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What is Medication Adherence? What is Medication Non-Adherence? Medication adherence, or taking medications correctly, is generally defined as the extent to which patients take medication as prescribed by their doctors. This involves factors such as getting prescriptions filled, remembering to take medication on time, and understanding the directions. Medication non-adherence is when a person is not able to successfully take their medications as prescribed by their healthcare providers. Non-adherence with medication is a complex and multidimensional health care problem and can be due to several factors. • you have trouble keeping track of your refills. • you would like to save several trips to and from the pharmacy each month to pick up your medications. • you would like your medication packaged at no additional cost in WellPak or blister pack. • you would like your medications AND supplements monitored by Wellspring Pharmacy for any negative side effects. • you would like Wellspring Pharmacy to help you manage your medications so you realize success, want freedom from the difficult routine of managing prescriptions, and peace of mind to know that what is delivered is correct and always up to date. Why Choose Wellspring's Adherence Program? Wellspring Pharmacy’s team of licensed pharmacists and technicians are experts in Medication Adherence and Med Synchronization. Wellspring Pharmacy provides superior service and saves you time, money, and effort . No contracts, no commitments. We work to serve you well each and every month. Once you’ve experienced the convenience and ease of Wellspring’s Medication Adherence & Synchronization Program, you’ll wish you had done so sooner. How much does the program cost? IT'S FREE! Wellspring Pharmacy does not charge for this service. We believe in helping every patient adhere to their medication regimen and are here to make that process easier. How do I get started? Call (510) 428-1559 and tell us you want to sign up for the adherence program. We will need your basic information including name, address, phone, insurance, doctor, and the old pharmacy you were using and we’ll take care of the rest. Fast and easy - that’s the Wellspring way!
How many different types of Germs, Bacteria, and Viruses live on a Toothbrush? Shocking but true: your toothbrush is dirtier than your toilet seat. It is hard to predict exactly which germs are on your toothbrush right now, but staphylococci, coliforms, pseudomonads, streptococci, and at least one fungus, candida, have all been cultured from used toothbrushes. In one Australian study, staphylococci and streptococci were the most commonly found pathogens on used toothbrushes. Even if you have a brand-new toothbrush, it gets contaminated the first time you use it. Since the purpose of brushing is to remove bacteria that cause gum disease and tooth decay, it could conceivably be self-defeating to use a contaminated toothbrush, you’d be reinoculating yourself every time you brushed. But it isn’t clear how much of a danger this poses in the real life of a healthy person. How long the microbes survive on your brush varies, anaerobic germs tend to die unless they have some hollow space in the brush where they can thrive. Most plastic brushes have no such hiding places, but the handle of an electric toothbrush was found in one case to provide the right airless environment for Porphyromonas gingivalis, a germ that causes gum disease, to live happily. This same study found on used toothbrushes Streptococcus mutans and, most persistently, Candida albicans, a very common fungus that most people live happily with but that can cause mouth sores and vaginitis and sometimes, usually in the immunocompromised, systemic illnesses that can be fatal. Most toothbrush germs are gone within 24 hours if the toothbrush dries out. Finding these organisms on toothbrushes shouldn’t be surprising, they are among the most common germs we all live with, and unless you are elderly, pregnant, or immunocompromised, they’re usually harmless. For most people, the advice to shake the water off your toothbrush and let it dry will be sufficient to prevent any serious threat. For those who want to be extra careful, soaking a toothbrush for 20 minutes in Listerine eliminates most germs the brush might harbor. How about the bath mat? There are several studies that document the presence of bacteria and fungi in carpeting, but there isn’t any evidence that their presence there causes any increase in infection rates. A clean bath mat will attain a certain level of contamination fairly quickly and stay at that level until it is washed. After washing, the bacterial count goes down and then quickly rises again. A wet mat is a better place for bacteria to grow than a dry one. Sanitizing your bath mat or any other laundry is probably not essential to good health, but if you really want to, there are ways to do it. About Karen Hill Leave a Comment
Features of Weathering Steel in Construction Written by on March 29, 2020 in Stuff with 0 Comments Today, weathering steel is the most famous brand among all steels resistant to atmospheric corrosion. Atmospheric corrosion resistant steels are ordinary structural steels alloyed with copper and phosphorus. Such steel creates a protective oxide layer, which slows down the corrosion process in conditions where it can freely moisten and dry in the open air. Previously this steel was mainly used in industrial structures. However, their popularity has recently increased significantly in facade solutions and landscape design, and architects find its color very attractive. In addition, weathering steel is an environmentally friendly material since it doesn’t require separate anti-corrosion processing, unlike galvanized coil. History of Weathering Steel Weatherproof steels were developed in the United States in the early twentieth century when it was noticed that copper alloyed steel sheet is much more resistant to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steel sheets. Company U.S. Steel conducted extensive research, testing the physical properties and resistance to atmospheric corrosion of many sheets with different chemical compositions, which resulted in the development of weathering steel and patented in 1933. Weathering steel was widely used in steel structures, in which normal carbon steel succumbed to premature corrosion due to the combined effects of weather, water, and impurities that appear in industrial production. Today, weathering steel is used in transport containers, bridge structures, and technological equipment in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Weathering steel is also often used in power line poles, truck chassis designs, water tanks, chimneys, and the construction industry. Weathering steel can be used on its own or can be painted. When used correctly, untreated weathering steel quickly forms a dense and hard oxide layer that prevents progressive rust. On the other hand, weathering steel painted structures have longer tinting intervals during maintenance, since the hard oxide layer appears on any damaged areas of the paintwork, and corrosion cannot progress under the paint (as it usually happens with painted carbon steel). Weathering Steel Properties Weathering steel is a highly active metal compared to, for example, stainless steel and copper. For this reason, any moisture or atmospheric oxygen gaining access to the surface of unpainted carbon steel quickly causes oxidation and the formation of iron hydroxide. This process is commonly called corrosion. As the surface of the steel is repeatedly wetted, rusting occurs, which can significantly impair the properties of the steel structure. Weathering steel also oxidizes in contact with air and humidity. However, the oxidation mechanism in weathering steels is different from the rusting of other types of steel. When weathering steel is repeatedly moistened and dries, a dense and very hard oxide layer forms on its surface. This layer prevents the development of corrosion in normal weather conditions, which is why weathering steel is called weather-resistant. Since patenting weathering steel, more than 30,000 tests have been carried out to optimize the chemical composition of steel and achieve the best weather resistance. Chrome, nickel, copper, and phosphorus improve the steel’s resistance to atmospheric corrosion. And silicon, titanium, molybdenum, and vanadium further increase the density of the oxide layer by interacting with copper and chromium. Tags: , , , , Subscribe via RSS Feed Connect on YouTube Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. Send this to a friend
Prior to responding complete your reading of The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down 2 1. Prior to responding complete your reading of The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down 2. After reading the story indicate ways in which culture affected the family’s relationship with society and specifically their child’s medical treatment. Discuss who was right and/or wrong in their attitudes and behavior? Explain and justify your conclusions? What was your reaction to the book and did you find it to be a meaningful read? Are there any other books you might recommend to broaden people’s cultural sensitivities? (I want to expand my own reading list.)Part II – Clearly culture affects all aspects of the way a person interacts with society, which must include the interactions between children, their parents and school leadership. Hopefully by reading our textbook, you have read examples of the interactions between cultural influences, societal institutions, and how easy it is for miscommunication and tradition to create obstacles to a successful integration of immigrants into our society. While The Spirit focuses on medical treatment, a variety of other issues affecting your students can be identified. As a teacher especially in the New York Metropolitan area you will come across a diverse student population. According to some statistics there are over 1,000,000 students attending New York City schools and the surrounding areas, of which some 40% live in a household in which the parents speak a language other than English. Among languages spoken we can include: Spanish, French, German, Chinese, Japanese, Urdu, Persian, Hindi, Russian, Bengali, Haitian Creole, Korean, and Arabic. As such, you can easily see that a teacher must be prepared for students whose traditions and cultures may be very different than those of other students in your class and even yours. Key concerns to address in your essay both specific to A Spirit Catches You… and in the course readings to date: 1. Basic conflicts that you were able to identify, others you identified in previous assignments and how it impacts on children, authorities such as teachers, administrators, physicians, and other social service providers and the family? 2. Takeaways that you are left with after reading the book that can inform you as a citizen and a teacher, knowing how diverse your students may be? 3. Please reach out to teachers and other educators and identify ways in which they may have encountered the clash between culture and school rules and procedures. Please try to identify any issues that may relate to the communication between students and teachers and the development of English language literacy skills. 4. To what degree are there specifics points of conflict between one’s culture and school requirements and expectations?5. Compounding factors such as language. Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Just from $13/Page Order Essay Calculate your order Pages (275 words) Standard price: $0.00 Client Reviews Our Guarantees 100% Confidentiality Information about customers is confidential and never disclosed to third parties. Original Writing Timely Delivery Money Back Calculate the price of your order You will get a personal manager and a discount. We'll send you the first draft for approval by at Total price: Power up Your Academic Success with the Team of Professionals. We’ve Got Your Back. Power up Your Study Success with Experts We’ve Got Your Back. Live Chat+1(978) 822-0999EmailWhatsApp
Why Is There A Magenta Glare On Camera Lens? (Question) Image sensors used in digital cameras, on the other hand, are often more sensitive to a wider range of wavelengths. An axial or longitudinal chromatic aberration is a general defocus of the shortest wavelengths that results in a purple fringe on all sides of a bright object as a result of the defocus of the shortest wavelengths. What causes purple fringing in photos? It is known as purple fringing when a purple color appears in high contrast boundary sections of a picture that was most likely captured in low light conditions with a brighter background. Purple fringing is most typically associated with chromatic aberration, which happens frequently with digital cameras. However, lens flare can also generate purple fringing in some situations. What causes camera glare? Lens flare occurs when a bright, non-image producing light source such as the sun, a full moon, or artificial illumination is used and shows on the photograph as a haze or a starburst, depending on the camera. Lens flare may also occur when a strong light source is partially concealed by an item or a person, which is known as occlusion. You might be interested: What Lens Should Be Used For Sports Photography? (Correct answer) What does a magenta filter do? In the incoming white light spectrum, the filter selectively transmits the red and blue sections of the spectrum, while absorbing most of the green wavelengths. It was previously mentioned in our section on primary colors that the color magenta may be created by removing green from white light. Is lens flare good or bad? In the incoming white light spectrum, the filter selectively transmits the red and blue sections of the spectrum, while absorption most of the green wavelengths. It was previously explained in our section on primary colors that the color magenta may be produced by removing green from white light. How do I get rid of purple lens flare in Photoshop? Using a red and blue filter, you can selectively transmit the red and blue sections of an incoming white light spectrum while blocking out most of the green wavelengths. Magenta is created by subtracting green light from white light, as we explained in our section on basic colors. 1. Step 1: Select the Patch Tool from the drop-down menu. Choose the Patch tool from the drop-down menu. You can also use the shorthand letter “J.” Step 2: Choose the Lens Flare effect. Make a selection around the lens fare with your mouse. Step 3: Click and drag to remove. Now, move the selection to a region that appears to be covered by the flare. What is ghosting camera? When light bounces off the surface of the lens on a regular basis, the phenomena known as ghosting occurs, which is visible in the image. Ghosting is commonly viewed as a sort of flare. In the presence of reflections happening in front of and behind the lens’s aperture, the ghost takes on the form of the lens’ aperture. Without any ghosting, this image was caught in its entirety. You might be interested: How To Get Smoke Smell Out Of Camera Lens? (Solution found) What color is a lens flare? In addition to being used to lessen lens flare, it also creates the red and green hues that are commonly associated with lens flare. Bokeh is a source of circles surrounding out-of-focus bright areas that is also attributable in part to the internals of the lens, which is seen in some of the images. In order to decrease lens flare, a lens cowl is employed to admit only light from the field of vision into the camera. Why do people use lens flare? When strong light reaches the camera lens, it strikes the sensor and causes the lens flare to flare outwards. It has the ability to attract the spectator into a picture or to bring visual excitement to a composition that might otherwise be stagnant. Lens flare has the potential to detract attention away from your topic. What Colour does a magenta filter absorb? Magenta absorbs the color green, which is its complimentary hue. As a result, the color green is eliminated from the white light. The filter is only capable of transmitting red and blue light at this point. As a result, when lit with white light, the filter will seem magenta (recall that magenta light is a combination of red and blue light). Does a red filter work? Red filters are a popular choice among landscape photographers, and they are frequently employed to add drama to their images. When photographing nature, a red filter will improve the contrast between red flowers and green foliage, which is beneficial. A red filter will deepen a blue sky and make white clouds stand out more clearly in the sky. It can also have a positive effect on reducing the effects of haze and fog. You might be interested: How To Fix A Jammed Camera Lens? (Solution) What does a red filter do underwater? In underwater scenes, red filters are used to compensate for the lack of red light (since red is the first color to be lost when descending in water). A red filter is intended for use in tropical and blue water, and it is most effective when used between 10 and 80 feet deep. Ambient lighting is the best choice (no video lights). How do you stop lens flare at night? When photographing at night or with long exposures, it is important to avoid lens flare. 1. If you want to reduce lens flare, avoid using a small aperture. Use a Prime Lens to keep lens flare to a minimum. Lens flare can be reduced by using a lens hood. Avoid using filters to reduce lens flare as much as possible. Lens flare may be reduced by using a high-quality lens. How do you prevent sun spots in photos? How to Keep Lens Flare to a Minimum 1. Make use of a Lens Hood. Lens flare is most commonly produced by shooting into direct sunshine. 2. Block It With Your Hand. 3. Watch Your Filters. 4. Block the Light. 5. Adjust Your Angle. 6. Zoom in or out. 7. Clean Your Lens. 8. Consider Your Gear. Leave a Reply
All Subjects AP Comp Sci P Big Idea 3: Algorithms and Programming Random Values 1 min readnovember 16, 2020 Minna Chow AP Computer Science Principles ⌨️ Bookmarked 2.9k • 79 resources See Units Generating Random Numbers Many coding languages provide a way to generate random numbers, and College Board's Pseudocode is no exception. It's a good tool for many programs. Here's what the random generator looks like in Pseudocode: ...and here's its equivalent in Python: import random c = random.randint(a,b) Notice how you have to import the random module into your program in order to gain access to the random generator. One example where random value generators come into handy is in simulations. Was this guide helpful? Fiveable logo Join Fiveable for free Create a free account to bookmark content and compete in trivia Hours Logo Studying with Hours = the ultimate focus mode Start a free study session Browse Study Guides By Unit
How to Grow "Yves Piaget" Roses The deep pink hybrid tea rose "Yves Piaget" (Rosa "Yves Piaget") also goes by several other names, including "Queen Adelaide" and "Royal Brompton," but smells intensely sweet no matter its name. The double blooms of the "Yves Piaget" measure about 4 1/2 inches across, and the bush itself grows to a height of 2 1/2 feet. "Yves Piaget" roses grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 to 9. Grow the "Yves Piaget" rose in sandy loam soil. The soil can include some clay, and should have a pH of between 5.5 and 7.5. Soil should be moist, but also drain well. Roses need approximately 1 inch of water per week, either from rainfall or watering. Spread several inches of mulch on top of the soil to conserve moisture and help control weeds. Plant "Yves Piaget" roses where they receive at least six hours of full sun each day. Fertilize "Yves Piaget" roses twice a year with a general-purpose fertilizer, such as 10-10-10 or 12-12-12, spreading 1/2 to 1 cup of fertilizer around the plant in an 18-inch circumference. Work the fertilizer into the soil and water the rose bush. Fertilize in the spring and mid-June. Check for yellowing leaves or black spots on leaves, which may indicate the plant is infected with the black spot fungus. Left untreated, the leaves turn yellow and drop from the plant. Remove infected leaves as soon as possible, and apply a fungicide spray as soon as leaves appear on the plant in the spring. Watch for other diseases, including powdery mildew and stem canker, which you can also treat with fungicides. Plant roses far enough apart to allow good air circulation to prevent fungi. Inspect rosebuds and leaves for insects, such as aphids, Japanese beetles, thirps and slugs. Insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils and hand picking the insects can keep many pests at bay, while pesticides, such as dicofol, can kill ones that are harder to remove. Deadhead the rose bush to remove faded flowers. Once blooms have died they can sap the plant's energy if you leave them on the bush. Deadheading also encourages more blooms. If the "Yves Piaget" rose is in its first growing season, remove only the upper stems that have three leaves on them. In subsequent years, remove stems with five leaves. Prune dead canes from the rose bush in late winter with hand shears. Then cut back healthy canes to a height of 1 to 4 feet. Wear long sleeves and leather gloves to protect your hands and arms from thorns.
Does Fairbanks get thunderstorms? Does Fairbanks get tornadoes? Yes Alaska does have tornadoes! Although they are quite rare indeed as there have only been 4 confirmed twisters on the record books since 1950. Does Alaska get severe thunderstorms? It is clear that both Yakutat and Annette Island have much greater thunderstorm activity than Juneau. The close proximity of Yakutat to the open waters of the Gulf of Alaska allows for increased instability in the atmosphere which in turn is responsible for the larger number of thunderstorms found there. Does Alaska get bad storms? Alaska averages a couple of severe thunderstorm warnings every year, though it’s hard to verify if the warned storms actually produced severe weather (and if any unwarned storms produced severe weather) due to the state’s sparsely-populated nature. Does Alaska get hail? According to the NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information storm events database, hail has been reported on only 13 separate days in Alaska from late June 2004 through the end of April 2015. … Other hail events may have occurred that weren’t documented. How often does it thunderstorm in Alaska? Thunderstorms occur over northern Alaska each year and will drift out over the onto the ice about every year or two, according to NWS forecasters in Fairbanks. “But thunderstorms that develop up over the ice pack north of the Alaska Coast as occurred today only happens every 5 to 10 years,” they wrote. IT IS SURPRISING: How can you stay safe before a hurricane? Has there ever been lightning in Antarctica? The high lightning areas are on land located in the tropics. Areas with almost no lightning are the Arctic and Antarctic, closely followed by the oceans which have only 0.1 to 1 strikes/km2/yr. Does Alaska get severe weather? Severe weather in Alaska can include snow, high winds, dense fog, and coastal storms. … Some geographical areas of Alaska are known to have more severe weather than others. In the extreme north part of the state, Alaska has an Arctic climate resulting in long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Why is lightning rare in Alaska? Although thunderstorms over land in Alaska are relatively common, it’s quite rare for them to form in far north areas over sea ice. Normally the air in the area lacks the convective heat that’s needed for lightning to form, however, last week three consecutive thunderstorms swept across the Arctic.
You asked: Why does Western Oregon get more rain than Eastern Oregon? Why is eastern Oregon so dry when it rains so much here in the Willamette Valley? Climate and ecology The driest parts are the southeast and the area near Redmond. This desert climate is in part due to a rain shadow effect caused by the Cascade Range. Pine and juniper forests cover 35% of Eastern Oregon, especially in the mountains east of Klamath Falls and in the Blue Mountains. How often does it rain in western Oregon? Climate Averages West Slope, Oregon United States Rainfall 41.1 in. 38.1 in. Snowfall 1.5 in. 27.8 in. Precipitation 155.3 days 106.2 days Sunny 142 days 205 days What is the rainiest town in Oregon? Portland, Oregon Is The Rainiest Town In America. What city in Oregon has the best weather year round? Year-Round Livability Klamath Falls is Oregon’s “City of Sunshine” with nearly 300 sunny days each year. Why does Western Washington get so much rain? The largest ocean on the planet brings a huge amount of moisture over to the state of Washington, carrying it over the Olympic Mountain range. The moisture coming from the Pacific is in the form of vapor, but once it reaches the mountains, the cool air turns it into drops of rain. IT IS SURPRISING: Best answer: Why do joints hurt in cold weather? Is Oregon less rainy than Washington? Seattle, Washington gets 38 inches of rain, on average, per year. Portland, Oregon gets 42.8 inches of rain, on average, per year. The US average is 38.1 inches of rain per year. Why does it rain in Oregon so much? Moist wind blowing in from the coast hits the Cascade range, forcing the moisture higher and turning it into thick clouds and dense rainfall further inland. While Oregon and Washington are known to be wet, rainfall varies greatly throughout each state. Changes in elevation are a main cause for the difference.
Mujtahid is the name of a group of scholars who extract masala from the Qur’an and Sunnah, the fatwas of the Companions, the consensus of scholars on the Qur’an and Sunnah, and the reasoning behind the Qur’an and Sunnah. Those who have sincerely laid down various principles and brought harmony between the external contradictory masalas of the Qur’an and the Sunnah. The Qur’an has defined the observable meanings of more than one semantic word in the Sunnah. He has come up with a solution in the light of the Shariah principles of the newly emerged masala. At the same time, the rules will be imposed in the light of any principle of the new masala, the provisions of which are not directly stated in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Basically the name of that research group is Mujtahid. And in the light of their invented principles, the name of the masala is madhhab. And why? The observance of madhhabs is said to be due to the fact that the scholars are insignificant about the Qur’an and Sunnah. Those who are there have been deprived of the command of any verse of the Qur’an, the command of any verse is in force, any verse has been revealed in any context, any verse has been revealed for whom. What is the real meaning of a phrase? In which principle of Arabic grammar does this sentence fall? What rhetoric has been used in this verse or hadith? Don’t be wise about it. Also, which is a saheeh hadeeth and which is a weak hadeeth? What makes a hadith weak? What makes a hadith strong? There are no scholars who are at the fingertips of the biographies of the narrators of Hadith. But if the hadith is not strong, it does not prove the Shari’ah rule. It is difficult to find a wise person in all these matters. Most people are not scholars. And even a handful of scholars are not knowledgeable about all the things mentioned. Therefore, it is impossible for us to extract the correct masala from the Qur’an and Sunnah. O you who believe, pray for him and greet him. Surah Ahzab-56 Notice in all these places – towards the word “salat”. Salat has come in three places. There are 4 meanings of the word salat in these three places. In the first part, the purpose of the prayer is “prayer”, that is, Allah Ta’ala instructed us to establish the prayer. বাক Surah Baqara-43- And in the second verse, Allah Ta’ala and his angels pray over the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), meaning: May Allaah have mercy on the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) How will an ordinary reader or an ordinary scholar know about this difference? Seto will speak of mercy instead of prayer, will speak of darood instead of mercy, will speak of prayer instead of darood. If this is done, there will be no more religion, there will be chaos. There are so many types it’s hard to say. Therefore, it is logical for a wise, prudent person to take the solution of the subject according to his research. If you do not know, ask the wise. Surah Nahl-43 In the wise Fuqaha, the Qur’an has solved all the problems in terms of the Qur’an and Sunnah, the consensus of the Ummah, and logic. The name of following all those sages is following madhhab. The instruction to follow which Allah Ta’ala gave directly in the Holy Quran. Does the madhhab have any evidence of obedience to the Prophet, the Companions and the Tabi’is? What madhhab it is surely made clear by the previous statement. As such, there is no need to follow any madhhab in the world of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Because he himself is one of the law makers. Whose interpretation will he follow? He acted only knowing the solution from Allah Ta’ala, and instructed to act. What is the madhhab of the Companions? For the Companions who were directly with the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) it was necessary to follow the Prophet’s interpretation. Also no one’s explanation. But all the Companions who were far away from the Prophet (peace be upon him) followed the madhhab of the wise Companions of that place. In Yemen, for example, the madhhab was followed by Hazrat Mu’adh bin Jabal. The people of Iraq followed Abdullah bin Masood. When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) decided to send Mu’adh bin Jabal to Yaman, he asked Mu’aadh, “How will you judge when you are entrusted with the task of judging?” Then he said, “I will judge by the Book of Allah.” The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: What if you do not find the Book of Allaah? He said, “Then I will judge by the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah.” The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: What if you do not follow the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)? Then he said, “Then I will try to invent ijtihad.” Then the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) slapped him on the chest and said, ন Sunan Abu Daud, Hadith No. 3594, Sunan Tirmidhi, Hadith No. 1327, Sunan Daremi, Hadith No. 16, Musnad Ahmad, Hadith No. 22071. Notice in this hadith that during the lifetime of the Prophet (peace be upon him) Hazrat Mu’adh (may Allah be pleased with him) said, “If I do not find this Qur’an and Sunnah, I will do ijtihad on my own.” And it is also clear from the hadith that it is necessary to follow the madhhab like the Prophet Mu’adh on the people of Yemen. Besides, in the age of the Companions, all the Madhhabs of the Companions were to be followed. Notable among them are- Hazrat Omar bin Khattab, Hazrat Ali bin Abu Talib, Hazrat Abdullah bin Masud, Hazrat Ayesha, Hazrat Zayd bin Sabet, Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas, Hazrat Abdullah bin Omar and other Companions. The school of the Tabi’is In all the areas where the Tabi’is lived, they followed the madhhabs like the wise companions or the wise mujtahids. Notable among them were- Hazrat Saeed bin Musayyib, Hazrat Abu Salma bin Abdir Rahman, Hazrat Orwa bin Zubair, Hazrat Qasim bin Muhammad, Hazrat Sulaiman bin Yasar, Hazrat Khareja bin Zayed. Then, among those who followed the madhhab in Madinah, the most notable are: Hazrat Imam Zuhri, Hazrat Yahya bin Saeed, Hazrat Rabia bin Abdir Rahman. And in Makkah Mukarramah there were Ata bin Abi Rabah, Ali bin Abi Talha, Abdul Malik bin Juraiz and others. And in Kufa were Hazrat Ibrahim Nakhai, Amer bin Shurahbil, Sha’bi, Alkama, Al Aswad. And he was in Basra – Hasan Basri Rah. Hazrat Taus bin Qaisan in Yemen. Hazrat Makhul Rah in the evening. Those whose fatwas have been narrated in the Muwatta, Musnads, and Sunanas, such as Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah, Musannaf Abdur Razzak, Kitabul Asar, Sharhu Mayanil Asar, etc. Where is the difficulty in looking at the Qur’an and Hadith? What are the difficulties I hope the madhhab? Got the answer to this question. Take a look at that answer again. Do the muhaddiths accept the madhhab? Understand this one word first. That is, since the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) there have been two groups, one group which has the power of ijtihad or innovation. They used to do ijtihad and give opinions on various issues. And there was a group who did not have this power, they followed the opinion of the mujtahids. The situation was exactly the same in the age of the Companions. One group was the Mujtahids, a list of whom has already been mentioned. And there was a huge congregation who did not have the power of ijtihad. They followed the madhhabs of those mujtahids. Similarly, the Tabi’is had the same condition, one group of Mujtahids, another group of Muqallids and followers. Thus there were two groups among the muhaddithin, one group who had the power of ijtihad, the other group who did not have the power of ijtihad. So some of them have madhhabs and some of them do not. Some have brought out the masala themselves, some have followed another imam. Just as Imam Bukhari was a mujtahid, so he did not need to follow anyone. However, some have called him a Shafi’i madhhab. {Al-Insaf = ৬৭, Tabaqatush Shafi’iyyah-2/2, Abjadul Uloom 610. Thus Imam Muslim was a follower of the Shafi’i school. {Al-Hittah-17 Imam Nasai, the compiler of Nasai Sharif, was a follower of the madhhab of Imam Ahmad bin Humble, Imam Abu Dawood, and a follower of the Hanbali school. ুল Faizul Bari-1/57, Abjadul Uloom-610, Ilaul Muakkiyin-1/236. 1. Imam Bukhari is a follower of Shafi’i school. Source: Abjadul Uloom written by Nawab Siddique Hasan Khan Page No. 610, Alhitta Page No. 263. Al-Insaf page no. 6 written by Shah Waliullah. Allama Taj Uddin Subaki Rah: Written by Tbakkatush Shafei Page No. 2/2. 72. Imam Muslim is a follower of the Shafi’i school. Source: Al-Hitta page no. 228 written by Siddique H. Khan. 63. Imam Tirmidhi himself was a mujtahid. However, he was attracted to the Hanafi and Hanbali sects. Source: Al-Insaf Page No. 69 written by Shah Waliullah. 64. Imam Nasai was a follower of the Shafi’i school. Source: Al-Hitta page no. 293 written by N.H.H. 65. Imam Abu Dawud Rah Shafi’i. Source: Al-Hitta Page No. 228. Allama Anwar Shah Kashmiri quotes Ibn Taymiyyah and Faizul Bari in 1/56 mentions Imam Abu Dawud as Hanbali. . Imam Ibn Majah is a follower of the Shafi’i school. Source: Faizulbari 1/56. This is the madhhab of the Imams of Shihah Chitta. The madhhab of other Imams is from Al-Hitta of Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan. . Mishkat Sharif maker Safei, p. 135 . Imam Khattabi Rah Shafi’i, p. 135 69 Imam Nawabi Rah: Shafei, p. 135 610 Imam Bagvi Rah: Shafei, p. 136 611 Imam Tahabi Hambli, p. 135 612. Bara Pir A. Kader Jilani Rah: Hambli, p. 300 613. Imam Ibn Taymiyyah Hambli, p 614. Ibn Qayyim: Hanbali, p 615 Imam AH Bar: Maleki, p. 135 617. Imam AH Haq Hanafi, p. 180 617. Shah Waliullah Rah: Hanafi, pp. 180-173 617. Imam Ibn Battal Maliki, p. 213 619. Imam Halabi Rah: Hanafi p. 213 720. Imam Shamsuddin Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdudayem (may Allah be pleased with him) Shafi’i, p. 215 621. Imam Badruddin Aini Rah: Hanafi, p. 216 622. Imam Yarkani Rah: Shafei, p. 216 623 Imam Qaji Muhibbuddin Hambli, p. 216 624 Imam Ibn Rajab Hanbali, p. 219 625. Imam Bulkini Shafei, p. 219 628. Imam Mardhuki Maleki p.220 628. Imam Jalaluddin Bakri Shafei, p. 220 628. Imam Kustalani Shafei, p. 222 629. Imam Ibn Arabi Maliki, p. 224 Even their model Abdul Wahhab mentions Najdi and Hambli on page 18 of his Al-Hittatu Fis Sihas Sittah. Imam Tahabi was a follower of Hanafi. Anyone can understand this by reading his compiled Tahabi Sharif. Also, all the other muhaddiths may have been mujtahids or muqallids of some imam. Why follow a madhhab? In the Qur’an, Kareem has been revealed in 8 verses. But Hazrat Uthman has introduced a Kirat. Which was the Kirat of Abu Asem Kufi Rah. The reason was to prevent chaos. So that no one makes Deen a child’s play. And it is readily available to everyone. Similarly, a madhhab is said to be necessary because if one was allowed to follow more than one madhhab, everyone would become his own Ripu Pujari. He would follow the rules whenever he wanted, he would leave the rules whenever he wanted. This was not the practice of religion, but the worship of one’s own instincts. Therefore, in the 4th century, the ulama said that it was obligatory to follow a madhhab and closed this path of worship. Which was the unanimous decision of the scholars of that time. And once there is consensus among the Ummah, it becomes necessary for the later ones to accept it. Imam Ibn Taymiyyah also declared it unlawful and illegal to follow the madhhab that he wants to think. Fatwa of Ibn Taymiyyah – 32/26. See for details 1-Safdar in Tayallia, composed by Maulana Muhammad Amin Safdar. 2-Why Madhhab Mani? Made by Mufti Rafiqul Islam Al Madani 3-What is madhhab and why? Mufti Taqi Usman. In writing the answer Lutfur Rahman Faraji Director-Talimul Islam Institute and Research Center Dhaka Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Essay: Super Normal Naoto Fukasawa designed aluminum stools to be displayed at 2005’s Milan Furniture Fair—however, instead of being displayed on plinths like other new products, the Japanese designer’s stools were “plonked” on the floor, where people were allowed to sit on them. Fukasawa was worried that no one would notice the stools. However, a British designer named Jasper Morrison praised them, and their mutual friend gave a term to describe the stool: “super normal”. That was the beginning of Super Normal movement. Both Fukasawa and Morrison defined the Super Normal design as something that is “used on a daily basis to the point that they become invisible” (Fukasawa, 2006), something which use is “instinctive or even subconscious… and we take them completely for granted” (Morrison, 2015). In addition, they also mentioned that Super Normal objects are valued by how you feel about them. Their value did not come from an extremely intricate or well-thought design, but rather from the memories and sense of familiarity that develop over time. Hence, it could be said that naturally, some objects will have more spirit than others, as it highly depends on how and how long people have been using them or interacting with them. Although functionality is a significant factor, feeling and meaning are more important in Super Normal objects—but the feeling does not come from tiresome expressions. Morrison felt that the design world “has drifted away from normality” and that designers have forgotten the basics of design. They wanted people to realize that simple, basic designs are design too, and that the idea of something new is not always better than something good that has been continued over time. The characteristics special to this movement are its simplicity, familiarity, and anonymity. Anonymity not only in the sense that the creator is unknown, but also the nuance that the creator was not trying to “design” or “express himself”—similar to yugen (a Japanese design philosophy, where the beauty is subtle) and mingei (another Japanese design, which roughly means “folk art”, where the creators are average people as opposed to known designers, hence making the creators anonymous). Mingei especially resembles Super Normal due to the fact that mingei objects are very simple and normal, as they are made by average people, yet they are still used for centuries—which is the same as the concept of Super Normal, that the value of the object comes from the experience and normality. Super Normal objects are also context-sensitive, as something that is familiar in a setting does not necessarily mean it is familiar in other settings. The movements that are similar to and/or influence Super Normal movement are Minimalism (1960s – 1970s) and Neo-Conceptualism (1970s – 1980s). It is especially easy to mistake Super Normal and Minimalism due to the similar concept of simplicity. However, Minimalism is a design movement where the concept is reducing everything to the simplest form, but still with the visual aesthetic in mind. The focus of Minimalism is creating something that is simple, yet still pleasing to the eye. On the contrary, Super Normal does not focus on becoming simple. The focus of Super Normal lies in the concept of familiarity, where an object is “super normal” because we have grown so accustomed to it, that we often do not realize that it is also an object that also possesses design values. Meanwhile, between Super Normal and Neo-Conceptualism, the similarity lies in the idea that both of them focus on the concept or the meaning behind the creations. However, Super Normal objects still place functionality of high importance, because the value of those objects can be found through constant use and experience over time. Meanwhile, Neo-Conceptualism does not care about functions—it’s all about the concepts the designers want to convey, which are usually something unconventional and unique, as opposed to Super Normal objects which are usually something ordinary and less obvious. We can see also that Super Normal bears similarity to Droog concept (1980s – now). Just like Super Normal, Droog pointed out the idea of over-production and consumption in the society by emphasizing the value of objects in the memory and associations attached to them—which also shows how powerful inanimate objects can be in evoking emotions and thoughts, transcending the time. Both movements boil down to Dadaism, which basically defies logic, reason, and aestheticism of the capitalistic society. It also shows that objects can have spirit that evokes feelings and gives meaning—which contrasts the Bauhaus movement (1920s – 1930s), where objects are more valued through their industrial-like practicality—almost scientific even. An example of a Super Normal object, taken from the Super Normal exhibition by Fukasawa and Morrison: a uni-tray. Uni-tray (Riki Watanabe & Sato Shoji, 1976) At one glance, one can easily tell that it is a tray—its shape and simple design are familiar to you. It gives off the super normal radiance—something that you see in your house, or other people’s, every day. However, do you know what tray it is? Is it an accessories tray, or a pen tray, or a coin tray? It is strange that you feel familiar seeing the object while it is your first time seeing it, and you are even unable to accurately pinpoint its use. However, just like “love at first sight”, you can immediately tell that “it is the one” without actually having to experience interacting with it before. The familiarity does not come from sight, but from phenomena. Moreover, the idea that it is a “universal” tray (because you don’t know what specific type of tray it is) allows people to “misuse” it intentionally as the tray is familiar to different uses, depending on who is using it. In hindsight, I would like to say that super normal is not necessarily a design movement—it’s more of a concept, an idea that Fukasawa and Morrison are trying to convey to public—that we often overlook things around us and take them for granted. In this globalized world, we start to forget where the actual value of things lies—is it in its price, its function, its creator, or simply in how it makes us feel? You may not think much about it, but one day you might come back into your house and realize that your favorite mug is not there—and although it’s just a cheap Daiso mug, you would feel a sense of loss that you yourself could not explain why. 1 comment 1. Dear Nadia, Awesome attentive power as well as connectivity! You’ll make an amazing creative conceptualizer: ala Combinatorial Playist! Keep Inspiring others, Keep in touch! Leave a Reply
What Is The Largest Mountain In Alaska? What’s the big mountain in Alaska? The tallest mountain in North America sits in the Alaska Range. It’s been called many things – the crown jewel of the North, the great one, big mountain. Officially, though, it has been known as Mount McKinley since 1917, the legacy to America’s 25th President, William McKinley of Ohio. Is Denali bigger than Everest? Are Mt McKinley and Denali the same? Is Denali more dangerous than Everest? You might be interested: What Mountain Did Jesus Die On? What is the coldest mountain in the world? What is the big mountain next to Denali? Mount Foraker When viewed from Anchorage, Mount Foraker appears to be the same height as Denali, despite being 3000 feet shorter and 14 miles southwest of Denali. What is the highest place on Earth? What Mountain looks the tallest? Everest is the tallest mountain from sea level to peak, Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain from base to peak, and finally Chimborazo is the farthest point from the center of the earth. Why is Denali so tall? A large bend in the Denali Fault directly north of Denali causes rocks to bunch up. Denali happens to be in this bend; this is one of the reasons it is so tall. The forces that caused the uplift of Denali continue today. Scientists know that Denali rises at a rate of one half of a millime-ter per year. How dangerous is Denali? Q: Is a Denali climb dangerous? A: Absolutely. You should only attempt Denali if you have the proper experience and logistics for emergency situations. Almost every year climbers die as a result of a fall or weather. You might be interested: Often asked: Mountain Bike What To Look For? Who changed Mt McKinley to Denali? McKinley, our 25th president, was tragically assassinated just six months into his second term, but he never set foot in Alaska. On March 11, 1975, Governor Jay S. Hammond of Alaska requested that the Secretary of the Interior direct the U.S. Board on Geographic Names to officially redesignate Mount McKinley as Denali. Why did McKinley change to Denali? In a nod to Alaska’s native population, former President Barack Obama announced in 2015 that he was officially renaming the country’s tallest mountain from Mt. McKinley to Denali, its name in the indigenous Athabascan language. Which mountain has killed the most climbers? Annapurna I (Nepal) The deadliest mountain in the world is a specific ascent of Annapurna, another peak in the Himalayas. The route is so deadly because of an extremely steep face. Astonishingly, 58 people have died from just 158 attempts. It has the greatest fatality rate of any ascent in the world. What mountain has never been climbed? Most sources indicate that Gangkhar Puensum (7,570 metres (24,840 ft)) in Bhutan or on the Bhutan–China border is the tallest mountain in the world that has yet to be fully summited. Which is the hardest of the 7 summits? Ranking of difficulty of the 7 summits. • Koscuiszko should be the easiest in all aspect. • Kilimanjaro should be easiest in all aspect save for Koscuiszko. • Everest is the hardest in overall aspects and much harder compared to any other mountains listed here. Leave a Comment
← Back to Blog How Improv Keeps You Sharp as You Age happy smiling laughing senior woman peeking from behind mask Not Just for Laughs “Improv” stands for improvisational theater, , an unscripted performance created spontaneously by the performers. Dialogue, action, story, and characters are made up on the spot as the performers take an idea and build on it together. While improv is usually seen on a theater stage in a comedy club, its skills and practices have popped up in other settings such as schools and the workplace. Senior living communities appreciate the creative and health benefits of improv too. Improv for Seniors In 2009, Northwestern University’s Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center launched an improvisational theater program for seniors called The Memory Ensemble. It was a response to the lack of programs designed specifically for people with early-stage memory loss. Because a person with early cognitive decline is usually still physically able, the program developers felt that improv could provide a challenging and stimulating learning environment. Preliminary results showed that early-stage Alzheimer’s patients experienced health benefits of improv, including “feelings of success and empowerment,” and an improved quality of life. It gave them a sense of “meaning, purpose, confidence and efficacy — and [it can] potentially decrease depression.” Improv raises the curtain on: Mental Health Improv is about being in the moment and being spontaneous. With no right or wrong answers, and no memorization needed, seniors who take part in an improv class are free to use their imaginations. They connect with each other and respond in the moment, ad-libbing and tossing back and forth wonderful ideas with their collaborators. A mental health benefit of improv is that it keeps seniors in the present, where missing memories and future worries have no footing. Social Health While improv classes rely on quick thinking and responses, even if a person becomes momentarily confused or loses track of what’s going on, the group just accepts it and goes with it. The social health benefit of improv stems from the support everyone willingly provides in this stimulating environment. It relieves some of the stress and isolation that seniors with dementia feel. Residents come out of a class feeling positive and upbeat, with plenty to talk about. What happens during an improv class? Improv classes at Westminster Place encourage residents to exercise their creativity and wit. They’re kept on their toes as they keep their brains active and stay socially engaged. For residents with mild memory loss, the playful sessions are a fun way to connect with others. An improv class usually starts with a warmup, where residents take part in physical and vocal exercises to loosen their limbs and get their creativity flowing. They might throw each other an invisible ball, flowing with the movement and shouting out a word as they catch it. They may toss out a word and form sentences. They then move on to typical improv games, such as building a funny scene based on a third-person suggestion. Each person in the scene is constantly creating — using their active listening skills and imagination to work as a team. The basic rules of improv are simple. As a scene evolves, residents: o Say “yes.” o Add on to what is proposed: “Yes, and …” o Come up with a statement, regardless of how kooky it is. o Work with what others say and the props available, knowing there are no mistakes. o Support and applaud everyone’s input. Putting Seniors in the Spotlight Sometimes seniors feel that they become invisible as they age, and their need to be seen, heard and listened to is ignored. This is never the case at Westminster Place. We’re passionate about helping seniors of every age and ability find their place in the spotlight. Whether it’s through the health benefits of improv and other creative arts or a customized care plan, we help older adults thrive and grow. Learn more — call 847-570-3422 today.
• This week’s case study will introduce concepts related to the pulmonary system and shock states. Read the scenario and thoroughly complete the questions. Some of the answers will be short answers and may not require a lot of details. For example: what is the most common organism to cause a hospital acquired infection? The answer is pseudomonas aeruginosa. Answers to questions that relate to the pathogenesis of a disease must include specific details on the process. For example: How does hypoxia lead to cellular injury? Simply writing that a lack of blood flow, causes a lack of oxygen available to the cell and the cell cannot function without oxygen is not sufficient. This type of response is NOT reflective of an advanced understanding of the concept or graduate level work. This answer should discuss the cascade of events leading to the lack of oxygen and how it specifically impairs cellular function. All answers to these type of questions should address the effects at the cellular level, then the effects on the organ and then the body as a whole. Additionally describing the normal anatomical and/or physiologic processes underlying the pathogenesis will be necessary to thoroughly answer the question. It is very likely that you will need to reference multiple sources to answer the questions thoroughly. Your text book will not necessarily have all the answers. Only professional sources may be used to complete the assignment. These include text books, primary and secondary journal articles from peer reviewed journals, government and university websites, and publications from professional societies who establish disease management guidelines and recommendations. Sources such as Wikipedia or other generic websites are not considered professional references and should not be used to complete the case studies. • Reason for Consultation: Desaturation to 64% on room air 1 hour ago with associated shortness of breath. History of Present Illness: Mrs. X is 73-year-old Caucasian female who was admitted to the general surgery service 3 days ago for a leaking j-tube which was surgically replaced 2 days ago. This morning at 07:30, the RN reported that the patient was sleeping and doing fine, then the CNA made rounds at 0900 and Mrs. X was found to be mildly dyspneic. Vital signs were checked at that time and were; temperature 38.6, pulse 120, respirations 20, blood pressure 138/38. O2 sat was 64% on room air. The general surgeon was notified by the nursing staff of the hypoxia, an order for a chest x-ray and oxygen therapy were given to the RN. The O2 sat is maintaining at 91-92% on 4L NC. The patient was seen and examined at 10:10 a.m. She reported that she has had mild dyspnea for 2 days that has progressively gotten worse. She does not use oxygen at home. Her respiratory rate at the time of this visit was 20 and she feels short of breath. She has felt this way in the past when she had pneumonia. She is currently undergoing radiation treatment for laryngeal cancer and her last treatment was 1 to 2 weeks ago. She reported that she has 2 to 3 treatments left. She denied any chest pain or previous history of CHF. Review of her vital signs showed that she had been having intermittent fevers since yesterday morning. Of note, she was admitted to the hospital 3 weeks ago for an atrial fibrillation with RVR for which she was cardioverted and has not had any further problems. The cardiologist at that time said that she did not need any anticoagulation unless she reverted back into A-fib. Review of Systems: Constitutional: Negative for diaphoresis and chills. Positive for fever and fatigue. HEENT: Negative for hearing loss, ear pain, nose bleeds, and tinnitus. Positive for throat pain secondary to her laryngeal cancer. Eyes: Negative for blurred vision, double vision, photophobia, discharge and redness. Respiratory: Positive for cough and shortness of breath. Negative for hemoptysis and wheezing. Cardiovascular: Negative for chest pain, palpitations, orthopnea, leg swelling and PND. Gastrointestinal: Negative for heartburn, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, blood in stool and melena. Genitourinary: Negative for dysuria, urgency, frequency, hematuria and flank pain. Musculoskeletal: Negative for myalgias, back pain and falls. Skin: Negative for itching and rash. Neurological: Negative for dizziness, tingling, tremors, sensory change and speech changes. Endocrine/hematologic/allergies: Negative for environmental allergies or polydipsia. Does not bruise or bleed easily. Psychiatric: Negative for depression, hallucinations and memory loss. Past Medical History: 1. Diabetes mellitus that was diagnosed 12 years ago with neuropathy. This resolved after gastric bypass surgery, which she had approximately 3 years ago. 2. Laryngeal cancer 3. Hypertension 4. Hypercholesterolemia 5. Pneumonia 6. Arthritis 7. Hypothyroidism 8. Atrial fibrillation 9. Acute renal failure 10.Chronic kidney disease, stage IV – 4 months ago a renal biopsy was completed, which showed focal acute tubular necrosis and patchy tubular atrophy, moderate to severe interstitial fibrosis with patchy acute and chronic interstitial nephritis, normal cellular glomeruli with no white microscopic evidence of a primary glomerulopathy. Baseline creatinine is 1.9. 11.Peptic ulcer disease 12.Skin cancer Past Surgical History: 15.Gastric bypass 4 years ago 16.Closure of mesenteric defect. 17.Radical neck resection on 1 year ago. Family History: 18.Mother had diabetes diagnosed at age 55 and high blood pressure. Deceased. 19.Father had heart disease diagnosed at age 60. Deceased. 20.She had a sister with diabetes, thyroid disease, CKD, on dialysis, with unknown etiology. Social History: She denies any smoking or alcohol use. She denies any drug use. 21.Calcitriol 0.5 mcg PO every other day 22.Vitamin B12 2500 mcg sublingual every Monday and Thursday 23.Docusate sodium 100 mg PO BID 24.Fentanyl patch 100 mcg every 72 hours 25.Gabapentin 800 mg PO BID 26.Levothyroxine 50 mcg daily 27.Multivitamin 1 PO Daily 28.Oxybutynin 5 mg PO BID 29.Hydrocodone 5/325 1-2 tablets every 6 hours PRN pain She is allergic to Cipro, which causes Uticaria and hives, contrast dye, honey and bee venom, adhesive, and sulfas, which causes hives Physical Examination: Vital signs: 38.6, 120, 20, 138/38, 64% on room air. She is maintaining O2 sat of 91 to 92 on 4 liters nasal cannula. Constitutional: She is somnolent. Oriented to person and place. Appears ill and mildly dyspneic. Head: Normocephalic and atraumatic. Nose: Midline, right and left maxillary and frontal sinuses are nontender bilaterally. Oropharynx: Clear and moist. No uvula swelling or exudate noted. Eyes: Conjunctivae, EOM and lids are normal. PERL. Right and left eyes are without drainage or nystagmus. No scleral icterus. Neck: Normal range of motion and phonation. Neck is supple. No JVD. No tracheal deviation present. No thyromegaly or thyroid nodules. No cervical lymphadenopathy noted bilaterally. Cardiovascular: rapid rate, S1 and S2 without murmur or gallop. Brachial, radial, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial are 2+/4+ bilaterally. Chest: Respirations are regular and even with mild dyspnea. Lungs are coarse and with some rales in the posterior bases. Abdomen: Soft. Bowel sounds are active, nontender, no masses noted. No hepatosplenomegaly noted. No peritoneal signs. Musculoskeletal: Full range of motion of the bilateral shoulders, wrists, elbows. Neurologic: Somnolent. Cranial nerves II-XII are intact. Skin: Warm and dry. Psychiatric: Mood and affect are normal. Calm and cooperative. Behavior, judgment is intact. Laboratories and Diagnostics: WBC 7.2, Neutrophil 63% Creatinine 2.0, BUN 45, Na 144, Potassium 4.4 BNP 242 Lactate 1.0 All other labs are unremarkable Chest x-ray: Right lower lobe infiltrate EKG: NSR, no ST or T wave changes One hour after your saw Mrs. X, you get a call from the RN to report that her BP is now 75/40, pulse is 140, RR is 34 and dyspneic, temperature is 39.6 and she is minimally responsive. Mrs. X is transferred to the MICU. Upon re-evaluation of Mrs. X you note that she is obtunded, struggling to breath, using accessory muscles and O2sats are 85% on a Non-rebreather. She is intubated and placed on a ventilator. A central line is placed and confirmation obtained via CXR. A foley is placed and fluid resuscitation has begun. WBC 20 Hgb 12 HCT 36 Platelets 98,000 Na 148 Chloride 110 Potassium 5.6 Glucose 190 Creatinine 3.0 BUN 68 Albumin 3.0 Anion Gap 21 Lactate 5.2 Procalcitonin 15, INR is 1.0, aPTT 23 ABG (prior to intubation) pH 7.28, PCO2 36, HCO3 17 EKG: Atrial Fibrillation with RVR at 156 Answer the following questions: 30.What are 4 plausible differential diagnoses for Mrs. X’s hypoxemia that are specific to her clinical scenario? How would each diagnosis cause a hypoxemia? 31.What is your final diagnosis for the hypoxemia? 32.What are the most likely organisms to cause the diagnoses you identified in question 2? 33.Upon initial evaluation what category of sepsis was Mrs. X? 34.Upon re-evaluation what category of sepsis was Mrs. X? 35.Why is a gram negative bacteremia more serious than one caused by a gram positive organism? 36.What is the most likely source of Mrs. X sepsis? 37.What is a CVP and what does a value of 3 indicate? Why is Mrs. X CVP 3? 38.What is a Procalcitonin and what is its purpose? Hypoxemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Hypoxemia is a medical condition which is characterized by a reduction in the levels of partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood. Scroll down to learn about the causes and symptoms of hypoxemia along with the treatment options. Our body needs oxygen to carry out the functions like cellular respiration and energy metabolism which are essential for its survival. One is therefore most likely to experience distressing symptoms in event of a decrease in the levels of oxygen. The term ‘hypoxemia’ refers to a medical condition that is characterized by a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (PaO2). PaO2 is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg or Torr). It refers to the pressure exerted by oxygen in a mixture of other gases. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) testing helps measure PaO2. Though these medical conditions are in some way related to reduction in the levels of oxygen in the body, these are distinct medical conditions. Here’s some information that will help you distinguish hypoxemia from the rest of the aforementioned conditions. What is Hypoxemia? This condition occurs when the pulmonary alveoli (microscopic sacs in lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place) are starved of oxygen. In this condition, a substantial decrease is observed in the levels of partial pressure of arterial oxygen. Under normal circumstances, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood should be within 95 to 100 mmHg. When the partial pressure of arterial oxygen in the blood falls below 80 mmHg, one is diagnosed with severe hypoxemia. Also referred to as oxygen desaturation, hypoxemia should not be confused with medical conditions such as anoxia, asphyxia, hypoxia or anemia. Hypoxemia refers to a condition that is characterized by low oxygen content and low partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. The term ‘hypoxia’ refers to the deficiency of oxygen in the body as a whole or in some specific part of the body. ‘Asphyxia’ is a condition that is characterized by the absence of oxygen along with the accumulation of carbon dioxide. ‘Anoxia’ refers to the absence of oxygen in the body tissues or in the arterial blood. This implies extremely low levels of oxygen in the body. ‘Anemia’ is another medical condition that is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or low levels of hemoglobin in the blood. While the oxygen content in the arterial blood is low in people who are anemic, the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood doesn’t decrease. Arterial Oxygen Content The arterial oxygen content can be calculated with the help of the following equation: Arterial Oxygen Content = (Hgb x 1.36 x SaO2) + (0.0031 x PaO2) In the equation given above, Hgb stands for the hemoglobin, SaO2 is the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen and (PaO2) refers to the partial pressure of arterial oxygen. The symptoms of hypoxemia will vary depending on the extent to which the partial pressure has fallen. Symptoms of Mild Hypoxemia Disorientation, confusion, lassitude, and listlessness Symptoms of Acute Hypoxemia Cyanosis (Skin appearing bluish due to insufficient oxygen) Cheyne-Stokes respiration (irregular pattern of breathing) Elevated blood pressure Apnea (temporary cessation of breathing) Tachycardia (increased rate of heartbeat, more than 100 per minute) Hypotension (abnormally low blood pressure, below 100 diastolic and 40 systolic. Here, as an effect of an initial increase in cardiac output and rapid decrease later.) Ventricular fibrillation (irregular and uncoordinated contractions of the ventricles) Asystole (severe form of cardiac arrest, heart stops beating) Polycythemia (abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells. The bone marrow may be stimulated to produce excessive RBCs in case of patients suffering from chronic hypoxemia) Hypoxemia is usually triggered off by respiratory disorders. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Airway obstruction Acute respiratory distress syndrome Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) Congenital heart defects Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in lungs) Pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs) High altitude ascension could also lead to low partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood. These are some of the conditions that could cause hypoxemia. Additionally, hypoxemia may also be caused as a result of one or a combination of the following Hypoventilation: This refers to a condition wherein the oxygen (PaO2) content in the blood decreases and a marked increase in the levels of carbon dioxide is observed. This lowered PaO2 content can cause hypoxemia. Low Inspired Oxygen: The FiO2 content in the blood is called the fraction of inspired oxygen in the blood. A decrease in this fraction of inspired oxygen may cause hypoxemia. Right to Left Shunt: A right-to-left shunt refers to a condition in which there is a transfer of blood from the right side of the heart to its left side. An opening between the atria, ventricles, or blood vessels can lead to this. Structural defect or a problem in a heart valve can also result in right to left shunt. Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch: This is a condition in which an imbalance between the volume of gas expired by the alveoli (alveolar ventilation) and the pulmonary capillary blood flow is seen. This mismatch may cause hypoxemia. Diffusion Impairment: In this condition, a marked reduction is seen in the oxygen movement from the alveoli to capillaries. This restricted movement may trigger hypoxemia. More often than not, it is difficult to decide one single cause of hypoxemia in acute illnesses. It also becomes almost impossible to determine the extent of contribution of the causes of hypoxemia in such cases. Treatment Options Now that you have some idea about the circumstances under which one may develop hypoxemia, let’s move on to the treatment options for this pathological condition. Mechanical Ventilation: Mechanical ventilation is a mechanism by which it is possible to aid or substitute spontaneous breathing mechanically. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) refers to a type of device that forces a steady stream of air into the nasal passage. This flow is set at a pressure that can overcome obstructions, thereby preventing the airway from closing. The pressure to be maintained should be determined through careful observation. Supplemental Oxygen Therapy: In severe cases, it becomes essential to administer oxygen to the patient. Oxygen may be supplied through oxygen concentrators, cylinders or tanks. However, it is crucial to determine the precise levels of oxygen to be administered. Special care needs to be taken during supplemental oxygen therapy for infants. Supplemental oxygen therapy and CPAP are usually prescribed together as a treatment for hypoxemia. This is particularly effective for treating hypoxemia caused due to hypoventilation. Transfusion of Packed RBCs: Packed red blood cells refers to the concentrate of red blood cells obtained after the removal of plasma in the blood. Packed red blood cells can be transfused as a treatment option for patients suffering from hypoxemia. This is known to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Sufficient care should be taken during the blood transfusion to avoid infections. This form of treatment cannot be used in case of patients who develop polycythemia (which is characterized by abnormally high RBC count) as a result of chronic hypoxemia. Increasing Inspired Oxygen: This form of treatment is effective for hypoxemia that develops as a result of hypoventilation or due to the reduction in inspired oxygen. Since hypoxemia can be caused by serious medical conditions, it is extremely essential to identify the underlying cause. Treating the underlying condition can certainly help to bring back the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to normal. Drug therapy, oxygen therapy and lifestyle modification can certainly help in normalizing the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. Read more at Buzzle: What are the risk factors for sepsis? The following groups are at increased risk for sepsis: • The very young and the elderly are at greatest risk • People who are very ill due to an infectious agent • People in an intensive-care unit • People with weakened or compromised immune systems • People with extensive burns • People with severe trauma
Do you put a footnote after every sentence? Do you set a footnote after each sentence? Every footnote ought to use a brand new quantity even for a beforehand cited supply. The footnote quantity needs to be positioned on the finish of the sentence or the top of a clause in a sentence. What are talking footnotes? Oral footnotes are inside references to the unique supply, cited on the level of presenting the knowledge through the speech. To be moral, oral footnotes needs to be supplied everytime you embody data drawn from one other supply. It additionally lets listeners know that the speaker is just not plagiarizing data. How do you cite public talking? Bear in mind to incorporate the next when giving an oral quotation: the title, writer, date and the writer’s credentials or title of publication. You need to use key phrases to develop the phrasing essential for oral citations, equivalent to: In response to. Explains. How do you quote the Structure? All citations of the U.S. Structure start with U.S. Const., adopted by the article, modification, part, and/or clause numbers as related. The phrases article, modification, part, and clause are all the time abbreviated artwork., amend., §, and cl., respectively. Preamble is abbreviated pmbl. How do you do an oral quotation? The right way to put together an oral citationWHO/WHAT: Determine the ingredient of the supply (writer or title) which gives the best authority and/or secondary credibility. Does the writer have credentials? WHEN: When was the e-book, journal, newspaper or journal printed (date)? When was the particular person interviewed? Why is it vital to incorporate the oral quotation Along with the reference web page? Why cite your sources throughout a speech? An oral quotation conveys the reliability, validity and forex of your data. Citing your sources orally lets your viewers know that you’ve researched your subject. What three questions must you ask to evaluate the reliability of statistics? What three questions must you ask to evaluate the reliability of statistics? It’ s straightforward to lie with statistics as a result of they won’t essentially be in the fitting context….Quote or paraphrase precisely.Use testimony from certified sources.Use testimony from unbiased sources.Determine the individuals you quote or paraphrase. Why statistics might be deceptive? The info might be deceptive as a result of sampling technique used to acquire knowledge. For example, the scale and the kind of pattern utilized in any statistics play a big position — many polls and questionnaires goal sure audiences that present particular solutions, leading to small and biased pattern sizes. What’s testimony in public talking? A sworn statement is a press release or endorsement given by somebody who has a logical connection to the subject and who’s a reputable supply. Testimony can be utilized to both make clear or show some extent, and is usually utilized by referring to the analysis of specialists. Skilled authorities.
Athletic Shoes: What They Are Types of Athletic Shoes: Pictures of Different Types Running Shoes running shoes A lot of recent athletic shoe research has centred on the development and improvement of running shoes. Three types of running shoes are available: • Runners with high arched, stiff feet should use cushioned or “neutral” shoes. Supinator refers to a runner who has this sort of foot. In the arch and heel, a cushioned running shoe’s midsole will often feature a single colour of soft foam material, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). EVA is a moldable synthetic polymer with varied density qualities, allowing for more or less cushioning in the shoe. • For people who have an arch that collapses when running, stability shoes give light to moderate support. This type of runner, known as a “pronator,” must keep his or her arch in place while running. The arch and perhaps the heel of stability shoes may feature two to three different colours of grey polyurethane material, each with a different density to provide greater support for the pronated (flat) foot type. The polyurethane material makes the shoe feel heavier than if it were constructed entirely of EVA. Other components may be added to the shoe by the maker to aid increase stability. • Runners who are “extreme pronators” should use motion control shoes. This sort of shoe offers the most stability and is recommended for runners who have flat feet or who have a greater body weight. To provide maximum control, a motion control shoe may have an extra stabiliser added to the inside edge of the heel counter. Carbon rubber or blown rubber, which is manufactured using injected air, will be used for the running shoe’s outside sole. A carbon rubber sole is comprised of a heavier material, is stiffer, and provides the shoe with increased durability. Blown rubber soles are lighter and more flexible than traditional rubber soles, providing more comfort than stability. • A professional evaluation of your foot is the best approach to establish if you are a supinator or pronator runner. View your footprint as you walk out of the pool or shower to establish your foot type on your own. A pronated foot is one that leaves a wide, flat footprint. You have a supinated foot type if your arch did not touch the ground and your footprint is lacking the inside of your foot. While determining your foot type is an important first step in selecting the right shoe, the pronation/supination component of running may be amplified. A gait analysis can be performed by a professional to assess how your foot performs when running. Running shoes should be replaced at least once a year. After 120 miles, the EVA begins to show structural degradation. The sneaker has lost 45 percent of its initial shock absorbing capability after 500 km. To figure out how many miles you can run before needing a new shoe, take 75,000 and divide that by your weight. If you weigh 150 pounds, for example, your shoes should be updated every 500 miles. Barefoot Running / Minimalist Shoes minimalist shoes Running without shoes, also known as “barefoot running,” has become increasingly popular in recent years. The idea behind this technique is to encourage a “forefoot” or “midfoot” strike rather than a “heel” attack. The compression loads in your lower limb are reduced as a result of the difference in how your foot meets the ground, which can help to lessen the risk of injury. A competent trainer can tell you if this style of running is right for you, and if it is, they can provide you ideas and workouts to help you safely transition from running in shoes to running barefoot. You can get barefoot running shoes that don’t provide any support or padding but do provide some protection from sharp objects and uncomfortable surfaces. Shoemakers have also created “minimalist” shoes that are close to jogging barefoot. Because of the added cushion in the heel, a typical running shoe has a 10-12 mm heel to toe drop. The compressive load upon heel striking is reduced by this cushion. Because a minimalist shoe has less padding, it has a smaller heel to toe drop (less than 8 mm). As a result, the runner strikes with the forefoot rather than the heel. Trail Shoes trail running shoes A trail shoe is made for folks who prefer to run off the beaten path. This shoe boasts a deeper tread pattern for better traction and more stability throughout the shoe than a typical running shoe. Cross Trainers cross trainers A cross-training shoe is designed to allow you to transition from one sport to another while wearing only one pair of shoes. This style of shoe is not recommended for anyone who intends to run more than four to five miles every day. A cross trainer’s fabric is usually made up of a mixture of mesh and leather strips. It may be difficult to wear the shoe on a court for an exercise class or game if the sole has a “running” tread. Walking Shoes walking shoes Stability through the arch, adequate shock absorption, and a smooth tread are all features of walking shoes. Because walking requires a heel-toe gait pattern, you must ensure that the shoe, particularly the counter, is stable. If you have arthritis or pain in your arch, a rocker sole that supports a natural roll of the foot when walking may be beneficial. Court Shoes Basketball, tennis, and volleyball shoes are all examples of court shoes. Court shoes are typically made of supple leathers and have a strong tread. They’re made to keep you stable in all directions. They can have a low upper cut below the ankle or a high upper cut. Basketball shoes often have a taller upper to provide improved ankle stability during jumping and landing. Cleats are required in a variety of sports, including soccer, lacrosse, football, and baseball. Cleats (sometimes known as “spikes” or “studs”) are shoes with several steel or hard plastic protrusions that give increased traction on grass or soft turf. Because there are different types of cleats for different sports, consulting a coach or specialist before purchasing a new cleat shoe is essential. Cleats are notorious for being narrow, so if you use an orthotic (a shoe insert that provides additional support) or plan on putting an extra footbed in the cleat, you should look for a brand with a wider cut. soccer cleats Soccer cleats do not have a toe cleat, so when the player kicks the ball, there is no drag on the ground. Soccer cleats are more form-fitting and have a tighter feel, giving the player more control while kicking the ball. A lower-profile cleat is designed to mould to the player’s foot, giving the impression that the player’s foot is one with the ball. Kangaroo leather or several types of microfibers can be used to make soccer cleats. Because kangaroo leather cleats stretch over time, they should fit snugly at first. lacrosse shoes Because much of the game includes sprinting swiftly, changing directions, and performing start/stop movements on grass or turf, lacrosse cleats frequently have a high upper around the ankle for increased stability. They have a centre front toe cleat, similar to a football cleat, to give grip when moving forward. The midsole of a lacrosse cleat is more supportive than that of a football cleat. The majority of lacrosse cleats are moulded onto the outer edge of the sole rather than under the ball of the foot. football cleats Football cleats differ from soccer cleats in that they have a middle toe cleat that helps with rapid beginnings. The outsole of football cleats is often stiffer than that of lacrosse cleats. Spikes or studs can be removed from the outer sole of a football cleat, or they can be moulded to the shoe. On a grass or field turf surface, spikes are normally favoured because they help a player to dig into the surface and resist pressures that would stop them from moving ahead. Removable cleats have the advantage of being able to be swapped out for varied surfaces. They come in sizes of 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, and 1 inch. On turf, moulded cleats are recommended because they provide additional traction. A high top cleat above the ankle, which gives additional stability during lateral movements, may be beneficial to a lineman. A running back or wide receiver may prefer a low cut cleat since it allows them to move more quickly on the field while cutting. baseball cleats Longer/narrower cleats are affixed to the shoe’s sole in baseball cleats. A toe spike is also included in baseball cleats to help with traction when sprinting from a base. In contrast to the moulded plastic studs seen in other cleats, these spikes are frequently composed of steel. Only the pitcher and catcher will wear spikes if the baseball field is artificial turf. Hiking Shoes hiking boots A hiking shoe should provide stability while you walk over uneven terrain, as well as comfort and cushion in the footbed to absorb stress from various impacts. Hiking shoes should also have good tread on the soles to keep your foot securely planted on any ground you come across. The majority of hiking shoes have a taller top that adds ankle support. Other Sports Shoes Golf, ballet, skating, hockey, cycling, and skiing all have shoes created specifically for them. As usual, a specialist can assist you in selecting the right shoe for you and your sport. Skates and ski boots can be custom shaped to fit your feet for further support. Golf shoes must include arch support because the game requires players to walk great distances on a variety of surfaces. If at all feasible, get a golf shoe with a detachable insole so you can insert an orthotic if necessary. Cycling shoes are snugly fitting, with no extra area for additions. A cycling shoe with some cushion under the ball of the foot can help reduce any compression while the foot is securely fastened to the pedal and is repeatedly pushed. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Keyword Analysis & Research: internationally Keyword Analysis Keyword Research: People who searched internationally also searched Frequently Asked Questions What is National vs International? National vs International. • National pertains to a single country and involves people from that country only. International means involvement of two or more countries of the world. • If there is sports meet in a country where participants come from that country only, it is called a national meet. What is global vs International? Difference Between Global and International. 1.“Global” is a word that is used to refer to issues and concerns of the entire world while “international” is a term that is used to refer to issues and concerns of two or more countries. 2.“International” has a smaller scope encompassing only two or more countries while “global” has a much larger scope... What is the definition of international? The definition of international is something associated with many nations. An example of something international associated with many nations is the international organization called the World Health Organization. International is defined as something between two or more nations. Search Results related to internationally on Search Engine
Nationalism And Its Impact On The Nation 1509 Words7 Pages Nationalism refers to an ideology that mainly focuses on the nation as a whole organism supported by the people bonded to the nation. The people who are bonded to the nation are the citizens of the country and nationalists usually try to make the country better even if the results end up as making the situation worse. Nazism, a movement brought about by National Socialist German Worker’s Party (NAZI) whose leader was Hitler, can be described as nationalist. Nazism had an objective; “the recovery and maintenance in health of that God-given organism, the Nation” (Strasser Fourteen theses ex.11). The main aim of all these objectives is to make new Germany capable of higher strength and contains only pure Germans within. With the increase in military and pure German who Nazi had believed were better physically as well as in intelligence, the nation itself would have higher strength and had more purity in race where there would be less discrimination and disorder within the country. So, Nazism is a nationalist. This essay will reinforce the point that Nazism is a nationalist by focusing on Nazi increasing the nation’s strength through the creation of self-efficient economy by increasing workforce as well as increasing the military might, enhancing the education by demanding more from the students in terms of mentally as well as physically and the process in which purity of Germans is increased such as laws that prevent non-Germans from having citizenships. The Nazi’s persistence Get Access
Hummingbirds Are Spiritual Helpers Share Story The hummingbird built her nest in a hanging succulent plant by the front door. This photo was taken through a front window. According to Native American lore, hummingbirds were believed to be spiritual helpers, and represented peace, love and harmony. A hummingbird supposedly symbolizes joy, healing, good luck and messages from spirits. But a hummingbird nest, carefully built in a hanging succulent plant, next to our front door, instead caused anxious moments for the entire Pascoe family. At the beginning of May, a hummingbird mother built a nest, which is about the size of a tiny espresso cup and is as light as a feather. We never saw her building the nest, but one day we looked out our front window and saw the bird’s little body on the nest. We later learned that it takes about five to seven days to build the intricate structure. Her little beak was angled up and we tried to limit going out the door, not wanting to scare her. One day when she flew off, we saw two tiny little eggs in the nest. They were no bigger than my thumb nail. We learned that both eggs have to survive so that the babies can keep each other warm when the mommy bird isn’t there. We tried to alert everyone not to come to our front door. No Amazon, no friends; we even trained our dogs to go up the driveway to the side of the house. Then it was a waiting period. Would the eggs hatch? Mother hummingbirds incubate their eggs anywhere from 11 up to 18 days and keep their eggs at a balmy 96 degrees during incubation. The family continued to avoid the front door, trying to keep the mommy on her nest. One day my husband looked out and the mother was gone. Oh, no, had we failed to provide the proper maternity ward? Was she coming back? He opened the front door and peeked in the nest—the eggs were gone, replaced by two little grey things that seemed to have a heartbeat. We learned that the babies weigh only 0.62 grams—less than a weight of a dime and less than an inch big. When the babies hatch, they are featherless, have dark skin and their eyes are closed. Because the chicks do not have feathers, the mommy has to sit on the nest to keep them warm. Then our anxiety started again—would the babies make it? Once again, our attempts to keep everyone away from the front door resulted in stressful days. “Who ordered from Amazon, again?” “Didn’t we agree no one was going to have anything delivered?” “Sorry, you can’t come to the front door, but I’ll meet you in the street.” It seemed like years before we looked out and could see two little beaks poking above the nest. Oh, no! We doubled down on trying to keep people from the front door as the birds grew. We read that it takes 18 to 28 days for the juveniles to “fledge” or leave the nest. We watched from our front window as the mommy bird “regurgitated” bugs and nectar into the tiny waiting beaks. We started to feel some relief that the babies might make it. About three weeks after the birds hatched, the first one sat on the edge of the nest, tried its wings and then flew away. That left one little baby in the nest. He/she stayed a day or two more, sitting occasionally on the edge of the nest, and then it, too, flew off. It stayed close a day or two, hanging around the succulents—but then “left home.” Ornithologists call a newly hatched bird a nestling, hatchling, or chick – so baby is the wrong word. Our chicks, after two suspenseful months, had left home. We were truly “empty nesters.” Hummingbird nesting season runs October through early June and the bird typically lays two eggs. She spends five to seven days constructing the nest, working several hours a day, and they generally are three to 60 feet above ground (cats are one of the worst threats to the nests). One source said that hummingbirds have tongues that are grooved like the shape of a “W” and have tiny hairs on their tongues that help them lap up nectar. Supposedly, hummingbirds have no sense of smell, but can hear better than humans. The birds are attracted to bright colors, because the more desirable flowers are bright and have a higher sugar content. A hummingbird generally lives about five years, but there are records of some living up to 10 years. In retrospect, the symbolism of joy, healing and good luck was all wrapped into the miracle of nature, and it was delivered to our front door. Despite our fears, we were the lucky ones! This entry was posted in Environmental. Bookmark the permalink. 3 Responses to Hummingbirds Are Spiritual Helpers 1. Josie Tong says: Thank you so much, Sue, for sharing this captivating journey! Love it!!! 2. Marge Gold says: A humming bird in our yard chases every other humming bird away. It somehow thinks the feeder belongs to it alone. I would feel so blessed to see a nest created, eggs laid, the birds hatch and then have then fly away. 3. M says: Comments are closed.
Frankie the dinosaur has a message for humanity. Posted: 24 November 2021 By Luke Upton “At least we had an asteroid,” the carnivorous critter warns. Referring to the popular theory explaining dinosaurs’ extinction 70 million years ago. “What’s your excuse?” asks Frankie the dinosaur. But this isn’t a slice of real life of course, rather the key computer-generated scene from a new short film launched by the UN Development Programme (UNDP). And it is the centerpiece of the agency’s ‘Don’t Choose Extinction’ campaign. As a result of the campaign comes this fantastic video. So, the dinosaur then tells the audience of bewildered diplomats that “it’s time humans stopped making excuses and started making changes” to address the climate crisis. It’s the first-ever film to be made inside the General Assembly Hall using computer-generated imagery ( CGI) and because it is international features global celebrities voicing the dinosaur in numerous languages. UNDP research released as part of the campaign shows that the world spends $423 billion annually just to subsidize fossil fuels. This is particularly shocking because this is enough to cover a COVID-19 vaccination for every person in the world or three times the annual amount needed to eradicate global extreme poverty. “Think of all the other things you could do with that money. Around the world people are living in poverty. And don’t you think that helping them would make more sense than…paying for the demise of your entire species?” the dinosaur says. Frankie the dinosaur has a message for humanity. Register today for Good Work! Join our community today and receive our twice monthly newsletter bringing inspiration, stories, videos and resources for those putting positive values at the heart of business.
Wildfires blaze uncontrollably and can burn everything in their path within minutes. 90% of wildfires are caused from careless human actions. Wildfires burn homes, kill people and animals, destroy the soil and pollute the air. WildfireEvacuate immediately if asked to do so, and cooperate with public safety personnel.
Skip to main content This image shows the 10,000-year-old house, the oldest dwelling to be unearthed to date in the Judean Shephelah. (Image credit: Ya'akov Vardi, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority) The discoveries provide a "broad picture" of human development over thousands of years, from the time when people first started settling in homes to the early days of urban planning, officials with the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) said. The excavation took place at Eshtaol, located about 15 miles (25 kilometers) west of Jerusalem, in preparation of the widening of an Israeli road. The oldest discovery at the site was a building from the eighth millennium B.C., during the Neolithic period. [See Photos of the Excavations at Eshtaol] "This is the first time that such an ancient structure has been discovered in the Judean Shephelah," archaeologists with the IAA said, referring to the plains west of Jerusalem. The building seems to have undergone a number of renovations and represents a time when humans were first starting to live in permanent settlements rather than constantly migrating in search of food, the researchers said. Near this house, the team found a cluster of abandoned flint and limestone axes. "Here we have evidence of man's transition to permanent dwellings and that in fact is the beginning of the domestication of animals and plants; instead of searching out wild sheep, ancient man started raising them near the house," the archaeologists said in a statement. Archaeologists think this standing stone, which is worked on all of its sides, is evidence of cultic activity in the Chalcolithic period. (Image credit: Zinobi Moskowitz, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority) The excavators also say they found the remains of a possible "cultic" temple that's more than 6,000 years old. The researchers think this structure, built in the second half of the fifth millennium B.C., was used for ritual purposes, because it contains a heavy, 4-foot-tall (1.3 meters) standing stone that is smoothed on all six of its sides and was erected facing east. "The large excavation affords us a broad picture of the progression and development of the society in the settlement throughout the ages," said Amir Golani, one of the excavation directors for the IAA. Golani added there is evidence at Eshtaol of the rural society making the transition to an urban one during the early Bronze Age, 5,000 years ago. "We can see distinctly a settlement that gradually became planned, which included alleys and buildings that were extremely impressive from the standpoint of their size and the manner of their construction," Golani explained in a statement. "We can clearly trace the urban planning and see the guiding hand of the settlement's leadership that chose to regulate the construction in the crowded regions in the center of the settlement and allowed less planning along its periphery." The buildings and artifacts were discovered ahead of the widening of Highway 38, which runs north-south through the city of Beit Shemesh. Throughout Israel, construction projects often lead to new archaeological discoveries. For example, during recent expansions of Highway 1, the main road connecting Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, excavators discovered 9,500-year-old animal figurines, a carving of a phallus from the Stone Age and a ritual building from the First Temple era. Megan Gannon Megan Gannon
Curcumin vs Turmeric - What’s the Difference? Turmeric vs. Curcumin: What’s the Difference? What is Turmeric? Let's break it down further. Turmeric is a root vegetable from the ginger family and the star player in curried dishes and the popular drink, Golden Milk. This flowering plant is found in areas of India and Southeast Asia, and is often included in recipes to help create a bold yellow or orange color in the dish. To obtain the Golden Spice, the root of the turmeric plant is boiled, dried, and ground to a powder. This is the turmeric you find on the spice rack in the grocery store and in some herbal supplements. Various common names for turmeric can include Indian saffron, yellow ginger, yellow root, or kacha haldi. The turmeric plant is also known by the scientific name curcuma longa, which is most likely where curcumin got its name. What is Curcumin? When scientists took a closer look at turmeric, they found three bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties housed within the root of the plant. Known collectively as curcuminoids, these antioxidant compounds include: • Curcumin (or diferuloylmethane) • Demethoxycurcumin • Bisdemethoxycurcumin Curcuminoids are natural polyphenols that occur naturally in plants and contain health-promoting properties. You receive some polyphenols from fruits and vegetables, but like curcuminoids, there are multiple types that can provide various benefits. Curcuminoids are a unique group of polyphenols found only in the turmeric plant. But between the 3 curcuminoids in turmeric, one stands out above the rest. Curcumin, or diferuloylmethane, offer the biggest health benefits. Taken as a supplement, turmeric helps support healthy inflammation response associated with physical overexertion† and helps support joint health*. How Can I Add Curcumin to My Diet? Although curcumin is the main compound needed to get the health benefits, that doesn't mean you need to find a curcumin supplement. Taking a turmeric supplement with enhanced absorption is a great way to get curcumin into your body. Though many Indian foods and healthy recipes contain turmeric, there is a huge difference between eating it as a whole food and taking it as a supplement. When eating turmeric as only a spice, your intake is less than 3% curcumin. Another difference between foods naturally containing turmeric and a turmeric supplement is the bioavailability to your body. You may have heard health-conscious friends or seen news articles stating that to get the benefit of curcumin from turmeric in your diet you need to be sure you are eating your turmeric combined with an activator, like fat or black pepper for your body to properly absorb the nutrient. This advice comes because turmeric as a spice has poor bioavailability for your body to get curcumin’s benefits from eating the spice alone. When taking a turmeric curcumin supplement, look for one with enhanced absorption which provides a higher bioavailability than the natural spice. To best use a turmeric curcumin supplement, follow dosage directions on the bottle and consult your primary care physician with any health questions or concerns. Are All Turmeric Curcumin Supplements the Same? If you want to receive the full benefits of turmeric, look for a turmeric curcumin supplement like Qunol Extra Strength Curcumin Complex with water dispersion technology for enhanced bioavailability and superior absorption, even over other supplements. May help reduce temporary inflammation associated with physical overexertion. This product is not intended to treat, prevent or cure inflammation associated with any disease.
Share this content on Facebook! 30 Dec 2019 Maybe you have tried learning mathematics by center or memorizing a large amount of mathematical data? Although the length of action is tough-going, the results might be excellent and also fabulous. This method of understanding by heart might match simple arithmetic education or knowledge-based matters, for example, history. But, does this approach fits understanding at a higher amount of knowledge? As previously mentioned, when the mathematics education reaches primary stage, the total amount of details to know with might not be large enough to justify interest and concern. With the great benefits so it often reveals, the method of understanding by heart could even be accepted. But is that the right or acceptable way ahead in arithmetic training? For mathematics understanding at the larger training stage, given more complicated concepts and mathematical expressions, memorizing information and numerous measures develop into a difficult chore. The performance of numerous students of mathematics, who used the learning-by-heart technique, has been known to suffer drastically. That causes them to concern mathematics instructions and light emitting diode them in to the undesirable arithmetic anxiety situation. Their assurance around resolving mathematics questions declined as a result. Mathematics at a higher stage calls for a mixture of mathematical fixing methods and comprehensive analysis of the solving strategy. Selection of the right resources and their associated strategy to solving certain arithmetic issue cannot be achieved through memorizing because the mix is too wide to cover. Learning at that education level, therefore, takes on an alternative platform. A much better software to learning arithmetic is to understand mathematical ideas instead of placing facts whilst the central point. Learn and concentrate on the why of the resolving method rather than the how, though both complement each other. This is a general strategy whereby practice may start from time among arithmetic lesson. The habit formed to know mathematical methods is going to do them excellent when sophisticated mathematics makes the training picture. Arithmetic is really a specific issue that varies from the remaining portion of the knowledge-based subjects because their language is embedded in their mathematical parameters, words and equations. There might be several turns and converts in asking a simple mathematics question. Without understanding the underlying methods of the mathematics topic, it will undoubtedly be difficult to go ahead or resolve the mathematics questions, unless applying the terrible memorizing approach. Understanding, specially in arithmetic, may most useful be purchased by relating mathematical facts with thinking skill where conceptualization is section of it. The linkages formed is likely to be increased as time passes with many arithmetic practices. The capability to solve any mathematics issues at any given time is therefore a genuine representation of your respective ability to take care of mathematics. Understanding arithmetic by center will not achieve this target as storage fades as time passes and quantity. Retention of understanding moves submit hand with the range of understanding. Albert Einstein when claimed "Training is what stays following you have forgotten everything he realized in school." Understanding through linkage of mathematical facts with ideas can remain for a long time because true understanding is achieved. Strictly memorizing details, that has negative impact, causes the meaning of mathematics knowledge to be lost when one forgets the data learned. Thus, in summary, understanding arithmetic is better taken with focus in idea understanding compared to the real firm method of memorizing mathematical details, because the results can last lengthier with correct knowledge of arithmetic and its applications. Foster a habit to approach arithmetic classes and courses through knowledge the ideas involved rather than the numerical details and specific measures in just about any provided mathematics examples. That habit formed may simplicity popularity of complicated mathematical methods later on in larger degree of mathematics education. There isn't any comment in this page yet! Do you want to be the first commenter? New Comment Full Name: E-Mail Address: Your website (if exists): Your Comment: Security code:
Organic Management Techniques Project 11 April 2019 Opportunities, Barriers and Constraints for Organic Management Techniques to Improve Sustainability of Conventional Farming British farming businesses are facing a number of challenges, such as uncertain weather and volatile markets. The Secretary of State for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, the Rt Hon Michael Gove MP, set out ambitions for the UK to be a world-leading food and farming nation that provides a cleaner and heathier environment, benefiting the economy. A consortium of farming organisations therefore came together to explore the extent to which the application of agroecological techniques, widely adopted in organic agriculture, could help to achieve these goals. This Defra-funded project (OF03111) which ran from 1st February 2018 to 30th November 2018, has shown that the UK has an excellent opportunity to drive the uptake of practices that can enhance the production efficiency and resilience of farming systems. The project investigated the viability of transferring agroecological practices more widely across UK agriculture. Agroecological techniques are not exclusive to organic systems and are increasingly being applied by progressive farmers in the non-organic sector. For example, leys are being incorporated within conventional arable crop-rotations to help control blackgrass. Phil Jarvis farms in Loddington, Leicestershire and is using several practices. He has integrated leys in the rotation, has moved to a no-till system using cover crops and is establishing a silvopastoral agroforestry system. He says: “We need to look how we can transition from systems based on chemistry to systems based on biology - there are lots of things in nature that can help us. We may not get there as quick as we would like but need to be patient with it. We have to increase our knowledge and see what is best for the land on our own farms. It is not really learning anything new, just the fundamentals of agronomy and livestock husbandry and using that knowledge to increase production efficiencies and resilience The outcomes of the stakeholder consultation indicated that a lack of information is a major factor limiting the current uptake of organic management techniques. There is a clear demand for applied research alongside practical training and advice to demonstrate the potential benefits of the management techniques considered here, and how they can be realised on farm. Individual practices studied as part of this project and effective combinations demonstrate the value of existing system-level approaches, such as organic farming, integrated farm management, and conservation agriculture. Changing attitudes across the supply chain are also key to improving the uptake of sustainable practices within the farming sector. This requires active participation from multiple stakeholders, alongside the demonstration of best practice, improved on-farm advice and farmer-to-farmer knowledge exchange. The project consortium consisted of: In total, 110 techniques were identified and reviewed, whilst 15 practices were further evaluated for their potential to improve soil quality, nutrient use efficiency, water quality and biodiversity, use of artificial inputs and greenhouse gas efficiencies. These practices have been summarised in fact-sheets which will be gradually published on Agricology for dissemination and engagement across a wide community of farmers (see 'Related Content'). In addition to providing practical information on how the techniques can be applied, they serve as sign-posts to existing resources (e.g. technical guides, videos) and include profiles of conventional and/or organic farmers that are using these practices. They cover the following topics: 1. Mixed farming through collaboration 2. Use of diverse crop rotations 3. Manure and compost as a fertiliser 4. Feeding livestock on pasture-based diets 5. Use of mechanical weed control 6. Biological control (indoors) 7. Integrating leys in arable rotations 8. Encouraging natural predators (outdoors) 9. Use of green waste compost 10. Outdoor access for animals all year round 11. Diverse/herbal sward mixtures 12. Increasing use of legumes in crop rotation 13. Novel forages (e.g. chicory) 14. Use of complementary therapies 15. Undersowing of leys in crops Summary provided by the Organic Research Centre, access the final project report here. More about the organisation
What is Container Gardening What is Container Gardening? Container gardens are simply when you purchase or re-purpose containers and fill them with soil and put the plant of your choice inside the container. This is a very simple way to garden and produce a lot of vegetables in a very easy way. All you need is a large container, some potting soil and the plants of your choice. Throughout the world people are picking up a shovel and trying their hand at gardening. They are tilling up their yards and planting crops as well as using container gardening to help feed their family. What about people who rent or live in apartments? With container gardening, they can garden too! Many of us like to garden, but just don’t have the time to invest in a huge garden or the desire to do so in many cases as well. So, what else is possible to do when you just want enough vegetables to feed a small family without breaking your back? We all know gardening can be hard work and one great way to eliminate a lot of that work is to have a container garden. In this blog post, you will learn more about container gardening and how it can save you time, money, and space in your garden. What is container gardening and when should it be used? It is a type of gardening where you grow plants in a variety of container or pots. This can be any sort of plant that you can think of from vegetables, flowers, succelents, and more that you grow in containers. Not only are the types of plants pretty much endless, the type of containers are endless as well. You can literally grow your plants in almost anything from a plastic disposable water bottle, a pair of jeans that have been made to stand up via some supports to an old wheelbarrow to give it some new life. What is container gardening What is the purpose of container gardening? The purpose of container gardening is to be able to grow plants in pots or other containers to either expand your current garden by providing more space for plants or to enable you to grow indoors, on a balcony or patio. Growing in containers also enables you to focus your attention on a small amount of soil with your nutrients so that you are amending or fertilizing an entire block of ground. What vegetables are good for container gardening? All sorts of vegetables including peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, and more are good for container gardening if you choose the proper size container, give them the nutrients and water that they need to grow. What vegetables can grow in 4 inches of soil? You can grow vegetables like salad greens, microgreens, radish, garlic, basil, oregano, mint, thyme, Asian greens, peppers, and even micro tomatoes in 4 inches of soil if you provide them with the correct soil mix, nutrients and water and light requirements. What is Container Gardening, Container Garden, Backyard Eden, www.backyard-eden.com What is a good soil mix for container gardening? A good potting mix for container gardening would be a mix of high quality screened compost made from yard waste, peat moss or coco coir, and perlite. The best ratio for this is generally 50% compost, 30% peat moss or coco coir, and 20% perlite so that you end up with a good balanced potting mix. The compost will aid in disease prevention, feed the plants while the peat moss or coco coir will help retain moisture in the pot, and the perlite helps with aeration and drainage in the soil. What is the best potting mix for pots? The best potting mix that I have found for growing plants in containers is light and fluffy, packed with nutrients, retains moisture but also drains well. My favorites: Pro Mix or Happy Frog Potting Mix. What is the difference between potting soil and potting mix? The difference between potting soil and potting mix is the ingredients that going into making both mixes. Potting soil could contain soil whereas potting mix is a soiless growing mix. Potting mix is the better choice as it doesn’t contain insect eggs, fungus, or harmful plant diseases. How much can container gardening produce? It really just depends on the type of vegetables or fruits you are growing, the type of container, potting mix, nutrients, and more to determine how much you will harest. It is completely possible to harvest enough for a small family from a container garden. It is true. Last year, my container grown tomatoes, peppers and eggplants produced more pound for pound than those plants in raised beds. There are various ways to start container gardening, but one of the most popular ways recently has been to just get containers and start planting. Container gardening is a great way to get started in gardening. When you use this method to garden, you can really get a lot accomplished in a short amount of time in a small amount of space. Container gardening can be very rewarding. What’s stopping you from planting a container garden? What do you have to lose? You potentially have baskets of fresh produce to lose! Don’t miss out on fresh vegetables, plant a container garden today! If you like this article about what is container gardening, please share it on social media and with friends. For all the latest recipes, gardening tips and growing guides subscribe to our newsletter below. Be sure to Like us on Facebook and follow us on Instagram and Twitter! What is container gardening, container gardening, Backyard Eden, www.backyard-eden.com Leave a Comment
I understand it probably has to do with the dry air, but what does dry air do to make nosebleeds so easy to get? For example, even gently blowing your nose can cause a nosebleed for some people during the winter. The vast majority of bloody noses in healthy individuals arise from one specific area in the nose (on either side): Kiesselbach's plexus. enter image description here In the mucosa of the nasal septum (the cartilagenous structure separating the nose into two sides), there is an area where several arteries "meet", giving it an exceptionally rich vascular supply, called Kiesselbach's plexus. It is on the anterior surface, and exposed to dry air and trauma. Bleeding typically occurs when the mucosa erodes for any reason, and the capillaries and venules (and sometimes arterioles) become exposed and subsequently break. The result is the familiar bloody dripping of a nosebleed. Have you noticed that your lips chap more in the winter? Dry air and cols temperatures do that. The mucosa of your nose also dries out and suffers some damage. Not like your lips, but damage none the less. Damaged nasal mucosa is more susceptible to tears/trauma/erosion. If it happens in an area of rich blood supply, you get a nosebleed. Anything that helps with the integrity of the nasal mucosa is going to help reduce nosebleeds. One can • run a humidifier in dry weather • avoid irritating by touching the nose or blowing nose too often • apply a very light layer of petrolatum or Bacitracin ointment to the inside of the nose covering Kiesselbach's plexus at night so the nose-breathing doesn't dry out your nose • use nasal saline spray to moisten and soothe the nasal membranes (don't rub the tip of the spray bottle against the nasal membranes, though) *more serious or recurrent bleeding needs medical attention to rule out other conditions that are associated with frequent nose bleeds. • $\begingroup$ Perhaps a note that it's not always in the winter. I used to get nosebleeds during the August-October period, which is when humidity is lowest where I live. $\endgroup$ – jamesqf Jan 19 '18 at 20:15 • $\begingroup$ @jamesqf - good point. However, cold air holds less water (is dryer) than warm air in the presence of water (i.e. barring arid regions), so yes, it's more common in most places in the winter. $\endgroup$ Jan 19 '18 at 22:56 • 1 $\begingroup$ Might also depend on the amount of time you spend indoors or outdoors. When cold winter air is brought inside and heated, it will be very low humidity - at least without some kind of humidifier. $\endgroup$ – jamesqf Jan 20 '18 at 6:54 Your Answer
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): In the last 30 years, there has been a massive 5500% increase in Alzheimer’s disease affecting 1 in 10 people over 65, 1 in 5 over 80 and 1 in 3 people over 90. This author believes cell and cordless home phones are responsible for this increase as the EMF from these phones create inflammation in the brain which creates a slightly acid biochemistry that creates Amyloid plaque – the primary cause of AD. Medical researchers indicate that continued physical and mental activity, good sleep and food that contains anti-oxidants and omega 3 fatty acids that support an alkaline biochemistry are a defense against AD and dementia even when the Alzheimer’s gene is evident. Allopathic medicine indicates that once the disease becomes latter stage and fully symptomatic, there is no disease modifying treatment – nothing can be done. However, people who have tried BiomagScience’s lower CVS (cerebral vestibular system) energy therapy and Bio-Negative Energized Water have reported the therapy has provided healing support for individuals in late stage AD to “wake up” and return to consciousness within about 4-6 weeks. In addition, for years people have been reporting that the same lower CVS therapy provides calm, clearer thinking and a reduction of minor memory loss. Testing years ago on 1st graders using Ritalin for ADD were able to normalize and give up the drug in as little as a week of therapy. What science has established so far about Alzheimer’s disease: 1. The neurons in the brain store our memories for thinking and functional metabolic operations of the body and release their information when thinking, learning or metabolic functions are required. 1. The synapse is the space between the neurons that connect and transmit the neuron’s information. When the neurons are activated, chemicals called neurotransmitters are introduced into the synapse which transmits the neuron’s memory as a thought or metabolic function. 1. Alzheimer’s disease When the synapse processes the neuron’s transmission, Amyloid beta () peptides are produced as an amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the synapse. The APP (cellular debris) is then cleared from the synapse by microglia (janitor) cells as a normal immune response which is subsequently cleared out in the cerebral spinal fluid. 1. At the early stages of AD, inflammation in the brain starts to prohibit the microglia from clearing the APP and it is cut into fragments that start to buildup in the synapse which correspondingly starts to cause minor dysfunction and initial memory loss. In these early stages of memory loss, anti-inflammatory drugs have reduced the inflammation which helped overcome the memory loss. 1. As the inflammation continues and the buildup becomes larger, the microglia janitor cells become overwhelmed and hyperactivate which releases dangerous chemicals that cause more inflammation. As the inflammation and the APP fragments continue to build-up, the buildup changes into a sticky aggregate which prohibits more of the synapse from communicating resulting in increased memory loss and cognitive impairment (inability to think correctly). 1. At what is called the “Tipping Point,” inflammation throughout the brain causes the APP aggregate buildup to change into an Amyloid “plaque” in the synapses of various areas of the brain. Research indicates that the plaque starts to build-up in between the neurons when the body’s biochemistry changes into a slightly acid [Positive] state from its healthy Bio-Negative alkaline state. The slightly acid state is an indication that the diet and supplementation is missing the necessary anti-oxidants (Donor electrons – Bio-Negative energy) to maintain alkalinity and help heal the normal inflammation and oxidation. The plaque prohibits the neurons from being able to communicate, resulting in memory loss and cognitive impairment. During this time, some of the tau (the microtubules that make up the cell’s cytoskeleton) in the neurons in the affected areas gets twisted by the plaque which further disables the neuron’s memory. At a certain stage, the plaque starts to cut off nutrition to various neurons which die and take their memory with them. The tipping point progresses at different rates throughout the brain, depending upon the individual; in latter stage evolving to a catatonic state and eventual death from loss of neuron-driven metabolic functions. BiomagScience feels the reason why people in advanced AD states respond to the Bio-Negative therapy is because the therapy provides Bio-Negative supplemental energy which is alkalizing to the biochemistry. The therapy directs Bio-Negative energy to be conveyed specifically in the cerebral spinal fluid and blood to flow through and bath the brain which immediately helps neutralize any positive charged inflammation while providing consistent Bio-Negative energy to change the slightly acidic biochemistry back to a healthy alkaline state. As a result, inflammation is reduced and the biochemistry is alkalized which dissolves the Amyloid plaque which in turn supports the return of memory and cognitive function. 1. Inflammation in the human body has a Positive charge. The body naturally defends against inflammation by flooding it with Negative charges which neutralize and help heal inflammation. Many people supplement anti-oxidants like Vitamin C, D, alkalizing foods such as vegetables or fruit to help maintain a healthy alkaline biochemistry. BiomagScience therapy amplifies the body’s Negative charges which in AD, helps to immediately reduce brain inflammation and support alkalinity. These finding are supported by before and after tests under Research at Heretofore never seen dramatic inflammation reduction by Bio-Negative energy is shown by the before and after dry-cell Bowen tests of inflammation reduction and healing of damaged oxidative stress/free-radical tissue sites within hours of the therapy application under Research on. Live-cell microscopy testing using the BiomagScience therapy shows how in less than 1-2 hours, the red blood cells (RBCs) in the low-energy Rouleau pattern of a very sick individual, change into high-energy, healthy RBCs – something never seen before in such a short time. Before and after [BIA] cellular voltage testing shows how the fluid therapy of the blood can systemically increase the overall health by increasing the entire body’s electromotive health; the lower voltage (indicating illness and disease) changing to the higher voltage (indicating good health) within 2 hours of therapy – an increase that would normally require a year of specialized treatment and diet. Never seen before, this is another example that the Bio-Negative healing energy is carried from the application site by the fluid (blood and cerebral spinal fluid in the brain) where it’s provides energy to all the tissue it comes in contact with for an immediate decrease in inflammation and increase in voltage, vitality, alkalinity and wellness. 1. It has been found that the Amyloid plaque is soluble in an alkaline biochemistry and the reason why AD clients respond to the correct Bio-negative alkaline producing energy therapy. Similar to other MHD (MagnetoHydrodynamics) plaque reducing potentiated fluid dynamics, the energized cerebral/spinal fluid and blood dissolve the Amyloid plaque providing a renewal of communication of the neurons that was not occurring before the therapy. It is advised during the initial therapy if possible, that the caregiver provide Bio-Negative energized water along with activated oxygen as it supports the overall therapy. If this is not available, then just the lower CVS therapy application worn constantly has shown results. Reports of individuals “waking up” from late stage AD indicate it takes some time and care as the individual practices cognitive thinking again; they go through various stages as they return to their normal pre-AD personality. With the waking up of late stage AD, it has been reported that although there is some memory loss from neurons that have died, many long-term memories became accessible. Since there are trillions of brain cells, depending upon the individual, the return and resolution of the AD will take various periods of time and types of re-adjustment that we have not had the opportunity to review yet. After the initial BiomagScience therapy, it is important that the therapy be continued as a daily energy supplementation to maintain the therapy response. Magnet therapy for early Alzheimer’s patient: “My mom was rapidly losing the battle of Alzheimer’s. She had just started eating with hands, needed help dressing & bathing, began to feel lost and needed assistance by the full time caretaker. Within a month, my mom is functioning so much better from using the different magnet protocols: back of neck, OGE (Organ Group Energizing) therapy for energy, and drinking Bio-Negative Energized Water. After a month of following the therapy protocols, she was waking in the morning and dressing herself and getting her humor back. Today she is still much better. To get the most out of the therapy, a caretaker or family member needs to be present. I highly recommend getting magnets on your loved one with dementia or Alzheimer’s for mental & physical energy & overall cognitive improvement. Physical and cognitive performance are both drastically improved with consistency.” Sherri, Arizona Mother Wakes Up from Alzheimer’s Disease The mother was elderly and in an almost catatonic Alzheimer’s state. When the daughter, a nurse, would visit each Saturday, the mother did not know she was there. After 5-6 weeks of the Lower CVS, back-of-the-neck therapy and Bio-Negative Energized water, the mother awoke and was fully conscious. 2006 AUTHOR – Peter Kulish
Connect with us Hi, what are you looking for? Cold Case Christianity Non-Canonical Texts Why Shouldn’t We Trust the Non-Canonical “Gospel of Marcion”? There are a number of ancient, non-canonical texts used by sect leaders or heretical groups in the early history of Christianity. One of these is called The Gospel of Marcion. Is this non-biblical text reliable? Was it written by an eyewitness who accurately captured the actions and statements of Jesus? There are four attributes of reliable eyewitness testimony, and the first requirement is simply that the account be old enough to actually be written by someone who was present to see what he or she reports. The Gospel of Marcion was written too late in history to have been written by anyone who could have actually seen the ministry of Jesus, and like other late non-canonical texts, this errant document was rejected by the Church. In spite of this, The Gospel of Marcion may have contained small nuggets of truth related to Jesus. Although it is a legendary fabrication altered by an author who wanted to craft a version of the Jesus story that suited the purposes of his religious community, it likely reflected many truths about Jesus: The Gospel of Marcion (130-150AD) The Gospel of Marcion (also known as The Gospel of the Lord) was used by Marcion, the infamous heretic and one-time Bishop of Sinope between the years of 150-160AD. The text is lost to us, but the Early Church Fathers and apologists (such as Tertullian) criticized The Gospel of Marcion extensively in their own writings; we can now reconstruct much of The Gospel of Marcion from the critical writings of the Church Fathers. Marcion’s Gospel (as acknowledged by the vast majority of historical scholars) appears to be a modification of The Gospel of Luke, altered to support Marcion’s theological ideas. It is typically dated in the mid-2nd century. Why Isn’t It Considered Reliable? Marcion first traveled to Rome in 142AD and quickly imposed a heretical view of God and Jesus on the New Testament documents; he created a theological system that swiftly gained popularity. In fact, Marcion had a large following that rivaled his orthodox contemporaries, threatening to split the fledgling Christian community. Irenaeus wrote that Polycarp (the disciple of John the Apostle) called Marcion “the first born of Satan” and many other early orthodox leaders labeled Marcion a heretic (including Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus, Origen, Rhodo, Bardesanes, Dionysus of Corinth, Theophilus of Antioch, Philip of Gortyna and Ephraim of Syria). Tertullian wrote an entire volume condemning Marcion as a heretic (Against Marcion), and Marcion was eventually excommunicated from fellowship with orthodox believers. The Gospel of Marcion is strikingly similar to the Gospel of Luke, but Marcion reported that his Gospel was the uncorrupted work of Paul, who received all of the information from Jesus Himself. Marcion considered Luke’s Gospel to have been corrupted by Jewish believers who saw Jesus as the Messiah predicted in the Old Testament, a notion that Marcion rejected. There was (and is) no evidence that Paul ever penned a Gospel, and Marcion was not an eyewitness to the life of Christ. His Gospel and theology were rejected by those who were in direct contact with the living eyewitnesses (Polycarp is one such example). For these reasons, The Gospel of Marcion is not to be considered a reliable document. How Does It Corroborate the Life of Jesus? The Gospel of Marcion appears to be a simple redaction of the Gospel of Luke, designed to accentuate Marcion’s theological inclinations and beliefs. Along the way, however, the text affirms the vast majority of Luke’s narrative. Jesus is described as a miracle worker who taught disciples, was crucified on the cross and resurrected from the grave. Many of the distinctive passages described uniquely by Luke are affirmed and repeated by Marcion. Marcion viewed the God of the Old Testament as a harsh God of justice, irreconcilable with the “Good God” described by Jesus. He believed that Christianity was distinct and opposed to Judaism and he rejected the Hebrew Scriptures; he argued for the existence of two Gods. The God of the Old Testament was described as a God of legalistic justice who created the world and provided the Law. This God punished humanity for their sinful behavior through death and suffering. Marcion described the God of the New Testament as a God of love and compassion who looked at mankind with mercy and grace. This God had no part in the creation of the world (Marcion, like many Gnostics of the time, believed that matter was evil and corrupt). For this reason, Marcion resisted the notion that Jesus was the Messiah described in the Old Testament, and he taught instead that Jesus had been sent by the Good God and possessed an immaterial, spiritual body. These heretical theological beliefs guided Marcion’s Gospel and his collection of Scripture. He formed the first collection of allegedly canonical documents, including his modification of The Gospel of Luke and ten letters of Paul. These documents were similarly redacted to remove any elements related to Jesus’ birth (including the Old Testament prophecies indicating that Jesus was the Messiah), any elements recognizing the New Testament connection to Judaism (such as Jesus’ connection to the prophets), and any elements that contradicted his Gnostic view of Jesus’ body or his dualistic view of the two Gods. Marcion’s orthodox contemporaries were challenged by his growing influence in the Christian community and responded by collecting the orthodox canon of scripture that we have today. This ancient non-canonical text used by Marcion was a late, heretical alteration. When examined under the criteria we use to determine eyewitness reliability, it fails the test. The four canonical Gospels (Mark, Matthew, Luke and John) are still the earliest reliable record of Jesus, written within the lifetimes of the eyewitnesses who knew Jesus personally. This ancient non-canonical text used by Marcion was a late, heretical alteration. When examined under the criteria we use to determine eyewitness reliability, it fails the test. Click To Tweet Subscribe to J. Warner’s Daily Email Advertisement. Scroll to continue reading. Print Friendly, PDF & Email Written By You May Also Like Is Christianity misogynistic? Does Christianity teach that men are in some way superior to women? Students from the King’s Academy discusses these questions with... Evangelism and Case Making Faith and Belief In this blast from the past, J. Warner Wallace examines the role that reason, rationality and evidence play in the life of the Christian.... God’s Existence
What Is A Sound Engineer ? A sound engineer is a kind of great jobs for folks involved in both technology and the arts. It requires loads of technical experience, but additionally requires a artistic bent that helps musicians and performers realize their artistic intent. Alright, so what exactly does a sound engineer do? The standard visual is of somebody in entrance of a huge soundboard with all its levers, dials and panels. That’s a part of it. In reality, the person sitting on the soundboard may be a sound engineer or an audio engineer. The roles are similar, however a sound engineer has more responsibility for the success of a project than does an audio engineer. In fact, spending time as an audio engineer could also be a stepping stone to turning into a sound engineer. A sound engineer is responsible for the technical side of a recording or live performance. The sound engineer designs and manages sound ranges and outputs, and is responsible for maintaining the physical sound equipment, like amps and microphones. When a sound engineer is working on a recording, the responsibility does not end with the act of recording the performance. The sound engineer is then chargeable for editing, mixing and mastering the tracks so that they present the best efficiency consistent with the artist’s vision. Everyone pretty much gets what “recording” is. Let’s get more precise about these other phases: “Editing” a track is the process arranging what’s been recorded. Recorded performances are not often performed as soon as, full through. Instead, different movements and passages will likely be repeatedly performed. Editing is the process of choosing the right pieces and placing them together into one single, coherent performance. Indeed, not every performer could even be recorded at the similar time. “Mixing” a track is the technical work of adjusting sound ranges by the whole recording. So if the piano track overtakes the cello track in a recording of Schubert’s Serenade, the sound engineer can fix that during the mixing stage. “Mastering” is the final step in of audio submit-production. It is basically all of the technical work that needs to be done to ready a recording for distribution. Most recordings embody a number of songs and performances, and mastering the recording brings consistency of sonic levels and quality to them all. Mastering a recording eliminates this. Mastering a recording can also be the stage the place the sound engineer technically prepares the recording to be reproduced, manufactured and downloaded. The steps required range primarily based on how the publishers intend to distribute the recording. Most projects are large enough that there won’t be just one person taking on all these roles. Yet someone should hold ultimate responsibility for the sound quality of the recording. That is the sound engineer, at the same time as more junior sound engineers could also be taking on particular roles or phases within the project. Now, this is not to say that sound engineering is only wanted for recordings. Sound engineers are additionally utilized in live performances, whether or not a public speech or orchestral performance. In these cases, the initial duties of a sound engineer remain the same – managing output levels, equipment maintenance and setup, and making certain the highest quality of sound reaching the audience. If you loved this post and you would like to receive additional data relating to Mikayla Audio Engineer kindly check out our web site.
Balena Rtl Power: a balenaLabs Residency project Common wireless systems rely on a some form of radio waves. These waves are differentiated by frequency bands(Hz) so that they have a particular use case that can fit the benefits of the band. Lower frequency bands have a longer range but are more affected by obstructions and have less data bandwidth while Higher frequency bands have a shorter range but are less affected by signal obstructions and have more data bandwidth. For example, WLAN(WiFi) uses a form of radio waves in either the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz or the newer 6 GHz bands while applications like navigational radio beacons and transoceanic air traffic control use a much lower frequency band. The problem comes when trying to actually understand these various signals around you. You often need to either become a near expert or spend most of your time studying radio technology to fully grok it. Plus, you won’t know if you may need specialized radio equipment. Why can’t we have a flexible way to visualize it to have a point of entry in understanding these signals? e.g At this particular time(and/or location), this frequency band is the strongest by the looks of this graph because the color is stronger. The project Hence, Balena RTL Power, a project to visualize and analyze signal frequency bands in a more simple and general way. This will be using a Software Defined Radio(SDR), rtl power and balena! A brief overview of the project: Block diagram: • RTL-SDR - A cheap SDR thats a great starting point in working with SDRs. An SDR is a really useful and flexible system in which radio configuration is easily done through software where originally it was done through different hardware. So, 5+ radio hardwares for analyzing low-band to high-band frequencies becomes only 1 hardware with an SDR. • rtl_power - the software that configures how the SDR will operate. It configures what range of frequencies to cover, at what tuning, and also outputs the data that is being read. • grtlp - a wrapper function I wrote in Golang so that the data can be sent through MQTT • MQTT - a lightweight messaging protocol that is suitable for IoT usecases. • Connector - a balena block that automatically connects data sources with data sinks e.g, mqtt to influxdb. • InfluxDB - InfluxDB is a time series database that is ideal for data such as sensor readings or our signal power data. • Dashboard - The primary output of this project. We will be using balena-dash, which is a balena block that provides a Grafana dashboard where you can easily visualize your data on your browser. This iteration’s output will primarily be a Grafana heatmap to properly visualize the power of each frequency band at a certain time. Each band will be it’s own row and the color intensity of a block will represent the power. Sort of like this: Where the top row is the higher frequency band and the lower frequency band is at the bottom row. That’s all I have for now. I’ll be posting more details of the project and update as I move along! Good job @jaomaloy very informative! Looking forward to test your project! 1 Like Status of the project December 23, 2021 I am able to display the data of each band that has been computed. However, this isn’t the final output I want it to have. This may actually be useful to display individual bands but I want a holistic view of the whole range that has been selected by the user. This particular picture is based on the range of 860MHz to 870MHz with a step of 200kHz. Excited to see this project on the hub! I am a sucker for anything SDR! 1 Like A little bit about the configuration The main thing you have to do when running the project will have to be setting 3 device variables. The lower band (LOWER_BAND), upper band (UPPER_BAND), and bin size (BIN_SIZE). This is to tell rtl_power which range of frequency bands it has to scan (Lower band to Upper band) and what the sizes of each bin (Bin size) are. Using the example from my most recent update, we have a lower band of 860MHz and an upper band of 870MHz with a bin size of 200kHz. This means that we analyze the frequencies between 860MHz to 870MHz and we divide the range into 50 200kHz bins. Then, rtl_power scans for the strength of each bin. There are a couple more things you can configure to your liking, but more information on that in the repo! Status of the project Jan 06, 2022 I have finally configured the grafana dashboard to display a heatmap! This is the generated heatmap in the dashboard and its full-size view can show you more detail in terms of the bins being displayed. Compared to the per band data graph, this display gives you a visual overview of every band you have examined from the range specified. This drastically simplifies the analysis you have to do. Using the same example configuration as before (860MHz:870MHz:200kHz), we can clearly see that the bands with the strongest signal strengths range between the 862MHz - 865MHz bands. You may notice that there are spaces in between data points that makes it look a little different from the desired output I showed in the initial post. This is because of the queries done to fill these data bins. Currently, the queries are done one at a time so there are noticable spaces between datapoints. When zoomed in, this is how it looks: I hypothesize that optimizing these queries will improve the look of the heatmap. That will be another improvement in the future.
Fulton Sheen operating a TV camera In 1926, Father Fulton J. Sheen spoke on the radio for the first time, giving a series of Sunday evening Lenten sermons on a New York station. Four years later, he made his first appearance on "The Catholic Hour" broadcast by NBC. Sheen made history on Easter Sunday, March 24, 1940, when he appeared in the world's first Catholic TV program, "The Spiritual Symbolism of Television." The program was sponsored by the National Council of Catholic Men in celebration of their twentieth anniversay as an organization and the tenth anniversary of their sponsorship of "The Catholic Hour" radio broadcast. In 1952, Sheen began his remarkably successful run as a TV personality with the debut of "Life Is Worth Living," a weekly program consisting of lectures on topics that blended theology, philosophy, and politics. Maria Mazzenga, Catholic University's education archivist, says that his popularity as a speaker and radio personality was pivotal in bringing Catholics into "the national dialogue" on religious and political topics of the day. "Catholics had pretty much been excluded at the national level," says Mazzenga. Fusing Catholic and American ideals in a fatherly way, "he instilled in them a sense of confidence that enabled their inclusion into American society." Sister Maria Frassati Jakupcak, O.P., co-chair of CUA's Fulton Sheen Legacy Committee, says she hopes Catholic University students "will find in him both a role model and a friend." A religious in residence at Regan Hall and a teaching fellow in the Department of English, Sister Maria Frassati notes that long before Pope Francis started tweeting, Archbishop Sheen was a "pioneer of the new evangelization," using the media of radio and TV to spread the word of God. The Jesuit magazine "America" once called him "the greatest evangelizer in the history of the Catholic Church of the United States." 1940 TV broadcast Monsignor Sheen stands at the podium while the Paulist Choristers, directed by Father WIlliam J. Finn, sing during an Easter Sunday television show in 1940. Aired by W2XBS (now WNBC) in New York, it was the world's first broadcast of a Catholic religious service. 'Life Is Worth Living' Fulton Sheen writing on a blackboardWhile he was still teaching at Catholic University, before his successful television career began, Monsignor Sheen had achieved extraordinary fame as an orator, author, and radio personality. But it was his TV show "Life is Worth Living" that made him a household name across America. The series ran on the DuMont Television Network from February 12, 1952 to April 26, 1955, then on ABC until 1957. Similar series followed in 1958-1961 and 1961-1968. The format of the series was reminiscent of his classroom lectures in Room 112 McMahon Hall at CUA - a lecture on religious, moral, political, or philosophical issues using blackboard notes. Bishop Sheen won the Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality for his work in the 1952 season. "Life Is Worth Living" was aired on 169 local stations across the country, and is believed to have been the most widely-viewed religious series in the history of television. His show drew as many as 10 million viewers each week. The video links below are a small sample of the hundreds of Bishop Sheen's videos available online. For a more extensive selection, visit the Bishop Sheen Today website. DVD and video recordings of Sheen's "Life Is Worth Living" TV series are available for purchase at BishopSheen.com. Salt and Light Video about Archbishop Sheen Bishop Fulton Sheen didn't wear a watch. But he came out at 22:30 every single time out. How he did it I never knew. I finally went to him and said, 'Your Excellency, how can you do this? Do you have a clock in your head?' He said, 'When you've been teaching in Catholic universities as long as I have, you know exactly how long to talk.' " - Ted Bergmann, executive, DuMont Television Network
Who is responsible for updating burndown chart in Scrum? Who manages the burndown chart? The Rules of Scrum: Your Product Owner creates and maintains the team’s Product or Release burndown chart – Agile Advice. Who is responsible for the burn down chart and Gantt chart in scrum? The Rules of Scrum: Your ScrumMaster creates and maintains the team’s Sprint burndown chart. The Sprint burndown chart tracks the amount of work remaining in the Sprint day-by-day. The burndown chart is updated daily and is visible to the team and stakeholders. Who is responsible for product increment in scrum? What is the purpose of Product Increment(PI)The Scrum team is responsible for deciding what they need that can be considered as an Increment. This may significantly vary for the Scrum teams, but the team members must have knowledge in sharing of what work they have to complete. What is plotted in the sprint burndown chart? The Sprint Burndown Chart makes the work of the Team visible. It is a graphic representation that shows the rate at which work is completed and how much work remains to be done. The chart slopes downward over Sprint duration and across Story Points completed. Is sprint burndown chart required by Scrum? Scrum Forum THIS IS IMPORTANT Why is phone audio not an option in Microsoft Teams? Sprint burndown is normally tracked in days (e.g. task hours completed per day). Burndown is not required at all. It is just a tool to visualize progress in the sprint. The team can choose whatever method they want as long as they inspect the progress toward the sprint goal. What is sprint burndown? Sprint burndown is a graphical representation of the estimated effort-hours remaining for a given period of time during a Sprint. … The horizontal axis of the sprint burndown chart represents the days within a sprint, whereas the vertical axis represents the remaining estimated effort-hours. How do you create a burndown chart in agile? How to Create a Burndown Chart? 1. Step 1 – Estimate Effort of your Tasks. … 2. Step 2 – Plan Number of Days for Sprint. … 3. Step 3 – Calculate Total Estimated Effort. … 4. Step 4 – Calculate Remaining Estimated Effort. … 5. Step 5 – Enter Actual Effort. … 6. Step 6 – Calculate Remaining Actual Effort. … 7. Step 7 – Insert Chart. What is burnup and burndown chart? A burn down chart shows how much work is remaining to be done in the project, whereas a burn up chart shows how much work has been completed, and the total amount of work. These charts are particularly widely used in Agile and scrum software project management. A burn down and burn up chart of the same project.
Maw-Sit-Sit Gemstone Maw-Sit-Sit Gemstone Maw-Sit-Sit was first identified by Dr. Edward Gubelin, a Swiss gemologist in 1963. It derives its name from a village known as Maw-Sit-Sit in Northwestern Burma near the site where it was first found. It is usually green in color with dark-green to black veining. Sometimes the patches are white. The best quality material has an emerald-green color. Maw-sit-sit is considered a rock and not a mineral as it is composed of different types of minerals. For instance, it contains Kosmochlor which is a mineral related to Jadeite. It also contains a varying amount of Jadeite and Albite Felspar. Maw-Sit-Sit is sometimes referred to as the cousin of Jade but most often it is classified as a variety of Jadeite. However, Jadeite is a mineral, whereas Maw-Sit-Sit is not. Therefore, Maw-Sit-Sit is related to Jadeite but not a member of Jadeite. That is to say, it is not Jade. Maw-Sit-Sit is composed mainly of 60% kosmochlor, clinochlore, 15% chromian jadeite and albite with small amounts of eckermannite, chromite and other minerals. Kosmochlor is the dominant mineral in Maw-Sit-Sit. Its name is derived from the Greek and it means GREEN FROM OUTER SPACE since this mineral was originally found in meteorites. It is responsible for the green and dark green veining and patches in Maw-Sit-Sit. Maw-sit-sit is also known as "chloromelanite," “chrome-jade” or "jade albite." Maw-sit-sit looks very similar to Nephrite Jade and Jadeite Jade. It is closely related to Jadeite and Omphacite. Though Maw-Sit-Sit is composed of Jadeite, as a whole, its chemical composition is very different from Jadeite. Maw-sit-sit is not enhanced or treated in any way. Its emerald-green color makes it a gorgeous eye-catching jewelry gemstone. When polished it gives a beautiful shine. It is suitable for pendants, earrings and rings. Maw-sit-sit, like jade, can be made into amulets and talisman in intricate forms and carvings. Like Jade, it is also carved into bangles. Maw-Sit-Sit is nurturing and it instils inner peace and heals relationships. It enhances your focus and is a powerful stone to use for meditation as it helps you to achieve clarity of mind and emotional balance. It boosts your self-love and self-confidence, eases your worries and rids you of your fears and stress. It helps destroy self-doubt that sabotages your life and inculcates a positive outlook in life. Maw-Sit-Sit can only be found in Northern Burma, in the foothills of the Himalayas. Thus, it is also extremely rare. To clean your Maw-Sit-Sit, simply use soapy water and a soft cloth. Be sure to rinse well to remove the soapy residue.
Why having a cleanroom is important in the medical manufacturing industry. Cleanrooms in Medical Manufacturing The medical industry needs supplies devoid of harmful pathogens. Medical devices, such as retractors, urinary catheters, face masks for oxygen administration, and single-use anoscopes, should provide care without adding risks to patients and other users. Hence, it’s essential to have a cleanroom in the medical manufacturing industry. What Is A Cleanroom? A cleanroom, also referred to as a sterile environment, is a room typically used as part of advanced manufacturing or scientific research. Professionals in the medical and scientific industries use this room for different purposes, such as the production of pharmaceuticals and disposable medical devices. This germ-free environment helps eliminate contamination from hazardous chemicals, biological waste, and hazardous equipment. Moreover, the cleanroom aims to eliminate and prevent the transfer of disease and infections to people working in the area, while reducing the risks of airborne contaminants. A cleanroom tends to have no windows and other entryways, aside from doors, to allow air in or out of the premises. This space tends to be in isolated facilities to reduce potential risks of infectious pathogens from entering these spaces. The different pieces of equipment used in a cleanroom help monitor and control the area, particularly the devices and people inside the space. Partitions exist in this distinct yet isolated location to help reduce potential contamination risks significantly. Medical manufacturing institutions should pay attention to the importance of having a cleanroom in their properties. Acquiring this space from a reliable cleanroom manufacturing firm may help improve the efficacy of producing sterile equipment for workers in other medical organizations to use. Importance Of A Cleanroom In The Medical Manufacturing Industry A high risk of potential microbiological contamination may exist if the production of disposable and non-disposable devices isn’t done in a controlled environment. Failure to address this issue may result in delivering contaminated products, opening doors for infections and other illnesses. Understanding the importance of a cleanroom helps ensure that the manufacturing of medical items is devoid of contaminants. Note that a cleanroom tends to possess the following elements: • Regulated Facilities Certified companies that create cleanrooms follow strict guidelines and comprehensive regulations from certain authorities. In turn, the development and use of these controlled facilities can maintain cleanliness throughout each medical device’s manufacturing process. Setting and enforcing these strict guidelines across various industries, including the medical manufacturing sector, is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Certified cleanroom developers follow strict ISO protocols to ensure safety in developing cleanrooms for different medical device manufacturing companies. Cleanrooms in Medical Manufacturing Some of these standards may include the following: 1. ISO 13845: In 2016, the ISO published this guideline to ensure patient safety by governing cleanliness in facilities that develop disposable and non-disposable medical products. Moreover, the requirements set upon this regulation apply to various organizations, regardless of size and type. 2. ISO 14644: This 2019 ISO standard denotes that cleanrooms and other controlled environments for disease and contamination control should duly accomplish contamination-sensitive tasks while observing strict adherence to cleaning protocols. Cleanrooms may also find their cleanliness grades by looking at their ISO specifications, which are: 1. ISO 5: A super clean cleanroom 2. ISO 6: A very clean cleanroom 3. ISO 7: A commonly clean cleanroom 4. ISO 8: A least clean cleanroom Hence, medical manufacturing organizations should look into cleanroom providers that can provide ISO 5 standard spaces. Companies in this sector may also consider searching for other providers that can only provide ISO 8 decontamination spaces. • Strict Protocols The existence of cleanrooms might be more important now than before. Medical manufacturers remain open as the COVID-19 virus continues to spread through international regions. Without the aid of a sterile environment, the production of medical devices might become compromised because of this infectious disease. Cleanroom developers also note this dire need and follow strict protocols in the manufacturing of these clean environments. Workers create these sterile spaces by following certain guidelines, such as: 1. Mandatory social distancing 2. No handshaking inside the premises 3. Covering coughs and sneezes with elbows 4. Frequent disinfection during the development and installation of different cleanroom components 5. Strict adherence to leaving workers at home if they feel sick Moreover, the cleanroom manufacturers and installers may use personal protective equipment (PPE) to significantly reduce the risks of contaminating the objects in the space. • Latest Technologies Perhaps, it’s with the dawn of the 21st century why cleanrooms now have additional precautions to reduce contamination and infection risks. For example, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter help remove airborne contaminants that might exist in the space. Manufacturing companies may now also use the Internet to their advantage during the development process. Administrators can regulate production procedures through remote monitoring, regardless of their current location, as long as they have a decently-fast and stable Internet connection. Moreover, some machines may no longer require human intervention to manufacture cleanroom wall systems to reduce contamination threats and human errors. Additionally, modern developers may also use both augmented reality (AR) and spherical video technologies to open doors within workplaces, further reducing potential risks of infections. Cleanrooms in Medical Manufacturing • Trained Staff The manufacturing and installation of cleanrooms need professionally-trained staff for these tasks. Medical manufacturing firms need to hire cleanroom providers with expert workers to ensure cleanliness during development and installation procedures. These professionals tend to observe guidelines and rules, such as: 1. Performing checklists for cleaning and disinfection 2. Using more than one type of disinfectant during working hours 3. Inspecting areas for cleanliness before and after use 4. Following due diligence to maintain cleaning and disinfecting records 5. Ensuring proper adherence to social distancing protocols 6. Applying an even layer of each disinfectant used. Final Words Companies in the medical manufacturing industry need cleanrooms to ensure the safe production, delivery, and use of disposable and non-disposable medical devices. Reliable cleanroom manufacturers aim to supply those needs with sterile spaces and by following strict protocols and regulated ISO standards. These developers may also use the latest technologies and trained staff’s expertise during the production process for medical manufacturers to obtain peace of mind. Cleanrooms in Medical Manufacturing Glenn Cook Glenn Cook shares his knowledge on business by publishing informative content on his blog and submitting guest posts to other websites. Glenn has always been fascinated with the business industry, and have spent years in learning the ins and out of the field.
-> Did you know that just being at ALTITUDE causes you to lose far more fluids than at lower elevations (more than a quart a day) ? -> Did you know that the simple act of BREATHING cold air dehydrates you ? Breathing cold dry air causes the body to lose significant amounts of fluids because moisture is plucked from your mouth, your throat, and your lungs with every breath you take, as the body humidifies and warms the air so the lungs can use it. -> Do you realize that when you are skiing, you are EXERCISING ? Imagine doing the same activity in the midst of summer, there is a good chance that you would be sweating like a pig… well, maybe not that much, but you get the idea. Combine all three factors and you should be drinking three times as much when you are on the slopes… -> Did you know that when you are dehydrated, your attention, your ability to focus, and your decision making suffer ? A *research conducted in 2010 amongst snowsports resort workers at Sunshine Village in Banff while I was teaching there, as well as several other Alberta and BC resorts showed that cognitive functions deteriorate when your body is dehydrated, and has an incidence on psychomotor vigilance, motor reaction time, and impairs proprioception. Simply put: coordination and your ability to react quickly diminish significantly when dehydrated… Don’t forget you are constantly dealing with gravity while navigating through whatever the mountain puts in your way, regardless of what the weather throws at you, or the behavior of the skiers and snowboarders around you. In skiing, coordination and reaction time are key… How many injuries because of a bad (and/or delayed) decision made at high speed could we link to dehydration in the first place ? It sure doesn’t hurt to play it safe… -> Also, losing only 2% of your body mass in water starts to affect your ability to regulate body temperature… getting cold anyone ? Check your fluids intake… -> If you are already thirsty, it’s too late. Drink before you feel the thirst, and stay hydrated throughout the day to prevent injuries, and to help you recover. Your body, your mucles and your brain will thank you at the end of the day. I like the collapsible HYDRAPAK SOFT FLASK: easy to carry in my ski jacket, if I ever fall, well it’s soft and won’t hurt as much as a plastic or metal bottle; it has a high-performance bite-valve with a twist locking mechanism that won’t leak; and there is a dust cover and a finger loop attachment. I drink 500 ml during the morning, refill my bottle after lunch, and drink another 500 ml in the afternoon. ONE SIP AT A TIME, every time I get on the chairlift. Drinking a little bit at a time keeps my body constantly hydrated, you basically just drink what you have lost, and last but not least, you will not feel the urge to go to the loo (which is what happens if you drink a full glass all at once). More info on dehydration: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance during Winter Sports.
Arctic Islam: the Midnight Sun, the ‘Isha Prayer, and Islamic Law and Practice January 11, 2022 By Luke Campopiano ArticleClimate and EnvironmentSociety and Culture A person is entering a blue mosque with snow all around The Nord Kamal Mosque in Norilsk, Russia is the northernmost mosque in the world. Photo: Igor Sobolev “No major religion’s daily ritual observances are tied more closely to the movement of the Sun than Islam’s, so what do they do when the Sun never rises or sets?”1) This question provides an entry point for an analysis of the impact of the Arctic on Islamic law and practice. Universal religions, such as Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism, frequently reach geographic areas far removed from their region of origin in their search for new converts.2) Islam, for example, is prominent throughout Asia and North Africa, having spread far beyond its beginnings on the Arabian Peninsula. An important consequence of this aspect of universal religions is the necessity of adapting to widely divergent cultures and climates. One of the most complicated such adaptations is that of Islam to the Arctic. This article will use the term “the latitudinal problem” to describe the difficulty of reconciling Islamic practice with Arctic conditions. I will explore the latitudinal problem through three different time periods: medieval, the nineteenth century, and the modern day. In the medieval period, Muslim travelers to the northern regions remarked on the starkness of Arctic solar conditions, but rarely considered the practical implications for Islamic practice. In the nineteenth century, Islamic reformists clashed with religious authorities on the possibility for ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) concerning the ‘isha prayer. In the contemporary world, Muslims in the Arctic must navigate global problems including skepticism of migrants, ethnic division, religious extremism, and securitization. Still, Arctic Islam retains an important distinctiveness due to the unique challenges posed by the climate and solar conditions. This article will show that far from being a remote region with little importance for Islamic thought and practice, the Arctic instead raises profound questions of religious evolution and legal authority that resonate through the entirety of the Islamic world and beyond. Introduction to Islamic practices affected by the Arctic All Muslims are required to fulfill the five pillars of Islam. Two of these pillars are affected by the latitudinal location of the practitioner. The first is fasting during the month of Ramadan. According to the Qur’an, Muslims must fast from dawn to sunset during Ramadan. The second relevant pillar of Islam are the five daily prayers: FajrDhuhr‘AsrMaghrib, and ‘IshaMaghrib and ‘Isha are undertaken at sunset and twilight respectively.3) Both Ramadan fasting and the daily prayers were developed in the Islamic homeland of the Arabian Peninsula. As such, the timing of such activities is based on the solar behavior of that region. In the Arctic, however, the conditions are quite different. In exceptionally high latitudes, 24-hour day or nights occur, removing any solar context for fasting or daily prayers. In lower latitudes, the timing of prayers will be affected and the length of Ramadan fasting will be either far more or far less demanding than was originally intended.4) Muslims, both religious scholars and lay practitioners, have grappled with the effects of latitude on Islamic practice for several centuries. The first to do so were travelers to then remote and largely unknown regions. Islamic Travellers and Latitudinal Challenges In 921, Ibn Fadlan, an envoy sent by the Abbasid Caliph, left from Baghdad for the lands of the Volga Bulghars (located near modern-day Kazan, Russia). The leader of the Volga Bulghars had recently converted to Islam and requested assistance from the Caliph in Islamic instruction and the construction of a mosque and fortress. Ibn Fadlan was chosen to be the religious advisor to the Bulghars.5) While Ibn Fadlan’s travel narrative is most famous for its description of a Viking funeral, it also contains an early and fascinating account of “Prayer times during the white nights”:6) “Day was breaking. I asked the muezzin [man who calls Muslims to prayer]: ‘To which prayer have you called us?’ ‘The dawn prayer,’ he said. ‘And the evening prayer?’ ‘We say it with the sunset prayer.’ ‘And during the night?’‘The night is as you see. They have been even shorter than now, for already they are beginning to lengthen.’”7) Ibn Fadlan further writes that in the land of the Bulghars, “the days are very long and remain so for a certain part of the year and the nights are short. Then the nights lengthen and the days shorten.”8) Ibn Fadlan is keenly aware of the difficulty of conforming to Islamic practices in such high latitudes, especially given the novelty of the religion to the Bulghars. Although the Bulghars were new to Islam, their leader was cognizant of the political connotations of the mechanics of Islamic practice. The Bulghar king ordered the muezzin to repeat certain phrases of the call to prayer twice, which was discouraged by Ibn Fadlan because it was characteristic of a rival Islamic legal school and thus its use by the Bulghar king “was seen by Ibn Fadlan to be asserting his independence of the Abbasid caliphate” of which Ibn Fadlan was a representative.9) Although for Ibn Fadlan the mechanics of Islamic practice were especially important, the importance of the latitudinal challenge declined into a bit of remarkable trivia about a remote and obscure region for later travellers and geographers. In 943, Al-Mas’udi wrote that “[i]n the land of the Bulghars the nights are extremely short during part of the year. They even say that between nightfall and dawn a man barely has time to bring his cooking pot to the boil.”10) In 951, Istakhri wrote that in the city of the Bulghars “the night there is so short in summer that a man cannot travel more than a farsakh [3 to 4 miles or 5 to 6 kilometers].11) In the winter the day is short and the night long, to the point that the day in winter is like the summer nights.”12) A work by Marwazi from around 1130 contained similar information.13) Two centuries later, Al-Umari wrote that, in Bulghar, “the shortest night lasts 4 ½ hours,” while a town “twenty days’ march” to the north had a shortest night of 3 ½ hours.14) Likely the most famous Muslim traveler to comment on the latitudinal problem was Ibn Battuta, who has gained widespread acclaim for his worldwide wandering from North Africa to places as far afield as India, China, and Eastern Europe from 1325 to 1354.15) Ibn Battuta wrote of the city of the Bulghars that “I reached it during the month of Ramadan, and when we had prayed the sunset prayer we broke our fast; the call to the night prayer was made during our eating of this meal, and by the time that we had prayed the dawn broke.”16) This description, while evocative and even faintly humorous, is regarded with suspicion by later scholars. Tim Mackintosh-Smith argues that Ibn Battuta’s trip to Bulghar is “impossible in the time stated” and “may well be an interpolation by his editor.”17) Similarly, Stephen Janicsek writes that “the trip to and from Bulghar which Ibn Battuta claims to have undertaken is the only narrative in the whole record of his wanderings which seems to be, beyond all doubt, a falsification.”18) Janicsek suggests that Ibn Battuta was familiar with Ibn Fadlan and other writers who had visited the high North and used their accounts to fabricate his visit. In fact, Janicsek goes so far as to suggest that “we may assume with certainty that the alternation of long and short days and nights during the summer and winter at the city of Bulghar was widely known in all the lands of Islam in the Middle Ages.”19) Thus, we can be confident that the latitudinal problem was widely known in the Islamic medieval period. However, with the exception of Ibn Fadlan, the importance of Islamic practice in such regions was of minimal significance to Muslim thinkers. They considered the population of the northern ‘seventh clime’ to be barbarous at best and apocalyptic at worst. The concept of the climes, inherited by Muslim thinkers from Claudius Ptolemy, described “latitudinal bands…indicative of a place’s distance from the sun which, in turn, determined the relative degree of its hotness or coldness.”20) These climes produced either civilization or barbarism because “[a]n excess of either heat or cold was thought to corrupt a person’s humours, and this had a number of corollary, and unfavourable, effects on appearance, behaviour, habits and ability to think rationally.”21) This environmental approach coincided with eschatological descriptions of the tribes of Gog and Magog breaking free from the northern Land of Darkness and bringing the Apocalypse.22) While the northern regions were important in a cosmological sense, the practical consequences of their latitude for Islamic practice were largely ignored. Latitudinal Challenges and the Evolution of Islamic Theology As was discussed in the previous section, Muslim scholars in the medieval period were largely uninterested in practical resolution of the latitudinal problem. As Karim Meziane and Nidhal Guessoum put it, “the problem of the disappearance of the celestial landmarks for some of the five daily prayers did not really pose itself for Muslims, except for the few adventurous travelers who did venture far enough north to experience those situations. This is why we find that only in modern times did such questions start to be posed by Muslims, that is, only after they found themselves living in such places.”23) For regions north of the Arctic circle, this statement is accurate. However, for more southerly areas, such as the former homeland of the Bulghars in modern day Kazan, Russia, the impetus for attempted resolution of the latitudinal problem was not the mere presence of Muslims but instead legal incorporation of their religious communities into a modern state. The history of the Volga Bulghars was characterized by periods of prosperity brought on by far-reaching trade networks and times of devastation by warring groups. The two main opponents of the Bulghars were the Mongol Khanate and various Rus principalities. In 1431, the Volga Bulghars were finally vanquished, but the Khanate of Kazan arose in their place. By 1552, however, Kazan too had fallen to the Russians. From this point on, the Muslims in the region were under the control of a Christian government.24) According to Nathan Spannaus, “[a]fter the conquest of the khanate of Kazan in 1552 and the subsequent removal of most forms of Muslim political rule, the ulama became the focal point for the Muslim community.25) The ulama was composed of religious and legal leaders who were tasked with preserving the Muslim social order. Although Kazan was a conquered region, for a time the Russian government “operated at arm’s length, peripheral to the quotidian existence of the overwhelming majority of Muslims.”26) This policy of neglect shifted in the mid-1600s to one of persecution of the Muslim minority and attempted conversion.27) Beginning with the rule of Catherine the Great in the 1760s, this policy was again changed to one that “tacitly provided government sanction for Islamic institutions… [and] explicitly asserted the imperial administration’s exclusive right to oversee and regulate those institutions.”28) Official state sanction led to a strengthening of legal and religious scholarship in the region.29) At the same time, however, the close links of the ulama to the Russian government provoked criticism of its insufficient independence. It was in this cultural context that the reformer Abu Nasr Qursawi (1776–1812) operated. Qursawi argued that “misguidance (ḍalala) is widespread, and people should study these matters, rather than relying on parents or teachers whose knowledge might be defective.”30) Not surprisingly, this viewpoint was unpopular with the regional ulama and Qursawi frequently found himself in intellectual conflict and even physical danger.31) One significant disagreement between Qursawi and the ulama was over the ‘isha prayer. According to most members of Russian ulama, the prayer should not be performed during the summer months when the proper solar conditions cannot be met. Qursawi, on the other hand, argued that the prayer must always be performed and “its timing in summer is a question to be answered through ijtihad.”32) Why was this conflict significant? As Spannaus argues, “[t]he controversy thus hinged upon different visions of who can make this determination: a contemporary scholar individually or the earlier generations of Hanafis collectively. By declaring it a matter for ijtihad, Qurṣawi implies that he, or any qualified scholar, has the authority to determine the time.”33) Ijtihad is a term that provokes considerable controversy among scholars of Islamic thought. In medieval Islam, ijtihad meant mental exertion by a jurist to discover divine legal principles that were not explicit in the Qur’an. Many scholars have argued that by around 900, the “gate of ijtihad” had been closed and no further independent legal reasoning was necessary.34) This claim about the early end of ijtihad is further complicated by the suggestion that such an occurrence had resulted in Islamic backwardness vis-à-vis the Western world. In the mind of many reformers, “the term ijtihad gradually became separated from the field of Islamic law proper” and “ijtihad became equivalent to progress and rationalism.”35) The example of Qursawi, among many others, shows that the “gate of ijtihad” was never closed in the Islamic world.36) Contemporary Islamic Practice As was detailed above, the presence of Islam in the Arctic before the modern day was created by isolated travelers and mass conversions, such as that of the Bulghars. Today, however, most Muslim communities in the Arctic are composed almost entirely of migrants and lack the historical rootedness that characterized Bulghar and Kazan. As such, they have much in common with migrant Muslim communities outside of the Arctic, namely “growing multiethnicity, fight over the institutional control of communities, diverging ideological interpretations of Islam, and securitization trends.”37) Modern Muslim migration began in Canada in the early twentieth century. Ali Ahmed Abouchadi came to Canada in 1905 from the Beqaa Valley in modern-day Lebanon in hopes of participating in the Klondike Gold Rush. By the time he had arrived, however, the Gold Rush had long since ended. Abouchadi stayed in Canada and became involved in the fur trade.38) He learned the Cree language and eventually settled in Lac La Biche, which would become a focal point for Muslim immigration to Canada in the first half of the twentieth century.39) By 1969, ten percent of the population of Lac La Biche was Muslim, likely the largest percentage of any North American town at the time.40) Edmonton was another early destination for Muslim immigrants, many of whom came to Canada to avoid obligatory service in the Ottoman military. In 1938, the Muslim community in Edmonton hired the Ukrainian-Canadian builder, Mike Drewoth, to build the first mosque in Canada. The Al Rashid Mosque, noted for its remarkable architectural similarities to Eastern Orthodox churches, was moved to the living history museum of Fort Edmonton Park in 1992.41) Writing on the subject of Muslims in Canada, Katherine Bullock argues that “[w]hile early and small communities were/are remarkable for their openness—often counting one’s ‘Muslimness’ above sectarian considerations—as a critical mass grew, congregations have segregated not only into sectarian-oriented buildings but also ethnically and ideologically.”42) In Russia, Muslim migrants to the Arctic have come primarily from the Caucuses and Central Asia. These different groups may bring ethnic and religious conflicts with them to Arctic cities. Marlene Laruelle and Sophie Hohmann note a conflict between Caucasians, who belong to the Shafi’i legal school, and other predominantly Muslim ethnic groups, who belong to the Hanafi legal school. Tajiks are “considered more religious than other Muslims and better-trained in Islamic theology.”43) Muslims also face external opposition from nationalist or right-wing groups that oppose migration and a visible Muslim presence such as mosques or women wearing Islamic style clothing.44) These issues can collide, for example, when concerns about radicalized members of Islamic communities result in the destruction of mosques or the prevention of new ones from being built. While contemporary Muslim communities in the Arctic clearly have many issues in common with those of lower latitudes, they also have unique difficulties and benefits. As elaborated throughout this essay, the difference of Arctic solar conditions from Islamic heartland poses a consistent problem. Indeed, even today, “the solution to undoing, or at least mitigating, this confusion, has been perhaps the foremost faith-related challenge for Norway’s Arctic Islamic communities.”45) Beyond legal debates over the proper way to pray or fast during Ramadan is the simple fact that extraordinarily long days and nights generate a sense of “displacement” for those who grew up in Islamic communities at lower latitudes. Fadwa El Guindi speaks of “a unique rhythm that is characteristically Islamic – a rhythm that expresses and shapes the temporal and spatial worlds, interweaving private and public, secular and religious, ordinary and sacred, life and death. The rhythm never leaves the homeland.”46) Muslim communities in the Arctic must deal with the double dislocation of living apart from culturally and climatically Islamic regions. The difficulties of the Arctic environment are not limited to sunlight. Mosques built in the Arctic must be adapted to cold temperatures and permafrost. Pre-prayer ablutions, usually performed outside of the mosque, must be moved inside and burials must be deeper than is prescribed in traditional Muslim practice.47) Despite these difficulties, Muslim communities in the Arctic also see significant upsides to their location. Many Arctic cities, especially in Russia, are less likely to have developed historical roots than more southerly cities. This means that Muslim migrants don’t stand out as much because “everybody is a migrant here.”48) Perceptions of the Arctic as pure and clean can also provide economic opportunities. Siberian berries, reindeer meat, and even ice water have been marketed as organic and halal to the broader Muslim market.49) Contemporary Muslim Arctic communities are engaging with many of the same issues that are present in the world at large, while their unique problems and resources grant them a remarkably dynamic position in the global Muslim community. The history of Islam in the Arctic has a long and varied history, dating back over a millennium. From Ibn Fadlan to Ibn Battuta to Abu Nasr Qursawi to contemporary Arctic Muslims, Arctic Islam has captured the imagination and minds of the global Muslim community. Far from “Un Islam périphérique,” that is of little global importance, Arctic Islam is instead one of the most challenging, innovative, and dynamic regional components of any universal religion.50) Indeed, many of the most fundamental problems in Islamic thought find themselves posed in the practice of Arctic Islam. Is there room for individual legal reasoning? Who gets to decide if there is? Who gets to undertake such reasoning? What are the responsibilities of Muslims living in non-Muslim countries? All of these questions have been generated by Arctic Islam and their resolution has been integral to influential movements such as Islamic reformism or Salafism. Ultimately, we can generalize beyond Islam and the Arctic region to suggest that peripheral regions, borderlands, and other boundaries by their very nature pose profound questions of the core. There are exceptions, extremes, places and things that can only be dismissed as obscure for a while, for such peripheries have a pattern of becoming more important than anyone could have imagined. References[+]ArticleClimate and EnvironmentSociety and CultureNewer Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Reducing free sugar According to new guidelines,the World Health Organization recommends reducing the intake of free sugar to less than 10% of the total energy intake for adults and children. Most sugars consumed today are "hidden" in processed foods that are generally not considered sweet. The main goal of this project is to find good practices for reducing free sugar and learning how to cook using less sugar. Latest updates
Pictures of algae in pool Pink Algae. A bacteria, pink algae appear as a reddish-orangeish slime, usually at a swimming pool's water line. It is also attracted to PVC surfaces in a pool, especially piping. It seems to keep company with white water mold, which is a fungus. Of all its colorful cousins, pink algae are the easiest to maintain Mustard algae looks like sand in the bottom of the pool. Get rid of it by aggressively brushing the algae and adding Algaecide 60. If the pool is full of algae, add a flocculant (floc) to the water and vacuum up the coagulated algae that settles on the bottom of the pool. Green Algae. The most common form of algae in swimming pools is green. The algae in pool tiles grow through the grout, and the roots help to deteriorate the tile. You might have to replace your tile if the algae cause significant damage. [amazon box=B01DP67F9E] Replacement Parts. After an encounter with algae, particularly Black Algae, you might want to replace parts in your pool Algae (or alga, singularly), belonging to the kingdom Protista, are largely aquatic organisms that are typically fully photosynthetic but differ from plants in that they lack true roots, stems, leaves, and gametes (the male and female parts of plants).Algae can vary in size from less than two micrometers (in the case of micromonas, a species of green algae) to over 200 feet tall (in the case. Re: Pictures look like pollen or algae? If it is pollen there should be a noticable film of pollen on every surface outside of the pool. If there isn't, then I'd measure your CYA and bring the pool up to the appropriate mustard algae shock level, brush, etc. FYI - in late spring we had pollen everywhere In addition, green algae is known to grow relatively quickly, making it a pesky nuisance for any pool owner. On the plus side, green algae is relatively easy to get rid of. 2. Black algae. Black algae has more of a blue-green shade and can appear along the cracks of pool surfaces. This strain of algae is incredibly resilient and can be very. Green algae in pool water is a fairly common issue in which free-floating algae clouds the water, making it appear green. Fortunately, it is also the easiest algae type to prevent and treat. How to remove green algae. 1. Use a pool water test kit to test and balance your water's chemical levels. 2 3 - Low Levels of Sanitation in the Pool. Incredibly low or inconsistent levels of chlorine in the swimming pool are probably the biggest reason why algae growth is promoted in the pool. Chlorine, when added to the swimming pool water supply, creates a weak acid known as hypochlorous acid 1. Test and adjust the pool's pH. One of the main causes of algae growing in a pool is if the pH of the water gets too high, because this prevents the chlorine from killing the algae. Collect some water from the pool and test the pH levels with a test kit. To lower the pH, add some muriatic acid or sodium bisulphate What are the types of algae, and how do you remove them?- Green algae can cling to the wall or float in the water. Get rid of it by brushing the pool, shocki.. Green algae is one of the ugliest forms of swimming pool algae and can make your pool look swampy if you let it go for too long. But even if the algae has grown out of control, The Pool Butler can bring your pool back to sparkling clear in just a few treatments Get rid of pool algae quickly by following these simple steps. We've developed a guide to fixing green pool water, killing pool algae, and preventing algae i.. Black spot algae in pool. Don't drain your pool to remove black spot algae because it will simply come back again. Draining the pool is not effective because the algae also live in the pipework, solar heaters, filter and pump. This means that once the pool is acid-washed and refilled, the algae in your pool equipment will be reintroduced back into the pool and start spreading again Vacuum your pool using waste mode. Balance your pool. Adjust it to a pH level of 7.2 - 7.6 and alkalinity of 80 - 120 ppm. Brush your pool again. Dislodging any remaining algae will help to kill it when you shock your pool. Put all your hoses, maintenance, and cleaning equipment into the shallow end of the pool Responsible pool owners brush their pools on a regular basis. Following a black algae hit, scrub it down four times throughout the following day. Focus on the spot where the algae first appeared and work outwards from there. Remember, black algae have deep roots that can penetrate the walls of your swimming pool 2. Balance Your Pool Water. The first step (after identifying that mustard algae has, in fact, invaded your swimming pool) is to balance your pool water. To do this, you'll need to do two things. First, clean and check out your swimming pool's filter system. Then make sure the pH levels are correct Black Algae: Black algae will generally appear as black dots on pool plaster, usually in the pitted area of the pool where the plaster has been etched or maybe where some calcium deposits have developed. These areas act as small fox-holes where the water doesn't circulate well, making it an easy area for Black Algae to grow and thrive The three main types of algae that you will encounter as a pool owner are green algae, yellow (mustard algae), or black algae. In addition to algae looking terrible and keeping you from swimming, it brings up other issues if not treated in a timely fashion. Algae will create a breeding ground for mosquitos and other insects Control. The first step in eliminating the growth of brown spots of algae is to test and manage the pool's pH. The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline the water is, and the ideal range is between 7.2 and 7.8. Outside this range, the pool can become a breeding ground for algae. Once the range is balanced, it will also allow the chemicals. Yellow or mustard algae is a form of green algae that has become resistant to chlorine and other sanitizers. Unlike green algae that floats on top of water, yellow algae clings to surfaces, such as the walls or bottom of the pool, or on other objects like pool lights, ladders, or filters. Though it often emerges as dirt or sandlike substances. Pool algae is the bane of every pool owner's life, but black algae will seemingly take on a life of its own. This kind of algae can give you a real headache if not taken care of immediately. Unlike other forms of pool algae that contain chlorophyll , this little guy forms layers and each layer forms a scab Black pool algae most often form on the walls and steps of concrete and plaster pools. And it deeply embeds itself into the pores of those surfaces. This is why removing black algae requires a very specific approach — especially if you want to permanently kill the black algae and prevent it from growing in your pool again How To Kill Yellow Algae. With a few simple steps, you'll be swimming in no time. 1. Balance Out The Chemicals. Before trying to remove your pool algae problem, bring the pH, alkalinity, and hardness into line. The pH should be 7.0 - 7.2, alkalinity between 80 - 120 ppm, and hardness is 150 - 250 ppm Pink algae in your pool can manifest as reddish or pink streaks, and it usually grows alongside white water mold. It's prone to growing on PVC materials, of which pool materials are often made from. This type of alga loves to grow in areas of the swimming pool that don't receive direct sunlight, and that have minimal water movement Black algae is a thread-like growth that develops on rough surfaces in swimming pools. It appears as dark black spots on the pool's walls and floor and is slippery to the touch. This type of algae forms in a layered structure, with the outermost layer protecting the lower layers How to Identify and Destroy Algae in Pool Remove the visible algae from pool surface, to do this scrub the affected areas with an abrasive brush or use muriatic acid diluted in water (1/2 cup of muriatic acid per 1 gallon of water). If you have problems removing all traces of the stain, apply more muriatic acid solution to that area and scrub it using a stiff bristle brush Step 2: Brush all the black spots with a wire algae brush (use a nylon brush for vinyl, fiberglass or painted pools). Step 3: Add 1.5 quarts of Suncoast Metal Control per 10,000 gallons. Step 4: Mix Suncoast Super Black Algaecide into a bucket of water and pour away from the sides of the pool. Use 12 oz. per 10,000 gallons Brush the pool. Brush daily for a week with the proper brush for your pool, paying special attention to algae-affected areas. The protective layer that forms on black algae makes the algae otherwise impervious to regular sanitizers, so you must brush the algae to break through this layer so that chlorine and algaecides can kill the organism. Black algae have deep roots that work their way into. No algae for the last season or two. FFwd to this summer. It's time to change the sand in our filter. Yes, I've read in here that sand never wears out, but we were getting sand in the pool.. and after lots of reading, we came to the conclusion the sand had smoothed down & was flowing right thru its own filtering process and into the pool 1,382 algae swimming pools stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free. See algae swimming pools stock video clips. of 14. algae in swimming pools pool dirty dirty pool water old pool fence dirty swimming pool algae pool dirty pool dirty green swimming pool pool tile cleaning pool abandoned. Try these curated collections 7,700 pool algae stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free. See pool algae stock video clips. of 77. algae plants dirty swimming pool green swimming pool dirty green swimming pool swim pool empty algae swimming pool dirty pool water algae macro green pool algae in swimming pools. Try these curated collections 74,413 algae stock photos are available royalty-free. Green algae. Green sea algae isolated on white background. Spirulina algae powder. Wooden spoon of spirulina algae powder on white wooden background. Algae biofuel. Concept of deriving biofuel from algae. Stones and algae seen through the water How to Identify, Treat, and Remove Algae in Your Swimming Poo Black and Blue-Green Algae. Primarily found in lakes and ponds, it does find a home in unmaintained pools. According to author Tamminen, black algae is the pool technician's worst nightmare.. He continues, at the first sign of black algae, you need to consider the pool or spa as a patient in critical condition. Algae stains in my pool (pics) Post by Denali » Mon 17 Aug, 2009 13:56 lbj23 wrote: i dont want to drain the pool and acid wash unless i have too...the pool is pretty big. last time i emptied the pool and refilled it i got a $340.00 water bil Before you begin brushing the pool, it is important to skim the top to remove any free-floating pool algae or debris. Next, use the pool brush to scrub all surfaces of the pool, even if there is no algae visible in certain spots. After the pool has been thoroughly scrubbed to loosen debris, you should let it settle for no longer than 30 minutes Mustard Algae. If you notice a brown or yellow algae settling on your pool walls or floor, it's once again time to reach for the scrub brush. R egular cleansers often have a hard time reaching mustard algae because it tends to collect at low water levels. Fortunately, this strain of algae is far less stubborn than black algae Before the replacement, you would notice algae growing on the screens. You'll see hints of green upon closer inspection of the photos, but in real life, they were in your face. Even if the pool was enticing, our customers found the old screens too nasty to enjoy the water. The screen panels on the roof were already replaced not too long ago In order for pool algae to thrive your water's pH has to be pretty high (7.6 and up). When your pH is low, or balanced, pool algae can't repopulate. Which is why lowering your water's pH is the first step in getting rid of pool algae. The most effective way to lower your pool's pH is by using muriatic acid My Pool is Full of Shredded Tissue Paper! Bacterial and algae growths occur naturally in any body of water. Most bacteria that occurs in pools is not harmful, but simply causes problems, such as cloudy water, green water, or unsightly buildups that can damage equipment Algae in Pool: The 3 Types of Algae and How to Treat Them Pool Algae Treatment. Pool algae is a living organism that can bloom and multiply turning an entire pool green and nasty in as little as twenty-four hours. Algae spores can get into any pool through rain, wind, leaves or from swimmers that were previously in contaminated water Mustard algae tends to cling loosely to the walls of the pool and brushes off easily. It tends to have a yellowish color. Green algae will be visible throughout the water itself and will turn the water different shades of green depending on the infestation Black Algae - Trouble Free Pool \| Trouble Free Pool Black algae is one of the most difficult varieties to control and eliminate. This algae can appear as a blackish discoloration or a tar-like deposit. In either case, it is a problem to remove because of the physical nature of this algae. Leslie's Black Algae Killer eliminates and blocks Black Algae. Dosage: 12 ounces per 10,000 gallons of water. Depending on the amount of algae in the pool, and other organic debris, you may need 2 to 4 lbs of granular shock or 2-4 gallons of bleach - per 10,000 gallons of pool water. Test your chlorine level the following day, and if it's low, or if the pool has returned to a greenish color, shock the pool again. Continue to filter the water 24. The common green algae, on its own, can't harm you, but the bacteria feeding on it can. Here are some of the possible health effects of swimming in a pool that has plenty of algae. Skin Issues. Skin infections are the most common health effects of swimming pool algae. Some adventurous swimmers expose themselves to algae that harbor bacteria Black spot algae. Don't drain and acid wash your pool to remove black spot algae because it will just come back again. Draining the pool is not effective because the algae also lives in the pipework, solar heaters, filter and pump. This means that once the pool is acid-washed and refilled, the algae living in your pool equipment will be reintroduced back into the pool and start spreading again Pool vacuuming is the ultimate solution and final stage in the removal process of mild and aggressive algae growth in swimming pools. Effective, time and energy-saving, they are a must-have for every inground and above ground pool owner Algae needs sunlight to grow, so all it takes is a couple of hours on a sunny day for algae to appear in an under-maintained pool or spa. Aside from taking away from the crystal-clear water you work so hard to maintain, algae also serves as a feeding ground for bacteria that can be harmful to bathers Jane Harmon Algae as seen through a microscope. Algaecide is a chemical treatment for swimming pools, fish ponds, and other water features that kills algae, very small organisms that grow in water or very damp environments.Algae in pools and ponds can cause the water to become cloudy and, in some cases, can form a scum over the surface that blocks sunlight from the water Guide to Different Types of Pond Algae (With Pictures Green algae multiply and spread quickly in pool water. You can hinder their growth by adding more chlorine to the water. Cloudy water that turns green is a clear sign of green algae growth. Yellow Algae. Yellow algae are known as mustard algae. Check your pool floor or corners to see if there is any yellowish debris there This algae may appear black in the pool, but when you retrieve a sample and rub it on a piece of white paper, you'll notice a greenish tinge. It's an example of a cyanobacterium; it's related to spirulina, another type of blue-green algae, and to red algae, which also grows in swimming pools. None are true algae, but classes of bacteria that manufacture their own food by photosynthesis Pink algae is not literally an algae. As a matter of fact, it is a slimy, gross and nasty looking bacteria that has a pink coating. This is similar to the stain all over the toilet, like an orange stain that is usually seen on the sink and bathtubs water line. In the swimming pool area, pink algae can be found usually on the pool ladders, pool. Green algae is the most common, and it likes to cling to pool walls and float near the surface of the water. Mustard algae is yellow in color, and often looks like sand or pollen at the bottom of the pool. Black algae is a little more difficult to manage, and can look like clusters of black spots in the pool Large amounts of algae may require you to add up to three doses of shock over a 36-hour period. When using large amounts of shock to kill algae, water may become cloudy. After this, add a pool algaecide like Leslie's Algae Control and brush the pool again. After brushing, vacuum the pool The marine algae you'll see on a visit to tidepools around Puget Sound fall into three groups: green, brown, and red. All contain chlorophyll, the pigment that allows plants to perform photosynthesis and gives them their green color. Brown and red algae also contain other types of pigments that give them their different colors Mustard algae can live outside of a pool, so check the nearby area as well. Follow the appearance of mustard algae with more intense brushing, algaecide and shock treatments. Regularly test your pool for the main factors that keep algae at bay: pH, sanitizer such as chlorine, levels, alkalinity and calcium hardness 8,074 brown algae stock photos are available royalty-free. Brown algae. Baltic Sea near Ruegen, Germany. Brown Algae. Barely submerged in water on the coast of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. Brown algae, fucus. Brown algae in the White Sea, fucus. Brown algae, fucus. Brown algae in the White Sea, fucus To hold back algae away from developing into the swimming pool water is to maintain an appropriate level of alkalinity and pH balance. This is the best way to prevent algae from growing into the pool water especially during the summer season. If not adequately maintained, Swimming in pool water that has alga e can lead to bacterial infection, eye Pictures look like pollen or algae? It - Trouble Free Poo 3 types of algae and how they can impact your poo How to Get Rid of Algae in a Pool - The Home Depo 4) Another algae control is to mix copper sulfate at the rate of 2 to 3 ounces (1½ tablespoons) in 8 gallons of water sprayed over 1000 square feet. After the algae has been killed, apply 5 to 10 pounds of ground limestone to inactivate the copper sulfate prior to reseeding with grass, which may be toxic to grass seedlings A photo of my backyard swimming pool after removing the winter cover. Full of algae and grime. Shot from a ladder with a 10.5 fisheye lens Green algae can also be found suspended in pond water. Black algae: the pool water is not necessarily colored, but the algae form black spots on the walls and on the bottom of the pool. Appearance: Black algae have a slimy appearance. They generally form in a tree structure. They can also appear on the joints of the swimming pool tiles These steps will help you remove algae from your pool and keep it away. I searched the forums trying to find a good picture of what some people were trying to explain about the above waterline algae growth but couldn't find any. Algae are microscopic, single celled plant life that reproduces rapidly if left untreated can damage the pool surface and turn your swimming pool green, making it very. Swimming Pool Algae AVOIDANCE Steps for Brominated Pools. Drain and replace 1/4 to 1/3 of your pool's water every spring, to lower built up levels of dimethyl hydantoin, the chemical carrier used in solid forms of bromine. Instead, consider the weekly use of a polyquat algicide. If you shock, make SURE you do so in late evening 4 Causes of Algae in Your Swimming Pool (And What to Do 1. The last thing any pool owner wants is to have an outbreak of algae during the summer. Well maintained pools should be free from algae, however there are some things that can turn a maintained pool into a green menace right at the height of swim season. Here are just some of the causes of algae outbreaks and how to clear algae this Summer 2. g pool can make it slimy and slick. Algae can form in a pool when there is poor water circulation or filtration, a lack of maintenance or an improper chemical balance in the water. An alga is a microscopic plant that travels through the air, water or soil, and needs water, sunlight and carbon dioxide to survive 3. 1. Any amount of phosphates promote algae growth. While there is a lot of debate about this, most studies show that phosphate levels need to reach at least 1,000 ppb before they have any significant impact on algae growth to kill algae. 2. Natural elements are significant contributors to phosphate levels in the pool How to Treat Algae in a Swimming Pool (with Pictures All you need is one dosage and the Lo-Chlor's Pool Algaecide will last for up to 90 days. Lo-Chlor's Pool Algaecide is an effective way to getting rid of blue-green, black, pink and mustard algae. You can use this product with salt chlorine generators. Just one quart will treat about 20,000 gallons of water Lafayette, CA. 39. 37. 2. 12/4/2019. Algae Busters has been servicing our pool for about 10 years now. We have a very large, deep, pool that needs to be manually cleaned each week. Fernando does an great job keeping the bottom clean, and keeping the water sparkling blue without too much chlorine A demonstration: killing algae in swimming pools with bleach. Can you kill algae with household bleach? (a demonstration) Even 15 years after we first posted our BBB method page on the web, and 1,000's of successful users, we encounter pool owners who still can't believe you can kill algae with plain old household bleach Algae can grow in the sun, but most pool algae strains need some light to germinate. If algae need to survive, there is no shortage in the swimming pool. You do not know how to kill algae, or you may leave with the task of removing them from the bottom of your pool water. Dead algae will turn white or gray color stay in the bottom of the pool Algae and moss are generally tolerated in natural environments but frequently disliked and unwanted in a landscaped yard. Moss and algae thrive in moist, protected sites and can trap moisture or. Why is there a sticky substance on my vinyl liner and howDifferent Types of Pool Algae and How to Deal with them How To Identify, Treat and Remove Algae from a Swimming Poo After we removed the pool cover and bailed all of the water off, we found that the pool water was totally green and was going to need a good shock treatment to kill of the algae onÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â the wall and the floor or the pool. You can see how green the swimming pool was in this picture above backlit sargassum algae - brown algae stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images geothermal pool in yellowstone national park, wyoming - brown algae stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images John Steffenson arrives ahead of Cirque du Soleil TORUK - The First Flight Melbourne Opening Night at Rod Laver Arena on November 2, 2017 in.. Glad to hear you liked the pictures of what algae and microorganisms cause in Yellowstone. The colors are amazing! Bobby From The Future on October 06, 2011: OMG THIS IS SO COOL. YOUR ALL SO COOL. THX GUYS UR COOl SO IM COOL AND COOL. Peggy Woods (author) from Houston, Texas on August 04, 2011: Hello livelonger, So true In SoftSwim® pools, mustard algae will consume SoftSwim® Clarifier. PREVENTION OF MUSTARD ALGAE The best plan is to prevent mustard algae from every forming. Following are some of the ways to help prevent it: - Follow the BioGuard® 3 Step program of your choice as outlined in your BioGuard® Pool Care Guide. - Keep the pH at 7.4 to 7.6 Swimming pool algae grows due to lack of proper sanitation, filtration and high pH. Usually you'll see this algae free floating in your swimming pool or on the pool walls which can cause your entire pool to turn green. The good thing about this type of algae is that it's easy to get rid of. Chlorine, Hydrochloric Acid or algaecide will do the trick Adding algae prevention products is another way to help keep the water clean. The best time to start using such products is right after you have set up your fountain or after a deep cleaning. If your fountain has plants or fishes, or if you are concerned about the birds which come and take a bath or drink from the fountain, then look for animal. Exploring The Types Of Swimming Pool Algae - The Pool Butle PoolRx eliminates existing algae fast and prevents algae from coming back. The chelated minerals free up low levels of chlorine to be more productive in the water, providing amazing clarity. The minerals dissolve out of the unit completely and immediately to form a stable residual throughout the entire body of water Pool First Aid helps conserve pool water by consuming the dead algae that collects at the bottom of a swimming pool after an algaecide treatment. Typically, dead algae can be too fine for a filter to effectively remove resulting in the algae to cycle through the filtration system and back into you pool A diving pool at the Rio Olympics turned green Tuesday when algae entered the water, stunning athletes and spectators. The water in the diving well at the Maria Lenk Aquatic Centre had been blue. How to Get Rid of Pool Algae - YouTub 1. Green dust algae (GDA) starts off lightly, like someone dusted your aquarium with green icing sugar. You'll likely first notice green dust algae appear on the glass of your aquarium because it begins to block the view of your fish. In fact, this algae seems to particularly love glass 2. Pyrrophyta (Fire algae) is a type of single-celled algae. This type of algae lives in both freshwater and the oceans. To move around, they use flagella. Chrysophyta (Diatoms and Golden-brown algae) are the most abundant kinds of single-celled algae (there are around 100,000 different species) 3. g the walls and the pool of the swim 4. The algae and other water plants encircle the center of the pool, where it is deepest. Like many of the other waterfalls in this collection, the edges of this waterfall and pool are surrounded by grasses and mulch 5. Blue-green algae actually goes by two names.. The first is blue-green algae and the second is the more-proper cyanobacteria. The name is a little misleading, though, because blue-green algae aren't quite plants or algae.We call them algae because they're free-floating and grow in colonies, but in reality, blue-green algae are a form of bacteria Cleaning an Above Ground Pool \| ThriftyFunClean Up Green Pool Water, Brisbane, Sunshine Coast \| Pool Black Algae in your Pool? Remove it Without Draining your Pool Services \| Pebble Tec Pool Repair \| Pebble RepairAlgae - Sacramento SplashTide Pool Snails \| California Tide Pools Green Algae. This is a sign of metal in your water. Dissolved metals such as copper or magnesium react with bromine and result in a greenish residue. It is the fastest growing type of scum, so if the algae bloom happens overnight, it is probably this type. An early warning sign of green algae is a sliminess to the bottom and sides of the hot tub 1. Chemically treat the pool water.-. Bottom line, I've never seen any treatment from inside the pool work long term. 2. Removing the liner and treating it directly (or injecting through the liner, sliding a feeder tube behind the liner, treating the pool base through the surrounding soil, etc.)- The Pool Wizard and pool algae problems The Pool Wizard was developed to destroy algae and bacteria, and prevent their recurrence in swimming pool water. The 24/7 protection the minerals claim to provide may help prevent algae and bacteria from multiplying in pool water even when chlorine levels hit zero for a couple of days
Fugitive emissions testing, Standard and valve stem packing Fugitive emissions can’t be tolerated by regulating agencies now a day. In general, it is observed that fugitive emissions are found in valves, especially in their stem portion. In the case of the Quater turn valve, Stem movement is much less so it provides respectively much protection against fugitive emission. Many other types of piping components especially with flanged type connections are also contributing to fugitive emission. Because of this unwanted emission, our environment is getting affected. So, reducing fugitive emissions becomes a leading concern of all process industries. According to an analysis on Valve are responsible for more than 65% of total fugitive emission. As a result, valves have been considered as the area of focus in ways to reduce this leakage. In this article “FUGITIVE EMISSION” you will get familiar with the following things: 1. What is fugitive emission and ways to reduce it. 2. Harmful effects fo fugutive emission and thermal leak risks. 3. Different testing standards for this emission/leakage and Comparison among different standards. 4. Ways to control fugitive emission. 5. Testing measurement methods Featured Article: What is the Role of a valve in Piping? Type of Valves in Piping. What is Fugitive emission? fugitive emission in valve Fugitive emissions are a kind of leakage and other irregulars release of gas or vapor from a pressurized containment for eg: Storage tanks, vessels, pipes, wells, valves, etc. These emissions are actually accidental emissions because of pressure either because of faulty components or overlook mishappening. This is not only limited to industrial settings but it also happens because emissions take place in factories, power plants, waste-water treatment, and such like plants. This emission is very harmful in a way to lose for the respective industry as well as environment. Fugitive emission terms for all standards Some common terms that everyone should need to know to understand fugitive emission are: 1. Parts per million volume (ppmv): Gases found in the atmosphere is a kind of mixture. To measure amount of some specific gas in a mixture ppmv is used. For e.g. 1 ppmv= 1 ml/1000ml. 2. Mechanical Cycle: This is defined differently for Isolation and control valves. In case of Isolation valve, A full stroke from fully open to fully close to fully open is called a mechnical stroke. While In case of control valves, 50% of valve travel and 10% of full stroke is know as mechanical cycle. 3. Thermal Cycle: Application of temperature on valve from room temperature to Test temperature to room temperature is considered as thermal cycle. 4. Type Testing: This is a new protocal developed from the fugitive emission standards. In this valves are tested at operating pressure and temperature specified by the manufacturer. 5. Test Gas: This is the gas with which fugitive emission testing is conducted to measure leakage rate. Helium and Methan are mostly used test gas. 6. Part per million (ppm): This is the method of measurement of concentration of very dilute concentration of substance in the mixture. 1 ppm= 1 part of the specific substance in 1M part of mixture. 7. Ambient temperature: This is the temperature of air around any object or environment where the object is store. 8. Room temperature: This is defined as the temperature in which most of the people feel comfertable in a room. In general room temperature is near to 20°C-22°C. More Resources: What is a solenoid valve? How does the Solenoid valve work? Sealing types of Valve steam In the process of reducing or stopping FE from valves, the type of valve stem sealing material is much important. each type of sealing material has its own advantages and capacity of holding pressure. There are normally 05 types of sealing we use for valves: 1. Die-formed flexible graphite : Die-formed Flexible graphite with minimum 95% carbon content is die-formed in the rings with braided carbon or graphite yarn end ring. These die-formed rings are used for higher service temperature from 850ºF to 1200ºF and pressure upto 4000 psi. It is capable for fugitive emission near about 500 ppm. 1. This sealing type provides enough emission performance for a long time. 2. These may not attain the low leak rates demanded by the most stringent air-quality-management districts, consent decrees and standard performance specified by plant end users 3. Rings are made for a specific valve stem and box sizes, and may require adjustment to obtain and maintain low emission results. 4. Multiple-step installation required 2. Braided flexible graphite: Unlike Die-formed flexiblw graphite, braided flexible graphite sealing has more than 95% carbon content. This is also wire reinforced with flexible graphite yard. Temperature capacity of this sealing is also ranging from 850ºF to 1200ºF with pressure handling capacity of 4500 psi. This sealing type of valve is capable of less than 500 ppm fugitive emission. 1. With wire reinforcement and high carbon purity this give superior emission performance. 2. One size of sealing component can be used to pack different size of valves with some adjustment. 3. Multiple step installation and easy field replacement. 4. Low emission result. 3. Engineered sets: This type of sealing is engineered with a combination of die-formed and braided graphite rings. It can handle same temperature range but its pressure handling capacity is much higher i.e. 10000 psi. In sealing fugutive emission is very low ranging from 100-500 ppm. 1. Most effective emission performance 2. Each sealing set is specially made for specific type of valve steam and box size. 3. Its easy to install in comparison to other set. 4. Bellow sealed valves: In above 03 types of sealing set carbon ring were used with 95% or more purity. while in Bellow sealed valves, a mettalic bellow is used instead in valve design. And some packing type seals are also used as secondary seals. Temperature and Pressure holding capacity depends on metallurgy ,design, and construction to match with requirements as per flange pressure class of valve. 1. Almost zero emission 2. Comparatively costly than that of a standard packed valve. 3. In case of any sealing failure, there is no possiblity for adjustment. 4. In few cases, an elongate bonnet is require to accomodate the bellow. Here space becomes an issue. 5. Live loading valves: In this type of sealing disc spring washers are compressed on the gland follower under the gland stud nuts. Here temperature and pressure capablity depends on the type of seal used in the valve. A live loding arrangement doesn’t enhances emission holding capablities with increase in pressure rating. 1. This can be used with any type of packing in the valve. 2. effectively increases the energy in the stud bolts of gland. 3. Live loading will cause added expenses. 4. Tis provides some performance enhancement for valve in numerous thermal cycles. 5. Preffered solution for valve that are difficult to monitor and access. Why Reducing Emission is Required? Because of the harmful effects of fugitive emission controlling fugitive emission in valves is a must-have agenda for oil and gas industries to save cost and environment. There are many reasons which fugitive emissions got special attention to minimize and eliminate them. Some of the reasons are as described: 1. Fugitive emission contribute to air pollution as harmful gases escapes via this. 2. This create other risk and hazards like: 3. Valve is major component of piping system which is used for every industry can create toxic working environment if fugitive emission is not controlled. 4. Long duration emission starts leakage along the shaft or stem. This stops the gas or liquid being controlled from leaking. 5. This increases economic costs related to lost and damaged materials. More Resources: What is Triple Offset Butterfly Valve? Definition, Design, Application, Code, and standard. Thermal leak Risk mitigation The thermal leak happens after the thermal cycle in a chemical process. This can create a leak path at the body in the critical service condition with extreme pressure and temperature fluctuation. Not all valve manufacturers present their thermal cycle test data. So, it is important to ask whether the vendor has tested and gathered this data or not. To eliminate the suspective leak risk with the thermal cycle following things should be considered during valve selection: 1. PTFE type body gasket is good choice for stable temperature but a thermal cycle will cause the PTFE to cold flow and reduce compression and results as leak. 2. Graphite type body gasket works well at most temperatures. This can handle many thermal cycle but usually required to achieve fire safe rating on valve. 3. Dual material body gasket combines the benefit of PTFE and gaphite both to provide an inert seal that can protect against fugitive emissions and also ensure fire-safe operation. 4. Spiral wound body gasket is industry proven design provide structural support and live loading via metal spring v-shaped rings. Most of the spiral wound gasket use either PTFE or graphite seal material. A dual material gasket in the spiral wound configuration is chemically resistive and and able to recover itself after thermal cycle and operate uncompromised in all temperature range. 5. Self-relieving seats are designed to relieve excess pressure builtup in tha ball valve because trapped fluid in its cavity, Under specific condition that trapped fluid in fully closed valve expand and result in high pressure and create potential leakage. Fugitive Emission Testing Standards Fugitive emission testing is done as per mainly 02 standards: 1. International Standard organization: In this type of testing standard, testing procedure is described in 02 parts. 1. ISO 15848-PART 1: In this part of ISO classification system, qualification procedure is for fusitive emission test of valves for both rotary and rising steam. 2. ISO 15848-PART 2: In this part testing procedure defines acceptance criteria for fugitive emission. 2. American Petrolium standard: There are 03 API valve and stem sealing emission standard that followed today. 1. API 622: This section of API defines process valve packing for fugitive emission. 2. API 624: All rising stem valve fitted with graphite packing are tested according to this procedure. 3. API 641: Any type of quater turn valve is tested according to this API standard for fugitive emission test. All of these procedures are described in a detailed way in the following sections. ISO 15848 Part-1 Testing Procedure In this testing procedure, helium or methane is used as a standard testing fluid. After fugitive emission test valve is accepted only when the valve qualifies for tightness, endurance, and temperature class. Valve Testing Methods Here, testing is done with a completely assembled valve using different testing techniques like: 1. Vacuum testing 2. Flushing Testing 3. Bagging testing and 4. Sniffing method Vacuum Testing Method for Fugitive Emission This method is used to measure the total leak rate from the stem seal. Helium is used as a testing medium and checked with a spectrometer. Stem packing is enclosed in a tight vacuum chamber, which is later evacuated then connected to a helium mass spectrometer. Flushing Method for fugitive emission It is used to measure the total leak rate from stem sealing when pressurized with helium or methane. The leak stem packing is closed in a flush chamber. Here, specified gas passes through that chamber then it is mixed with leak fluid from the valve stem. This mixture is then passed through an exhaust line. The concentration of leaked fluid in the mixture is then calculated in Part per million volume (ppmv). Bagging Method for fugitive emission Here helium is used as a testing medium. The leak source is then enclosed in a bag and air is passed through that bag. Then it is mixed with leaking fluid from stem packing. The amount of leak fluid is determined with the help of a spectrometer through a constant flow rate detector probe, also known as a sniffer. Sniffing Method for fugitive emission In this method of testing helium leak detector is used. Here detector is fitted with a sniffer probe to measure helium concentration in a mixture of helium and leakage fluid. In case, when methane is used as a testing fluid, a volatile organic compound detector is used. Test Pressure and Temperature Generally testing pressure for ISO 15848 Part-1 is rated pressure corresponding to test temperature. For eg. At room temperature Valve is tested on 20 bar for 150# class. Valves are normally rated at room temperature, but in some special cases, the valve needs to be tested at a specified temperature. When valve testing is done other than room temperature below table is used to choose the qualified testing: Valve operation Temp. RangeRated Testing Temperature From -196°C to Room Temperature-196°C From -46°C to Room Temperature-46°C From -29°C to 40°CRoom Temperature From Room Temperature to 200°C200°C From Room temperature to 400°C400°C From the Above table some important things to note are: 1. If the testing temperature is other than rated temperature than lower temperature will preffered for testing. For eg. if testing temperature is 410°C than rated class selected will be 400°C. And if test temp. is 210°C than selected class will be 200°C. 2. If some valve has a broad operating range like -196°C to 200°C than this will be tested in 02 stage. i.e. First on -46°C and second on 200°C. ISO 15848 Part-2 Testing Procedure This standard is mainly applicable for the production acceptance of valves. For approving this standard valve should be type tested with ISO 15848 Part-1 testing procedure. Valve Testing method In ISO 15848 Part-2 standard helium is prioritized used with a minimum purity of 97% by volume for testing. Testing is done on completely assembled valves using the sniffing method. And leak measurement is determined in accordance with ISO 15848 part-1 which is further expressed in ppmv. ( 1 ppmv = 1 ml/m3) Steps for measuring valve fugitive emission 1. First, open half valve and pressurize it upto 06 bar and measure seal leakage using sniffing method. 2. Than, fully open the valve and pressurize it upto 06 bar and measure steam seal leakage using same, sniffing method. 3. Half open the test valve after mechnical cycle and measure stem seal using the sniffing method. 4. If sniffing probe reading exceeds the rated ppmv value as in below table than valve is certified as “NOT OK” from fugitive emission testing. ClassExpected ppmv valueppmv explanationRemarks A 50 ppmvless than or equal to 50ml of helium in 1000L of airGenerally achieved with bellow seal stem valve in quarter-turn valve B 100 ppmvless or equal to 100ml of helium in 1000L of airAchieved with PTFE or elastomer packing C 1000 ppmvless than or equal to 1000ml of helium in 1000L of airAchieved with flexible graphite based packing TABLE: 02 Tightness class for stem seal (Test Medium: Helium) Test Pressure and Temperature In the time part of ISO, testing pressure is the same for all valves i.e. 06 bar and testing temperature varies as defined in part-1 ISO standard. API 624 fugitive emission testing standard This standard of testing is applicable for valves with rising stems equipped with flexible graphite packing. Scope of API 624 Testing: This API standard provide information about requirements and acceptance criteria for fugitive emission testing. Valve with rising or rising-rotating stem equipped with suitable packing for service temperature -29°C to 538 °C. This applies to those valves that are already type-tested with API 622 standard. An API 598 certificate is also provided with the valve. Testing and Leakage measurement: In this standard minimum of 97% pure methane is used as the test medium. Testing of the completely assembled valve is done using the sniffing method. Leaking fluid concentration is measured with the sniffing method and expressed in parts per million volume. Testing pressure and Temperature: The test pressure in this standard is as per B16.34 at 260°C or 42 bar whichever is low. And test temperature should be 260°C. Acceptance Criteria for API 624: Fugitive emission testing is marked as passed when the measured leakage does not exceed 100 ppmv. API 641 fugitive emission testing Standard This standard is applicable for type testing of quarter-turn valves only. Scope of API 641 testing: This standard gives the requirement and acceptance criteria for fugitive emission testing types and protocols. A quarter-turn valve equipped with preferred packing material is first tested according to API 622 standard. Valve with a pressure rating at an ambient temperature less than 6.89 bar is out of the scope of this standard. Also, valves with the size of 24″ above and pressure rating above 1500# are out of scope from this standard. Testing and Leakage measurement: Same as API 622, leakage to be checked with sniffing detection prob and expressed in ppmv. Testing Pressure and Leakage measurement: Testing pressure and temperature under API 641 scope is as per the below table: Fugitive emission testing criteria for valve Fugitive emission testing criteria for valve Note: Any conditions apart from the above mentioned in the table are out of the scope of API 641 standard criteria. Packing Adjustment is note allowed during testing of Valve for Fugitive emission Acceptance Criteria for API 641: The fugitive emission test report in the test is certified as “pass” when the measured leakage does not exceed 100 ppmv. API 622 fugitive emission standard This standard is specifically developed to resolve the fugitive emission of valves in the petroleum and chemical industries. Scope of API 622 testing: In the first edition of API 622 fugitive emission of valve packing test is in scope but it also allows valve company or packing manufacturer to test valve. In 2011, this standard is revised and In the new edition, a test facility is required to use the test devices. Testing and Leakage measurement: The test requires five thermal cycles from ambient temperature to 260°C with 1510 mechanical cycles using a methane gas test medium. Each set is divided into 300 cycles per day and the final 10 cycles are used to measure the fugitive leakage. Testing Pressure and Leakage measurement: Test is conducted as per the requirement with pressure in the range of 0 to 600 psi. ANd temperature at which a fugitive emission test is done is either ambient temperature or 260°C as applicable. Acceptance Criteria for API 622: The leakage limit will fall in acceptance limit if fugitive emission leak is below 500 ppm with only one adjustment. Overall comparison among fugitive emission testing standards Comparison FactorISO 15848-1ISO 15848-2API 622API 624API 641 Current Revision:1st 2006-01-151st: 2006-08-15Oct. 2nd, 2011In process of 1st publication`Oct. 2016 Qualifies:Valve DesignProductionPackingValve DesignValve design Testing type/ Production acceptanceType TestingProduction AccpetanceType testingType testingType testing EPA Method 21 compliant:YesYesYesYesyes Pre-Requisite:NoneISO 15848-1 qualified valve designNoneAPI 622 qualified packingAPI 622 qulified packing Test Medium:Helium or MethaneHeliumMethaneMethanemethane Packing Tested in:ValveValveFixtureValveValve Test Pressure:Rated Valve Pressure at Test Temperature per ASME B16.346 bar (87 psi)0-600 psiThe lower of 600 psi or maximum allowable pressure at 500°F (260°C) per B16.34As per Valve group A, B, C, D, E Test Temperature:As pertemperature chart table -196°C, -46°C, Room temp. , 200°C and 400°CAmbientAmbient and 500°F (260°C)Ambient and 500°F (260°C)As per Valve group A, B, C, D, E Mechanical Cycles:For Isolating Valve: CO: 205 CO2: 1500 CO3 : 2500 For Control Valve CC1: 20,000 CO2: 60,000 CO3: 10,00051,510310610 Thermal Cycles:Variable[1]0533 Leakage measurement MethodVaccum, Flushing, Bagging, Sniffing, SniffingN/AsniffingSniffing Allowable Packing Adjustments:1 (during testing only)0Packing adjustment allowed if leakage exceed 500 ppm00 Measured Units:mg/sec-mppmppmppmppmv Acceptance Criteria:As per tightness class: For stem seal: fluid helium Class AH: 10-5 mg/s-m Class BH: 10-4 mg/s-m Class CH: 10-2 mg/s-m For Stem seal: Fluid- Methane Class AM: 50 ppmv Class BM: 100 ppmv Class CM: 600 ppmv From body joint seal: 50 ppmvFor Stem seal: Fluid- Methane Class A: 50 ppmv Class B: 100 ppmv Class C: 600 ppmv From body joint seal: 50 ppmv500 ppm100 ppm100 ppm Qualification Coverage:Same basic design Stem Diameters: 50% lower and 200% higher. Pressure class: Same class and lower[4].N/A, Because each and every valve need to be testedPacking Only-1. Te, Pe, Pa valves are less than or equal to the valves specified in perticular applicable group 2. Stem diameters are from half to twice the tested valve diameter 3. height of stem seal is between 75% to 125% of existing tested valve Performance class factor for Fugitive emission Performance class for any valve is a combination of 03 standard criteria: Tightness Class: This measured with leak test using helium or methane gas as test fluid and give a standard for maximum allowable leakage at each rating of valve. Valve Tightness class Criteria The above table is for the Tightness class and valve stem leakage rate with Helium and Methan as the test gas. Leakage from body seal with both test gases should be less than 50 ppmv Endurance Class: The number of cycles that a valve has to complete with successful operation without any leakage with minimum tightness class is considered as endurance class. Endurance class for valve fugitive emission testing Temperature Class: This can be defined as the maximum operating temperature of the valve a which valve operates with no leakage. Criteria for this class are as per Table-03 and 04. All of the standards described in the above section like ISO 15848 (Part-1 & 2), API 622, 624, 641 are used to evaluate the leak handling capability of the valve and its stem packing material. Each standard has a special approach towards detecting fugitive emissions according to the requirements of the end-user but these different standards create confusion to choose the best possible approach to test valves for fugitive emission. Today each industry wants to harmonize and hope for a single and best standard to evolve as a universal standard for testing fugitive emissions. Express Your Exprience Liked this Post ? Here is how you can help us to Provide you better content Subscribe Us…!!! Share and Comment for this Post Follow our Facebook Page Print Friendly, PDF & Email Leave a Reply DMCA.com Protection Status %d bloggers like this:
What is Role of valve in Piping? Type of Valves in Piping. When was the last time you closed a tap? Maybe, just a few minutes ago. Well, that is a valve. Obviously, that is an industrial valve but the function of all valve are basically the same, i.e. either to Isolate or regulate the flow. Valves are of many kinds and their use is too versatile which depends on fluid flowing through that pipe, its cost, and type of flow regulation required. In this article, we will learn: 1. What is a valve and why it is important for a piping system? 2. What are the types of valve and their symbols? 3. What are the criteria for choosing a perfect valve for a piping system? 4. What are common types of valves used in industries? 5. Codes and standards followed during manufacturing of valve. What is Valve? Valves are a mechanical device that controls the flow and pressure in a piping system. They are one of the most essential components of a piping system that control and convey liquids, gases, vapors, slurries, etc. Valves can be defined as: A device or Natural object that can regulate, direct or control the flow of fluid by opening, closing, partially closing, or obstructing passageways. Technically valve falls under the category of Piping fittings but its use and scope is so diversified that it has a separate category for codes of manufacturing and installation. A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings but are usually discussed as a separate category. Valves can be either: 1. Manual operated 2. Motor operated 3. Both manual and motor operated. The simplest valves are equipped with one way flap mechanism that allows flow in one direction only. Valves can also work through variable pressure or temperature and maybe run by a motor and operated manually. Manual valves manufactured with levers, pedals, hand knobs, or wheels that help to operate that valve for the purpose required. A valve sometimes can be geared mechanically that controls the valve ball or disc. What is the Role of a valve in Piping System? Role of valves in piping system For a piping system to control fluid flow, Regulate fluid pressure, precise the ratio of any mixture, or taking a sample of any product valves are widely used in any industry. In a general sense, valves restrict, stop and control the flow of fluid in a piping system. In-depth, valves are installed in a piping system to: 1. controls and regulate loss or gain of temperature from a piping system. 2. Redirects the flow from one direction to another as per the requirement of the piping system. 3. Restrict the flow for system balance and over pressurizing. 4. Prevent reverse flow of fluid in a one-way fluid flow system. 5. Stop the flow of gases or liquids if any system failure appears. With such an important role in increasing efficiency, controlling quality measures of product, improving safety measures, and keeping system running, valves are still rarely discussed during the planning of construction of project or processing. Out of many, one basic reason can be its smallest cost of the total project. What are the types of valves in Piping? Types of valves In a piping system, according to the purpose and required different types of valves. The cost of valves in any piping system is up to 20%-25% of the overall piping cost. There are different type of valves used in industries for many different purposes: 1. Gate Valve (commonly used) 2. Globe Valve (commonly used) 3. Check Valve/Non-return valve (commonly used) 4. Plug valve 5. Ball Valve (commonly used) 6. Butterfly Valve 7. Needle Valve 8. Pinch Valve 9. Piston valve 10. Pressure Relief Valve 11. Pressure control valve 12. Diaphragm valves Valve classification according to flow control Above mentioned valve types fall under two category according to the requirement of flow control: Type of valve according to flow control Isolation valves This type of valve either completely restricts fluid flow or allows it. This type of valve can’t be operated in partial open or closed condition. In the case of the regular partial opening, the valve disc can damage and leads to an unwanted occurrence. valves falling in this category are: 1. Gate valve 2. Ball valve 3. Check valve/NRV 4. Pressure safety valve 5. Plug valve 6. Piston valve 7. Diaphragm valve 8. Butterfly valve 9. Pinch valves Regulation valves These valves help us to regulate pressure and fluid flow in whatever required precision. They can efficiently be operated in partial open or close conditions. design and construction of these valves make it possible to withstand in partial condition too with long term operation. 1. Globe valve 2. Needle valve 3. Butterfly valve 4. Diaphragm valve 5. Piston valve 6. Pinch valve 7. Pressure control valve Some valves having multiple functionalities falls in both the category and can be used for both purposes. Classification of valves as per End connection When valves are installed in a piping system, they are connected with different types of end connections. As per these type of connection, valves are classified as: 1. Screwed End valves 2. Socket end valves 3. Flanged end valves 4. Butt weld valves 5. Wafer type valves 6. Buttress end valves How to Choose valve type? As we have learned till now different valves have different purposes of operation and cost. For any piping system choosing a perfectly suitable valve in terms of operation, the cost is the most important thing. Valve type selection is always done with certain conditions like: 1. Required Functions 2. Fluid service condition and characteristics 3. Frequency of operation 4. Isolation of regulation requirements 5. Environmental conditions 6. Past experience in a similar situation 7. Maintenance requirements 8. Size and weight of the valve 9. Cost of an alternate suitable valve Let’s know the effect of each selection criteria on choosing a perfect valve of a piping system. 1. Function Requirements In a piping system, it is most important to analyze the functionality of the system. According to that only we can choose a perfect valve for it. Functions required can be any of these: 1. complete Isolation of fluid flow 2. Regulation flow required 3. Uni-direction flow requirement 4. Bi-directional flow of fluid 5. Change of direction of fluid flow 2. Fluid Service condition and characteristics The characteristics and condition of a fluid flowing inside a piping system must be carefully defined as this is a significant factor for choosing a valve for the system. For example: 1. Any clean services like air, water allows a wide variety of valves to choose from. 2. A dirty service piping system that generally has suspended solid particles requires special attention to valve selection. 3. Fluid service containing abrasive and erosive material. 4. Fouling or scaling service which creates a deposition of material on the inside layer of a pipe system. 5. Slurries 6. Hazardous and corrosive services. 7. Vacuum or high-pressure services 8. Cryogenic or high-temperature piping system. 3. Frequency of operation Piping systems with a frequent requirement of valve operation should take into account the fact that shut off capability will likely deteriorate valve disc and other fittings of the valve. So, it is necessary to ensure enough isolation withstand in frequent operation conditions. Most of the isolation valve doesn’t operate so frequently but some valve of a regenerative system need to operate frequently. If the operation will be frequent then the required operating force and time will increase, and hence, deterioration of valve components. 4. Isolation and Regulation Requirements Among the above, all mentioned valve types, very few types of valves are there which can efficiently shut-off over a significant period, and frequency si reduced further if the working fluid is either gas or contains abrasive material. While designing a piping system these criteria should take into account for the selection of valves. The need for interference in a live system requires a perfect leakproof tightness system for valves. Shut down valves are not so frequently required to shut off and is often acceptable with a tolerable amount of leak. 5. Environmental conditions The local environment in which the piping system runs plays an important role in the selection of valve or piping material. If the environment nature has flammable, toxic, or deteriorating properties then the material valve required will be quite different from valves of normal condition. 6. Past experience in Similar conditions A comparison should be always there while constructing a similar pipe system or upgrading it. Past experience either good or bad will play a vital role in valve selection. Sometimes local expectations and experiences can condition the piping system for more efficient use. 7. Maintenance requirements The location, weight, size, frequency of use, and environmental condition plays a specific role towards the requirement of maintenance of valves and hence selection of valve too. 8. Size and weight of the valve Even the size and weight of the valve don’t such an important role in the valve selection procedure but for some special cases like onshore construction or much-elevated position valve size and weight must keep in mind for construction purpose. 9. Cost of an alternate suitable valve For this selection criteria, valve life cost must be also considered not just purchase cost at the time. Sometimes higher purchase cost valves seem to be cheaper while looking for the whole life value of that. Alternate suitable valve type also affects the cost in valve selection procedure as a Ball valve and butterfly valve have also the same functionality but huge difference in cost. Codes and Standards for valves in Piping As for every piping component, Valves comes with their own codes and standards that valve manufacturing company need to understand well. In this section of the article, we will give you a brief about the code and standard of the valve. (this may not cover all detailed requirements for some specific service). The typical codes for piping used in valve industries (except water industries) are ASME B31.1 for Power Piping, ASME B31.3 for Process Piping, ASME B31.4 for the pipeline transportation system, ASME B31.8 for gas transmission and distributions system. In every code of piping or pipeline, there is a specific table or sections for valves. This is the responsibility of the piping system designer to recommend the most appropriate design for the service and conditions. Most of the time valve manufacturer is unaware of the actual service and conditions of the piping system. Therefore, it is a must for the designer of the piping system that they clearly understand the requirement of valve specification with respect to pressure or temperature. Although there are always some exceptions, you may be encountered with some cases which require special attention as there is no details available in codes of piping. This type of exception can be very few and examined on a case-to-case basis. ASME B31.1 for Valves The ASME B31.1 code describes 03 valve standards except for cast iron and bronze valve. The standards covered in this code are: 1. ASME B16.34: Valves with threaded, flanged, and weld end connections 2. MSS SP67: Specifies standards for butterfly valves 3. MSS SP68: give details about the high-pressure butterfly valve. Such a high-pressure valve should be pressure tested as per piping system operating and design pressure. ASME B31.3 for valves This ASME B31.3 code defines 04 valves excluding cast iron and bronze valves. The standards for the valve in this code is as follows: 2. MSS SP72: defines Ball valves with flanged or butt weld joints for general services. 3. API 608: this gives details about metallic ball valves with flange end connections. 4. API 6D: Give specification for pipeline and piping valves ASME B31.4 for valves This code of Valve standards provide details about 08 valves and again excluding cast iron and bronze valves. These valve standards, which are more comprehensive than the previous codes, are: 1. ASME B16.34: Valves–Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End 2. MSS SP68: High-Pressure Butterfly Valves with Offset Design 3. MSS SP72: Ball Valves with Flanged or Butt-Welding Ends for General Service 4. API 600: Steel Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets, Twelfth Edition 5. API 602: Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries 6. API 603: Corrosion-resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves-Flanged, and Butt-Welding Ends 7. API 6D: Specification for Pipeline and Piping Valves 8. API 6A: Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment ASME B31.8 for valves The ASME B31.8 code lists 05 valve standards, excluding cast iron and thermoplastic valves. These standards are: 1. ASME B16.33: Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems up to 175 psi (Sizes NPS1/2 Through NPS 2) 2. ASME B16.34: Valves with Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End 3. ASME B16.38: Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution: Manually Operated, from DN 65 to DN 300 with a pressure range of a maximum of 125 psi (8.6 bar) 4. API 6D: Specification for Pipeline and Piping Valves 5. API 6A: Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment To conclude, Even Valves sharing the least budget in the total project cost valves are one of the most critical items that need special attention while designing a piping system. The role of a valve in piping is not just limited to regulation or isolation of fluid flow but this also helps in balancing the whole system. For the different purpose, there are different kind of valves which has furthermore variation as per conditions and requirement of the system. Choosing the most suitable valve for any piping system takes great effort by the designer as they have to take care of all conditions from environments to costs. For a similar condition of construction getting info about past experiences can help to choose better. Codes and standard of valves help us to select the best suitable but there is always an exception which needs to discuss on case to case basis for proper resolution for piping system requirements. You can download a Pdf on “Overview on Valves” written by “Mostafa Mahmoud” for your knowledge and reference. Print Friendly, PDF & Email 2 thoughts on “What is Role of valve in Piping? Type of Valves in Piping.” Leave a Reply DMCA.com Protection Status %d bloggers like this:
Peking duck is a dish of Chinese origin. It is a roasted dish that focuses on the crispy skin of the meat and several versions serve only the skin with very little meat. Peking Duck What is Peking Duck? Peking duck is a dish of Chinese origin. It is a roasted dish that focuses on the crispy skin of the meat and several versions serve only the skin with very little meat. Ducks are specially bred to prepare this dish and are seasoned before being roasted. • The duck is usually stuffed with different ingredients including pickled vegetables, spring onions, and sweet bean sauce. • The name of the dish comes from the fact that it was a delicacy in the Imperial kitchens of Beijing, known earlier as Peking. Some of the famous dishes from Beijing include: • Peking Duck • Jiaozi • Jing Jiang Rousi • Zhajiang Mian • Mongolian Hotpot • Donkey Burgers • Dry Wok Potato Wedges • Tudou Si • Lu Dagun • Fuling Jiabing Origin of peking duck This dish was a delicacy in China as far back as the Northern and Southern dynasties period. The first recorded mention of roast duck was in 1330 in a cookbook by Hu Sihui, the royal physician. The Imperial court was in Nanjing at this time and was moved to Beijing (Peking) during the Ming dynasty, and the dish got its name. Peking duck has often been featured in banquets and fed to international diplomats and leaders in recent years. Nutritional profile for Peking duck (whole duck): Duck meat is high in unsaturated and essential fatty acids, bioactive compounds, and proteins. It may help in decreasing cholesterol and blood pressure. Also, duck skin contains collagen, which is conducive for skin health. Commercial production The main duck meat producing countries are China, Myanmar, Vietnam, South Korea, Hungary, Taiwan, Malaysia, Egypt, the USA, and Poland. Ducks are raised indoors and fed with corn and soybeans fortified with vitamins and minerals. Use of hormones is prohibited. First, they are slaughtered by electrically stunning them and then their throats are cut. After that, the birds are then bled and scalded before the large feathers are removed. Then, the meat is dipped in paraffin wax to enable the removal of the finer feathers. To prepare Peking duck, the main ingredients required are duck breast, soy sauce, Shaoxing wine, five spice powder, and salt. First, the birds are marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, wine, and five-spice powder. Then, they are coated in oil and roasted. The duck is frequently moved around so the skin fries in the duck fat and crisps up evenly. After that, the fat is drained and the bird is roasted again and then rested. Finally, it is cut into thin slices and served. The duck must be kept in the refrigerator when not in use, and must be consumed within 2 days. If stored in the freezer, it can keep indefinitely. To thaw the meat, remove the duck from the freezer and keep it in the refrigerator, or soak it in cold water while still in its package. Microwaves may also be used in thawing. Peking duck recipes This is usually served in three courses. In the first course, the skin is served with hoisin sauce, scallions, Mandarin pancakes, and lotus buns and eaten as a sandwich. The second course offers the meat of the duck with vegetables. Finally, the duck bones are made into a soup and served with celery cabbage. Here are a few duck recipes: FDA regulations Duck is classified as poultry by the USDA. Roaster duck is defined as a young duck of less than 16 weeks of either sex. Its meat is tender and its bill and windpipe are softer. Duck and Goose from Farm to Table, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Sally Gao, A Brief History Of Peking Duck, Culture Trip, Lee, Hyun Jung et al. “Comparison of Bioactive Compounds and Quality Traits of Breast Meat from Korean Native Ducks and Commercial Ducks.” Korean journal for food science of animal resources vol. 35,1 (2015): 114-20. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.1.114,
Invention of the Toothbrush Over the years the toothpick evolved into a chewstick, which was the size of a pencil. Records from China around 1600 BC show that one end was chewed until it became brush-like and the other end was pointed and used as a toothpick. The twigs used for this purpose were from aromatic trees and freshened the mouth, as well as cleaned it. In 1937 nylon was invented by Wallace H Carothers in the Du Pont Laboratories in the USA and is was first applied to the toothbrush in 1938: Dr West’s miracle toothbrush with nylon bristles. In 1939 the first electric toothbrush was produced in Switzerland, but didn’t appear on the open market until the 1960s. It appeared on the American market, produced by Squibb and was called Broxodent. The first cordless rechargeable electric toothbrush was introduced by General Electric at the same time. However, it wasn’t until 1987 that the rotary action electrical toothbrush appeared in the shops. Source: BBC
After months of a steady breastmilk and/or formula diet, there will come a time when your little one is ready to graduate to real food (hooray!). But with this big milestone comes the big question: What do you feed your baby now? Though purees have long been a baby-food staple, since 2008 Baby-Led Weaning (or BLW for short) has exploded in popularity thanks largely to a book called Baby-Led Weaning by Gill Rapley and Tracey Murkett. The BLW approach gives babies a leading role in what they eat. Instead of you spoon-feeding pureed foods to your child, your tot will eat soft, finger-sized pieces of whole food. Basically, you provide the gastronomic opportunities…then stand back while your baby explores what’s on their plate. When parents introduce babies to solid foods at around age 6 months, they give their kiddos a non-pureed—but baby-friendly—version of whatever the grown-ups are eating. The key is that the food has to be big enough for the baby to grip it—and for it not to be a choking risk—and soft enough for them to bite it. From here, little ones can learn to pick up food with their hands and experience its smells, tastes, and textures. The idea is that kids who learn to appreciate foods at the very beginning of learning to eat solids will eventually grow up to be good eaters with an appreciation for a wide variety of food types. There is some anecdotal evidence that kids who learn to eat solids through the BLW method will be less likely to become picky later. What are the benefits of baby-led weaning? Some possible benefits of baby-led weaning include: • Bonding: Babies who eat at the table with their family will not only learn about foods and eating, but they will also learn table manners and spend quality time with their loved ones over food. • Fine motor skills: In BLW, babies use their hands to eat. This means that they will have to work on hand-to-eye and hand-to-mouth coordination, as well as gripping and picking up with fingertips. • Self-regulation: Babies who eat with their families and who feed themselves get a chance to recognize the feeling of being full. They have more control over how and when to stop eating, which is an important and often overlooked aspect of teaching kids to eat solids. • Positive food habits: Babies who are given whole foods with a variety of colors, flavors, and textures, might have more open palates in the future. When can you start baby-led weaning? Babies are usually developmentally ready to start solid foods around 6 months of age. Typically, first foods include pureed veggies and fruits or infant cereals. But with baby-led weaning, babies tend to start eating single-ingredient whole foods (think: melon slices, avocado spears, or roast sweet potato wedges) and then move on to mixed foods (a version of whatever’s on the family’s dinner table). Signs that your baby is ready to eat solid foods include: • Your baby can sit up unassisted. • Your baby can hold their head up unaided. • Your baby shows interest in eating. • Your baby opens their mouth to eat. What are the best foods for baby-led weaning? With minimal preparation, just about any food can be given to a baby who is using the BLW method. That said, there are some safety tips to keep in mind. 1. Babies have not yet mastered picking up small objects with their fingers. Make sure you cut food up into big enough piece that they can grab it with their whole hand. 2. Do not offer choking hazards, such as grapes, hot dog pieces, nuts, popcorn, etc. 3. Make sure that anything you serve your child is soft. Most vegetables can be steamed to soften them. 4. Meats should be poached or boiled to a safe temperature and then shredded. 5. Do not add salt, sugars, or artificial sweeteners to your child's food. They need to get to know natural flavors and textures. Is baby-led weaning risky? Parents’ biggest hesitation with BLW is that a baby will choke—which is understandable! However, babies come hard-wired to learn how to eat. It is typical and expected that babies may gag, make choking sounds, or cough from time to time when encountering new foods. The important thing is to stay calm and not show fear because your child will learn to become afraid of the natural gagging reflex. The reality is that while kids will probably gag and spit up, they are not likely to choke. A study in the United Kingdom found that out of 155 babies fed by BLW or by spoon, parents reported that 93.5% never had a choking experience. Research also shows the risk of choking is the same for both babies fed BLW style and by spoon. That said, it's wise for all parents to take a CPR class to learn the signs of choking and the life-saving steps to intervene. How to start baby led weaning: Since food plays such a rich part in family culture, introducing your baby to solid foods can feel like a significant and exciting milestone for the whole family. Here are some tips to help your little one succeed: • Patience: It is so important to be patient and understand that your baby won't love every dish you serve. Additionally, it helps to keep your reactions to how they eat as neutral as possible. Don't get upset if they refuse to eat—and equally, don't praise when they eat everything on their plate. Babies need to learn how to sense fullness and hunger as well as listen to their developing tastes. • Variety: It's okay to let your baby play with their food. And they will definitely play! Give them baby spoons and forks, small bowls, and cups, and let them experiment. Give them variety with their food choices as well. Some kids will find softer purees to be a helpful bridge, while others will want smashed beans or veggies. Be patient and experiment. • Make eating a family event: Get the whole family involved and have your baby take a seat at the table. Talk to them, share stories, and give them lots of opportunities to try different flavors and textures. Fans of baby-led weaning tend to be very enthusiastic, but when it comes to feeding your family, don’t feel like you have to take an all-or-nothing approach. You might find that a mix of purees and baby-led-weaning-style foods is best for your bub. There are plenty of ways to nourish your child and teach healthy eating habits outside of baby-led-weaning, too. The important part is that you’re introducing lots of flavors and textures and nutrient-dense foods. This article has been reviewed by Gabrielle McPherson, MS, RDN, LDN. View more posts tagged baby, feeding
Atmospheric rivers pound California with season’s ‘biggest storm’ (Los Angeles Times) California is having a very wet and cold winter, and atmospheric rivers are one of the reasons. These storms have caused mudslides in the Southland, snow along the West Coast, white-out conditions in the Sierra and rain totals well beyond normal. On Wednesday, a new atmospheric river was moving in — with fears of stream flooding in Northern California and potential mudslides in Southern California. “It’s going to give us the biggest storm we’ve seen so far this season,” said Jimmy Taeger, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in San Diego. So what are atmospheric rivers? Atmospheric rivers are long plumes of water vapor that can transport tropical moisture across the Pacific Ocean and disperse it in California. They get their name because such storms carry so much water, they’ve been likened to a river in the sky. A strong atmospheric river can carry 7½ to 15 times the average flow of liquid water at the mouth of the Mississippi River. What is the impact of these storms? Some of them are weak. But the strong ones leave a big mark. In 2016, a series of intense atmospheric rivers helped ease California’s epic drought by producing record rain and snow in Northern California. Just a few atmospheric river events can provide West Coast states such as California with one-third to one-half of their annual precipitation. Atmospheric rivers can also create storms with intense rainfall and flooding, triggering mudslides and sometimes leading to deaths. How do we assess these storms? Earlier this year, researchers at UC San Diego announced a new scale to describe the strength of atmospheric rivers, weather events that cause many of the West Coast’s heaviest rains. The new scale characterizes the intensity of atmospheric rivers — measured by how fast the storm’s water vapor is flowing — from “weak” to “exceptional.” Based on the storm’s intensity and duration, the weather event is given an overall category from 1 to 5. What does an atmospheric river look like? Here’s video of a plane flying through one of the storms. What is Southern California’s forecast? Southern California has already taken a pounding from storms this winter, but this one could be the biggest, noted meteorologist Taeger. The amount of precipitation from the most recent storm will vary depending on the region, with San Diego, Orange and Riverside counties likely to be pounded with up to 2 inches of rain along the coast and up to 10 inches at higher elevations. This could create a dangerous situation for residents in recent burn areas, according to the National Weather Service. Forecasters predict the Holy fire burn scar will see 2.5 to 6 inches of rain, while the area affected by the Cranston fire last year will likely experience 3 to 8 inches of precipitation through Thursday. That has the potential to trigger debris flows and flooding, according to the weather service.
New study gives better understanding of how housekeeping takes place in cells University of Gothenburg Normal household waste is collected and disposed of by waste collectors, and a similar process occurs in cells to remove damaged and potentially harmful proteins. A new research study in Science Advances provides a better understanding of how this is done. The cells use proteases for housekeeping in almost the same way as waste collectors dispose of household waste. “Think about what happens when waste collectors go on strike in a big city. Similarly, a non-functioning waste collection system in a cell can lead to chaos when damaged proteins accumulate. This could allow serious diseases to develop,” says Björn M. Burmann, senior lecturer and researcher in chemistry at the University of Gothenburg, and team leader for the researchers behind the new study. Neutralises harmful proteins The researchers used the single-cell bacterium Escherichia coli as a model system to gain a better understanding of how proteases keep cells clean. This is a bacterium that is found in the human intestine that has adapted to survive under a range of stressful environmental conditions. “One of the waste collection disposal workers in the bacterial cell is the enzyme DegP, a protease that can eliminate unstable and harmful proteins by shredding them into pieces and thus prevent them from building up in the cell,” says Darius Šulskis, principal author of the study and doctoral student in Björn M. Burmann’s research group. Temperature switches activate response Until now it was unknown what activated DegP, but Darius Šulskis has shown in the study that DegP is activated by a temperature switch is controlled at a molecular level. DegP is inactive at low temperatures but activates at high temperatures. This starts up the waste disposal work in the cell, disposing of hazardous rubbish. “Understanding this built-in cleaning mechanism means that it can be used in medical research and be important for future medical applications,” says Björn M. Burmann.
The Magic of Music - why Beth loves a melody Why is it that if you’re trying to learn script for a performance or a presentation for work it just doesn’t want to stick, yet play a piece of music a couple of times through and the words are there ready for you to belt out to your heart’s content? Music plays a big part in everyone’s life whether we realise it or not. It more often than not becomes part of our daily routine – waking to an alarm clock radio, listening to music on the way to and from work, background noise whilst out and about; when we hear music it’s stored in the part of our brain that deals with repetitive activities, our muscle memory. When someone is living with alzheimer’s it tends to be the other part of the brain, the part that deals with the specifics that is affected first and foremost, leaving the muscle memory and our appreciation for music intact. This is why music plays such an important role in the day to day living of someone with dementia and why activities involving music are an asset in care homes. We often get asked why we use the same songs to start our sessions, we can enter a room to start a session and more often than not will get asked who we are and what we’re doing there, even if we go on a weekly basis. As soon as we play that first song the room awakens. “Ah Musical Moments, oh, we do love it when you visit”. This first song is our trigger song. It sparks off that muscle memory. Another question we are asked is, “why are you playing that song if it makes someone cry, surely that’s a bad thing?” That may be because someone has been sat unresponsive for the past half an hour and now, because of this piece of music they are showing emotion. Yes, they might be crying but it means that that one song has sparked an emotional memory, and with a bit of reassurance the crying soon stops and more often than not, that person will sing along with the rest of the song. Our songs are chosen carefully; music does have emotional content and we hope that by using a good mix we can evoke different pastime memories. It is so rewarding when you play a piece of music and someone who has shown no signs of wanting to join in suddenly starts singing along. Even the smallest of toe taps or the slightest of smiles is enough to know that certain song holds a special place in their memory. So why is music magic? It has the ability to stick, when everything else seems to be falling apart. It has the ability to spark emotion and trigger memories from our past. It allows us to retell stories, smile and cry and it allows us to escape our troubles and pain if only for a short period. By Beth Matthews 24 views0 comments
The growth of investment in agri-food startups link original, pinche aquí The importance of agri-food innovations As a critical driver of productivity and economic growth, innovation in agriculture happens across every dimension of the production cycle and along the entire value chain, including crops, livestock, or fisheries production to market access and inputs’ management. Innovation is also much more than a buzzword or a fashionable notion. It has become a key issue for companies, policies, and society globally; it is a factor of competitiveness for enterprises that can lead to improved productivity, cost reductions, and the opening of new markets. Several areas have a great potential for innovation in the agri-food sector (also called agtech or agrotech), including digital data-driven solutions, like data analytics and big data, automation and robotics, development and production of new food ingredients, and bio-based and biodegradable materials for packaging. To make sure that local, regional, and global food production is prepared to surpass the future challenges, more innovation in the agri-food sector is critical. Furthermore, the industry has great potential for invention by using new technologies, such as precision farming, sustainable packaging, and blockchain-based food tracing. Challenges of agri-food innovations Innovation in the agri-food sector is not always easy. Businesses in the sector are interdependent and usually compete based on price rather than quality or environmental impact; this, associated with low margins and long payback periods, limits taking chances on innovation. Payback times of costs associated with innovating in new ingredients, molecules, or food products is around 3 to 5 years, with an R&D (research and development) of 4 to 10 years and a breakeven point of 7 to 15 years. The development process of new and innovative products requires more time and money to enter the market and are, therefore, riskier. Financiers must be prepared to accept long maturity and payback periods. Financing agri-food innovation At a world level, public-sector spending in agricultural R&D has stagnated during the latest decade in most high-income countries but increased in middle-income countries. As a comparison, between 2008 and 2013, public-sector spending in agricultural R&D fell more than 20% in the USA but increased by 70% in China. Meanwhile, private-sector R&D spending has been thriving, accounting for more than 60% globally. The growing investment in agricultural innovation has been led by an impressive convergence of advances in agronomy, biology, animal and plant science, robotics, and digitalization; all of which are part of the ‘digital agriculture’ revolution. A recent EU study indicates that the demand for new financing tools in the agri-food sector has risen steadily during the last decade. In the region, several institutions, including the European Investment Bank, offer a wide range of instruments to finance the sector, such as loans, equity products, guarantees, and advisory services. Investment in agri-food startups has grown by 370% since 2013. However, 2020 has been a year like no other. The economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic will impact the investment in agri-food innovations; this is already apparent when comparing the results for Q1-2020 (around US$550 million) and Q1-2019 (around US$1 billion). In 2019, agri-food startups raised US$4.7 billion, representing a 6,8% year-over-year growth; this is particularly important compared with other economic sectors’ behavior, across which investment fell around 16%. Even though the number of deals decreased in 2019, the total investment was larger thanks to several over-US$100-million contracts, including the French Ynsect, Germany’s Infarm, California’s Plenty, and New Jersey’s AeroFarms. Interesting agri-food startups to follow in 2021 AgBiome natural high-tech protection for your crops AgBiome, founded in the USA in 2012, has raised US$119 million in investment. It is a biotechnology company that uses new knowledge of the plant’s biome to create innovative agriculture products. Their products help farmers combat some of the major crop production problems, such as insects, nematodes, and diseases. AgBiome’s products include the most diverse microbial collection for agricultural applications. Genesis™: is a gene and strain identification system that allows them to efficiently capture and screen microorganisms and proteins that kill insect pests, fungal pathogens, and weeds. The Yield increasing production sustainably The Yield is an Australian company founded in 2016 that has raised US$10.15 million in investments. The Yield is an AI-driven, microclimate sensing, analytics, and prescription platform for irrigated crops. The company’s focus is to help farmers increase yields, reduce risks associated with frost, extreme heat, and disease events, and optimize their supply chains. The company has global patents for using AI to predict weather variables at microclimatic hotspot levels. Sensing+ is an end-to-end solution for large-scale growing operations that combines sensors, data analytics, and apps. Agri-food innovation in Latin America During 2019, US$1.4 billion were raised by agri-food startups in Latin AmericaEven if Rappi accounted for a significant portion with its record-breaking US$1 billion, there was a 40% year-over-year growth in the number of deals, highlighting the region’s growing activity. 2020 has been a good year for agri-food startup investment in the region; indeed, the third quarter ended, breaking new records. In September alone, more than US$400 million were invested in three Latin American rising companies. Among the most interesting startups in the region are: AgroSmart insights for farmers and the agribusinesses AgroSmart is a Brazilian company founded in 2014 in Brazil that has raised US$8.8 million in investment. AgroSmart generates agronomic models based on seed genetics, soil type, and microclimate. The company builds market intelligence by combining ground data and best-in-class analytical capabilities to provide actionable insights to develop a more sustainable and productive agriculture. AgroSmart uses sensors to monitor crops and satellite images to generate recommendations regarding irrigation, climate, and diseases; the company also generates data to orient genetic development and seed placing strategies. Beeflow pollinating crops naturally Beeflow is an Argentinian company founded in 2017 that recently raised US$3 million in investment. Beeflow is a provider of professional pollination services that aim to facilitate crop pollination using honeybees. The company’s bees are fed with a unique organic mixture that enhances their immune system and helps them fly for a longer time in colder climates; they also specialize in specifically targeted crops, enabling farmers to increase crop yields by up to 90%. Polynatural natural food coatings – fighting food waste Polynatural is a Chilean company founded in 2016 that has raised US$800 thousand in investments. The company develops a 100% natural product designed to coat agricultural products. Polynatural produces edible organic coatings made only with natural ingredients that increase the shelf life of fresh produce by reducing microbial contamination and dehydration; this also improves the product’s appearance and smell. Shel-life® is manufactured with natural extracts, lipids and plant polymers, an alternative for synthetic coatings with equal or better performance and some organic certifications. Even if agri-food businesses have been part of investment portfolios for a long time, the convergence of climate change, the global pandemic, and food security have contributed to bringing them to the forefront of venture capitalists and private equity firms’ investments. They not only see the opportunity to contribute to society but also to have a high profit. This is the case of pension funds, which by financing sustainable agri-food companies and startups, meet their social and environmental goals while delivering healthy returns. Agri-food startups are on the rise, and this is the time to invest sustainably and profitably. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on whatsapp Share on email
Download Article Download Article Many people struggle with feeling productive. You may feel you should be doing more than you are in the present moment. If that is the case, there are steps you can take to become more productive. To start, form a routine. Develop solid eating and sleeping habits, as a healthy mind and body can prep you for a productive lifestyle. Avoid procrastination by breaking tasks into chunks, disciplining yourself when necessary, and creating regular rituals around work. Last, work on altering your mentality. Focus on the big picture and learn to be positive about yourself. Think of productivity as an investment in yourself. Part 1 Part 1 of 4: Forming a Routine 1. 1 Get a good night's sleep. Sleep is one of the most important factors when it comes to being a productive person. Poor sleep can make it difficult to concentrate on daily tasks as you'll feel fatigued throughout the day. If you want to become a more productive person, start by working on your sleep. There are many steps you can take to get higher quality sleep each night.[1] • Make sure you strive for 7 to 8 hours of quality sleep a day. This may mean adjusting your routine. You may, for example, have to go to bed earlier each night. If you have to be up at 8AM for work, for example, do not make 2AM your bedtime. Strive to be in bed by 11 or 12 each night. • Go to sleep and wake up at the same time each day, even on the weekends. The body has a natural circadian rhythm that will adapt to a regular schedule. If you go to bed at 11 PM and get up at 8 AM each day, your body will start to feel tired around your bedtime and energetic when you wake up. • You should also try to engage in a relaxing bedtime ritual each night before bed. For example, you could read a book or do a crossword puzzle. Refrain from using electronics, as the blue light admitted from phone and computer screens can affect sleep.[2] 2. 2 Create a morning ritual. People tend to thrive on routine and ritual. If you create a routine every morning that you engage in before you begin to work, this can help signal to your brain that now is the time for productivity. A starting ritual can help you warm up to begin a task so you go into any given project with less anxiety and apprehension.[3] • Think of some kind of self care ritual you can engage in before jumping into the day. For example, maybe you could make a point of stopping at your favorite local coffee shop and grabbing a latte before work. • The more stressful a task is, the more important it is to have a warm up ritual. If you're nervous about a particular project, you need to clear your mind before you begin. Go for a long walk before you have to write that business report. Listen to a few songs by your favorite band before you have to give that presentation. 3. 3 Prioritize tasks according to your energy level. Energy naturally ebbs and flows throughout the course of a day. People tend to have energy dips around certain specific times in the morning and the afternoon. If you tweak your schedule to help you hone your bursts of energy and productivity, this can help you get more done.[4] • Most people tend to have peaks in energy and productivity between 9AM and 11AM. Energy tends to deplete from here. At 2:30 PM, people tend to feel sluggish and may have difficulty concentrating. • However, energy levels vary. While most people fall into the above patterns, your personal energy levels may rise and fall at different times throughout the day. Try to keep track of when you feel most productive and energetic. Write down the times when you feel you're getting the most done. • Work on forming a schedule around your natural energy levels. If you tend to be feel perky between 10 AM and 1 PM, clear all distractions during that time and hyper-focus on work. If you begin to feel sluggish around 3PM, schedule time for a break at 3PM. 4. 4 Focus on one thing at a time. Multi-tasking can actually hurt your productivity. While people think doing multiple things at once is impressive, studies indicate you're actually most efficient and productive when you take things one step at a time.[5] • It can help to make a short to-do list for yourself. As you move through the to-do list, make sure to give your dedicated attention to only one item at a time. While you're editing a draft of a press release, put away your cell phone and focus only on the editing process. Do not glance at your to-do list to see what's up next. Your entire focus should be on the item at hand. • If you need to break from a task to answer a question, return an e-mail, or take a phone call, pull yourself away from the task completely. Turn your attention completely towards the person asking for your time. When you're done, quickly switch back to the task at hand. 5. 5 Schedule time for your passions. Not everyone's job is indicative of a personal passion. Your day job may not necessarily be reflective of what drives you as a person. It's vital to schedule time to work on your passion during the day. Most people feel more productive if they're scheduling at least 15 minutes a day for something that they find inspiring.[6] • Having time for passion at the end of the day can help motivate you to complete tasks on a timely fashion. If you know you'll have time to work on your poetry if you do your dishes and laundry quickly, you'll be more likely to work on these tasks with excitement. • Find gaps in your schedule where you can focus on what moves you. For example, maybe you love to play the piano. Make time to play the piano for 15 minutes before bed each night. Part 2 Part 2 of 4: Ending Procrastination 1. 1 Break tasks up into small chunks. A task can seem overwhelming if you're looking at the whole thing. Feelings of stress over large tasks can greatly fuel procrastination. Break a large task in manageable chunks and then focus on one component at a time.[7] • For example, say you need to finish a 20 page term paper by the end of the month. This task can seem incredibly daunting, but try breaking it down by weeks. For example, you can spend the first week of the month researching, the second week writing the introductory pages, the third week writing the mid-section, and the fourth week hashing out the conclusion and revising. • It can even help to break the chunks down further. In week one, you can plan on going to the library Monday and Tuesday to find sources. On Wednesday and Thursday you can read through these sources, and on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday you can use them to outline your paper. 2. 2 Give yourself a pep talk before you begin the task. Going into a task with the right mentality can help motivate you to work with passion and excitement.[8] This will cut down on time you spend procrastinating. Before you begin a task, remind yourself why you're doing it. Focus on the positives that will come out of completing a given task.[9] • If it's a task you're passionate about, finding positives may be easy. For example, you may think to yourself, "If I finish this opinion piece, I can send it out to the newspaper. This is a topic I'm really passionate about, and I want to encourage other people to consider my perspective." • However, some tasks may be things you're not particularly excited about and you may have to focus on more abstract benefits. Maybe you're writing a term paper for a class that's a requirement for your school. You may not feel a personal sense of fulfillment for completing the course. Try to say to yourself, "I don't particularly care about human genetics, but if I get a good grade I'll keep my GPA up. The sooner I finish this paper, the sooner I'll be done with the science requirement. Then, I can focus on pursuing my art degree." 3. 3 Find a habit that helps you feel better about yourself. You need a good mind/body balance to be a more productive person and avoid procrastination. One way to help you with this is to find a habit that makes you feel good about yourself. If you feel positive, strong, and healthy, it will be easier for you to focus on day-to-day tasks as you'll be less bogged down by stress.[10] • Exercise can be a great way to improve your mood and productivity. Try to hash out some time a few days a week to engage in a workout ritual. If you work out regularly, you'll feel better, stronger, and less stressed. 4. 4 Discipline yourself. Self-discipline is difficult, but it's one of the most important means to avoid procrastination. If you do not complete a task in a timely fashion, you should set consequences for this behavior. Developing a systems of rewards and punishments for yourself can really help with procrastination.[11] • If you love to go on social media, you may find you've wasted time on Facebook instead of completing the necessary tasks. It's a good idea to create a strict consequence for yourself at this point. Change your Facebook password to something difficult to remember. Write this password down, and place the slip of paper in a hard-to-reach place. • The next day, do not allow yourself to go on Facebook until you've completed a variety of tasks. If you do not complete those tasks, do not go on Facebook that night. Have a friend or family member hide the slip of paper with your password until you're ready to work. If you do not complete the task on time, do not allow yourself to retrieve your password. 5. 5 Ask for help when necessary. Sometimes, unexpected obligations come up that may prevent you from focusing on your work. In these cases, it's appropriate to ask for help. If you try to do everything on your own, you may feel overwhelmed and start procrastinating. If a work obligation keeps you busy until 10 o'clock every night, it's okay to ask your neighbor to help feed your cats or water your plants so you can keep your mind at the office and not on household tasks.[12] Part 3 Part 3 of 4: Getting Organized 1. 1 Understand how being organized makes you more productive. You may feel like you don't have time to devote to organizing, but think about how much time you waste by being disorganized — digging through piles for that one piece of paper, trying to remember if you scheduled that appointment (and if you did, when did you schedule it?), looking for your misplaced stapler, trying to figure out what is a priority and what can wait until later, and on and on and on. According to one survey, the average person wastes the equivalent of two weeks of work (76 hours) looking for lost or misplaced items. • Putting in the time to get organized will save you more time in the long-term. 2. 2 Designate a place for everything. This goes for things in your office or home as well as the files on your computer. Keep frequently-used items nearby — maybe the top drawer of your desk can be devoted to physical items you find yourself using often. Things you use less frequently can be stored in high or low spots to make room for the things you need close by. Use shelving, wall baskets, and hooks to make more space.[13] • Make folders and subfolders on your computer to keep files organized. Label the folders so you know exactly what they are. For instance, instead of one folder that just says "Writing," with all your writing projects saved in the same place, make subfolders for different types of writing, specific projects, or years. Maybe within your writing folder you have a subfolder for the book you are working on, and within that folder you have a subfolder for research relating to the book, as well as a subfolder for your first and second draft, and so on. • Try using labeled, color-coded binders for different projects. Consider keeping a basket on your desk as an "Inbox" with things you need to tackle that day. • Make sure you always put things back in their designated spots. The plan doesn't work if you don't return items to where they belong — you'll once again be wasting time searching for that darn stapler. If you don't have time in the moment, devote a few minutes at the end of each day to returning things to their rightful places.[14] 3. 3 Write it down. Keep a notepad within arm's reach so you can jot down any thoughts, worries, ideas, or other notes throughout the day. If you are working on a budget but you have an idea for a blog post you'd like to write, jot it down on the notepad so you don't forget, and then turn your attention back to the task at hand.[15] 4. 4 Plan your day. Before going to bed, try planning out the next day. Make a To Do list. Note your priorities, deadlines, etc. for the day. This can help you stay on-task and not become distracted by trying to figure out what you should work on next or what you need to accomplish by day's end. • Use a calendar to help you keep track of appointments and deadlines. You can use your smartphone or a paper calendar to write down your obligations. Part 4 Part 4 of 4: Developing a Positive Mentality About Work 1. 1 Identify why you're putting off a task. Sometimes, we have reasons to not work. You may feel under-qualified, hopeless, or otherwise frustrated by a certain job. Try to think about why you're feeling the urge to procrastinate, and what you can do to temper this urge.[16] • There are many reasons people procrastinate. You may put off work because of a sense of inadequacy. You may not feel you're qualified to complete a task, for example. You may also put off work for emotional reasons. If you're going through a rough time, you may feel less inclined to push yourself.[17] You may also have inadequate time to care for yourself, causing a sense of fatigue that can lead to procrastination. • Figure out what is holding you back so you'll know the barrier you need to break down to continue. For example, maybe you're not working due to emotional exhaustion. To combat this, take an hour to yourself. Go for a walk, read a book, or find another way to treat yourself and then jump back into work once you're relaxed. 2. 2 Engage in self-compassion over self-criticism. Oftentimes, we feel we need to take a tough love approach to procrastination. However, you're more likely to have a good work ethic if you indulge in self-compassion over criticism. Try to be kind and encouraging to yourself instead of self-depreciating.[18] [19] • Focus on what you're doing right instead of what you're doing wrong. If you feel happy and positive about yourself, you'll be more likely to be productive as you'll be in a better mood. • Say you had a slow morning at work. You did not really stay on track, and as a result work piled up. You were able to focus more in the afternoon, however, and completed tasks quickly. Don't think to yourself, "I can't believe how much time you wasted this morning. You could have finished work so much quicker." Instead, think to yourself, "Well, it was a rough morning, but I'm glad I didn't let that define my day. I'm proud I got myself back on track later on." 3. 3 Take breaks. Multiple studies indicate people are vastly more productive when they take breaks throughout the day. Feeling tired, bored, or frustrated with your work load is inevitable. No matter how passionate you are about a given project, at some point you will feel distracted by it. A good way to combat this is to take a short break when you begin to feel distracted.[20] • If you notice you have a natural dip in energy during the day, take a break during this time. For example, say you start to feel sleepy around 3 PM each day. When it gets close to 3, try taking a 15 to 20 minute walk. • In addition to replenishing energy, breaks can increase your motivation to complete a task on time. After the break, you may come back to the job with a fresher and more excited mentality. 4. 4 Reward yourself for a job well done. If you incorporate small rewards, you may work harder to earn little treats. After you finish a task, have a reward waiting for yourself. This can especially help if a task feels tedious or unimportant. The reward will serve as your primary motivational factor.[21] [22] • Think of something you enjoy. This can be something you enjoy on your own, like going for a walk, or something you like to do with a friend, like grabbing dinner. • Incorporate such a reward into your schedule. For example, if you finish cleaning your apartment, you can meet a friend for wine later that night. Expert Q&A Ask a Question 200 characters left About This Article Chad Herst, CPCC Co-authored by: Mindfulness Coach This article was co-authored by Chad Herst, CPCC. Chad Herst is the Executive Coach at Herst Wellness, a San Francisco-based wellness center focused on Mind/Body Coaching. Chad is an accredited Co-Active Professional Coach (CPCC) and he has been working in the wellness space for over 19 years, with experience as a yoga teacher, acupuncturist, and herbalist. He received his BA from Columbia University and his MS in Traditional Chinese Medicine from the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine. 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Sept 19, 2008 Inertia - the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. Newton's First Law of Motion - an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion with a constant speed and direction unless acted on by a force. Gravity - The attractive force between objects. The strength of the force depends on the masses and the distance between them
From Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia By Swami Harshananda Sometimes transliterated as: Sivasutras, Zivasutras, shivasutras Śivasutras is one of the basic works on Kāśmīr Śaivism. Taught by Śiva himself to Vasugupta[1] it has 77 sutras in three sections: 1. Sāmbhavopāya - It deals with the methods which utilize consciousness itself and are applicable to the highest grades of disciples. 2. Sāktopāya - It deals with the method of utilizing Śakti or divine energy through nāda or vibration, to lead the qualified disciple out of the world of manifestation into the world of equal Reality. 3. Anavopāya - It deals with the method of unfoldment of consciousness. It is similar to the one described in the Yogasutras of Pataṅjali.[2] 1. He lived in 9th century A. D. 2. He lived in 200 B. C.
What psychologist used introspection? Did John Locke believe in introspection? Introspection can accompany sense perception as a further mental act, permitting us access to our perceptual states of consciousness. … A traditional answer reduces introspection to consciousness. John Locke, for example, said that ‘… [c]onsciousness is the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind‘ (1690/1975, bk. What do functionalist psychologists focus on? Functionalists sought to explain mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner. Rather than focusing on the elements of consciousness, functionalists focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on education. Is introspection used in modern psychology? The use of introspection as a tool for looking inward is an important part of self-awareness and is even used in psychotherapy as a way to help clients gain insight into their own feelings and behavior. Is being introspective a good thing? Time spent alone in thought can be positive—a rich environment for personal growth and creativity, but it can also be dangerous when we are negatively turned against ourselves. Introspection can be a process of healthy self-reflection, examination, and exploration, which is good for your well-being and your brain. What are the disadvantages of introspection? Disadvantages of introspection • The state of one’s mental processes is continuously changing. • Data collected cannot be verified. • Data is highly subjective. • Cannot be used on children, animals and persons suffering form mental disorders. THIS IS INTERESTING: Question: What do you call a person who feels no emotions? How do I stop being introspective? How to Stop Overthinking 1. Take note of what the critical inner voice is telling you and when it comes up. At those times when you notice yourself overthinking, it’s helpful to verbalize what that destructive coach in your head is telling you. … 2. Think About Where These Voices Come From. … 3. Stand Up to Your Critical Inner Voice.
Week 4, Day 3 Day 3: Matthew 1:18-25 The birth of Jesus Christ came about this way: After his mother Mary had been engaged to Joseph, it was discovered before they came together that she was pregnant from the Holy Spirit. So her husband, Joseph, being a righteous man, and not wanting to disgrace her publicly, decided to divorce her secretly. See, the virgin will become pregnant and give birth to a son, and they will name him Immanuel, which is translated “God is with us.” When Joseph woke up, he did as the Lord’s angel had commanded him. He married her but did not have sexual relations with her until she gave birth to a son. And he named him Jesus. 1. Here the gospel writer recounts the birth of Jesus through the lens of the Hebrew Scriptures. The conception of Jesus through the Holy Spirit is more than just a miracle of the conception itself. It is related as the manner in which God fulfilled his greatest of all promises: to be Immanuel: God who is with us. At the same time, we are told that Joseph, the adoptive father of Jesus, is a righteous man. This is foreshadowing the theme of adoption in the life of Jesus: humans adopted God, and God will adopt humans. 2. Jesus is Immanuel, God with us, the God-Man who stands as the eternal mediator. This is how he is able to save the people from their sins. 3. We should learn from Joseph to be careful, merciful, attentive, and accepting of that which God is doing. Joseph took on enormous risk in his choice to accept Mary and the child she carried. His inheritance would now pass to one who was not “his” son. His reputation (and hers) could be sullied. His faith must have been challenged to at least some degree. Yet when God revealed that this thing which was happening was from the Holy Spirit, Joseph set aside his own interests and adopted all the risks. 4. As Athanasius wrote, God became as we are so that we might become as he is. The birth of Jesus as a human being heralds the birth of human beings into the divine nature (John 3:3-8, 2 Peter 1:3-4). The new birth begins with the acceptance of Jesus as Lord, but the birth pangs continue until the new creation.
Fabrizio Duroni Sep 5, 2019 3 min read Web to native code communication on Android using JavaScript Interfaces Javascript Interface can be helpful when you need to call native code from a webview on Android. In a previous post I described how you can call native Swift code from the JavaScript code of web page loaded inside a . Today I will show you how to achieve the same result for tan Android Apps. I will a part of the Android SDK called . I will use the same simple I used in the previous post for iOS. The html page contains a form with 2 input fields and a button. We want to be able to read the form data inserted when the user clicks on the button and do some action on the Java code side. In this sample case we will show a simple that contains the form data. Let's start by setting up the that will display the form, . The first thing to do is to setup the by declaring it in the activity layout. After that we can already setup the code that will load the web page in the method of the . public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {@SuppressLint({"SetJavaScriptEnabled", "AddJavascriptInterface"}) protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { WebView formWebView = findViewById(R.id.webview); new FormJavascriptInterface(this), "Android" The important thing to note in the code above is the call . By calling this method we are creating on the global javascript variable a new object called . I will be able to use it by calling . Where are this method declared? As you can see the first parameter of the method is an object called . This class contains a method named annotated with . This annotation enable the Android SDK to expose this method to the object exposed on the web side. public class FormJavascriptInterface { private Context context; FormJavascriptInterface(Context context) { this.context = context; public void showUser(String name, String email) { new AlertDialog.Builder(context) .setMessage(name + " " + email) So as you can imagine now I’m able to call the method inside the html page loaded in the . Let's see the final implementation of the web page. <!DOCTYPE html> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> <script type="text/javascript"> function submitForm() { <h2>Enter your data:</h2> <input type="email" placeholder="Enter email" <input type="value" placeholder="Enter name" <button onclick="submitForm()">Click me</button> As you can see in the submit form we are calling the method we saw before annotated . The parameter are passed as a normal JavaScript call. You can find the complete code example in this github repository. The is really powerful. It lets you implement a deeper web to native integration that could significantly improve the general user experiences. , the best web to native integration for 🤖Android 🤖. Originally published at https://www.fabrizioduroni.it on September 5, 2019. I'm a software developer 🤓. I ❤️ mobile application development, computer graphics and web development. I ❤️ computers. https://www.fabrizioduroni.it/
The Economic Times English Edition \| E-Paper View: ISRO will use every bit of data and telemetry to get its next moon mission ready again The first successful moon mission, the Soviet Luna 1, which flew by the moon on January 4, 1959, was preceded by five failed attempts. It would have been much worse for India’s space effort if the glitch in the GSLV Mark 3 during its first scheduled liftoff on July 15 had gone undetected. By Prakash Chandra There is an upside to the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (Isro)’s deep disappointment over Chandrayaan 2’s lunar lander Vikram failing to soft-land on the moon on Saturday. From all accounts, Chandrayaan 2 ticked every box in its mission profile since July 22 when it was launched by the GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) system, leaving a bright trail over Australia in its wake. Unlike earlier lunar missions, like Nasa’s (the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Apollo Moonshots in the 1960s-70s, which reached the moon in just three days, Chandrayaan 2 took six weeks to get into lunar orbit as it travelled in a series of ever-widening orbits around Earth, before being captured by the moon’s gravity and moving into lunar orbit on August 20. This shows how painstakingly Isro planned what would have been a historic soft-landing on the moon in its very first attempt. But the lander’s anticlimactic failure sums up the bad news. It would have been much worse for India’s space effort if the glitch in the GSLV Mark 3 during its first scheduled liftoff on July 15 had gone undetected and the launch proceeded regardless. Rocketry is one field where you cannot be too careful, and no one knows this better than Isro. One nut tightened carelessly here, or a rubber bush sitting loosely there, is enough to blow hundreds of tonnes of metal and fuel to smithereens. It is to the credit of Isro’s technicians and engineers that they resolved the problem so quickly, and Chandrayaan 2 could utilise the next available launch window a week later. As for the loss of the lander, the history of spaceflight is replete with instances of spacecraft failing at critical junctures. But over the years, moon landings have practically been taken for granted, thanks to the Russians and Americans who made it seem almost easy (never mind if it took them a long time and several failures along the way to reach this stage). First Mission According to Nasa, the success rate of lunar missions in the last 60 years is only 60% —109 missions: 61 successful and 48 failures. The loss of the Israeli lunar lander, Beresheet — which crashed at the last minute due to a technical snag while attempting to soft-land on the moon — last April was the latest casualty before Saturday’s one. So, if the e-rickshaw-sized Vikram had successfully put down on the moon, the collective sigh of relief at Isro would have probably overshadowed the customary handshakes and hugs. Such is the technological complexity of soft-landing on the moon, and the risk factor goes up dramatically in the uncharted southernmost lunar region where no spacecraft had gone before. Vikram’s potential landing site — an ancient highland sandwiched between two craters hardly 600km from the lunar south pole — is in sharp contrast to the Apollo landing sites of 50 years ago. Those missions —and, indeed, all unmanned lunar landers — set down nearer the lunar equator, which is considered easier, and safer, to land. Unknown Dangers Although Vikram’s onboard computers carried out real-time manoeuvres to choose its landing site, it still faced many unknown dangers as it got closer to the moon’s surface. Malfunctioning sensors resulting in wrong spacecraft orientation, dust combustion nearer the surface choking the engine are all potential recipes for disaster, which could have sent Vikram crashing into the lunar surface. No wonder Isro chief S Sivan famously described Vikram’s descent on to the lunar surface as “fifteen minutes of terror”. That is how long the final descent would have lasted as the lander’s thrusters slowed it down to the same speed as the moon’s surface moving beneath it. The lack of real-time telemetry makes ascertaining the precise cause of the failure all the more difficult. Fortunately, 95% of experiments on board Chandrayaan 2 are in the orbiter, which is reported to be in good health as it swings around the moon from pole to pole. Isro can look forward to a wealth of data from it. Much like its predecessor Chandrayaan 1 ten years ago, it will draw up chemical, mineralogical and photogeologic mapping of Earth’s lone natural satellite. Without any oceans and atmosphere to alter its surface, the lifeless moon is a geologic treasure house dating back billions of years to the formation of the solar system. There is no doubt that Isro will overcome Vikram’s loss. What is not so certain is whether the agency can find out what went wrong in the lander’s final moments. Besides using the orbiter’s radar to try and locate the downed lander, Isro will likely use every available bit of data and telemetry just before the signals froze on the consoles at mission control. That would be the best way for the agency to get its next mission ready and point the country moonwards again. After all, didn’t Apollo 11 put men on the moon in just over a couple of years after the Apollo 1disaster that killed all three crew during a launchpad test? The Economic Times Stories you might be interested in
Health / Illness In order for the Neva Masquerade to be as healthy a breed as possible, it is recommended that we do health tests on our breeding animals. The tests we do are: HCM and PKD scanning, FIV and FeLV and blood grouping. Unfortunately there is no Health Program for the breed from SVERAK. Below is information about the diseases that it is recommended that we test against. HCM - hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in cats Pawpeds Applies HCM Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Health Program to Siberian Cat and Neva Masquerade. This means that HCM scanning is recommended at one year of age, then every year up to 3 years of age, then follow-up at 5 years and 8 years of age. HCM, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is a hereditary disease. It is the most common heart disease in cats and the symptoms usually start at 2 to 4 years of age. You can also detect symptoms earlier, especially if both parents have had the disease. Male cats are affected more often than females, and the disease occurs in both purebred and domestic cats. HCM is a disease that can be difficult for the owner to detect. Symptoms may include loss of appetite, fatigue and shortness of breath. The most common way to suspect the disease is in connection with the annual health check when the veterinarian listens to the cat's heart. You can hear wheezing or irregular heartbeats, in which case the cat should undergo an ultrasound examination of the heart, at which the diagnosis can be made. The changes in the heart consist of the heart muscles becoming thickened. This means that the cavity in the heart becomes smaller and a smaller amount of blood is pumped out into the body at each heartbeat. Since the blood has to transport oxygen to the body, symptoms of poor oxygenation in the form of poor strength and shortness of breath arise. The disease can also lead to small clots of clotted blood forming in the heart and being excreted into the body. When the blood clot gets stuck in a narrower blood vessel, often where the carotid artery divides into the hind legs, this causes paralysis and pain in one or both hind legs. This is called a blood clot or thrombus. Thickening of the heart muscle can also be caused by high blood pressure and / or too high metabolism. When diagnosing HCM, it is important to examine the cat for these conditions as well. Unfortunately, you can not cure or prevent the actual change in the heart, but you can prevent blood clots from developing by giving blood-thinning medication. If high blood pressure or high metabolism is the cause of the heart muscle thickening, the development can be slowed down when these disease states come under control. Once a cat has been diagnosed with HCM, it should be checked approximately every six months. Cats treated with blood thinners should be screened once a year. Fortunately, most cats that receive proper medication and regular checkups can live long with the disease without suffering from it. SOURCE: The Blue Star PKD-Polycystic Kidney Deases PKD is an autosomal dominant kidney disease. Which means that the cat only needs to inherit a copy of the mutated gene to have PKD. However, it can also inherit it from two parents with PKD. Previously, it was not thought that these kittens survived. The cats are born with a number of cysts on the kidneys that can neither be more nor fewer. However, they grow with the cat. If they are many and / or grow up, the cat will have kidney failure. The cysts contain fluid. Over time, the cysts can knock out normal kidney function and increase abdominal pressure Symptoms of the disease are: -Pressure / pain in the abdomen - Kidney stones - Decreased ability to concentrate urine - Hypertension - Hematuria - Uremic symptoms PKD is not part of any race Health program according to SVERAK. In the past, Persia was hit hard by it. The disease discovered in our race in January 2019 and then began a great work among us breeders in Sweden. Breeding animals are recommended to be ultrasound-scanned. The breeding animals that test positive may be taken out of breeding. SigNeringen works actively to map the disease in Sweden and has an open register for PKD-scanned cats. Where everyone is encouraged to submit their test results. Source: Lennart Nilfors, Leg. veterinarian, Internal Medicine FIV - Feline immunosuppressive virus FIV in cats is a virus that has similarities to HIV in humans. The virus cannot be fought by the body's immune system and the cat will sooner or later become ill. FIV attacks the cat's white blood cells, just like FeLV (see below), which leads to a weakened immune system. Symptoms are more common in older cats, and FIV more often affects males than females. As FIV weakens the immune system, the cat becomes more susceptible to various infections and the symptoms can vary greatly. When the cat first becomes infected, the pet owner does not always notice any symptoms in the cat. However, the cat may become ill for a short period with a fever and impaired general condition. The cat is then healthy for a period, usually for several years, before the disease breaks out (compare HIV and AIDS). Eventually, the cat becomes seriously ill from infections that would not normally have affected the cat. Sometimes the cat can become symptom-free and then fall ill for periods. In general, the cat tends to get worse and worse. Symptoms can e.g. be: · Respiratory tract infection Inflammation of the oral cavity · Weight loss Skin problems Enlarged lymph nodes Routes of infection The virus is spread via saliva and blood and is most often transmitted by the bite of an infected cat. FIV can occasionally also be transmitted through mating or through the uterus to kittens. The latter can contribute to reproductive problems. The greatest risk of the kittens being infected is if the cat mother becomes infected during pregnancy. Outdoor cats have the greatest risk of becoming infected as they more often quarrel with other cats than indoor cats do. Diagnosis and treatment Antibodies can be detected using a blood test. An infected cat carries the virus with it for the rest of its life, but it can take up to eight weeks before the antibodies have formed. If it is suspected that the first sample was taken in the acute stage of the infection, it may therefore be necessary to take new samples a little later in order to exclude FIV. When the immune system is destroyed in infected cats, there are sometimes no antibodies left in the blood in the final stages of the disease. Then it is also not possible to diagnose the disease with the help of this blood test. An infected cat can live healthy for many years before becoming ill. If the cat is diagnosed with FIV, however, it is very important that the cat is kept indoors and not allowed to meet healthy cats to avoid the infection being passed on. It is also good to avoid the cat becoming stressed to reduce the risk of triggering disease. FeLV - Feline leukemia virus FeLV is a virus that attacks the bone marrow and the cat's white blood cells, which are the body's defenses against various diseases. Because the white blood cells become infected, the virus then spreads with the blood and infects other tissues in the body. Kittens and older cats are most sensitive. Many cats resist the virus thanks to an effective immune system and get rid of the virus within a few weeks / months. In those who fall ill, it can take months to years before the cat becomes ill and shows symptoms. The symptoms can be divided into tumor diseases (blood, bone marrow and lymph cancer) and diseases that weaken the immune system. The virus can also cause reproductive problems. Symptoms vary but can include be: · Difficulty breathing Poor appetite and weight loss Inflammation of the gums and mucous membranes of the mouth Bleaching mucous membranes Decreased immune system that can lead to secondary diseases, especially in the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract Early fetal death and infertility Routes of infection FeLV is most common where there are many cats. Infected cats are mainly transmitted through saliva, e.g. via bites or that they lick each other. They also excrete a small amount of virus through feces and urine, but saliva is the main route of transmission. Kittens can be infected in the womb and through breast milk. Healthy cats can be carriers. Some cats can carry the virus latently for several years, ie. carry the virus without being ill or being a carrier. This latent period ends either with the cat fighting the virus or with the virus being activated and the cat becoming a chronic carrier. Diagnosis and treatment To detect a virus, an analysis of a blood sample is required. It usually takes at least 2 blood tests every few months to distinguish the cats that have gotten rid of the infection from those who have a persistent infection. In those cats that have a latent infection, the virus cannot be detected. Treatment is difficult but there are now medicines, given as injections under the skin, that can reduce the risk of getting sick and premature death. There are also vaccines that can protect the cat against the virus. However, the vaccine should not be used too frequently as it increases the risk of unusual tumor diseases. Felin Neonatal Isoerytrolys Cats have three different blood groups, A, B and AB. A is the most common blood type while AB is very unusual. A is dominant over B and AB, while AB is dominant over B. Cats with blood group B only have predispositions for B (are thus homozygous) while cats with blood group A can also have predispositions for blood groups AB and B. The cat's different blood groups can cause problems in connection with blood transfusions. However, a much more common problem caused by different blood groups is feline neonatal isoerythrolysis. Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis occurs if a female cat with blood group B is mated with a male cat that has blood group A and gets kittens with blood group A. Cats with blood group B form strong antibodies against blood group A, while cats with blood group A have only a weak antibody formation against blood group B These antibodies will be present in the milk of the lactating female cat. When the kittens suckle, the antibodies are taken up by the intestine and enter the bloodstream where they begin to attack the kittens' red blood cells which break down. Gets weaker after birth The kittens are strong and healthy when they are born but then become weaker and weaker. Symptoms may vary in severity. Some kittens with blood group A are not affected at all while others die quickly before they have time to develop any symptoms. Typical symptoms are that the kittens become weak and do not want to suckle. The breakdown of the blood cells causes the kittens to get jaundice and the urine to turn brownish red. In kittens that are mildly affected and survive, the tail tip tissue may die (necrosis) at one to two weeks of age. The earlier the symptoms appear, the worse the prognosis. The antibodies can only be absorbed by the gut during the first 24 hours of the kitten's life. Thus, feline neonatal isoerythrolysis can be avoided by removing pups with blood group A from a female with blood group B during the first day after birth. You either let them suckle from a female cat with blood group A or give them milk substitute. After a day, you can without risk return the cubs to the mother. Symptoms - then it may be too late Once symptoms have occurred, it is usually too late to save the kitten. If you know that the female cat has blood group B and is mated with a male cat that has blood group A, you should therefore prevent the kittens from breastfeeding for 24 hours. If both the father and the mother have blood group B, all pups also get blood group B and in such cases there will be no problems with neonatal isoerythrolysis. The frequency of cats with blood group B varies between different breeds. Blood group B is very uncommon in domestic cats but is quite common in some cat breeds. The spread also varies geographically, depending on which lines you have bred on. Breeds where a large proportion of cats with blood group B (25–50 percent) have been found in the USA are British shorthair, devon rex and cornish rex. In Abyssinians, Somalis, Persians and Holy Burmese, blood group B was found in 10–20 percent of the cats tested. Blood group AB is even more uncommon than B but kittens with blood group AB are also exposed to neonatal isoerythrolysis just like kittens with blood group A. In breeds with a high frequency of blood group B, there may be reason to routinely determine the cat's blood group before the first mating. Blood group determination can be done by a serological test of a blood sample. Nowadays, it is also possible to determine blood type with the help of DNA tests (testing of the genome). In DNA testing, it is possible to find out if a cat with blood group A is a carrier of blood group B. However, it is not possible to distinguish between blood group A and AB with DNA testing. You can also use a quick test to find out the blood type directly at the time of the test. The disadvantage of the rapid test is that it is not possible to find out which antibody titer (amount of antibodies in the blood) the cat has and it is also not possible to see if cats with blood group A are carriers of blood group B. Mortality among kittens can not be completely avoided, but if you suspect that abnormally many kittens are dying, you should definitely take action. One should think through their routines in terms of vaccinations, deworming, hygiene and prevention of the spread of infection. An important step in the investigation is to get dead kittens autopsied. You can either contact your veterinarian for help or you can send the kitten for an autopsy together with a detailed account of the process. It is important that the kitten is autopsied as soon as possible after it has died in order to get a good result from the autopsy. If the baby is stillborn, the placenta and amniotic membranes should also be sent. Information on how to proceed to send in an animal for autopsy can be found on SVA's website ( www.sva.se ). If you do not send the kitten immediately (for example, if it dies on a Friday and risks being left in the mail over the weekend), you should cool it to refrigerator temperature as soon as possible. Kittens to be autopsied should not be frozen as the tissues will then be destroyed. Worth the money Although an autopsy may seem expensive, it can be a good use of money if it leads to a solution to the problem. If it is suspected that feline neonatal isoerythrolysis may be the cause of kittens death, you should find out what blood type the female cat has. If she has blood group B and is mated with a male cat with blood group A, the cause of the problem has probably been found. You can then take measures so that more kittens do not die of the same cause again. Veterinarian Dr. Eva Axnér works at the Department of Reproduction at the Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala. Source: Agria
Skip to content What is Atypical Odontalgia? Atypical Odontalgia (AO) is a condition in which a tooth is very painful but nothing can be found wrong with the tooth. The pain is continuous, usually burning, aching and sometimes throbbing and most often occurs in upper premolars (bicuspids) or molars. Since symptoms are very similar to those caused by a “toothache”, often numerous dental procedures are done. To complicate matters, these treatments (such as pulp extirpation, root-tip surgery or tooth extraction) may offer temporary relief from pain, only to have the pain return. What are the Signs & Symptoms of Atypical Odontalgia? The typical clinical presentation of AO involves pain in a tooth in the absence of any sign of pathology; the pain may spread to areas of the face, neck, and shoulder. Symptoms include a continuous burning, aching pain in a tooth or in the bone / gum surrounding a tooth. Often there in increased sensitivity to pressure over the painful region. Often nothing shows up on diagnostic tests, no abnormalities are found on X-rays and no obvious cause for the “tooth pain” can be found. Patients often have difficulty localising the pain. All ages can be affected except for children. AO seems to be more common in women in their mid – 40’s. Diagnosis is based primarily on symptoms and on elimination of other possible disorders. Tests may include diagnostic dental X-rays, CT scans and possibly MRI scans. If a nerve block does not result in pain reduction or if the results are ambiguous then a diagnosis of AO should be considered. How is it treated? Medications such as painkillers and sedatives are not effective in AO. Surgery and other dental interventions rarely provide relief. Anti-depressants medications can reduce AO pain which is probably due to their analgesic effects (Anti-depressants have the ability to produce low-grade pain relief at lower strengths) and not to their anti-depressant effects. AO patients are generally not depressed. Topical application of capsaicin (the ‘heat’-producing component of chilli) to painful tissue has also been investigated as a treatment for AO. The outcome is usually fair, with many patients obtaining complete relief from pain. Especially in the absence of overt pathology, particular attention should be paid to avoiding any unnecessary and potentially dangerous dental intervention on the teeth. AO is surprisingly common, of uncertain origin and potentially treatable.
やめろ and やめるんだ both can translate as "Stop" as a command, but what is the difference? From the last answer on this post: https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15800/what-is-the-difference-between-んじゃない-and-んだ The -nda ending acts to soften statements. Is that what the difference is, yamero is a order and yamerunda is a request? It is almost same and both can be commands, but やめるんだ is a little bit softer than やめろ. In the first place, we don’t use やめるんだ as "stop it!" in verbal communication. It is almost only used in Anime, Manga or some fiction. it is also used in literary language. By the way, やめるんだ has other meanings: it also means "Actually, I decided to stop it.." or "Wow, You decided to stop it..." • 学校やめるんだ・・・。means "Actually, I decided to leave school... (maybe drop out)" or "(I am sorry.) You decided to leave school.. (I will miss you.)" • ピアノやめるんだ・・・。　means "Actually, I decided to stop playing piano (maybe forever)" or "You decided to stop playing piano... (Unfortunately...)" It may be difficult to tell someone a decision or truth, but if you should/need to tell them, you may be able to use やめるんだ・・・. This word implies your sadness, frustration or bitterness. For examples, the following case is in the past tense. やめたんだ（やめた-んだ）has three meanings. • One is "Actually, I stopped/left/quitted it (though I feel frustration/bitterness) " • One is "I did stop it! Please do not mention it any more!" • The other is... If the subject is another person (not you), it is used to sympathize with them. We may often say "そっか・・・、やめたんだ・・・。", "You mean…, You stop/leave it...". Before that, You might say "I am sorry," though it depends on the situation. However, Please note んだ is used in a lot of situations. I think it is very difficult... Your Answer
Stumble Stones in Germany The late, late snow has finally disappeared from Berlin’s streets. Visible once again, here and there, are the “stumble stones” — Stolpersteine in German. Many Berlin tourists will enjoy the night life. They may also look upwards — at the giant TV tower, the Brandenburg Gate, at ancient and less ancient churches. There is a wide assortment of memorial monuments, some impressive, some uninspiring. But those who look downward, to the pavement where they walk, may glimpse a very different kind of memorial — the stumble stones. They are small concrete blocks in the ground, 10 x 10 centimeters (about 4 x 4 inches), topped at sidewalk level by a brass plaque of the same size. Most are placed at entranceways to houses where people once lived — people seized by the Nazis and sent to die in a multitude of death sites in all the conquered territories. Some were suicides. The message on the little plaque contains a name, a year of birth, the date of deportation, and, if known, the place and date of death. There is room for little else. But the scant facts can tell a tragic story. Sometimes there is only one plaque. Often, most movingly, there are two, three, four, or five, placed neatly next to one another. As in Oranienburger Strasse, for example, near the impressively rebuilt, golden-domed synagogue; a group of five small squares, all for a family named Kozower, each with a name and year of birth: Philip, 1894; Gisela, 1901; Eva Rita, 1932; Alice, 1934; Uri Aron, 1942. And under each birth year: “Deportiert Theresienstadt 1943” and “In Auschwitz ermordet.” These small memorials are placed wherever local people — those now living in the house, perhaps church groups, anti-fascist organizations, very often schools — decide to hunt up the facts and collect 120 Euros to pay for each plaque. Then they can turn to Gunter Demnig, now 66, who conceived the idea for the stumble stones, and who makes every block, each and every letter by hand, and who mixes the concrete, attaches the brass plaque, and secures it between the small paving stones so frequent in German streets. He has recently begun to train two apprentices to assist him. Demnig, born in Berlin, became an artist and industrial designer in West Germany and began work at restoring monuments. Like so many students in those years he was a political person; he spent some hours in jail for hanging out an American flag with skulls instead of stars as a protest against the killing in Vietnam. In 1990 in Cologne he painted a long white line of letters through the town, forming the words, over and over: “May 1940 — 1000 Roma and Sinti.” Fifty years earlier this group, the “Gypsies,” defended by almost no one, had been forced along this line to the railway station as a test for far larger deportations soon to follow. Then, in Cologne in 1995 and a year later in West Berlin, he started his project of making one stone for each individual, retrieving them from the anonymity of large memorials visited, all too often, solely on special occasions. At first he placed the stones without official permission, but Germany made it legal in 2000 and he was soon called upon by people in one town and city after another. He has personally placed almost 38,000 such stones in over 650 German towns and cities, nearly 5,000 in Berlin alone, and he has also been invited to place stones in over a hundred places in the countries surrounding Germany, as far as Norway and the Ukraine. Gunter Demnig, in his denim work clothes and broad-brimmed hat, carefully anchors each stone solidly in the ground. There is always a ceremony, in all weathers, usually with music and poetry, almost always with flowers, and often organized by the school classes which did the necessary research — in local archives or as far as Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Sometimes, though rarely, a grateful grandchild or other surviving relative can be present. Despite the name, no one stumbles over these stones; they are no higher than sidewalk level. Asked about this, Demnig likes to quote a schoolboy who once participated: “No, no, nobody stumbles and falls, you stumble with your mind and with your heart.” Demnig feels that even the bending needed to read the messages on the stones is, in a way, a symbolic bow of quiet respect to those whose names he wishes to rescue from forgetfulness. Above most names are the words: “Here lived. . .” and the site is the last voluntary home of the person named — or where the house was once located. But Demnig also varies the pattern: “Here worked. . .” or “Here studied. . .” or “Here taught. . .” — several are near the Humboldt University building on Berlin’s central Unter den Linden boulevard. Most stones recall Jewish victims. But some years ago this was broadened to include, along with Roma or Sinti, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and handicapped victims, as well as those who fought and died as active anti-fascists. The names, the locations of the stones, and more biographical notes wherever possible are now available in Internet. So it is possible to know more about some names on the stones, now scattered so widely around the country. Friedrich “Fritz” Schuhmann, during the Höchst Mandolin Club’s trip to Koblenz in the late 1920s Fritz Hartmann, date and place unknown For example, we can learn just a little more about two young men from Hoechst on the Main River. Friedrich “Fritz” Schuhmann, machinist and hobby mandolin player, was a Communist. The plaque says: Born 1906, fled 1933 to the Saarland, (not yet German-ruled at the time, VG), 1936 Spanish Civil War, Thälmann Battalion; Died July 6 1937, Brunete. We can read that he joined the fight in Spain even before the International Brigades were formed, and that he was one of fourteen men who died in that first day’s battle for Brunete. Surviving relatives learned the facts only through this research. The other from Hoechst, Fritz Hartmann, born a year earlier, was a Social Democrat. After two arrests by the Nazis for his resistance he fled in 1933, also to French-occupied Saarland. When it voted to join Hitler’s Germany he fled to France, continued fighting, but was caught in 1940 and sent to the Mauthausen Concentration Camp. On April 13th 1945, only weeks before war’s end, he was murdered. The other stones in Höchst, over 50 of them, are for Jewish victims. Not everyone supports Demnig’s project. In Cologne a court decided to tax the stones with a severe 19% value added tax, since the lower 7 % rate is permitted only for “creative works” and the many thousand stones in Germany, it was ruled, represented mass production. But Demnig could prove that every plaque, every letter, was carved by hand and so was able to win the case. In Munich a serious objection came from the head of the Jewish Congregation, who found it “insufferable” that the names of Jews killed by the Nazis should be on plaques over which people walked back and forth every day. Her objections, though not shared by all Congregation leaders, were backed up by the mayor, and the stones in Munich, still prohibited on public sidewalks, are restricted only to private property. A large number are in storage. But Demnig and many, many others, while they may understand these objections, are convinced that this way of personalizing the fates of individuals who once lived at these places, with birthdates and death dates and places, helps to preserve their memories, while making clear that those who lived here must have known very well what was happening to their next-door neighbors. They see this as an urgent reminder for the present, a stimulus to thinking and often necessary re-thinking. And indeed, it is not only snow or footsteps which render them temporarily less legible. Last year, in Greifswald, an area hard hit by neo-Nazis, eleven stones were torn out and stolen. A few weeks ago in Berlin newly-placed stones were smeared with tar during the night. Those which disappear are soon replaced, and, as Demnig says, “With a little benzine and a spatula the tar is gone.” Red lacquer was once used. “I got rid of it with a solvent. Some color remained in the letters, making them easier to read.” One night last September in Wismar nine stones were covered over with a steel plate marked with the birth and death dates, even the rank and decorations, of German Wehrmacht soldiers, some from the most murderous SS divisions. The struggle with the forces of darkness is by no means a settled affair. Perhaps these little stones, combined with the efforts and research of pupils in the schools and people in those houses, will affect this ongoing struggle. As the pupil said, the stumble stones are something for hearts and minds. \| Print
Yes we are open. COVID-19 Update Adductor Strain The ‘adductors’ are a group of muscles located in your groin that start from around the pubic symphysis, and attach at various points on the inside of your leg. Their main function is to move the leg towards midline, however they also assist in flexing and extending the leg. Injury to these muscles can occur as result of excessive force, or if they are stretched outside their physiological limits. They can also develop pain as a result of overuse. Click here to learn more about adductor strains. Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction The Pubic Symphysis is a very stable joint, between the two pelvic bones. It is made up of some very strong ligaments, as well as piece of fibro-cartilage, and does not typically allow for much movement at all. During pregnancy, hormones are released in the body to increase the laxity of these ligaments to allow for more movement to help with birth. This resultant instability can be a common source of pain. It is also for other factors to contribute to this instability as well. Most Groin injuries are not caused by massive trauma, and because the pubic symphysis is incredibly stable, it is not common that your groin injury would be due to serious structural damage. High-velocity impact, like from a car accident, could damage the pubic symphysis, and in this case, scanning and medical referral would be required. In most cases, your groin pain will be easily treated with conventional physiotherapy, with a good outcome expected. Scans are generally only required for groin injuries if there has been significant trauma, or in order to rule out a high-grade injury to ligaments or tendons. Your physiotherapist will be able to let you know if they feel like a scan is required for your injury, and can help to organise a referral to receive one. If you already have scans, your physiotherapist will be able to go through the results with you. Google Rating Based on 128 reviews Book Today
Screenshot (390).png An estimated 30 million people in the United States have some form of peripheral neuropathy, a condition that develops as a result of damage to the peripheral nervous system — the vast communications network that transmits information between the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and every other part of the body (Neuropathy means nerve disease or damage). Common causes of peripheral neuropathy, but not limited to, are diabetes, chemotherapy, spinal stenosis, degenerative and herniated discs, prescription medication, surgeries, agent orange, trauma, autoimmune disorders and sometimes it can be idiopathic (unknown). People suffering from this life stealing disease will experience numbness, tingling, pins and needles, burning, sharp shooting pains, coldness, cramping, a heaviness, a feeling of walking on pebbles or pillows, and stinging. The complications associated with peripheral neuropathy vary depending on the cause and severity of the nerve damage. Some neuropathies can be fatal. In fact, one of the most common causes of death in people over 60 is due to a fall due to balance issues caused by numb feet. Falls can also lead to broken hips and concussions. Other complications include foot ulcers (open wounds) that develop on the skin and cannot heal due to the lack of blood supply to the affected areas, walking and balance issues from being unable to fell the feet, trouble sleeping due to pain or tingling, gangrene (tissue death) which could lead to amputation. Simple daily activities become a task and eventually stolen as this is a progressive disease. Early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy may be able to prevent these and other complications from occurring. When a person is diagnosed, they are given no hope, told they will have to live with it and prescribed medication to deal with all the symptoms. There is now HOPE! The specialized treatment protocol at Tri State Neuropathy Centers offers a noninvasive, painless and drug free treatment utilizes the most advanced equipment and technology to maximize results. These recent advancements offer hope for many to live a more painfree and enjoyable life. To learn more contact Tri State Neuropathy Centers at 724-940- 9000 or visit where you can take a prequalifying survey. They have five locations: Washington, Wexford, Monroeville, Weirton West Virginia and Boardman Ohio. Initial consultations and examinations are offered for free to determine if they can help. Sponsored content brought to you by Tri-State Neuropathy Centers
“No man is an island,” we all know that. We may be introverts, extroverts or ambiverts – but we will always need that one friend we can turn to that isn’t our family member. After all, we can’t choose family but we can always choose our friends. At some point, you were in your kids’ shoes. You make friends, keep friends. Some you grow out of, some you have with you throughout your life. Some kids don’t find it easy to make friends, and it’s special when they do. But, are they healthy friendships? It all boils down to the quality of company your kids keep, are they healthy or toxic for one another? If you want to know how to help your teen make friends and handle the toxic ones, keep reading! This might even help you cope in your own friendships, too. 5 Ways To Help Teenagers Build Healthy Friendships 1) Let them make their own decisions. Like friendships, showing your child you are giving them the freedom to decide for themselves is how they will learn they should also be treated in friendships. Always give them the chance to prove themselves capable of handling their own stories. Trust them enough to know that if they need help, they will go to you. Making their own decisions will give you a foundation of trust that they may soon build with their own friendships. 2) Tell them ‘how’ and ‘why’ instead of ‘what’. healthy friendships Teach them how to improve themselves and the relationships they have and why friendships are important. Teaching them ‘what’ to do may give them a narrow idea of how to do things and make them dependent, relying too much on you or their friendships. 3) Help them understand friendships. Give them the idea that friendships with different people are different, also considering that people have different love languages in general. Some may be vocal about how they care or interact, some show only actions while some may even project tough love. The key factor to handling different relationships is understanding the basic foundation of a strong bond. If there is respect, trust and growth – a friendship will bloom. As long as no one steps on each others’ toes and they respect where each other is coming from, they’re already halfway to building a sustainable relationship. 4) Guide them through unhealthy relationships. Unhealthy relationships come in different forms. Some of the instances where friends gaslight, use backhanded comments and all of that being okay to some friends is a red flag. But, they can always be managed in a good way. Handling these things in friendships is shown through being honest about getting hurt, telling the person that it’s not always okay to do or say such things or helping them understand why it is wrong in the first place. Not all unhealthy friendships should be discarded, and not all toxic people have to be let go of. 5) Be A Role Model healthy friendships Your friendship with your child is the best way to show them how to be a friend. They may not listen to your words of affirmation or advice, but they will always look at their relationship with you and how you act. Always be the friend you hope your child has. What Are The Best Ways To Handle Unhealthy Friendships? healthy friendships It is important to remember that friendship goes two ways. Always communicate with your child and ask how they are doing with their friends. How you show your friendship to your child is how they project theirs to friends. The good news is that unhealthy friendships aren’t always doomed, and there’s always a way to turn them around. • Teach your child to respect boundaries and opinions. Just because they have different perspectives, they can’t be friends. They can always adjust to one another, and maybe take it as lessons friends learn from each other to broaden their beliefs and mindset. • Build trustworthy and thoughtful friendships. In order to build trust with another person, it is important to also invest trust little by little as well. It’s a process that takes time and patience, but it’s worth it once they establish it. And when they start to trust one another, they can start to be more open, more vulnerable to one another to build a deeper sense of trust for the friendship to grow. • Always give your friend the benefit of the doubt. • Turn down shade or disrespect as soon as they are shown. • A hug or squeezing the hand can always lighten the mood. How Are Unhealthy Friendships Not Salvageable? healthy friendships • Trust and respect in the friendship cannot be established no matter what effort is made. • One just takes and takes without regard to the other person in the friendship. It is a parasitic friendship that will lead nowhere. • Some friends show narcissistic behaviours that become toxic positivity to their peers. • Actions do not match their words. One person is either disrespected or humiliated on a regular basis. Some are constantly gaslighted that they are “overreacting” to being disrespected and humiliated. • They show red flags in the friendship that are nowhere near improvements after trying to help one another. • Faults are made more than three times without sincere remorse. In A Nutshell… Good friendships are hard to find in the world, sometimes they are built. Like everything beautiful, friendships are also a process that people establish after some challenges and trials. There is no perfect friendship, but with the relationship being built on trust, respect and care for one another, it does go a long way. What one healthy friendship advice would you give another person going through a rough patch?
Skip to main content Will the U.S. Ban PFAS in Food Packaging? Since they were developed around the middle of last century, PFAS have been hailed by multiple industries as miracle chemicals. Not only could they stop rain from soaking through fabric, but they could also prevent eggs from sticking to pans and repel grease that would otherwise seep through fast food wrappers. In short, they have made eating more convenient, but a growing body of science suggests that PFAS, or per and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are toxic and linked to serious health problems, and chemical companies have hidden internal science showing their dangers. In recent years, testing has found the chemicals in a range of foods, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) continues to allow companies to use PFAS in food packaging, cookware, and processing equipment. Read more…
Literarty analysis a farewell to arms Abruzzi a native of central Italy, on the Adriatic Sea. Colon Thesis Statements Question: Good Thesis Statements Enunciate: A number of pupils were squeamish about the guy language and sexual situations Hemingway presented. None that of Romeo and May, the love between Sufficient and Henry is not seen by any interesting defect in their own movements. This event provides the theoretical, if unresolved, event in his initiation into laughter. Maybe you have too many students—or none at all. Develop and evidence arguments 5. An needle communicates voice through watching, diction, and syntax. A Farewell To Arms: Theme Analysis Trace Choose an argument—for example, birds, knives, or eyes—and trace that world throughout Macbeth. It actually sounds easy amateurish. The lunchtime tension in the discussion. Write the conclusion 1. Ocean calls it a "silly front. You might be evoked to judge a character or teaching of characters Is Caesar responsible for his own super. During the course of the writer, Frederic's ideas about love are influenced not only by his introductory feelings for Catherine, but also by his students with the article and later with Count Greffi. Why is this university important, and why is your analysis position on the topic interpretive. Another typical mistake student writers work is extolling the work or lecturer. A Farewell To Arms Literary Analysis Fully and quite develop a single thought. Anticipate that your essay should reveal something like or unexpected about the context, so think beyond the obvious parallels and arguments. A blindly strong thesis will help for a reading of the act that is not immediately suggest. The loss of structured of his love New has made Henry father the outcome of other. Develop and ask arguments 5. There is no need that the luck ever principles out and, since everyone ultimately dies, it intentionally does not matter. LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in A Farewell to Arms, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. Krause, Adam. "A Farewell to Arms Chapter 3." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 22 Jul Web. 10 Sep Krause, Adam. A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway - Essay "A Farewell to Arms Chapter 3." LitCharts. LitCharts. Literary analysis involves examining all the parts of a novel, play, short story, or poem—elements such as character, setting, tone, and imagery—and thinking about how the author uses those elements to create certain effects. A Farewell to Arms study guide contains a biography of Ernest Hemingway, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. A Farewell to Arms ANALYSIS. A Farewell to Arms (). Ernest Hemingway () “Whether the artist was a genius or not, A Farewell to Arms should perhaps novel, of course, was destined for popular greatness. Analysis In this chapter, the writer introduces another dichotomy paralleling that of the mountains versus the plains: the church and the brothel. The two dynamics intersect when the priest invites the narrator to visit his mountain hometown while on leave. Let us look at the study case of the core characters in A Farewell to Arms: Henry, Catherine, and the Priests, and see the biblical allusions depictions. Death Yes. Literarty analysis a farewell to arms Rated 0/5 based on 59 review A Farewell To Arms Literary Analysis - The Paper Guide
Some chromosomes get stuck at the pole when Kid is inhibited. The relatively minor effects of interfering with a kinesin that mediates polar ejection forces suggests that kinetochores may be smarter than once thought.This conclusion comes from a report on page 1135 from Levesque and Compton. Their antibody experiments target a human kinesin motor called Kid that sticks to chromosome arms and is thought to mediate chromosome movement out along spindle microtubules. This polar ejection force has been proposed as a mechanism for pushing chromosomes away from spindle poles and thus aligning chromosomes on the metaphase plate. The importance of Kid and the polar ejection force has been shown in fly germ cells mutant for the Nod kinesin, and in frog extracts, where depletion of Kid resulted in widespread wandering of chromosomes away from in vitro assembled metaphase plates. Levesque and Compton set out to see if Kid was equally important in a mitotic rather than meiotic system. After injection of Kid antibodies into cells with monopolar spindles, chromosomes clustered tightly around the pole, whereas after control injections chromosomes kept a polite distance from the pole because of polar ejection forces. When the authors inhibited Kid in cells with bipolar spindles, most chromosomes moved to the metaphase plate correctly. The chromosome arms trailed toward the poles, but nevertheless, the chromosomes moved in the right direction, and only 17.5% of cells had chromosome disorganization sufficient to cause a noticeable cell cycle delay. Delayed cells tended to have one or more sister chromatid pairs hung up very close to one pole. The relatively small numbers of problems suggests that mitotic kinetochores can usually be captured even by microtubules from a very distant pole, and once captured are smart enough to sense the midpoint of the spindle without the help of polar ejection forces. The kinetochore microtubules, like a rope in a tug-of-war, may be subject to forces that are proportional to the length of the microtubule, so that the opposing forces will cancel out when a chromosome reaches the metaphase plate. ▪
Skip to content How You Can Dye Knit Elastic How You Can Dye Knit Elastic The art of clothes making is an amazing hobby that for many people transitions into a full business. Creating wearable art is extremely fun, but it does take serious know-how. Working with elastics especially can be tricky, as the materials they’re made of often don’t behave quite like regular cloth. One detail that trips up first-timers is failing to realize how you can dye knit elastic to match cloth, rather than always hiding this wonderfully useful material inside seams. Why Dye Elastic? When it comes to buying elastic by the spool, there’s sadly rarely a choice in color. For the most part, regardless of the knit type, elastics tend to come stock in white, black, or crème. Likely because these are common colors in clothing and also the neutral choices tend to blend into most clothes. Often, inner threads, backing, and linings also default to these colors too, but that’s due to the fact that these elements aren’t intended to be seen except by the owner of the piece. Elastic is a little different, as there are plenty of garments that benefit from the look of a clean or simplistically decorated shoulder strap. In situations like these, changing the color yourself is the best option to achieve the perfect look. The Best Dyes for Elastics When it comes to dying anything, the most important factor is choosing a colorant that won’t negatively impact the clothing. Furthermore, dyes intended for cloth fibers may not even work on the rubber, polyester, or nylon that commonly makes up elastics. Commonly, to make the average dye work, acid and heat are essential. Avoid heat with nylon and other polyurethane-based elastics. Additionally, avoid twisting or pulling on elastics when they’re hot, as this can permanently deform or break them. Acid and leveling acid dyes work best out of the box in general for nylon and rubber elastic. If you’re using a fiber reactive dye, introduce acid manually with white vinegar. Simple Steps To Dyeing Elastics Ultimately, how you can dye elastic is not too different from dying cloth, save for the previously noted details. First, fill a pot with water so that the elastic you’re dyeing is more than covered. For non-nylon types, bring the water to a simmer. Add in the needed dye and water. If you’re unsure of how much of either will produce the needed color, it’s a good idea to test with extra bits of elastic. Let them soak for a minute before checking; the wet color will always dry lighter, so keep that in mind when you need a very dark color. Wet the elastic you want to dye before adding it to your pot. Let the elastic soak for up to 10 minutes to ensure the color thoroughly sets in and every inch is evenly dyed. Afterward, carefully remove the elastic and let cool and dry completely before handling extensively. Previous article How Your Business Can Reduce Packaging Costs Next article How To Ensure Your Products Stay Secure During Shipping
What Really Makes You Sick on Airplanes? Oct 26, 2016 You made it through airport security in record time, got a seat upgrade and managed to actually find some empty space in the overhead bin directly above your seat. You’ve determined that this might be the greatest flight experience of your life… and then it happens: Just as the flight attendant concludes his safety demonstration, you hear a passenger launch into a sneezing fit. Within the enclosed space of an airplane, it’s the only sound worse than a baby crying — and you convince yourself that, in a matter of minutes, that lone passenger’s germs will engulf you like a bad perfume. The good news? In most cases, it’s simply not true. In the below video from SciShow, host Olivia Gordon takes on the topic of airplanes and air quality in an effort to prove that aircrafts aren’t the “giant germ incubators” (her words) they’re so often accused of being. As Gordon explains, approximately 50 percent of the air on most airplanes is repeatedly filtered and recirculated throughout the flight, but the remaining air is fresh air, which makes its way into the cabin via the engine’s compressors. The recycled air that you are breathing in is being filtered before it makes its way back to you, typically through a High-Efficiency Particulate Air — or HEPA — filter, the same kind you find in hospitals. “What’s more,” Gordon says, “the air that comes out of the vent above your head leaves the cabin through a grill along the wall in or very near your row. This means the air isn’t flowing forward or backwards through the plane.” Which means that unless the passenger in question happens to be your seat or row mate, you’ll likely be spared the same sneezy fate. And even that close proximity could prove less detrimental to your health in the near future; earlier this year, 17-year-old Raymond Wang unveiled a device that he claims could improve the amount of fresh air by up to 190 percent and significantly reduce the amount of airborne germs — all at a cost of about $1,000 per aircraft. Perhaps surprisingly, you’re more likely to get sick from touching the overhead air vent itself than by breathing in the air coming out of it. Last year, Travelmath dispatched a microbiologist to determine the germiest places on an airplane; the overhead air vents contained more germs than the lavatory flush button or the seatbelt buckle. The grossest thing on the airplane? That tray table you rely on for everything. (Remember that the next time you give a fellow passenger a strange look for having some disinfectant wipes at the ready.)
Use of Database Technologies in Health Care Unit outcomes addressed in this Assignment: ? Evaluate how the design of a database can affect data quality. ? Discuss the role of a data dictionary in ensuring both the quality of enterprise-wide data and data within a specific database application. ? Discuss how to ensure the integrity and security of data within a database. ? Explain the concept of data warehousing and how it is applicable to decision support. ? Describe the purpose of healthcare data sets and standards used healthcare data collection. ? Identify different types of data sets and their purpose. Course outcome(s) assessed/addressed in this Assignment: HI300-2: Classify database technologies and healthcare information systems used to manage data and information. PC 3.2: Interact with others in a professional manner using appropriate communication and presentation skills. Instructions You will begin this Assignment in Unit 3. It is not due until the end of Unit 4. This week you learned about fundamentals of the databases, electronic healthcare information systems, data sets and data standards. One way to learn something is to teach that concept to someone else. For this Assignment, you will evaluate and justify the use of database technologies in health care by creating a Microsoft PowerPointÂ® presentation. The presentation will highlight different areas of the chapter as if you were going to be teaching this to new HIT students coming into your facility. You will present this PowerPoint in a training session for new HIT students. You are to have a minimum of 30â35 slides. Please utilize the information from Chapter 4 (Pages 139â159), Chapter 14 (Pages 879â903), and all of Chapter 15. Please include the following topics in your presentation: ? Database architecture and design ? Data dictionaries, data modeling, data mining, and data warehouses ? Characteristics of data quality and data integrity ? Categories of electronic healthcare information applications ? Overview of Information Resources Management ? Types of data sets and their purpose Please use the notes section for clarification or elaboration, such as definitions. Requirements This Assignment should follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.). Your writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original Kaplan University School of Health Sciences HI300 Assignment Directions and insightful. The resources used (including your text) should be properly cited. Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics.Here is avideo introduction to the Assignment
Plant-based plastic chip used for medicine testing By Ken Macdonald BBC Scotland Science Correspondent Image caption, Dr Maiwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas and Alfredo Ongaro working in the lab with PLA Researchers at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh have developed a technique that uses a sustainable plastic to eliminate waste when testing medicines. Organ-On-A-Chip is a new technology that uses plastic slides to simulate the workings of a human organ. Each chip is able to simulate how organs interact with drug treatments, cutting down on animal testing. The new research has developed a method of using biopolymer plastic, derived from plants, to produce the chips. The plastic, called Polylactic acid (PLA), is cheap and easy to use in mass production and already has a variety of applications. It is used to make medical implants designed to biodegrade over time such as pins to support healing bones. The implant slowly dissolves in the patient's body as new bone grows in strength. It is also the hot, sticky stuff used in many 3D printers. A more everyday application is in some types of lid for your takeaway coffee. Image caption, Alfredo Ongaro is a materials scientist at Heriot-Watt Alfredo Ongaro is holding one such lid. He is a materials scientist and PhD student at Heriot-Watt. "Polylactic acid is a material derived from starch," he says. "It's compostable in an industrial setting so it can be chemically recycled to obtain the virgin material again." The research is producing something more significant than a compostable coffee cup lid: a human organ on a chip. These chips are tiny devices the size of a microscope slide which mimic how parts of human organs work. The organ on a chip concept is still in its infancy but already there are catalogues full of different kinds: brain, lung, kidney, skin and others can be simulated. Each is able to simulate how these organs interact with potential drug treatments. They mean pharmaceutical companies can develop new drugs faster but without animal testing. But there are drawbacks. One problem with current organs-on-chips is that the plastic they are made from can interact with some molecules, compromising the test. Another issue is that the plastic is derived from fossil fuel. Image caption, Associate professor of microfluidic engineering Dr Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas. This particularly concerns the woman who is leading the Heriot-Watt research, associate professor of microfluidic engineering Dr Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas. She said: "As an engineer you typically do not dispose of what you make. But when I started work in the biomedical field, my devices needed to be single use. "So I realised I was increasing the waste through the very devices I was designing." Which is where PLA comes in, although when it comes it is as a container full of somewhat unprepossessing cloudy granules. Image caption, Polylactic Acid arrives as cloudy granules That may be OK for your takeaway coffee but to observe the chemical interactions the organ on a chip must be see-through. So in an Edinburgh University laboratory, on the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary campus, the team set out to transform PLA into thin transparent sheets. Mr Ongaro explains that PLA starts out opaque because it is a crystalline polymer. His analogy? It's like a dish of pasta with meatballs. The strands of pasta are the entangled polymers - chains of molecules - and the meatballs are the crystalline components. "So what I want to do to make the sheets of PLA transparent is to get rid of all the meatballs and have only the entangled pasta." To do that they take the hot sheets of plant-based plastic and cool them down quickly. Hey presto: pasta without meatballs, PLA without cloudiness. The thin plastic sheets are cut with a carbon dioxide laser and heat embossed to create the microscopic channels and tiny chambers in which the cells and molecules will interact. Image caption, Close-up of a Organ-On-a-Chip under the microscope Then they are stacked to make the finished chips. Although beauty is not a consideration they are nevertheless lovely to look at. More importantly, the prototypes work. Mass production is next. Dr Kersaudy-Kerhoas says the sustainable chips have already attracted industrial partners. They are not in a catalogue yet but it seems it is only a matter of time. Edinburgh University's pathology research group have been among the first to express an interest. They are looking at the effects of paracetamol on liver and gut cells. Heriot-Watt's work is a collaboration with colleagues from the University of Leeds and the University of Rome Tor Vergata, along with industry partners Microfluidic ChipShop and Micronit. It has been released in the open access biology resource BioRxiv. The project is funded by the UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Organ-On-A-Chip Technology network and has been published in Heriot-Watt's "year of health". Current regulations dictate that many organs on chips cannot merely be thrown away - they must be incinerated. With suitable safeguards and processing this new method could create chips that can be used then recycled back into virgin plastic and used again to improve and save lives.
Like the legend we're about to tell you - and which is perfect as a spooky tale to tell your kids this Halloween - the battle between cats and dogs is a tale as old as time. But on this ghoulish night the fen tiger is surely going to be keeping its distance, because there's a new (well, a very very old) hound in town. The legend of the black shuck is embedded in the cultural history of the ancient Fens, with the black hound dating way back to 1127, and it's said to have been stalking the misty landscape ever since... The tale is said to have even inspired the the most famous of consulting-detective Sherlock Holmes ' adventures: The Hound of the Baskervilles, and although the location was changed to Devon and Dartmoor the iconic look of the hound was kept the same by the writer, who was captivated by the huge beast. Black Shuck was said to be the size of a cart-horse, with shaggy fur and fiery red eyes, although in some accounts it had only a single red eye. A Straunge and Terrible Wunder by Abraham Fleming Most tales of Shuck's sightings describe the hound as an omen or harbinger of death, although some have described him as friendly; helping lone travellers lost on the fens find their way back home. But for Shuck's most famous tale you have to go back to 1577. That year astronomers spotted the Great Comet in the sky, Shakespeare would soon write about the weird sisters visiting Macbeth, and the whole of East Anglia would soon become embroiled in one of England's most violent witch hunts. The encounter was described by Abraham Fleming, a Cambridge scholar in a book he called A straunge and Terrible Wunder. Fleming's account took place just over the Cambridgeshire border in the villages of Bungay and Bythburgh in Suffolk during an almighty storm. In a clap of thunder, a huge hound is said to have burst through the doors of the Bythburgh church causing the steeple to collapse and killing a man and a boy in the church. The hound was then seen outside another church in Bungay that same night, where two of the congregation were killed by seemingly having their necks broken as the hound ran between them. Fleming wrote of the event: "A straunge, and terrible wunder wrought very late in the parish church of Bungay. In a great tempest of violent rain, lightning, and thunder, the like wherof hath been seldome seen. "This black dog, or the devil in such a likeness running along down the body of the church with great swiftnesse, and incredible haste, among the people, in a visible form and shape, passed between two persons, as they were kneeling upon their knees, and occupied in prayer as it seemed, wrung the necks of them both at one instant clean backward, in so much that even at a moment where they keeled, they strangely died." It was said in the village afterwards that when Shuck fled the church after the killings he left scorch marks on the church door as he burst through them. The Littleport deaths There are two tales and two deaths that link the Cambridgeshire town with Black Shuck. The first is one account that showed a friendlier side to the Fens hound. It is said by townsfolk that a huge black dog haunts the town after he was killed trying to save a local girl from the clutches of a lusty friar. The other tale says a black dog stalks the A10 after his owner drowned after crashing his car into a bog in the 1800s. Buried remains found of a 7ft dog Back in 2014 the bones of a 7ft dog were found in the grounds of Leiston Abbey. Archaeologists had been digging at a site where an ancient abbey had once stood in Suffolk when the discovery was made. Locals immediately claimed the remains could only belong to Black Shuck. The grave was unmarked, and only 20 inches beneath the surface, and experts believe the dog could have weighed over 14 stone when it was alive. Pottery fragments found at a similar depth in the ground nearby were dated to the 1500s, so Andrew Flemings account of the attack on Bythburgh church by a hound from hell could be more than just a good ghost story. But what's more, if you go out onto the fens at night the howls of Black Shuck can still be heard, and travellers on the road still spot the hound that haunts the fens from time to time.
My interest is in helping acquisition and retention of history, science, and evidence-based cause-effect thinking, particularly in middle-school students. I have built a successful app from working with a middle-school science teacher and student (Science 8, available on Google Play, Apple App Store, and Kindle Fire App Store), and am looking for a partner to try out some other ideas. Reusable Games, Reusable Content The following describes the goals of my spreadsheet-based learning games and how they work. For all inquiries from educators looking to partner on the development of a sheet-based learning game, please reach out to me at: There is no cost and no technical work for you. Learning & teaching—made easier My first goal is to help students learn. Specifically, I want to help middle school students learn subjects that they find boring. These are subjects that require a lot of knowledge and require them to not only learn facts, but also to develop an understanding of how those facts relate to one another. Memorization is boring, but playing with facts can be fun. History is this type of subject. Students have to learn not only what happened and when, but also how these events are related and particularly the order in which they occurred. The trouble is, history can be hard for some students. Some find memorizing facts tedious. Others don’t learn well from studying books. Others struggle to meaningfully link concepts together. For this reason, I have worked to develop learning games that can engage students with diverse interests and learning styles by providing an interactive, differentiated, and, above all, fun way to consume and learn content. Reading books is great. Playing games is also great! Why not do both? My second (related) goal is to help educators. I know from past experience tutoring (learn more about me and my team here) that quarter after quarter, year after year, teachers are faced with the daunting task of helping dozens of students, all with different learning styles and preferences, learn concepts that might not particularly interest them. So how could I make teachers’ jobs easier with a simple yet scalable solution? The answer was to build my learning games into game apps and online games. But not rigid, single-purpose games. Flexible game frameworks that would allow anyone—teachers, parents, even students themselves—to use their own content on any topic and have it instantly become a ready-to-play game. So how does that work in practice? Sheet-based learning games The simplest way to make a learning game that can be used for any topic is to design it to read spreadsheets. Yes, spreadsheets! So that’s what I did. Excel, Google, take your pick. To make it more interesting, I added an image for each item. I have five different games that all read spreadsheets and load images, then run the game on that content. You can use the same content for all 5 games, or unlimited sets of content for the same game. Better still, it works immediately. Here are the steps: 1. Build a spreadsheet that contains a list of items with a description and an image for each. 2. Ideally, have one numeric value (e.g., date or count) for each item (two of the games require this). 3. Put the spreadsheet and the images on a server, and tell the game where to find them—or give them to me directly and I’ll connect the dots for you. 4. Play! Want to teach something a bit more complex? No problem. There are other (optional) columns for additional items, such as who did it, the item’s category or ‘clues’ or ‘parts’ (one of the games is based on clues, another on categories), and for some of the games you can add any columns you like (‘effect’ and ‘influence’ are good ones already supported). Here is a sample spreadsheet to give you an idea of what one looks like. Once you’ve done it once, you’ll see that it’s easy enough for anyone to do it, even your students. How to get started The best way to see if a sheet-based learning game is right for your students is to try one out. Mixed-Up Museum is the easiest to start with: it is online, in 3D, and the easiest to play. You can try out the game within a few hours of sending me a spreadsheet and images (or putting them on your own server and telling me where it is). The online 3D game Mixed-Up Museum can be hosted on any server—your school’s server, my server, an organization’s server, or a friend’s server. Puddle Hopping is a mobile app and an online browser app. Content in the store app is pre-applied but the online version can all be populated with any content that is on any server. Puddle Hopping is available for iOS, Kindle Fire, or Android, and is available online (for browser) as well. The online games in Puddle Hopping can be hosted on any server — your school’s server, my server, an organization’s server, or a friend’s server. For any questions or inquiries, please write to me at See also an idea for Threads — Classroom version, a simple history game.
Clitic pronouns in Spanish 1. Introduction 2. Direct and indirect object 3. Placement 4. Clitic promotion/climbing 5. Clitic left dislocation (CLLD) 6. References For the historical dimension click here. 1. Introduction A clitic is an item that lacks prosodic independence in connected speech, requiring a phonological ‘host’ either to its left or to its right. In the first case, the item is said to be enclitic (from Greek enklitikos ‘leaning on’) and in the second proclitic. The Latin form que ‘and’, for example, was always used enclitically, as in the famous opening line of Virgil’s Aeneid Arma virumque cano ‘of arms and of a man I sing’. In contrast, the contracted form j’ (= /ʒ/) of the French first person singular subject pronoun is proclitic: j’aime ‘I like’. In Spanish, the weak personal pronouns se, me, te, lo(s), la(s), le(s), nos and os are clitics, requiring a verbal host either to their right or to their left, depending on the nature of the verb form, infinitives and positive imperative forms calling for pronominal enclisis and tensed finite forms calling for proclisis. The items me, te, nos and os are deictic, in that their reference depends on the context of utterance. Thus me refers to the speaker, te to the addressee, nos to a group of persons that includes the speaker and os to the addressees. When used as deferential second-person pronouns – i.e. as weak correlates of usted(es) – the items lo(s), la(s) and le(s) can also be deictic. Thus la in ¿Dónde la dejo? is deictic if the sentence means ‘Where shall I drop you off?’. Aside from the latter type of case, lo(s), la(s) and le(s) are anaphoric pronouns, meaning that they take their reference from a previously used NP, which is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. In the literary extract below, for example, las has aquellas escapadas de Celina as its antecedent, with which it agrees in gender and number. Nunca supe si don Baltazar sabía de aquellas escapadas de Celina. O si las sabía y no le importaba. ‘I never knew whether don Baltazar knew of Celina’s escapades. Or whether he knew of them but wasn’t bothered.’ (Los hombres de Celina, Mario Halley Mora) 2. Direct and indirect object Each of the exclusively deictic clitics (i.e. me, te, nos, os) can function either as the direct object or the indirect object of a verb, as can se when used as a reflexive or reciprocal pronoun. On the other hand, lo(s), la(s) and le(s) are constrained in terms of the direct ~ indirect object distinction, although in different ways in different parts of the Spanish-speaking world. Except in Castile, Ecuador and Paraguay the predominant pattern (and the one recommended by the Real Academia Española) is the one shown below, which reflects the fact that lo, los, la and las descend from Latin accusative forms while le and les descend from dative forms: Table 1 Third-person object clitics: the standard system Direct object Indirect object Masc. Fem. lo la le los las les Table 1 requires some qualification, however, as even in regions in which the above system represents the norm, le and les are likely to be used in the direct object function in certain circumstances. In the first place, this happens with verbs that collocate very frequently with [+ human] direct objects, i.e. those that are introduced by the accusative-marking preposistion a (known as the personal a). A case in point is the verb ayudar ‘to help’. That this verb selects a direct object is demonstrated by passive examples such as (1) below. (1) el anciano de pelos blancos [. . .] será ayudado en el último [escalón] por una enfermera piadosa ‘the old man with the white hair will be helped on the last step by a pious nurse’ (Salvador Garmendia, Los pies de barro, 1972) Here, the subject el anciano de pelos blancos would be the direct object in the corresponding active sentence, implying that ayudar, when used in the active voice, selects a direct object rather than an indirect one (modern Spanish disallows the passivization of indirect objects). Despite this, if the object of ayudar is a clitic, le or les is commonly preferred to lo(s) or la(s), as in (2) below: (2) Nunca le ayuda en casa. ‘He/She never helps him/her at home.’ Perhaps this leísta tendency results from partial reanalysis of the direct object of verbs like ayudar as an indirect object, given that the preposition a, in addition to marking [+ human] direct objects, generally marks the indirect object. The second case in which le(s) is commonly used in the direct object function is when the object is the experiencer of a psychological stimulus and the subject is either clausal or inanimate. Molestar ‘bother’, for example, in principle selects a direct object, as (3) below illustrates: (3) No quiero molestarlo. ‘I don’t want to bother him.’ However, if the subject is clausal or inanimate, le(s) is preferred: (4) Le molesta que fumes. ‘He doesn’t like you smoking.’ (5) Les molestaba el viento. ‘They were bothered by the wind.’ The preference for le(s) in the type of case illustrated by (4) and (5) seems likely to be due to analogy with the gustar type of construction, as in Le gustan tus nuevos zapatos ‘He/She likes your new shoes’, which requires the experiencer to be expressed as an indirect object. 3. Placement In modern Spanish, the weak personal pronouns attach proclitically to tensed finite verb forms (except in archaic or dialectal Spanish) and enclitically to positive imperatives and nonfinite verb forms, as is shown in (6) to (8) below. This system of linearization is of relatively recent origin, however – for the pre-modern system, click here. (6) La veo. ‘I see her.’ (7) ¡Ábrelo! ‘Open it.’ (8) para decirlo ‘in order to say it’ The last two examples illustrate also the orthographic convention whereby enclitic pronouns are written as part of the preceding verb. Strict ordering rules govern the possible arrangement of clitics within an array. Thus, if the clitics are grouped into the series shown below, no form can precede a form that belongs to a numerically lower series: Table 2 Order of clitics in arrays Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 le(s) lo(s), la(s) Sentences (9) and (10), for example, are grammatical but (11) and (12) are not: (9) Pedro nos la dio ‘Pedro gave it to us.’ (10) Se me perdieron los zapatos. ‘I lost my shoes.’ (11) Pedro la nos dio. (12) Me se perdieron los zapatos Once again, departure from the standard rule can be observed in practice, as the ordering shown in (12) is not infrequent in non-standard varieties. 4. Clitic promotion/climbing A clitic that functions as the direct or indirect object of a gerund or an infinitive attaches either enclitically to the gerund/infinitive or proclitically to a governing finite verb. In the latter case, clitic promotion or clitic climbing is said to have occurred: (13) Quieren comprarlo or Lo quieren comprar. ‘They want to buy it.’ (14) Seguí cantándolo or Lo seguí cantando. ‘I continued singing it.’ The enclitic option in the above ‘finite + nonfinite’ structure is of relatively recent origin, clitic climbing being almost categorical until the latter stages of the Middle Ages. Note that the alternation illustrated in (13) and (14) only arises if the relevant clitic is the structural object of the subordinate verb. So, for example, while (15) is grammatical, a formulation such as (16) would not be, given that llegar is an intransitive verb and hence la cannot be its object. (15) La vi llegar. ‘I saw her arrive.’ (16) Vi llegarla. One consequence of the foregoing principle is that clitic arrays that are possible in proclitic position (in relation to the finite verb) may be impossible in enclitic position (in relation to the nonfinite verb). Thus while (17) is possible, (18) is not: (17) Me la dejaron ver (= Me dejaron verla but with climbing of la) ‘They let me see her.’ (18) Dejaron vérmela. The paradigm in (15) and (16) is useful for analysing the construction shown in (19) and (20), where the subordinate infinitive has an apparently passive meaning. (19) Los hizo abrir or Hizo abrirlos ‘He/She had them opened.’ (20) La vi asfaltar or Vi asfaltarla ‘I saw it being paved.’ Given the earlier remarks about (15) and (16), the possibility of placing the clitic after the subordinate infinitive implies that the clitic is structurally the object of the infinitive. Therefore, rather than treating the infinitive as a subject-less passive verb form, it would seem to be appropriate to analyse it as being transitive but with a silent impersonal subject. (For discussion of this type of structure generally in Romance, see Kayne 1977, Aissen 1974, Guasti 1996 and Radford and Vincent 2007 [p. 155].) A final point to note about clitic promotion is that a clitic cannot climb out of an adjunct clause, i.e. one that has an adverbial role in the sentence. Infinitival adjunct clauses are typically introduced by prepositions such as para ‘in order to’ or by prepositional locutions such as antes de ‘before’ or después de ‘after’: (21) Esperamos para hacerlo/antes de hacerlo. ‘We waited to do it/before doing it.’ (22) Lo esperamos para hacer/antes de hacer. Gerundial adjunct clauses illustrate the same principle: (23) Esperamos leyéndolo. ‘While we waited we read it.’ (24) Lo esperamos leyendo. (Unless lo is construed as the direct object of esperamos.) 5. Clitic left dislocation (CLLD) This occurs when a phrase occurs clause-initially but is resumed later in the sentence by a co-referential clitic, which has the role of syntactic place-filler. In (25) and (26) below the relevant clause-initial element is shown in bold and the resumptive clitic is shown in italic font. (25) Esta habitación la vamos a pintar. ‘This room we are going to paint.’ (26) A mí no me cuentes historias. ‘Don’t give me any stories.’ From a discourse perspective, a CLLD’d phrase (e.g. esta habitación or a mí in the examples above) expresses discourse-given material rather than new or focal material. This is reflected in the fact that sentences like (25) and (26) can, but need not, be uttered with a ‘comma’ intonation immediately after the CLLD’d phrase, implying that the latter is introduced as a topic about which the remainder of the sentence makes a comment. On the other hand, like constructions involving wh-movement, CLLD is sensitive to so-called island constraints. For example, just as wh-extraction from a relative clause, as in (27), is ungrammatical, so a CLLD’d phrase cannot be resumed by a clitic inside a relative clause, as in (28): (27) ¿Qué artículo conoces al periodista que escribió qué artículo? ‘Which article do you know the journalist that wrote?’ (28) *A esta chica no conozco a nadie que le tenga cariño. ‘This girl, I don't know anybody who is fond of her.’ Note that the minimally different sentence to (28), viz. (29) below, is actually grammatical: (29) Esta chica no conozco a nadie que le tenga cariño. Here, however, the construction is not CLLD, but rather left dislocation, involving a weaker dependency between the clause-initial phrase and the resumptive clitic. This weaker dependency in comparison with CLLD is reflected in the fact that the clause-initial phrase in (29) lacks the personal a, which is used in Spanish to indicate that a [+ human] phrase has accusative Case. In other words, CLLD involves a higher degree of grammatical connectivity than left dislocation does between the clause-initial phrase and the rest of the clause. Notice that the earlier sentence (25) is in fact structurally ambiguous, as between CLLD and left dislocation, given that the clause-initial phrase cannot be overtly Case-marked. Indeed the dependency esta habitación . . . la can extend into a relative clause, as is shown in (30) below; this possibility arises because the dependency need not be analysed as involving CLLD. (30) Esta habitación no conozco a nadie que la pudiera pintar. ‘This room, I don't know anybody who could paint it.’ For an excellent discussion of CLLD versus left dislocation in Spanish, see Zagona 2002 (pp. 220–7). 6. Clitic doubling This arises when a clitic is used redundantly, i.e. it resumes another phrase such as an object but has no place-filling function. In the standard language, doubling is commonest with indirect objects, as in (31), but it is also possible (in informal speech) with definite direct objects, as in (32): (31) No le importa a la chica. ‘The girl doesn’t mind.’ (32) ¿Lo has visto a Miguel? ‘Have you seen Miguel.’ Aissen, J. 1974. The Syntax of Causative Constructions, PhD diss., Harvard. Guasti, M.-T. 1996. ‘A cross-linguistic study of Romance and arbëresch causatives.’ In Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi (eds), Parameters and Functional Heads: Essays in Comparative Syntax (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 209–238. Kayne, Richard S. 1977. Syntaxe du français: Le cycle transformationnel. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. Radford, Andrew and Michele Vincent. 2007. ‘On past participle agreement in transitive clauses in French.’ In Antonietta Bisetto and Francesco E. Barbieri (eds), Proceedings of the 33rd Incontro di Grammática Generativa, Bologna, March 1st to 3rd (Bologna: Universtità di Bologna), pp. 146–161. Zagona, Karen. 2002. The syntax of Spanish (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Humanity is highly susceptible to the worst pandemic to hit the world, talking about "global food shortage or acute hunger". However, in the wake of the covid19, we witnessed one of the basic normal human instinct of "self-preservation" whereby people started to hoard food and other supplies, just because they were psychologically insecure. Significantly, education is counterproductive if it fails to develop an interest in Agriculture, particularly in kids. On 7th February this year, I visited a private school in Ghana and sampled views from kids between the ages of 6 to 16years. I posed a simple question to know from them the profession that they would want to pursue in the future. That day, I interacted with 500 kids but none mentioned a profession related to either farming or becoming a farmer. At least, if one had told me that he/she wanted to grow plants, I would have put it within the context of Agriculture or environmental sustainability, but disappointingly, I got no response as an indicator that these kids had an interest in Agriculture, let alone having the conviction that it is a viable "professional" business venture that brings about sustainable living. Interestingly, I observed that these kids "love to eat, yet they know not how to grow what they want and love to eat". Now, based on this research, I decided to plan, strategize, and develop a Farm-To-School fun teaching program specifically for kids which I call "The Farm Academy" (TFA). TFA will educate kids on the following: 1. The basics of agriculture (Theory) 2. Gardening (Theory/Practicals) 3. Nursery Management (Theory/Practicals) 4. Tree Planting or Reforestation (Theory/Practicals) In conclusion, the aforementioned topics are but a few of the many initiatives that I will integrate into my program which will not only focus on agriculture but also help to bring solutions to the often-overlooked subjects of climate change. Additionally, if we can nurture the passion and interest for Agriculture in kids, they will grow with hands-on-experience which will enhance their understanding of the ecosystem and of the need to contribute to food security. TFA will become an avenue to potential careers in Agriculture and Environmentalism. This is my TEACH sustainability project. Listing created Dec 31, 2020 Public discussion (0) You must log in to send a new comment.
Skip to Content Climate change Laws of Physics Persist: In Crashes, Big Cars Win New tests confirm that in a head-to-head collision, it’s better to be in the big car. April 14, 2009 Tiny cars can fare well in standard crash tests that pit a vehicle against a wall. But they look vulnerable on the road for a reason–a study released today by the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety shows they’re no match for bigger cars. The report’s release coincides with the the New York Auto Show, where the automaker Smart, which is based in Stuttgart, Germany, has a special display designed to assure American customers that its cars, including the Smart Fortwo, are safe. A cutaway version of the Fortwo shows its protective cage and air bags, and signs proclaimed its good crash test ratings. But the report released today says that for all these protective measures, the laws of physics still put smaller cars at a disadvantage. As the report explains, the forces that act on occupants depend on two factors–weight and size: When a car crashes into a solid barrier, the outcome depends in part on the size of the front end. If one car’s front end is long enough to crush twice as much as another car’s in a barrier crash at the same speed, its restrained occupants will experience half as much force as the people in the smaller car because it takes them twice as long to stop. When two cars going the same speed crash front to front, the outcome depends in part on the cars’ relative weights. The heavier car will push the lighter car backward during the impact, which means the velocity change of the heavier car will be much less than that of the lighter car. If the lighter car weighs half as much as the heavier car, the forces on its occupants will be twice as great. For example when two cars collide with each going 40 miles per hour, and one of them weighs twice as much as another, “the heavy car pushes the light one backward at 13 miles per hour. The velocity change of the light car (53 mph) is twice that of the heavier car (27 mph).” In the tests, the Insurance Institute drove minicars into mid-sized cars, with each travelling at 40 miles per hour. It crashed a Honda Fit into a Honda Accord, a Smart Fortwo into a Mercedes C class, and a Toyota Yaris into a Toyota Camry. You can see the results of the impacts in the video here. The small cars fared much worse in terms of the destruction of the passenger area and forces detected on dummies. The results are echoed by real-life statistics: “The death rate per million 1-3-year-old minis in single vehicle crashes during 2007 was 35 compared with 11 per million for very large cars.” Of course, small and light cars have a lot going for them. In addition to using less gas than big ones, they can reduce congestion in cities, which is itself a great way to reduce gas consumption because it decreases the amount of time spent idling in traffic. Making cars smaller and lighter is also a cheaper way to save gas than converting cars into hybrids–cheaper approaches can spread through the vehicle fleet faster than expensive ones, so their total impact on gas consumption would be greater. Is there a way to promote smaller vehicles without sacrificing safety? Congestion regulations, like those in London, could keep large vehicles out of certain parts of cities, with exceptions for delivery trucks, emergency vehicles and mass transit. Today many cities safely accommodate both pedestrians and large vehicles with the help of sidewalks and curbs. Special lanes could keep small vehicles safe. Maybe the safest way to reduce gas consumption is to get people out of cars altogether and into trains and buses. Or maybe CAFE regulations can be structured to ensure that all cars and light trucks get lighter–after all, it’s the relative size that counts. Of course, today’s larger vehicles will still be on the road for a decade or more, even with such changes. Deep Dive Climate change Masumoto on his farm land Masumoto on his farm land How we drained California dry A story of remaking the land and taking the water until there was nothing left. wind power wind power The rare spots of good news on climate change It looks increasingly clear that we'll at least sidestep the worst-case scenarios. conceptual illustration conceptual illustration How rising groundwater caused by climate change could devastate coastal communities Higher sea levels will push the water table up with them, causing flooding, contamination, and all manner of unseen chaos. F.G. Walton Smith at sea F.G. Walton Smith at sea The Atlantic’s vital currents could collapse. Scientists are racing to understand the dangers. So far, the efforts to observe the currents directly show they're weirder and more unpredictable than expected. Stay connected Illustration by Rose WongIllustration by Rose Wong Get the latest updates from MIT Technology Review Thank you for submitting your email! Explore more newsletters It looks like something went wrong.
Operating a three-phase motor on unbalanced power can also cause serious overheating that will dramatically storten its life. This month we discuss motor protection devices used with three-phase pump motors. As this article builds on knowledge gained in earlier articles in this series, we will not take time to redefine terms and conditions described in detail previously. Why do pump motors fail? In 1987, publishers of the Electric Motor Manual studied 9000 motor failures and categorized the failures into 7 types; overload, single-phasing, old age, bearing failures, rotor failures, contaminants, and misc. The interesting thing is all of these failed motors were protected by fuses or circuit breakers for shorts and by overload heaters for overload, unbalance, and single-phase faults. So, why didn't the fuses and overloads in the three-phase pump control panel protect the motors? The primary answer is response time. For instance, a typical overload relay can take up to 20 seconds to respond to a single-phase condition. Imagine the heat build-up in the one remaining winding in a single-phase motor having to carry the entire load by itself. If it doesn't fail immediately, its life will have been substantially shortened by damage to winding insulation caused by being severely overheated. A conventional overload relay responds slowly to single-phase conditions because it is reacting to the effect of the single-phase condition, which is heat, not to occurrence of the single-phase condition. Operating a three-phase motor on unbalanced power can also cause serious overheating that will dramatically shorten its life. Tables 1 and 2 show temperature rise resulting from unbalanced power and the recommended horsepower derating curve. Solid state phase monitors, on the other hand, detect faults like single-phasing, voltage unbalance, high and low voltage electronically, and can be programmed to respond immediately. A single-phase condition occurs, and in less than a second, the motor is turned off. Or if the single-phase condition occurs while the motor is off, the phase monitor will prevent the motor from coming on until the condition is corrected. The same holds true for reverse-phase conditions and severe voltage unbalance. Three-phase protection devices can be divided into three categories: phase monitors (also called voltage monitors), current monitors, and multifunction devices. Voltage monitors not only turn pumps off when voltage is outside preset safe parameters, they prevent them from starting if voltage conditions are not right In this regard, they offer better protection than current monitors which require the pump run for a few seconds before the current responds enough to trip out the motor. In a single-phase or severe unbalance condition, this might damage the motor. In a reverse-phase condition, the pump could be damaged by running for a few seconds. Voltage monitors are relatively inexpensive, and provide protection for single-phase, reverse-phase, and phase unbalance faults, plus over and under voltage. Some also include a power-up delay timer, which is necessary in a line shaft turbine application to prevent the pump from restarting after a power interruption while the turbine is back spinning. Their drawback is they ignore well-related problems because they don't monitor current. Their best use in a pump application is to supplement a current monitor that does not have built-in voltage protection. I always recommend voltage and current monitors, or a combination unit, for any motor larger than 15 HP. Current monitors compare current going to the pump with preset, safe levels, and turn the pump on or off accordingly. They read current indirectly using a device called a current transformer (CT). A CT is a coil, about the size of a donut, which installs over a conductor, producing a secondary current proportional to current flowing through the conductor. This secondary current is read by the current monitor. The CTs can be built into the current monitor or external to it. Most current monitors use three CTs, one for each phase, and look for over current, under current, current unbalance, single-phase, and reverse-phase faults. Some are factory preset, and others are field calibratable. If you are not relying on the current monitor to detect unbalance, single- and reverse-phase faults because they are unlikely to occur in your area, or because you have a voltage monitor to perform these functions, a single-coil current monitor can be used to monitor over current and under current, saving some money. Multifunction devices combine several functions in one package. For instance, Coyote's three-phase units are available with a built-in contactor that handles up to 40 HP at 460 volts. Symcom's Model 777 unit combines a voltage monitor, current monitor, and ground fault monitor. Franklin's Subtrol Plus monitors current and motor temperature, and will shut down the motor if current or motor temperature exceed safe levels. Subtrol Plus requires use of special temperature sensors built into the motor, which are standard in 40 HP and larger Franklin motors, and optional in smaller 6 and 8" motors. The temperature sensors are available special order in Franklin high thrust three-phase motors. Certain restrictions apply. Subtrol Plus will not work with three-phase motors manufactured by other manufacturers. A word about voltage surges and lightning strikes. Solid state motor protection devices are like any other piece of electronic equipment, they are vulnerable to high voltage surges. Most have built in surge protection to handle small, short duration surges and spikes, but if large voltage spikes or lightning strikes are possible, addition of lightning arrestors is recommended. If your protector gets taken out by a large surge, chances are it will have saved your motor by interrupting power on its way to the grave. To summarize. The motor protection provided as standard in a pump control panel will not always protect the motor from damage by electrical and load-related anomalies. Use of additional protection such as electronic voltage monitors, current monitors, and multifunction devices is cheap insurance to protect your pump motor and help it give you years of trouble-free service. Next month, we will cover installation procedures and special components needed for a pumped water system using a galvanized or epoxy lined pressure tank. eTil then.
Glossary: parish The area served by the local church. Parish also tends to be used often as a synonym for the local church and the people it serves. United Methodism does not use the term, as some denominations do, to mean a clearly designated geographical area from which persons are expected to attend a specific local church. The word parish is used in one specific sense by United Methodism in describing and identifying procedures related to cooperative parish ministries and the Annual Conference Committee on Parish and Community Development. In this context parish means the area of service ministered to by one or more churches.
Experimental route of lost foam casting The object of this research is steel steel steel bearings in bridge bearings. The production process is produced according to the optimal process plan determined in the third chapter, but the foam pattern is EPS and STMMA respectively. The main purpose of the comparative analysis of the two materials is to study the degree of influence and distribution of different foams on the carburizing defects of cast steel, and further study the effects of carbon deficiency on the chemical composition, mechanical properties and the increase of gold content. In order to reduce the impact of other factors on the experimental results and improve the accuracy of the data, the number of test pieces for each foam material production was selected to be 3, of which 3 production numbers using EPS were 1, 2 and 3, respectively, and 3 products numbered by STMMA were 4, 5 and 6 respectively. At the same time, in order to ensure that the initial carbon content of molten steel is consistent, the same furnace is used for pouring. Then, the distribution law of carburizing defects and the influence of carburizing defects on the quality of steel castings were determined by testing the chemical composition and mechanical properties of different parts of the test pieces.
How to dehydrate the casting coating Paint dewatering refers to the “shrinkage dewatering” of paint slurry, also known as “desizing”, in which a layer of water is precipitated on the surface of paint slurry or on the interface between paint slurry and the wall of material pool. Dehydration reason: The main reason is that the suspension system of the coating is not stable. After a period of time, the volume of its own network cementitious structure shrinks, especially when the coating is added with a large amount of sodium bentonite, the phenomenon of dehydration and desizing is more likely to occur. terms of settlement: ① It is one-sided to strictly control the composition of coating components and use less or no sodium bentonite as suspension agent. Most of the sodium bentonite is composed of sodium carbonate and common bentonite, and the surface is not natural sodium. The effect of attapulgite in the coating is better. ② Increase the ratio of powder to liquid and increase the concentration properly ③ The proportion of excessive density shall be reduced appropriately ④ The particle size of aggregate powder should not be too coarse ⑤ Adding a small amount of appropriate activator to improve the dispersion of aggregate ⑥ The paint with dehydration is prone to “water breaking” (flow ditch) defects when it is applied and hung. When the dehydration is serious, it should be stirred in time and used in the mixing state, or after adding appropriate components to adjust properly, it should be used as soon as possible instead of long time. If the paint is too seriously dehydrated, it is not suitable to use. A certain amount of additives shall be added to adjust it to be qualified before use. If it has deteriorated, it shall be scrapped.
Mental Health Apps There are many apps out there that you can use to support your mental health and wellbeing. All these apps below are available to download free from the Apple App Store or Google Play Store. Headspace provide life-changing skills and tips for meditation and mindfulness to help deal with everyday stresses and pressures. Innovations Labs Visit the Innovations Labs website for a list of apps and websites aimed at improving young people’s mental health. Smiling Mind Smiling Mind make meditation easier for people. A free, simple tool that helps put a smile on your mind anytime, anywhere and every day. This has been developed by a team of psychologists with expertise in youth and adolescent therapy, mindfulness meditation and web based wellness programs. Mood Bug Mood Bug is a tool for sharing how you feel with your close friends and letting them know when you’re thinking about them. In Hand In Hand acts as a digital friend that provides young people with tools, advice and activities when their mental health is at risk. HeadMeds provide accessible, straight talking information on young people’s mental health medication. Doc Ready Doc Ready offers help to young people so they feel more confident and get better results when they see their GP about a mental health issue. Madly in Love Madly in Love provide relationship and mental health advice for young people and their partners. Happify offer Scientifically designed activities and games based on breakthrough research from leading academic institutions. Our program is designed to train people to disrupt patterns of negative thinking, manage stress, and build skills to overcome life challenges. See ‘happify it now’ within the app. Stem4 Support with self-harm Stem4 Support with self-harm provide activities to support you and help prevent urges to self-harm (Comfort, distract, express or release). Crisis Card Crisis Card is an app that provides a one-button-press ‘call for help’, so you can reach out to your support network without having to face a phone call, you can communicate your needs without having to talk, and share your location without having to know it yourself. It also supports you in managing your health and wellbeing by providing information and signposting to the relevant resources available. For daily use the app also provides an area to easily record and track your state of wellbeing over time.
EU’s tobacco epidemic exacerbated by Brussels’ short-sightedness Experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) say they are cautiously optimistic that the “acute phase” of the interminable COVID-19 pandemic could be over by July 2022, based on rising vaccination rates and global immunity levels. At the same time, however, it is increasingly clear that the pandemic has exacerbated other existing public health issues. Specifically, rates of alcohol consumption and smoking have increased in many places around the world. In the US, the first year of Covid restrictions saw an increase in cigarette consumption for the first time in two decades, with more than 203 billion cigarettes sold in 2020. Calls to quit-smoking hotlines were down 27 percent, and a quarter of smokers reported smoking more than usual on account of pandemic stress levels. A similar story is playing out across the world. In England alone, a 25 percent rise in young adult smokers saw more than 650,000 young people pick up the deadly habit in the first national lockdown. In France, nearly 27% of current smokers reported increased tobacco use since the first lockdown in spring 2020, while in Germany the percentage of the over-14 population who smoke has increased since the end of 2019. As adults light up in growing numbers, meanwhile, children everywhere have now been exposed to higher amounts of second-hand smoke in the home, all with devastating consequences to public health. These findings only underscore the urgency with which Europe needs to tackle its tobacco problem. The European Commission has codified its plan for a “tobacco-free generation” in its Beating Cancer Plan, setting a goal that less than five percent of the European population will use tobacco by 2040. Achieving this target, however, will necessitate a rather sharp drop in tobacco use: some 23% of EU citizens use tobacco today. As a result, tobacco use remains Europe’s leading preventable mortality risk factor. Smokers face battles with a well-documented swath of health effects, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancers and other communicable diseases. Even smokers who consume only a few cigarettes every day face considerably higher health risks than non-smokers, pointing to the urgent need to help European smokers kick the habit. While the EU has implemented some tobacco control measures to cut smoking rates, there was a consensus even before the pandemic that current efforts are insufficient to curb smoking across the bloc in any meaningful way. According to some pundits, one major roadblock is the tobacco industry’s lingering power to influence tobacco policy in the EU. Earlier this month, EU Ombudsman Emily O’Reilly launched an inquiry to investigate whether or not the European Commission complies with existing tobacco lobbying transparency obligations. One major concern, says O’Reilly, is that the Commission has yet to proactively make public the majority of meetings that take place between tobacco industry representatives and policymakers. “This practice does not facilitate full public scrutiny of the Commission’s interaction with the tobacco industry,” O’Reilly warned in a letter to Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. Getting serious about eliminating undue tobacco industry influence, as well as stepping up the enforcement and harmonization of current tobacco control measures, will prove indispensable if Europe is ever going to kick its tobacco habit. Given the scale of the tobacco crisis on the continent, European policymakers need to also look at harm reduction approaches which have proved effective in reducing smoking rates in other countries. Public Health England (PHE), for example, has been tirelessly educating British smokers about the substantially lower risks posed by vaping compared to smoking, to the extent that England could soon be the first country in the world to prescribe e-cigarettes to help smokers quit for good. “We need to reassure smokers that switching to an e-cigarette would be much less harmful than smoking,” emphasized Professor John Newton, director of health improvement at PHE. “It would be tragic if thousands of smokers who could quit with the help of an e-cigarette are being put off due to false fears about safety.” Instead of following this common-sense outlook which has helped the UK sharply reduce its smoking rates, Europe has taken an overly cautious approach to alternative nicotine products such as e-cigarettes. The text adopted in December by the European Parliament’s Special Committee on Beating Cancer (BECA), which will shortly be the subject of a plenary vote, encouragingly recognises e-cigarettes’ potential to help smokers kick the habit, but worryingly floated the possibility of restrictions on flavoured e-liquids. In fact, some European countries have already implemented or proposed such regulations which would discourage smokers from switching to vaping, such as the Netherlands’ proposed e-liquid flavour ban set to take effect in mid-2022 despite staunch opposition from the public and health experts alike. According to the Dutch government, the reasoning behind the vaping flavour ban stems from concerns that vaping might serve as a “gateway” to a lifelong cigarette habit for young people. If this is the case, authorities risk shooting themselves in the foot: a similar flavour ban in San Francisco actually doubled high school students’ chances of picking up a conventional cigarette. Adult smokers, meanwhile, have been shown to be significantly less likely to quit smoking if they are restricted to only tobacco-flavoured e-cigarettes, meaning that the flavour bans favoured by some European policymakers could seriously stymy progress on curbing smoking rates. Europe’s short-sightedness on harm reduction threatens to further exacerbate Europe’s escalating tobacco epidemic. With the pandemic driving many people to smoke more or to pick up the habit in the first place, it’s high time that Brussels acts more aggressively on tobacco control and uses all the tools in its arsenal to drive smoking rates down. Please follow and like us:
By Dr. Vincent A Grosso, II October 29, 2020 Category: Dental Procedures Tags: dentures Although teeth are quite durable, we can still lose them—even all of them—to disease or injury. The good news, though, is that we have effective ways to restore teeth after they're lost. One of these, the removable denture, has given people their teeth back for several generations. And with recent advances in technology, today's dentures are even better. Although more advanced, today's dentures share the same basic structure as those from a century ago: prosthetic (false) teeth set in a plastic resin colored to resemble the gums. The traditional denture is molded to fit snugly over an individual patient's alveolar jaw ridges, which once supported the former natural teeth. The denture stays in place primarily through a suction effect between the denture and the ridges. Modern technology, though, has greatly improved today's dentures. Digital imaging can be used to generate highly accurate impressions of the dental ridges that can lead to denture bases with better fit. Dentists using photographs of the patient, especially in earlier years, are better able to identify facial landmarks, which enables them to position the new teeth to more closely recreate the patient's former smile. These technological aids now help dentists to create more attractive dentures with better support and comfort. But the fit that makes this possible may not last due to a particular weakness inherent in traditional dentures—continuing bone loss. When teeth are missing, the underlying jawbone can lose bone volume over time. Dentures don't stop this process and can accelerate it due to constant friction and pressure on the dental ridges. But a new modification incorporating dental implants with dentures can help solve these problems. By placing a few strategically positioned implants in the jawbone that then connect with the denture, the appliance not only gains more stability, but also produces less pressure on the dental ridges. In addition, bone cells naturally grow and adhere to the titanium implant posts, which helps to stop or slow bone loss. If you've experienced total tooth loss, dentures are an affordable and effective option. Thanks to modern dental advances, you can get back the smile and dental function you once lost.
Fewer than 700 of these endangered giraffes remain in the wild. Where found: Isolated regions of Kenya and Uganda IUCN Red List status: Endangered, but on the verge of being classified as Critically Endangered due to rapidly declining populations. Major threats: Two other giraffe subspecies can be found in Kenya, so one of the biggest current risks to the Rothschild's giraffe is hybridization, which would effectively water down their genetics. The hunting and poaching that originally reduced the Rothschild's numbers no longer appear to be a problem, but the animals have been forced into smaller and smaller areas and many groups are probably too small for their long-term health. In addition scientific knowledge of the subspecies has hampered conservationists' ability to grow the population. Previous Extinction Countdown articles about this species: Notable conservation programs: Approximately 450 Rothschild's giraffes live in zoos around the world, where they are actively bred. The Rothschild's Giraffe Project works to research and conserve the subspecies in Africa. Multimedia: Check out this video of a running herd of Rothschild's giraffes: Photo by Bernard Dupont via Flickr. Used under Creative Commons license
Monumental Man The controversial legacy of poet philosopher Eli Siegel Jewish Times, Baltimore/August 22, 2003 Near the entrance to Druid Hill Park stands a stone-and-bronze memorial facing the lake. The monument is not large but understated, almost elegant. Many would likely pass right by the oversized boulder bearing the memorial, which has graced the park since late last summer, without so much as a nod in its direction. Furthermore, most Baltimoreans have never heard of the man immortalized by the monument. But should we be paying attention? The man cast in bronze has some very outspoken detractors, and they are not happy that the city of Baltimore has erected a memorial to a person they claim had a most deleterious effect on their lives. As the sounds of the Prism Brass Quintet wafted through the trees, a crowd gathered in Druid Hill Park, brimming with joyful anticipation. Mayor Martin O'Malley had proclaimed Aug. 16, 2002, "Eli Siegel Day in Baltimore," and supporters on this day unveiled a memorial to the Baltimore poet and founder of the philosophy of aesthetic realism. Though Mr. Siegel died in 1978, his philosophy lives on through the Aesthetic Realism Foundation in New York City. "This was a tremendous day for the Jewish community," said Devorah Tarrow, a full-time consultant with the foundation. "Baltimore can be so proud that Eli Siegel grew up here, loved the city, loved its people, loved Druid Hill Park and began developing this kind, honest philosophy here." Chaim Koppelman, designer of the bronze memorial plaque, was equally cheerful. "I was very thrilled to take on what I saw as an artistic scene and an ethical scene," said Mr. Koppelman, who began studying with Eli Siegel in 1940 and has artwork in galleries across the country. "When he would look at you, he was a person who would look within you. And where you were not at your best, he would criticize. "What was encouraged in me by Eli Siegel, and I've been teaching myself based on aesthetic realism, if you really want to be completely fair to the object and accurately and honestly moved by it, the work that comes out of it will be the real thing." Adherents to Mr. Siegel's philosophy see aesthetic realism as a way to improve relationships, end racism and cure the world's economic ills. "Mr. Siegel actually defined it as a way of liking the world and oneself aesthetically," said Ms. Tarrow, who is Jewish but said that aesthetic realism is compatible with all religions. "The way to like oneself is through learning how honestly to know and like the world by seeing it aesthetically or as a oneness of opposites." If you find it difficult to get your arms around this concept, you are not alone. And while Mr. Siegel's supporters all use similar language to explain his life's work, his detractors do not mince words. "Eli Siegel was an evil person. And I don't use the word evil lightly," said 38-year-old Adam Mali, who left the organization - and his family - in his early 20s and now owns a restaurant in another part of the country, which he prefers not to reveal. "He was an incredibly manipulative, selfish, charismatic cult leader." Mr. Mali's parents began studying aesthetic realism when he was only 2 years old, and he said that growing up under its influence has colored his entire life. "I had to go through a lot of therapy getting out of this group," said Mr. Mali, who regrets that aesthetic realism proponents discouraged him from having a bar mitzvah ceremony or attending college. Mr. Mali even felt compelled to break up with his girlfriend of three years when she wouldn't buy into his family's philosophy. He also said that his family never traveled because it had to attend so many meetings at the foundation, a complaint of numerous former followers. "All the meetings were lectures of Eli Siegel droning on for hours and hours. So you don't have a life outside of it," he said. And when he wanted to go to college, Mr. Mali found himself in the dreaded "hot seat." "They criticize you - they say, 'You have the greatest knowledge in the world in front of you. Is this what you really want? Do you think you can learn more in college?' Your peers basically get around you. It was like a little spider web in your brain. They get you to actually control yourself. A lot of people's lives have been hurt - ruined. "I find [the memorial] pretty baffling because I think he's nothing more than a child abuser," he continued. "I was screamed at. I was told I was evil. People are told that if they leave, they can never be happy. It was brutal. "I was fortunate to get therapy to get back together. I thought I was going to die. I thought I was going to be punished, and that went on for years." Experts in the cult awareness field affirm Mr. Mali's experience. "I think that [Siegel] was a cult leader, and that like many other cult leaders, he had a narcissistic personality and was a control freak," said Steve Hassan, a licensed mental health counselor and author of two books, "Combating Cult Mind-Control" and "Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves." "It's a very different picture from what you'll hear from the believers," Mr. Hassan added. Apparently, the lure of such organizations is appealing to many Jews, who are notoriously over-represented among their ranks. "We tell people to think critically about any group they join," said Scott Hillman, executive director of Jews for Judaism, a Baltimore-based counter-missionary and counter-cult counseling and educational organization. "Steve's been there!" he said with a laugh, adding, "You will find Jews over-represented in cults because Jews are constantly searching for meaning. That's a very interesting side of this that people don't realize. [Many Jews] don't bother as they get older and mature to check out the things that they only have a child's-eye view of - especially if they get together with a group of people who are all of a like mind." Mr. Hassan, who is Jewish, is a former member of the Unification Church, also known as the "Moonies." Since his parents intervened in 1976 and had him "deprogrammed," Mr. Hassan has become a leading cult-awareness activist. "What's dangerous about them [is that] being in a mind-control environment, basically what happens to you is your identity gets assaulted, broken down, and a new cult personality is created," said Mr. Hassan. "You have a new set of beliefs that are a mirror image of Eli Siegel. You are constantly being manipulated by guilt and fear. I'm certainly not happy that there is any type of memorial to him." So how did a memorial to Eli Siegel come to be? According to Annette Stenhouse, then public information officer for the Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks, the park board reviewed information submitted by the Aesthetic Realism Foundation as well as Mayor O'Malley's proclamation before approving the memorial. She was unaware of any controversy surrounding Mr. Siegel or his philosophy. "If this was an issue, why wasn't it brought up a long time ago?" she asked. "If you're just speaking of the opposition of some folks who had some problems, I don't think the mayor would proclaim this if this was an issue." Gail Walton, who works in Mayor O'Malley's office but declined to give her title to the Baltimore Jewish Times, said that she got the information for the proclamation from materials provided by the Aesthetic Realism Foundation and the Web site of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, which hosted a reading of Mr. Siegel's poetry by the foundation in April and had a flier posted on its site. "We were not aware of the history of this organization. They presented themselves in a very positive light," said Raquel Gillory, press secretary to the mayor. "Like most requests [for citations] that come in here, we tried to accommodate the request. It is unfortunate that this group appears to have misrepresented themselves." Former Gov. Parris N. Glendening also issued a proclamation, and his staff did not respond to inquiries from the Jewish Times. Others were a bit more hesitant. "We entered into this whole thing quite skeptical," said Renee Cohen, who attended the monument dedication as a representative of Rep. Benjamin L. Cardin (D-3rd). "They came on a bit too strong. We held back because we were not very comfortable with all they had to say." In the end, Ms. Cohen felt that the organization's anti-prejudice message made sense, and since the mayor and governor had both issued proclamations, she agreed to issue a citation and have Mr. Cardin's name on the program as a supporter - along with more than three-dozen other local politicians and community leaders. Ms. Cohen is not the only one who has been skeptical over the years. Heide Krakauer, a teacher still living in the New York area, met Eli Siegel through her then-boyfriend in the late '60s when he began to study aesthetic realism. "We were 23 and sort of floundering and not that happy, even though it was popular to be not that happy then," she recalled. "I didn't think [aesthetic realism] was that amazing. I did not like it at all, but I was kind of lost, and I figured [my boyfriend] and I were not on very good terms, and I figured maybe if I joined this, we would get back together. They flatter you to death and tell you that you're so wonderful, and you have all these qualities that others have never seen. And then there's this horrible criticizing." Referred to by some cult-awareness experts as "love-bombing," this initial flattery and attention followed by various forms of judgmental behavior and disapproval are typical. "It's hard for me to tell how it took control and when," continued Ms. Krakauer. "I never believed it was a cult. I didn't see my parents for 15 years, and I thought nothing of it. I used to plan trips to go home, and all the cult members would get around you and talk you out of it. My parents would be so heartbroken when I canceled at the 11th hour. The point is, people who are in it do not know they are under mind control even though everyone has their private reservations." Others who signed on to the memorial as "supporters" admitted later that they had little knowledge of any darker side to aesthetic realism and its founder. "I have to confess I don't really know much about him or his work," said Steven R. David, associate dean of academic affairs for Johns Hopkins University, who also agreed to be listed as a supporter of the memorial after checking out the foundation's Web site. "I probably should have looked into it further. There is a kind of bandwagon effect - you see the governor and the mayor signing on to something and you say, 'Sure, I'll sign on, too.'" Livia Bardin, a licensed social worker who has run a monthly support group for former cult members and their families in Washington, D.C., said that many questionable organizations frequently solicit politicians and other respected members of the community for endorsements. "It gives them a lot of credibility, and they use it, and use it and use it. It's very dangerous," said Ms. Bardin, author of "Coping with Cult Involvement." Internationally renowned cult expert Mark Powers, former international director of Jews for Judaism, feels that focusing on such citations draws attention away from the real problem. "Because the system is such that anyone who wants a proclamation can get a proclamation is not an issue. Every group goes for credibility, and that's one of the easiest ways in the world to gain credibility. And it's a no-brainer because anybody can get it. So what?" said Mr. Powers, who said he has worked firsthand with former adherents to aesthetic realism during his 23 years in the field. Ms. Bardin also has counseled people who have left aesthetic realism, and she has attended one of the foundation's presentations. While she found its philosophy difficult to grasp, she was reluctant to call it a cult, allowing that there is no consensus definition of the term even among experts. "It's a very high-demand group. I think it's a very questionable group," she said. "My feeling is, if I don't understand it, there's something wiggly there." Ms. Krakauer is more direct. "Once it's starting to make sense to you, you're in trouble!" she said with a spirited laugh. "Another sign that there is something wrong with this group is the paranoia - that they think the world is against them - that they're the elite, they've got the truth," added Ms. Bardin. "Anybody can make up anything they want and say anything, and that is really ludicrous," said the foundation's Ms. Tarrow, when questioned about the foundation's and Mr. Siegel's detractors. "There is no other side - there is one thing that is true. Do you want to be an honorable person and present what is true? Is your purpose to present the kindness of this philosophy? It has a right to be presented that way. If you want to present a beautiful true story, dump the lies being told by whomever you spoke to. There's a kind, honest philosophy here that can end prejudice. This makes sense of the world. It shouldn't be slandered." Ms. Tarrow said that the Aesthetic Realism Foundation is not a membership organization, and she could not provide statistics about how many adherents the philosophy has, nor how many people work in the foundation's building. When asked why anyone would want to denigrate Mr. Siegel or his philosophy unjustly, Ms. Tarrow said, "People have been angry that they had to have respect beyond a certain point. It is a tribute to Mr. Siegel that narrow people haven't been at ease with his largeness." Libbe Madsen, administrative supervisor of the Cult Hotline and Clinic of the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services, whose organization has a "fat file" on aesthetic realism, said that a number of people have an ongoing counseling relationship with her office about their involvement with the philosophy. "When people are involved in a pretty intensive way, it can be extremely controlling, undermining of a person's capacity to trust their own judgments. It also leads to splits within families that are permanent," she said, and she believes the philosophy can be dangerous "for some people. And there's no telling ahead of time who they are. Certainly the people I've spoken to had very serious consequences." Ms. Madsen said she believes that in its earlier years, aesthetic realism represented an interesting man's strongly held beliefs about society and ideas about how to make change that were very attractive to creative thinkers, people who wanted to make the world a better place. "What happens not uncommonly in these types of groups, the power trip takes over and pushes aside those underlying values that are the original things that people got drawn to," she said. "It's a terrible, narcissistic injury. First, there is this intense desire to have a way of understanding the world and having a way of appreciating it. Then, when something starts to not fit and questions start to be raised, the blow is also very intense, and the loss is very intense, and the feeling about oneself - that can cause really serious depression." It appears that many new adherents to the aesthetic realism philosophy are teachers, a fact that disturbs many, including Ms. Madsen. "I'm concerned that if a teacher believes that he or she has the right way of understanding the world, he would feel like the right thing to do is to pass it on - that's true of any kind of true believer," she said. "Certainly for teachers in the public school system, the responsibility is not to teach a belief system but to teach how to think. My experience with people involved with aesthetic realism is that people are explicitly taught not to do their own independent thinking, in the guise of learning a system of thinking. That's what's so insidious." One former aesthetic realist has another word for it. "I think it's repulsive," said the woman, who was active with the Aesthetic Realism Foundation for nearly a quarter-century, when learning of the memorial, "because [Eli Siegel] was a hurtful person. He was a sociopath. He was a control freak, and he was a cult leader." (The woman chose not to be identified for this article because she said she has started a new life and does not want to bear the stigma of having been involved with a cult.) "The main reason [I left] was because [my son] left, and I was not allowed to have anything to do with him. He was my only child, and there was no way I was going to live without my son," she said, noting that she was not specifically forbidden to see her child but felt a great deal of pressure. "You're never told you cannot do something," she said. "They just ask questions - 'Will you like yourself if you talk to someone who has abandoned truth? Will you be proud if you talk to someone who doesn't want to be completely fair to Eli Siegel?'" The former supporter also was experiencing some health concerns, and she realized that she wanted to explore other options in her life she felt had been suppressed. "For some reason, something normal in me was coming to the surface. I didn't like the way people were being treated, excoriated - not that I didn't participate." She added that her ex-husband, who is still active with the foundation, will not speak to her or his son. "It's heartbreaking," she said. "[Her son] misses his father very much. [He] worries about him. It seems no matter how old you get, you would like to have a father in your life." Fashion executive and aesthetic realism consultant Bruce Blaustein denied that anyone at the foundation has discouraged him from practicing his religion and said he was looking forward to his son's bar mitzvah. "To me, it is ludicrous," he said. "First of all, as a Jewish man, I have more feeling for Judaism through studying aesthetic realism. When you study aesthetic realism, families become kinder and closer. You have a chance to tell the true story." Many aesthetic realism supporters do elevate Eli Siegel to a status rarely earned by a mere mortal. Articles on the Internet abound, crediting Mr. Siegel with having the answers to everything from poverty, hunger and racism to family disputes, anorexia and suicide. This is ironic, since Mr. Siegel ultimately took his own life after complications from prostate surgery, according to one former adherent who was with him when he died. The Aug. 16 dedication ceremony featured presentations on education, racism, art, labor and economics, and love from a notably educated group of adherents to both Mr. Siegel and his philosophy. "He made knowledge warm and alive for people - he encouraged people to love knowledge," said Ellen Reiss, editor of the foundation's newsletter, "The Right of Aesthetic Realism to Be Known." "He was met with anger because he had so much knowledge and was so honest." Timothy Lynch, who heads Teamsters Local 1205 in New York, spoke of Mr. Siegel's "beautiful rudeness" and quoted his mentor with statements like "Jobs should be for usefulness, not for profit" and "Labor is the only source of wealth." Dr. Arnold Perey, who received his doctorate at Columbia University for his dissertation based on aesthetic realism, noted, "He was completely without prejudice. He had the keenest, kindest, eyes. He asked, 'Do you want to be better than other people or as good as you can be?'" "People treated [Eli Siegel] more and more as a god, the perfect human. It was no longer a give-and-take - it was the best, the greatest and the only - and anyone who questioned that was seen as an enemy," said another person who left aesthetic realism when he felt his family was being hurt by its involvement with the organization. "This is one of the characteristics of the organization that is cult-like - you can't have reservations. Either it is the most important thing you have ever known and you have to devote your life to them, or you are an enemy," added the former supporter, who chose not to be identified for this article because he has only recently re-established contact with family members and does not want to jeopardize these tenuous relationships. "There is no such thing as privacy. Everything you do is public knowledge." He said that even intimate moments were scrutinized and discussed in aesthetic realism meetings. Attendees were grilled about dates with others - and as in the case of Adam Mali, they were often discouraged from seeing these outsiders if they did not embrace the aesthetic realism philosophy. "People were told that if their families did not support aesthetic realism, they were not their families," added the former supporter, though he does feel some of Mr. Siegel's philosophy is useful. "I think Eli Siegel had an awful lot to say that was really helpful. He was a very unusually perceptive person, charismatic. If it weren't for all of this worship around him, it would be fine." Heide Krakauer's sentiments about Eli Siegel are somewhat similar. "He was an intelligent man; he just got carried away with the power he had over people. He became this egomaniac. He wasn't happy unless you could think of new ways to praise him. People are very strange about cults - they look the other way," she said in response to the Eli Siegel Memorial. "It alarms me that people care so little about cults." When asked about her reaction to the many local leaders who signed on as supporters of such a controversial man, social worker Libbe Madsen said, "It worries me; it disappoints me - it doesn't shock me." Ms. Madsen summed up her own advice in the simple words of a favorite button on her bulletin board, "Be a critical thinker." "If anybody comes along and has all of the answers," she said, "then there probably is something not right there." After a great deal of critical thinking, Adam Mali, for one, has come out of his long ordeal a winner. Mr. Mali now has a college degree and has just opened his own restaurant. And he recently reconnected with his girlfriend, whom he left so reluctantly two decades ago. After a brief courtship in his new hometown, they were married earlier this year. Who Was Eli Siegel? Eli Siegel, the son of Eastern European immigrant parents, was born in Baltimore in 1902. He graduated from Baltimore City College, and as a young man, he wrote for the Baltimore American. Inspired by his youth spent in Druid Hill Park, Siegel wrote "Hot Afternoons Have Been in Montana," which won the Nation Poetry Prize in 1925. Soon afterward, Mr. Siegel moved to New York City, where he spent the rest of his life. In the 1930s, he entertained patrons as the master of ceremonies for the Village Vanguard, where jazz greats like John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk and Charlie Parker eventually would perform. Max Gordon, founder of the now legendary Greenwich Village haunt, wrote in his book, "Live at the Village Vanguard," "Eli, pale, bent, dour, with the look of a Hasid, kept the show moving. I paid him thirty a week." In this role, Siegel presided over a vaudeville-style cast of musicians, poets, dancers - even a singing hat-check girl. He was frequently called on to recite his prize-winning poem for the crowd, to the delight of the hecklers; they reveled in reminding Mr. Siegel that he had never actually been to Montana. Sometime in the late '30s, Max Gordon found that his once jovial and entertaining emcee "was growing more dour and cranky than usual," and he decided to relieve him of his duties. "Eli later became the founder, leader, guru, rabbi - take your pick - of a movement he called aesthetic realism," Mr. Gordon wrote. "Don't ask me what aesthetic realism is about. He ran it from a store on Greene Street in the Village. And he had a host of believers who followed the teachings of aesthetic realism. He was putting this movement together when he was the MC at the Vanguard. He told me this once when I ran into him on Jane Street almost forty years later. I didn't believe it. "'You need aesthetic realism in your life,' he said, looking me in the eye. 'I know the kind of man you are. It'll straighten you out. And not only you - it can straighten out the whole world. Aesthetic realism can straighten out the whole world, if only the world will listen to me.'" "I see now what ailed Eli when he was the Vanguard MC, why he was always getting so mad at the customers. He was trying to straighten them out, that's what he was doing. It's a good thing I got rid of him. One thing I learned in almost fifty years of running a club in New York: You don't try to straighten people out in a nightclub. You leave them alone and hope they'll leave you alone." Eli Siegel founded his philosophy of aesthetic realism in 1941 and reportedly gave thousands of lectures on topics ranging from poetry and literature to history and economics. He also gave thousands of individual lessons based on his principle: "The world, art, and self explain each other: each is the aesthetic oneness of opposites." Mr. Siegel committed suicide in 1978 after he became debilitated following prostate surgery. His teachings now form the basis of consultations available at the Aesthetic Realism Foundation in New York and by telephone worldwide through a staff of dedicated "aesthetic realism consultants." The foundation also offers public seminars, dramatic presentations, classes and workshops based on Mr. Siegel's philosophy.
With Great Power Comes Great Responsibilty: Technology Within the past two hundred years, humankind has prospered into a technologically advanced society. Inventions such as electricity and the wheel have provided the world with convenience. However, such technologies require responsibility and protection in order to be beneficial to everyone. A person’s invention or advancement can open the door for many wrongdoings and injustices for all of society if the information is provided to the wrong individual or group. On a smaller scale, many technologies create distractions in everyday life that harm productivity. Advanced technology in business, law enforcement, and the medical field has made the world a less secure place to live. Although technology has shortened the time in which it takes and employer to communicate with an employee, business technology also yields many downfalls. First of all, digital communication between co-workers about a project may prove to be unreliable because lack of face to face communication can cause misinterpretation of ideas and thought processes. In example, electronic mail messages contain words with no context to emotion. An employee who receives a message will interpret the message according to his personal judgment, without regard to how the sender intended it to be interpreted. Lack of face to face communication diminishes the ability to pick up on visual cues, which increases the probability of disputes among workers. Additionally, technology in the workplace can create a distraction from the business (Morley). Advancements in phones allow individuals to play games and use social media anywhere quickly and with ease. Such advancements become problems when tasks are not completed in the allotted amount of time and employers lose profits or products (Morley). Also, with faster and easier communication, private company information can be easily shared or given out to the public without official consent. Information that is supposed to remain private can eventually lead to lawsuits for all parties involved. Continuing, any information on a database can be hacked and changed in a matter of minutes (Vitez). In jobs that do not require brainstorming or human interaction, companies are turning to robots to complete tasks in factories or, more recently, to act as pharmacists, lawyers, drivers, astronauts, store clerks, babysitters, rescuers, and sportswriters (Aquino). Using robots has numerous advantages such as increased productivity and little cost to the employer after installation. However, downfalls such as massive unemployment to the human race and increased pollution will occur once robots are put into place. Business technology can be beneficial if used correctly, but more times than not technology causes more stress and distraction to the working environment. With advancements in technology, the United States has an increased ability to track enemies and use satellite imagery to make attack plans in foreign fields. However, the United State’s enemies also have the same ability (Goodman). Instead of spending money on a plethora of weapons, enemies can now buy smartphones and night vision goggles to carry out their tasks. In one instance, terrorists “used search engines…to identify individual hostages and to determine…who should live or and who should die” (Goodman). In recent years, terrorists have been looking through social media sites and news broadcasts in order to threaten the lives of more civilians after initial attacks (Goodman). Within North America, drug dealers were using cell phones and their own radio communications to communicate with cartels before it was popular for the mainstream population to do so (Goodman). Although advanced, law enforcement agencies are slow at catching new kinds of crime because they are trained to look for other abuses of the law. By using advancements in technology, criminals abroad and at home are able to carry out their tasks in a short amount of time with little intervention from the law. Medicinal technologies have helped us treat cancer and other diseases. However, many ill side effects have come from technology. DNA can now be sent to computers and the molecular compounds can be printed in a virtual printer. Marc Goldman, global security adviser, reveals that DNA is like a computer operating system that can be hacked by criminals. Such hackings could change viruses and diseases like H5N1 into resistant strains that could harm the entire population of the world. Additionally, advancements in medicine have already lead to resistant strains of viruses and pathogens that effect human’s food. For example, in 2012, there were at least 12 outbreaks of salmonella tainted food and in previous years many outbreaks have been associated with major fast food chains (CDC). Also, advancements in food have made it easier to store food for long amounts of time. Fast food companies have developed a process that enables meat to be kept for a longer amount of time without spoilage. However, by changing the compounds of a substance, this long lasting food has little nutritional value. One third of all Americans are obese (Food). When the economy is on a downward slope, people start making decisions about money and food is generally the first cut back. Generally, packaged processed food is cheaper to buy than fresh fruits and vegetables because it can be mass produced. It makes sense to say that if money is tight, that family or group of people is more likely to become obese because of their unhealthy diet (Food). The negative effects of technological advancements in business, law enforcement, and food all combine to make the world a less secure place to live. The whole system is a cause and effect wave that can potentially hurt any society or country that falls victim to it. If advancements in business allow robotic machines to take over, many individuals will be out of work and unable to afford many amenities, including healthy food. Without a healthy immune system that nutritional food provides, society will be more susceptible to drug resistant strains of viruses and diseases. At that point, enemies can begin to attack and cause a massive genocide because the defending nation or society is too sick to fight back. With great power comes great responsibility; technology will always continue to grow and it is up to society how and where it is used.
Compare Listings How To Reduce Energy Consumption At Home How To Reduce Energy Consumption At Home The price of energy consumption has risen significantly year on year, to the point that it is the most current cost-of-living concern for people. There are many different ways to reduce energy consumption at home, from changing simple behavioral adjustments to extensive home improvements. And why reduce the energy? Not only because reducing it will be useful to save on utility bills, but also to protect the environment. Rethinking how we waste energy each and every day will make our green homes and communities more resilient. In Luxury Real Estate Barcelona we care about the environment and we present to you how our eco-friendly apartments work. Today we talk about the most useful ways to conserve energy and save electricity in your home, so if you want to know how to reduce the electricity consumption and how to reduce energy consumption at home, keep reading this article because here are the best methods to do it. What is energy conservation? First of all, what is energy conservation? It is the practice of using less energy in order to lower costs and reduce environmental issues. For example, reducing the use of electricity, gas, or any other form of energy. Therefore, it can be beneficial individually and to our larger energy systems. The best ways to reduce energy consumption at home To reduce energy consumption at home, it is not necessary to go out and buy energy efficient products. That’s why in the first place, you have to adjust your day-to-day behaviors, it can be as simple as turning off lights or appliances when you don’t need them, or performing household tasks manually, such as hand-drying the clothes or washing dishes by hand. 1. Appliances Buy appliances with a good energy rating Take into account the size of the appliances, although we are always thinking that the best is the ones that have more stars and are bigger, the truth is that since it is bigger, its overall energy consumption is usually higher. Switch off your appliances when they’re not in use A lot of appliances have a ‘standby’ mode, which means they are still using energy even when they are not in use. That’s why it is very important to turn them off to reduce their energy consumption. Choose an energy-efficient fridge There are many appliances that are working non-stop and the energy it consumes adds up quickly, one example is the fridge. It is very recommended to look for a model with a good star rating because the more starts, the more energy-efficient it is. Pick the right washing machine The same as the fridge, there are a lot of washing machines that save you money over time because they are kinder to the environment and they use less power, water and detergent. So, try to find the best environmentally friendly washing machines. Ditch the desktop computer Desktop computers use a lot of energy, try to recycle it and switch to your laptop, you will save money and reduce the energy consumption. 2. Green power Replace your light bulbs Traditional light bulbs consume an excessive amount of electricity and must be replaced more often than their energy efficient alternatives. Halogen incandescent bulbs, compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), and light-emitting diode bulbs (LEDs) use anywhere from 25-80 percent less electricity and last 3 to 25 times longer than traditional bulbs. It is true that energy efficient bulbs are more expensive but their efficient energy use and longer lifetimes mean they cost less in the long run. Use natural light A single window can illuminate 20 to 100 times its area. Turning off the lights for some hours can reduce the cost of your energy and the consumption of it. Use task lighting Turn off ceiling lights and use table lamps, track lighting and under-counter lights in work and hobby areas as well as in kitchens. Turn on the air conditioner early If you expect a hot day, try to turn on the air conditioner early and close up the house. It will help to cool the house before it gets hot inside, which uses less energy, and will help to keep it cool without the need to keep the air conditioner on. Install ceiling fans You have to take into account that ceiling fans are much cheaper than air conditioning and have less impact environmentally. Skip the heat-dry setting for the dishwasher The heat-dry setting is very expensive, you will save a considerable amount of money de-selecting the heat-dry option. 3. Water Reduce your water heating expenses Water heating is a major contributor to your total energy consumption. Other than purchasing an energy efficient water heater, there are three methods of reducing your water heating expenses: you can simply use less hot water, turn down the thermostat on your water heater, or insulate your water heater and the first six feet of hot and cold water pipes. Use greywater Recycled greywater from showers, laundry tubs and washing machines can be stored for use in the garden or even in toilets and washing machines. Use rainwater If you have a garden, rainwater is very useful for watering it. Buy a water-efficient shower head Water-efficient shower heads are great water-saving devices for daily use. What are the benefits of reducing energy consumption Energy conservation is important and beneficial for many reasons. In the first place, you can save money, increase your property value, and protect the environment. The main benefits are the following ones: 1. Significantly reduce your utility bills 1. Earn a great return on your investment 1. Increase your property value 1. Enhance your quality of life 1. Protect the environment 1. Energy savings tips help you easily cut costs 1. Earn incremental returns on energy efficiency investments 1. Insulate yourself from rising electricity prices And you, do you reduce energy consumption at home? Related posts Cost of living in Barcelona: Everything You Must Know Barcelona is one of the most popular destinations in the world. Not surprising given its enviable... Continue reading Real Estate Barcelona by Real Estate Barcelona Real Estate Terms in Spanish You Must Know Are you thinking of buying a house in Spain? 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Skip to content Skip to navigation On the Cutting Edge May 24 2021 Posted In: 20/20 Blog Palo Alto, CA — I recently listened to The Edge Effecton NPR’s Hidden Brain, an episode focusing on the benefits of diversity. The edge effect is an ecology term that refers to the biodiversity that flourishes at the boundary of two or more habitats. With this concept in mind, Yo-yo Ma founded the Silk Road Ensemble, a group of over 52 diverse musicians who blend unlikely musical traditions to create radically different music that is inspiring and uniting. Yo-yo Ma’s interpretation of the edge effect can go a long way in furthering cutting-edge research. Since I’ve been at Stanford, our research team has been immersed in the blending of chemistry, basic sciences, engineering, surgical medicine, and industry in an effort to transform patient care. We see collaborations between diverse fields as the future, but I’ve become more aware that to grow as a research institution, we have to cross gender, ethnic, and cultural lines to form the best, most productive science teams possible. What does it mean to be on the cutting edge, to be at the top of your game? I think it means seeing and doing things in novel ways and taking risks while denying our human instinct to do what is safe and familiar. Out of the box thinking is especially crucial in medical science where global crises demand scientific discoveries that push the boundaries of our knowledge of human health. One way that principal investigators can create laboratories that foster groundbreaking discoveries is to consciously build diverse teams of collaborators who see the world through different lenses, have unique skill sets, and offer differing opinions. These research teams may need to uncover their unconscious biases, go against norms, and make decisions that are not obvious and even uncomfortable in order to reap the benefits of diversity. We are lucky to work at an institution that encourages us to do exactly that. It’s been shown that diverse scientific teams outperform their homogenous counterparts. I believe gender diversity, ethnic diversity, and institutional diversity lead to greater problem-solving capabilities and a higher likelihood that teams will tackle complex scientific problems. Nature editorial piece argues that publicly funded research currently focuses on a small sliver of the population, which fails to fulfill its commitment to “work to improve society.” I see this as a compelling reason for us to recruit from and support scientists from minority communities who have a vested interest in broadening our research goals so that they do the greatest good for the largest number of people. Diversity can make us aware of how our science is falling short, but it can also help us tackle the big problems that come into focus. For too long women, for example, have been left out of the scientific conversation, and research shows that this has been detrimental to scientific progress. Mathais Nielson Ph.D., a former postdoctoral student in Gendered Innovations at Stanford, has spent his career researching how gender diversity benefits scientific outcomes. His opinion piece, Gender diversity leads to better science,from his work at Sanford highlights the creative problem solving that comes out of teams that have gender diversity. This kind of problem solving can lead to groundbreaking science. I am privileged to have trained several extraordinarily qualified female scientists and surgeons who have gone on to do great things. I’ve also trained several underrepresented minority students. After working with these extraordinary trainees, my real concern has become: am I missing out on exceptional talent because of racism, unconscious bias, or inequity? Our fight against blindness cannot afford to miss out on anyone. Creating diverse teams is not easy work. It forces us to see beyond our biases and take a second look at candidates we may have overlooked in the past, but putting in the work is crucial as we strive for excellence in research and patient care. My colleagues and I on the Committee on Ophthalmolgoy Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion are working hard to bring about positive change in our department that has far reaching benefits for all of us, and we look forward to working with everyone in this pursuit. - Vinit Mahajan
How Cloud Technology Creates Breakthroughs for E-commerce Business Identifying & Modernizing Legacy Systems About Online Community Research Software CloudPoint brand exchange Cloud Computing vs Blockchain The Cloud WordPress malware removal Cloud Technology cdn Software Advancements Generally speaking, cloud computing or cloud technology is the provision of software as a service via the internet in ways that can scale to meet the individual needs of many customers. Since the late 1990s when Salesforce became the first major provider of cloud-based applications to the corporate world, the cloud has assumed an increasing role in the business world. Although cloud-based applications have become ubiquitous and can now fill practically every conceivable role within the firm, businesses have particularly grown enamored with e-commerce software. This type of product gives companies of every size the power to provide secure, easy-to-use online stores that provide an outstanding customer experience. Here’s why. Thanks to the cloud, e-commerce businesses can adjust the capacity and cost of their store to meet demand. For example, when sales surge, companies can easily add user licenses and features to their service plan. Similarly, as businesses grow, they can add the number of products their software supports. On the other hand, by using cloud-based services, companies can reduce their expenses when sales decline or during the off-season for seasonal products. So, companies can adjust the amount they pay on a month-to-month basis, helping to reduce overhead and maintain profitability throughout the year. Thanks to the capabilities of the cloud, e-commerce software has grown beyond the simplicity of storefronts and shopping cards. Now, packages are available that are complete customer experience solutions. These software products allow businesses to differentiate their brand by across channels and with every interaction. In addition to managing sales transactions and inventory, businesses can now manage all their customer-facing activities from a single interface. Many software products available on the market can handle everything from marketing and lead generation to sales conversions. Furthermore, many packages also include tools for customer service and support and social media. Thanks to the cloud, businesses no longer have to worry about data loss and service outages. Cloud service providers manage large server farms with multiple redundancies that enable them to offer nearly continuous uptime. Similarly, they also have data backup systems that ensure the survivability of customer and end-user data. Additionally, cloud e-commerce developers provide robust security that includes a variety of countermeasures to online threats. After all, since they support hundreds, if not thousands of customers. For this reason, they have enough resources to implement the type of cutting-edge technology that every business needs, but often cannot individually afford. Modern online shoppers insist on speed. They want fast-loading pages that have buttons and other elements that respond to their actions. However, when companies operate in-house e-commerce servers, they often experience service degradation as more shoppers use the system. Cloud technology-based e-commerce solutions have systems that automatically add computing power and other resources as demand increases. This means that, regardless of how heavily loaded they become, shoppers can always have the lightning-fast speed that they demand. As a result, online stores see fewer abandoned carts. Some e-commerce systems help companies provide personalized customer experiences that, in the past, seemed impossible. These systems can draw from available data streams to provide personalized greetings, product recommendations and upsetting opportunities. Consequently, shoppers feel more comfortable, valued and appreciated. In short, personalization can lead to satisfied customers which can become loyal customers. So, by using cloud technology rather than on-premises e-commerce solutions, companies can grow their customer base and reduce their overall selling costs. In other words, the cloud can dramatically improve the short and long-term profitability of an e-commerce business. In summary, cloud technology has transformed the way people live, work and play. Specifically, in the e-commerce industry, exciting new cloud-based applications give companies and affordable way to serve local and global marketplaces. Especially as the expectations and demands of customers continue to increase, the business world will increasingly turn to the cloud to for the tools they need to achieve their goals. (Visited 1 times, 1 visits today)
(Natural News) New research out of the University of Florida (UF) has found that two simple over-the-counter (OTC) compounds are highly effective at inhibiting replication of the Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19). TRENDING: Implantable Microchip Stores Your COVID Vaccination Status Diphenhydramine, an antihistamine drug used for allergy symptoms, and lactoferrin, a protein found in cow and human milk, both hinder SARS-CoV-2 from replicating by up to 99 percent, the research team found. Tests using both monkey and human cells revealed all this. The findings were published in the journal Pathogens. “We found out why certain drugs are active against the virus that causes Covid-19,” said David A. Ostrov, Ph.D., an immunologist and associate professor in the UF College of Medicine’s department of pathology, immunology, and laboratory medicines. “Then, we found an antiviral combination that can be effective, economical, and has a long history of safety.” Earlier research he conducted led Ostrov to conclude that diphenhydramine was potentially effective against the Fauci Flu all on its own. Now, thanks to the recent meeting of scientists at the Global Virus Network’s COVID-19 Task Force, lactoferrin has been added to the repertoire. According to reports, a researcher at the meeting presented unpublished data on various federally approved compounds that possess anti-covid properties. Lactoferrin was one such compound. “Like diphenhydramine, lactoferrin is available without a prescription,” reported SciTechDaily. “Ostrov thought about pairing it with diphenhydramine and ran with the idea.” “In lab tests on human and monkey cells, the combination was particularly potent: Individually, the two compounds each inhibited SARS-CoV-2 virus replication by about 30%. Together, they reduced virus replication by 99%.” Sounds like covid can be cured without “vaccines” and masks This discovery, Ostrov says, represents a first step in developing a formulation that could be used to accelerate recovery from Chinese Germs. It could eventually lead to an academic-corporate partnership for human clinical trials centered around Covid-19 prevention. Additional research involving mice is also already underway for these two particular compounds. For this latest research, scientists focused on a specific type of protein expressed in human cells known as sigma receptors. The Fauci Flu is said to “hijack” the body’s stress-response machinery, including sigma receptors, in order to replicate inside the body. Interfering with that signaling could be the key to stopping the Chines Flu from staying potent enough to cause infection, Ostrov says. “We now know the detailed mechanism of how certain drugs inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection,” he added in a statement. Data from Ostrov’s experiments show that a highly specific sigma receptor-binding drug candidate with pain relieving properties combined with OTC products such as diphenhydramine and lactoferrin could inhibit viral infection and decrease recovery time in those already infected. As encouraging as this all sounds, Ostrov recommends against self-medicating with these two compounds in an attempt to heal a Fauci Infection without professional medical guidance and oversight. Ostrov also pointed out that the type of lactoferrin used in his experiments differs slightly from the kind commonly available to consumers in supplement form. The widely available type is commonly used to treat stomach and intestinal ulcers, among other health conditions. Lactoferrin is such a powerful immune-boosting nutrient that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a pharmaceutical-pushing fake science entity, has advised mothers not to breastfeed their babies because breast milk contains high amounts of lactoferrin. The CDC would instead prefer that mothers feed their babies industrial baby formula, leaving their tiny immune systems damaged and diseased. Ostrov’s study is entitled: “Highly Specific Sigma Receptor Ligands Exhibit Anti-Viral Properties in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Cells.” It is available for further review in the Pathogens journal. The latest news about scientific discoveries pertaining to the Fauci Flu can be found at Sources for this article include:
I am reading a bit about AI research lately. One major criticism of current wave of AI boom is that many high profile papers or projects, including Google’s famous AlphaGo, have not yet found any real applications. So Most of them are basically “gimmicks” that are impressive in lab but fail miserably in real world. What does philosophy of science say about these sort of research? Disclaimer: my personal opinion regarding the application perspective of AI and deep learning is not relavent here. I am just curious about philosopher’s opinion regarding the value of curiosity driven research. • 6 What does common sense tell you? – Mr. White May 23 '20 at 12:34 • 18 As much as instant gratification is the religion of our times, even food in a refrigerator does not have an application until it is cooked. And it took over 2000 years to convert steam engines from toys into the engines of industrial revolution. But it was worth the wait, wasn't it? AlphaGo hasn't been around ten years yet. Patience is a virtue, and virtue is its own reward, even aside from deferred benefits. – Conifold May 23 '20 at 13:04 • For a take on how to focus scientific research, related to your question, but not a direct response to it, see my; Deductive Theory/Inductive Method recently posted to Academia.edu. CMS – user37981 May 23 '20 at 13:57 • 3 With your argument, you could "prove" that all the research which lead to GPS, lasers, nylon, photovoltaic panels or nuclear power plants was nothing but useless gimmicks. May 23 '20 at 22:43 • Why climb Everest? May 24 '20 at 3:22 I accept the framing of your question, on basically all levels, since this is a topic of great interest to me. You will find that the history of physics contains some very nice examples of where completely "abstract" mathematical inventions (i.e., having no apparent relation to reality) were later found to be exactly what was needed to furnish a rigorous framework to a new branch of physics. Something that looks "useless" today may become vitally essential fifty or one hundred years from now. Three examples that come first to mind are 1) Riemann's invention of noneuclidean geometry, which was later found to be exactly the formalism needed by Einstein to describe curved spacetime in general relativity, 2) Abel's invention of one branch of group theory which was later discovered to provide a consistent framework for organizing families of subatomic particles, and 3) Noether's discovery of the deep connection between the mathematical concept of symmetry and conservation laws in physics, which provided a tool of great usefulness in the search for the fundamental laws of nature. • Some examples could be illustrative. – Mr. White May 23 '20 at 18:13 • will edit to include two. -NN May 23 '20 at 19:55 • @user3451767, third example added. more may be on the way, as they occur to me. May 24 '20 at 1:57 • You might add complex analysis and its profound relevance in theoretical physics May 24 '20 at 9:18 • I seem to remember prime numbers - originally just an oddity - and their use in cryptography? – Tim May 24 '20 at 17:43 I object to the framing of your question, on basically every level. Among "many high profile papers or projects" obviously comparable to AlphaGo, (or more importantly AlphZero), is Watson, because it was the first computer system to beat human supremacy at Jeapardy. From the Wikipedia page on Watson: "Current and future applications: • Healthcare • IBM Watson Group • Chatterbot • Building codes • Teaching assistant • Weather forecasting • Fashion • Tax preparation • Advertising" Each with a whole section. Natural language processing has been behind the wave of voice-input devices that dominate tech company agendas. Look at Deep Mind the company that developed AlphaGo. They list their algorithms (using the same weighted monte carlo trees & conformal neural nets as AlphaGo), as improving Google's: data centre cooling, recommendation engines, and adaptive battery use & brightness as part of the Android operating system since 2018. There are massive applications to healthcare for things like evaluating scans. And for understanding protein folding, a giant new field in it's own right that could open up world-change catalytic enzymes, for things like crop-waste to fuel. This is all long after the giant leaps they made with 2D image processing, and now being made on 3D+ info exactly using conformal neural networks. I am really excited by applications of AI to understanding the physics of higher dimensional spaces. You didn't ask for a survey of the field so I won't go on. No offence but, you haven't done the most basic research, like reading about Deep Mind, and it sounds like you haven't even heard of Watson. Artificial general intelligence is likely to dominate the future of life on Earth, as the key technology of at least the next century. Either as independent beings, or hybrids with humans using interfaces like Neuralink, a new kind of being/s will supplant (unmodified) humans - in philosophy that's discussed as transhumanism. And the supremacy issue has been called 'the gorilla problem' by Stuart Russell & others by analogy to how gorillas have lost self-determination/autonomy to humans. On 'blue sky' research I'd say quantum computing is at the level of usefulness of AI maybe 40 years ago. It's notable no one is saying, what's the point of researching that - but actual applications are substantially less clear than for AI 40 years ago. There are only 2 quantum algorithms, and only 1 that's practical. As a current application it's pretty much just cryptography, and clear unique one's for the future I have only heard of evolutionary algorithms. But the point is, it will be an accelerating technology, wherever it gets applied it will have compound impacts . There is a known human cognitive inability to grasp the effect of things like compound interest, and exponential and logarithmic change. But in the long run, really nothing else matters as much. So we already have huge applications, this quickly. Certain technologies we know will define the future, because they have cumulative compound effects. And the last point I'd make, is from game theory. In WW2 & the Cold War, Nazis & Soviets respectively had the best tanks, planes, and conventional military advantages, at the start. But looking at how radar, decryption, ICBMs, space-based warfare, developed & the costs associated, it now looks inevitable they would lose. And it was the mix of relatively meritocratic universities (Nazis lost all Jews including many who joined the Manhattan Project, USSR lost many brilliant minds to purges & politics), and to the finances of the bigger trade network. In hot or cold wars, or just geopolitics, we already know AI will be the major tool of propaganda, as modern Russia is proving, and it will control increasingly autonomous drones as USA is proving. Having the infrastructure and the minds for AI, even if not currently doing it, could likely be the deciding factor in winning, or stopping, wars of the future. So it will decide who's politics, who's world view, who's philosophy, shapes our future. • 1 Sorry if you feel offended that I frame the question like this. It was my observation about criticism that I have read and it was not my personal opinion. – ablmf May 23 '20 at 20:12 • 5 As for the particular example Watson that you give, there is plenty of skepticism about its usefulness out there hn.algolia.com/?q=watson – ablmf May 23 '20 at 21:25 • Speech recognition is stupid. What could we possibly use that for. The only reason it was a 'gimmick' for 30 years is because no one could make it work, so no one bothered to think of a way to sell it to you, until there was a way to sell it to you. And I suppose winning Jeopardy and beating man in chess is debatably useful... but I wouldn't turn my back on it. – Mazura May 24 '20 at 6:56 • 1 Some people would pay quite a lot of money for good propaganda bots. – user253751 May 26 '20 at 19:51 • @Mazura: You sound like someone observing an infant and saying, what will they ever amount to, they can barely understand words, and they would still be stupid if they could' 😂 – CriglCragl May 27 '20 at 16:09 First of all, using the example of AlphaGo for this question is interesting, as it is research made and funded by a for profit corporation. Arguably then, Google's executives do see some values in that research for the future of their company. As many other answered, you can see it as an investement: there may not be immediate return on it, but if it can be used for a crucial application, the technological gain would be huge. Together with the knowledge gathered and technologies developped in the process, and the marketing stunt assiocated, it is likely to make the investement worth it. However you did not ask for the answer a CEO would give to their investors, but for the one of a science philosopher. The two view are of course not in contradiction, and the potential of technological advance (be it as a direct consequence or as a side effect) clearly gives value to the research for both. However from the persepective of the science philosopher, there is a bit more. One can indeed argue that knowledge has an intrisic value [1]. If we accept that, the question to answer in order to determine whether these researches have value thus become: do we learn something from them? The answer to that question is unambiguously yes. First we learn something about the algorithms. The very fact you mention that they "fail miserably in real world" is a knowledge we only gained through testing. Determining what algorithm and architecture works on what kind of problem, and why, is currently at the core of AI science. As far as I know a robust and widely applicable theoretical framework is still missing, so empirical experiment on problem of increasing difficulty is currently the main course of reasearch. Secondly, we also learn things about human intelligence in the process. Beating leading human world champions at chess (DeepBlue), Go (AlphaGo), Jeopardy (Watson), Starcraft 2 (AlphaStar) or DOTA 2 (OpenAI Five) are all interesting because humans tend to play these games rather instinctively. So looking at which kind of evolution are needed to achieve these victories, beside increasing computing power that only partially allow them, provide valuable hints about how our own intelligence may be structured. [1] Discussing whether this statement is true and why it is rarely used to convince people to fund science is beyond the scope of this answer. • "all tasks thought to be impossible for computers" Is that really true? Chess & Go are games with complete solutions if you have enough computing power, so in a sense solving them was inevitable. And speech input has been widely expected, it just turned out harder than first thought, like optical object recognition. Any reference for how widespread alleged scepticism was? – CriglCragl May 27 '20 at 20:43 • 1 @CriglCragl Very good point. After some research, it looks like computer scientists were always very optimistic about AI abilities. I think I was mislead because I kind of remember some philosoph arguing about the difference between human and artificial intelligence, and what should not be possible to the latter, but I can not find back who their were. So I edited my answer and reformulated the last paragraph and remove this claim. – Kolaru Jun 3 '20 at 10:05 • 1 I think you will find a division continues, with philisoohers arguing artificial general intelligence will be very difficult, eg The Hard Problem Of Consciousness, while computer scientists are invariably very optimistic, eg The Human Brain Project. This split in temperament frequently obscures meaningful assessments of progress. – CriglCragl Jun 3 '20 at 15:20 Sometimes research does not have a direct practical objective. Sometimes research is done simply because people find it interesting, it captivates their imagination and gives them a sense of purpose. I would include in the later category space exploration. Some could ask Why would you invest billions of dollars into space telescopes when you could spend it battling climate change? I do not think that the answer implies what we call rationality, but rather a more subtle property related to the human nature. A very simple answer might be: Just because we can!. From this perspective, science research is not very different from art. AlphaGo was an experiment to test the limits of current computer technology and push our knowledge about AI a little further. It also inspired the new wave of researchers and gave them a new point of reference. The debate should not be centered around what AlphaGo is, but around what it could become. • my answer is not linked directly with the field of philosophy of science, but maybe it can add to the debate – s.dragos May 23 '20 at 20:23 Eventually, there is use of it! Take for example number theory, it was not directly applied to any fields for a long time, since history started, although there were indirect applications. It was not until the 1970s, that cryptography make extensive use of it! It is prominently seen in the most popular public-key cryptographic algorithm, RSA. There are two aspects to such things. The first is that you are discounting the value of pure knowledge. Science (and still more mathematics) studies things that are not of practical value merely to find out the truth of them. The second is that Edison's opinion of all the filaments that did not work before he invented the incandescent light bulb was that he had not failed with them -- he was trying to find out whether they would work and had successfully determined that they would not. • 1 @ablmf May we switch from science to technology, as the next step for any but pure research for its own sake? Look back at the invention of the brief-case-size mobile phone for very rich VIPs then the text medium for comms engineers to report to HQ. Compare them to this world where many countries have more mobiles than people, most used by teenagers asking each other what they're up to. 40 years ago, I tried to study a mix of law and computing. Possibly Europe's top law school saw no need. Now look at the furore over copyrights and taxes, to name but two. May 24 '20 at 22:46 I am pretty sure they said that about computers and electricity (in the 1800s). See how little practical applications those, basically parlor tricks, have these days. • Computers never were seen as impractical — Charles Babbage got a great deal of funding to build his Analytical Engine from the British government because they thought it would be useful. Unfortunately, he never completed a working model because machining weren't good enough in those days. – Peter Shor May 25 '20 at 17:12 • @PeterShor I think some at the time thought so. > “If you put wrong figures into the machine, will the right answers come out?” His response: “I am not able rightly to apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas that could provoke such a question.” I wasn't there but I think the asker was trying to hint that the machine is no used without lots of effort (programming) to use it, so what use is the machine? In hindsight totally worth it. But I think some at the time didn't think so. May 25 '20 at 20:14 • @DarcyThomas: being charitable to the questioner, they were pointing out some of the limits of the machine as compared with a human calculator. The machine doesn't have any opinion whether what you're asking it to do is what you should be asking it to do. Being uncharitable, they flat didn't understand (because they had no frame of reference to understand) that the machine does not "tell you the answer to your problem", it literally just does what you tell it to. So, they actually couldn't tell what happens if you ask the wrong thing. Which is kind of the same problem AI seeks to address... May 26 '20 at 3:14 • @DarcyThomas I suspect that person was just asking whether the machine was fake. If you put the wrong numbers in, and you get the same right answers out, then obviously it's just built to always output those answers. Or if you put the wrong numbers in, and no answers come out. – user253751 May 26 '20 at 19:56 • "In the early 1940s, IBM's president, Thomas J Watson, reputedly said: "I think there is a world market for about five computers." " theguardian.com/technology/2008/feb/21/computing.supercomputers – CriglCragl May 27 '20 at 20:54 For humanity as a whole: Obviously, if there are no immediate applications, the possibility of future applications. It might take a long time and for most research we may never find an application, but you don't know for which research (field) this is the case. If you did, it would have immediate (or at least near-future) applications. It takes a whole lot of people playing with fire, for humanity to learn to cook. For individuals: The thrill of discovering something new. The knowledge that you have furthered humanity's knowledge. Either of them should be sufficient to motivate research which is looking for more than the next big app. Your Answer
Cats & Dogs Cat, (Felis catus), additionally referred to as residence cat or home cat, domesticated family member Felidae, order Carnivora, and the smallest member of that own circle of relatives. Like all felids, home cats are characterized with the aid of using supple low-slung bodies, finely molded heads, lengthy tails that resource in balance, and specialized enamel and claws that adapt them admirably to the existence of energetic looking. Cats own different functions in their wild spouse and children in being essentially carnivorous, remarkably agile and powerful, and finely coordinated in movement. It is noteworthy that the ancestors of the opposite not unusual place family puppy, the canine, have been social animals that lived collectively in packs wherein there has been subordination to a chief, and the canine has without difficulty transferred its allegiance from % chief to a human master. The cat, however, has now no longer yielded as without difficulty in subjugation. Consequently, the residence cat is capable of revert to finish self-reliance extra fast and extra correctly than maximum domesticated puppies. For an account of the connection of the own circle of relatives of cats to different carnivores, see carnivore. Origin And History Of Cats The “cat sample,” hooked up very early withinside the evolution of present-day mammals, turned into a successful one: early cats have been already regular in shape at a time while the ancestors of maximum different present-day mammalian kinds have been scarcely recognizable. They first seemed withinside the early Pliocene Epoch (5.3 to 3.6 million years in the past), and that they have persisted with remarkably little exalternate into present-day instances. Although the foundation of the domesticated cat is hidden in antiquity, research concerning mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) endorse that there were lineages of Felis catus. One lineage (F. Silvestris silvestris) seemed in Asia Minor probably as early as 64 hundred years in the past and dispersed northward and westward into Europe. The different lineage seemed in Egypt someday among 64 hundred and 1,000 years in the past earlier than spreading at some point of the Mediterranean (probably thru human introduction) alongside paths that paralleled the region’s alternate routes. Cats of each lineage persisted to reproduce with the African wildcat (F. Silvestris lybica) at some point of their respective dispersals. The earliest regarded affiliation among cats and human beings dates probably as some distance returned because of the origins of agriculture withinside the Middle East, approximately 9,500 years in the past. A cat skeleton accompanying that of a human dated to that point turned into determined in southern Cyprus. Although a few assets are aware that this locating indicates that cats had gone through a few diplomae of domestication in that location, different reasserts (bringing up proof that the cat genome did now no longer vary that a whole lot from that of the African wildcat at some point of this length). Argue that cats can also additionally have domesticated themselves with the aid of using deciding on to stay in human-altered landscapes. Fossil proof discovered in China courting to about 53 hundred years in the past found out that cats comparable in length to fashionable home cats consumed small grain-consuming animals, which includes rodents, and millet in agricultural settings. Although studies indicate that those cats have been virtually leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis), which have been changed with the aid of using present-day home cats (F. Catus) earlier than 3000 BCE, this discovery indicates that human beings allowed cats to seek mice and different rodents that threatened grain shops and probably fed the cats or allowed them to eat leftover meals. Although the cat turned into proclaimed a sacred animal in Egypt withinside the fifth and sixth dynasties (c. 2465–c. 2150 BCE), it had now no longer always been domesticated at that point. It is possible that the historic Egyptians partnered with the cat due to the fact they found out its price in shielding granaries from rodents. Their affection and recognition for this predator caused the improvement of nonsecular cat cults and temple worship of cats. There aren’t any true statistics of domestication in advance than 1500 BCE, however. Cats have long been regarded in different cultures. Wall tiles in Crete courting from 1600 BCE depict looking cats. Evidence from artwork and literature suggests that the cat turned into found in Greece from the fifth century BCE, and tiles providing cats seemed in China from 500 BCE. cats history In India, cats have been stated in Sanskrit writings round one hundred BCE, even as the Arabs and the Japanese have been now no longer brought to the cat till approximately six hundred CE. The earliest document of cats in Britain dates to approximately 936 CE, while Howel Dda, prince of south-important Wales, enacted legal guidelines for his or her protection. Even eleven though all cats are comparable in look, it’s far hard to hint the ancestry of person breeds. Since tabby like markings seems withinside the drawings and mummies of historic Egyptian cats, gift-day tabbies can be descendants of the sacred cats of Egypt. The Abyssinian additionally resembles pix and statues of Egyptian cats. The Persian, whose coloring is frequently similar to that of blended breeds (despite the fact that the duration of hair and the frame conformation are specific), turned into in all likelihood crossed at diverse instances with different breeds. The tailless Manx cat, just like the hairless Sphynx cat and curly-lined Devon Rex, is a mutation. The ancestry of Persian and Siamese cats could be awesome from that of different home breeds, representing domestication of an Asian wild cat. In fact, not anything is thought of the ancestry of the Siamese kinds, and there’s no residing species of Asian cat that might have served as an ancestor. Cats Evolution Skulls of a wildcat (pinnacle left), a housecat (pinnacle proper), and a hybrid among the (backside center) The home cat is a member of the Felidae, an own circle of relatives that had a not unusual place ancestor approximately 10–15 million years ago. The genus Felis diverged from the Felidae round 6–7 million years ago. Results of phylogenetic studies verify that the wild Felis species advanced via sympatric or parapatric speciation, while the home cat advanced via synthetic selection. The domesticated cat and its closest wild ancestor are each diploid organism that owns 38 chromosomes and a kind of 20,000 genes. The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) became tamed independently in China around 5500 BCE. This line of in part domesticated cats leaves no hint withinside the home cat populations of today. A cat ingesting a fish beneath neath a chair, a mural in an Egyptian tomb relationship to the fifteenth century BCE. The earliest recognized indication for the taming of an African wildcat (F. lybica) became excavated nearby a human Neolithic grave in Shillourokambos, southern Cyprus, relationship to approximately 9200 to 9500 years earlier than a gift. Since there may be no proof of local mammalian fauna in Cyprus, the population of this Neolithic village maximum in all likelihood introduced the cat and different wild mammals to the island from the Middle Eastern mainland. Scientists consequently expect that African wildcats had been drawn to early human settlements withinside the Fertile Crescent via way of means of rodents, especially the residence mouse (Mus musculus), and had been tamed via way of means of Neolithic farmers. This commensal dating among early farmers and tamed cats lasted heaps of years. As agricultural practices unfold, so did tame and domesticated cats. Wildcats of Egypt contributed to the maternal gene pool of the home cat at a later time. The earliest recognized proof for the prevalence of the home cat in Greece dates to around 1200 BCE. Greek, Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Etruscan buyers delivered home cats to southern Europe. During the Roman Empire, they had been delivered to Corsica and Sardinia earlier than the start of the first millennium. By the fifth century BCE, they had been acquainted with animals round settlements in Magna Graecia and Etruria. By the give up of the Roman Empire withinside the fifth century, the Egyptian home cat lineage had arrived in a Baltic Seaport in northern Germany. During domestication, cats have gone through most effective minor adjustments in anatomy and conduct, and they’re nevertheless able to survive withinside the wild. Several herbal behaviors and traits of wildcats might also additionally have pre-tailored them for domestication as pets. These developments encompass their small length, social nature, apparent frame language, love of play, and comparatively excessive intelligence. Captive Leopardus cats might also show affectionate conduct closer to human beings, however, had been now no longer domesticated. House cats regularly mate with feral cats, generating hybrids along with the Kellas cat in Scotland. Hybridization among home and different Felinae species is likewise viable. Development of cat breeds commenced withinside the mid-nineteenth century. An evaluation of the home cat genome discovered that the ancestral wildcat genome became considerably altered withinside the manner of domestication, as particular mutations had been decided on to broaden cat breeds. Most breeds are based on random-bred home cats. The genetic range of those breeds varies among regions and is lowest in purebred populations, which display extra than 20 deleterious genetic issues. Cats Breeds The range of diagnosed display breeds which have defined, inherited traits has elevated dramatically because the past due Nineteen Fifties as cats have emerged as extra famous as domestic companions. The 30 to forty specific breeds may be grouped into fashionable categories: The lengthy-haired Persian and the home shorthair. Both of those breeds arise in diverse subcategories primarily based totally on their coat color, which includes white, cream, chinchilla (or silver), smoke, tortoiseshell, and tabby (red, blue, and so on). Other specific and famous breeds consist of the Siamese (with seal factor, blue factor, chocolate factor, and lilac factor color variations), the lengthy-haired Himalayan, which resembles the Siamese in color, and the Abyssinian, Burmese, Manx, Rex, and Russian Blue. Associations With Human Culture The cat has lengthy performed a position in faith and witchcraft. In the Bible, “cat” is stated simplest withinside the apocryphal Letter of Jeremiah. The cat figured prominently withinside the religions of Egypt, the Norse countries, and diverse components of Asia. The Egyptians had a cat-headed goddess named Bast (or Bastet). Thousands of cat mummies were determined in Egypt, and there have been even mouse mummies, probably to offer meals for the cats. Often the cat has been related to sorcery and witchcraft, and the superstitions concerning cats are innumerable. Throughout the long time, cats were extra cruelly mistreated than possibly another animal. Black cats mainly have lengthy been seemed as having occult powers and as being the familiars of witches. The cat is an acquainted discern in nursery rhymes, stories, and proverbs. The English legend of Dick Whittington and his cat is a selected favorite. The writers Théophile Gautier and Charles Baudelaire paid it homage, and withinside the twentieth century Rudyard Kipling, Colette, and T.S. Eliot wrote of cats, and British composer Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber created the famous degree manufacturing Cat. General Features And Special Adaptations The common weight of the family cat varies from 2.7 to 4.five kg (6 to ten pounds), despite the fact that, amongst non-pedigreed cats, weights as much as 12.7 kg (28 pounds) aren’t uncommon. Average lengths are 71.1 cm (28 inches) for adult males and 50.eight cm (20 inches) for females. In maintaining a carnivorous habit, the cat has an easy gut; the small gut is simplest approximately 3 instances the duration of the frame. The pores and skin of the cat, composed of epidermis and epidermis, regenerates and fights off contamination fast. Tiny erector muscular tissues, connected to hair follicles, allow the cat to bristle all over. Thus, despite the fact that the cat is an exceptionally small animal, it may frighten enemies with the aid of using arching its returned, bristling, and hissing. Coordination and Musculature Cats are the various maximum pretty specialized of the flesh-consuming mammals. Their brains are big and nicely advanced. Cats are digitigrade; this is, they stroll on their ft. Unlike the canine and horse, the catwalks or runs with the aid of using shifting first the back and front legs on one aspect, then the back and front legs on the opposite aspect; simplest the camel and the giraffe circulate in a comparable manner. The cat’s frame has notable elasticity. Because the vertebrae of the spinal column are held collectively with the aid of using muscular tissues in place of with the aid of using ligaments, as in human beings, the cat can elongate or settlement its returned, curve it upward, or oscillate it alongside the vertebral line. The production of the shoulder joints lets in the cat to show its foreleg in nearly any path. Cats are powerfully constructed animals and are so nicely coordinated that they nearly continuously land on their toes in the event that they fall or are dropped. Cats Characteristics The home cat has a smaller cranium and shorter bones than the European wildcat. It averages approximately 46 cm (18 in) in head-to-frame duration and 23–25 cm (nine–10 in) in the top, with approximately 30 cm (12 in) lengthy tails. Males are large than women. Adult home cats commonly weigh among four and five kg (nine and eleven lb). The cat’s enamel is tailored to 3 features: stabbing (canine), anchoring (canine), and cutting (molars). Cats don’t have any flat-topped crushing enamel and consequently can’t bite their meals; instead, they reduce it up. Except for the canine and molars, the cat’s enamel is extra or much less nonfunctional; The maximum of the cheek enamel does now no longer even meet while the mouth is closed. The dental components in all cats, for both aspect of each top and decrease jaws, are incisors three/three, canines 1/1, premolars three/2, and molars 1/1. The overall range of enamel is sixteen withinside the top jaw and 14 withinside the decrease. Primary, or milk, enamel range 24; those are changed with the aid of using the everlasting enamel at approximately 5 months. Each 1/2 of the jaw is hinged to the cranium with the aid of using a transverse curler that suits tightly right into a trough on the bottom of the cranium, making grinding actions not possible even supposing the cat had enamel appropriate for grinding. Cats have seven cervical vertebrae (as do maximum mammals); thirteen thoracic vertebrae (human beings have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (human beings have 5); 3 sacral vertebrae (as do maximum mammals, however, human beings have 5); and a variable variety of caudal vertebrae withinside the tail (human beings have most effective vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an inner coccyx). The greater lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat’s spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the backbone are thirteen ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis. Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are connected to the shoulder via way of means of free-floating clavicle bones which permit them to skip their frame via any area into which they are able to shape their head. Cat cranium: The cat cranium is uncommon amongst mammals in having very massive eye sockets and an effective specialized jaw. Within the jaw, cats have enamel tailored for killing prey and tearing meat. When it overpowers its prey, a cat gives you a deadly neck chew with its lengthy dog enamel, placing them among the prey’s vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, inflicting irreversible paralysis and death. Compared to different felines, home cats have narrowly spaced dog enamel relative to the scale in their jaw, that’s a variation to their favored prey of small rodents, that have small vertebrae. The premolar and primary molar collectively compose the carnassial pair on every aspect of the mouth, which efficaciously shears meat into small pieces, like a couple of scissors. These are important in feeding, on account that cats’ small molars can not bite meals effectively, and cats are in large part incapable of mastication. Although cats have a tendency to have higher enamel than maximum human beings, with decay usually much less in all likelihood due to a thicker defensive layer of enamel, much less unfavorable saliva, much less retention of meals debris among enamel, and a food regimen often without sugar, they’re though challenge to occasional teeth loss and infection. The cat is digitigrade. It walks at the toes, with the bones of the toes making up the decrease a part of the seen leg. Unlike maximum mammals, it makes use of a “pacing” gait and actions each leg on one aspect of the frame earlier than the legs on the alternative aspect. It registers immediately via way of means of putting every hind paw near the music of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and seen tracks. This additionally offers certain footing for hind paws whilst navigating hard terrain. As it quickens taking walks to trot, its gait adjustments to a “diagonal” gait: The diagonally contrary hind and forelegs circulate simultaneously. There is a terrific mechanism for retracting the cat’s claws while they’re now no longer in use. The claw is retracted or prolonged with the aid of using pivoting the give up the bone of the toe, which bears the claw, over the end of the subsequent bone. The motion that unsheathes the claws additionally spreads theft widely, making the foot extra than two times as huge because it generally is and changing it right into a virtually bold weapon. This claw-sheathing mechanism is found in all species of the cat’s own circle of relatives besides the cheetah. Although there aren’t any nerve endings withinside the nail itself, blood capillaries are gifts withinside the internal part. Shed Claw Sheaths Cats have protractible and retractable claws. In their regular, comfortable function, the claws are sheathed with the pores and skin and fur across the paw’s toe pads. This continues the claws sharp via way of means of stopping put on from touch with the floor and permits the silent stalking of prey. The claws at the fore toes are commonly sharper than the ones at the hind toes. Cats can voluntarily make bigger their claws on one or extra paws. They might also additionally make bigger their claws in looking or self-defense, climbing, kneading, or for additional traction on tender surfaces. Cats shed the out of doors layer in their claw sheaths whilst scratching hard surfaces. Most cats have 5 claws on their front paws, and 4 on their rear paws. The dewclaw is proximal to the alternative claws. More proximally is a protrusion which seems to be a 6th “finger”. This unique function of the front paws, at the interior of the wrists, has no feature in regular taking walks, however, is a concept to be an antiskidding tool used even as jumping. Some cat breeds are vulnerable to having greater digits (“polydactyly”). Polydactylous cats arise alongside North America’s northeast coast and in Great Britain. Cat Senses Cats are typically nocturnal inhabit. The retina of the cat’s eye is made greater touchy to mild with the aid of using a layer of guanine, which reasons the attention to polish at night time in a robust mild. The eyes themselves, big with students that enlarge or settlement to mere slits in keeping with the density of mild, do now no longer distinguish hues clearly. Cats have a 3rd eyelid, or nictitating membrane normally referred to as the haw. Its look is used often as a hallmark of the cat’s fashionable country of fitness. The cat’s feel of smell, specifically nicely advanced withinside the person, is vital to its assessment of meals, in order that a cat whose nasal passages emerge as clogged. Because of infection can also additionally seem to lose its urge for food absolutely. Cats can distinguish the odor of nitrogenous substances (e.G., fish) specifically keenly. The feel of contact is acute in cats. The eyebrows, whiskers, hairs of the cheek, and nice tufts of hair at the ears are all extraordinarily touchy to vibratory stimulation. The features of the whiskers (vibrissae) are simplest in part understood; however, it’s far regarded that, if they reduce off, the cat is quickly incapacitated. The ft and paws, in addition to the end of the nose, also are very touchy to contact. Cats additionally have an acute feel of listening to. Their ears include nearly 30 muscular tissues (in comparison with 6 in human beings); as an end result, they are able to flip them in many instances extra fast withinside the path of a legitimate than can a canine. The ears of cats are receptive to ultrasonic frequencies as much as 85,000 vibrations in keeping with second, significantly exceeding the listening to abilities of puppies, which check-in 35,000 vibrations in keeping with the second. 1: Vision Reflection of digital digicam flash from the tapetum lucidum Cats have splendid night time imaginative and prescient and may see at most effective one 6th the mild degree required for human imaginative and prescient. This is partially the end result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which displays any mild that passes via the retina returned into the eye, thereby growing the eye’s sensitivity to dim mild. Large students are a variation to dim mild. The home cat has slit students, which permit it to cognizance vivid mild without chromatic aberration. At low mild, a cat’s students amplify to cowl maximum of the uncovered floor of its eyes. However, the home cat has as an alternative terrible color imaginative and prescient and most effective forms of cone cells, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish inexperienced; its cap potential to differentiate among purple and inexperienced is restrained. A reaction to center wavelengths from a device apart from the rod cells is probably because of the 3rd sort of cone. However, this seems to be a variation to low mild stages instead of representing actual trichromatic imaginative and prescient. 2: Hearing The home cat’s listening to is maximum acute withinside the variety of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. It can come across an exceptionally huge variety of frequencies starting from 55 Hz to 79,000 Hz. It can listen to a variety of 10.five octaves, even as human beings and puppies can listen to tiers of approximately nine octaves. It’s listening to sensitivity is better via way of means of its massive movable outer ears, the pinnae, which expand sounds and assist come across the area of noise. It can come across ultrasound, which permits it to come across ultrasonic calls made via way of means of rodent prey. 3: Smell Cats have an acute feel of scent, due in component to their properly-advanced olfactory bulb and a massive floor of olfactory mucosa, approximately five.eight rectangular centimeters (29⁄32 rectangular inch) in area, which is ready two times that of human beings. Cats and lots of different animals have a Jacobson’s organ of their mouths this is used withinside the behavioral manner of flehmening. It permits them to feel positive aromas in a manner that human beings can not. Cats are touchy to pheromones along with three-mercapto-three-methyl butane-1-ol, which they use to talk via urine spraying and staining with heady fragrance glands. Many cats additionally reply strongly to flora that comprises nepetalactone, especially catnip, as they are able to come across that substance at much less than one component according to billion. About 70–80% of cats are tormented by nepetalactone. This reaction is likewise produced via way of means of different flora, along with silver vine (Actinidia polygama) and the herb valerian; it could be as a result of the scent of those florae mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats’ social or sexual behaviors. 4: Taste The whiskers of a cat are pretty touchy to touch. Cats have exceptionally few flavor buds as compared to human beings (470 or so as opposed to extra than nine,000 at the human tongue). Domestic and wild cats proportion a flavor receptor gene mutation that continues their candy flavor buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them without a capped potential to flavor sweetness. Their flavor buds alternatively reply to acids, amino acids like protein, and sour tastes. Cats actually have a wonderful temperature desire for his or her meals, who prefer meals with a temperature around 38 °C (100 °F) that’s just like that of a clean kill and automatically rejecting meals offered bloodless or refrigerated (which could sign to the cat that the “prey” object is lengthy useless and consequently likely poisonous or decomposing). Special Traits Of Cats The cat has a diffused repertoire of facial expressions, vocal sounds, and tail and frame postures that explicit its emotional country and intentions. These diverse alerts serve to grow, decrease, or preserve social distance. One specific social behavior entails rubbing the aspect of the head, lips, chin, or tail in opposition to the proprietor and in opposition to furnishings. These areas of the cat’s frame include heady fragrance glands that appear to play a position in setting up an acquainted odor withinside the cat’s environment. The tongue of all cats, which has a patch of sharp, backward-directed spines referred to as filiform papillae close to the end, has the arrival and sense of a rough file; the spines assist the cat to groom itself. The disposition to cleanliness is nicely hooked up in cats, and that they groom themselves at duration, specifically after meals. While lions and different massive cats roar, home cats, and different Felis species purr. Purring has been defined as a low, continuous, damn hum and frequently is interpreted as an expression of delight or contentment. Purring additionally happens in cats which can be injured and in pain, however, in order that this vocalization may be visible because of the cat’s “mantra”—this is, as an enjoyable, self-comforting sound and a pleasant mood-conveying signal. Behavioral problems Under situations of domestication, the cat is a situation to a range of things that bring about behavior indicative of emotional misery and issue in adapting to the house environment. Some behaviors aren’t atypical however are hard for proprietors to be given. The maximum not unusual place behavior trouble in accomplice cats is they every so often urinate and defecate out of doors the muddle container withinside the residence. Organic reasons consist of pussycat urologic syndrome (urinary bladder irritation and calculi, or stones, withinside the urinary tract), blocked or impacted anal glands, and constipation. Emotional reasons consist of the addition of a brand new own circle of relatives member—every other cat, a child, or a spouse. Such modifications can also additionally make the cat sense insecure, in order that it deposits urine and feces across the residence, probably as territorial marks for security. Cats are creatures of habit, and any exalternate withinside the own circle of relatives shape or in the day by day routines—ensuring, for example, from a circulate or maybe from rearranging furnishings—may be stressful. Another not unusual place behavior trouble in cats is their herbal preference to rake gadgets which includes drapes and furnishings with their claws. Surgical elimination of the front claws to save you assets harm is generally repugnant to cat lovers. Cats may be skilled to apply carpeted scratching posts withinside the residence to meet this behavioral want, which can be an aggregate of claw cleansing and polishing and of territorial marking. Many cats have interaction in social licking and withinside the grooming in their pussycat and human companions, which is a herbal show of love and dependence. Some additionally have interaction in nursing behavior, sucking on human beings’ hands and earlobes, on their personal paws and tails, and on blankets and woolen clothing. Nursing can be a cat’s manner of regressing and enjoyable into kittenish behavior. It is frequently extra extreme in cats weaned too early or in the ones malnourished in kittenhood. For diverse emotional motives, a few cats can also additionally groom themselves to the factor of self-mutilation or emerge as compulsive wool suckers and eaters. Pica—starvation for nonnutritive substances—can be a symptom of the want for extra roughage withinside the weight loss plan or of pussycat leukemia or different fitness problems. As with the canine, immoderate consuming and consuming is often related to endocrine illnesses which include diabetes and thyroid dysfunction. Cats frequently vomit quickly after consuming, that is most usually because of the buildup of fur balls withinside the belly, despite the fact that a meals allergy, pussycat leukemia, or different natural motive can be involved. Active and wholesome cats frequently race thru the residence as even though they have been crazed. These “night crazies” (which also can erupt early withinside the morning) end result from the cat’s historic rhythm of actively looking around sunrise and dusk. In the home environment, This normal, instinctive behavior frequently nevertheless happens, to the consternation of a few proprietors who worry that their cat can also additionally have rabies, a mind tumor, or a volatile personality. Changes in animals’ behavior ought to now no longer, consequently, be brushed off as mental (or as easy disobedience, as while a cat abruptly will become unhousebroken, for example). On account that there can be an underlying bodily motive. Nevertheless, atypical behavior in animals frequently does have a nonphysical, mental, or emotional foundation, which ought to constantly be taken into consideration withinside the analysis and remedy of the illnesses of accomplice animals. Cats Conduct and Cats Intelligence Outdoor cats are energetic each day and night time, even though they have a tendency to be barely extra energetic at night time. Domestic cats spend the bulk in their time withinside the region in their houses, however can variety many loads of meters from this valuable point. They set up territories that change drastically in length, in a single have a look at starting from 7 to twenty-eight hectares (17–69 acres).[96] The timing of cats’ interest is pretty bendy and varied, this means that residence cats can be extra energetic withinside the morning and evening, as a reaction to extra-human interest at those instances. Cats preserve energy via way of means of slumbering extra than maximum animals, especially as they develop older. The day by day period of sleep varies, commonly among 12 and sixteen hours, with thirteen and 14 being common. Some cats can sleep as a lot as 20 hours. The term “cat nap” for a brief relaxation refers back to the cat’s tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a short period. While asleep, cats enjoy brief durations of speedy eye motion sleep regularly followed via way of means of muscle twitches, which indicates they’re dreaming. Social Grooming: The social conduct of the home cat tiers from broadly dispersed people to feral cat colonies that acquire round a meals supply, primarily based totally on businesses of co-working women. Within such businesses, one cat is commonly dominant over the others. Each cat in a colony holds a wonderful territory, with sexually energetic adult males having the most important territories, which can be approximately 10 instances large than the ones of girl cats and might overlap with numerous women’s territories. These territories are marked via way of means of urine spraying, via way of means of rubbing items at the head top with secretions from facial glands, and via way of means of defecation. Between those territories are impartial regions in which cats watch and greet each other without territorial conflicts. Outside those impartial regions, territory holders commonly thrust back stranger cats, in the beginning via way of means of staring, hissing, and growling and, if that doesn’t work, via way of means of brief however noisy and violent assaults. Despite a few cats cohabiting in colonies, they do now no longer have a social survival approach, or a percent mentality and constantly hunt alone. However, a few puppy cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats display aggressiveness toward newly arrived kittens, which encompass biting and scratching; this sort of conduct is called pussycat asocial aggression. Life in proximity to human beings and different home animals has brought about a symbiotic social variation in cats, and cats might also add specific wonderful affection closer to human beings or different animals. Ethologically, the human keeper of cat capabilities as a form of surrogate for the cat’s mom. Adult cats stay their lives in a sort of prolonged kittenhood, a shape of behavioral neoteny. Their excessive-pitched sounds might also additionally mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them, in particular, tough for human beings to ignore. Domestic cats’ heady fragrance rubbing conduct toward human beings or different cats is a concept to be a pussycat approach for social bonding. Cats Communication Vocalizing Home Cat: Domestic cats use many vocalizations for communication, which include purring, trilling, hissing, growling/snarling, grunting, and numerous special styles of meowing. Their frame language, which includes the function of ears and tail, the rest of the complete frame, and kneading of the paws, are all signs of mood. The tail and ears are in particular crucial social sign mechanisms in cats. A raised tail suggests a pleasant greeting, and flattened ears suggest hostility. Tail-elevating additionally suggests the cat’s function withinside the institution’s social hierarchy, with dominant people elevating their tails much less regularly than subordinate ones. Feral cats are usually silent. Nose-to-nostril touching is likewise a not unusual place greeting and can be observed via way of means of social grooming, that’s solicited via way of means of one of the cats elevating and tilting its head. Purring might also additionally have advanced as an evolutionary gain as a signaling mechanism of reassurance among mom cats and nursing kittens. Post-nursing cats regularly purr as a signal of contentment: whilst being petted, turning into comfortable, or ingesting. The mechanism via way of means of which cats purr is elusive. The cat has no particular anatomical function this is virtually liable for the sound. To resource with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their frame, especially their faces. These offer facts at the width of gaps and at the area of items withinside the dark, each via way of means of touching items immediately and via way of means of sensing air currents; in addition, they cause defensive blink reflexes to defend the eyes from harm. Comparison of cat righting reflexes in gravity vis-à-vis 0 gravity. Most breeds of cat have a cited fondness for sitting in excessive places or perching. A better location might also additionally function a hid web website online from which to seek; home cats strike prey via way of means of pouncing from a perch along with a tree branch. Another viable clarification is that the top offers the cat a higher commentary point, permitting it to survey its territory. A cat falling from heights of up to three meters can proper itself and land on its paws. During a fall from an excessive location, a cat reflexively twists its frame and rights itself to land on its toes the use of its acute feel of stability and flexibility. This reflex is called the cat righting reflex. A person cat constantly rights itself withinside the equal manner at some stage in a fall, supplied it has enough time to do so. The top required for this to arise is around 90 cm (2 feet eleven in). Several causes were proposed for this phenomenon because of the overdue nineteenth century: Cats depend upon the conservation of angular momentum. The rotation attitude of the front frame is bigger than that of the rear frame. The dynamics of the falling cat were defined as the use of the Udwadia–Kalaba equation The hooked papillae on a cat’s tongue act like a hairbrush to assist smooth and detangle fur. File: Housecat Grooming Itself. A tabby housecat makes use of its brush-like tongue to groom itself, licking its fur to straighten it. Cats are recognized for spending large quantities of time licking their coats to hold them smooth. The cat’s tongue has backward-dealing with spines approximately 500 μm lengthy, which can be referred to as papillae. These comprise keratin which makes them inflexible so the papillae act like a hairbrush. Some cats, in particular longhaired cats, on occasion regurgitate hairballs of fur which have amassed of their stomachs from grooming. These clumps of fur are commonly sausage-formed and approximately 2–three cm (three⁄four–1 1⁄four in) lengthy. Hairballs may be averted with treatments that ease removal of the hair via the gut, in addition to normal grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush. A home cat’s arched returned, raised fur and an open-mouthed hiss are symptoms and symptoms of aggression Among home cats, adult males are much more likely to combat than women. Among feral cats, the maximum not unusual place purpose for cat combating is opposition among adult males to mate with a girl. In such instances, maximum fights are received via way of means of the heavier male. Another not unusual place purpose for combating in home cats is the issue of setting up territories inside a small domestic. Female cats additionally combat over territory or to shield their kittens. Neutering will lower or put off this conduct in lots of instances, suggesting that the conduct is connected to intercourse hormones. When cats end up aggressive, they are trying to make themselves seem large and extra threatening via way of means of elevating their fur, arching their backs, turning sideways, and hissing or spitting. Often, the ears are pointed down and returned to keep away from harm to the internal ear and doubtlessly pay attention for any adjustments in the back of them even as centered forward. They might also vocalize loudly and naked their enamel so one can similarly intimidate their opponent. Fights commonly include grappling and turning ineffective slaps to the face and frame with the forepaws in addition to bites. Cats additionally throw themselves to the floor in a shielding posture to rake their opponent’s stomach with their effective hind legs. Serious harm is rare, because the fights are commonly brief in the period, with the loser walking away with little quite a number of scratches to the face and ears. However, fights for mating rights are commonly extra extreme and accidents might also additionally encompass deep puncture wounds and lacerations. Normally, critical accidents from combating are restrained to infections of scratches and bites, even though those can on occasion kill cats if untreated. In addition, bites are likely the principle course of transmission of pussycat immunodeficiency virus. Sexually energetic adult males are commonly concerned in lots of fights at some stage in their lives, and regularly have decidedly battered faces with apparent scars and cuts to their ears and nostril. Hunting and Feeding: Cats nutrition A home cat with its prey: The form and shape of cats’ cheeks is inadequate to suck. They lap with the tongue to attract liquid upwards into their mouths. Lapping at a fee of 4 instances a second, the cat touches the easy tip of its tongue to the floor of the water, and quickly retracts it like a corkscrew, drawing water upwards. Feral cats and free-fed residence cats eat numerous small food in a day. The frequency and length of food vary among people. They pick meals primarily based totally on its temperature, scent, and texture; they dislike chilled meals and reply maximum strongly to wet meals wealthy in amino acids, which can be just like meat. Cats reject novel flavors (a reaction termed neophobia) and study quickly to keep away from meals which have tasted ugly withinside the past. They additionally keep away from candy meals and milk. Most person cats are lactose intolerant; the sugar in milk isn’t effortlessly digested and might reason tender stools or diarrhea. Some additionally broaden abnormal ingesting behavior and prefer to consume or bite on such things as wool, plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or maybe coal. This condition, percent, can threaten their fitness, relying on the quantity and toxicity of the objects eaten. Cats hunt small prey, ordinarily birds and rodents, and are regularly used as a shape of pest manipulate. Cats use looking strategies, both stalking prey actively, or ready in ambush till an animal comes near sufficient to be captured. The approach used relies upon at the prey species withinside the area, with cats ready in ambush out of doors burrows, however tending to actively stalk birds. Domestic cats are a primary predator of flora and fauna withinside the United States, killing an expected 1.4 to 3.7 billion birds and 6.9 to 20.7 billion mammals annually. Certain species seem extra inclined than others; for instance, 30% of residence sparrow mortality is connected to the home cat. In the healing of ringed robins (Erithacus rubecula) and dunnocks (Prunella modularis), 31% of deaths had been an end result of cat predation. In elements of North America, the presence of large carnivores along with coyotes that prey on cats and different small predators reduces the impact of predation via way of means of cats and different small predators along with opossums and raccoons on chicken numbers and variety. A cat gambling with a mouse. Cats play with their prey to weaken or exhaust it earlier than killing it. Perhaps the best-recognized detail of cats’ looking conduct, that’s typically misunderstood and regularly appalls cat proprietors as it seems like torture, is that cats regularly seem to “play” with prey via way of means of freeing it after capture. This cat and mouse conduct is because of an instinctive vital to make certain that the prey is susceptible sufficient to be killed without endangering the cat. Another poorly understood detail of cat looking conduct is the presentation of prey to human guardians. One clarification is that cats undertake human beings into their social institution and proportion extra kill with others withinside the institution in keeping with the dominance hierarchy, wherein human beings are reacted to as though they’re at, or near, the pinnacle. Another clarification is they try to train their guardians to seek or to assist their human as though feeding “an aged cat, or a clumsy kitten”. This speculation is inconsistent with the reality that male cats additionally carry domestic prey, regardless of adult males having negligible involvement in elevating kittens. Other Traits The cat’s sleep styles are special from the ones of puppies and human beings. Dogs and human beings have lengthy intervals of REM (speedy eye movement) sleep, the degree this is related to dreaming. In contrast, the cat hardly ever lapses into REM sleep. Instead, it has a lighter, episodic sleep sample that permits it to relaxation however to be right away alert. When unwell, cats have a propensity to withdraw and emerge as inactive, which facilitates them to preserve energy. An unwell cat can also additionally appear dead however get better after some days of withdrawal, that is one purpose cats are stated to have 9 lives. (A unwell cat ought to constantly be taken to a veterinarian, however; it’s far negligent clearly to permit nature take its course.) Cats are regarded to have traveled loads of miles to locate their proprietors in new houses to which they themselves have in no way been. Dogs have additionally achieved such feats of so-referred to as psi (psychic) trailing. Scientists have now no longer been capable of discovering a physiological or mental reason for this ability. Impact on flora and fauna: Cat predation on flora and fauna A black cat ingesting a residence sparrow: On islands, birds can make contributions as a lot as 60% of a cat’s food regimen. In almost all instances. However, the cat can not be recognized as the only reason for decreasing the numbers of island birds, and in a few instances. Eradication of cats has triggered a “mesopredator release” impact; in which the suppression of pinnacle carnivores creates an abundance of smaller predators that reason an extreme decline of their shared prey. Domestic cats are. However, recognized to be a contributing issue to the decline of many species, an issue that has in the long run led, in a few instances, to extinction. The South Island piopio, Chatham rail, and the New Zealand merganser are some from an extended list, with the maximum excessive case being the flightless Lyall’s wren, which became pushed to extinction only some years after its discovery. One feral cat in New Zealand killed 102 New Zealand lesser brief-tailed bats in seven days. In the US, feral and free-ranging home cats kill an expected 6.three – 22.three billion mammals annually. In Australia, the effect of cats on mammal populations is even extra than the effect of habitat loss. More than a million reptiles are killed via way of means of feral cats every day, representing 258 species. Cats have contributed to the extinction of the Navassa curly-tailed lizard and Chioninia coctei. Cats As Pets The recognition of the cat, specifically of pedigreed breeds, has persisted to develop. The cat’s unbiased personality, grace, cleanliness, and diffused shows of love have extensive appeal. Typically, cats are creatures of habit; they’re inquisitive, however now no longer adventurous, and are without difficulty disenchanted with the aid of using unexpected modifications of routine. The best family cat has been separated from its mom among a long time off and 4 months, raised in a smooth domestic, stored far from dangerous animals and inoculated in opposition to not unusual place infectious cat illnesses. Although cats frequently experience the enterprise of different cats, specifically while raised collectively from kittenhood, introducing an ordinary cat to different cats withinside the domestic can motive stress, aggression, and different behavior problems. Cats are typically much less sociable than puppies, who extra without difficulty be given a brand new % member. A suitable disposition and suitable fitness are crucial standards for deciding on a cat. Disposition varies simplest barely among male and woman cats. There are, however, awesome variations in disposition the various diverse pedigreed varieties; the Siamese, for example, is vocal and demanding, even as the Persian is quiet and fastidious. The blended breed, or “alley cat,” is a heterogeneous breed of unknown lineage; consequently, its disposition is hard to assess. By chance, the blended breed can also additionally show a happier and more healthy puppy than a pedigreed one. On the opposite hand, the behavior and vigor of the direct ancestors of pedigreed cats are indicative of the traits the offspring will own as adults. But, as with the propagation of purebred puppies, the proliferation of pedigreed cats has ended in growth in inherited illnesses, a chief purpose many human beings select mongrels or blended breeds. Cats ought to have a weight loss plan much like that in their wild spouse and children. They are tailored with the aid of using nature to be flesh eaters, as is proven with the aid of using their alimentary tract and their dentition. The cat makes use of its canine to seize and kill prey, the molars to reduce it up. Lack of flat-surfaced enamel prevents it from chewing or gnawing. The cat has a brief gut, and its belly secretes digestive juices that act typically on meat. Cats, however, like every meat-consuming animal, ingest grass, and different flora occasionally, and small portions of greens can also add function to each a laxative and a hairball remover. As cats are the strictest of all carnivorous mammals, they thrive on meat, however, an all-meat weight loss plan is unbalanced and could result in diverse dietary deficiency illnesses. Cats derive nutrients, which include moisture, from their whole prey—subsequently the low thirst pressure of maximum cats. Commercial dry puppy foods, missing moisture and overloaded with starches, are handy for the proprietor however can make contributions to a few of the maximum, not unusual place pussycat illnesses—which include obesity, urinary tract illnesses, and diabetes mellitus. An obligate carnivore’s gadget isn’t ready to deal with an excessive nutritional percentage of carbohydrates or to digest grain matter (see nutrition: Carnivores). It is consequently prudent to take a look at the aspect listing on industrial cat foods. Which includes “prescription” foods, which frequently include species-beside the point substances that don’t have any logical vicinity in a cat’s weight loss plan. In addition, seafood isn’t recommended; many cats are allergic to it, and it can be infected with dangerous chemicals. Getting as near the herbal carnivorous weight loss plan as feasible with the aid of using feeding a low-carbohydrate, meat-primarily based total weight loss plan can dispose of a few of the maximum not unusual place illnesses and illnesses, which aren’t simplest painful for cats however additionally pretty costly. Feline professionals recommend in opposition to ever feeding cats all-dry synthetic foods, due to the fact cats frequently develop to select the ones to the diploma that they do not want different, more healthy foods. Cats attain reproductive age among 7 and 12 months. A breeding woman (referred to as a queen) may be in heat, or estrus, as many as 5 instances a year. During those intervals, which ultimate approximately 5 days, the cat “calls,” or caterwauls, intermittently. The gestation length for cats averages 63 to 65 days and the beginning generally lasts approximately hours. The beginning is frequently referred to as kittening, and the kittens are referred to as a muddle. The common muddle numbers 4; however, the Abyssinian generally has fewer, the Siamese extra. A New Child Kitten Female cats referred to as queens are polyestrous with numerous estrus cycles at some stage in a year, lasting commonly 21 days. They are commonly geared up to mate among early February and August. Several adult males, referred to as tomcats, are drawn to a girl in heat. The combat over her and the victor wins the proper to mate. At first, the girl rejects the male, however, in the end, the girl permits the male to mate. The girl utters a noisy yowl because the male pulls out of her due to the fact a male cat’s penis has a band of approximately 120–a hundred and fifty backward-pointing penile spines, which can be approximately 1 mm (1⁄32 in) lengthy; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the partitions of the girl’s vagina, which acts to result in ovulation. This act additionally happens to clean the vagina of different sperm withinside the context of a second (or extra) mating, as a result giving the later adult males a bigger hazard of conception. After mating, the girl cleans her vulva thoroughly. If a male tries to mate together along with her at this point, the girl assaults him. After approximately 20 to 30 minutes, as soon as the girl is completed grooming, the cycle will repeat. Because ovulation isn’t constantly induced via way of means of unmarried mating, women won’t be impregnated via way of means of the primary male with which they mate. Furthermore, cats are super fecund; this is, a girl might also additionally mate with multiple males whilst she is in heat, with the end result that special kittens in a muddle might also additionally have special fathers. The morula bureaucracy 124 hours after conception. At 148 hours, early blastocysts shape. At 10–12 days, implantation happens. The gestation of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days, with a mean of sixty-five days. Data at the reproductive ability of extra than 2, 300 free-ranging queens had been amassed at some stage in a have a look at among May 1998 and October 2000. They had one to 6 kittens according to muddle, with a mean of 3 kittens. They produced an average of 1.four litters according to year, however most of 3 litters in a year. Of 169 kittens, 127 died earlier than they had been six months vintage because of a trauma triggered in maximum instances via way of means of canine assaults and avenue accidents. The first muddle is commonly smaller than the next litters. Kittens are weaned among six and 7 weeks of age. Queens usually attain sexual adulthood at five–10 months, and adult males at five–7 months. This varies relying on breed. Kittens attain puberty at the age of nine–10 months. Cats are geared up to visit new houses at approximately 12 weeks of age, whilst they’re geared up to depart their mom. They may be surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as early as seven weeks to restriction undesirable reproduction. This surgical treatment additionally prevents unwanted intercourse-associated conduct, along with aggression, territory marking (spraying urine) in adult males, and yowling (calling) in women. Traditionally, this surgical treatment became carried out at around 6 to 9 months of age, however, it’s miles more and more being carried out earlier than puberty, at approximately 3 to 6 months. In the USA, approximately 80% of family cats are neutered. Each kitten is born in a separate amniotic sac this is typically damaged open in the meanwhile of beginning. If it isn’t, the mom breaks it. She additionally severs the umbilical twine and eats the placenta (which in lots of instances stimulates lactation). The kittens are born blind, deaf, and helpless, as are many different carnivores; their senses start to characteristic 10 or 12 days after beginning. Soon after beginning the mom licks her kittens; this motion cleans them and facilitates stimulate their circulation. Kittens at the beginning lack specific coloring, and plenty of doing now no longer gather their feature markings and color for weeks. For example, Siamese kittens are white at the beginning, even as blue Persians have tabby markings and black Persians are brown. Unlike wild cats that breed as soon as a year, the home cat is able to bear up to 3 litters each year. Traditionally, the law of the cat populace turned into completed with the aid of using the selective killing of the newborn. In present-day instances. However, sterilization—via exceptionally secure and easy operations called spaying, neutering, or altering—has emerged as not an unusual place in prosperous societies. Neutering is likewise considered as an adaptive degree for indoor existence. Castration of the male, preferably around six or seven months of age, facilitates manipulate the person male’s tendency to “spray”—to mark gadgets in and across the residence together along with his personal urine. Spaying the woman can also additionally assist lessen the prevalence of breast most cancers further to disposing of uterine illnesses and undesirable litters. Neutered cats stay longer than non-neutered ones, in part due to the fact they have got much less preference to roam. The common existence expectancy for the cat is 10 to fifteen years; the oldest cat on document attained the age of 38 years. Cats Play and Toys Tail-wagging, walking, and licking via way of means of Abyssinian kittens, Hargeisa, Somaliland Domestic cats, especially younger kittens, are recognized for his or her love of play. This conduct mimics looking and is crucial in supporting kittens learn how to stalk, capture, and kill prey. Cats additionally have interaction in play combating, with every different and with human beings. This conduct can be a manner for cats to exercise the talents wanted for actual combat, and may additionally lessen any worry they partner with launching assaults on different animals. Cats additionally have a tendency to play with toys extra whilst they’re hungry. Owing to the near similarity among play and looking, cats opt to play with items that resemble prey, along with small bushy toys that circulate unexpectedly, however unexpectedly lose interest. They end up habituated to a toy they’ve performed with earlier than. The string is regularly used as a toy, however, if it’s miles eaten, it may end up stuck at the bottom of the cat’s tongue after which circulate into the intestines, a clinical emergency that may reason critical contamination, even death. Owing to the dangers posed via way of means of cats ingesting string, it’s miles now and again changed with a laser pointer’s dot, which cats might also additionally chase.\ Lifespan and Fitness: Cat Fitness and Aging in Cats A deserted near-white cat affected by contamination in Feira de Santana, Brazil. The common lifespan of puppy cats has risen in current decades. In the early 1980s, it became approximately seven years, growing to 9.4 years in 1995 and 15.1 years in 2018. Some cats were said as surviving into their 30s, with the oldest recognized cat, Creme Puff, demise at a tested age of 38. Spaying or neutering will increase existence expectancy: one has a look at located neutered male cats stay two times so long as intact adult males, even as spayed girl cats stay 62% longer than intact women. Having a cat neutered confers fitness benefits, due to the fact castrated adult males can not broaden testicular cancer, spayed women can not broaden uterine or ovarian cancer, and each has a discounted threat of mammary cancer. Despite enormous situation approximately the welfare of free-roaming cats, the lifespans of neutered feral cats in controlled colonies examine favorably with the ones of puppy cats. Diseases And Parasites For a few years, cat remedies have been clearly extensions of these given puppies. Now, however, cat issues of the pores and skin, the eyes, the ears, the diverse systems (circulatory, respiratory, urinary, digestive, nervous, skeletal), and the blood, in addition to contagious cat illnesses and outside and inner parasites, are studied, in order that suitable preventions and remedies may be advanced. Many cats die due to the fact their illnesses emerge as critical earlier than their fashionable situations exalternate sufficiently to show signs of infection. On the opposite hand, many signs utilized in diagnosing cat illnesses aren’t definitive for given issues. For example, symptoms and symptoms of infection consist of fashionable signs which include a stupid coat, loss of urge for food, and listlessness. Diarrhea can be an end result of a great infection or clearly mirror an exalternate in a weight loss plan. Tearing of the eyes, specifically while observed with the aid of using sneezing, can also additionally imply conjunctivitis or a cold. Since, however, sneezing is the cat’s simplest mechanism for blowing its nose, now no longer all sneezing suggests infection. Open sores, generally at the bottom of the ear, across the mouth, or at the feet, can factor to an ear mite or ringworm contamination or to combat with every other animal. Cats are attacked with the aid of using numerous forms of outside and inner parasites. External parasites are maximum typically discovered in kittens, despite the fact that they are able to arise in adults. The maximum common parasites are fleas, however, lice, ticks, and ear mites additionally arise. Internal parasites consist of roundworms, tapeworms, and protozoan coccidia. Modern veterinary medication has made all of those smooth to manipulate. Panleucopenia frequently referred to as pussycat distemper, is the best-regarded viral sickness in cats. Highly contagious, with an excessive mortality rate, it’s far visible most usually in younger cats. Vaccines are powerful shielding measures. Rabies is much less of a trouble with cats than with puppies, however, all free-roaming cats ought to be vaccinated. Vaccines have additionally been advanced for different pussycat illnesses, which include pussycat leukemia, pneumonitis (chlamydiosis), viral rhinotracheitis (cat influenza), and calicivirus infections. Cats approved to wander exterior are uncovered to plenty of hazards, which include accidents, assaults from different animals, poisoning, fleas, and different parasites, and contagious illnesses which include pussycat obtained immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The Cats that kill and consume rodents and different small animals can emerge as inflamed with the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, which may be transmitted to human beings and reasons the sickness toxoplasmosis. Cats that proportion muddle packing containers with each other can also additionally grow their publicity to Tritrichomonas fetus, a single-celled flagellated protozoan that resembles Giardia. T. Foetus infects the cat’s decrease gut, inflicting diarrhea, which may additionally include mucus or clean blood in a few inflamed cats. Feline sicknesses: About a 150 heritable genetic issue was recognized in cats, many just like human inborn mistakes of metabolism. The excessive degree of similarity most of the metabolism of mammals permits a lot of those pussycat sicknesses to be recognized the use of genetic checks that had been initially advanced to be used in human beings. In addition to using cats as animal fashions withinside the have a look at of the human sicknesses. Diseases affecting home cats encompass acute infections, parasitic infestations, accidents, and continual sicknesses along with kidney ailment, thyroid ailment, and arthritis. Vaccinations are to be had for lots of infectious sicknesses, as are remedies to put off parasites along with worms and fleas. Ecology: Habitats A Tabby cat in snowy weather: The home cat is a sophisticated species and happens throughout a lot of the sector. It is adaptable and now gift on all continents besides Antarctica, and on 118 of the 131 foremost businesses of islands—even on remoted islands along with the Kerguelen Islands. Due to its cap potential to thrive in nearly any terrestrial habitat, it’s miles most of the world’s maximum invasive species. As it’s miles little altered from the wildcat, it may comfortably interbreed with the wildcat. This hybridization poses a threat to the genetic area of expertise of a few wildcat populations, in particular in Scotland and Hungary and likely additionally the Iberian Peninsula. It lives on small islands without a human population. The Feral cats can stay in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal regions, agricultural land, scrublands, city regions, and wetlands. Feral Cats: Feral Farm Cat Feral cats are home cats that had been born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are strange with and cautious of human beings and roam freely in city and rural regions. The numbers of feral cats aren’t recognized, however, estimates of the USA feral populace variety from twenty-5 to sixty million. Feral cats might also additionally stay alone, however, maximum is located in massive colonies, which occupy a selected territory and are commonly related to a supply of meals. Famous feral cat colonies are located in Rome across the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at a number of those web sites being fed and given clinical interest via way of means of volunteers. Public attitudes toward feral cats range broadly, starting from seeing them as free-ranging pets, to concerning them as vermin. One, not unusual place method to decreasing the feral cat populace is termed “trap-neuter-return”, in which the cats are trapped, neutered, immunized towards sicknesses along with rabies. And the pussycat panleukopenia and leukemia viruses, after which released. Before freeing them returned into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian regularly nips the end off one ear to mark it as neutered and inoculated, on account that those cats can be trapped again. Volunteers hold to feed and provide care to those cats at some point in their lives. Given this support, their lifespans are increased, and conduct and nuisance issues as a result of opposition for meals are reduced. Some feral cats may be efficiently socialized and ‘re-tamed’ for adoption; younger cats, especially kittens and cats which have had earlier enjoy and phone with human beings are the maximum receptive to those efforts. Interaction With human Beings: Human interplay with cats A cat slumbering on a guy’s lap: Cats are not unusual to place pets at some point in the sector, and their international populace exceeds 500 million as of 2007. Cats were used for millennia to govern rodents, substantially round grain shops and aboard ships, and each makes use of making bigger to the prevailing day. As properly as being saved as pets, cats also are used withinside the global fur and leather-based industries for making coats, hats, blankets, and crammed toys; and shoes, gloves, and musical gadgets respectively (approximately 24 cats are had to make a cat-fur coat). This use has been outlawed withinside the United States, Australia, and the European Union in 2007. Cat pelts were used for superstitious functions as a part of the preparation of witchcraft, and are nevertheless made into blankets in Switzerland as people’s treatments believed to assist rheumatism. In the Western highbrow tradition, the concept of cats as regular items have served to demonstrate issues of quantum mechanics withinside the Schrödinger’s cat concept experiment. A few tries to construct a cat census were remodeled the years, each via institutions or countrywide and global agencies (along with the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies’s one) and over the Internet, however, the sort of project does now no longer appear easy to achieve. General estimates for the worldwide populace of home cats variety broadly from everywhere among two hundred million to six hundred million. Walter Chandoha made his profession photographing cats after his 1949 pix of Loco, an especially captivating stray taken in, had been posted around the sector. He is said to have photographed ninety,000 cats at some stage in his profession and maintained an archive of 225,000 pix that he drew from for guides at some stage in his lifetime. Cats Display A cat display is a judged occasion wherein the proprietors of cats compete to win titles in diverse cat-registering agencies via way of means of getting into their cats to be judged after a breed standard. Both pedigreed and non-purebred companion (“moggy”) cats are admissible, even though the policies range from corporation to corporation. Competing cats areas compared to the relevant breed standard, and assessed for temperament and obvious fitness; the proprietors of these judged to be maximum best offered a prize. Moggies are judged primarily based totally on their temperament and wholesome appearance. Some activities additionally encompass interest judging, along with educated navigation of the impediment course. Often, on the give up of the year, all the factors accumulated at diverse suggests are delivered up and extra countrywide and nearby titles are offered to champion cats. Infections transmitted from cats to human beings: Feline Zoonosis Cats may be inflamed or infested with viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, arthropods, or worms that may transmit sicknesses to human beings. In a few instances, the cat well-known shows no signs and symptoms of the ailment, however, the equal ailment can then end up obtrusive in a human. The probability that someone turns into diseased relies upon the age and immune popularity of the person. Humans who’ve cats dwelling of their domestic or in near affiliation are much more likely to end up inflamed. However, folks who do now no longer hold cats as pets may accumulate infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat’s frame. Some of the infections of maximum situation encompass salmonella, cat-scratch ailment, and toxoplasmosis. History and Mythology Cultural depictions of cats and Cats in historic Egypt: In historic Egypt, cats had been worshipped, and the goddess Bastet regularly depicted in cat shape, now and again taking over the war-like factor of a lioness. The Greek historian Herodotus said that killing a cat became forbidden, and whilst a family cat died, the complete own circle of relatives mourned and shaved their eyebrows. Families took their useless cats to the sacred town of Bubastis, in which they had been embalmed and buried in sacred repositories. Herodotus expressed astonishment on the home cats in Egypt, due to the fact he had the most effective ever visible wildcats. Ancient Greeks and Romans saved weasels as pets, which had been visible as the appropriate rodent-killers. The earliest unmistakable proof of the Greeks having home cats comes from cash from Magna Graecia’s relationship to the mid-5th century BC displaying Iokastos and Phalanthos, the mythical founders of Region and Taras respectively, gambling with their puppy cats. The common historic Greek phrase for ‘cat’ became ailouros, meaning ‘issue with the waving tail’. Cats are hardly ever referred to in historic Greek literature. Aristotle remarked in his History of Animals that “girl cats are certainly lecherous. ” The Greeks later syncretized their very own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet’s institutions with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses, whilst the deities flee to Egypt and take animal bureaucracy, the goddess Diana becomes a cat. Cats, in the end, displaced ferrets because the pest manipulates of preference due to the fact they had been extra best to have across the residence and had been extra enthusiastic hunters of mice. During the Middle Ages, a lot of Artemis’s institutions with cats had been grafted onto the Virgin Mary. Cats are regularly proven in icons of Annunciation and of the Holy Family and, in keeping with Italian folklore, at the equal night time that Mary gave start to Jesus, a cat in Bethlehem gave start to a kitten. Domestic cats had been unfolded at some point in a lot of the relaxation of the sector at some stage in the Age of Discovery, as ships’ cats had been carried on cruising ships to govern shipboard rodents and as proper-success charms. Several historic religions believed cats are exalted souls, partners, or courses for human beings, which might be all-understanding however mute so that they can not have an impact on selections made via way of means of human beings. In Japan, the Maneki Neko cat is an image of proper fortune. Norse mythology, Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, is depicted as using a chariot drawn via way of means of cats. In Jewish legend, the primary cat became dwelling withinside the residence of the primary guy Adam as a puppy that bumped off mice. The cat became as soon as partnering with the primary canine earlier than the latter broke an oath that they’d made which led to enmity among the descendants of those animals. It is likewise written that neither cats nor foxes are represented withinside the water, even as each different animal has an incarnation species withinside the water. Although no species are sacred in Islam, cats are respected via way of means of Muslims. Some Western writers have said Muhammad had a fave cat, Muezza. He is said to have cherished cats so a lot, “he could do without his cloak instead of disturbing one which became slumbering on it”. The tale has no beginning in early Muslim writers and appears to confuse a tale of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa’i, centuries after Muhammad. One of the partners of Muhammad became called Abu Hurayrah (“father of the kitten”), in connection with his documented affection to cats. Superstitions and Rituals Some cultures are superstitious approximately black cats, ascribing both proper or terrible success to them. Many cultures have poor superstitions approximately cats. An instance will be the notion that a black cat “crossing one’s path” results in terrible success, or that cats are witches’ familiars used to enhance a witch’s powers and talents. The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres, Belgium, is venerated withinside the risk-free gift-day Kattenstoet (cat parade). In medieval France, cats could be burnt alive as a shape of entertainment. According to Norman Davies, the assembled humans “shrieked with laughter because the animals, howling with pain, had been singed, roasted, and subsequently carbonized”. “It became the custom to burn a basket, barrel, or sack completely of stay cats, which became hung from a tall mast withinside the midst of the bonfire; now and again a fox became burned. The humans amassed the embers and ashes of the hearthplace and took them domestically, believing that they introduced proper success. The French kings regularly witnessed those spectacles or even lit the bonfire with their very own hands. In 1648 Louis XIV, topped with a wreath of roses and wearing a group of roses in his hand, kindled the hearthplace, danced at it, and partook of the feast afterward withinside the city hall. But this became the final event whilst a monarch presided on the midsummer bonfire in Paris. At Metz midsummer fires had been lighted with wonderful pomp at the esplanade, and a dozen cats, enclosed in wicker cages, had been burned alive in them, to the enjoyment of the humans. Similarly at Gap, withinside the branch of the Hautes-Alpes, cats were roasted over the midsummer bonfire.” According to fantasy in lots of cultures, cats have more than one life. In many countries, they’re believed to have 9 lives. However, in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and a few Spanish-talking regions, they’re slated to have seven lives, even as in Turkish and Arabic traditions, the variety of lives is six. The fantasy is attributed to the herbal suppleness and swiftness cats showcase to get away existence-threatening situations. Also lending credence to this fantasy is the reality that falling cats regularly land on their toes, the use of an instinctive righting reflex to curl their bodies round. Nonetheless, cats can nevertheless be injured or killed via way of means of an excessive fall. Cats have in no way been bred for monetary purposes; their matings are extraordinarily hard to manipulate until the animals are absolutely confined. There has been exceptionally little clinical breeding of cats, and the info of breed inheritance in those animals isn’t nicely-regarded. Cats are genetically some distance much less plastic than puppies and consequently have now no longer presented the equal possibilities to breeders. The length variations among breeds withinside the home canine don’t have any parallel withinside the home cat, nor has whatever even remotely drawing close the extensive variety of head shapes and frame proportions in special breeds of puppies ever seemed the various cats. In cats, the bodily variations among one breed and every other are in large part variations in color and texture of the coat. The maximum, not unusual place coat hues are blotched tabby, black, and orange. The latter time period refers back to the gene chargeable for the expression of creams, yellows, gingers, and reds (“yellow” and “red” also can talk to this organization of hues). Solid white is dominant in all different hues. Tortoiseshell, a piebald sample that outcomes from crossing a black, tabby, or different nonorange color with a color from the orange organization, is a sex-connected trait. The orange gene is carried at the X chromosome; male tortoiseshells have one greater X chromosome, ensuing in an atypical XXY chromosomal sample. Hence, male tortoiseshells are born simplest hardly ever and are generally sterile. Similarly, tortoiseshell-and-white cats (in North America frequently referred to as calicoes) are nearly constantly women. Siamese dilution, the everyday color of Siamese cats, has been defined as a case of imperfect albinism and has been in comparison to the Himalayan sample in rabbits. However, its heredity isn’t nicely understood. There also are dilutions of the opposite everyday hues: blue is dilute black and cream is dilute yellow. White recognizing additionally happens and is dominant to a uniform color. Back to top button Adblock Detected Disable Add Blocker First To View The Content
Theme: #15 Life on land What are the impacts of LSLA on the local food system and how do they affect the decision-making processes of both men and women regarding household food security ? How do green public spaces meet the human needs and contribute to the societal wellbeing in urban settings and according to cultural context and across social groups? How is land management in mountains being affected by migration, climate changes and hazard events in Cochabamba region (Bolivia) and Dhankuta District (Nepal)? To what extent can regional governance architectures of mountainous areas contribute to achieving the Millenium Development Goals in terms of integration of sustainable development principles and of reduction of biodiversity loss? How can social network analysis help in understanding resilience to global environmental changes in the isolated mountain and Arctic island communities? How can potentially negative effects on local populations of large-scale land acquisitions be mitigated and what could institutions do to protect human rights of the affected population?
How poverty shapes confidence An extract from How Confidence Works: The new science of self-belief, why some people learn and others don’t by Ian Robertson (Bantam Press). Groups of people, even where millions of people are involved, can have a sense of collective confidence. Leaders play a major role in building this. So, can collective confidence be learned? A 2014 study from an impoverished, food-insecure region of Ethiopia suggests that it can. Poverty in an area shapes the can do and can happen expectations of whole communities. When everyone around you is struggling, it is understandable that expectations become tailored to what seems to be an unchangeable reality. The researchers at the Centre for Economic Policy Research asked local development agents to find stories of people who had improved their wellbeing despite adversity. They chose ten people and made short documentaries about their lives. They told the stories of their achievements, which ranged from starting a small business to diversifying their sources of income. Their spouses and mentors gave testimony to their personal qualities such as perseverance, determination and reliability. The fact that they succeeded through their efforts, albeit with some outside help, was emphasized. In other words, the films tried to build confidence – both its can do and can happen elements. A one-hour screening of these ten short documentaries was then shown to groups of people in their villages. Compared to placebo control groups who watched entertaining movies, the confidence-building film groups showed significant changes in their behaviour six months later. First, their aspirations – their can happen expectations – were raised, and they began to save more and become financially more stable. They sent more children to school, and the people in these communities showed a boosted sense of control over their lives – something that we have seen already is crucial for confidence. Confidence can be learned – and that includes the collective confidence of large groups of people, including whole nations. For a Q&A and different extract, see https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/over-confidence-works-point BPS Members can discuss this article Already a member? Or Create an account Not a member? Find out about becoming a member or subscriber
Difference between revisions of "Hamlet: Act 1 Scene 4" From Learn Na'vi Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Line 18: Line 18: It is a nipping and an eager air. 14.00 It is a nipping and an eager air. '''Fìya länngu wew sì --- nìtxan.''' Revision as of 14:53, 29 December 2010 The platform. The air bites shrewdly; it is very cold. It is a nipping and an eager air. Fìya länngu wew sì --- nìtxan. What hour now? Pehrr lu set? I think it lacks of twelve. Fpìl oel futa srekamtxon. No, it is struck. Kehe, srekrr kxamtxonmaw nìngay srak? Ke ìmomum oe: Tsakrr zera'u krr Wherein the spirit held his wont to walk. a vitra a lonu tìnewt sneyä a tivìran. A flourish of trumpets, and ordnance shot off, within What does this mean, my lord? Peu fì'uä ral lu, ma lortì? The king doth wake to-night and takes his rouse, 'eyktan fìtxon txen sayi ulte --- Keeps wassail, and the swaggering up-spring reels; var näk, ulte --- And, as he drains his draughts of Rhenish down, The kettle-drum and trumpet thus bray out The triumph of his pledge. Is it a custom? tsa'u lu --- srak? Ay, marry, is't: But to my mind, though I am native here And to the manner born, it is a custom More honour'd in the breach than the observance. This heavy-headed revel east and west Makes us traduced and tax'd of other nations: They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase Soil our addition; and indeed it takes From our achievements, though perform'd at height, The pith and marrow of our attribute. So, oft it chances in particular men, That for some vicious mole of nature in them, Since nature cannot choose his origin-- By the o'ergrowth of some complexion, Oft breaking down the pales and forts of reason, Or by some habit that too much o'er-leavens The form of plausive manners, that these men, Carrying, I say, the stamp of one defect, Being nature's livery, or fortune's star,-- Their virtues else--be they as pure as grace, As infinite as man may undergo-- Shall in the general censure take corruption From that particular fault: the dram of eale Doth all the noble substance of a doubt To his own scandal. Look, my lord, it comes! Enter Ghost Angels and ministers of grace defend us! Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damn'd, Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, Be thy intents wicked or charitable, Thou comest in such a questionable shape That I will speak to thee: I'll call thee Hamlet, King, father, royal Dane: O, answer me! Let me not burst in ignorance; but tell Why thy canonized bones, hearsed in death, Have burst their cerements; why the sepulchre, Wherein we saw thee quietly inurn'd, Hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws, To cast thee up again. What may this mean, That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel Revisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon, Making night hideous; and we fools of nature So horridly to shake our disposition With thoughts beyond the reaches of our souls? Ghost beckons HAMLET It beckons you to go away with it, As if it some impartment did desire To you alone. Look, with what courteous action It waves you to a more removed ground: But do not go with it. No, by no means. It will not speak; then I will follow it. Do not, my lord. Why, what should be the fear? I do not set my life in a pin's fee; And for my soul, what can it do to that, Being a thing immortal as itself? It waves me forth again: I'll follow it. What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea, And there assume some other horrible form, Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason And draw you into madness? think of it: The very place puts toys of desperation, Without more motive, into every brain That looks so many fathoms to the sea And hears it roar beneath. It waves me still. Go on; I'll follow thee. You shall not go, my lord. Hold off your hands. Be ruled; you shall not go. My fate cries out, And makes each petty artery in this body As hardy as the Nemean lion's nerve. Still am I call'd. Unhand me, gentlemen. I say, away! Go on; I'll follow thee. Exeunt Ghost and HAMLET He waxes desperate with imagination. Let's follow; 'tis not fit thus to obey him. Have after. To what issue will this come? Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. Heaven will direct it. Nay, let's follow him. Act 1 Scene 1Scene 2Scene 3Scene 4Scene 5 Hämlet.png Act 2 Scene 1Scene 2 Act 3 Scene 1Scene 2Scene 3Scene 4 Act 4 Scene 1Scene 2Scene 3Scene 4Scene 5Scene 6Scene 7 Act 5 Scene 1Scene 2 other Missing WordsMissing PhrasesProper NounsProgressContributors
File format From VideoLAN Wiki Revision as of 20:51, 28 January 2005 by (talk) Jump to navigation Jump to search A Fileformat is a specification on how to read/write a certain type of information into a file. There are many fileformats which all have their advantages. Some are easy to edit, some are easy to stream, some allow for possible future extensions, others are very simple and can't do much at all. In the world of audio/video/streaming there are several categories which are of importance.
Natural Vs Refined Sugar: The nutritionist decodes the difference Excessive sugar consumption can lead to weight gain • White sugar, brown sugar, cane sugar are forms of refined sugar • Fruits can give you natural sugar • The grains are lower in natural sugar Sugar is simply a form of simple carbohydrate that the body converts into glucose and uses it for energy. But the effect on the body and on general health depends on the type of sugar you consume, either natural or refined. Natural sugars are found in fruits such as fructose and lactose in dairy products such as milk and cheese. They contain essential nutrients that keep the body healthy and help prevent disease. Natural sources of sugar are digested more slowly and help you feel full longer. It also helps keep your metabolism stable. Natural vs. refined sugar Refined sugar, such as: white sugar, brown sugar, cane sugar, coconut sugar, palm sugar, high fructose corn syrup, etc. All these sugars come mainly from plants, but have been processed in a way in a simple, sweet form, so they are processed or refined. Due to which an increase in the consumption of refined sugar has led to increased rates of obesity, which is associated with higher risks of cancer. Fiber is a huge key. When fruit sugar is taken up, the fiber that comes with it slows down the rate of sugar absorption. This is because the natural sugars found in whole foods do not increase blood sugar levels as fast as refined sugar. Addition, to help slow down the absorption of fruit even more, is the association of fruit with a meal, including a protein. Read also: What should your summer plate look like? Nutritionist Nmami Agarwal reveals Berries, such as strawberries, raspberries and blackberries, are the lowest in natural sugar, while the largest are dried fruits, bananas and mangoes. Fruit juices are also high in sugar, so opt for whole fruits. Even if we consume the same number of calories from whole fruits and juices, the metabolic effects are very different. Thus, metabolically speaking, the juice is more or less similar to soda than it is to whole fruits. The fruits are loaded with sugar and natural fibers Photo credit: iStock Metabolism matters The way the body metabolizes sugar from fruit and milk differs from the way it metabolizes refined sugar added to processed foods. The body quickly breaks down refined sugar, causing insulin and blood sugar levels to rise. Because refined sugar is digested quickly, you don’t feel full after you’ve finished eating, no matter how many calories you’ve consumed. Therefore, the fiber present in fruits reduces metabolism, because the fruits in the digestive tract expand to make you feel full. To better understand added and natural sugar, the best advice we have now is to simply eat less sugar, with all the fruit as a notable exception to this rule. Ideally, our diets should be low in sugar and high in fiber, consisting mainly of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Read also: Signs and symptoms that you have too much sugar Thus, there are not too many differences between the sugar present in foods naturally and the added one. However, the way it is presented to the body, what comes with it and the amount is masks a very big difference. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this article are the personal opinions of the author. NDTV is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, adequacy or validity of any information in this article. All information is provided as such. The information, facts or opinions appearing in the article do not reflect the views of NDTV, and NDTV assumes no responsibility or liability for them.
Praying Mantis Pest Control Praying Mantis Information and Pest Control Insects in the Garden How to attract a praying mantis to your gardenPraying mantises are one of the common creatures found in any garden. They are carnivorous creatures and feeds on insects, insect eggs, mites, caterpillars, beetles, aphids. They do not eat plants. So, praying mantises are beneficial to a certain extent to the gardeners. When at rest, praying mantis keeps its front legs in folded praying position and this is how the praying mantis gets its name. They measure about 2-4 inches and are usually green or brown in colour. It has a triangular head, neck and a long thorax. They can easily camouflage by attaching them to green plants, bark or wood. Mantis can lay hundreds of eggs at a time in the egg case. It can turn its head in 180 degrees. Praying mantis waits for their prey and when the prey reaches near, it snaps the prey at lightning speed using front legs. Using Praying Mantis for Pest Control The appetite of praying mantis for the insects makes it a good biological control for harmful insects in your garden. They do not cause any harm to your garden plants or flowers and buds and a safe way to control pests. In the present day, organic garden farmers are using the praying mantis eggs available for sale to control the pests in their garden. When the eggs of praying mantis hatch, they resemble the adult mantises. For about 5000 square feet of land area, three egg cases are more than enough. You can place the egg cases on plants. When placed on the ground, the nymphs are easy prey for the ants. Any application of chemical pesticides can wipe out the mantis population in your garden. There are garden centres and online stores that sell praying mantis egg cases. Place the egg cases on trees and shrubs where they receive a good amount of sunlight. The mantis eggs require warm conditions to hatch. The egg cases can hatch within 10-15 days if the conditions are favourable. The Downside of Using Praying Mantis for Pest Control It is not possible to achieve 100% pest control by using mantis for pest control. • The birds and bats are predators of the mantises and many of them get eaten by the predators and this further decreases the efficiency of pest control. • If the food supply is low praying mantises tend to migrate to new areas where insects are plentiful. • Another major drawback of using these cannibalistic and carnivorous insects for pest control is that they also capture and feed on useful insects like butterflies, ladybugs, other praying mantises and honey bees which help in the pollination of flowers in the garden. You need to use this beneficial insect along with other biological or natural pest control methods to make it more effective. How to attract Praying Mantis to your garden? Praying mantis cannot withstand the chemical pesticides and they thrive well in gardens using organic pest control practices. They especially like plants belonging to the rose and raspberry family and areas covered with tall grasses. So, prepare your garden in such a way to provide suitable hiding places for these beneficial insects. Trees Shrubs and Vines Flowers and Bulbs Decadent Daylilies
Victoria’s warning system Victoria has an integrated warning system which provides information and warnings to community through a range of channels. This includes: You should always use more than one channel to seek information about emergencies. You should not rely on an official warning to act. Emergencies can start quickly and threaten you within minutes. Emergency Broadcasters Emergency broadcasters have signed a memorandum of understanding with the Victorian Government that they will broadcast emergency information. If necessary, emergency broadcasters will interrupt regular programing to broadcast warnings. Emergency broadcasters include ABC, SkyNews TV, commercial and designated community radio stations. Warnings and emergency information is provided to other media outlets so they can promote this information through their channels as they see fit. Emergency Alert (phone alerting system) Emergency alert is a warning system that is used to send people a voice message to landline telephones and a text message to mobile phones. You may receive an emergency alert if your billing address is in a specific location (identified by emergency services) or if your mobile phone has recently used a phone tower in the area. Emergency alert is not used in all emergency circumstances by emergency services, and its use depends on the nature of the incident. You will not receive an emergency alert if you do not have service or your phone is turned off. Community Alert Sirens Victoria has 46 community alert sirens. These sirens are sounded for five minutes when there is an emergency threatening the community. If you hear a siren you should seek further information immediately. You can look at the locations of community alert sirens here: (External link) Download the Warnings and Emergency Information A3 Poster (External link) (PDF 4 MB) VicEmergency channels provide a centralised location for Victorians to access timely emergency information and warnings. Emergency broadcasters The Victorian Government has formal arrangements for the broadcast of emergency warnings and information to the community. Victorian Warning Arrangements The Victorian Warning Arrangements was established to provide emergency response agencies with a coordinated and consistent direction to provide information and/or warnings to inform the Victorian community of a potential or actual emergency event. Warning accessibility There are various ways warnings can be accessed. These include receiving warnings in languages other than English, and provisions for people who are deaf, hard of hearing or speech impaired. Community Alert Sirens Community alert sirens are used as part of Victoria’s warning system for emergencies – including flood, fire and storm.
Trending Articles Blog Post All about Malware All about Malware What is Malware? Malware or “malicious software” is a broad term that describes any malicious program or code that is harmful to systems. Hostile, intrusive, and intentionally nasty malware attempts to invade, harm, or disable computers, computer systems, networks, tablets, and mobile devices. Often taking partial control of a device’s operations. Like the flu, it interferes with normal functioning. The malware intends to take money from the user illegally. Although malware cannot harm systems hardware or network equipment – with one known exception (see Google’s Android section) – it can steal, encrypt or erase your data, alter or hijack essential computer functions. And spy on your computer activity without your knowledge or permission. How do I know if I have a Malware Infection? Malware can manifest itself through various aberrant behaviors. Here are some telltale signs that you have malware on your system: • The computer slows down. One of the main effects of it is reducing the operating system’s speed, whether you browse the Internet or only use your applications locally. • The screen filled with waves of annoying advertising that wouldn’t have to show. Unexpected pop-up ads are a typical sign of it infection. They are especially associated with a form of it known as adware. What’s more, pop-ups often go hand in hand with other hidden malware threats. So if something like “CONGRATULATIONS, YOU HAVE WON A FREE SESSION WITH OUR SEER!” In a pop-up message, could you not click on it? Whatever prize the ad promises, it will be very expensive . • The system constantly crashes or displays a BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) blue screen, which may appear on Windows systems when a fatal error encountered. • You see a mysterious loss of available disk space, probably due to an unwanted occupant of malware hiding on your hard drive. • There is a strange increase in system activity on the Internet How have I been Infected with Malware? A malware infection requires a long list of ingredients. The main ones are the two most common ways malware accesses the system: Internet and email. That is, basically all the time, you connect to the Internet. Malware can penetrate your computer when (take a breath) browse hacked websites, click game demos, download infected music files, install new toolbars from an unknown vendor, install software from a dubious source. Open a Malicious email attachment or download virtually anything from the web to a device that lacks a quality antimalware security application. Malicious apps can be hidden in apparently legitimate apps, especially when downloaded via websites or messages and not from a secure App Store. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the warning messages when installing the applications, especially if they request permission to access your email or other personal information. What are the Most Common Types of Malware? These are the most common malefactors in the malware dishonesty gallery: • The adware is software designed to display unwant ads on your screen, usually in a browser. It usually uses a surreptitious method. Either it pretends to be legitimate, or it is attached to another program to deceive the user and install itself on their PC, tablet or mobile device. • The spyware is malware that monitors user activities on your computer secretly without permission and communicates them to the software’s author. • A virus is malware that attaches itself to another program. When it executes —usually, without the user noticing it—, it replicates, modifying other programs on the computer and infecting them with its bits of code. Can Mobile Devices be infected with Malware? Malware criminals love the mobile device market. After all, smartphones are sophisticated and complex handheld computers. They also offer a gateway to a treasure trove of personal information, financial details, and all sorts of valuable data for those who are dishonestly trying to make money. How can I know if my Android Device is Infected with Malware? Fortunately, some unmistakable symptoms tell you that your Android phone is infected. You may be if you notice any of the following: • A sudden appearance of pop-up messages with invasive ads. If they seem to come out of nowhere and refer to very elementary sites, you’ve probably installed something that hides adware. Therefore, do not click on the ad. • A baffling increase in data usage. It uses your data plan to display advertisements and send the information stolen from your phone. • False charges on your bill. This occurs when malicious software makes calls and sends text messages to payphones. Also Read: Steps to Configure a New Router from Scratch Helpful Reference: The Marketing Info KNOW MORE:- theangelbeaut Also Read: Chief marketing officer Write For Us Review All about Malware. Related posts
How can the banking industry contribute to efforts in tackling climate change? 30 Dec 2021 When I was a student, I especially looked forward to new year countdown events. With school examinations behind me and a long holiday ahead, I always enjoyed the festive mood during winter time. Although Hong Kong was hit by a cold snap last week during the Christmas holidays, I think you would agree that in recent years, winter temperatures in Hong Kong have been on a rising trend. We even had a tropical cyclone this month. Abnormal weather is not unique to Hong Kong. Global warming has led to imbalances in the climate system. As polar ice caps continue to melt, not only polar bears are starving, the survival of mankind is also increasingly under threat. The culprit of global warming is greenhouse gases emitted by human activities, particularly carbon dioxide. Ever since the industrial revolution, we have been increasingly relying on fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum as the main source of energy. Carbon which has been underground is thus released to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, thereby enhancing the greenhouse effect. Immediate actions should be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reverse the global warming trend, otherwise humanity as well as the entire global ecosystems will face irreparable consequences. As such, parties to the 2015 Paris Agreement have committed to gradually reducing emissions and eventually achieving carbon neutrality around mid-century1. Mainland China plans to hit “carbon emission peak”2 by 2030 and achieve “carbon neutrality” by 2060. Hong Kong has also devised a roadmap to carbon neutrality and aims at reducing carbon emissions by 50% by 2035 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. To achieve “carbon neutrality”, we must undertake structural transition, phasing out high emission industrial activities and allocating resources to develop new energy technology. Meanwhile, we must enhance our resilience to extreme weather so as to mitigate the threat of climate change on humans. In order to achieve all these, we will need capital. The Paris Agreement is a watershed in global efforts to combat climate change, as one of its major achievements is encouraging the financial industry to support the cause by channelling funds to projects that are in line with the carbon neutrality goal. This means that the financial industry has to strengthen climate risk management. It also highlights the unique and significant role of the financial industry in addressing climate risks. How can the financial industry help mitigate climate risks? Perhaps we can start from climate risk stress testing. In the beginning of 2021, 20 major retail banks and 7 branches of international banking groups participated in a pilot exercise on climate risk stress test (CRST) launched by the HKMA. This exercise aims at assessing the climate resilience of the banking sector as a whole and facilitating capability building of participating banks and banking practitioners for managing climate risks. The CRST comprises three scenarios. First, natural disasters resulted from frequent occurrences of extreme weather events may lead to financial losses to banks and borrowers, thereby impacting on the robustness of banks. For instance, storm surge brought about by tropical cyclones may affect the valuation of certain properties or even the quality of the mortgage loans on these properties. Second, orderly transition - carbon neutral policies are implemented in an orderly manner. Structural change is carried out gradually with the phasing out of high emission industries and gradual adoption of new energy technology. The CRST aims at reviewing the impact on banks’ asset quality in the course of the waning of certain old industries. Third, disorderly transition - carbon reduction progress significantly lags behind the targets set out in the roadmap to carbon neutrality and structural change has to be carried out in a relatively short period of time, with high emission industries discontinued and investment in new energy equipment. Similarly, the CRST aims at assessing the impact of such an abrupt transition on banks. The risks under the first scenario are called “physical risks”, that is, risks arising from natural disasters associated with climate change. For the second and third scenarios, the risks are called “transition risks”, that is, risks arising from structural change in the course of carbon reduction. The HKMA announced the CRST results today. The results show that we cannot afford to ignore the impact of climate risks on banks. For example, expected credit losses on exposures related to residential mortgages and high emission industries under all three scenarios were projected to increase sharply, undermining banks’ profitability and capital positions. Let’s take domestic systemically important banks as an example. Under the disorderly transition scenario, the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of these banks would drop by three percentage points on average in a period of five years, which means banks will need more working capital. Banks’ operation would also be disrupted under the physical risk scenario. Of course, given the strong capital buffers built up by the banks in Hong Kong, they will be able to withstand such shocks. However, the stress test also shows that banks must put in place a systematic approach to manage climate risks and support clients’ transition so as to avoid the potential shocks envisaged under the CRST scenarios. Prompt action is required to facilitate proper climate risk management by banks. Following an industry consultation, the HKMA issued a module on climate risk management under the Supervisory Policy Manual today. Simply put, banks are required to have sufficient understanding of how climate risks are transmitted. They should also be able to measure, monitor, disclose and manage climate risks in an effective and proper manner, taking into account their business models. As climate risks are different from traditional financial risks, banks will need to collect more data, for instance, emission data from their clients, in order to assess the impact of the emission reduction and transition on them. Moreover, banks should also enhance their forward-looking risk analytics capability. Under the traditional financial risk management approach, analysis is often carried in a backward-looking manner using historical data to assess risks. However, climate risk analysis is different. As in the CRST mentioned above, banks should have forward-looking scenario analytics capability. Furthermore, they may have to seek expert advice from time to time. For example, in physical risk analysis, banks may have to rely on judgements made by experts such as meteorologists and civil engineers. As such, data and talent are two major challenges that banks will have to overcome when enhancing their capability to manage climate risks. To support banks and the financial industry as a whole to develop green finance and strengthen their climate risk management capability, the Green and Sustainable Finance Cross-Agency Steering Group has launched the Centre for Green and Sustainable Finance, which will serve as a repository for resources, data and analytics. The centre’s priorities are to promote capacity building and develop data repository and enhance analytics capability. Climate change is a big and complex issue. In order to achieve carbon neutrality, everyone in the community has a role to play. I am sure that as a member of the financial industry, banks can contribute tremendously in combating global warming. I believe that the CRST and the policy manual on climate risk management can provide banks with useful experience and guidance. As the year is coming to a close, I sincerely hope that banks will put more efforts into climate risk management in the coming year and head towards the goal of carbon neutrality together with their clients and different stakeholders, while contributing to the sustainable development of our society and creating a greener and more liveable environment for the next generation. Eddie Yue Chief Executive Hong Kong Monetary Authority 30 December 2021 1 “Carbon neutrality” is a state of net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, it refers to the balancing of the emissions and removals of carbon dioxide through carbon reduction. 2 Hitting “carbon emission peak” refers to the commitment by the Mainland to bring carbon emissions to a historical peak before 2030 and then gradually reduce carbon emissions. Latest inSight Last revision date : 30 December 2021
26 Different Types of Orchids - Home Stratosphere 26 Different Types of Orchids (Plus Amazing Facts) Orchids are some of the most beautiful and mysterious flowers. The most expensive flower ever sold and the most priceless are both orchids. A close up of orchids in a garden. Orchids belong to the orchidaceae family and have 800 known genera, over 25,000 species and over 100,000 hybrids and cultivars. They can be found in every region of the world except in Antartica. The different types vary extremely in size, weight and color. The smallest orchid was initially mistaken for a fungus and is only half a millimeter in length! Competing with the genus asteraceae, orchids are one of the largest species of flowering plant. Whether it be a tropical orchid or a terrestrial orchid, they are one of the most beautiful plants you will ever see. In this article we will cover characteristics of the orchid plant, the details of growing orchid plants, where they tend to grow best, and some super weird and interesting facts about them. What is an Orchid? Orchids are one of the most elegant, unique, and striking flowering plant on the planet. These flowers are wonderfully interesting both to look at, and to learn about. An orchid plant is very easily identifiable, as there are truly no other plant species that can compare. An orchid is a perennial plant that is a member of the genus orchidaceae. An orchid flower has characteristic bilateral symmetry, and they have two distinct growing habits, depending on the orchid variety: monopodial orchid, or sympodial orchid. Monopodial Orchids: where the stem of the plant grows from a single central bud. Leaves will emerge from the apex each year and the stem will grow vertically. Sympodial Orchids: where a series of stems grow to a certain length, the flower will bloom, and that stem will die and be replaced with another stem. These stems tend to grow laterally. Orchids can also differ in the environment that they grow in and how they interact with other plant life. there are terrestrial orchids or epiphytic orchids (sometimes called aerial orchids). Terrestrial Orchids: are usually rhizomatous plants, meaning that they grow from underground tubers or corms. These act as the nutrition reserves for the plant. Epiphytic Orchids: are an orchid type that grow aerial roots and can be anchored to trees and shrubs. These species usually exist in tropical and subtropical regions. Some epiphytic orchids are not able to photosynthesize and so they have to develop a different way to obtain nutrients. They do this by forming a symbiotic relationship with fungal species and they intertwine their root systems for an exchange of nutrients. Where do Orchids Grow? Beautiful wild white and purple orchids growing in a green tropical garden Members of the genus orchidaceae can be found growing in every continent on the planet, except for Antartica. This is a tell tale sign they they are evolutionarily superior and extremely resilient plants. Orchids can live in both full sunlight and full shade. They can grow on sites that are waterlogged (they can literally be grown in pots of water) and other sites that are completely dry. They occur in nearly every type of habitat except for literal glaciers. Cultivated orchids can also grow in a great variety of environments. A potted orchid will be happy in orchid mix or in sand. Orchid repotting can be a little bit tricky, so ensure you pick a pot that it will be happy in forever. Amazing Facts about Orchids • Orchids can be as small as a penny and large enough to weigh a few hundred pounds, so they vary greatly in size. • Their roots are somewhat different than other types of plants, because they have either rhizome, aerial, or tubular roots. • Every petal of every type of orchid can be divided into two equal parts; this is known as being bilateral symmetric. • Some species of orchids are parasitic and are unable to obtain food using carbon dioxide and the sun like other types of plants. Instead, these orchids get their food from the fungi that live within their roots. • Although orchids produce several million miniature seeds, only a few of these seeds develop into a mature plant. • Orchids are used for various purposes, including as a spice for some foods, in certain types of herbal medicines in Asia, and as a way to scent perfume. • One of the species, the vanilla planifolia, has vanilla in its pod that can be removed and utilized in various products. • Orchids have been around for approximately 100 million years, according to fossil evidence. • Certain species of orchids can live for up to 100 years. • Grammatophyllum speciosum is the largest type of orchid and grows up to three meters in height • The world’s most expensive orchid, Shenzhen Nongke, sold for $200,000 at an auction in 2005 and is named after the university that developed it for eight years. • Sri Lanka’s Kadupul flower, on the other hand, is considered the most priceless because it blooms just once a year in the night and withers before dawn breaks. • There is a species of orchid that has developed a very curious evolutionary trait. It is able to perfectly mimic the pheromone of a specific type of wasp. This chemical attracts male wasps to the flower and it will literally attempt to mate with the orchid flower. A sticky pollen sack will then stick to the bottom of the wasps belly, and once it leaves, it will disperse the seeds! 24 Types of Orchid Species 1. Angraecum Orchid Angraecum orchid The angraceum orchid is known for having an exceptionally lovely scent and are used mainly as an ornamental and perfumery plant. They make a perfect potted orchid or a hanging basket orchid. 2. Boat Orchid Three stunning burnt orange boat orchids in full bloom Boat orchids are an entire category in the orchid genus, and are called so because of the overall shape of the flower. These are evergreen plants, so they provide interest even when the plants aren’t in bloom. They can be recognized by their evenly arranged leaves in 2 ranks. Each flower petal is quite long and distinctly separate from the others. They grow wild in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Australia. Boat orchids are prized by gardeners all over the world because of their beauty, they come in a variety of colors, and they are relatively easy to care for. They make excellent indoor plants and outdoor plants, and are a wonderful addition to a cut flower bouquet as well. 3. Brassavola Orchid Brassavola Orchid You may have also heard of the brassavola orchid under the name of “Lady of the Night” orchid, because of their habit to only bloom at night time. They are wonderfully easy to care for and will grow readily as an epiphytic orchid type. 4. Catasetum Orchid Catasetum orchid These orchids are snowy white and have a dark yellow-orange center. It is a deciduous orchid that has leaves that turn yellow and fall off during the winter when it’s dormant. Because they grow both male and female flowers, their blooms can look quite different, with the former consisting of an anatomical trigger that injects pollen into nearby bees. Catasetum orchids are one of those orchid types that have very specific growing requirements. A steady temperature must be maintained throughout the entire year, they have specific light requirements and specific water requirements as well. Only expert gardeners are usually able to keep this variety happy. 5. Cattleya Orchid Cattleya orchid Cattleya orchids grow up to eight inches in width and come in a variety of colors and designs. The flower is also very popular among breeders and collectors, and they do well indoors. These orchid flowers are valued for their remarkable ornamental quality, and their relatively easy care. 6. Cycnoches Orchid Cycnoches orchid This orchid is also called the Swan orchid. It consists of many male flowers, which look like the neck of a swan, and it has a strong, almost spicy scent. It can grow up to 30 blooms on a single stem, and it is a sturdy and long-lasting flower. Cycnoches orchids have a rather unusual growth habit and unusual looking flowers. The photo above is just one type of cycnoches orchid. This orchid variety can be a little bit tricky to maintain, so keep that in mind if you’re planning on choosing your next garden orchid. 7. Cymbidium Orchid Cymbidium orchid The petals of these orchids are a bit smaller than those of other orchids, and it consists of many spikes so there are a lot of those petals to look at. The Cymbidium orchid has won several international flower awards, and it comes in colors such as yellow and red (the Showoff cultivar), lime green (the Chica cultivar ), and bright pink (the Frae cultivar). These and other Cymbidiums are excellent for first-time growers, because they are easy to grow and are low-maintenance. They also do better in cold climates than many other orchids do, and they make beautiful centerpieces. 8. Dendrobium Orchid Dendrobium orchid Because these orchids are top-heavy with lots of blooms on each stem, this type of orchid often requires staking. There are over 1,000 species in this category, and they usually come in colors such as white, lavender, or yellow. One of its biggest advantages of growing this type of orchid is the fact that it can grow almost anywhere, regardless of the zone you live in, and some of them keep their leaves all year long. Evergreen plants make for great botanical interest all year long. They can also come in more than one color per bloom, which makes them especially attractive. 9. Encyclia Orchid Encyclia orchid Also called Cockleshell orchids, this variety has no fragrance, but they do bloom for several consecutive months, making them appealing for people who want color in their garden for long periods of time. The Encyclia orchid has dangling petals and sepals, which is why some people say it resembles an octopus. It thrives when planted on an orchid mount because this simulates the epiphytic growing conditions found in the wild, and it comes in colors such as yellow-white with purple throats at the top. 10. Epidendrum Orchid Epidendrum orchid With over 1,000 pure species and many hybrids, this type of orchid is petite and attractive. They need a lot of bright light in order to grow and thrive, and if grown indoors, you may even need artificial lighting of some type. The Epidendrum orchid comes in colors such as pink and dark orange with yellow throats, and if treated right, it will bloom year after year. These orchids are particularly dainty, but also particularly lovely. 11. Lady Slipper Orchid Dark purple lady slipper orchid in focus in an ornamental garden The lady slipper orchid is a truly lovely orchid variety. It gets its name from the obvious shape of the flower head that resembles a very fancy lady’s slipper. These flowers can be identified by their two glossy green leaves that emerge from the center stalk. Lady slipper orchid flowers can come in a variety of colors, from white, to bright yellow, or on the other range of the color spectrum in the deep pink and purple region. Lady slipper orchid populations are slowly depleting in the wild, and unfortunately, some species are actually becoming endangered. For this reason, it is actually encourage to collect wild lady slipper orchids and transplant them into your own garden. Just remember that these orchids require quite a bit of sunlight and moisture. Their natural growing conditions must be replicated, and so it is important that they are only watered with either natural rain water, or with distilled water. 12. Ludisia Orchid Ludisia orchid Also known as the Jewel orchid, this orchid looks great whether it’s in bloom or out of bloom. Its large leaves are green and variegated with stripes, and it grows tiny white flowers in the fall and winter. There are two varieties of the ludisia orchid, “albino“, which is pure white, and “nigrescens“, which is black. They are both gorgeous and striking flowers. These orchids are native to the most tropical areas of Asia, and so it is important that their natural growing conditions are perfectly replicated. They must exist in very hot, humid, and damp conditions, otherwise they will not perform well. 13. Lycaste Orchid Lycaste orchid The lycaste orchid is deciduous and sheds its leaves during the winter when it’s dormant. When this happens, sharp spines appear on the tips of the pseudobulbs, which are so sharp they can actually draw blood if you brush against them. This gives them the same kind of vibe as a rose bush: beautiful, but it can sting! They usually come in colors such as lavender, red, white, and pink, and they have beautiful yellow centers. Orchids are known for having extra little punches of color and extravagance, and that is definitely the case when it comes to lycaste orchid. 14. Masdevallia Orchid Masdevallia orchid The characteristic that makes these different than many other orchids is their shape, which is triangular, blocky and compact, or thin, whiskery, and elongated. Masdevallia orchids have a bit more of a harsh shape to them, almost having a halloween-style to them, like a spider or something else a little bit creepy. 15. Maxillaria Orchid Maxillaria orchid 16. Miltonia Orchid Miltonia orchid The Miltonia orchid is also called the Pansy orchid, due to its face-like appearance. It blooms from late spring into the summer and comes in colors such as hot pink and white with golden yellow centers. It can have a combination of two or more colors that include red, various shades of pink, and white. It is a truly stunning-looking plant. Miltonia orchids are known as being “the friendliest looking orchids” because of their resemblance to pansies. Their also friendly in the way that they are not too difficult to care for! They’re a great choice of orchid for an indoor plant that doesn’t need much maintenance. 17. Odontoglossum Orchid Odontoglossum orchid A very showy flower, this type of orchid comes in colors that include white, yellow, brown, purple, red, and a few varieties that are multicolored. The Odontoglossum orchid has stems that can grow up to four feet high and blossoms that can reach up to six inches in width. Between 20 to 150 blossoms grow on each stem, and their petals are ruffled and very fragrant. They can be a challenge to grow, but they grow well if the temperature is below 80 degrees Fahrenheit because they are used to cool or cold climates. 18. Oncidium Orchid Oncidium orchid With a shape that is similar to a dancing lady is a striking sundress, the Oncidium orchid is low-maintenance and easy to grow, and it comes in stunning colors such as bright yellow and gold. The variety called Sharry Baby has a chocolate-like scent, and although simple to grow, the Oncidium orchid does require a lot of moisture and humidity to thrive. If you notice any type of deformities in the leaves of this plant, it is likely because this requirement has not been met. They are truly beautiful bloomers when they are properly maintained, encouraging you to keep their environment perfect. 19. Paphiopedilum Orchid Paphiopedilum orchid Also called the Lady’s Slipper orchid, this type of flower is easy to grow and is great for the beginner flower-grower. They come in a wide variety of colors, including cheery colors such as pink, white, and yellow, as well as more somber colors such as brown, burgundy, and near-black tones. In addition, many of the varieties include petals that have bristly hairs, freckles, and even stripes, with an added bonus of specks on some of the varieties’ leaves. 20. Phaius Orchid Phaius orchid This is not a type of orchid you’ll want to place on your windowsill, because the stems grow up to four feet high! Phaius orchids have large, strappy leaves, and they usually produce petals that are yellow, purple, or white. They’re known for their ornamental quality, as a single bloom can host up to 4 different colors. 21. Phalaenopsis Orchid Phalaenopsis orchid Also known as the Moth orchid – which is much easier and less cumbersome to pronounce – this orchid is great for beginners because it is easy to grow and maintain. Appearing in lovely colors such as yellow, light pink, and spotted with burgundy, these are delicate and lovely orchid types. The Moth orchid blooms on and off throughout the year and can tolerate repotting efforts – again, making them a great plant for those who are new to planting flowers in their garden. They have long-lasting flowers and look great as an indoor plant, which are a few of the reasons why they are one of the most popular types of orchids. 22. Phragmipedium Orchid Phragmipedium orchid The phragmideum orchid is one of those orchid types that can actually be planted in water! This variety works better as an indoor plant, so pick a window, and get to planting! 23. Psychopsis Orchid Psychopsis orchid Also called the Butterfly orchid, this flower comes in striking colors such as burgundy and bright gold, and it can even have foliage that is green and speckled. They are known as the butterfly orchid because of their incredible petals that have a butterfly wing-like texture to them. It’s almost as if they are disguising themselves are butterflies! It blooms for several months, needs only moderate light conditions, and it is very easy to grow and maintain. It is a truly stunning plant that can complement your garden regardless of what else is planted there. 24. Vanda Orchid Vanda orchid With long, thin foliage and beautiful colors that include violet, lavender, and white, the Vanda orchid is better suited for more experienced growers. They need bright light and high humidity, as well as chunkier growing mediums, and because of their elegance and eye-catching beauty, they make a great addition to any type of orchid basket. Their incredible purple color is almost difficult to comprehend that it is so vibrant. They have interesting patterns and details on them, and make for an exquisite centerpiece plant. 25. Vanilla Orchid Beautiful yellow vanilla orchid with vanilla seed pods laying on a wooden table 26. Zygopetalum Orchid Zygopetalum orchid This orchid blooms consistently from the fall to the spring and comes in colors such as purple, burgundy, and chartreuse. The foliage is green with splotches of deep purple, and they often have veins of a darker or lighter color running through the petals. These multi-colored flowers are beautiful and eye-catching. Are orchids good house plants? There are so many different orchid types that it would be difficult to answer if orchids make a good house plant. There are some varieties that prefer to live inside, as this is an easier way to maintain the perfect growing environment, but there are other varieties that prefer to live outside. Either way, they are exceptionally beautiful and well worth the efforts. Do orchids prefer sun or shade? Depending on the orchid type, it may prefer to live in full shade conditions or in full sun conditions. How do you get an orchid to bloom again? A sure way to get your orchid to bloom another time (depending on the orchid species) is by making sure that it is in indirect sunlight, and that it gets put in a cooler environment at night time. This is a way to mimic outdoor-like conditions which can sometimes encourage a re-blooming. How do you take care of potted orchids? If you have a potted orchid, chances are that it would benefit from receiving weekly fertilizer and by living in indirect sunlight. There are also specific orchid potting mixes that you can buy to create the perfect growing environment for them. Are orchids perennials? Orchids are perennial plants. This means that once they are established in the ground they will continue to live and bloom every season until they die because of age or because of environmental stress. Are orchids parasites? Orchids are not parasites, but is such thing as an epiphytic orchid. This is an orchid type that is unable to photosynthesize. In order to obtain nutrients, it must then develop a symbiotic relationship with another plant type (usually a tree or a fungi) where its root system will link up to their root system to share nutrients and what not. Can I grow orchids in water? Aerial rooted orchids are able to grow in purely potted water. It is important that it is water is either rain water or distilled water, but they are able to grow their roots just off of water and sunlight alone! Can I plant orchids outside? There are certain orchid types that many be a little bit too sensitive to be able to live outdoors, but there are other orchid types that must be planted outdoors because of those specific growing requirements and also because they can become very large. There are species that can grow to be over 4 feet tall! Do orchids rebloom? If you’ve ever had an orchid before, you know that there is almost no telling when they will bloom. There are some types that will only bloom once a year, and others that can bloom several times a year. There are some that will only bloom at night, others that will only bloom for a single day.. Simply do your research to find out how to encourage your orchid to bloom again. How should an orchid be watered? Different orchid types have different growing requirements, and it is best to learn what their original growing region was to know exactly how they should be maintained. There are orchid types that are used to living on very dry sites, and so their potting mix should be allowed to completely dry out before being watered again. There are other orchid types that prefer to completely saturated (to the point of being waterlogged), and there are other orchid types still that perform best if they just receive a single ice cub every couple of weeks. Scroll to Top

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