills. While these skills are culturally valued, they were typically associated with domesticity, so occupations requiring these same skills are not economically valued. Men have traditionally been viewed as the breadwinner or the worker, so jobs held by men have been historically economically valued and occupations predominated by men continue to be economically valued and earn higher wages.[9]
Biological fertilisation stereotypes
Bonnie Spanier coined the term hereditary inequality.[44] Her opinion is that some scientific publications depict human fertilization such that sperms seem to actively compete for the "passive" egg, even though in reality it is complicated (e.g. the egg has specific active membrane proteins that select sperm etc.)
Sexism and discrimination
Gender inequality can further be understood through the mechanisms of sexism. Discrimination takes place in this manner as men and women are subject to prejudicial treatment on the basis of gender alone. Sexism occurs when men and women are framed within two dimensions of social cognition.
Discrimination also plays out with networking and in preferential treatment within the economic market. Men typically occupy positions of power within the job economy. Due to taste or preference for other men because they share similar characteristics, men in these positions of power are more likely to hire or promote other men, thus discriminating against women.[9]
In television and film
The New York Film Academy took a closer look at the women in Hollywood and gathered statistics from the top 500 films from 2007 to 2012; for their history and achievements, or lack of.
With only a 5:1 ratio of men working in films than women, the 30.8% of women having speaking characters, who may or may not have been a part of the 28.8% of women who were written to wear revealing clothing compared to the 7% of men who did, or the 26.2% of women who wore little to no clothing opposed to the 9.4% of men who did the same.[45]
Hollywood actresses get paid less than actors. Topping the Forbes' highest paid actors list, of 2013, is Robert Downey Jr. with $75 million yet Angelina Jolie tops the highest paid actresses list with only $33 million,[46] tying with Denzel Washington ($33 million) and Liam Neeson ($32 million) who were the last two of the top ten highest paid actors list.[47]
During the 2013 Academy Awards, 140 men were nominated for an award but only 35 women were nominated, however, no woman was nominated for directing, cinematography, film editing, writing (original screenplay), or original score that year. But ever since the Academy Awards first opened in 1929, only 7 women producers have won the Best Picture category (all women who have been co-producers with men), only 8 women have been nominated for Best Original Screenplay, and Lina Wertmuller (1976), Jane Campion (1994), Sofia Coppola (2004), and Kathryn Bigelow (2012) were the only 4 women to be nominated for Best Directing, with Bigelow being the first woman to win for her film The Hurt Locker.
77% males make up the Academy Awards' voters.[45]
Impact and counteractions
Gender inequality and discrimination are argued to cause and perpetuate poverty and vulnerability in society as a whole.[48] Household and intra-household knowledge and resources are key influences in individuals' abilities to take advantage of external livelihood opportunities or respond appropriately to threats.[48] High education levels and social integration significantly improve the productivity of all members of the household and improve equity throughout society. Gender Equity Indices seek to provide the tools to demonstrate this feature of poverty.[48]
Poverty has many driving factors, one of which is the gender wage gap. Women are more likely to be living in poverty and the wage gap is one of the causes.
There are many difficulties in creating a comprehensive response.[49] It is argued that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) fail to acknowledge gender inequality as a cross-cutting issue. Gender is mentioned in MDG3 and MDG5: MDG3 measures gender parity in education, the share of women in wage employment and the proportion women in national legislatures.[48] MDG5 focuses on maternal mortality and on universal access to reproductive health.[48] These targets are significantly off-track.[49]
Addressing gender inequality through social protection programmes designed to increase equity would be an effective way of reducing gender inequality, according to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI).[49] Researchers at the ODI argue for the need to develop the following in social protection in order to reduce gender inequality and increase growth:[48]
The ODI maintains that society limits governments' ability to act on economic incentives.[49]
NGO's tend to protect women against gender inequality and Structural violence.
During war, combatants primarily target men. Both sexes die however, due to disease, malnutrition and incidental crime and violence, as well as the battlefield injuries which predominately affect men.[50] A 2009 review of papers and data covering war related deaths disaggregated by gender concluded "It appears to be difficult to say whether more men or women die from conflict conditions overall."[51] The ratio also depends on the type of war, for example in the Falklands War 904 of the 907 dead were men. Conversely figures for war deaths in 1990, almost all relating to civil war, gave ratios in the order of 1.3 males per female.
Another opportunity to tackle gender inequality is presented by modern information and communication technologies. In a carefully controlled study,[52] it has been shown that women embrace digital technology more than men. Given that digital information and communication technologies have the potential to provide access to employment, education, income, health services, participation, protection, and safety, among others (ICT4D), the natural affinity of women with these new communication tools provide women with a tangible bootstrapping opportunity to tackle social discrimination.
Variations by country or culture
The Gender gap index world map for 2013.[53]
Gender inequality is a result of the persistent discrimination of one group of people based upon gender and it manifests itself differently according to race, culture, politics, country, and economic situation. It is furthermore considered a causal factor of violence against women. While gender discrimination happens to both men and women in individual situations, discrimination against women is an entrenched, global pandemic. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, rape and violence against women and girls is used as a tool of war.[54] In Afghanistan, girls have had acid thrown in their faces for attending school.[55] Considerable focus has been given to the issue of gender inequality at the international level by organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the World Bank, particularly in developing countries. The causes and effects of gender inequality vary geographically, as do methods for combating it.
One example of the continued existence of gender inequality in Asia is the "missing girls" phenomenon.[56]
Cambodia is one of the examples. A Cambodian said “Men are gold, women are white cloth”, emphasizing women had a lower value and importance compared to men.[57] In Cambodia, approximately 15% (485,000 hectares) of land was owned by a women.[58] In Asian culture, there is a stereotype where women usually have a lower status than men because males carry on the family name and hold the responsibilities to take care of the family. Females on the other hand has a less important role. Their main role is to carry out domestic chores, taking care of her husband and children.[59] Women are also the main victims suffering from poverty as they have little or no access to education, low pay and low chances owning assets such as lands, homes or even basic item home but also in the workplace.[60]
In Cambodia, the Ministry of Women’s Affair (MoWA) was formed in 1998 with the role to improve women’s overall power and status in the country. [61]
India ranking remains low in gender equality measures by the World Economic Forum, although the rank has been improving in recent years.[53][62] When broken down into components that contribute the rank, India performs well on political empowerment, but is scored near the bottom with China on sex selective abortion. India also scores poorly on overall female to male literacy and health rankings. India with a 2013 ranking of 101 out of 136 countries had an overall score of 0.6551, while Iceland, the nation that topped the list, had an overall score of 0.8731 (no gender gap would yield a score of 1.0).[63] Gender inequalities impact India's sex ratio, women's health over their lifetimes, their educational attainment, and economic conditions. It is a multifaceted issue that concerns men and women alike.
The labor force participation rate of women was 80.7% in 2013.[64] Nancy Lockwood of Society for Human Resource Management, the world's largest human resources association with members in 140 countries, in a 2009 report wrote that female labor participation is lower than men, but has been rapidly increasing since the 1990s. Out of India's 397 million workers in 2001, 124 million were women, states Lockwood.[65]
India is on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal of gender parity in education before 2016.[66] UNICEF's measures of attendance rate and Gender Equality in Education Index (GEEI) attempt to capture the quality of education.[67] Despite some gains, India needs to triple its rate of improvement to reach GEEI score of 95% by 2015 under the Millennium Development Goals. A 1998 report stated that rural India girls continue to be less educated than the boys.[68]
United States
The World Economic Forum measures gender equity through a series of economic, educational, and political benchmarks. It has ranked the United States as 19th (up from 31st in 2009) in terms of achieving gender equity.[69] The US Department of Labor has indicated that in 2009, "the median weekly earnings of women who were full-time wage and salary workers was…80 percent of men’s";[70] The Department of Justice found that in 2009, "the percentage of female victims (26%) of intimate partner violence was about 5 times that of male victims (5%)".[71] "The United States ranks 41st in a ranking of 184 countries on maternal deaths during pregnancy and childbirth, below all other industrialized nations and a number of developing countries"[72] and women only represent 20% of members of Congress.[69]
Political affiliations and behaviors
Existing research on the topic of gender/sex and politics has found differences in political affiliation, beliefs, and voting behavior between men and women, although these differences vary across cultures. Gender is omnipresent in every culture, and while there are many factors to consider when labeling people "Democrat" or "Republican"—such as race and religion—gender is especially prominent in politics.[73][74] Studying gender and political behavior poses challenges, as it can be difficult to determine if men and women actually differ in substantial ways in their political views and voting behavior, or if biases and stereotypes about gender cause people to make assumptions.[75] However, trends in voting behavior among men and women have been proven through research.
Research shows that women in postindustrial countries like the United States, Canada, and Germany primarily identified as conservative before the 1960s; however, as time has progressed and new waves of feminism have occurred, women have become more left-wing due to shared beliefs and values between women and parties more on the left.[76] Women in these countries typically oppose war and the death penalty, favor gun control, support environment protection, and are more supportive of programs that help people of lower socioeconomic statuses.[73] Voting behaviors of men have not experienced as drastic of a shift over the last fifty years as women in their voting behavior and political affiliations. These behaviors tend to consistently be more conservative than women overall.[76] These trends change with every generation, and factors such as culture, race, and religion also must be considered when discussing political affiliation. These factors make the connection between gender and political affiliation complex due to intersectionality.[77]
Candidate gender also plays a role in voting behavior. Women candidates are far more likely than male candidates to be scrutinized and have their competence questioned by both men and women when they are seeking information on candidates in the beginning stages of election campaigns.[75] Democrat male voters tend to seek more information about female Democrat candidates over male Democrat candidates. Female Republican voters tend to seek more information about female Republican candidates.[75] For this reason, female candidates in either party typically need to work harder to prove themselves competent more than their male counterparts.[75]
Challenges to women in politics
Overall, politics in the United States are dominated by men, which can pose many challenges to women who decide to enter the political sphere. As the number of women participants in politics continue to increase around the world, the gender of female candidates serves as both a benefit and a hindrance within their campaign themes and advertising practices.[78] The overarching challenge seems to be that—no matter their actions—women are unable to win in the political sphere as different standards are used to judge them when compared to their male counterparts.[79]
One area in particular that exemplifies varying perceptions between male and female candidates is the way female candidates decide to dress and how their choice is evaluated. When women decide to dress more masculine, they are perceived as being "conspicuous." When they decide to dress more feminine, they are perceived as "deficient."[80] At the same time, however, women in politics are generally expected to adhere to the masculine standard, thereby validating the idea that gender is binary and that power is associated with masculinity.[81] As illustrated by the points above, these simultaneous, mixed messages create a "double-bind" for women. Some scholars go on to claim that this masculine standard represents symbolic violence against women in politics.[80]
Political knowledge is a second area where male and female candidates are evaluated differently and where political science research has consistently shown women with a lower level of knowledge than their male counterparts.[82] One reason for this finding is the argument that there are different areas of political knowledge that different groups consider.[83] Due to this line of thought, scholars are advocating the replacement of traditional political knowledge with gender-relevant political knowledge because women are not as politically disadvantaged as it may appear.[82]
A third area that affects women’s engagement in politics is their low level of political interest and perception of politics as a "men's game."[84] Despite female candidates' political contributions being equal to that of male candidates, research has shown that women perceive more barriers to office in the form of rigorous campaigns, less overall recruitment, inability to balance office and family commitments, hesitancy to enter competitive environments, and a general lack of belief in their own merit and competence.[85] Male candidates are evaluated most heavily on their achievements, while female candidates are evaluated on their appearance, voice, verbal dexterity, and facial features in addition to their achievements.[80]
Steps needed for change
Several forms of action have been taken to combat institutionalized sexism. People are beginning to speak up or "talk back" in a constructive way to expose gender inequality in politics, as well as gender inequality and under-representation in other institutions.[86] Researchers who have delved into the topic of institutionalized sexism in politics have introduced the term "undoing gender." This term focuses on education and an overarching understanding of gender by encouraging "social interactions that reduce gender difference."[81] Some feminists argue that "undoing gender" is problematic because it is context-dependent and may actually reinforce gender. For this reason, researchers suggest "doing gender differently" by dismantling gender norms and expectations in politics, but this can also depend on culture and level of government (e.g. local versus federal).[81]
Another key to combating institutionalized sexism in politics is to diffuse gender norms through "gender-balanced decision-making," particularly at the international level, which "establishes expectations about appropriate levels of women in decision-making positions."[87] In conjunction with this solution, scholars have started placing emphasis on "the value of the individual and the importance of capturing individual experience." This is done throughout a candidate's political career—whether that candidate is male or female—instead of the collective male or female candidate experience.[88] Five recommended areas of further study for examining the role of gender in U.S. political participation are (1) realizing the "intersection between gender and perceptions"; (2) investigating the influence of "local electoral politics"; (3) examining "gender socialization"; (4) discerning the connection "between gender and political conservatism"; and (5) recognizing the influence of female political role models in recent years.[89] Due to the fact that gender is intricately entwined in every societal institution, gender in politics can only change once gender norms in other institutions change, as well.
See also
Notes and references
1. 1 2 3 Wood, Julia. Gendered Lives. 6th. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2005.
2. Maughan RJ, Watson JS, Weir J (1983). "Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle". The Journal of Physiology. 338 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014658. PMC 1197179Freely accessible. PMID 6875963.
3. Frontera, Hughes, Lutz, Evans (1991). "A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women". J Appl Physiol. 71 (2): 644–50. PMID 1938738.
4. Samaras, Thomas (2007). Human body size and the laws of scaling. New York: Nova Science. pp. 33–61. ISBN 1-60021-408-8. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
5. "Life expectancy at birth, Country Comparison to the World". CIA World Factbook. US Central Intelligence Agency. n.d. Retrieved 12 Jan 2011.
7. 1 2 Burstein, Paul. "Equal Employment Opportunity: Labor Market Discrimination and Public Policy." Edison, NJ: Aldine Transaction, 1994.
8. Jacobs, Jerry. Gender Inequality at Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1995.
9. 1 2 3 4 5 Massey, Douglas. "Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System." NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007.
10. 1 2 Cotter, David, Joan Hermsen, and Reeve Vanneman. The American People Census 2000: Gender Inequality at Work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000.
11. Hurst, Charles, E. Social Inequality. 6th. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.
12. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Highlights of Women’s Earnings in 2009. Report 1025, June 2010.
13. CONSAD research corp. (12 January 2009). "An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
14. Cotter, David, Joan Hermsen, Seth Ovadia and Reeve Vanneman. "Social Forces: The Glass Ceiling Effect." Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
15. Sherri Grasmuck and Rosario Espinal. "Market Success or Female Autonomy?" Sage Publications, Inc, 2000.
16. Women 'earn less than men across the globe', Vedior, 4 March 2008
17. "What's a woman worth?: wages and democracy in Cambodia". openDemocracy. 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
18. Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz. "On The Pill: Changing the course of women's education." The Milken Institute Review, Second Quarter 2001: p3.
19. Goldin, Claudia and Lawrence F. Katz. "The Power Of The Pill: Contraceptives And Women's Career And Marriage Decisions," Journal of Political Economy, 2002, v110 (4,Aug),p731.
20. Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
21. Goldin, Claudia (2006). "The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, And Family". American Economic Review. 96 (2): 13.
22. Corinne; et al. (2012). "Science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male students". PNAS. 109: 16474–16479. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211286109. PMC 3478626Freely accessible. PMID 22988126.
23. Williams, Wendy; Stephen, Ceci (28 April 2015). "National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track". PNAS. 112 (17): 5360–5365. doi:10.1073/pnas.1418878112. PMC 4418903Freely accessible. PMID 25870272. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
24. Hekman, David R.; Aquino, Karl; Owens, Brad P.; Mitchell, Terence R.; Schilpzand, Pauline; Leavitt, Keith. (2009) "An Examination of Whether and How Racial and Gender Biases Influence Customer Satisfaction". Academy of Management Journal.
25. Bakalar, Nicholas (2009) "A Customer Bias in Favor of White Men." New York Times, June 23, 2009.
26. Vedantam, Shankar (2009) "Caveat for Employers." Washington Post, June 1, 2009.
27. Jackson, Derrick (2009) "Subtle, and stubborn, race bias." Boston Globe, July 6, 2009.
28. National Public Radio. Lake Effect
29. Dweck, Carol S. (2009). Prejudice: How It Develops and How It Can Be Undone. Switzerland: Karger. doi:10.1159/000242351
30. Clark, Kenneth B. and Clark, Mamie P. (1947). "Racial identification and preference among negro children." In E. L. Hartley (Ed.) Readings in Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
31. Lo Sasso, Anthony T.; Richards, Michael R.; Chou, Chiu-Fang; Gerber, Susan E. (2011). "The $16,819 Pay Gap For Newly Trained Physicians: The Unexplained Trend Of Men Earning More Than Women". Health Affairs. 30 (2): 193201. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0597. Overall, new women physicians earned $151,600 in 1999 versus $173,400 for men—a 12.5 percent salary difference. The gender difference grew to nearly 17 percent in 2008 ($174,000 versus $209,300).
32. Simpson, Stephen. "Sex Discrimination against men: 10 Ways Employers Could Fall Foul - Personnel Today". Personnel Today. Reed Business Information Ltd. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
33. "Yerkes - Yerkes Researchers Find Sex Differences in Monkey Toy Preferences Similar to Humans". 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
34. Vianello, Mino, and Renata Siemienska. Gender Inequality: A Comparative Study of Discrimination and Participation. Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications Ltd., 1990.
35. Meeker, Meg (2006). Strong Fathers, Strong Daughters: 10 Secrets Every Father Should Know. Ballantine Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-345-49939-4.
36. 1 2 van Hooff, Jenny H. (March 2011). "Rationalising inequality: heterosexual couples' explanations and justifications for the division of housework along traditionally gendered lines". Journal of Gender Studies. 20 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1080/09589236.2011.542016.
37. Szymanowicz, Agata; Adrian Furnham (March 2011). "Do intelligent women stay single? Cultural stereotypes concerning the intellectual abilities of men and women". Journal of Gender Studies. 20 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1080/09589236.2011.542019.
38. Schiebinger, Londa. Has Feminism Changed Science. p. 92.
39. Schiebinger, Londa. Has Feminism Changed Science. p. 96.
40. Friedman, Ellen, and Jennifer Marshall. Issues of Gender. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2004.
41. Eszter Hargittai, What Causes Variation in Contributing to Participatory Web Sites?
43. Qur'an, [Quran 4:11].
44. Schiebinger, London (2001). Has Feminism Changed Science. United States of America: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674005449.
45. 1 2 "Gender Inequality in Film". New York Film Academy Blog. Retrieved 10/4/2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
46. Forbes, Moira. "Hollywood's Highest-Paid Actresses: Where Gender Bias Reigns Supreme".
47. Torrelio, Sebastian. "Robert Downey Jr. Tops Forbes' Highest-Paid Actors List for Second Year".
48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nicola Jones, Rebecca Holmes, Jessica Espey 2008. Gender and the MDGs: A gender lens is vital for pro-poor results. London: Overseas Development Institute Archived March 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
49. 1 2 3 4 Nicola Jones and Rebecca Holmes 2010. Gender, politics and social protection. London: Overseas Development Institute
50. Ormhaug et al say "In a widely respected study on war mortality in Kosovo, Spiegel and Salama (2000) found that men were 8.9 times more likely to die from war-related trauma than women, which coincides with men being systematically targeted."
51. Christin Ormhaug, in collaboration with Patrick Meier and Helga Hernes (23 November 2009). "Armed Conflict Deaths Disaggregated by Gender". PRIO.
52. Hilbert, Martin (November–December 2011). "Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics". Women's Studies International Forum. Elsevier. 34 (6): 479–489. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001.
53. 1 2 The Global Gender Gap Report 2013, World Economic Forum, Switzerland
54. Gettleman, Jeffrey (October 7, 2007). "Rape Epidemic Raises Trauma of Congo War". New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
55. Filins, Dexter (August 23, 2009). "A School Bus for Shamsia". New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
56. Kristoff, Nicholas D. (August 23, 2009). "The Women's Crusade". New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
58. "Measuring Women Status And Gender Statistics in Cambodia Through the Surveys and Census" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Ministry of Planning.
59. "Characteristics of the Traditional Asian Family". Retrieved 2016-11-06.
62. 2011 Gender Gap Report World Economic Forum, page 9
63. "Global Gender Gap Report 2013". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
64. "Human Development Report for 2012". United Nations Development Project. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
65. Nancy Lockwood (2009). "Perspectives on Women in Management in India" (PDF). Society for Human Resource Management.
67. Unterhalther, E. (2006). Measuring Gender Inequality in South Asia. London: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
68. Victoria A. Velkoff (October 1998). "Women of the World: Women's Education in India" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
69. 1 2 World Economic Forum. Global Gender Gap Report. 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
70. "Quick Stats on Women Workers". U.S. Department of Labor. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011.
71. "National Crime Victimization Survey, 2010". Bureau of Justice Statistics.
72. "CEDAW 2011 website". Retrieved February 15, 2011.
73. 1 2 Croucher, Stephen M.; Spencer, Anthony T.; McKee, Connie (2014-03-15). "Religion, Religiosity, Sex, and Willingness to Express Political Opinions: A Spiral of Silence Analysis of the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 22 (2): 111–123. doi:10.1080/15456870.2014.890001. ISSN 1545-6870.
74. DeFrancisco, Victoria Pruin; Palczewski, Catherine Helen (2014). Gender in Communication: A Critical Introduction. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4522-2009-3.
75. 1 2 3 4 Ditonto, Tessa M.; Hamilton, Allison J.; Redlawsk, David P. (2013-05-14). "Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns". Political Behavior. 36 (2): 335–358. doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6. ISSN 0190-9320.
76. 1 2 Inglehart, Ronald; Norris, Pippa (2000-01-01). "The Developmental Theory of the Gender Gap: Women's and Men's Voting Behavior in Global Perspective". International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique. 21 (4): 441–463. doi:10.1177/0192512100214007. JSTOR 1601598.
77. DeFrancisco, Victoria Pruin; Palczewski, Catherine Helen (2014). Gender in Communication: A Critical Introduction. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-4522-2009-3.
78. Lee, Yu-Kang (2014). "Gender stereotypes as a double-edged sword in political advertising Persuasion effects of campaign theme and advertising style". International Journal of Advertising. 33: 203. doi:10.2501/IJA-33-2-203-234.
79. Parry-Giles, Shawn (2014). Hillary Clinton in the News: Gender and Authenticity in American Politics. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. p. 258.
80. 1 2 3 Flicker, Eva (2013). "Fashionable (dis-)order in politics: Gender, power and the dilemma of the suit". International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics. 9: 201–219. doi:10.1386/macp.9.2.201_3.
81. 1 2 3 Charles, Nickie (2014-07-01). "Doing Gender, Practising Politics: Workplace Cultures in Local and Devolved Government". Gender, Work & Organization. 21 (4): 368–380. doi:10.1111/gwao.12042. ISSN 1468-0432.
82. 1 2 Dolan, Kathleen (2011-01-01). "Do Women and Men Know Different Things? Measuring Gender Differences in Political Knowledge". The Journal of Politics. 73 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1017/S0022381610000897. ISSN 0022-3816.
83. Carpini, Michael; Keeter, Scott (1993). "Measuring Political Knowledge: Putting First Things First". American Journal of Political Science. 37: 1179–1206. doi:10.2307/2111549.
84. Moore, Robert G. (2005-12-01). "Religion, Race, and Gender Differences in Political Ambition". Politics & Gender. null (04): 577–596. doi:10.1017/S1743923X05050154. ISSN 1743-9248.
85. Lawless, Jennifer; Fox, Richard (2008). "Why are women still not running for public office?". Issues in Governance Studies. 16.
86. DeFrancisco, Victoria Pruin; Palczewski, Catherine Helen (2014). Gender in Communication: A Critical Introduction. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-4522-2009-3.
87. Santos, Maria; Amancio, Ligia; Alves, Helder (2013). "Gender and politics: The relevance of gender on judgments about the merit of candidates and the fairness of quotas.". Portuguese Journal of Social Science. 12: 133–149. doi:10.1386/pjss.12.2.133_1.
88. McDermott, Rose (2013-03-01). "A Feminist Scientific Approach to the Analysis of Politics and Gender". Politics & Gender. 9 (01): 110–115. doi:10.1017/S1743923X12000761. ISSN 1743-9248.
89. Fox, Richard L. (2011-03-01). "Studying Gender in U.S. Politics: Where Do We Go from Here?". Politics & Gender. 7 (01): 94–99. doi:10.1017/S1743923X10000589. ISSN 1743-9248.
|
Is Africa one of the biggest countries in the world?
Which country is bigger than Africa?
Africa is 14 times larger. Flat maps significantly distort the sizes of countries and continents, the result of converting a spherical surface to a handy rectangle.
Top 15 countries.
(Africa) 30.4
U.S. 9.5
Brazil 8.5
Australia 7.7
India 3.3
Who is biggest country in the world?
Russia is the largest country by far, with a total area of about 17 million square kilometers. Despite its large area, Russia – nowadays the largest country in the world – has a relatively small total population. However, its population is still rather large in numbers in comparison to those of other countries.
Is Africa most popular country?
Kruger National Park in South Africa is a popular tourist destination in the country. Many African countries rely on tourism as a major sector of the economy.
The Most Visited Countries In Africa.
Rank Country International tourist arrivals (2013)
1 Morocco 10.0 million
2 South Africa 9.5 million
3 Tunisia 6.2 million
4 Algeria 2.7 million
What is Africa’s smallest country?
The smallest nation in the continental mainland of Africa is The Gambia. Seychelles is an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. It consists of 115 islands. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, lies 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Why did the British used indirect rule in East Africa?
Is Africa or USA bigger?
Africa is 3.07 times as big as United States
How big is Africa actually?
Canada ranked #1 out of 78 countries, beating out Japan, Germany, Switzerland and Australia, which rounded out the top five. The United States came in sixth.
Which country is the richest in the world?
China Becomes Richest Country In The World, Overtakes US To Grab The Top Spot. China’s wealth launched to $120 trillion, from its previous $7 trillion in 2000 — an unspeakably colossal growth from its days before joining the World Trade Organization.
Is Russia larger than Africa?
mi (17 million km2), Russia is the world’s largest country. But Mercator makes it look larger than it is. Drag and drop it near the equator, and you see how truly huge Africa is: at 11.73 million sq. mi (30.37 million km2), it is almost twice the size of Russia.
Which is the most loved African country?
1. Morocco. The most visited country in Africa is Morocco. This Northern African nation saw a whopping 12.3 million visitors in 2019, making it the most visited country on the entire continent.
What is Africa known for?
Africa is distinctively unique continent among all 7 continents of the world. Africa has a very diverse culture. It is rich in cultural heritage and diversity, a wealth of natural resources, offers breathtaking tourist attractions.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Best answer: Who is responsible for making money in South Africa?
What is the safest country in Africa?
2. Botswana. …
3. Mauritius. …
4. Namibia. …
5. Seychelles. …
6. Ethiopia. …
7. Morocco. …
8. Lesotho.
What is the cleanest city in Africa?
Top 10 cleanest cities in Africa
• Port Louis, Mauritius. …
• Cape Town, South Africa. …
• Tunis, Tunisia. …
• Windhoek, Namibia. …
• Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. …
• Gaborone, Botswana. …
• Algiers, Algeria.
Which country is the richest in Africa?
Nigeria is the richest and most populous country in Africa.
Richest African Countries by GDP
• Nigeria – $514.05 billion.
• Egypt – $394.28 billion.
• South Africa – $329.53 billion.
• Algeria – $151.46 billion.
• Morocco – $124 billion.
• Kenya – $106.04 billion.
• Ethiopia – $93.97 billion.
• Ghana – $74.26 billion.
What is the strongest military in Africa?
Egypt is the answer in both cases. The state leads in the broader African continent with unfailing troops. This means that Egypt has the strongest army in Africa. The fact that Egypt has an estimated population of about 104,898,490 and over 920,000 army members confirms its defensiveness.
|
Like many people who watched the Presidential Inauguration, I found myself moved by its historical significance, size and magnitude, as well as all the pomp and pageantry. Yes, it could be derided as nothing more than an extravagant display, particularly for a country wrestling with so many problems. But in times of struggle, I feel it’s deeply important to be reminded of the ideals that created this nation, and the work, sacrifice and dreams that keep it alive.
In that vein, I think Richard Blanco, the Cuban American whom President Obama chose as the Inaugural Poet – lived up to his daunting responsibility to compose a poem which would symbolize the moment. From the capitol dais, before more than a half million people, Blanco recited words that resonated with the idea of America. The richness of its geography, the capisities of its people, the passion and determination that keep families and communities afloat through hardship and loss. It was a poem about work and commitment and struggle and falling and rising and moving on. And most of all, it was a statement about the need for each of us to relinquish crass misconceptions of America and one another, and reform ourselves into the ideal of what America can and should be. Giving. Accepting. Burgeoning with ingenuity, hope and a spirit of compassion.
-Naseem Rakha 1/22/13
Richard Blanco
“One Today” by Richard Blanco
One sun rose on us today, kindled over our shores,
peeking over the Smokies, greeting the faces
of the Great Lakes, spreading a simple truth
across the Great Plains, then charging across the Rockies.
told by our silent gestures moving behind windows.
each one yawning to life, crescendoing into our day:
pencil-yellow school buses, the rhythm of traffic lights,
fruit stands: apples, limes, and oranges arrayed like rainbows
begging our praise. Silver trucks heavy with oil or paper—
bricks or milk, teeming over highways alongside us,
for twenty years, so I could write this poem.
the same light on blackboards with lessons for the day:
equations to solve, history to question, or atoms imagined,
the “I have a dream” we keep dreaming,
or the impossible vocabulary of sorrow that won’t explain
the empty desks of twenty children marked absent
today, and forever. Many prayers, but one light
breathing color into stained glass windows,
life into the faces of bronze statues, warmth
onto the steps of our museums and park benches
as mothers watch children slide into the day.
One ground. Our ground, rooting us to every stalk
of corn, every head of wheat sown by sweat
and hands, hands gleaning coal or planting windmills
in deserts and hilltops that keep us warm, hands
digging trenches, routing pipes and cables, hands
as worn as my father’s cutting sugarcane
so my brother and I could have books and shoes.
The dust of farms and deserts, cities and plains
mingled by one wind—our breath. Breathe. Hear it
through the day’s gorgeous din of honking cabs,
buses launching down avenues, the symphony
of footsteps, guitars, and screeching subways,
the unexpected song bird on your clothes line.
Hear: squeaky playground swings, trains whistling,
or whispers across café tables, Hear: the doors we open
for each other all day, saying: hello, shalom,
buon giorno, howdy, namaste, or buenos días
in the language my mother taught me—in every language
spoken into one wind carrying our lives
without prejudice, as these words break from my lips.
One sky: since the Appalachians and Sierras claimed
their majesty, and the Mississippi and Colorado worked
weaving steel into bridges, finishing one more report
for the boss on time, stitching another wound
or uniform, the first brush stroke on a portrait,
or the last floor on the Freedom Tower
jutting into a sky that yields to our resilience.
One sky, toward which we sometimes lift our eyes
tired from work: some days guessing at the weather
of our lives, some days giving thanks for a love
that loves you back, sometimes praising a mother
who knew how to give, or forgiving a father
who couldn’t give what you wanted.
We head home: through the gloss of rain or weight
always under one sky, our sky. And always one moon
like a silent drum tapping on every rooftop
and every window, of one country—all of us—
facing the stars
hope—a new constellation
waiting for us to map it,
waiting for us to name it—together.
|
header Notes Collection
100 Rand 2005, South Africa
in Krause book Number: 131
Years of issue: 2005 - 2009
Signatures: Governor: Mr. Tito Mboweni (08.08.1999 - 08.11.2009).
Serie: 2005 Fourth Issue "English & Other Official Languages"
Specimen of: 2005
Material: Cotton fiber
Size (mm): 146 x 70
Printer: South African Bank Note Company (Pty) Ltd, Pretoria
100 Rand 2005
The African buffalo or Cape buffalo and denomination 100.
100 Rand 2005
Closeup of Cape buffalo head. On background are also the Cape buffaloes.
Syncerus caffer
On banknote is Syncerus caffer caffer, the (Cape buffalo) or Southern Savanna Buffalo. It is the typical subspecies, and the largest one, with large males weighing up to 910 kg. (2,010 lb.). It is peculiar to South and East Africa. Buffaloes of this subspecies living in the south of the continent, notably tall in size and ferocity, are the so-called Cape buffalo. Color of this subspecies is the darkest, almost black.
The African buffalo or Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), is a large African bovine. It is not closely related to the slightly larger wild water buffalo of Asia and its ancestry remains unclear. Syncerus caffer caffer, the Cape buffalo, is the typical subspecies, and the largest one, found in South and East Africa. S. c. nanus (African forest buffalo) is the smallest subspecies, common in forest areas of Central and West Africa while S. c. brachyceros is in West Africa and S. c. aequinoctialis is in the savannas of Central Africa. The adult buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature; they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield referred to as a "boss".
The African buffalo is not an ancestor of domestic cattle and is only distantly related to other larger bovines. Owing to its unpredictable nature, which makes it highly dangerous to humans, the African buffalo has never been domesticated unlike its Asian counterpart, the water buffalo. Other than humans, African Cape buffaloes have few predators aside from lions and are capable of defending themselves. Being a member of the big five game, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy in hunting.
At bottom are geometric figures.
Top left is coat of arms of South Africa.
Upon a riband Vert, the motto in letters Argent. Issuant from the ends of the riband two pairs of elephant tusks curving inwards, the tips conjoined to the wings of the secretary bird, Or, there within and flanking the shields, two ears of wheat Brunatré".
The motto
The motto is written in the Khoisan language of the Xam people, literally meaning "diverse people unite". It addresses each individual effort to harness the unity between thought and action. On a collective scale it calls for the nation to unite in a common sense of belonging and national pride - unity in diversity.
The ears of wheat
An emblem of fertility, it also symbolizes the idea of germination, growth and the feasible development of any potential. It relates to the nourishment of the people and signifies: the agricultural aspects of the Earth.
Elephant tusks
Elephants symbolize wisdom, strength, moderation and eternity.
The shield
The human figures
The figures are depicted in an attitude of greeting, symbolizing unity. This also represents the beginning of the individual’s transformation into the greater sense of :belonging to the nation and by extension, collective humanity.
The spear and knobkierie
Immediately above the oval shape of foundation, is the visual center of the coat of arms, a protea. The petals of the protea are rendered in a triangular pattern reminiscent of the crafts of Africa.
The King protea
The protea is an emblem of the beauty of our land and the flowering of our potential as a nation in pursuit of the African Renaissance. The protea symbolizes the holistic :integration of forces that grow from the Earth and are nurtured from above. The most popular colors of Africa have been assigned to the protea - green, gold, red and black.
The secretary bird
The secretary bird is characterized in flight, the natural consequence of growth and speed. It is the equivalent of the lion on Earth. A powerful bird whose legs - depicted as the :spear and knobkierie - serve it well in its hunt for snakes, symbolizing protection of the nation against its enemies. It is a messenger of the heavens and conducts its grace upon :the Earth. In this sense it is a symbol of divine majesty. Its uplifted wings are an emblem of the ascendance of our nation, while simultaneously offering us its protection. It is :depicted in gold, which clearly symbolizes its association with the sun and the highest power.
The rising sun
An emblem of brightness, splendor and the supreme principle of the nature of energy. It symbolizes the promise of rebirth, the active faculties of reflection, knowledge, good judgment and willpower. It is the symbol of the source of life, of light and the ultimate wholeness of humanity.
Bottom left is a coincides image, as security measure.
Below, centered, are four diamonds for the visually impaired.
Denominations in numerals are in top left and lower right corners, in words in top right corner.
100 Rand 2005
A herd of zebras are in African savanna.
Languages on banknote: English, Northern Sotho, Tsonga.
In the 1990s, the notes were redesigned with images of the Big Five wildlife species. 10, 20 and 50 rand notes were introduced in 1992, retaining the color scheme of the previous issue. Coins were introduced for 2 rand and 5 rand, replacing the notes of the previous series, mainly because of the severe wear and tear experienced with low denomination notes in circulation. In 1994 notes were introduced for 100 and 200 rand.
The 2005 series has the same principal design, but with additional security features such as color shifting ink on the 50 rand and higher and the EURion constellation. The obverses of all denominations are printed in English, while two other languages are printed on the reverses, thus making use of all eleven official languages of South Africa.
In Africa, the big five game animals are the African lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, African leopard, and White/Black rhinoceros.
The term big five game (sometimes capitalized or quoted as "Big Five") was coined by big-game hunters and refers to the five most difficult animals in Africa to hunt on foot. Subsequently the term was adopted by safari tour operators for marketing purposes. The term is used in most tourist and wildlife guides that discuss African wildlife safaris. The members of the Big Five were chosen for the difficulty in hunting them and the degree of danger involved, rather than their size.
|
Informal talk at UWO June 11, 2003 Problems and Solutions in Recognizing Handwritten Mathematics Prof. Richard Fateman Computer Science University of California, Berkeley This talk is based on our experience at UC Berkeley in writing programs to read mathematics formulas from printed form and translating these into an electronic form that can be manipulated further. There are differences in the commercial approach to OCR (or more properly, Document Image Analysis) and handwriting, but it is likely that for the task of reading math, the commercial approaches tend to be misdirected. One may be thrown back on one's own resources, for reasons to be explained below. There are many plausible routes to solving each of the related small problems, many of which lead to dead ends, delicate and error-prone methods, and morasses of unmaintainable programs. In the hundreds of projects of this nature implemented since 1963, intractable difficulties are often overcome by over-simplifying the problem. By declaring success on toy problems, one can then move on to other problems, or (often) pick a well-defined sub-problem and address that. We discuss the route taken by our group at Berkeley to resolve issues of character recognition, disambiguation of characters and other symbols, lexical recognition, geometric parsing, (e.g. pictures into TeX), and finally ambiguous string-math parsing into a superset of ``Maple'' or equivalent. We speculate on the true advantages of on-line (real-time handwriting) recognition and other uses of interaction to improve the communication of mathematics from humans to computers. .... points A program that makes too many mistakes is slow, inefficient, useless. Correcting an incorrect result changes the dynamics and cost considerably. If handwriting input is NOT the right thing to do, you can consider other tasks, like gesture-directed editing of draft mathematics, for which the same equipment -- pen, tablet, voice input -- could be used. You can consider math as a subset of text, or text as merely a special case of ``linear math''. It is unlikely that anyone else's text recognition program will be remotely useful in math unless special efforts have been made to accomodate math. It is unlikely that YOUR efforts to do a bang-up job on math will, as a side effect do a superior job on text unless you use all the tricks of the trade, including letter frequencies, dictionaries, specialized or common sense knowledge, etc. Special symbols, integral, sigma, especially lines >=, a/b etc more attention to super/sub script, size, etc. Oddly enough you may not care to distinguish 1l, O0, etc. as characters, since any effort you make at the character level is devoid of context. Later on you can distinguish 3.l4l5 from 3.1415, and O.OO1 from 0.001. ......... How we expect handwriting math to work (first approach, believing it will in fact work like humans). Phase 1. Blank tablet --> write a symbol --> collect character id, location, size, (offshoot of this: uncertainty, error estimation, correction, LEARNING) LOSING information: details of strokes, timing, less-likely interpretations. (Do we maintain a list of possibilities, e.g. 1 20\%, I 15\% | 10 \% ? We don't but you could, if you want to make parsing much harder, but with a chance of recovery. We prefer to leave ambiguity in the character, e.g. ``vertical stroke''. Most other uncertainties, e.g. alpha or ``a'' will NOT be resolved later and so what can one do? exponentially many parses? Phase 2: Collection of boxes: a. process boxes with horizontal lines to distinguish -, = overbar, underbar, >=, a/b, etc. Also, Look at all the DOTS as separate characters, even if you think that they might be parts of letters like i, j. Consider 5.6 7.8 h k which is (* (^ h 5.6)(k 7.8)) vs 5.6 7.8 h l k which is perhaps (* (^ h 5)(^i 6)(k 7.8)) 5 6 7.8 h i k . X makes sense ... (deriv x t) usually. b. process lexical tokens, e.g. 3, ., 1, 4, ...--> 3.14, a number s i n -> sin an operator LOSING information: exact sizes of characters. Phase 3: {One can formalize the geometric parsing for sub, super, etc grammar. This was done rather exhaustively early on, R. Anderson (1965 or so) and try to do this with great generality. This is probably a losing technology. Maintaining a consistent unambiguous grammar is probably impossible for any decent math subset. Recursive descent left-to-write seems more plausible (implemented!) and essentially instantaneous. Flexibility in modifying the patterns based on heuristics (gaps, margins, sizes) on a per-operator basis. Essentially, based on a governing operator, match patterns in some order, above, below, right, recursively. Special hacks for fences or brackets. Concepts of looking recursively for an expression in a region, e.g. above a divide bar, above and to the right of an expression (superscript) but delimited how? (How far above and to the right do you look) Hand made recognizer is not very large and can be extended to cover examples.} Collect via parsing, left to right top-down, and hope there are no exceptions to this general rule. Start with the whole collection and look for the leftmost symbol. These boxes still have a lot of geometric info. e.g. divide-bar --> recursively parse numerator in ``above'' region and in below region. Remove pieces as recognized, and build up a block. then if still more elements, concatenate to the right (etc) operator, implicit multiply look to the right of the collection so far. similar rules for sigma, integral (look for the dx) bracket operators like () or [] must be balanced, generally. exception for \{ \} which may be a conditional or choice. How to deal with multiple lines... paste lower lines to the right of the initial line. Result is something like (hbox (dividebox (superbox a x) (subbox b 3)) z) . LOSING information : Geometric information is now relative, not absolute and numeric. Phase 4 prepare the result Now this is a linear expression. write it algebraically instead of geometrically. (superbox a x) becomes (expt a x), (hbox a b) becomes (times a b) (hbox sin x) becomes (sin x) or maybe (apply sin x) note that \verb|\cos^2x| is just fine for \TeX, but Maple needs \verb|(cos(x))\ ^ 2| We can convert some form (I used a convenient Lisp parenthesized prefix form) to TeX , Maple, MathML. In each case one LOSES even more information.
|
Physically Interesting Differential Equations 1: The Newton Pendulum
Welcome to the first of a series of articles dedicated to exploring physically interesting differential equations. In most physics students’ minds unfortunately, differential equations are just labeled as ‘that maths tool I might need one day’, resulting in a general attitude of indifference and perhaps mild annoyance. I hope through this series of articles on differential equations modelling physically interesting systems, and extensive use of visulisations, that you genuinely do find differential equations absolutely fascinating. It is crucial that you see beyond the façade that is fancy nomenclature.
Perhaps it is appropriate for us to start with a rudimentary but nevertheless interesting system, the Newton Pendulum. We start with a couple previously known equations that are not differential equations:
The first equation, needs no introduction, is the Newton’s Second Law. Where as the second equation, is an expression for angular acceleration (\(\alpha\)), which can also be written as the second time derivative of \(\theta\), the angle the pendulum’s string makes with the vertical. Multiplying m to the angular acceleration will yield the following:
You will note that I replaced the right hand side with the vertical component of acceleration due to gravity. You will also note that m cancels on both sides, which is concordant with physical observations, the mass of a pendulum has no effect on the period of its oscillations. Hopefully you will have realised the fact that we now have an ordinary differential equation of the second order, though the sine on the RHS makes this excruciatinglly non-linear. With no appararent substitutions, we shall attempt to solve this graphically.
We can start by rewriting the differential equation as two coupled-first order differential equations, let us define some variable \(\eta\)
\[\eta= \dv{\theta}{t} \]
We can now think about this as a first-order problem that spans the 2 dimensional plane \([\theta,\eta]\), where the solution to the DE are the trajectories \([\theta (t),\eta (t)]\). In addition, at any point on the plane, the trajectory must be tangent to the vector \([\dv{\vec{\theta}}{t}, \dv{\vec{\eta}}{t} ]\). We now have expressions for a 2-dimensional vector field. We can either choose to draw this by hand, or use a mathematical programme (I am using Wolfram Mathematica for this example).
In[]: StreamDensityPlot[{\[Eta], -Sin[\[Theta]]}, {\[Theta], -\[Pi], \
\[Pi]}, {\[Eta], -5, 5}, ColorFunction -> Hue,
PlotLegends -> Automatic, FrameLabel -> {\[Theta], \[Eta]}]
The picture is quite pretty, but let us try and make sense of it. The vectors point towards the direction of motion, imagine if you are standing on a point in the graph, your motion will follow the direction of the vector, as if you are flowing in a river. The x-axis represents \(\theta\) and the y-axis represents \(\dv{\theta}{t}\), or \(\omega\). Let us pick a point and see if the plot is how we would expect a pendulum to behave. Take a small \(\theta\), near the centre of the plot, we would expect an oscillation of a small amplitude, and that is exactly what we get! If you imagine yourself standing in the middle of the plot, and follow the arrow, you end up going back and forth with a small angular displacement. Furthermore, I have included the option a colour map to the plot, where red signifies 0. See if it makes sense to you that there are three small red regions in the plot. It makes sense for the velocity at the maximum height of the amplitude to be 0, hence the red regions on the two ends of the plot, in addition to the ‘no oscillation at all’ red region in the centre when \(\theta\) tends to 0.
To typeset maths, simply enclose \(\LaTeX\) code around \(\backslash (\) and \(\backslash )\)
One comment on “Physically Interesting Differential Equations 1: The Newton Pendulum
1. As some of you have rightfully pointed out that \(\frac{d}{dt}\) is indeed not the correct way of writing the differential operator. I have since loaded the physics package, and so this should look better :\(\dv{t}\).
Leave a Reply
To write mathematics, simply enclose \(\LaTeX\)in \( \) ext{and}\)\).
|
Creationists lack facts
The fallacies and inconsistencies presented in recent letters from creationists are typical of their efforts to diminish the scientific nature of evolution. They often boast of the abundant evidence for creation, but then fail to tell us what it is. Instead, they turn around and rail against the evidence for evolution. And they do so without fully understanding the arguments they use nor their implications. One such case in point is the letter by Rev. Randall Johnson (Oct. 18).
He says that "There is no way to test the postulate of evolution," but then contradicts himself by claiming to falsify some of the evidence for evolution! If a hypothesis can be falsified, it can be tested and is, therefore, in keeping with the scientific method.
The reverend states that "there has never been an observed case of positive genetic mutation. All genetic mutation observed has been negative and often fatal."
However, after just a few minutes of research I discovered two examples of advantageous genetic mutations.
First, there is the sickle-cell mutation. It enables a person carrying this gene to survive the effects of malaria. The sickle-cell mutation only becomes detrimental when it is inherited by both parents instead of just one.
Then there is the case of the bacterium that can survive on some of the by-products of nylon manufacturing. The reason it can do so is that at least one of two new enzymes has evolved through random genetic mutation. This mutated enzyme can break down some of nylon's synthetic byproducts, making them digestible by the bacterium.
Reverend Johnson also says that "No transitional fossils for any type of evolutionary ehample exist." This, too, is false. There are fossil species that show transitions between vertebrates and invertebrates (i.e., Pikia gracilens), between fish and amphibians (i.e., Ichthyostega), between reptiles and mammals (i.e., Diarthrognathus), and between apes and humans (i.e., Australopithicus afarensis), to name just a few.
Admittedly, there are many gaps in the fossil record, but this is primarily due to extraordinary odds against an organism being fossilized and found by scientists.
Daniel Van Eycke
Gig Harbor
Creationist viewpoint
On the subject of creation vs. evolution, recent letters to the editor have employed the tired ploy of setting up a straw man and knocking it down.
To say categorically that creationism is not scientific is patently false since there are a multitude of scientists from physics, astronomy, biology, etc. who argue for creation from scientific data.
As to the criticism that creationism is a world view: Of course one's belief in a Creator forms his world view. It would likewise be ridiculous to say belief in the non-existence of God does not form one's world view. Yet in both cases it is possible to objectively gather and analyze evidence.
Joel Olhava
A Murray critique
The "little lady in tennis shoes" who recently became a .S. Senator should pack her shoes, resign, and come home.
For some time, I have been concerned with the votes cast by Sen. Patty Murray. Her obvious lack of experience, judgment, and knowledge of the wishes of the people she is supposed to represent have resulted in quite a number of dumb votes.
The breaking point came, for me, in three recent votes she made in the Senate concerning proposed tough provisions of law enforcement. After the recent election in our state, wherein the vast majority displayed their desire to get tough on crime, Sen. Murray now votes AGAINST three actions to tighten laws and get tough with criminals.
The Senate recently voted to make it a federal offense to participate in criminal street gangs. The amendment to a pending crime bill S1607 also federalizes state crimes, from murder to drug trafficking, that are gang related. Two thirds of the Senators voted for this amendment. Sen. Murray voted against it.
The Senate amended S1607 to make carjacking a federal offense even when the perpetrator is unarmed. If the act causes death, the death penalty could apply. Again the vast majority of Senators voted for this amendment. Sen. Murray voted against.
The Senate killed an amendment to S1607 outlawing state and federal death penalties for persons under 18 years of age. The majority of senators voted to preserve capital punishment for certain youthful criminals. Sen. Murray once again voted against the majority and wanted to outlaw these death penalties.
Sen. Murray continues to vote against our experienced and enlightened Sen. Slade Gorton. in effect, she cancels his positive votes. Sen. Gorton has the pulse of the electorate. Sen. Murray just doesn't get it.
Gordon W. Schley
Port Orchard
Mixed sexual messages
Our students are constantly getting mixed messages in school.
For example, in the Lake Washington district, a sex-ed curriculum has been selected where high school students will use a glass penis to learn to use condoms and younger children will be shown by the teacher using her finger.
Then we read about the Kent middle school teacher accused of raping a 14-year-old boy.
Our children are having sex shoved at them so intensely, to jump in bed with each other is as normal as putting on their socks!
R.E. Brown
Bainbridge Island
Human vs. women's rights
Much has been said in the last 20 years about women's rights. Perhaps not enough has been said about human rights. Abortion isn't a women's rights issue any more than slavery is a property rights issue. I submit that it is instead about justice: protecting the weak from the powerful.
I have read that President Lincoln, in his second inauguaral address, speculated on God's providence and wondered if the horrors of that bloody war were not connected with God's judgment on American slavery. It appears that our country is again in the midst of carnage. Humanity is never lower than when the most innocent are allowed to be preyed upon in the guise of free choice. As America has turned its back on the defenseless, perhaps God has likewise turned his face from our wicked ways and left us to ourselves.
Linda Wheeler
Bainbridge Island
Say no to Norm
James R. Roten, in his letter Nov. 11, hit the nail right on the head. We taxpayers can no longer afford the extravagant spending that our members of Congress carry on. The pork barrel has got to stop. Just say no to Norm and his kind. They will tax and spend us and our chidlren's children onto the welfare rolls.
The current administration is buying votes for NAFTA, and health care reform, left and right, via the pork barrel.
Congress has gotten itself into a feeding frenzy on taxing and spending. When will we, as responsible citizens, wake up and realize there are no free lunches, despite what our local representative tells us? When the pork barrel is involved, we all pay and the price is very, very inflated -- not only in tax dollars, but also in the way people become entrapped in their dependency on government and perceived entitlement programs.
In less than one year we will have an opportunity to correct the way we are taxed and how our tax dollars are spent. You can rest assured that the pork barrel will be coming out hot and heavy along with the, "If it weren't for me you wouldn't have a job" buzz word oration and leaflets at the shipyard gate. Just say no to Norm!
Mike Donovan
Port Orchard
|
A stable on the western front
Lithographic print of original red pastel, charcoal and pen drawing, ‘A stable on the western front’, by artist Sir David Muirhead Bone. Published in a series in 1918, it was originally executed in 1916. This print depicts a large stable complex, most likely somewhere behind the front lines during the First World War. Horses were vital to the war effort, and were used in many roles: from chargers, to pulling artillery and wounded men. By 1917, the British Army had employed over 368,000 horses on the Western Front. Horses had care, but many suffered from the extreme conditions they were in. This proof forms part of a green paper folder of an “edition de luxe” of signed proofs: 10 prints made from the War Drawings of Muirhead Bone.
Muirhead Bone (1876-1953) was a Scottish watercolourist and etcher. He was known for his depictions of wartime industrial and architectural settings. He was on the advisory committees for the British War Memorials during the First World War and the War Artists Advisory panel during the Second World War.
Accession Loan No.
Collection Class
lithograph on paper
Common Name
A stable on the western front
Simple Name
Full Name
A stable on the western front
image height 318 mm; image width 429 mm; total sheet height 395 mm; total sheet width 523 mm
Production Person Surname
Bone; Country Life Ltd; Newnes Ltd
Production Person Initials
Sir David Muirhead; ; George
Period Classification
World War I (1914-1918)
Production Year Low
Production Year High
Production Parish
; Covent Garden
Production Town
; London; London
Production Country
; United Kingdom: England; United Kingdom: England
Family Group
Inscription / Transcription
Bone; Muirhead Bone; MB
Tell Us What You Think
|
Be part of the knowledge.
We’re glad to see you’re enjoying ReachMD…
but how about a more personalized experience?
Register for free
Reducing Breast Cancer Metastasis in Animal Models by Modifying Tumor Electrical Properties
ReachMD Healthcare Image
Photo: Tufts University
In normal cells, electrical voltage patterns provide a blueprint for orderly growth. But with cancer, the opposite happens. Marked by a breakdown in the normal electrical patterns generated by the cells, they lose their specialized functions, start expanding into a tumor and spreading into and disrupting the function of other tissues—metastasis. As of yet, there are no clinically available treatments that specifically target the process of metastasis, which remains the leading cause of death in cancer patients.
Now researchers at Tufts University have found that manipulating voltage patterns in tumor cells using ion channel blockers already FDA-approved as treatments for other diseases can in fact significantly reduce tumor cell invasion in a dish and metastasis in an animal model of breast cancer.
The discovery that drugs already approved for other conditions can slow or stop metastasis could lead to an expedited path to approval for the treatment of cancer.
"This is very much an unexplored, but highly opportunistic strategy for the treatment of cancer," said Madeleine Oudin, Tiampo Family Assistant Professor of biomedical engineering at Tufts University School of Engineering and corresponding author of the study. "Ion channels, which regulate the bioelectrical properties of cells, are the second-most common target for existing pharmaceuticals, so we have a relatively large set of ready-to-use drugs that could be repurposed for cancer therapy."
To test their therapeutic strategy, the Tufts research team focused on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of the disease which accounts for approximately 15 percent of all breast cancer cases. The likelihood of metastasis for TNBC is greater than all other subtypes of breast cancer, and because TNBC is associated with a poor five-year prognosis, scientists are focusing efforts on counteracting it.
The researchers were able to show that manipulating the voltage properties of breast cancer cells can have a significant effect on their progression to metastasis, reducing the number of metastatic sites in mouse lungs by about 50 percent.
Cells in the body create a natural voltage across their membranes, caused by ion channels that actively push or passively allow positive and negative ions into and out of the cell. Mike Levin, Vannevar Bush Professor in the Department Biology, a collaborator on this study, has been working on dissecting the role of electrical properties in cellular behaviors for many years in model organisms. When Oudin joined Tufts, they received funding through the Tufts Collaborates program, which helps support collaborations between faculty in different schools to tackle new exciting areas of research.
While there are a variety of channels that drive the movement of positively charged sodium, calcium, and potassium ions, as well as negatively charged chloride ions, potassium ion channels tend to dominate in generating the voltage across the cell membrane. When the Tufts researchers genetically over-expressed the potassium ion channels in tumor cells, the inside of the cells became more negatively charged, and the imbalance in voltage led to increased tumor growth and metastasis, both in plated cells and animal models.
The researchers' therapeutic strategy took the opposite approach—blocking the potassium ion channels led to a restoration of more normal voltages for the cells, decreased tumor cell invasion and significantly reducing metastasis.
Four FDA-approved potassium ion channel blockers were screened, and all had similar effectiveness in killing tumors cells. One drug, amiodarone, had the largest effect on normalizing cell voltages and was selected to see how well it would work in treating breast cancer in mice. The researchers found that the drug, approved for use treating heart rhythm disorders, cut back on the tumors' ability to spread as cells broke off and move to other parts of the body.
By looking at the genes that were triggered by the voltage shift, they found a number of molecular pathways involved in the movement of cells. The effects of the ion channel blocking drug were consistent with limiting the cells movement, so they don't wander off and grow new tumors.
The Tufts team will continue to explore the effects of the ion channel blockers on cancer in animal models, in combination with existing standard of care treatments like chemotherapy. Since amiodarone and similar drugs are already approved for use in humans, phase I clinical trials in small groups of cancer patients could commence in the near future.
Facebook Comments
Schedule29 Jan 2022
Webpack App
|
What is relevance in writing?
What’s relevance in writing?
Relevance is outlined as “bearing upon, related with, pertaining to, the matter in hand” (Shorter Oxford Dictionary), a definition which appears to narrate each to the number of data to be introduced, and to the logical organisation of that data.
What’s relevance rating in data retrieval?
Thus, for a question consisting of just one time period (B), the likelihood {that a} specific doc (Dm) shall be judged related is the ratio of customers who submit question time period (B) and take into account the doc (Dm) to be related in relation to the variety of customers who submitted the time period (B).
What is an efficient NDCG rating?
This greatest rating would have a DCG rating of three / 1 + 2 / 2 + 2 / 3 + 0 / 4 = 4.67. This is named the “supreme DCG,” or iDCG. Our NDCG is the rating we bought (3.5) divided by the best DCG (4.67), or 3.5 / 4.67 = 0.75….Measuring Search Relevance.
Rank Judgment (Acquire) Cumulative Acquire
3 3 5
4 2 7
How do you say one thing is related?
1. related. adjective. straight related with and vital to what’s being mentioned or thought of.
2. acceptable. adjective. appropriate or proper for a specific state of affairs or objective.
3. relevant. adjective.
4. dwell. adjective.
5. pertinent. adjective.
6. salient. adjective.
7. apposite. adjective.
8. germane. adjective.
How does Google determine what comes up first?
What units Google aside is the way it ranks its outcomes, which determines the order Google shows outcomes on its search engine outcomes pages. Google makes use of a trademarked algorithm known as PageRank, which assigns every Internet web page a relevancy rating. Google locations extra worth on pages with a longtime historical past.
What does related content material imply?
Related content material is content material that the net consumer finds informative, partaking, useful, or entertaining. That is the very cause web sites that use such content material are rewarded with precedence placement on SERPs.
How do you create related content material?
10 Methods to Make Your Web site Content material Extra Related (and Rank Larger)
1. Begin with a buyer persona.
2. Perceive consumer intent.
3. Create an inventory of key phrases.
4. Do search engine marketing.
5. Put key phrases in your meta description.
6. Write meta descriptions in a scorching scorching fashion.
7. Create a compelling abstract or goal assertion.
8. Remedy an issue.
What’s Google algorithm?
Google’s algorithms are a posh system used to retrieve knowledge from its search index and immediately ship the absolute best outcomes for a question. The search engine makes use of a mixture of algorithms and quite a few rating elements to ship webpages ranked by relevance on its search engine outcomes pages (SERPs).
How do you verify the relevance of an internet site?
To search out out the precise outcomes and analyze the relevance of the pages, you should utilize a complete web site verify. For instance, utilizing the Serpstat instruments the place the place of every web page shall be seen within the outcomes for particular queries and areas.
What’s the antonym of related?
Phrases reputation by utilization frequency
rating phrase
#36762 extraneous
#41631 immaterial
#44145 inapplicable
#46883 tangential
Can an individual be related?
It means being the type of individual on whom others rely, whether or not for management, experience, acumen, or emotional help. Put one other method, being related means by no means worrying about dropping a job or having the ability to discover one other. Since you are valued. Since you are related.
Is there a necessity for a related concepts details to be added in your abstract Why?
No, and because of this. A abstract is supposed to be brief and get to the purpose. Including pointless particulars defeats the entire objective of writing a abstract.
How do you calculate relevance of search outcomes?
If the time period doesn’t happen in any of the outcomes, then a loss in selection proportional to the relative time period frequency for the time period has occurred. In any other case, the relevance of the search outcomes is calculated by evaluating the proportion of outcomes containing the time period with the relative time period frequency for a time period.
How do you measure content material relevance?
Key measurements embody distinctive web page views and common time on web site. The longer individuals spend in your web site or weblog, then the extra probably they discover worth within the content material you produce. This correlates to the content material being related to the quandary for which they initially searched.
How do you employ related in a sentence?
Related in a Sentence 🔉
1. As a result of the job applicant’s expertise was not related to the place, we didn’t make him a proposal of employment.
2. The trainer turned upset when Frank began speaking a couple of topic that was not related to the lecture.
How are you going to be related?
Listed here are 10 ideas that may allow you to keep related within the workforce.
1. Know Methods to Use Instruments You are Supposed to make use of.
2. Go to Commerce Exhibits.
3. Preserve Up With the Newest Business Information.
4. Perceive Your Purchasers’ Wants Higher.
5. Know What Makes Your Opponents Profitable.
6. Keep Social.
7. Specialise in Your Space, Not The whole lot.
What’s a related individual?
The take a look at for being deemed a Related Individual is that the person has, or not too long ago has had, vital involvement within the upbringing of the kid. Data to allow the Panel Members to make this judgement could be supplied in individual on the Pre-Listening to Panel or in writing (by way of the Reporter).
What’s rating downside?
Rating Issues • Rank a set of things and show to customers in corresponding order. • Two points: efficiency on prime and coping with massive search house. – web-page rating.
What’s relevance rating in DBMS?
Relevancy rating is the strategy that’s used to order the outcomes listing in such a method that the data almost definitely to be of curiosity to a consumer shall be on the entrance. This makes looking simpler for customers as they will not should spend as a lot time trying via data for the knowledge that pursuits them.
What are rating algorithms?
Search Engines use algorithms to weigh assorted parts to find out which webpage is most related to a search question. Search Engines like Google use many parts and points, generally known as “alerts” of their algorithm to find out relevance.
What are related concepts?
(B)Related Concepts. – the small print that help the context, message or theme. (C) Irrelevant Concepts. – the small print that don’t help the context, message or theme.
|
The Impact of Blockchain on the Cryptocurrency Market
• 2021-12-13
Cryptocurrency and Blockchain are two related concepts that work hand-in-hand. Many of the successes recorded in the cryptocurrency market are due to its reliance on a major technology- Blockchain.
Blockchain: Technology behind Cryptocurrency
For those who have been in the cryptocurrency market for a long time, blockchain technology is no news to them. As a result, many crypto enthusiasts know as much about blockchain technology as they do about cryptocurrencies. For others, it isn't easy differentiating between cryptocurrency and Blockchain.
While these two terms may seem alike because they often appear in the same sentence, they mean different things, especially for those who buy Dogecoin. For example, cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that have a unified value globally. Unlike conventional fiat currencies, digital currencies are not controlled or regulated by any central authority.
On the other hand, Blockchain is a database of information upon which transactions in digital currencies take place. Understanding what blockchain technology is and how it functions is essential for the beginner who wants to get into the cryptocurrency market. With this understanding, you can make the most of your cryptocurrency investments.
What Is Blockchain and How Does It Function?
The best way to understand what blockchain technology is to see it as a database. A database is a platform or system that stores data till they are needed for further processing. However, unlike the many other databases, Blockchain works uniquely.
Information on the Blockchain is stored in groups often referred to as blocks. These blocks are connected to themselves in a chain-like manner which is why it is called the Blockchain. These blocks of information are available to users across different computer networks. However, unlike regular databases, Blockchain is highly decentralized.
By decentralization, no one can claim ownership of information, and activities on the Blockchain can be done without the help of a third party. As we will come to see later, the decentralized nature of the Blockchain is why many cryptocurrency-related activities are carried out on it.
Worthy of note is the security of information entered in the Blockchain. However, altering information provided on the Blockchain is near impossible. This is why it is difficult to reverse transactions carried out on the Blockchain; this is both the strength and the weakness of the Blockchain.
To alter any information on the Blockchain, every block of information preceding it will be affected. An attempt to alter information on the Blockchain is an effort in futility, even before you commence it.
The Relationship between Blockchain Technology and Cryptocurrency
From the first digital currency - Bitcoin - created in 2009, the cryptocurrency market records over 11,000 digital currencies in circulation. Have you ever paused to think - why the exponential increase in so short a time? The simple answer to that is that the cryptocurrency market leverages the Blockchain for growth.
In the early years of the rise of Bitcoin, one of the many challenges it experienced was the activities of hackers, crackers, and scammers. It was reported that people were using digital currencies to facilitate money laundering. Relying on third parties for transactions also meant some people had to be scammed of money.
All of these security-related challenges were almost drowning Bitcoin until certain measures were put in place. One of such measures is the introduction of Blockchain - a decentralized database that records information in blocks.
Since then, many cryptocurrencies have been built and sustained on this transforming innovation - blockchain technology.
Ethereum, the second most traded digital currency, has leveraged Blockchain to create smart contracts. Other virtual currencies have created their blockchain platforms as well. The transforming power of blockchain technology continues to provide a solid foundation upon which digital transactions thrive globally.
How Does Blockchain Benefit the Cryptocurrency Market?
The benefits of Blockchain to the cryptocurrency market cannot be overemphasized. While several of these benefits exist, transparency seems to be the most important. Since the introduction of Blockchain, transactions have been more accurate and transparent. As a result, traders do not have to go through third parties to manage their cryptocurrencies, as the Blockchain gives them full control of that.
The creation of decentralized apps, popularly referred to as dApps, resulted in the market's massive growth. Many startups, through these apps, have been able to design an initial coin offering for their businesses and make tokens available to the public. As a result, blockchain moves digital currencies up the technology ladder and creates a brighter future for different cryptocurrency networks.
Then, there is the global acceptability of digital currencies. Despite the high volatility of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dogecoin, and Litecoin, the market records an influx of traders. As a result, experts have opined that it is impossible to separate the impact of Blockchain from the growth and global acceptability cryptocurrencies have enjoyed over the years.
Interestingly, beyond cryptocurrencies, many sectors have started embracing the many opportunities blockchain offers. For example, music, sports, entertainment, and fashion industries are examples of sectors leveraging Blockchain and investing in the cryptocurrency market.
|
Abs 417 Week 5 Assignment Final Paper
ABS 417 Week 5 Assignment Final Paper
Check this A+ tutorial guideline at
Focus of the Final Paper
Consider from the authors of the course text the following quote: “Progressive social change is about defending the weak from the strong, gaining resources to reduce human hardship, and striving to promote an equitable society. It is about battling for economic and social justice, working to protect and enhance civil liberties, and respecting the environment” (Rubin & Rubin, 2008, p. 433).
Begin your paper with a discussion of Community or Progressive Organizing, as you understand it at this point in the course. Review your areas of strength as an organizer.
Considering the above quote, select a social problem or cause that you could address as a social change agent. Explain what motivates you to support this cause. Some suggestions/examples are:
Pollution leading to disease
Treatment of immigrants
Treatment of mentally ill
Treatment of oppressed groups
Lack of health insurance/access to needed services
Disabled and access to services
Use of animals for testing
School programs
The list could go on and on. (Consider movies such as “Erin Brockovich,” “Legally Blonde 2,” “Patch Adams,” or others where someone felt strongly about a social cause, or saw a need, mobilized support, and worked to effect change. What cause might you take on?)
Describe the process you would go through to mobilize others to collectively enact changes. Some of the questions to be answered might be:
What are your goals? What would you like to achieve?
What role do you see yourself taking in this cause?
How will you mobilize others to help you?
Where will you obtain funding for your cause?
What coalitions, local and state, would you contact who might support you in your cause?
What governmental policies would you need to have changed?
What specific...
|
Variable Resistors and Potentiometers
(Showing 24 of 76)
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. Only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage).
Show 12 24 36 48
|
sinus tachycardia ecg
Physiological sinus tachycardia is a variant of the norm. Such a violation of the rhythm was experienced by every person in his life. Most often it occurs during fiznogruzki, but there are other causes of the development of a rapid heartbeat, which is not
Sinus tachycardia on 12-lead ECG Based on ECG Look for regular rate and presence of p-waves to support diagnosis of sinus tachycardia Management Tailored to specific cause of sinus tachycardia: Fluids for dehydration Blood for hemorrhage
Sinus tachycardia may be accompanied by rate-related symptoms, especially in patients with underlying heart disease. Shortened diastolic filling time can result in reduced forward stroke volume and may lead to heart failure. Tachycardia also increases
Various arrhythmias, such as sinus tachycardia Sinus tachycardia: a violation of the heart It can be detected in various ways. One of the most common methods of diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias is electrocardiography (ECG). This method is used for
ECG, practice reading and et interpreting Learn Practice Find a tracing Training agenda News You are here Home » ECG » sinus tachycardia Find a tracing Library / Pathology Tags sinus tachycardia Syncope due to complete atrioventricular block
Sinus tachycardia~t wave abnormality, consider inferior ischemia~abnormal ecg~when compared with ECG of 10-aug-20 more Sinus tachycardia~t wave abnormality, consider inferior ischemia~abnormal ecg~when compared with ECG of 10-aug-2013 11:38
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT, PSVT) is one type of heart rhythm disorder in which the heart beats faster than normal. Symptoms may include dizziness, shortness of breath, anxiety, and palpitations. Treatment may include vagal maneuvers, medications, and
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) An umbrella term that covers arrhythmias that begin in the SA node, atrial tissue, or the AV junction; may be used when you run into a very fast rhythm you can’t identify or you are unable to identify P-waves.
Tachycardia, generally defined as a heart rate ≥100 bpm, can be a normal physiological response to a systemic process or a manifestation of underlying pathology. The normal heart rate varies with age. The normal sinus rate in infants is 110 to 150 bpm, which
Sinus tachycardia: Fast heartbeat (tachycardia) that occurs because of overly rapid firing by the sinoatrial node. Sinus tachycardia is usually a rapid contraction of a normal heart in response to a condition, drug, or disease, such as pain, fever, excessive thyroid hormone, exertion, excitement, low blood oxygen level (), or stimulant drugs, such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines.
Recording a 12-Lead ECG 12-Lead Chest leads Ladder diagram Lewis lead Limb leads Mirrored 12-Lead (dextrocardia) Paediatric Posterior leads Rhythm Strip Right leads Serial 12-lead
24/7/2015 · Doctors give trusted, helpful answers on causes, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, and more: Dr. Weisberger on atrial tachycardia vs sinus tachycardia ecg: Supra ventricular tachycardia: from upper chambers of the heart, is due to irritability (increased automaticity
Sinus tachycardia: a condition in which the heart rate is faster than normal for the child’s age because the sinus node is sending out electrical impulses at a rate faster than usual. Most commonly, sinus tachycardia occurs as a normal response of the heart to
Sinus dysrhythmias result from problems with impulse discharge or conduction from the sinus node. The SA node remains the primary pacemaker for the heart but either discharges impulses too fast, too slow, irregularly, or blocks the impulses. Note: sinus
At the 2015 Munich Octoberfest, we enrolled 3028 voluntary participants who received a smartphone-based ECG and breath alcohol concentration (BAC) measurements. ECGs were analysed for cardiac arrhythmias (sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, premature
Sinus Tachycardia Ecg Medical School Heart Rate Nursing Med School Nurses asif rajesh saved to medical scool People also love these ideas g changes in different disease ***** ** ** ** ***** courtesy-ecg in medical pr. P Wave Ecg asif rajesh medical scool
Sinoatrial nodal reentry tachycardia is an uncommon form of sinus tachycardia. The clinical presentation is similar to that of other regular narrow-complex tachycardias. The condition is not as benign as previously thought and is associated with organic heart
The only tachycardia that can be (reasonably) reliably diagnosed from the patient’s history is sinus tachycardia. A patient may notice the irregularity of atrial fibrillation, but it is easy to confuse this with multiple extrasystoles. The heart rate may give a clue to the
Sinus tachycardia is probably one of the most common reasons I was called to see a patient as a resident, but I did not have a systematic way to figuring out what could be causing it. As a critical care fellow, I was taught a simple and easy approach to sinus
· PDF 檔案
Sinus Tachycardia Causes: Exercise Hypovolemia Medications Fever Hypoxia Substances Anxiety, Fear Acute MI Fight or Flight Congestive Heart Failure
I just recently made an ECG to be able to participate in a study and I am curious what “sinus rhythm otherwise normal ECG” means. Is my sinus rhythm out of order? A doctor will be checking my ECG and decide if I am suitable for the study, but it will take a
IST, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, is an inappropriately rapid heart rate. Learn more about the causes and potential treatments. Many cardiologists tend not to subscribe to the “generalized autonomic dysfunction” theory of IST, and therefore have not tried
Using the ACLS Tachycardia Algorithm for Managing Stable Tachycardia The key to managing a patient with any tachycardia is to assess if pulses are present, decide if the patient is stable or unstable, and then treat the patient based on the patient’s condition
Email this Article
· PDF 檔案
Six Second ECG Quiz 2A Version 2.1 4 Question 7 This ECG rhythm is called: a) Junctional tachycardia b) Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) c) Sinus tachycardia d) Atrial fibrillation with fast ventricular response Question 8 This ECG rhythm is called: a) Sinus
Differentiation of the two is not possible on the surface ECG and they are simply called paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) because of their paroxysmal (sudden) onset. Since PSVT impulses depolarize the ventricles by passing down the His bundle and bundle branches, the accompanying QRS complexes are of normal width and have the same morphology as that of sinus beats.
The definition of sinus tachycardia is a regular heart rhythm where there is a P wave before every QRS complex where beats per minute are greater than 100. This elevated heart rate is due to increased conduction via the SA node from sympathetic stimulation.
sinus tachycardia: [ tak″e-kahr´de-ah ] abnormally rapid heart rate, usually taken to be over 100 beats per minute. adj., adj tachycar´diac. A, Sinus tachycardia; B, Ventricular tachycardia. From Chernecky, 2001. antidromic circus movement tachycardia a supraventricular tachycardia supported by a reentry circuit that uses the atrioventricular
Cardiology Teaching Package A Beginners Guide to Normal Heart Function, Sinus Rhythm & Common Cardiac Arrhythmias Sinus Bradycardia The job of the heart is to pump blood around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to organs, muscles and tissues, and
Sinus Tachycardia Syndromes If someone has a sinus tachycardia this means that their pulse rate is over 100 beats per minute (and the heartbeat comes from the normal place in the heart). This is normal in healthy people if, for example they are exercising
Sinus [sinusal] tachycardia NOS Type 1 Excludes neonatal tachycardia paroxysmal tachycardia ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code I47 Paroxysmal tachycardia tachycardia complicating:; abortion or ectopic or molar pregnancy (O00-O07, O08.8); obstetric surgery []
Sinus tachycardia defining criteria and ecg functions fee >one hundred beats/min rhythm sinus pr ≤0.20 sec. Supraventricular tachycardia (svt, psvt signs,. In supraventricular tachycardia, the heart price is speeded up via an ordinary electric impulse beginning
Tachycardia is a heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute. When the heart beats too quickly, there is a shortened relaxation phase. Regular Narrow Complex Tachycardia (Probable SVT) Attempt vagal maneuvers. Obtain 12-lead ECG; consider expert
The image below demonstrates a tachycardia with a 1:1 atrial-to-ventricular ratio. It is not immediately clear whether the atria are driving the ventricles (sinus tachycardia) or the
8/4/2020 · Figure 3. Intracardiac ECG recordings during inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Shown are surface leads II, aVF and V1, and intracardiac recordings from the electrophysiologic
Sinus node dysfunction 3. Bundle branch block 4. Cardiac pacing Rhythm disorders 1. Extrasystoles 2. AF, flutter, atrial tachycardia 3. Answers make reference to the theoretical teaching “ECG / EGM Tracing Library”. QUIZ T-waves QUIZ PR-interval QUIZ
Apart from sinus tachycardia, ECG abnormalities are not common. The `classical’ S1Q3T3 syndrome occurs in under 10%. Other features may be those of right atrial enlargement, RV hypertrophy or ischaemia, RBBB and atrial tachyarrhythmias. Digoxin effect
An electrocardiogram (ECG) can be used to measure the electrical activity of your heart and diagnose sinus tachycardia or any underlying issues. In most cases, sinus tachycardia does not require specific treatment, but there are times when an underlying
Arrhythmias may also be caused by some substances or drugs, including: Alcohol, caffeine, or stimulant drugs Heart or blood pressure medicines Cigarette smoking (nicotine) Drugs that mimic the activity of your nervous system Medicines used for depression or
– often confused with Sinus Tachycardia – Atrial tachycardia is diagnosed when there is a series of three or more consecutive superventricular ectopic beats. – P waves are abnormal because of ectopic focus and are usually hidden in the preceding T waves.
My ekg show vent rate 102 bpm pr interval 144 ms qrs duration 86 ms qt/qtc interval 336/410ms p/qrs/Taxes 50/8//20deg sinus tachycardia interpretation made witout knowing patient gendet/age Sir I went to take my ECG with anxiety my It showed SINUS TACHYCARDIA 116HR, LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT and 122 Clockwise rotation.
In patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia the increased heart rate is generally a more permanent problem. Most patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia are young females. The good news is that the prognosis is typically benign with few long-term
2/6/2016 · Interpretation: This is a challenging case. The easiest way to approach the interpretation of more difficult arrhythmias such as this one, is to begin with that part of the tracing that is easiest to interpret. Beats #1-thru-5 are regular at a rate of just over 100 beats/minute (the R-R interval is just under 3 large boxes in duration).
Focal Tachycardias The tachycardia originates from a single point (or points) in the atrium or AV node. Also knows as ‘enhanced automaticity’ – the sinus node is meant to be the most autonomic part of the heart and as such takes charge. If another part of
The original ECG is not flutter, but in fact sinus tachycardia at a rate of 130 bpm. The computer on the ECG machine has read it as atrial fibrillation, but is incorrect. The ECG today is also sinus tachycardia. Following some investigations this patient is sent
My aims is to get better ECG Education for everyone, this is not a dying art, I believe that ECG training is just not given the priority it deserves when it comes to training paramedics, EMT, doctors, nurses and technicians etc.
|
Synonyms of hearth
1. fireplace, hearth, open fireplace, recess, niche
usage: an open recess in a wall at the base of a chimney where a fire can be built; "the fireplace was so large you could walk inside it"; "he laid a fire in the hearth and lit it"; "the hearth was black with the charcoal of many fires"
2. hearth, fireside, dwelling, home, domicile, abode, habitation, dwelling house
3. hearth, fireside, area, country
usage: an area near a fireplace (usually paved and extending out into a room); "they sat on the hearth and warmed themselves before the fire"
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
All rights reserved.
Definition and meaning of hearth (Dictionary)
|
Your in-store marketing
Since we’re on a mission to make the lives of trade marketers around the world better, we’ve created an extensive encyclopedia of in-store marketing tools, techniques and tactics to help you navigate easier through the deep waters of your profession. Click on each letter to discover definitions, examples and insights brought to you by Tokinomo.
A planogram is a schematic drawing or plan that shows how merchandise is displayed in the store. The main point of creating a planogram is to place the products in the best way possible to increase sales.
POP stands for point of purchase. A point of purchase, or POP short, is a location, a store where customers can see and purchase products. POP displays are advertising materials used to promote products. Displays are separate from the shelves where products are displayed.
A pop-up store is a temporary establishment opened to sell products or services for a period of time. Unlike regular stores, a pop-up store is usually opened by brands that don’t have a physical location. However, big retailers like Target also open pop-up stores with different themes to create an amazing experience for shoppers.
A POS displays is a promotional display that is placed near the checkout area to encourage impulse purchases and engage customers. POS stands for point of sale and that is why, unlike POP displays that can be placed all over the store, POS displays are right at the checkout.
POSM stands for point-of-sale materials. These are materials and fixtures that help retailers and brands promote products and engage with customers. The best thing about POSM is that they come in all shapes and sizes to satisfy the needs of each brand. Depending on the type of product you are promoting, you can select from a range of materials.
Price cuts mean lowering a product’s price to offer a discount to customers. They are used to increase sales and attract more shoppers. While most price cuts are received greatly by customers, there are cases in which price cuts can actually affect your brand’s image.
Product assortment also referred to as merchandise mix is the variety of products sold in a store.
Promotions include all of the activities done to promote a product, service, or brand to customers. Promotions include informing customers and attracting them to the store or to the business. The ultimate goal of promotions is to increase sales and brand loyalty.
Psychological pricing is a business practice in which retailers set prices lower than a whole number. For example, instead of pricing something at $5, you set the price at $4.99. People will acknowledge that the price is 4, not 5 dollars.
|
September 1, 2021
Use a vegetable comb to trim vegetables, like broccoli, spinach or cauliflower, and get the perfect edge for every salad.
But it’s not just the edges you need to worry about.
The brush can be tricky to use and is also not suited for long-term use.
But for the purposes of cutting vegetables and slicing, it’s worth taking a look at the benefits and pitfalls of using a vegetable cutter.
To start, you should understand what a vegetable blade is and how they work.
If you’re going to use your vegetable brush for cutting vegetables, you want to be sure you understand exactly what the tool does.
The basic idea is that the vegetable brush cuts your vegetable at different angles, from a horizontal position, to a vertical position, and to the sides, as well as down to a diagonal angle.
If you don’t know exactly what these different angles are, you might need to go back and learn more about the different types of vegetable blade that you’re using.
The blade is held by a small handle, and can also be attached to a cutting board with a sharp knife or a vegetable peeler.
There are different types for different vegetables, but you’ll need to know the difference between each.
The vegetable brush will also cut the vegetable into smaller pieces, called “mince” or “vegetables.”
These smaller pieces can then be sliced, sliced again, and more.
When you’re ready to cut the vegetables, the vegetable cutter cuts the pieces in different ways.
The vegetable brush uses a long, curved blade, whereas the blade in the blade cutter will have a shorter, flat blade.
The flat blade cuts through the vegetable with a “flat” edge.
If the flat blade is too far back, you may need to sharpen it before you can slice the vegetables.
The cutter can also cut through your vegetables more efficiently than the vegetable comb, which can be a pain to sharpe, because it requires the blade to be “stretched” over the vegetable, rather than “straight.”
This can be especially annoying when you’re chopping vegetables, because you want the blades to cut through the vegetables as quickly as possible.
For more information about using a blade cutter, you can visit the Vegetable Brush website.
The second type of vegetable brush is a long-handled vegetable blade.
These blades can cut through vegetables, as shown above, but also have a “cross section” of the vegetable in it, which means the blades can be bent and twisted in the same way you would with a blade.
You may need more time to sharp them before you’re satisfied with the result.
The third type of brush is the sharp-edged vegetable blade, shown below.
These tend to be a bit longer, and they are used for slicing and slicing up to five times a day.
These are the type that are usually used to cut vegetables, and are designed for cutting a vegetable, or a slice of a vegetable.
For some vegetables, it may be a good idea to buy a different vegetable brush or blade, as you may not be able to use the blade you buy on the regular.
And if you’re not sure what kind of blade you have, it might be worth contacting the manufacturer to find out what it is, or calling the product information hotline at 1-866-823-3380 for more information.
You’ll need an HTML5 capable browser to see this content.
Play NowFor more tips and tricks for using your vegetable cutter, check out these tips for beginners and advanced vegetable chefs.
|
Tuesday, 14 September 2021
Shooting a Reffye Mitrailleuse (Reproduction)
The mitrailleuse was one of the early types of mechanical machine gun, along with the Gatling, Gardner, Nordenfelt, and others. "Mitrailleuse" was originally a general name for a volley gun - one with many barrels in a cluster, which are fired sequentially (it now means heavy machine gun). The two most common types were the Montigny (a Belgian design fired by a lever) and the Reffye (a French design fired by crank).
The Reffye was a top-secret weapon used by the French in the Franco-Prussian War, which was expected to be a huge game-changer. However, there was little experience worldwide in how best to use a weapon like this, and the French commanders chose to use them like artillery, firing at long range where they were inaccurate and underpowered. In this role, they were utterly outclassed by the Prussian Krupp artillery, leading to a general European disdain for the effectiveness of machine guns that would last until the First World War. This Reffye is a reproduction, here shown firing blanks. The footage comes to us courtesy of Julien Lucot, a writer for the French arms magazine Cibles. Thanks, Julien!
1. Not very impressive and if firing at long range it's not surprising they proved ineffective...
...but great fun and great re-enactment.
2. What an amazing bit of footage and such a fine replica. I guess/hope that the dog knew that they were blanks!
Regards, James
|
The Nagas
Hill Peoples of Northeast India
Project Introduction The Naga Database
manuscript notes taken by Ursula Graham Bower
caption: Jadonang's temple
medium: notes
person: Jadonang
date: 2.3.1931
person: Graham Bower/ Ursula
date: 1939-1946
refnum: Betts papers, folder 3
person: Centre for South Asian Studies, Cambridge
text: Extract from letter, P.A. to D.C., Naga Hills, 2/3/1931
text: ...Jadonang had two temples on high platforms, which I have pulled down. One, an old one, near his house, contained side benched, like canon's stalls in a cathedral, four chairs, each containing a dirty white felt hat, where the elders sat, and a pulpit, whence he used to preach. There was also a perambulator for his son and a tin bath ("not much used").
text: The other temple was more elaborate. The centre room had the same side benched, and, in the middle, a sacrificial block, covered with blood. Behind that was a shrine, with an ornamental stair leading up to it. Behind a door was a red curtain, and in the shrine were two clay figures of nagas, painted white, with black hair, eyes, mouth, etc., fully dressed in miniature Kabui cloths: also a clay mithun: five black stones (lucky): Rs. 1/9/6 in small change. Another stair led to a platform above the shrine, on which was a chair with its back to the body of the church. Just above the chair, coiled along the ridge of the roof, was a large python. No one seemed to like the job, so I shot the python myself. We took out the gods, photographed them and destroyed them, and I have made the village demolish the two temples today. I have got the clothes, the lucky stones, and have made a plan of both buildings and a sketch of the steps leading to the shrine. There is said to be another temple at Nungkao and one at Binnakandi. I could not take away the gods, as they were very heavy an rather brittle...
|
Spread the love
The boiler might be a primary region of international utility in power plants. ”
The boiler system functions with the heat distribution system, heat-emitting system & management systems. A boiler is the most operational component of thermal power plants. In Germany, providers and manufacturers refer to Dampfkessel Hersteller . A boiler could be a closed, heated pressure vessel or a pressure pipe system that’s accustomed generate vapour at the pressure on top of gas pressure (p> one.013 bar absolute) or quandary at temperatures on top of a hundred ° C for heating and operational functions. For further details Dampfkessel Hersteller.
Dampfkessel Hersteller
If the boiler is employed to get steam, it’s referred to as a steam generator. counting on the utilization of steam, saturated steam, or superheated steam is generated in a very boiler. A boiler or steam generator is employed where a supply of steam is needed. the shape and size depend on the application: mobile steam engines like steam locomotives, transportable engines associated with powered road vehicles usually use a smaller boiler that forms an integral part of the vehicle; stationary steam engines, industrial installations, and power stations can sometimes have a bigger separate steam-generating facility connected to the point-of-use by piping. A notable exception is that the powered fireless locomotive, wherever separately-generated steam is transferred to a receiver (tank) on the locomotive.
Steam generator
Type of steam generator unit employed in coal-fired power plants
The steam generator or boiler is associated with an integral part of an external-combustion engine once thought-about as a chief mover. but it must be treated individually, on some extent a spread of generator sorts is combined with a spread of engine units. A boiler incorporates a furnace or chamber to burn the fuel and generate heat.
Boiler sorts
Fire-tube boiler
Haycock and wagon prime boilers
For the primary Newcomen engine of 1712, the boiler was very little over giant brewer’s kettle put into a lower place the facility cylinder. as a result of the engine’s power was derived from the vacuum made by condensation of the steam, the necessity was for big volumes of steam at terribly air mass hardly over one psi (6.9 kPa) the total boiler was set into masonry that preserved some heat.
Cylindrical fire-tube boiler
Flued boiler
An early soul of the cylindrical kind was British engineer John Blakey, UN agency projected his style in 1774.[1][2] Another early soul was the Yankee engineer, King Oliver Evans, UN agency justly recognized that the cylindrical kind was the simplest from the purpose of reading of mechanical resistance and towards the tip of the eighteenth century began to include it into his comes.[citation needed] in all probability galvanized by the writings on Leupold’s “high-pressure” engine theme that appeared in comprehensive works from 1725, Evans favoured “strong steam” i.e. non compressing engines within which the steam pressure alone drove the piston and was then exhausted to atmosphere. The advantage of sturdy steam as he saw it was that additional work might be done by smaller volumes of steam; this enabled all the parts to be reduced in size and engines might be tailored to move and tiny installations. to the current finish, he developed a protracted cylindrical atomic number 26 horizontal boiler that was incorporated one hearth tube, at one finish of that was placed the hearth grate. The gas flow was then reversed into a passage or flue to a lower place the boiler barrel, then divided to come back through aspect flues to affix once more at the chimney (Columbian engine boiler). Evans incorporated his cylindrical boiler into many engines, each stationary and mobile. thanks to house and weight issues the latter were one-pass exhausting directly from the hearth tube to the chimney. Another soul of “strong steam” at that point was the Englishman, technologist. His boilers worked at 40–50 psi (276–345 kPa) and were initially of subfigure then cylindrical kind.
Multi-tube boilers
A significant success came in France in 1828 once brandy Seguin devised a two-pass boiler that the second pass was shaped by a bundle of multiple tubes. the same style with natural induction used for marine functions was the favoured Scotch marine boiler.
|
≡ Menu
Plant Profile: Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
Native to central Asia, this deciduous small tree is a member of the rose family, Rosaceae, that also includes cherry, almond, and lady’s mantle. The trees grow 26-39′ tall and have a dense, spreading canopy of ovate leaves 2-3.5″ long, with toothed margins and 2 small glands at the base of the blade. In early spring before the leaves appear, white to pinkish flowers appear singly or in pairs. They have 5 petals and give way to fruits called drupes that are fleshy, yellow to orange tinted with red, each with a single seed enclosed in a hard ridged stony shell. Fruit production is very difficult because flower buds are very sensitive to early frost but the tree is well worth growing for its ornamental value. Evidence suggests that the apricot was domesticated in China by 1000 BC and was introduced into Greece by Alexander the Great. It is proabably the “apple” of the Bible. The genus name, Prunus, comes from the Greek word προύνη, and is the Latin word referring to plum, also a member of this genus. The specific epithet, armenaica, refers to Armenia, one of the geographic origins of the plant.
Type: Deciduous small tree
Outstanding Feature: Fruits, flowers
Form: Umbrella
Growth Rate: Moderate to rapid
Bloom: White to pink 5 petaled flowers singly or in pairs before the leaves appear in early spring
Size: 26-39′ H
Light: Full sun
Soil: Average, moderately moist, well-drained
Hardiness: Zones 5-8 (but may not produce fruit reliably because of damage to flower buds by early frost)
Care: PApply nitrogen in spring; prune annually and open the center; when fruiting thin to 3-4 fruits/cluster
Pests and Diseases: Apricots are susceptible damage by many insects, and fungal and bacterial diseases,
Propagation: Cuttings, budding, grafting
Outstanding Selections: Many varieties avaialble including dwarfs and relatively hardy ones.
|
Published On: Mon, Jan 23rd, 2017
Different Kinds of Water and Its Importance
Do you know the differences in water? First you have storm water. This comes from melting snows and from rain storms. When this stormwater comes into contact with materials like solvents, heavy metals, gas, and oils, it can become greatly contaminated. This can lead to the contamination of both ground and surface water.
Ground water is the water that lies under the surface of the land. This is the water that is a critical natural resource and gets used for quite a few things, including our drinking water. Half of the drinking water in the U.S. gets its start as groundwater. This can be as surface water in the form of springs or through other conveyances.
Then you have waste water. This comes in two forms. One is sanitary waste water. This is the water that comes from drinking fountains, showers, and bathrooms. Then there is industrial waste water. This comes from sources where it can come into contact with dismantled equipment or parts, water that is used on the floors in dismantling areas, water that comes from equipment wash down or stem cleaning, discharges from aqueous type cleaning, etc. In other words, waste water is simply any type of water aside from storm water that is in contact with vehicle recycling applications.
Can Waste Water be Cleaned?
MBBR systems that are commonly used to treat waste water. They provide a sort of pretreatment to the organics in systems that deal with waste water. These MBBR systems can actually be integrated with municipal and industrial treatment systems for denitrification, nitrifications, and BOD removal. They consist of something called biofilm carriers that will provide a surface area for the bacteria’s acclimation process that is protected. They are made from a polyethylene that has a high density and they have a life that is effective for 15 years. These organisms get sloughed off and then discharged with the water that has been treated and because of this, the MBBR systems are ideal for pretreating water streams that are organic bearing.
Water for Energy
Even some of our energy plants use water to generate the energy that we use in our homes. Does this contaminate the local water supplies? It isn’t supped to. Just this past October though, that was brought into question in Wayne County, North Carolina when a dam at the Duke Energy H. F. Lee plant broke and caused one of the cooling ponds there to mix in with the floodwater. The dam and originally been damaged by Hurricane Matthew and it burst just shortly after Duke Energy had a statement released saying that it was safe. Now, Greenpeace has called for the governor of North Carolina and Duke Energy to ensure that the public is safe and to take responsibility.
The Importance of Water
You probably already know why water is so important. Yes, it might be one of the most abundant substances on the planet, but it is also used by every living organism on the planet. Without it there would be no life at all. We use water for more than just to live though. We use it to cook, to clean ourselves and everything else, for recreation, and also to keep our plants and pets alive. We seriously couldn’t go a day without it. This is why it is so imperative that we make sure that we always have clean water. Disease causing chemicals and germs can get into our supplies of water. If this happens, the water will be contaminated or polluted and if people come into contact with it or drink it, they can get really sick. Just look at what happened in Flint, MI.
Recently, there was a scare in Corpus Christi, Texas that lasted for more than 4 days. On Dec 13, authorities issued a warning to the 320,000 residents in the city to not use or drink tap water due to an accident at a local asphalt terminal. However, the green light was given on the morning of the 5th day by officials with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, many businesses had already filed suit against Ergon and Valero – the companies responsible – due to them having to be closed during the crisis. This is just one example of how quickly things can go downhill when there is a water contamination scare.
Author: Jimmy Simond
On the DISPATCH: Headlines Local Opinion
Subscribe to Weekly Newsletter
* indicates required
About the Author
Sign up for our Weekly Newsletter
At the Movies
Pin It
|
CNN: 5 alternative energy sources to speed our transition away from fossil fuels
By Rachel Ramirez
As climate change fuels more extreme weather events, and environmental disasters like last weekend’s oil spill threaten wildlife and human health, more people are banking on clean, carbon-free energy to speed the world’s transition away from fossil fuels and usher in a net-zero future.
Ending the planet’s reliance on fossil fuels is critical to curbing the climate crisis, but Vijay Modi, a professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia University, said there are still hurdles to overcome before we can fully transition to renewables: energy storage, public acceptance of transmission lines and adoption of electric vehicles and alternative home heating.
“Once the population begins to understand that it is possible to (live) without fossil fuels, it will be easier because then they will demand the local constituencies or local bodies to push for cleaner sources,” Modi told CNN. “I personally think that with the low cost of solar and wind, ample land area in the US and some appropriate government policies, this transition can come fast.”
CNN spoke with energy transition experts about the most reliable energy sources — and their challenges — to replace coal, oil and gas and halt the climate crisis.
Humans have used solar energy since around the 7th century BC, when they used sunlight and glass to ignite fires. But the modern solar cell wasn’t invented until the mid-1900s. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy systems do not emit greenhouse gas or air pollution, which makes solar power one of the best potential solutions to the climate crisis.
Modi said the US could see solar dominate the electricity grid as early as 10 years from now.
In September, a report by the US Department of Energy outlined a path that would exponentially increase the use of solar energy in the country, with the sun powering nearly half of the US electricity. To achieve 40% solar electricity by 2035, the DOE says the US would need to install 30 gigawatts of new solar capacity every year for the next four years — enough to power around 3 million homes, depending on their location — and double that number again each year until 2030.
According to K. Max Zhang, an engineer and faculty director at Cornell University’s Atkinson Center for Sustainability, the US has more than enough land to support the deployment of solar, which would also create jobs.
“If you have enough land for a solar farm, you’re going to need to build solar panels,” Zhang told CNN of the economic benefits. “And in order to build them, they need to be manufactured, and in order to have those structures mounted, you’re going to need labor to install them.”
Similar to solar energy, wind energy could also ramp up in the next 10 years, said Modi. According to the US Energy Information Administration, wind electricity generation in the US has grown significantly in the last three decades, from about 6 billion kilowatt-hours per year in 2000 to roughly 338 billion in 2020.
Wind energy is generated with turbines. Wind propels the blades of the turbines, which are linked to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator, which produces electricity.
Much like solar, Modi and Zhang said the US has enough land to build wind farms. And there’s a vast area with high wind-power potential offshore.
“If you look all the way from Maine, to New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, we have a really amazing offshore wind resource, which is a very high-quality resource in this part of the country,” Modi said.
“The good news about the United States is we are blessed with two things,” he added. “We are blessed with land, and we are blessed with good wind and solar.”
Read more.
|
skip to Main Content
Please enter your email:
1. Adverbs often indicate a weak ______.
2. Adjectives sometimes indicate an imprecise ______.
3. It’s okay to write as though inanimate objects have a mind of their own.
4. Anything that gets in the way of clarity hinders the reader’s imagining of story events.
5. The goal of every story is to create ______.
6. Only use adjectives that are . . .
7. Dull, redundant adjectives indicate that . . .
8. A symbol of ______ reminds the reader of the ______.
Back To Top
|
Canada Is Making Cosmetic Testing on Animals Illegal (Finally!)
activists around the world rejoiced at the passage of Canada’s bill S-214, The
Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Act. At long last, many animals can live their lives
freely as nature intended, not cooped up in a laboratory cage for the sole
purpose of informing customers that spraying hair mousse directly into the eyes
may cause irritation.
Other nations have banned the sale of cosmetic products that have undergone animal testing, but Canada’s bill ranks among the first to ban the actual practice of testing in itself. Activists hope other nations will follow suit. After all, the very thing that led researchers to implement animal testing — the similarity they share with humans in respect to the nervous system — demonstrates that animals are sentient beings capable of feeling pain and are undeserving of torture.
A Brief
History of Testing Cosmetics on Animals
In the U.S., animal testing began with an FDA mandate that certain substances undergo it prior to their release to the public. Way back in 1938, the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act compelled manufacturers to utilize animals for safety evaluations. [1]
In 1980, animal-rights advocate Henry Spira launched a successful campaign to ban the Draize test. This unimaginably cruel procedure involved strapping rabbits down helplessly and pinning their eyelids open for cosmetic testing. The blinded bunnies could never return to normal lives, and the hapless animals faced euthanasia when no longer useful for experimentation. [2]
the new millennium, several nations have approved alternate testing methods
that required no animal lives to be lost. Additionally, the European Union
opted to ban the sale of cosmetic products that had undergone animal testing.
The Leaping Bunny logo originated as the only international symbol to guarantee
the products bearing the mark had employed cruelty-free techniques in
What the
Cruelty-Free Cosmetic Act Prohibits
S-214 goes beyond banning the sale of cosmetics tested on animals. The bill also prohibits any new testing from taking place for cosmetic products and also bans any evidence gained from animal testing to be used as proof of product safety. [3]
bill does allow for exceptions to the no-animal testing rule if the prime
minister determines that no other alternative will adequately evaluate safety.
However, the minister does need to allow adequate time for public commentary
prior to issuing such an exception.
Over 800,000 individuals petitioned the Canadian government to pass the act. In an impressive display of solidarity, the bill passed with a unanimous Senate vote. The #BeCrueltyFree campaign in Canada launched by the Humane Society also has chapters for petitioning the governments of other nations to prohibit cosmetic animal testing. [4]
When Will
Other Nations Follow Suit?
To date, nearly 40 nations have banned cosmetics testing on animals. The countries in the European Union (EU) have passed bans on cruelty in the cosmetic industry, as have New Zealand, India, Israel and Taiwan. [5]
Other countries, such as the U.S. and Argentina, have proposed legislation to ban animal testing for cosmetic purposes, though neither country has yet to pass such laws at the federal level. However, the city of Sâo Paulo has banned the practice, as has California. New Jersey, New York and Virginia have likewise recently banned cosmetic testing on animals. [6]
lovers can only hope that other nations soon follow suit. Currently, the only
New World countries banning cosmetic testing on animals are Equador and Canada.
What People
Can Do to Stop Further Cruelty
The old maxim that money talks applies to efforts to ban animal cruelty everywhere. Consumers of popular cosmetics brands can check whether their go-to products carry the Leaping Bunny logo certifying they are cruelty-free. The more people who choose to buy only cosmetics never tested on animals, the more companies will change their practices to follow suit if they wish to remain profitable. [7]
Dedicated animal activists can sign up for the #BeCrueltyFree campaign and share links and information on social media. They can also follow animal rights organizations such as the Humane Society and the ASPCA and share news stories about advances made in stopping animal cruelty around the world. [8]
Animal rights activists in the U.S. can contact their elected representatives and ask them to support the Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act. The bill, cosponsored by Florida Republican Vern Buchanan and Democrat Ted Deutch, would create a federal ban on animal cruelty. [9]
measure, an addendum to the 2010 Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture act
(PACT), would go well beyond the original intent of prohibiting the creation or
distribution of films displaying acts of animal torture. If passed, this
measure would make any act of animal torture punishable under federal law with
up to seven years in prison. Those perpetrating cruelty against animals would
also have a permanent felony conviction on their records should the measure
Social media users can immediately report any images or videos depicting animal cruelty to the administrators. While laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, many locations have anti-cruelty laws on the books that would allow for prosecution of those sharing heinous displays. Additionally, Facebook users can report any posts advertising the sale of animals, which violates their terms of service. [10]
Finally, individual animal lovers can donate time or money to credible animal-rights organizations. Court costs add up quickly, and these charities need all the support they can get. Local animal shelters always need volunteers to work with their wards, so those lacking financial resources to make monetary donations can help animals with a gift of their time.
Toward a
Cruelty-Free World
are sentient beings with a wide range of feelings, expressions and personality
quirks. While our four-legged friends may not express themselves the way human
beings do, a difference in vocal cords or the presence of fur is no reason to
subject any animal to cruel and unnecessary cosmetic testing.
day, those of us who adore animals will ideally be able to pick up whatever
toiletry items we need at any store without worrying how many innocent
creatures perished during production. Until that day comes, we can all
celebrate another nation joining the ranks of the cruelty-free while advocating
for similar measures around the globe.
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.
Back to top button
|
BECE 2018 RME Past Question Paper One
The power of God is seen in His
• A: omniscience
• B: omnipotence
• C: omnipresence
• D: omnivorous
According to the Bible, God commanded the earth to produce plants on the
• A: first day
• B: third day
• C: fifth day
• D: sixth day
Which of the following options is not a reason for which we must care for God’s creation?
• A: It makes us righteous people
• B: To show respect for God’s gift of nature
• C: To preserve it for future generation
• D: We are stewards of God’s creation
Sadique in Islam means
• A: courageous
• B: patience
• C: righteous
• D: truthful
The holy pilgrimage to Makkah by Muslims is known as
• A: Hajj
• B: Ijma
• C: Ru’ya
• D: Salat
The first Muezzin was
• A: Ali
• B: Bilal
• C: Ibrahim
• D: Musah
Moses led the Israelites through the wilderness for
• A: forty months
• B: forty years
• C: fifty months
• D: fifty years
Egya Ahor is fondly remembered by the Fante for
• A: commanding the Golden Stool
• B: his miraculous powers
• C: his resurrection from death
• D: saving his people
The parable of Jesus that teaches forgiveness is the
• A: unjust steward
• B: rich fool
• C: Good Samaritan
• D: Prodigal Son
Which of the following celebrations signifies the salvation of all Christians?
• A: Christmas
• B: Easter
• C: Palm Sunday
• D: Pentecost
The food offered the ancestors during the Adae festival is meant to
• A: drive witches away from the society
• B: bring development to the state
• C: secure protection for the chief
• D: unite the living with the dead
It is our responsibility to prevent the spread of cholera by
• A: eating a balance diet
• B: keeping our surroundings clean
• C: taking good care of our bodies
• D: immunizing against the six killer diseases
Both Islamic and Traditional religions accept
• A: polyandry
• B: polygamy
• C: the use of incense
• D: the five daily prayers
The growth of hairs in the armpit is a sign of
• A: motherhood
• B: pregnancy
• C: puberty
• D: respect
On what occasion do Muslims perform the Janazah prayer?
• A: After observing fast
• B: Before a Muslim travels
• C: During Friday worship
• D: When a Muslim dies
Which traditional prayer is offered when a vow or a pledge is fulfilled?
• A: Intercessory
• B: Supplication
• C: Thanksgiving
• D: Votive
Which Islamic prayer is observed at sunset?
• A: Isha
• B: Janazeh
• C: Maghrib
• D: Tarawib
The act of going round the Ka’bah seven times during Hajj teaches
• A: bravery
• B: endurance
• C: fairness
• D: tolerance
The Eucharist in Christian worship refers to
• A: prayer of thanksgiving
• B: preaching of sermon
• C: payment of tithe
• D: the Holy Communion
An individual who is respectful and polite is said to be
• A: chaste
• B: courteous
• C: kind
• D: moral
To live a chaste life, one must
• A: attend church regularly
• B: avoid casual sex
• C: be obedient to teachers
• D: work hard to become rich
HIV/AIDS affect the society mostly by the
• A: acquisition of more drugs
• B: reduction in workforce
• C: reduction in death rates
• D: training of more doctors
Putting one’s interest above that of others results in
• A: conflict
• B: patriotism
• C: selflessness
• D: tolerance
The main teaching of the Ten Commandments is
• A: courtesy
• B: kindness
• C: love
• D: patience
• A: ancestral rites
• B: puberty rites
• C: taboos
• D: abominations
Repentance is an act that
• A: delivers us from enemies
• B: drives us away from peers
• C: purifies our character
• D: satisfies God’s demands
When a person repents from bad deeds, he or she always receives
• A: forgiveness
• B: freedom
• C: promotion
• D: punishment
Authority is instituted in society to ensure
• A: freedom of speech
• B: peace and order
• C: respect for adults
• D: the right to vote
The best way to live in peace in a community is to
• A: remain neutral
• B: sit on the fence
• C: offer special gifts to friends in school
• D: understand and co-operate with others
Which of the following activities is not a responsibility of a family head?
• A: Giving loan to people
• B: Settling disputes among people
• C: Ensuring the wellbeing of the people
• D: Taking custody of family property
A child who refuses to play with bad friends is said to be
• A: faithful
• B: obedient
• C: polite
• D: sincere
Tidying the school compound is the child’s
• A: commitment
• B: behaviour
• C: loyalty
• D: role
Refusal to follow medical prescription may lead to
• A: disrespect for authority
• B: failure in life
• C: reduction in wealth
• D: substance abuse
Which of the following factors is a benefit of hard work?
• A: Becoming financially sound
• B: Becoming popular in town
• C: Building the body size
• D: Having time for leisure
A home where members learn their religion through oral sources is known as
• A: Christian
• B: Islamic
• C: Traditional
• D: Jewish
Work done to earn income can be described as
• A: community work
• B: home work
• C: occupational activity
• D: school work
Carrying out assigned duties is necessary because it
• A: attracts hatred from enemies
• B: leads to fulfilment of promises
• C: leads to pacification of the gods
• D: pleases God and human kind
School rules help pupils to
• A: avoid being punished
• B: compete with one another
• C: protect properties all the time
• D: worship God regularly
C.Y.O. as a religious youth group stands for
• A: Catechist Youth Organization
• B: Catholic Youngmen Organization
• C: Christian Youngmen Organization
• D: Catholic Youth Organization
Religious youth associations foster peace among its members by
• A: being law abiding
• B: caring for the sick
• C: causing the arrest of offenders
• D: worshipping and praying
End Of Paper
0 0 vote
Article Rating
Notify of
Inline Feedbacks
View all comments
|
On habitats: Part 2 — Synthetic Plant Fibers
Last week I started the “On habitats” series to take a moment and reflect on where the fiber in our yarn comes from. Part One of this series looked at Natural Plant Fibers, which brings us to part two: Synthetic Plant Fibers. These include tencel, bamboo, corn, soy, rayon, and modal. In the interest of keeping these posts readable, I’m going to focus on tencel, bamboo, and corn this week.
Tencel (Lyocell): Tencel is derived from the cellulose of hardwood trees. The trees are logged and trucked to a mill where they are cut, debarked and fed to a chipper. The hardwood chips are then turned into a pulp through the assistance of chemical digesters, which is then washed (and sometimes bleached). After the pulp is washed, it’s layed out in a large sheet and left to dry. Once dry, the sheets are rolled onto a large spool.
Next, spools are unrolled and broken into one-inch squares so that they can be loaded into a heated pressurized vessel filled with amine oxide. After a short time in this solvent, the cellulose dissolves into a clear solution and is pumped through a filter to ensure that all of the chips have been dissolved. From here, fibers are pumped through a spinneret, which leads to the creation of long strands of fiber. These strands of fiber are then immersed in a diluted solution of amine oxide (this sets the strands) and washed in demineralized water. Fibers are then lubricated (detangled), allowed to dry, run through a crimper and then carded. Once carded, they are ready to be spun.
The amine oxide solvent is non-toxic and is almost completely recycled during manufacturing, so it is not released into the environment. Additionally, the principal ingredient in this yarn is obtained by managed tree farms (no deforestation), the process uses less water and energy when compared to other manmade fibers and tencel (lyocell) is naturally biodegradable.
Bamboo: There are two methods that can be used to get bamboo fiber: mechanical and chemical. The mechanical method involves crushing the plants into a mush and using natural enzymes to break it down before spinning it into yarn. This method is labor-intensive (expensive) and the fiber produced is not very soft.
The chemical method, a “chemical cocktail”, contains primarily sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide — both are known to be bad for human health and are harmful to aquatic life when released into the water supply — which produces a very soft fiber (ie the fiber used to make bamboo underwear). While companies claim this a minute part of the process, a factory producing a lot of bamboo fiber/fabric will expose their workers and the environment.
Although Bamboo itself is a sustainable resource, there is a lack of transparency and true sustainability — the soil association has not certified bamboo at this time. In addition to the process of turning bamboo into a fiber, there are concerns around it becoming a mono-crop grown only in China. This is leading to a decrease in biodiversity and an increase in pests (more pesticide needs to be used).
Corn: Corn is grown worldwide and used for food and fuel, leaving behind the husks as farm waste. These husks contain a fiber called lignocellulose which is soft and strong. Lignocellulose is separated from the husk via a patented biochemical process. This biochemical process contains common non-toxic chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners) and is combined with water in a rotator for about a half-hour. The clumps of coarse fibers are then washed (with water) and dried before another biochemical treatment is applied to reduce the diameter of the fiber strands. Finally, the fibers are bleached, dyed and spun into yarn.
The downside? A lot of corn is genetically modified, which unfortunately means that something in the pollen is interfering with the monarch butterfly’s breeding cycle. Interesting. Essentially, while the corn fiber itself is not terrible for the environment, there are a lot of aspects (mono crop, etc) of the farming process that is.
Main Takeaways: I poked around and there isn’t a lot of corn yarn on the market yet, it looks like this could be a growing trend if the demand for the fiber increases. In terms of tencel; I don’t mind it in blends, but have not worked with a pure tencel fiber before. That being said, it’s nice to know that even though the fiber is manmade from a tree (which is a little mind-blowing) the process is both sustainable and eco-friendly. As for bamboo… I think I’m going to have to pay attention to what happens in the industry and abstain from using bamboo yarns for a little while. While I enjoy the way bamboo takes dye, I find it hard to support an industry that doesn’t have a problem exposing their employees to harsh conditions.
Stay tuned for synthetic plant fibers part two (soy, rayon, modal, and ramie), coming next week!
Leave a Reply
WordPress.com Logo
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
Is would present tense?
Is would present tense?
Would should/could practice?
Should would could are modals, therefore they are followed by the base form of the verb .
• Should conveys an idea of advice, reproach, supposition .
• Would is used to form the conditional, to describe a past habit and in the ‘ future in the past ‘construction.
• Could denotes possibility, past capability.
How do you ask a professor to waive a prerequisite?
Then the head of the department will look at your overall academic background and contact the professor. Then the professor will check if you really have done everything in that prerequisite course. If yes, he will sign the form to waive the prerequisite. If not, he will not do it.
Can you express permission?
Could can be used to express general permission in the past: When I was a child, I could do basically anything that I wanted to do. But when we talk about a particular action which was permitted and performed, we use was/were allowed to : Although I was underage, I was allowed to enter the race.
Can I call you is correct?
Can and could sentences?
‘can’ and ‘could’
• They could come by car. (= Maybe they will come by car.)
• That can’t be true. You cannot be serious.
• It’s ten o’clock.
• It could be very cold there in winter.
• They know the way here.
• She can speak several languages.
• I can see you.
How do I ask for leave permission?
1. Understand your legal rights regarding time off and pay.
2. Make the request in person.
3. Give sufficient advance notice.
5. Keep track of relevant paperwork.
How do I ask for permission for a call?
“May I” is the most correct way to ask for permission in traditional English.
1. Form: “May I” + base form of verb.
2. Examples: Can I have a slice of cake?
3. Examples: Mark: Where are you going?
4. Form:
5. Jane: Can I take your photograph?
6. Jane: May I leave the office early today?
7. Mark: May I smoke in here?
How do you ask for 2 hours permission?
Respected sir, you are requested to grant me the leave of 2 hours from office tomorrow. I hope that you will take my application under your kind consideration and will grant me the leave for 2 hours tomorrow. I shall be very thankful to you for this kind favor. Thanking you in advance.
Would and will use?
How do you ask a professor to override?
How do I request an override?
1. Steps by Step Guide to Requesting an Override.
2. After receiving a Registration Add Error, click on the Request Override link on the Add/Drop page.
3. Select course from the drop down list.
4. Type message to Faculty (optional)
5. Submit Request.
6. Check for Override Decision.
Would sentences examples in English?
Can you bypass a prerequisite?
You may contact the instructor who teaches the course and ask about the option of a prerequisite override. The override of a prerequisite can only be given by the instructor teaching the section of the course you are trying to get into.
Which is correct would be or will be?
How do I ask for permission?
Asking for Permission:
1. Can I go out, please?
2. May I open the window, please?
3. Please, can I have a look at your photo album?
4. Please, may I taste that hot spicy couscous dish?
5. Do you mind if I smoke?
6. Would you mind if I asked you something?
7. Is it okay if I sit here?
8. Would it be all right if I borrowed your mobile Phone?
Will you or would you Which is correct?
What is an override request?
The Registration Override Request (ROR) application is used by students to: request a seat in a course that is open but which is not accessible to the student due to registration errors (e.g., pre-requisite/test score not met, major/minor/thematic restrictions, time-conflicts, etc).
Can permission example?
Can permission sentences?
asking for permission formal/polite? giving permission
Could I use your phone? more formal/polite
May I use your phone? even more formal/polite
Is it possible to take a class without the prerequisite?
You would probably need permission of the instructor. the school will never stop you from learning, assume you are able to survive that course (that’s why they set prereq.) You can take the class as an audit. An audit allows you to sit in class and take notes and it’s up to you if you want to participate in exams.
Why is it important to ask for permission?
Asking permission builds safety by showing respect. People naturally place a high value on their autonomy. When we attempt force them into a conversation, they often resist our attempts even though the content of the conversation we want to have may be in their best interest.
|
How to Get More Girls Involved in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
African Girl , (C) Michelle Maria
African Girl , (C) Michelle Maria
Article by Christina Wallace who is the founding director of BridgeUp: STEM at the American Museum of Natural History and Nathalie Molina Nino, who is the cofounder of Entrepreneurs@Athena at Barnard College and the chief revenue office of PowerToFly.
We need more educational opportunities that start earlier
Three years ago, Jordan Simmons enrolled in an Advanced Placement computer science class in her Houston public high school. She was the only girl and the only African-American student in the class. When Jordan aced her midterm exam, her teacher responded not with praise, but with accusations of cheating. What’s most surprising—and inspiring—about Jordan’s story is that she stuck with studying computer science. Many teenage girls don’t.
Jordan, now 20, is a second-year computer science major at Barnard College. She has found a niche in the school’s Athena Digital Design Agency, a full-service Web design that builds websites and apps. Jordan and the other young women in the program have learned to write code and design websites, all in a supportive environment that encourages the development of these skills.
Women and girls should not have to wait until college to get access to such resources. A study by the American Association of University Women found that among first-year college students, women are much less likely than men to say that they intend to major in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM). By graduation, men outnumber women in nearly every science and engineering field, and in some, such as physics, engineering, and computer science, the difference is dramatic, with women earning only 20% of bachelor’s degrees. Women’s representation in science and engineering declines further at the graduate level and in the transition to the workplace.
More here. via Time.
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
Facts about calcium
We all know that without calcium, our body will simply stop growing. But this is not the only benefits of calcium to our body. In this article, you will learn a lot about this valuable item.
Our body not able to synthesize calcium
The human body (as well as all plants and animals) calcium needs to maintain metabolism. It transmits nerve impulses, regulates blood pressure and the healing process.
This is the main component of teeth and bone. In the bones of the largest number of minerals in the human body. In the case when the diet is depleted in calcium, the body begins to extract it from the bones.
Our body not able to synthesize calcium
Therefore, it is important to get enough of this element from food or early to start taking nutritional supplements.
Calcium contains:
• milk and based on it products, including cottage cheese and cheese;
• in green vegetables, and most of all calcium is found in cabbage and broccoli;
• in seafood and fish.
The metabolism in the body is regulated by calcium
To prevent heart disease and blood vessels it is important to maintain normal blood pressure, and this function is vested in the body, including calcium.
In addition, it reduces the severity of PMS symptoms in women. In Africa it is possible to neutralize the venom of spiders if other treatments are unavailable.
How much calcium do we need
How much calcium do we need?
When the body loses calcium? Daily allowance is set at around 1,000 mg. However, older women (50 years) of this item need 200 mg more. For comparison: a glass of milk (1%) contains about 350 mg of this mineral.
Calcium deficiency makes the bones weak, which leads to osteoporosis
If calcium in the body is so small that he has to remove this element from the bones, the person becomes more prone to fractures.
Particularly prone to osteoporosis in women because their need for calcium is slightly higher than that of men. If the deficit faced child, its growth is slowing, and is often observed curvature of bones.
Calcium Supplement to food can be of two types
What if calcium obtained from food, is not enough? The Supplement can help. Recommended forms are citrate and calcium carbonate. It is a small price and sold in almost every pharmacy.
Calcium deficiency makes the bones weak
However, in order that it is properly utilized by the body, one should consume it only during the meal. Potassium citrate is a more modern option. It can be used regardless of the meal.
In addition, this drug is more suitable for the elderly, who have reduced gastric acid content.
Don’t forget about the side effects of calcium supplements. For example, sometimes people are faced with bloating, constipation. In addition, calcium interferes with the absorption of some medications and nutrients, so your doctor needs to be aware that you started taking the supplements.
Calcium gluconate is best satisfies the body’s need for calcium
This is a common drug that is used in order to maintain optimal mineral composition of the blood. It also affects the levels of potassium, often suffers during the illness.
Calcium, on the one hand, can cause cancer, and on the other contributes to its prevention
A recent experiment showed that elevated levels of calcium in the body can accelerate the development of cancer cells, e.g., prostate cancer. But all the same calcium prevents breast cancer.
Calcium «incapacitated» without vitamin D
A person needs vitamin D to the body could assimilate into it the calcium. Your diet can be extremely rich in these elements, but if it does not receive vitamin D, calcium is just wasted.
Without calcium a person’s life is simply impossible. You need to carefully watch, that the body did not lack in this mineral.
However, it is important not to overdo it because too much calcium is also bad. Remember that the body needs to obtain normal.
Понравилась статья? Поделиться с друзьями:
Добавить комментарий
|
001003: Datum conflict between input and output.
The output data's geographic coordinate system (datum) is different from one of the inputs. The coordinate system of an output is determined by the coordinate system of the first input or by the output coordinate system environment, if set. This warning can occur in the following cases:
• Feature data is being written to feature dataset, which has a different datum from the input.
• The output coordinate system environment is set.
• An overlay operation is used on input feature classes with different datum.
This is a warning; no change is necessary. If the warning is unexpected, check the current setting of the Output Coordinate System environment. The default setting is set to Same as Input.
|
Onion Recall: FDA Announces Voluntary Recall Over Salmonella Concerns
An unspecified number of fresh onions has been voluntarily recalled in the US due to potential salmonella contamination. The onions were distributed by ProSource Produce, which announced the recall through the Food and Drug Administration’s website on Thursday.
The recall impacts whole raw onions distributed to 37 states in the US. These onions include red, white, and yellow varieties. According to the Centers for Disease Control, 652 people have already been infected with salmonella as of the time of this writing.
Recall Information
The recalled onions were shipped from Mexico between late July and early August of 2021. They were distributed to 37 states in the continental US in both mesh sacks and cartons. According to ProSource, the onions were sold under numerous brand names, including Peak Fresh Produce, Sierra Madre, and Big Bull.
For a full list of products affected by this recall, check the FDA’s announcement through this link. Customers who have purchased raw onions recently are urged to check their packaging. “If you can’t tell where the onions are from, don’t buy or eat them,” urges the CDC.
Salmonella Outbreak
Reports of a salmonella outbreak in the US began in mid-September, but the CDC only recently identified the food responsible for the illnesses. Salmonella is a bacterium strain that can cause illness in humans. It typically results in symptoms that affect the gastrointestinal tract. These symptoms can include nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea.
In severe cases, salmonella infections can spread beyond the stomach. Older people, young children, and people who are immunocompromised are at the greatest risk of developing serious complications from salmonella.
ProSource Statement
In an official statement, ProSource Produce explains that none of its products have tested positive for salmonella contamination. The company insists that the “voluntary recall is being conducted out of an abundance of caution, in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), based on reported illnesses which have been associated with the possible consumption of fresh onions that originated in Chihuahua.”
The cases have been concentrated near Texas. One hundred and fifty-eight people in the Lone Star State have become infected with salmonella, while Oklahoma has reported 98 cases. The next-highest number of illnesses, 59, has been recorded in Virginia. Thirty-four other states have also reported scattered infections.
Despite this, the true number of infections could be much higher than reporting suggests. Salmonella illnesses typically don’t require hospitalization, and many otherwise healthy people recover from them without any need for medical attention.
|
Best time to travel to Malta
Maltese Spurge Flowering Season
Maltese Spurge is so colourful at certain times of the year, especially during the period of blooming
Last updated:
reason default image
See all
You can see the growing and the blooming of the Maltese spurge only at the Maltese islands as its name suggests. It grows as a dense shrub usually about half a meter high, although in some places it can grow up to two meters. The dense, bushy shape and small waxy leaves help to reduce water loss so it doesn't need too much.
Due to its short spines, spurges can defend themselves from herbivores such as wild rabbits and domesticated animals like goats and sheep. The plant produces a poisonous white liquid which can be seen when a part of it is damaged which makes them inedible. In March you can notice tiny cup-like bright yellow flowers that are quite beautiful.
Practical info
Ask a question
|
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Mulberry 1.jpg
Scientific classification
The fruit is used in pies, tarts, and wines. The fruit of the black mulberry, native to southwest Asia, and the red mulberry, native to eastern North America, have the strongest flavor. The fruit of the white mulberry, an east Asian species, has a very weak flavor.
Mulberries can be grown from seeds, and this is the best idea as seedling-grown trees are generally healthier. However, they are most often planted from large pieces cut from other mulberry trees, which easily take root.
White mulberry[change | change source]
Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, Morus alba, are important as food of the silkworm, the cocoon of which is used to make silk. Morus alba is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. "This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants".[1]
References[change | change source]
1. Taylor, Philip; et al. (2006-03-01). "High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L". Sexual Plant Reproduction. 19 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s00497-005-0018-9.
|
I am currently creating a cat-like creature that lives in the trees. It is a diurnal ambush predator that's a little over a foot (30 cm) in height and two feet (60 cm) in length (not including tail). The average temperature is in the 90s Fahrenheit / around 35 Celsius.
How big would its horns have to be to help it cool off? And what would be the best shape for them?
• 10
$\begingroup$ Horns aren't ideal for cooling; you want to maximize the ratio of surface area to volume. Ears are a much better options. You might want to look at fennecs and elephants. $\endgroup$
– Matthew
Apr 12 '21 at 13:01
• 2
$\begingroup$ Here's the only scholarly article I could find related to your question. The TLDR is if horns are the only cooling mechanism, they'd have to be pretty big. jstor.org/stable/42901121?seq=1 $\endgroup$ Apr 12 '21 at 13:45
• 5
$\begingroup$ P.s. Horns and tree-dwelling are not good friends. $\endgroup$
– PcMan
Apr 12 '21 at 15:51
• $\begingroup$ Also struggling with the concept of a passive/radiator type cooling system, when ambient air is 35 Celcius. At best that's about 4 degrees below a cat's body temp. $\endgroup$
– PcMan
Apr 12 '21 at 16:40
As the comments pointed out, horns aren't very ideal as a cooling device for a fair few reasons.
Horns are nowhere near as efficient at cooling a creature as opposed to ears for example. As ears have a constant flow of blood, the blood can carry the heat directly to the thin outer edge with the biggest surface area and airflow, where it quickly gets dissipated. Horns don't have a constant blood flow in them, unless you have the velvet-covered horns deer have, which can get caught in branches and tear easily. Besides, bone is thick, so it has less surface area and airflow, so retains more heat naturally. You would need a tree like structured horn, with thick base to carry the heat, into smaller branches with more airflow and surface area. The outcrops would need to be thin, and hence won't be very strong. If you would need them to be strong, you would need a lot of surface area still, making the horns unnecessarily big and unwieldy.
All in all, the horns would be big, velvet covered, and tree-like. A lot of disadvantages for something like a cat-like predator, and don't make sense from an evolutionary standpoint as there are a plethora of better options available.
• $\begingroup$ WRT deer horns, they're only in velvet part of the year, so not useful for cooling at other times. $\endgroup$
– jamesqf
Apr 12 '21 at 16:25
It doesn't make much biological sense to be honest...
The horns on animals are made of the same materials as nails and are practically dead tissue. That's the main reason why animals don't bother much once their horns are broken off or fall off. The only living part of the horn is actually beneath the skin, the one that holds it in place and grows it out as time goes on.
Since you pointed out you're creating cat-like creatures, it would be proper for them to have the same cooling system cats have, which is cooling themselves through their tongue and through their paws (their sweat glands are located on their foot pads).
You must log in to answer this question.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
|
Zhu Xi’s Conversation with His Disciples
Zhu Xi is one of the most prominent philosophers of the Confucianism. His rationalist approach to the Confucianism resulted in thorough classification and synthesis of the main concepts that were mentioned in the works of Confucius, the original ideas about the investigation of gewu, or things. He also researched the notions of qi, which is the material force, the vital energy, and li, which is the principle of the cosmos (Ebrey, 172).
The works of Zhu Xi created the basis of the classical Chinese education, government and bureaucracy that are still urgent and actively used more than 7 centuries after the death of the philosopher. The Conversations With the Disciples is the written record of the discussions the philosopher had with his followers. They disclose the classical Confucian view concerning the most important philosophical and ethical categories like the ways in which a virtuous person should act, the essence of the past, and understanding of the surrounding nature. The Conversations With the Disciples feature the key concepts of Zhu Xi’s philosophy, that combine both traditional Confucian approach to the problems of universe and the essence of humanity, and the innovative insight into these issues.
The Conversations With the Disciples is the written record of the disputes between Zhu Xi and people who came to listen to him, and made this record. It was written approximately in the 12th century (Ebrey, 172). It is the part of the compilation the Classified Dialogues of Master Zhu (Kim, 27). The historical context to which The Conversations refer is interesting for a number of reasons. The main issue is that it belongs to the age of the revival of the Confucianism during the rule of the Song dynasty. Numerous philosophers appeared in that period of time, and there were many adult people who were willing to learn more about the philosophy and the wisdom. The majority of students who came to listen to the philosophers were preparing themselves to pass the examination on civil services. However, the rise of the philosophical thought was so active, that many of those students were inspired by the teachers to commit their lives to Confucianism and cultivation of knowledge (Ebrey, 172).
The dialogues of the philosopher and his students reflect the way in which the thoughts proposed by Confucius developed with the time in the Chinese society (Ebrey, 173-177). The first idea proposed by Zhu Xi that is worth mentioning is his understanding of the nature of human beings. The philosopher admits the possibility of the combination of the opposite notions in the nature of the particular person. According to him, one individual can be good and evil at the same time (Ebrey, 174). A peculiar issue is that the categories of good and evil are fully determined by the cultural Chinese context of that time. Good means friendly, kind and sensitive to all manifestations of the reality, while evil is what is logically opposite to these characteristics. The good traits can be found in every person, but the way they will be manifested depends on three main issues: social environment family, and inborn talents. Qi, which denotes the gifts of the particular person and the energy this person has to put his/her talent into practice, might differ, and thus it determines the the abilities for self-realization (Ebrey, 175).
These ideas about the nature of human beings were revolutionary in the times of Zhu Xi. His predecessors did not analyze the human nature as the complex notion and did not pay attention to the personal differences that obviously existed and influenced the development of every individual. According to the traditional point of view in the times before Zhu Xi, there was only one unified method of self-cultivation that required meditation and cleaning of the mind which might facilitate the person’s perception of the natural good (Kim, 62-63). The realization of the individual was not in the practical implementation of his/her talents, but rather in understanding the nature of self and the surrounding world. Zhu Xi asserted that every person should choose his/her own way of becoming self-conscious. He understood that the introspection was not his method of learning and acquiring wisdom, and thus he told his disciples to think critically about the ways that might help them (Thompson, 122-123).
Zhu Xi proposed a unique approach to the self-cultivation that was based on the thoughts of the classical Confucian world view. The philosopher claims that the main issue in understanding how to behave in the right way is understanding of the mechanisms that form the model of virtuous conduct, people, society, and the world in general. The interactive and the defining pattern that describes these mechanisms and principles of the universe is called li, and it contributes to the development of the main characteristic of the virtuous man, which is respect, or jing (Thompson, 135). As it was mentioned earlier, the teachings of Zhu Xi are based on the classical works of Confucius and his followers, that write about the the importance of the good nature, respect that comes in the process of clearing the mind, and as the result yi, which means appropriateness in all actions and thoughts. Zhu Xi claims that in case a person is guided by the feeling of respect to the others and understands the patterns that determine the functioning of the universe and the society, such person is able to develop the appropriate way of behavior and acquire zhuzai, or a good will (Thompson, 137).
Another issue that is important in understanding the philosophical heritage of Zhu Xi is his ideas concerning the humanity in general. He synthesizes the ideas proposed by the classical Confucian school of thought about ren, or the humanity, and proposes to consider this category both from human and cosmic points of view. The philosopher also introduces the ethical and the logical critique of the notion of humanity (Ebrey, 176).
He starts his investigation from acknowledging the authority of Confucius and his respect to the greatest Chinese philosopher, asserting that humanity is equal to the creativity of the cosmos. The earth and the heavens constitute the cosmos and its impulse is the humanity. Zhu Xi just like the followers of the classic Confucian school of thought considers the changes of the seasons that happen every year in the set cycle to be the example that supports the idea of the cosmic impulse (Thompson, 140). He claimed that the nature is benevolent to people, it gives them mild conditions to live and to feed themselves. An interesting thought in this discourse is that Zhu Xi states that the nature gives the impulse to people, so that they can live, and to hundreds of other creatures, who receive the similar impulse form humans, who allow them to live and help them. The philosopher sees the virtue of the humanity in the obligation to care about animals and nature (Thompson, 141).
Zhu Xi is the first philosopher who correlated the four main human virtues described by Confucius with the four stages that determine the cosmic creativity. Thus, wisdom, appropriateness, humanity, and ritual conduct (the human virtues according to Confucius) refer to firmness, growth, origination and flourishing of the nature (Kim, 15-16). Zhu Xi reflects upon the place of a human being in the universal flourishing of nature and the self-realization of the other people. He introduces the concept of the general love pattern and the general character of human mind, that he synthesizes in the notion of ren, or authoritative parenthood of people towards nature and the humanity in general. It is possible to claim that Zhu Xi was the first Chinese philosopher who introduced the idea that the realization of self is based upon the appropriately shown love for the others (Kim, 20-21).
The Conversations With the Disciples is the part of the compilation the Classified Dialogues of Master Zhu. The main points of the philosophical heritage of Zhu Xi are presented in the discussions he had with his disciples. First of all, the philosopher synthesized the ideas of Confucian classical school of thought, that was considered to be dominant in the 12th century, when the philosopher lived. Second, Zhu Xi introduced his own point of view concerning the major issues of the Confucian philosophy. The concepts of humanity, self-realization, cosmos, impulses that affect human life and the cardinal virtues are disclosed from the new perspective. The ideas of Zhu Xi had a great impact on the further development of the Chinese philosophy and ethics. It was the first step towards the classification of the ideas of Confucius and the individualization of the approach to self-cultivation. It is possible to assume that that Zhi Xi and the conversations he had with his disciples contributed to the active development of the Chinese thought by popularizing philosophy, making it more practical, at the same time being traditional and respectful to the authority of Confucius.
Ebrey, P. B. (2009). Chinese civilization: a sourcebook. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Kim, Y. S. (2000). The natural philosophy of Chu Hsi 1130-1200. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Thompson, K. O. (2007). The archery of wisdom in the stream of life: Zhu Xi’s reflections on the Four Books. Philosophy East and West, 56 (3), 110-142.
Ready to start?
|
Amblyopia eye problem
Amblyopia. What Is It?
AMBLYOPIA (am - blee - O - pee - ah)
Amblyopia is the loss or lack of development of vision in one eye that is unrelated to any eye health problem. It is not correctable with lenses alone. The brain, for some reason, does not acknowledge the images seen by the amblyopic eye.
Amblyopia is generally the result of poor early visual development, and as such, usually occurs before the age of five or six. It is estimated that two to four percent of children under age six have amblyopia. The chance of amblyopia developing during adulthood is very small.
Amblyopia usually results from a failure to use both eyes together. If there is a large enough difference in the degree of nearsightedness or farsightedness between the two eyes, or if the eyes are crossed, the brain learns to ignore one image favouring the other.
Normally the images sent by each eye to the brain are identical. When they differ, double vision occurs. Rather than go through life with double vision, the brain soon learns to ignore the image sent by one eye and "sees" only with the good eye. The eye that is ignored becomes weaker from disuse.
The amblyopic eye is never blind in the sense of being entirely without sight. Amblyopia affects only the central vision of the affected eye. Peripheral awareness will remain.
Amblyopia is usually accompanied by either crossed-eyes or a large difference in the refractive error between the two eyes. A child may also exhibit noticeable favouring of one eye and may have a tendency to bump into objects on one particular side.
A comprehensive optometric examination can determine the presence of amblyopia. The earlier it is diagnosed, the greater the chance for a complete recovery. That is why it is important to have your child's vision examined before the age of three and again when entering school. Since amblyopia occurs only in one eye, the good eye does all the clear seeing, and the individual is generally unaware of the condition.
Corrective lenses, prisms, contact lenses and/or vision therapy are often used to treat amblyopia. In less developed cases, patching the good eye often stimulates and strengthens the amblyopic eye. In more advanced situations, other vision therapy techniques are used.
The vision of an amblyopic eye typically does not get worse, but the brain simply pays less and less attention to the images sent by the amblyopic eye. Eventually, the condition stabilizes, and the eye becomes virtually unused. Since it is quite difficult to correct amblyopia, early detection and treatment are extremely important.
Early detection and treatment of crossed-eyes and severe refractive errors can reduce the chances of one eye becoming amblyopic. Although it is commonly believed that amblyopia must be treated prior to age 10, recent evidence demonstrates no age limit for improving sight and function as long as no active disease is occurring. However, the earlier this problem is treated, the better the chances are developing a "20/20" vision.
20/20 Vision Care
Doctors of Optometry
(403) 526-2020
(Information adapted from the pamphlet "Answers to Your Questions About Amblyopia" by the Alberta Association of Optometrists)
|
Text Compare
To use Text Compare, Paste Urls or texts in the input box given below and click on Compare Text Button.
First Value
------ OR enter a webpage url ------
------ OR Paste text below ------
Second Value
Compare Text
About Text Compare
Got two files with similar contents? No Worries! Now you can compare two files, texts, documents, even web pages by using the online text comparison tool. The contents can be in various formats you want to compare, and it displays the results in seconds by highlighting the difference in the output box. You can know what exactly has been copied between the two documents or poorly paraphrased. The text compares online tool allows you to check for the similarities between the two different texts quickly.
What is Text Compare?
Text compare is one of the best text comparison-online tools available on the web that compares the difference between two texts or files and gives you accurate results.
This tool is simply a text-to-text comparison application that helps you check the similarities between two different contents. Usually, the tool is used to prevent plagiarism or duplication between two separate written files. It highlights the words and sentences that are similar and matching completely. This tool has no limitations of use, and you can compare as many texts and you can
• Compare texts between two files or documents by pasting them directly into the box.
• Compare files difference by directly uploading doc, pdf, and text files.
• Check text difference by pasting webpage URLs
It is an automated online tool that can be used by anyone who wants to compare texts in any documents or files. Writers, developers, business individuals, teachers, students, or anyone, text compare tool can make the lives of everyone involved easier.
How does a Text Compare tool work?
Text Compare tool has a straightforward layout that makes it easy to use while accessing it on the website. It has two panels side by side, paste the text in the left pane and the right panel, and click "Compare" to see the difference in the third panel.
Follow these simple steps below to find out the duplicate content in seconds.
• Open Text Compare tool from home page
• The tool opens with each side having two text boxes, giving the URL, copying, and paste, or uploading files, documents, etc. It analyzes the boxes on the right with the text in the left boxes to check the difference.
• After that, click the button "Compare Text" below to get results
• You can check multiple files by refreshing or just pasting the content in the boxes
• Edit or switch the texts as per your requirement
Why Do We Need Text Compare?
There can be several reasons why we need text compare tools in our personal and professional lives. Several people copy content from one website and post it on their website without quoting the primary author or the owner. And according to cyber law or Google, it is a crime if you are copying the contents of someone else's, which falls under copyright.
This is also in-human if you are taking credit for the contents that belong to a real person. So, to check if someone is doing that with your write-ups, the text compare tool quickly finds out the website and the details of that person to which you can take action. You can also compare and make changes to make it unique.
Professors use text comparison tools online to check if any students copied in the exams. Writers and authors use this tool to check similar contents or words copied, if any, over the internet. You can always check the contents to see if someone has text differences or copied and if you find someone, you can contact the person and ask to remove it. Text compare tool helps you to avoid such worries in professional writing.
Advantages of Text Compare
From duplicate content to plagiarism, the text compare tool serves multiple purposes. With its easy-to-use interface, the tool helps side-by-side comparisons, identifies the similarities, and allows you to rectify them. The unique advantages of the text compare tool are enlisted below:
• Checks similarities between two documents, files, web pages, etc.
• Helps in identifying rephrased words or sentences between two texts
• Quickly scan texts and track duplication between both files
• Free to use text comparing tool
• Helpful for writers, teachers, students, and webmasters
• No need to download or install anything, use it online for free
• Works on Windows, Mac, or Linux.
• Can compare unlimited texts per day
The popularity of the text compare tool is increasing as it helps many to analyze the text difference, whether it's a word document or paragraph of codes, or numeric data. Although there are many tools available over the internet that offer similar services, the text compare tool provides quick and accurate comparisons! So, without wasting your time and effort, use this simple to use tool to check the web's text difference.
|
Vaccinations Again?
Vaccinations Again?
Vaccinations – How often?
Some people are skeptical about giving their pet vaccinations annually, as it has been required in the past thanks to the new term “titering” [pronouced “tie-ter-ing”]. To titer is the process of taking blood to test whether antibodies for a certain disease are still present. If there are enough antibodies, this means there is a low level of exposure to contracting a disease. However, titering is an expensive process of blood drawing and testing that is becoming very popular for our fur babies.
But, is this progressive thinking an effective way to gauge protection? The whole purpose of doing this blood test is to minimize the amount of vaccine your pet receives by using a vaccine substitute. Many experts agree that titers do not indicate protection. However, they are useful in legal and regulation circumstances. For instance, tithers can tell you whether a pet has been vaccinated in the past.
Vaccinations are still necessary
Vaccinations reduce the spread of dangerous diseases such as Rabies and Parvovirus. However, many veterinarians encourage annual vaccinations and thus, we have become accustomed to administering them annually. Moreover, this is often a standard requirement to attend boarding or grooming facilities. But human medical professions know that it is better to vaccinate as infrequently as possible while still giving your fur-baby the protection they need. In fact, too many vaccinations can be harmful. Research shows that the over use of vaccinations in cats can produce sarcomas, a form of cancer. In dogs, vaccinosis is a broad term to describe degenerative health issues also due to over vaccinating. Because of the large quantities of vaccine-related illnesses, specialist vet care committees were established to determine safe frequencies of vaccinations. They have concluded that a three-year protocol is effective and acceptable now. However, some smaller veterinary clinics are not on board yet due to the decrease of income it may cause them.
Titering is a compromise for intelligent and informed pet owners. They can integrate the three-year protocol and use titer tests in between to make sure their pet’s antibody levels are strong. Here’s the catch: in clinical trials, some pets have shown a negative titer test but have lots of cell-mediated immunity. Although results of cell-mediated immunity is the truest test of protection for your fur-baby, there is no common place test for animals to measure cell-mediated immunity.
Keep track of vaccinations
Pet owners should not fear vaccinations, nor fear that they are putting their fur-babies at risk of illness. However, it is prudent for pet owners to keep track of their pet’s vaccinations. Knowing dates of vaccines for your pet can avoid over-vaccinating and give you many happy years with them.
Sources:, Dr. Patty Khuly
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.
|
At what Age can a Rabbit Get Pregnant?
At what Age can a Rabbit Get Pregnant?
Rabbits are a valuable contribution to any farm or home. They can be bred at 5-6 months old, and have young for 4 years! The gestation period in rabbits is 31 days long with 1 doe producing up to 12 babies each time she gives birth; however, it only takes about 3 weeks between pregnancies so breeders don’t need too many females on hand as they will always get pregnant again quickly after giving birth
At what Age can a Rabbit Get Pregnant?
Many people are not aware that rabbits can get pregnant as early as 4-months old. This is one of the reasons why it is important to spay or neuter your rabbit before they reach sexual maturity. The ASPCA reports that 1 in 3 rabbits will die from complications related to an unplanned pregnancy. If you have a pet rabbit, there are many benefits to having them fixed at a young age including stopping unwanted litter, reducing aggression and territoriality, preventing uterine cancer, and improving overall health. At What Age Can a Rabbit get Pregnant?Opens in a new tab.
How many babies Can a Rabbit have in a year?
Rabbits breed very fast, if the stars align on pair of rabbits can reproduce from those two to 84 Bunnies a year! This is why it’s important to spay or neuter your rabbit if you don’t want them reproducing. Jump to 18 Ways to Make Money by Rabbit Farming **CHARTS**Opens in a new tab.
Rabbit Meat Profitability Table
Rabbit Meat Profitability Table
RabbitsRabbits BornLbs Meat / YearAverage Price / LBTotal Revenue Possible
184252$ 8.00$ 2016
2168504$ 8.00$ 4032
54201260$ 8.00$ 10,080
108402520$ 8.00$ 20,162
2016805040$ 8.00$ 40,320
3025207560$ 8.00$ 60,480
40336010,080$ 8.00$ 80,640
50420012,600$ 8.00$ 100,800
100840025,200$ 8.00$ 201.600
20016,80050,400$ 8.00$ 403,200
Can Rabbit get Pregnant without a Male?
Rabbits cannot reproduce without the presence of a male. Under proper conditions, female rabbits can get pregnant at age two months.
Male rabbits are able to impregnate multiple females in an area due to their territorial nature, but most often they will not seek out other partners outside of their mating period which is between February and October. During this time, the male’s testicles will double in size.
Some livestock uses artificial insemination on rabbits because they are difficult to breed naturally. Farmers use this for maintaining High-Value Blood Lines.
When a female is in heat, she will have an increase in estrogen levels which can cause her to become territorial. She also releases pheromones that attract other rabbits and encourage mating. If a female is not bred, her hormone levels will drop and she will go back into estrus in about 28 days.
What Age Can a Male Rabbit Breed?
Young Male Rabbits can start breeding as early as four months old, but it is better to wait until they are six months old. It Takes 4 + Months for a young rabbit to mature before it can breed.
At what Age can a Rabbit Get Pregnant?
Females should be bred when they are six months old, and males must wait until they are six months old to mate with them.
A Rabbit’s gestation period is about 30 days long, so if you want to breed your rabbit, make sure you have enough time for her to have the babies and care for them. Planning ahead is important when it comes to breeding animals!
When Do Pregnant Rabbits Start Nesting?
Most pregnant rabbits will start nesting around the fourth week of gestation. Some may even start as early as two weeks, while others wait until the last few days. If your rabbit is not in her nest box by the fourth week, you can gently place her inside to encourage her to get started. Be careful not to disturb her if she is already nesting.
Her Nesting process includes pulling fur and gathering materials for the nest. If she has a nesting box, she will likely use it, but some rabbits prefer to make their nests in hidden places. You may find a pile of fur and bedding in an unusual spot or see your rabbit pulling at her coat more than usual.
If you notice that your rabbit is not nesting, you can provide some materials for her to use. A few good choices include hay, straw, or shredded paper.
Also, remember that if your rabbit is not exhibiting nesting behaviors but is still pregnant it may be due to a false pregnancy. This occurs in some does when their hormone levels are off balance and they think they are actually carrying kits. In this case, you will want to keep an eye on the doe but do not take any action unless she starts to show signs of actual delivery. Jump to Baby Rabbits **WATCH**Opens in a new tab.
Doe Rabbits in a Colony Nest in one or more Communal Nests.
Doe rabbits in a colony typically build their own nest, but they will also use one of the communal nests if it is large enough and not being currently used by another rabbit. You may have heard some wild rumors about all-female colonies where no male has ever been seen! This does happen occasionally, but for most colonies, a dominant female will mate with one or more males and the young will be raised by all the females.
If you have a doe rabbit living in a colony, it is important to provide her with her own nest box so she can give birth and raise her kits there. If you do not have enough nest boxes for each rabbit, the pregnant doe may end up using a communal nest, which can be dangerous for her and her kits. In addition, the dominant female may evict other does from the nest or even kill them if they get in the way of raising her own young.
Do Rabbits Give Birth to all Babies at Once?
Rabbits give birth to litters of bunnies. A doe (female rabbit) can become pregnant again within just a couple of hours after giving birth to her babies! This is because rabbits are induced ovulators, which means that they release eggs when bred.
They deliver one baby at a time, the number of kits varies from one to twelve, with six being the average.
The Doe is usually in labor for about an hour and a half. After giving birth, she will lick her babies clean and start nursing them. The baby rabbits will be fully furred and their eyes will be open within two weeks. They are weaned at around six to eight weeks old.
The average lifespan of a rabbit is about eight years, so your bunny could potentially have several litters during her lifetime. Jump to Can you Breed Brother and Sister Rabbits? {INBREEDING}Opens in a new tab.
Do Rabbits Get Pregnant Every Time They Mate?
No rabbits do not get pregnant every time they mate. The gestation period for a rabbit is around 28-31 days and they can have up to 12 kits (babies). They can get pregnant again the next day after having a litter if they are not spayed.
It is advisable to have a structured breeding program if you are breeding rabbits to ensure healthy litters and reduce the occurrence of genetic defects.
If you are not sure whether your rabbit is pregnant, there are a few signs to look out for:
-A decrease in appetite
-Increased nesting behavior
-Swollen mammary glands
-Weight gain
If you think your rabbit might be pregnant, it is best to get them checked out by a veterinarian.
Can a Rabbit Get Pregnant at 3 Months Old?
A rabbit can get pregnant at any age, but it is very rare for them to have their first litter before they are four months old. It is more common for them to get pregnant at around six months old. If you are not sure if your rabbit is pregnant, take her to the vet for a check-up. The vet will be able to tell you if she is pregnant and how far along she is. If your rabbit is pregnant, make sure that she has a safe place to live where she can get away from other animals. She needs a place to give birth and nurse her babies, so make sure that you have prepared an area in your home for her.
Make sure that the space has enough room for the mother rabbit and all of her young ones as they grow up. You will need to feed them something special too, called a lactation diet. This diet is made up of hay, fresh vegetables, and pellets specifically designed for nursing mothers. You can also give the mother rabbit some water to drink from a bottle if she is not drinking enough from her food.
Make sure that your rabbit has plenty of bedding in her area so that she can stay warm. A pregnant rabbit will need around twelve hours of sleep a day, so make sure that the area is dark and quiet. Once the babies are born, you will also need to keep an eye on them to make sure that they are nursing properly and getting enough food.
Final Thoughts – At what Age can a Rabbit Get Pregnant?
In summary, a rabbit can get pregnant at any age, but it is most common for her to have babies when she is four months old or six months old. A new mother will need a safe place to live and special food during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Make sure to keep an eye on the mother and her young ones after they are born, to make sure that they are healthy and thriving.
Recent Posts
|
Brain tumor
A brain tumor is a collection of abnormal cells in the brain. It accounts for 85 to 90 percent of central nervous system tumors. Nearly 3 lakh people are being diagnosed every year in which 10% are from India. It kills more children and adults under 40 years of age than any other cancer.
A brain tumor can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). When these tumors grow, they cause pressure inside your skull resulting in brain damage. It causes life-threatening problems. The growth rate and location of the tumor determine how it affects the function of your nervous system.
Brain tumor is categorized into two types:
• Primary-originates in your brain, these tumors are benign
• Secondary-occurs when cancer spreads to brain from other organs such as lung or breast
The treatment depends on the type of brain tumor you have, its size and location.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. You will have noticeable symptoms when the tumor starts putting pressure on the brain tissue. Headache is a common symptom that worsens in the morning when you wake up, and while coughing, sneezing, or exercising. Other symptoms include:
• Nausea and vomiting
• Vision problems, blurred vision
• Hearing problems
• Loss of sensation or movement in arms and legs
• Speech difficulties
• Behavioral and mood changes
• Hearing problems
• Seizures (especially in adults and in people who doesn’t have a history of seizures)
• Loss of balance
Risk factors
Only 5% to 20% of all the cancers are hereditary. However, brain tumor does not come in that category. In most of the people, the cause is not clear, but doctors believe that certain factors increase the risk of developing brain cancer.
• Age-the risk increases as you grow older but some types of brain cancer occurs only in children
• Chemical exposure-
• Exposure to radiation-ionizing radiations, such as radiotherapy
• No history of chickenpox-it has been proved that people with a history of chickenpox are less prone to brain cancer
Your doctor performs the physical examination and reviews your medical history. Neurological examination is performed that includes vision, hearing, balance strength, reflexes, and coordination. The doctor may suggest you to go for further tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans if brain cancer is suspected. These tests help the doctor to evaluate the tumor and plan the treatment accordingly.
In some cases, biopsy test is performed to check if the tumor is cancerous or benign.
Primary brain tumors begin when the normal cells acquire errors or mutations in their DNA. These mutations make the cells grow, divide repeatedly, and continue living when healthy cells die. This results in abnormal cell mass, forming a tumor. These tumors are less common than secondary tumors.
There are different types of primary brain tumors depending on the type of cells involved.
Gliomas Originate in the glial cells that supports the structure of the CNS and provides nutrition to CNS
Meningiomas Originates from meninges (membranes surrounding the brain)
Acoustic neuromas Develop from nerves that control balance and hearing
Pituitary adenomas Develop from pituitary gland; this tumor affects the pituitary hormones
Medulloblastomas Most common tumors in children that start in the lower back of the brain
PNETS Rare tumors that develop from fetal cells of the brain and can occur anywhere in the brain
Germ cell tumors Develop during childhood where the testicles or ovaries form, but can move to the brain
Craniopharyngiomas Rare, noncancerous tumors that start near the brain’s pituitary gland
Secondary brain tumors often occur in people with a history of cancer. The most common cancer types that spread to the brain are breast cancer colon cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma (skin cancer).
Surgery is the preferred treatment option for malignant tumors. The surgery is performed, and the whole tumor is removed only for the tumors which are small and easy to separate from the surrounding brain tissue. In other cases, part of the tumor which is safe is removed as it can also reduce the signs and symptoms.
But, you may have infection and bleeding after the surgery and in some cases, the vision may be impaired. But it is not permanent.
Radiotherapy-high energy beams such as X-rays or protons are used to kill tumor cells. Radiation is given to the whole brain if cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Do not worry if you have symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, and scalp irritation, as they are temporary.
Chemotherapy-given either orally or intravenously to kill the tumors. Temozolomide is commonly prescribed drug.
This treatment is necessary as the brain tumors develop in parts of the brain that affects your motor skills, speech, vision, and thinking. Your doctor would recommend physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy to regain the lost skills.
After the treatment, you may feel that you have a got little control over the health. Following these tips can improve the quality of your life:
• Learn about your condition and become confident in decision-making.
• Keep your family and friends close, to get emotional and physical support especially if you are still undergoing the treatment.
• Talk your heart aloud when you wish to as it makes you feel happy and comfortable.
• Last but not least, do not lose hope!!!Try to fight cancer and set an example for the people like you.
|
The Myth Of The Whipping Boy Explained
Remember, back in grade school, when the whole class would get punished because a few kids were acting up? We used to hate those troublemakers — why should we get punished for what they did?
Well, imagine a more severe scenario: You're a Renaissance-era European child who happens to be friends with a prince. You get educated alongside the prince, and the two of you form a close bond. But when the prince disobeys the rules, your instructor proceeds to punish you — not the prince — by beating or even whipping.
This is the legendary "whipping boy" system that is said to have been employed throughout early modern Europe. The idea is that an educator was far beneath the royal status of a prince, and therefore could not lay a finger on him. So, instead, the tutor would whip the prince's friend in his presence, in the hopes that the emotional trauma would be enough to force the prince to follow orders.
It's a brutal, but seemingly effective, disciplinary system. But modern historians believe that it's more myth than fact.
Would the friend of a prince really be whipped in his place?
Did whipping boys actually exist? The legend relies on the notion that European instructors would never use physical punishment against their students of royal blood. This is probably not true; according to historian Nicholas Orme, royal children were likely beaten less than other pupils, but were still sometimes beaten.
Furthermore, in her book A Culture of Teaching, Professor Rebecca Bushnell concludes that early-modern European teachers did use corporal punishment against royal pupils. For example, it is recorded that the French King Louis XIII was frequently beaten as a boy, and so was the English King James. On the other hand, Bushnell adds that "anecdotes of Edward VI's upbringing ... mention the use of a whipping boy" — but Bushnell questions whether these anecdotes are true.
The historian Leanda de Lisle investigated the supposed use of whipping boys by the English royal family — specifically, both Edward VI and the later Charles I. She found that the stories about these kings' whipping boys originated long after the men had died, and are most likely fictional. In fact, she found that the first reference to English whipping boys was in a play written in 1605.
So. were whipping boys ever used in Europe? It's hard to say for sure, but historians can agree that it was never a common practice. Rule-following students can breathe a sigh of relief.
|
"Mouse" in Space (Frozen Oxygen)
Source: https://youtu.be/l8W19r5m_GU?t=2605
At 43:24 in the above live stream of the SpaceX CRS-19 Launch, something slides around the engine. Someone remarked that this looked a bit like a mouse, and some of the more imaginative conspiracy theorists took this to be evidence that the footage was faked.
The video is shot from two sides, alternating between viewpoints, which makes it difficult to follow exactly what is going on. But it's much clearer if we take just the shots from the "mouse" side, zoom in, and speed them up 10x.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnbSMjFebPk
A real time version of this is here.
Here we see the "mouse" build up at the top, then break free and slide around. It's followed by a bunch more of what looks like slushy ice (possibly actual ice - or some other byproduct of the jet engine that built up around that point, maybe from what is venting near the top of the image). This slides around and looks like it maybe melts a bit.
So, a fascinating display of space physics. But not a mouse.
[Update Jan 18 2020]
It's not ice, it's actually solid oxygen. The white jet at the top is venting liquid oxygen, which is what causes the build-up of solid oxygen.
People why the oxygen does not just boil off into space. The answer is that some of it does, and what's left freezes. The principle is called "Vacuum freezing". Below the triple point of oxygen (or water, etc), it can only exist only as a solid and gas. A vacuum is obviously below the triple point in terms of pressure. So in the vented liquid oxygen the high energy molecules rapid boil away, cooling down the remaining liquid, which will solidify. Putting liquid oxygen into a vacuum is actually HOW YOU MAKE solid oxygen. Here's a demonstration with oxygen:
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RRLBD1bB3E
And similar with water:
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ti9C_cLSR0A
Last edited:
You can see the ice start forming on the camera that's on the opposite side of the "mouse shot" at 41:12, just after the second stage ignites. By about 41:36 the ice has grown significantly in size. Around 42 minutes you can see it start separating from the vents and moving around the engine nozzle. At 42:10 when the camera switches to the opposite side again you can see the ice that had built up is no longer there; it has already separated and begun sliding around the nozzle. It may also be helpful to point out that this isn't unique to this launch; you can see ice separating from vents on the second stage in just about any given SpaceX launch. You can also see ice sliding around the top of the turbopump exhaust wraparound of the nozzle at around 19:28 in this video from CRS-16 launch. It's smaller and more spread out, but it's there:
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Esh1jHT9oTA
Larger chunks are visible at 23:51 in this video from the CRS-14 launch:
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPQHG-LevZM
These are just a couple daytime launches I checked at random, one other I checked focused on the first stage recovery at LZ-1 rather than the second stage video so it was not visible.
I am truly left wondering how anyone, even someone who otherwise believes NASA and SpaceX are "faking space" could consider this to be even remotely reasonable. What exactly is the scenario here? Some little mouse snuck onto the hypothetical "fake rocket" stage and proceeded to walk around on the engine? Meanwhile, the hypothetical CGI guys are at once good enough to put together a video of a rocket orbiting the Earth, but are also so blindingly incompetent as to leave a literal mouse in frame.
How does one even debunk people who are willing to make, frankly, insane claims?
You can't... Because then you just become a "Schill" and are now part of the problem.
Sometimes the best you can do is just put accurate information out there for the people on the fence to see and/or to demonstrate just how off-base the original claimants are.
I tend to view things from an evolutionary perspective. I think our ancient brains can easily make a small moving thing into an animal, and thus a potential meal. Our brains are pattern matching machines.
@Mick West
how did you know it was solid oxygen? the turbopump runs the same LOX+RP1 fuel as the main engine, but fuel-rich. It means the waste should be water + CO2 + unburnt fuel. or some of them can be from the nitrogen thrusters, and the output should be nitrogen.
@Mick West
You would think the output is propelled rapidly away.
I'd seen somewhere that this was vented liquid oxygen. Can't immediately find that though
You would think the output is propelled rapidly away.
I have been searching all day for confirmation that the exhaust is venting oxygen but cannot find anything about that.
The turbopump is deliberately operated at low efficiency by using a fuel-rich mixture, so it won't heat the pump assembly too much. It also gives low-pressure & low-temperature output, and they use it to cool the exhaust.
The output is not propelled away because it is low pressure and the rocket is accelerating. Because of the acceleration, the stuff falls to the gap between the nozzle extension & the turbopump exhaust pipe. When the main engine stops, they quickly disappear.
This is from GPS III SV01 at 10x speed:
This is probably the turbopump exhaust as it is only running when the main engine is running:
This is probably one of the nitrogen thrusters because sometimes it is active when the main engine is off.
And this is another thruster on the other side:
My references:
In another video, from Space X, the narrator claims that it is solid oxygen, if he say... The way out seems to be the same for me. In the video I put the narration about it, from another Mission (?its on vid with the respective mission. The points you marked are not thrusters. I had made this mistake before at other vid, calling them "small thrusters" (already fixed at the vid). But you are correct, at one point, other unburned fuel products may come out as chunks of ice, but from thrusters. I even show this in another video I made about thruster plumes. But that one, is the same place of the one the narrator say it (LOX). Here the vid about thruster plumes. All the sources are at description.
Source: https://youtu.be/jCJ-BZC508M
Thread starter Related Articles Forum Replies Date
flarkey Historical Satellite Pass Data Tools for Investigating and Debunking 3
derrick06 Clarifying: Indian Schoolgirls discover Asteroid General Discussion 0
Psychic Debunked: Apollo 10 "Space Music" UFOs and Aliens 16
Chew Deep Space Network Science and Pseudoscience 0
Astro Debunked: Earth is moving too slowly as seen from STEREO Ahead Science and Pseudoscience 16
Mick West Square Cloud seen from the Space Station by Reid Wiseman [Marine Layer + Coastline] Skydentify - What is that Thing in the Sky? 7
Zane O'Neill Debunking the Space Preservation Act 2001 which mentions "Chemtrails" Contrails and Chemtrails 10
FreiZeitGeist Debunked: Chemtrails in Space by Leuren Moret and exopolitic Contrails and Chemtrails 5
Mick West The Secret Space Program Conspiracy Theories 0
P Bird "frozen" mid air General Discussion 5
Related Articles
Related Articles
|
Often asked: What Religion Was First Christianity Or Judiasm?
Is Judaism the first religion?
Which is the oldest religion in the world?
What was the religion before Judaism?
Zoroastrianism dates back to the 6th century BCE. Founded in ancient Persia, it likely influenced the development of Judaism and predates both Christianity and Islam.
What was the biggest religion before Christianity?
You might be interested: FAQ: How Can There Only Be One True Religion Christianity?
What religion is older than Judaism?
Who is the God of Jews?
The name of God used most often in the Hebrew Bible is the Tetragrammaton (YHWH Hebrew: יהוה). Jews traditionally do not pronounce it, and instead refer to God as HaShem, literally “the Name”. In prayer the Tetragrammaton is substituted with the pronunciation Adonai, meaning “My Lord”.
Who is the best religion?
Adherents in 2020
Religion Adherents Percentage
Christianity 2.382 billion 31.11%
Islam 1.907 billion 24.9%
Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist 1.193 billion 15.58%
Hinduism 1.251 billion 15.16%
Will Hinduism survive in future?
Who invented religion?
Ancient (before AD 500)
Founder Name Religious tradition founded Life of founder
Siddhartha Gautama Buddhism 563 BC – 483 BC
Confucius Confucianism 551 BC – 479 BC
Pythagoras Pythagoreanism fl. 520 BC
Mozi Mohism 470 BC – 390 BC
What is the difference between Judaism Christianity and Islam?
Judaism puts more emphasis on laws and following them completely than Christianity which is talks more of love and acceptance. Islam and Christianity focus more on an afterlife in heaven rather than a second life on earth.
You might be interested: Question: How Long Before Christianity Became The Religion Of Rome?
Was Iran a Hindu country?
Religion in Iran has been shaped by multiple religions and sects over the course of the country’s history. According to the 2011 Iranian census, 99.98% of Iranians believe in Islam, while the rest of the population believe in other officially recognized minority religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism.
What is the difference between Judaism and Christianity?
What religion were the Vikings?
Who is the first god in the world?
Who did pagans worship?
Most pagans worship the old pre-Christian gods and goddesses through seasonal festivals and other ceremonies. Observance of these festivals is very important to pagans, and those in hospital will generally wish to celebrate them in some form.
Leave a Reply
|
What Is Sand Made Of And Is Sand Fish Poop?
Sandy beach - What Is Sand Made Of And Is Sand Fish Poop
Have you ever wondered what sand is made from? But an even more bizarre question that many ask; is sand fish poop?
Sand found in the tropics is estimated to contain up to 85% fish poop from parrotfish. Parrotfish eat coral by scrapping it away and inevitably bite off much of the limestone coral skeleton too, as they eat the living coral. It is this limestone that passes through their gut and pooped out as sand.
What animals poop sand?
Parrotfish poop sand, which is as a result of the rock and coral they swallow when the chew the coral reefs to eat the thin layer of soft coral and algae.
On one reef alone, parrotfish can produce tons of fine white sand every year, and it is this soft white sand that forms a large element of tropical beaches.
Parrotfish - How much sand do parrotfish poop
How much sand do parrotfish poop?
Large parrotfish are capable of producing up to 450kg (1,000 pounds)* of sand each year, which is the weight of an adult male moose, a 6-person hot tub or 4 full-size refrigerators.
These large parrotfish swim in large shoals, and combined will be responsible for producing tons of sand every year.
* The 450kg (1,000lb) of sand is as per the Smithsonian Institution and Museum.
Parrot fish poop sand video
Parrotfish poop sand video is demonstrated in the following BBC Earth video.
How much of sand is fish poop?
It is estimated that up to 85% of white coral-based sand in the tropics is made up of parrotfish poop.
Is all sand fish poop?
Not all sand contains fish poop, as sand is made up from rock particles created by erosion.
Sand on beaches is made up from the nearby rocks that are eroded by wave and tidal action, which is why sand can be many different colours, as the colour reflects the types of rock in the area (see below for sand colours found).
Is sand in Florida fish poop?
The sand in certain parts of Florida will contain parrotfish poop, as the coral reefs off Florida’s coast have parrot fish living and feeding on the corals and algae.
Sandy beach - Where does sand come from and what is it made of
Where does sand come from and what is it made of?
Sand is mostly made up of fine particles of rock, which have been eroded away from larger rocks in the oceans. The colour of the sand on a beach and on the sea bed is determined by what kind of rocks the sand came from.
The following types of sand can be found on beaches around the world:
1. Bright white sand. Bright white sand in places like the Maldives, the north east coast of Australia along the Great Barrier Reef and on many of the islands in the Caribbean is what is found on beaches and the sea bed near extensive coral reefs, which is the source of the sand in this case. White sand contains fish poop from parrotfish, as these fish contribute to the break-down of the coral rock too. The whitest sandy beach in the world is Hyams Beach in New South Wales, Australia, which is so white you need sunglasses to look at it.
2. Black sand. Dark or black sand in places like Hawaii, on some of the Caribbean Islands and on some beaches in the Canary Islands can be found near volcanic basaltic rock. It is this black volcanic rock, which is also known as igneous rock, that gives the sand in places like Hawaii its dark colour.
3. Yellow sand. Yellow sand which is found on beaches in Europe and the UK is made up of quartz crystals, which contains traces of iron, which is what gives it the yellow colour.
4. Green sand. Green sand can be found in Hawaii on Papakolea Beach, also known as Green Sand Beach or Mahana Beach on the Island of Hawaii. Green sand can also been found on beaches in Guam and the Galapagos Islands too. It is the mineral olivine that gives this sand its green colour.
5. Red sand. Red sand can be found on the island of Maui, Hawaii and the red colour is as a result of excess iron in the sand. Prince Edward Island in Canada also has red sandy beaches too, which is also due to a high content of iron.
6. Purple sand. Purple sand can be found on Pfeiffer Beach in Big Sur, California, and the purple colour is caused by manganese garnet, which can be found locally.
7. Pink sand. The stunning pink beach can be found in the Bahamas. The pink colour of the sand is caused by a red coloured coral insects, known as Foraminifera.
8. Rainbow colours. Rainbow Beach in Fraser Island in Australia has over 70 colours of sand, which is made up from the mixture of minerals in the region.
9. Brown sand. Brown or tan colour sand beaches, which can be found on Rockaway Beach in Pacifica south of San Francisco, which is an almost chocolate brown colour. The brown coloured sand is from the erosion of bluish-grey limestone which combines with volcanic greenstone found in this region.
10. Orange sand. Bright orange sand can be found on Ramla Bay Beach in Malta on the island of Gozo. Porto Ferro in Sardinia, Italy also has orange sand, which is due to the the area’s native orange limestone.
Is brown sand fish poop?
Brown sand is not fish poop, but instead gets its brown colour from the surrounding rocks that get eroded, which in the case of Rockaway Beach is California is from the erosion of bluish-grey limestone which combines with volcanic greenstone found in this region.
How is sand formed on beaches?
The sand on beaches is formed from the erosion of nearby rocks and is deposited on the beach as a result of wave and tidal action. The fish poop from parrotfish is also deposited on the beaches in the tropics and makes up a large percentage of white Sandy beaches.
I hope you enjoyed this page about what is sand made of and is sand fish poop?
If you have more questions either about snorkelling or scuba diving (or specifically about what is sand made of and is sand fish poop), please comment below with your questions.
Have fun and be safe!
What Is Sand Made Of And Is Sand Fish Poop?
Leave a Reply
Scroll to top
Don`t copy text!
|
Mesothelioma and Navy Veterans Have a Sad History
One of the worst risks of asbestos exposure for people is mesothelioma. Navy veterans are an especially hard hit group from mesothelioma, making up around one third of all mesothelioma cases. Asbestos is a silicate mineral that was used for its heat resistant and insulation qualities. Although banned since the late 1980’s, asbestos is still used in various manufacturing products. Asbestos was used in the Navy for decades in the insulation of pipes, boilers, shipyards as well as in clothing that Navy personnel wore; this was mainly due to the heat resistant qualities. Beside these, asbestos was also used in the shipping quarters and cafeterias as insulation on ships.
The Navy and mesothelioma cancer share a long and sad history. Probably more so than any other military branch, U.S. Navy personnel have contracted mesothelioma at a staggering rate. Mesothelioma is a lethal type of cancer that strikes the lining of certain organs in the body, including the lungs, heart, abdomen and testes. Mesothelioma Navy veterans now face a grim future of treatments and trying to get compensation for their pain and suffering. The government cites that there are around 21.5 million individuals alive who have served in the military. Of these, the majority who served in the Navy were exposed to asbestos. This has resulted in a spike in the number of asbestos-related illnesses among U.S. Navy veterans.
Around 300 or so asbestos products were used in the military; mostly by the Navy since the 1970’s when they were phased out. This is of little consequence to those military service men who served from the 1930’s to 1970’s, who are at a greater risk of contracting mesothelioma. Since the Navy has stopped using asbestos, there still remain many ships that are contaminated. Because asbestos was used in most of the construction of Navy ships including boiler rooms, engine rooms and sleeping quarters, the insulation still remains. Navy service men faced constant and prolonged exposure to asbestos year after year. Over time, this asbestos became weak and released fibers into the air. Because most service men were confined to close quarters, the asbestos fibers were either inhaled or ingested by them. Navy servicemen who were at the most risk for asbestos exposure were those who worked below deck such as boilermakers, engine technicians and installers. These mesothelioma Navy veterans now face a future beset of high medical expenses and ongoing treatment.
In addition to asbestos being used in Navy ships, it was also used in shipyards where construction, demolition and repairs of vessels take place. As late as the 1990’s, the Navy sold much of its older fleet of ships as junk metal, putting those who handled these materials at risk, because most weren’t qualified to handle asbestos. These Navy personnel also face an increased risk of a mesothelioma cancer at some point in their lives. Navy mesothelioma veterans face an uncertain future and should justly be compensated for their suffering.
|
Eye Movements in Macular Degeneration
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication: Annual Reviews of Vision Science, Volume 7 (2020)
In healthy vision, the fovea provides high acuity and serves as the locus for fixation achieved through saccadic eye movements. Bilateral loss of the foveal regions in both eyes causes individuals to adopt an eccentric locus for fixation. This review deals with the eye movement consequences of the loss of the foveal oculomotor reference and the ability of individuals to use an eccentric fixation locus as the new oculomotor reference. Eye movements are an integral part of everyday activities, such as reading, searching for an item of interest, eye-hand coordination, navigation, or tracking an approaching car. We consider how these tasks are impacted by the need to use an eccentric locus for fixation and as a reference for eye movements, specifically saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements.
Related Centers, Labs, Projects
|
Researchers have found a way to store information in the angular momentum of spiral light.
How Fiberless Networks plans to build 5G networks in New York City
The twisted light idea isn't new, it's been around for years. However, this is the first time that a team has been able to create a practical detector to properly read the amount of stored information. A past detector was the size of a "dining table" while the new one is closer in size to a human hair, a researcher told The Guardian.
SEE: 5G technology: A business leader's guide (Tech Pro Research)
One of the best parts of the discovery is that it can be used to upgrade existing networks--as long as the new cables are installed. However, the system can also work with networks that rely on a bunch of copper wire as well, the researcher told The Guardian.
However, this breakthrough likely won't mean anything for a long time as it needs to meet certain regulatory compliance standards before it can be used.
With the rise of 5G and projects like SpaceX's satellite internet play, there's also the question of whether or not fiber internet still matters. Even with a scientific breakthrough like twisted fiber, it's unclear if the major player will stay the course with fiber or abandon ship for 5G and other trends.
The big takeaways for tech leaders:
• A new scientific discovery has revealed a way to store information on spirals of light, which could lead to 100x faster fiber internet speeds.
• With the rise of 5G and other initiatives, the future of fiber internet is uncertain.
Also see
Image: iStockphoto/sbelov
|
clock menu more-arrow no yes
Filed under:
Google is making its educational tools more powerful
New, 4 comments
Students will be able to cast their screens to the teacher's projector
It’s no secret that Google’s Chromebooks have seen the most success in the classroom, and have quickly become the de facto education computer in the US thanks to their low cost and easy management. Today, Google is announcing new tools and expanded capabilities of its existing tools for educators that stand to make its position in the classroom even stronger.
The first new tool is Cast for Education, which lets students and teachers share their screens from anywhere in the classroom to the computer that’s plugged into the projector. Teachers turn their main computer into a Cast destination and then can approve Cast requests from students on a case by case basis. Google says the idea behind this feature is to expand the use of the projector - one of the most widely used devices in the classroom - to people other than the teacher and to foster improved interaction with students. Cast for Education is designed to work with the complex wireless networks that are often found in schools and allows both video and audio sharing. It is available in beta as a Chrome app that works in Chrome OS, Mac, and Windows for free starting today.
Google is also expanding its Forms feature by directly integrated quizzes into it. Google says that Forms is one of the most popular tools used by teachers for feedback and that many have been requesting the ability to deliver quizzes through it. Quizzes in Google Forms let teachers automatically grade multiple choice and check box questions and can provide immediate feedback to the students when they make an incorrect answer.
Quizzes in Google Forms Google
The third major announcement Google is making today revolves around its virtual reality Expeditions tours that were originally launched in a trial run last year. Google is opening up the program to everyone with an Android device today, and will make it available for iOS devices in the near future. Expeditions are guided VR tours that use Google’s Cardboard technology to link up a group of people in the same experience. Google says there are now over 200 Expedition experiences to choose from.
Finally, Google is making it easier for schools to purchase a bundle of creative apps, including Explain Everything, Soundtrap, and WeVideo, for their Chromebooks at a discounted price. Google says its goal is to bring the best technology it has to educators, and today’s announcements are just a piece in its continuing efforts.
Android apps coming to Chromebooks
|
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Danaë, painting by Austrian artist Gustav Klimt
Related e
Vienna Secession
The Vienna Secession was part of a varied movement around 1900 that is now covered by the general term Art Nouveau.
Major figures of the Vienna Secession were Otto Wagner, Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, and Koloman Moser.
Though Austria is a small country, its history as a European power and its cultural environment have generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them to music. Austria has been the birthplace of many famous composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr., Johann Strauss, Jr. or Gustav Mahler as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern or Alban Berg.
Vienna has long been especially an important center of musical innovation. Eighteenth and nineteenth century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music. Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural center in the early 1500s, and was focused around instruments including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna.
Art and architecture
Among Austrian artists and architects one can find painters Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele or Friedensreich Hundertwasser, photographer Inge Morath or architect Otto Wagner.
Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputations. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.
In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the greatest philosophers of the twentieth century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.
A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Austria was home to psychologists Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.
The Austrian School, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory is related to Austrian economists Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek.
Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers,and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard or Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke or Adalbert Stifter and writer Karl Kraus.
Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek and writer Peter Handke.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Austria" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
Personal tools
|
How blockchain technology can prepare to another future, clarified
1) What sort of benefits does blockchain have for DApp engineers?
Blockchain technology brings the capacity and the versatility to the table for unlimited freedoms for people and ventures wishing to profit of safer protection with regards to exchanges.
Private smart contracts for DApp designers can safeguard individual and endeavor security conventions and profoundly versatile foundation. Current blockchain technology comes to on-chain agreement so that each activity is rehashed by each hub to confirm its legitimacy. This before long makes the blockchain unscalable as the organization develops.
The rightness of calculation is variable significantly under noxious larger part conditions utilizing data hypothetical Message Authentication Code (MAC), and the security is protected utilizing secret-sharing. With “cutting edge multi-party calculation convention” as a layer-two arrangement, the protection saving calculation can ensure information security on blockchain cryptographically while lessening the hard work calculation occupation to a couple of hubs.
2) Why is best in class multi-party calculation convention so significant?
This convention has a few ramifications for the fate of decentralized organizations.
To begin with, the protected calculation can be utilized to grow the sorts of on-chain calculation. Second, it empowers information to be shared and utilized in a trustless organization without revealing the crude information during information at-use so information proprietorship and information utilization are securely isolated. To wrap things up, calculation and confirmation processes are isolated, which can be seen as computational sharding, and it adequately expands the exchange handling limit as the quantity of taking part hubs develops.
3) How to utilize a layer-two answer for further develop the calculation organization?
A safe calculation network as a layer-two arrangement applies to any blockchain framework.
A specific convention, for example, intermediary smart contracts, can be utilized as a scaffold to interface the blockchain and secure calculation organization.
Moreover, these contracts can be utilized to guarantee that re-appropriated calculation is finished effectively. To accomplish this, a venture can foster an overall MPC organization to help
• Secure computation
• Layer-two computation
• Verifiable computation
• Privacy-preserving data exchange
4) Is it true that anyone is doing it yet ?
ArpaChain, a safe computation network viable with blockchain, utilizes a MPC convention that makes ways for a long time to cooperatively examine information and concentrate information collaborations while keeping each party’s information input hidden and secure.
Recently, Arpa joined the commission on Blockchain innovations and the crypto economy of Russia. The advancement group likewise occupied with a huge scope test for saving security. ARPA’s group is presently centered around engineering plan for Randcast.
The undertaking proposes a blockchain-based secure calculation organization of multi-party сomputation (MPC). ARPA cryptographically empowers private smart contracts, extraordinary information at-use security insurance, just as versatile computational sharding.
|
What is a reverse proxy server?
reverse proxy server
reverse proxy server
A reverse proxy server is a server that is located behind the firewall in a private network. This helps facilitate and guide client requests to an appropriate back-end server. These capabilities deliver an extra layer of security, performance and governanceThis ensures the flow of network traffic between clients and their servers will run efficiently for the consumer
Reverse proxy server: When to use one
A reverse proxy server fulfills many roles. Let’s start with security, web acceleration and load balance:
• Security: Security is a top requirement for all servers. By capturing the requests that are going towards the back-end servers, the server protects the consumer’s individual identities. This additional layer of protection can help thwart attacks. Reverse proxy servers can be set up to block users from accessing certain sites that are not deemed appropriate for a company. This comes in handy for institutions such as schools and governments where easy access to websites can be a serious problem.
• Web speeding: Since reverse proxy servers can reduce data going in and out, the flow of traffic is accelerated between servers and clients. Additionally, a proxy can do SSL encryption which helps speed up your web server and enhance the overall performance.
• Load balancing: With load balancing in place, a reverse proxy server acts as a monitor. By having front-end access that sits ahead of your back-end serversthe reverse proxy server distributes client requests across a group of servers. This feature allows for fullspeed utilization that is in place while making certain no servers get overloaded. If a server gets weighed down and goes awry, the load balancing capability kicks in and transmits traffic to the other servers, hence working as a backup solution.
Differences between a gateway and reverse proxy server
They may seem similar but the differences are noticeable between a gateway and a reverse proxy server. With a gateway, you have a network point that assists as the main entrance to another network (e.g., it’s all about routing). Gateways cover the routing data between different networks. Learn more about a reverse proxy.
On the other handa reverse proxy server repeats the information that is being sent from one or more servers. The bottom line is that a reverse proxy server needs the go-ahead from the gateway to enter the network. It represents another computer and server in a network.
A reverse proxy server acts as your network’s police watch which monitors your traffic that is coming and going. The server works as a gateway between the user and the application. The end result is the proxy server handles all policy management and traffic steering for a solid customer experience.
Do you know the difference between an API Proxy and an API Gateway? Discover the answer here.
Previous articleCoronavirus supply chain disruption: How APIs can help
Next articleEcosystems & Platforms: An API Q&A with Emmanuel Méthivier
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here
|
What are the chances of getting a concussion in rugby?
What are the chances of getting a concussion in rugby?
Estimates of the incidence of concussion varied considerably among studies. The proportion of overall rugby injury that was classified as concussion ranged from 1% to 22%, and the incidence rate for concussion ranged from 0.1 to 8.3 per 100 player-seasons (Table).
Which sport has the highest incidence rate of concussions?
Do rugby players get a lot of concussions?
About 1,200 people suffer head injuries while playing rugby each year. About two-thirds of these injuries are either concussions or brain injuries. Rugby players are believed to play more aggressively when using scrum caps; however, studies have shown these make no difference for protecting against head injuries.
How many concussions happen in NRL?
As of round 12 this year, 59 players suffered a concussion in the NRL – that’s roughly one concussion for every 1.6 games. By contrast in the AFL (which has introduced new concussion protocols this season and is dealing with the same concerns), 29 players were concussed after the first 11 rounds.
Who hits harder NFL or rugby?
What are the 3 R’s needed when you have a concussion?
Follow the three R’s: RECOGNIZE, REST, and REHAB. The first step is recognizing that you only have one brain and that you need to take care of it.
Do rugby players suffer from CTE?
Head injuries are the most commonly reported injuries in professional rugby, accounting for roughly 20 percent of injury cases, according to existing research cited in the study. A 2017 study on the brains of 202 deceased people who had played American football found evidence of CTE in 87 percent of cases.
How serious are concussions in football?
What is it about rugby that can cause concussion?
In addition, rugby tacklers can get injured just as easily as those being tackled due to the lack of protective body pads. As in other sports that involve speed and contact, concussions can and do happen in rugby. Confusion, forgetfulness, dizziness, blurred vision and a headaches are just a few of the possible symptoms of a concussion.
How is concussion caused in rugby?
|
What is hyperborean animal?
What is hyperborean animal?
The people belonging to the Hyperborean branch are nomadic, and then- only domestic animals are the dog and the reindeer. They are spread over a vast surface, but are few in number. They support themselves by hunting and fishing.
How do you use Hyperborean in a sentence?
How to use Hyperborean in a sentence
1. The other Hyperborean races do not widely differ in character and physical appearance from those already described.
2. Like many nations of the Hyperborean group, the Chorotegans of Nicoya pierced the lower lip and inserted a round piece of bone.
Are Celts Hyperborean?
Is Iceland a Hyperborea?
Hyperborea was the land of the people of the far north, according to ancient Greek mythology. Bjorn Heimdall believed that Iceland was the actual site of Hyperborea.
What do Scottish people call pants?
Breeks is the Scots term for trousers or breeches. It is also used in Northumbrian English.
Is Britain a Hyperborea?
Aristotle placed the Riphean mountains on the borders of Scythia, and Hyperborea further north. Hecataeus of Abdera and others believed Hyperborea was Britain. However, all these sources agreed these were all in the far north of Greece or southern Europe.
Is Ireland a Hyperborea?
Hercules and Perseus, two of the most important characters in Greek mythology, were both said to have visited Hyperborea, which was described as being a fertile island to the north of Gaul (France) with oak trees, a circular temple (Newgrange) and priests with harps. Clearly, Ireland is the Greek Hyperborea.
Which is the best definition of the word Hyperborean?
Definition of hyperborean (Entry 1 of 2) 1 often capitalized : a member of a people held by the ancient Greeks to live beyond the north wind in a region of perpetual sunshine 2 : an inhabitant of a cool northern climate
Where did the Hyperboreans live in Greek mythology?
Hyperborean – (Greek mythology) one of a people that the ancient Greeks believed lived in a warm and sunny land north of the source of the north wind. Greek mythology – the mythology of the ancient Greeks.
Who are the Scythians and the Hyperboreans?
‘The Scythians and the Hyperboreans (sometimes the Aethiopians) were the noble savages of the Ancients.’ ‘This island is inhabited by the Hyperboreans there is also on the island a magnificent sacred precinct of Apollo.’
What kind of fish are found in Hyperborean waters?
|
SAPPHIRE, derived from the Greek SAPPHEIROS, means BLUE STONE.
The shades of blue vary in hue from pale to deep azure or dark royal blue to indigo with the most highly desired being the velvety cornflower blue also called Kashmir Sapphire.
Since ancient times Sapphires were considered to be sacred stones. Because in all its celestial hues, they resembled the blueness of the Heaven of the Heavens. This heavenly blue signified celestial hope and faith and was believed to bring protection, good fortune and spiritual insight. It was a symbol of power and strength, of kindness and wise judgement.
This gem was sacred to Phoebus Apollo, the Light Bringer and a giver of knowledge; the god of the Oracle at Delphi who slayed Python, the monster of mental darkness. Therefore Sapphires were also considered to be destroyers of poisonous reptiles and insects. Necromancers, priests and priestesses sought this stone for its purported ability to influence spirits and make clear oracular pronouncements.
Sapphires were believed to aid healing and they were even offered as an antidote to poison.
An old rhyme was testament to its healing power:
"If on your hand this stone you bind,
You in Taurus born will find
'Twill cure diseases of the mind,
The Sapphire."
Besides being used as medicine for all types of illnesses ranging from fevers, swellings, problems with perspirations, poison, plague and skin diseases, it also had great power in resisting black magic and curses.
In the ancient times, the great physician Galen used Sapphire to expel all eye ailments and even cured blindness.
Sapphires place near the heart fortify the heart. This gem represents pure divine love and chastity. It loses its luster if worn by an impious or drunkard person.
Sapphires protect the wearer from the parasitical larvae of the demon-infested spiritual world; and also protects the wearer from the poisonous reptilian of the human material world.
Sapphire opens all doors to psychic abilities, and gives peace and tranquility to the wearer. It is used as an amulet against envy, witchcraft, quarrels between friends, and the whispering influences of demons.
The Blue Sapphire should continuously be in touch with your skin so that its energies can have a positive effect on your aura. A powerful aura not only helps to block these external negative energies, it also strengthens you from within.
|
What Were the Twin Towers?
Expect some shipping delays due to COVID-19
Discover the true story of the Twin Towers- how they came to be the tallest buildings in the world and why they were destroyed.
When the Twin Towers were built in 1973, they were billed as an architectural wonder. At 1, 368 feet, they clocked in as the tallest buildings in the world and changed the New York City skyline dramatically. Offices and corporations moved into the towers- also known as the World Trade Center- and the buildings were seen as the economic hub of the world. But on September 11, 2001, a terrorist attack toppled the towers and changed our nation forever. Discover the whole story of the Twin Towers- from their ambitious construction to their tragic end.
Censor Level: 2
Format: Default Title
Genre: Non Fiction
Guided Reading Level: R
Series: What Was?
ISBN-13: 9780448487854
ISBN-10: 0-44-848785-3
Sub Genre: History / Reference
You recently viewed
Clear recently viewed
|
CLAT Sample Paper CLAT Sample Paper-10
• question_answer
Direction: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions.
Among A, B, C, D and E. E is taller than D but not as fat as D. C is taller than A but shorter than B. A is fatter than D but not as fat as B. E is thinner than C who is thinner than D. E is shorter than A.
If all the persons stood in a line according to their height, who would be in the middle?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Correct Answer: A
Solution :
Taller Fatter
E > D D > E
B > C > A B > A > D
A > E D > C
Finally, Finally,
B > C > A > E > D B > A > D > C > E
A will be in the middle.
You need to login to perform this action.
You will be redirected in 3 sec spinner
|
Did the English invent curry?
Which curry was invented in England?
An MP has called for Glasgow to be officially recognised as the home of Britain’s favourite curry, the Chicken Tikka Masala. The dish is one of the most popular in the UK.
Is curry a British word?
Curry is a word invented by the British back when they ruled India. It is the anglicized version of the Tamil word kari, meaning sauce and is now commonly used to describe almost any food of South Asian origin. … It is useful as an English translation for the word masala (meaning a mix of spices).
Do Brits like Indian food?
Is curry a bad word?
It has long been used as a blanket term to describe any South Asian dish with gravy or stew – but as an associate professor at the University of Vermont points out, the word “curry” itself does not exist in any South Asian language. … “Curry is one of these words that most historians attribute to the British bad ear.”
|
When you are shopping for vapes, you are going to come across mouth-to-lung and direct-to-lung, not to mention sub-ohm. But what do they mean?
What is Mouth-to-Lung inhaling?
When you take a draw on your vape, you will experience one of two things. A vapour that you hold in your mouth before transferring to your lungs. Or one that heads straight down to your lungs.
The mouth-to-lung inhale is closer to a cigarette. With this type of in method, you are likely to get a much bigger throat hit, which many people prefer.
For mouth-to-lung vaping you take a smooth, steady drag, then hold the vapour in your mouth before inhaling into your lungs. For mouth-to-lung vaping it is better to use a high PG ratio, as this gives a nice throat hit. Anything with a 50:50 ration will be fine.
What is Direct-to-Lung inhaling?
Unlike mouth-to-lung inhaling, you take this type directly to your lungs. It is closer to taking a deep breath than smoking a cigarette.
Direct-to-lung vaping needs a more significant airflow to cool the vapour down quicker, so direct-to-lung devices are designed to pull air over the coil quickly.
Direct-to-lung can be referred to a direct-lung, and straight-to-lung inhaling.
In order to direct-to-lung vape, you twist the airflow wide open. And take a deep pull similar to taking a deep breath. This allows the vapour to hit the lungs straight away. For direct-to-lung you should be looking for a higher VG ratio. So 80:20 VG/PG.
Is Both Possible?
There is a crossover point between mouth-to-lung and direct-to-lung vaping techniques. Suppose you consider that all vapour needs to pass through your mouth first on the way to the lungs, so technically it is possible. The terms are both widely used to distinguish different kinds of vaporisers, so you should know what they mean for your vaping experience before you buy anything.
What is Restricted Direct-Lung Vaping?
This relatively new term, which can be abbreviated to RDL, is a firm nod to that crossover just mentioned. It refers to a vape which is airier than a typical mouth-to-lung vape but not as airy as a direct-to-lung vaporise is.
With this you don’t get the big throat hit of mouth-to-lung, you get a much lighter one, but it is still there, and you inhale the same way as with a direct-to-lung vaporiser.
Mouth-to-Lung vs Direct-to-Lung
Many people are most comfortable with mouth-to-lung when they first start vaping, as generally, they are most used to this mechanism. This style is perfect for a higher nicotine level, tighter draw and a throat hit.
Many people feel this is the closest style to smoking cigarettes. Direct-to-lung can be more intense, and if you are new to vaping, it can make you cough a little.
One of the great things about vaping is the sheer amount of flavours that you have to choose from. Many vapers believe that they get the most flavour from a mouth-to-lung technique than from a direct-to-lung method. This is likely due to the extra air that you inhale with the direct-to-lung technique. So while you get more initial flavour with a mouth-to-lung vape, with direct-to-lung, the vapour is designed to be milky and intense in terms of flavours.
In general when it comes down to it, mouth-to-lung or direct-to-lung depends on how you smoke, and the flavour you want from your clouds.
|
Adapting to future needs.
Satellite TV Systems: Is This The Right Option For You?
There are two types of satellite television systems. One is Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) and the other is TeleVision reception only (TVRO). Let’s talk briefly about each type of system.
The Direct Broadcast system is carried out in what is called Ku-Band. These satellites transmit stronger power signals because they operate at a higher frequency. With DBS, they can use smaller satellite dishes. An 18 “satellite dish is large enough to receive all satellite television signals. If a person has a very clear view of the south side of their residence, a 10th-floor apartment may have satellite television. Several television providers satellite television use the DBS system, including Dish Network. This small, low-maintenance satellite dish is favorable for anyone. It does not interfere and is aimed at a single satellite. Unlike some of the larger satellite TV parabolic antennas, has only one broadcast. The channels are accessible on Direct Broadcast because these satellite dishes are often used by satellite TV providers, such as Dish Network. DBS is simple and inexpensive, therefore ideal for anyone. Sometimes, This satellite dish can be installed for free.Installation instructions.If you get a qualified installer who knows where Get the satellite dish and installation tools, you’re done. It will only take a few minutes to install your DBS satellite dish.
Now, what about TeleVision Receive Only (TVRO) systems? They are sometimes called Big Dish TV, BUD (Big Ugly Dish), and C-Band. This type of system was the first satellite television system on the market for home viewers. These systems require a larger satellite dish (3 to 6 feet in diameter). They work on C-band frequencies (around 4G Hertz). These frequencies have wavelengths much longer than the Ku band. That is why the satellite dish must be larger.
The TVRO satellite also has to be mobile. Collect your channels from multiple satellites. There are not as many channels accessible through C-Band as there are through Ku-Band. A favorable feature is that the TVRO system has free channels. Also, you can receive separate feeds from different companies. For example, if a news crew was covering a story in the satellite area, they could get an unedited version of that story with TVRO satellite television. These news crews send their signals to headquarters using a C-Band. TVRO satellite systems are used many times by people who have rented space on the satellite for only a limited period of time.
With TVRO, unedited material can be transported from one continent to another. They can also be used to transport such material within the same continent.
So here you have two different TV systems. Each has its own advantages. Each system is built in a unique way, but they work differently. It all depends on what is right for you.
Two of the main providers to buy are Dish Network and DIRECTV. Let’s see what you can get with each provider, then you can choose the one that is best for you (if any).
Dish Network, first of all, doesn’t offer hidden fees in their prices – they put everything on the table for you. For $ 19.99 a month (limited warranty) you get a 2-bedroom system with the Dish Family program package. Price includes free installation and equipment. Dish TV offers several low-rate packages to fit anyone’s budget. You can receive Dish programming free for three months and you can add the HD package for $ 10.00 per month to any top programming package like Dish Latino or America’s Top. With this addition, you get 4 free rooms of free satellite dish equipment installed. You also get a free 2 bedroom dish receiver. With Dish, $ 5.98 per month, you can get the Dish DVR benefit package (your programming, Dish Latino or America’s Top is included along with local TV channels). You can also get the Dish Home Protection Plan for 9 months free.
Dish Network offers a variety of programs including movies, sports, public interest, news, religion, entertainment, music, home delivery networks, and pay-per-view programs. There are more than 30 movie channels that are commercially free: Cinemax, HBO, Starz, and Showtime.
About DIRECTV: Definitely # 1 for outstanding TV programming, entertainment, technology, and customer service. DIRECTV has more than 15 million users.
In addition to the well-known satellite television providers, Dish Network and DIRECTV, there is also the option of free satellite television (for at least parts of their services). For the service, get free satellite through your personal computer and buy a low cost. satellite card and purchase of satellite equipment, then taking advantage of free satellite TV transmissions. Each of these three options provides some free services, but you also have to pay a certain monetary amount for the services.
You can purchase an inexpensive satellite card and receive television through your computer system. It has very good reception and a very clear image because your installed satellite card decodes the satellite signal.
You can choose to buy equipment to receive satellite signals on your television. Most of what you can catch with this option are Christian channels, ethnic shows, and local broadcasts.
Probably the best option is to get free equipment and then pay each month for the service. This satellite TV option is the most versatile of channels.
Make your free satellite decision based on the most bang for your buck by setting up this free satellite system. Get help by visiting your consumer electronics.
Leave a Reply
|
What Are Cataracts?
40 years ago, the word cataract instilled a lot more fear than it does now. This all changed because of advancements in surgical procedures; in 40 years, we have gone from traumatic eye surgeries with uncertain results to simple 20-minute inpatient surgeries with few complications. Today, cataract surgery is the most common inpatient surgery worldwide.
A cataract develops in the natural lens of our eye that is located directly behind the coloured part of our eye (iris). Normally, this lens is clear like a window, but over time this lens can begin to become more yellow and cloudy. If this happens, we call it a cataract.
There are varying degrees of severity and types of cataracts, but not all cataracts need to be removed. Certain types of cataracts progress quickly over a period of months and are often removed quickly in order to restore clear vision. Other types of cataracts are so slowly progressing that it may take decades before they start to cause blur and may not ever need to be removed.
Who is at risk?
Cataracts are most often seen in people over the age of 60. They are so common that everyone gets some degree of cataract formation if they live long enough.
Aside from increasing age, certain conditions increase the likelihood of cataract formation. Diabetes, for instance, can cause cataracts at an earlier age. Long-term steroid use can also cause early cataracts. Myotonic dystrophy, atopic dermatitis and eye injuries are also on the list of conditions that can cause early cataracts. In addition, studies have shown that increased UV exposure can increase the risk for cataract formation.
What are the symptoms of cataracts?
Symptoms of cataracts include: blurred vision, halos and glare. Cataracts develop without pain or redness. They can also cause small shifts in glasses prescriptions.
What can be done?
If cataracts begin to affect the quality of one's vision, cataract surgery is how cataracts are treated.
As mentioned earlier, however, not all cataracts need to be removed.
The decision about getting cataract surgery is completely between yourself and your eye doctor. For instance, if your eye care provider tells you that your cataracts are becoming increasingly cloudy, but you are content with your vision, surgery will not be performed. By the same token, if your eye care provider does not see dense cataracts, but your cataracts are making your ability to do everyday tasks difficult, surgery is considered.
What is a secondary cataract?
Sometimes after cataracts are removed, a secondary cataract can develop. This cataract type is much different because it is cloudy to the bag or capsule that the new artificial lens sits in. If a secondary cataract forms, it is easily removed with a laser.
Because exposure to UV light can increase the chances of cataracts, a good pair of sunglasses can help to prolong cataract formation. Of course wearing sunglasses will not guarantee having any cataracts in your lifetime, but it may prolong their emergence. If you are experiencing any cloudiness or blurring to your vision, call us right away at (403) 526-2020 to determine if cataracts or other causes might hinder your vision and get you the help that you need.
Written by Dr. Clark Hyde, 20/20 Vision Care
|
Is this how Skynet takes over? The shape-shifting liquid metal that channels the Terminator
Liquid metal that has the ability to reshape itself into just about seems straight out of science fiction – but this experimental new robot is no human hunting T-1000 Terminator, it’s reality.
Using experimental alloys the new robot was unveiled on March 3rd by its Chinese creators who believe it could be a step closer to thinking artificial intelligence with the ability to change shape.
"The soft machine looks rather intelligent and [can] deform itself according to the space it voyages in – just like [the] Terminator does from the science-fiction film," Jing Liu from Tsinghua University in Beijing, China told The New Scientist.
"These unusual behaviours perfectly resemble the living organisms in nature.”
But while the experimental alloy exhibits life-like qualities, it is still a far cry from the androids of the silver screen.
The shape-shifting liquid metal evokes Terminator antagonist T-1000 (Hemdale/Pacific Western/Orion Pictures)
Composed largely of the chemical element gallium, a metal that assumes liquid form at below 30°C, the robot is powered exclusively through chemical reactions.
A charge imbalance across the metal drop creates a pressure differential that propels the robot forward.
When suspended in hydrogen hydroxide, the aluminium “fuel” reacts to create hydrogen bubbles, which in turn adds to this propulsion.
The alloy shape-shifts when an electrical current is applied, snapping back to its previous drop shape the moment the current is removed.
Referred to by its inventors as a “soft machine”, the liquid metal robot was created as part of a long-term research project aimed at developing flexible, intelligent robots capable of altering their shape on the fly.
But technophobes fear not – while this robot holds promise, it’s not quite the stuff of Skynet nightmares.
"Such liquid robots will be a seed of artificial life seen in some movies," Taro Toyota of the University of Tokyo told The New Scientist.
"I would raise Flubber instead of Terminator 2."
Send your photos, videos and stories to 9News
|
A medtech spinout from the University of Aberdeen has unveiled a smart device aimed at revolutionising how medical events are managed in the air.
MIME Technologies believes the device has the potential to benefit the thousands of travellers who fall ill on flights annually.
It is an issue that is becoming an increasing challenge for both passengers and airlines as the population ages and more people are flying with long-term health conditions. In a single year, flight diversions for medical reasons can reach 60 flights for a major airline and can cost upwards of £38,500 for each diverted flight.
Four billion people travel by plane annually, and International Air Traffic Association estimates suggest this will rise to expected to rise to 8.2 billion in 2037.
A multidisciplinary team of physiologists, technologists and aviation medicine specialists have created a new wireless technology, named ‘Aiber’, that aims to provide fast and accurate support to cabin crew and pilots.
It aims to allow more informed decisions for a wide range of medical events ranging from burns and allergic reactions to potential heart attacks in the skies.
Cabin crew are responsible for passenger care in-flight and receive detailed and specific first aid training, refreshed annually. But while some airlines can call on clinical ‘on the ground’ support, this is not mandatory for all flights.
Calling the ground can also be difficult, requiring the crew to leave the patient’s side to use the on-board phone or existing headphone technology, which is prone to serious challenges like noise interference.
Aiber is understood to be the first technology capable of ‘live’ streaming a wide range of passenger data to the ground, allowing real-time digital communication between the crew, the passenger and clinical support.
MIME Technologies co-founder and chief executive Anne Roberts said: “An in-flight medical event, even of a minor nature, can be hugely stressful for cabin crew. Our affordable technology guides them through their first aid training but, crucially, it live streams medical event updates to the ground.
“This is hugely significant as it allows a more informed decision about how stable a passenger is and whether the flight should divert or continue. It allows cabin crew to stay by the passenger’s side throughout and, using AI, it automatically stores and transmits essential information that can often be missed or only recorded after the event.
“For the first time, clinicians on the ground will be able to follow, in real-time, the deterioration or improvement of a passenger in the air using wireless technology and the tech provides a seamless handover to emergency services meeting the aircraft.
“We believe the technology will help avoid unnecessary diversions but, more significantly, it will help save lives by providing ‘eyes in the sky’ on flights globally.”
Developed with input from two of the world’s leading airlines and suitable for use by commercial airlines and business jets, the technology can integrate wireless, clinical-grade, heart sensing equipment; specifically designed for non-medical professionals like cabin crew. MIME recently completed field trials with a global aviation company, with multiple commercial and business jet customers in the pipeline.
Founded by Dr. Alasdair Mort and Anne Roberts, MIME Technologies is located in Solasta House on the innovative Inverness Campus.
Supported by Highlands & Islands Enterprise, the company was a Scottish EDGE winner in 2017. Additional awards include SCDI’s Excellence in Research & Innovation award. In October 2019, the company received investment led by Equity Gap investors and the Scottish Investment Bank.
|
Enhanced Recovery After Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center
What is DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)?
DKA is a series of events that starts when the body does not have enough insulin for the present condition and leads to a serious imbalance in the blood. When there is not enough insulin, the body tries to make energy from other products. This changes your blood to be more acidic and your breathing can become more labored. You can also become severely dehydrated and possibly go into a coma.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Comprehensive Recovery Guide
To reach the Outpatient Diabetes Educators, please call 973-322-7007.
|
global information
public health, it is common and extremely useful to convey a message through a visual. The purpose of this assignment is to take what you have learned thus far on poverty, health, the burden of infectious and communicable diseases, and their impact on global health’s mortality and morbidity rates, and create a visual to represent a health issue in a lower- to middle-income country.
Part 1: Select a health issue in a lower- to middle-income country to design an infographic for the Minister of Health to help depict the definitions of the following words that can be utilized to design or incorporate in laws and policies:
Health Equity
Gender Equality
Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on
global information
Just from $13/Page
Order Essay
Part 2: In 250-500 words, provide a background of the health issue. In the background, discuss the cause of the selected issue. Explain why this issue should be addressed. Evaluate how social and economic inequalities impact how the health issue is addressed.
You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.
Calculate the price of your paper
Total price:$26
Our features
We've got everything to become your favourite writing service
Stuck with your assignment?
We've got you covered.
Order your paper now!
error: Content is protected !!
Live Chat+1(978) 822-0999EmailWhatsApp
|
Here are 5 things you can do to promote sustainability
10 years ago, the idea of sustainability was not taken so seriously as many people did not realize how important it was. However, sustainability and consciousness about the environment among the general population have increased and the idea has become global today.
Once companies started making sustainable products and services available for people, it became a choice between existing products or services and sustainable options. As an example, consumers could choose between a regular lightbulb or an energy-saving alternative. They might have not been cheaper at first, but as technology improved, sustainable products in the market became cheaper and better and started competing with products made by conventional methods.
1. Recycle
Recycling is one of the best things you can do to promote sustainability. By cleaning up your house and recycling your old household trash, you instantly get a cleaner house and some extra cash. Recycling reduces pressure on raw materials, reduces mining, and the fuel and other costs associated with extracting, transporting and processing minerals. You also save valuable landfill space.
2. Make Informed Decisions
You can make a shift in your purchasing practices by choosing sustainable goods and services. Before purchasing something, read the fine prints and make sure that they are made through sustainable methods. Was it made in a sustainable way? Does the product support the environment and ecosystem? Many products, especially cleaning products, are labeled eco-friendly. Compare different products and make sure you choose the right brand that promotes sustainability. Avoid products that use excessive packaging because it is going to increase waste.
3. Grow your own crops
The food that you purchase from a grocery store is not always grown through sustainable methods. You can help reduce your carbon footprint and reduce negative environmental impacts by growing your own food at home. Planting your own vegetables has many benefits. You can grow without using any chemicals or pesticides, recycle your kitchen waste as fertiliser, and enjoy freshly grown vegetables out of your own hard work. It’s a great way to enjoy the outdoors, get some exercise, and also bring your family together.
4. Reduce waste
It cannot be denied that many of us often leave behind a huge trail of waste especially when it comes to food. Reducing food waste can significantly help the environment as well as save you on your grocery bills. The first step to minimising waste is to buy only the products that you need. Avoid excessive packaging and recycle everything that you can. Also separate your household trash into stuff that can be reused, before you throw anything into the dumpster. A lot of your kitchen waste can be used in your vegetable garden and many of your furniture, electrical appliances or old clothes can be rebuilt or recycled. If you do not need something, you can donate it to a recycling group in your area.
5. Monitor your utility bills
Conserving energy and minimising waste will help you in reducing your utility bills as well as promoting sustainability. Cutting your utility bill does not necessarily require an upfront investment and there are really some simple tricks to it. If you are seeing high electric bills or water bills, try to find out if you have been wasting energy or water through faulty wiring, leaking pipes or faucets, insufficient insulation and old appliances. Little things like unplugging your appliances while not in use or closing your windows when heat or air conditioning is on, makes a big difference, in the long run, to save energy, reduce environmental footprints, and will also show up as a reduction on your bills. On a larger scale and over a longer period of time, it will help us reduce the global impact and carbon footprints globally.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.