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Write a 10 page essay on Materials in Construction.This has two components namely: direct and indirect. Direct energy is the energy used to transport building products to the site, and then to constru Write a 10 page essay on Materials in Construction. This has two components namely: direct and indirect. Direct energy is the energy used to transport building products to the site, and then to construct the building while indirect energy is the energy used to acquire, process, and manufacture the building materials, including any transportation related to these activities. Post Your Own Question And Get A Custom Answer Hire Writer Different materials have different embodied energy. It is measured as a quantity of non-renewable energy per unit of building material, component or system. It may be expressed as megaJoules (MJ) or gigaJoules (GJ) per unit of weight (kg or tonne) or area (square metre). Some embodied energy of common materials are presented in the table below. Embodied energy in construction has important connection to environment since CO2 emissions are highly correlated with the energy consumption. Literatures show that on average, 0.098 tonnes of CO2 are produced per gigajoule of embodied energy. Therefore, the higher the embodied energy of a specific construction material the higher its environmental effects. The external envelope is the primary and critical component of a building that serves as insulator and a protective physical covering for the occupants. The envelope consists of the roof, walls, windows, and the doors. Design of a building’s external covering is based upon several performance objectives such as: structural integrity, moisture control, temperature control, and control of air pressure boundaries. Common measures of the effectiveness of a building envelope include physical protection from weather and climate (comfort), indoor air quality (hygiene and public health), durability and energy efficiency. In order to achieve these objectives, all building enclosure systems must include a solid structure, a drainage plane, an air barrier, a thermal barrier, and may include a vapor barrier. Moisture control is essential in cold climates. Since the building enclosure is Why Hire a Professional Essay Writer from MyHomeworkGeeks Quality Urgent Essays Professional and Experienced Academic Writers Affordable Urgent Assignment Help 24/7 Available Urgent Essay Writing Service Plagiarism Free Essays Online Wow Customer Support 24/7 Try it now! Calculate the price of your order Total price: How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Our Services Custom Essay Writing Services Admission and Business Papers Editing and Proofreading Revision Support Have a homework question? Get help from verified tutors now!
Imaginal Disc Regeneration Regeneration requires surviving cells to mount a response that promotes localized proliferation and repatterning to replace lost and damaged tissue. In Drosophila, the larval imaginal discs regenerate through the formation of a blastema, a zone of localized cell proliferation and increased cellular plasticity. • Identified two regeneration-specific cell populations within the blastema. They are each composed of cells that upregulate multiple genes encoding secreted proteins that promote regeneration. • The transcription factor Ets21C controls the expression of multiple regeneration-promoting genes in this regenerative secretory zone. • Ets21C-dependent gene regulatory network is necessary for effective regeneration.
Risks of Teenage Pragnancy “It is hard to raise a child, when you are still a child.” We have all heard this being said by many older persons around us. Some of them say this as a means to scare some adolescent females from getting pregnant. Without going any further, let me first acknowledge the key term within the topic of discussion – teen pregnancy. According to the American Pregnancy Association, a teenage pregnancy is pregnancy that occurs for a woman under the age of twenty (American Pregnancy Association – Promoting Pregnancy Wellness, 2017). Like anything else, teenage pregnancy comes with many risk factors. Being a child of a teenage mother entails numerous amounts of risks. There are matters of health problems for the mother and the child, behavioural, educational and cognitive developmental issues for the child and also socioeconomic issues for the child, as they get older. Health of the Child and the Mother Often times when teenager become pregnant, they do not give enough attention to prenatal nutrition. This could be because the mother’s socioeconomical background is low. She could be from a poor family and unable to afford adequate prenatal nutrition. Another factor that plays apart of this is the lack of education. Some of these teenaged mothers may simply not be aware that they should be having prenatal care. Lack of such has an effect on the unborn child. Many of the children born to teenagers are of low birth weight and/or are premature. There is also a high rate of infant mortality rate. Many of these pregnancies have a high probability of the child being born blind, deaf, with respiratory issues, mental retardation and other birth defects. As with the child, the mothers often times encounter health issues when giving birth at an early age. Some teenaged mothers have high blood pressure during their pregnancy, often referred to as pregnancy induced hypertension. As such they would have to resort to taking medication to control this issue. However, these medications can in fact affect the unborn child’s growth. Another issue that is faced by teenaged mothers is postpartum depression – depression that starts after the baby is delivered. As a new mom, there are many difficulties faced with getting use to having a newborn. There is lack of sleep, doing everything as a single parent, and other challenges. Imagine these new responsibilities and more being placed on a mother who is younger than twenty. A teen mother is physically and mentally, in most cases, immature. They do not know how to take care of themselves, let alone having the responsibility of another life form. Do Children of Teenaged Mothers Excel Academically? It is said that more than fifty percent of children born from teen mothers face issues of repeating a grade, not graduating high school and having lower IQs and performances on standardized tests. However not in all cases, it is believed that the amount of education a mother achieves, helps with the success of her children. Most teenaged mothers nearly never further their education. Many of them never graduated high school or received education further than that of the high school level. As such, they do not know what is ‘best’ for their child as it relates to education. Not having a diploma or its equivalent, means they are only eligible for low paying jobs. This results in the child not being awarded the best of education. Children born to teen mothers are often robbed of there full potential. A baby born to a young mother, they have more difficulty receiving cognitive, language, social and emotional skills. These are all essential for school readiness. Adolescent mothers have less knowledge on a child’s development and they misjudge their own child’s capabilities to adapt and learn. They sometimes hold their own children back, by not enrolling them in school at an appropriate age. Many of these children start school later than the usual and tend to be slower academically.
April 1915: “Poisson d’Avril” & “Heureuses Pâques” Poisson d’Avril Even in war conditions, in an atmosphere which was far from funny, the French soldier might recall the absurd, fun tradition of poisson d’Avril (where a child sticks a paper fish on a victim’s back as an April Fool’s Day trick) by sending a postcard. This one has a particularly patriotic theme: Alsace personified is tied to a tree somewhere in recognisably Alsacien mountain terrain. However, an heroic French soldier is appearing riding a fish to her rescue. The fish’s colours of red and white, combined with his blue, signify patriotism. A German soldier is just seen skulking away. The image is ludicrous but the message is hopeful and serious: “Dearest Alsace! Liberty at last!” This card from my collection was posted on 1st April 1915. Patriotic Poisson d'Avril posted 1.4.1915 As far as possible, French soldiers marked Easter, though tinged with sadness; many fathers took the opportunity to send postcards or letters to their children to show that they were thinking of them, and cards were sent to and by their loved ones. Sometimes Christian services were possible, with music, hymns and communion. Many cards have a patriotic, propaganda flavour. In this one, the tradition of Easter eggs is surreally taken further and to the soldiers’ delight, the egg cracks open to reveal Alsace (with the black coiffe) and Lorraine (in the lace cap). They are clutching the French flag and Alsace’s dress is tinged with the French colours red, white and blue. The message in the bottom left hand corner is Revanche: revenge, the return of the lost territory, and the cheering soldiers reflect the anticipated joy when the two regions will be restored to France. This card was sent in April 1915 by two friends to Bruno who was serving at sea. As far as I can find out, he survived the war. Patriotic Hereuses Pâques sent 1915 Defiance, resolution, inspiration: Jeanne d’Arc on memorials in Alsace Breitenbach Bas Rhin Jeanne 2 In 1431 a young peasant girl from Domrémy in the Vosges was burned alive after an illegal trial for heresy in Rouen. During the period in which Alsace and Lorraine were part of the German Empire, she became a powerful symbol of resistance, of defiance, of eagerness for liberation TBreitenbach Bas Rhin Jeanne 1he inspirational figure of Jeanne or Jehanne d’Arc is a recurrent theme in monuments and memorials after the Great War. In the memorial in the rural village of Breitenbach, Bas-Rhin, [above and left], Jeanne stands alone. Many Alsacien men were forced to fight for Germany, although anyone under the age of 43 when war was declared in 1914 had not known life as a French citizen and Alsacien men in the German army had grown up as Germans. Nevertheless, the theme of a young man being forced to fight for the oppressor is a powerful one and many patriotic and propaganda images depict the despair of the young soldier and his family. The woman depicted on the war memorial at Guebwiller [previous blog post] pins a small rosette on a young man’s chest under his jacket and tells him, “Remember you are French.” These rosettes were red, white and blue (the colours of the French flag). The memorial at Rosheim shows a French poilu offering the open hand of friendship to a young man who has opened his jacket to reveal the patriotic rosette over his heart; his enforced pickelhaube has been discarded at his feet and Jeanne embraces the two in a gesture which emphasises harmony and unity restored between France and her lost départements. Rosheim Jeanne The inspiration of Jeanne in times of oppression and war is reflected in her use in cemeteries. The village and community of Plaine, north of Saales, suffered dreadfully in the raging combats of August 1914 as each side fought to gain control of the essential cols. Jeanne was erected in this cemetery on 12th August 1923. The base of the statue says, “À eux l’immortalité, à nous le souvenir.” Plaine cimetière militaire Plaine Jeanne Menil-sur-Belvitte is a large 1917 nécropole nationale south of Baccarat and it is the resting place of a thousand men, many casualties from the Bataille de la Mortagne (August 1914) and the ghastly fighting at Col de la Chipote. Opposite the cemetery, peacefully surrounded by pastures with the characteristic Vosgienne cows, is a memorial privately erected in 1927 by l’Abbé Collé, the village curé. He also established a small commemorative museum which was destroyed by German troops in 1944. Menil Jeanne 1 The essential figures on this memorial are in gold; one is Jeanne (“custos patriae”) at the pinnacle and the others (in what seems like slightly toned down gold) are the brave heroes of the 13th, 14th 15th and 21st Corps d’Armée 1914. It is a memorial of unexpected height and power; the loyal Chasseur figures, bravely ready for any challenger and cared for in death by a despairing figure of Mary, demand attention. Jeanne’s immense elevation, her raised cruciform sword and her striking gold armour communicate as a symbol of defiance and inner strength. Your eye is drawn upwards from the brave soldiers to their alleged inspiration as they fought to regain Alsace and Moselle for France. Jeanne d'Arc, Ballon d'Alsace Jeanne d’Arc, Ballon d’Alsace Le cimetière militaire Plaine also includes a small plot containing the remains of 40 British casualties from the Great War. It is in the far left hand corner of my photograph. Much of this text has been adapted from a previous blog post. It is published here in the period of Remembrance. Bitter grief: allegorical women on war memorials in Alsace. A post for Remembrance Nancy Le Souvenir, Nancy Le Souvenir in plas Maginot, Nancy is a bronze sculpture commemorating the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine by Germany in 1871 . It was created by Paul Dubois and erected in 1910 after his death. The two women wear the coiffes of their respective regions and Alsace, on the right, stares with bleak unseeing eyes into the mid-distance. Lorraine is so preoccupied with grief that she rests her head on her companion’s shoulder, while the two embrace. As a consequence of the time in which Alsace and Lorraine were part of Germany, Great War memorials in Alsace tend to be different from those elsewhere. They were built at a time when Alsace had been returned to France, but during the 1914-1918 war, many local men had been fighting as German soldiers. An image of a German soldier was unlikely to be palatable, so a device often used is a bereaved woman. She represents mothers, wives and daughters and may be carrying children. She is often dressed in Alsacien costume so that she is an allegory for Alsace mourning her lost sons, which takes on another layer of meaning if you choose to think of Alsace lost to France for nearly five decades. Bennwihr’s memorial is called Fidelité, depicting the loyalty of Alsace (with the large coiffe: bow) and Lorraine (with the soft cap) to France. It was erected in 1925 and remained in place during the Second World War. The scars and marks on the memorial testify to the violence of the battle for the Liberation in December 1944: the village was almost entirely obliterated, as my postcard shows. Bennwihr Fidelité Bennwihr monument and church Bennwihr Bennwihr Ste-Odile Ste-Odile, part of Bennwihr’s Peace memorial The grieving woman below is the figure on Illhausern’s memorial to the dead of both wars, though she was part of the original Great War memorial. Civilian deaths are listed on brass plaques on the wall of the church. Occupied by the Germans from 1940 onwards, my postcard shows that the village and original church were almost obliterated in the combats of December 1944. Illhausern memorial 2 Illhausern Illhausern memorial 1 Illhausern église sinistrée Memorials showing bereaved women with their fatherless children include Kintzheim [below] Kintzheim Kintzheim scene and Zellenberg [below]. Sometimes a women is shown alone, distraught with grief. Westhalten Westhalten 2 Westhalten And sometimes all she has is a corpse. Thanenkirch A nos morts Thannenkirch All photos and postcards my own. “His heart is French!” One of a set of posts for Remembrance Patriotic Sous l'uniforme allemand Propaganda: ‘Sous l’uniforme allemand son cœur est français!’ A young man in Alsace before the Great War was almost certainly likely to have been born and raised German, because Alsace had been part of Reichsland Elsaß Lothringen since 1871. He would probably speak little French, if any. Many men carried out military service in the German Army and there seems to be evidence from contemporary writers that the population was not generally resentful. By contrast there was suspicion of French soldiers, locally called ròthòsa (“red trousers”) because of their uniforms, when they arrived during the Great War. Guebwiller memorial 1 Guebwiller Some 1914-1918 war memorials in Alsace reflect the problem of memorialising local young men who fought and died as Germans. A German soldier would not be a popular choice of symbol, so the notion of wearing a tricolore badge under his German uniform was chosen. The war memorial in Guebwiller [above] shows a woman pinning a badge under a young man’s jacket, saying to him, ‘Remember that you are French.’ She could be his mother, his wife, his sister: wearing her coiffe, she symbolises the idealised patriotic women of Alsace, secretly longing to be French again. My postcard shows this memorial before the Second World War. Guebwiller memorial 2 Guebwiller Monument aux Morts pre WW2 Guebwiller The memorial at Rosheim [below] shows Jeanne d’Arc mediating between two soldiers. The man on the right is pointing to the badge of loyalty hidden under his German jacket. His pickelhaube is abandoned on the floor and he is unarmed. The man on the left is a French poilu, helmet garlanded with leaves of peace; he is reaching out a hand to the young man who reluctantly fought in the German army and his weapons pose no threat. Rosheim Jeanne Rosheim The two propaganda postcards purport to depict the devastated family of a young Alsacien who has to fight for Germany. One [above] says, ‘Sous l’uniforme allemand son cœur est français!’ and shows a woman pinning the secret tricolore badge on his shirt. The other [below] shows two ailing, elderly people and a young man in the depths of despair: ‘Le pauvre enfant est soldat allemand!’ Patriotic Le pauvre enfant est soldat allemand Propaganda (My photographs, my postcards) WW1 Revisited A Great War Journey with Paul Reed Lordynges, Lystenyth midasinreverse: ian o'brien Poetry, thoughts, rants by @OB1Ian In That Rich Earth... Great War History - reviews & articles Expériences étrangères Expériences étrangères WW1 Centenary Great War Centenary 2014-2018 website by Paul Reed Blindfold and Alone %d bloggers like this:
Paygrade in a Sentence Definition of Paygrade a step on a multi-level wage or salary range Examples of Paygrade in a sentence When the potential entry-level candidate researched the job’s paygrade, he realized that he could not work for that little amount of money for entry-level workers. During the interview the paygrade for the job was shown to the candidate who noticed he could eventually get a higher salary after a few years. The deal breaker for the job was unfortunately the paygrade because in 20 years I would only make ten thousand dollars more per year. Other words in the Money and Business category: Most Searched Words (with Video)
How Big Do Satsuma Trees Get? Have you ever considered growing a Satsuma tree? No, we didn’t just sneeze – Satsumas are fruits, small seedless members of the mandarin family of citrus fruits. With sweet, juicy flesh and thin, easy-to-peel skins, Satsumas are a popular choice for lunch boxes or eating out of hand. The Satsuma mandarin tree (also known as the Satsuma tangerine tree) is the most cold-hardy citrus available to US gardeners. Satsuma trees can grow in cool, coastal areas that would be unfriendly to other types of citrus, but are still limited to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 when grown outdoors. Dwarf versions of the Owari Satsuma Tree and Brown Select Citrus Tree can be grown in pots and kept indoors anywhere. Facts About Satsuma Orange Trees and Satsuma Tangerines A Satsuma Orange Tree is an evergreen tree that tends to stay small and grow slowly, reaching a maximum height of about six feet tall when grown in a container, and 15-20 feet tall when grown in the ground. Unlike other types of citrus trees, the Satsuma Tree has a more “open” growth pattern and few thorns. Like most citrus trees, the Owari Satsuma Mandarin Tree is self-pollinating, so you don’t need more than one tree in order to get fruit. The blooms are white, with a citrus fragrance, and appear in midspring, usually March and April. The leaves are longer and wider than those of many citrus. They’re deep green, glossy and have a leathery texture. Satsuma trees are evergreen. The fruit from an Owari Satsuma Orange Tree is medium sized with slightly flattened ends. Their deep-orange skin is thin, loose and peels easily. The segments pull apart easily and have a lovely citrus flavor, though less acidic than some citrus fruits (like, for example, the Classic Navel Orange). The fruit mature over a period of six to 12 weeks in September and October, often earlier than other oranges or mandarins. (It’s important to accurately gauge their maturity before harvest, since the fruits don’t ripen further after picking.) Satsuma Tree Care Satsuma Mandarin Tree Care is refreshingly easy!’s own Dwarf Owari Satsuma Tree is very hardy and needs very little maintenance before it begins to bear fruit. Here are a few points to keep in mind: 1. Like all citrus, Satsuma Tree Care starts with ensuring the tree gets enough light. Plant your tree (or place your potted tree) in a spot where it is sure to get at least eight hours of direct sunlight each day. 2. If your winters are cold, plant the tree in at least a 20-gallon pot that can be taken indoors or placed in a greenhouse or garage when temperatures threaten to dip near freezing. 3. Water Satsumas when the soil dries, being careful not to keep them too moist. Soak the root ball and let it dry before watering again. Satsuma Orange Tree care is similar to caring for other citrus, which don’t do well when left in standing water, so well-draining soil is essential and you should avoid overwatering. 4. Pruning Satsuma Trees is almost never needed, as they don’t have the dense foliage to generate the energy needed through photosynthesis to grow taller. Generally, pinching off unwanted leaves is enough. Where to Find Satsuma Orange Trees for Sale You can find several different types of Satsuma Mandarin Tree and other Tangerine Trees for sale at! Our collection of full-size Satsumas includes the popular Owari, the Brown Select, the Miho and the Seto. We also carry dwarf versions of the Owari and Brown Select that do especially well indoors.
Art Propaganda ART101: Art Appreciation (ACH1212A) Propaganda is used to appeal to emotions and not necessarily intellect. It is used to influence opinions and beliefs in many different areas such as religion and politics. In the 20th century it was used to justify or support political actions or ideals. Art was a wonderful medium for this it was used in cartoons, photos, illustrations, and paintings so that their ideals could reach a wider group of people and draw them to their cause. These works were definitely political statements and not really meant to be great works of art. Grosz’s images are disturbing and morbid they are a social observation showing that society had become barbaric. All of these artists had a dream like state that seemed so farfetched yet they were based on reality. With their works they have blurred the line between reality and fantasy. They showed that society had major flaws that needed to be overcome. Grosz’s painting “Dedication to Oskar Panizza” this painting was about a censored 19th century writer and anarchist with whom the artist must have related to. In this painting the artist is showing a modern city which looks like it has been turned into an abyss in it you see deformed humans. The artist still included religion you can see a cross clearly pictured. The artist said “I painted this protest against a humanity that had gone insane”. Each artist included something in their work as their way of making a statement. Picasso used symbols his way was definitely more subtly than most. Hoch and Grosz both used a wide variety of tactics including caricatures, and disturbing images as well as anti-war and corruption messages. Their images were used to overload us and make us stand back and really think about their messages. Gardner’s art through the ages: The western perspective. Volume II (13th ed.). Kleiner, F. S. (2010) Boston, MA: Wadsworth article A CRITICAL HISTORYOF...
NASA news: Mars 2020 rover is fitted with wheels as NASA readies for July launch NASA'S Mars Perseverance rover is being readied for launch later this summer, with a new set of wheels fitted on the robotic explorer. Comment section Share on LinkedIn Share on Pinterest Copy link Link copied NASA: 13-year-old names Mars rover ‘Perseverance’ The rover is scheduled to blast off towards the Red Planet later this year, despite the world going into lockdown due to coronavirus. On March 30, the Perseverance rover was fitted with six flight wheels, each powered by an individual motor. The wheels will keep the rover trudging along on its journey to find life on Mars. NASA said: "While the rover took a test drive last December, it was on 'flight spares' that wouldn't be making the trip to Mars. "Designed for the kind of off-roading Perseverance will perform on the Red Planet, the wheels are re-engineered versions of the ones NASA's Curiosity has been using on its traverses of Mount Sharp." The wheels are each machined out of a block of flight-grade aluminium. Fitted with titanium spokes, Perseverance's wheels are slightly bigger in diameter but narrower than NASA's famous Curiosity rover's. READ MORE: Life on Mars: 'Alien lizard' on Mars 'unlike anything' on Earth NASA news: Perseverance rover on Mars NASA news: The Perseverance rover will likely launch to Mars in July 2020 (Image: NASA) NASA news: Perseverance rover wheel comparison NASA news: The rover's six wheels are different to th Curiosity rover's (Image: NASA) The wheels are also about a millimetre thicker and feature a new tread design. They will allow the rover to scale the "thigh-high rocks" that cover the desolate landscape of Mars. The rover is also designed to withstand inclinations of 45 degrees in any direction without tipping over. However, as a safety precaution, the rover is programmed to avoid any surfaces tilted more than 30 degrees. NASA said: "By Earth vehicle standards, the Perseverance rover is slow. By Martian vehicle standards, however, Perseverance is a standout performer. "The rover has a top speed on flat, hard ground of 4.2 centimetres per second, or 152 meters per hour. That is a little less than 0.1mph. By Earth vehicle standards, the Perseverance rover is slow "For comparison, a 3mph walking pace is 134 centimetres per second, or 4,828 meters per hour." A slower-paced rover is more efficient and will consume much less energy, at about 200 watts. NASA said: "Compare that to a 200 horsepower car engine, consuming nearly 150,000 watts." NASA news: Perseverance rover assembly NASA news: The rover will blast off on an Atlas V rocket (Image: NASA) NASA budget: Percentage of federal budget chart NASA budget: Percentage of the federal budget for NASA over the years (Image: EXPRESS) When will NASA's Perseverance rover launch towards Mars? The rover is currently scheduled to blast off from Florida, US, later in July. Launching a payload towards Mars requires picking a narrow window of opportunity for the most optimal trajectory. Even the shortest flight towards Mars will last more than six months. The rover is being assembled at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida but will launch from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. NASA has pencilled in a launch date of July 17, 2020, at 4pm BST (1pm UTC, 9am EDT). The rover will be strapped to a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V rocket. Should the launch be delayed, NASA will still have a chance to launch its payload until August 5. If the rover does launch on July 17, NASA expects it to land on Mars by February 18, 2021.
1. Scotland 2. Spey 3. About the river About the river The River Spey is one of the largest rivers in Scotland, having a total catchment of 3008km2. The river network extends to some 36400km2 of which the main stem comprises 157km. From its source, Loch Spey (350m above sea level in the Monadhliath Mountains), the river travels in a northeasterly direction to discharge into the Moray Firth at Tugnet. In comparison with other UK rivers the Spey is ranked eighth in terms of mean annual flow, seventh in terms of its length and ninth in terms of catchment area. A feature unique to the Spey is its rejuvenated character. The upper catchment is relatively steep as is the lower river downstream from Grantown. However, the middle part is characterised by a broad meandering channel, wide flood plain and is relatively slow flowing due to the low gradient. This area, known as the Insh Marshes, is more similar to a lowland river in form. The Meterological Office currently monitors rainfall throughout the catchment at 26 sites. Mean monthly rainfall indicates that rainfall is generally highest in the upper catchment and lowest on the Moray coast. In general most of rainfall occurs from August through to February and is driven by frontal systems. Much of the precipitation during winter can lie as snow, which in the higher altitudes can become semi-permanent snow packs. These play an important role in maintaining flow levels well into summer and give the Spey an essentially alpine flow regime. The famous Telford Bridge at Craigellachie. Water quantity and river flow is extensively monitored by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) using an array of gauging stations throughout the river. The range of flows experienced by the Spey is considerable, from 9.6 cubic metres per second to 1675 cubic meters per second (recorded during a major spate in August 1970). The lowest flows are generally recorded in summer although severe frosts can also considerably reduce winter flows. There is no general season for floods. In common with many Highland rivers, the waters are low in nutrients and, with a lack of major industrial developments within the catchment, the Spey has remained fairly free of pollution. Indeed the catchment of the Spey is considered to be almost 'pristine'. Anglers fishing the Castle Grant beats near Grantown upon Spey. The Spey is similar to many Scottish Highland rivers and supports only a limited number of fish species. These include: Atlantic salmon; trout as migratory sea trout and resident brown trout; European eel; Arctic char; pike; minnow three-spined stickleback and flounder. In recent years a number of local lochs have been stocked with rainbow trout, which have subsequently found routes into the Spey itself. However, there is no evidence that they have established a breeding population. If that’s okay with you, just keep browsing. CLOSE
LED Screens It's complicated - multiple factors may affect human health There are many potential sources of flicker on LED screens, including: • flicker of the screen backlight or OLEDs (may include pulse with modification, PWM) • flicker of colors introduced to expand the color palette by application software, the operating system, or the graphics processing unit (temporal dithering) • flicker of colors introduced by some monitors to simulate rendering of a larger color palette (frame rate control, a type of temporal dithering) • screen-wide color flicker due to LCD pixel inversion • forms of full-screen flicker deliberately introduced to reduce motion blur effects (strobe backlight flash or black frame insertion) • flicker in videos or animations • flicker associated with the screen refresh rate • flicker due to electrical interference In addition to flicker, sensitive individuals may also experience adverse health effects when using screens due to: • spatial patterns • motion effects • blue light • People with concussion, dry eye, migraine, or other conditions with photophobia experience pain and/or a worsening of symptoms due to ordinary levels of light. Some of these patients are sensitive to light brightness, while some may be particularly sensitive to only artificial lights. Migraine patients, who tend to be extremely sensitive to light brightness during a migraine, also tend to be somewhat more sensitive to very bright lights between migraines than the general population, suggesting that some individuals might be sensitive to screen brightness. When a sensitive individual is bothered by a screen, it's difficult to figure out which of these potential triggers are present and which are actually triggering adverse health effects. The difficulty arises because: • There are many potential triggers, making it difficult to know which of them are triggering health effects, either individually or in combination. • Some of the effects aren't obviously visible. Detecting them may require a sophisticated high-speed camera and/or microscope. • Some of these effects may be encoded by proprietary software, so there isn't publicly-available documentation acknowledging that they exist, • There may not be a way to turn an effect off, so there's no way to test whether eliminating it may solve the problem. I am not a computer expert, but have assembled some of the sources I've found that explain these issues below. I refer readers to LEDStrain.org, a forum where sensitive individuals are seeking solutions and many contributors have significant tech savvy for discussions of specific devices. Flicker in, flicker out When images, videos, or animations are displayed on screens, the original content may be first processed by application software, system software, and the graphics processing unit before it is passed on to the monitor where it will be processed further. Flicker may be introduced at any point along this path. Once the flicker is incorporated, there isn't a way to remove it and it will be displayed on the screen. LCD screen backlights may flicker How do LCD screens create images? In color liquid crystal display (LCD) screens, white backlights shine through red, green, and blue filters in the subpixels of each pixel. A combination of polarizing light filters and the application of voltage to control the shape of liquid crystals controls how much light is able to pass through each subpixel. There are several varieties of LCD monitors that work using this general principle, although they vary in terms of the nature of the light source or the strategies for combining polarizing filters and liquid crystals to control light transmission. Learn more: Video: SparkFun Electronics Adventures in Science: How LCD Works This video uses a fantastic cardboard model to demonstrate the roles of polarizing filters and the untwisting of liquid crystals as voltage is applied to subpixels in an LCD monitor. How Stuff Works: How LCDs Work Backlight flicker: Pulse width modification (PWM) In the past, LCD monitors and televisions were backlit by cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), but LCD screens backlit by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) had become common in the marketplace by about 2010 (TFT Central: LED Backlighting, 2010). While CCFL monitors tend to have very little backlight flicker at full brightness, when dimmed they generally flicker the backlight off about 175 times per second (at 175 Hz) in order to create the illusion that the backlight is dimmed. To create a dimmer screen, the length of time that the backlight is off is lengthened, a dimming strategy called pulsed-width modification (PWM; see description in Background: LED Lights). This works because the nervous system tends to average the light brightness or darkness that it senses when there is rapid flicker (see discussion of the Talbot-Plateau Law in Background: LED Lights). Therefore, PWM is a dimming strategy that works by creating flicker. LED LCD monitors also often use PWM. In addition to PWM being a dimming strategy, for LED monitors, PWM is also a strategy implemented at full brightness to avoid overheating that occurs when constant current is applied to LEDs. The PWM flicker of LEDs also tends to be more bothersome to sensitive people than the PWM flicker of CCFLs because there is a sharper, more distinct difference in the on and off states for LED PWM flicker than for CCFL PWM flicker. This happens because LEDs turn off immediately when the current supplied to them is stopped. However, white fluorescent lights work by generating high energy light that strikes a phosphorescent coating on the glass that then fluoresces red, green, and blue, creating white light. Fluorescent lights have an afterglow because the phosphorescence takes a little time to fade after the current goes off. The result is a gentler slope in the waveform for CCFL PWM flicker than for LED PWM flicker (TFT Central: Pulse Width Modification, 2015). Interestingly, for CCFL backlights the timing of the flicker of the blue channel is out of sync with the flicker of the red and green channels, creating color flicker, as well as further smoothing brightness flicker. However for LED backlights, the flicker of the three color channels are the same as each other, so the color temperature doesn't flicker (TFT Central: Pulse Width Modification, 2015). It would be interesting to know what, if any, impact the asynchrony of the flicker of the CCFL color channels has on the nervous system's sensing of the flicker. Note that the differential color flicker from CCFL screen backlights is consistent with earlier observations that a specific type of blue-blocking lens, FL-41, may reduce the perception of flicker specifically from fluorescent lights because fluorescent lights have more blue light flicker than the flicker of other colors (Wilkins & Wilkinson, 1991). Learn more: TFT Central: Pulse Width Modification, 2015 This article provides very good illustrations and a clear, thorough comparison of PWM backlight flicker for CCFL LCD monitors and LED LCD monitors, including data on the flicker of the separate red, green, and blue light channels and data for different brightness levels of sample monitors. NotebookCheck: PWM Ranking NotebookCheck includes PWM measurements in their evaluations of laptops, tablets, and phones. Flicker as a strategy to reduce motion blur on LCD screens Screen motion blur refers to a phenomenon where an image moving across a screen appears to be blurry when tracked by the human eye (or a specialized pursuit camera) because the screen refresh rate is too slow for the eye (or camera) to perceive the motion as smooth. The blur partly results from a lag time for liquid crystal molecules to change shape in response to a change in voltage, but this is less significant than a slow refresh rate. Screen motion blur is considered to be a problem for gaming, virtual reality, and augmented reality because it is hypothesized to trigger nausea, vomiting, headaches, and eyestrain (see Background: Health Effects: More Screen Sensitivity Literature and Anecdotal Reports of LED Sensitivity). A strategy for reducing the motion blur is to strobe the backlight on very briefly each frame after the monitor has finished refreshing the pixels. Alternatively, black frames can be interspersed between the normal image frames, creating a similar effect. Either the use of a strobing backlight or black frame insertion creates flicker. BlurBusters.com mentions that some of their readers are more bothered by motion blur, some are more bothered by the flicker created with motion blur reduction strategies, and some are bothered by both. Learn more: TFT Central: Motion Blur Reduction Backlights, 2015 BlurBusters.com: Motion Blur Reduction OLEDs flicker OLED screens do not have backlights. Instead, they work because the red, green, and blue subpixels are LED lights. To create different colors, the brightness of each subpixel is controlled using pulse width modification (PWM) - see an explanation of PWM above and in Background: LED Lights. Learn more: TFT Central: OLED Displays and the Monitor Market DXOMARK: Flicker, the Display Affliction Explains how and why OLEDs flicker using PWM. Also provides some examples of flicker frequency for a few OLED phones. NotebookCheck: PWM Ranking NotebookCheck includes PWM measurements in their evaluations of laptops, tablet, and phones. Temporal dithering How does a monitor create colors? The color that we perceive from each pixel on a screen is a combination of the amount of the red, green, and blue light produced in its subpixels. The RGB system for creating colors on screens works by specifying a value between 0 and 255 for each color, red, green, and blue. This means that there are 256, or 2 to the 8th power, possible values for each color and it therefore takes 8 bits of computer memory to encode the value of each color. This is called "8-bit" color or sometimes "24-bit" to reference the sum of all 3 color channels. In some circumstances, a fourth "alpha" channel may be encoded in addition to the RGB values and may then be referred to as "32-bit" color. The 8-bit color system can produce 16,777,216 different colors because 256 red values x 256 green values x 256 blue values = 16,777,216 possible RGB combinations. Learn more: Purdue Chemistry: Colors on a Computer Screen How Stuff Works: How Computer Monitors Work: Color Depth Temporal dithering: Flickering colors to expand the color palette and smooth gradients If two different colors alternately flicker rapidly enough, we think we see the single blended color. This phenomenon was first demonstrated by Joseph Plateau in 1829 using sectors painted different primary colors on a spinning disk to create the appearance of blended, intermediate secondary colors (Plateau, 1829). Similarly, computer software, either in applications, in system software, or in the graphics processing unit, may cause pixels to flicker between two different colors in order to create the appearance of the blended, intermediate color. This "temporal dithering" may be done in order to create the appearance of smooth color gradients in photos and graphics. It may also create the appearance of smooth edges. Temporal dithering might be employed to create a highlight color overlay rather than calculating alternate colors. If isn't clear whether various kinds of software that shift the color temperature throughout a screen use temporal dithering to create the new colors. Because software is usually proprietary and temporal dithering flicker tends to not be obviously visible, it isn't obvious when temporal dithering is used. However, without temporal dithering, color gradients tend to show more discrete color banding. Frame rate control As described above, an 8-bit monitor can produce 16,777,216 different colors. However, not all monitors are capable of actually creating 8-bit color and instead use a system of 6-bit color and then simulate the remaining colors by alternately flickering between other colors each frame to create the appearance of the intermediate colors. This is a form of temporal dithering that is introduced by the monitor, rather than by the computer operating system or applications, and is called frame rate control (FRC). The vast majority of the colors will flicker because a 6-bit system can only display 262,144 colors without using FRC flicker. A monitor that is marketed as having 8-bit color might either have "true" 8 bit color that doesn't use FRC flicker or might actually be a "6-bit + FRC" monitor that uses flicker. Recently, monitors with "10-bit" color that allows for 1 billion colors have become available. These have the advantage of having smoother color gradients compared to 8-bit monitors. Depending on the monitor, FRC may or may not be utilized to create part of the advertised color pallet. Monitors with true 10-bit color are more expensive than 8-bit + FRC monitors. Frame rate control creates flicker at half the refresh rate of the monitor. So if the monitor refresh rate is 60 Hz, the FRC flicker will be at 30 Hz, and therefore definitely in what is considered the obviously visible range, even though most people may be able to ignore it. Learn more: How Stuff Works: How Computer Monitors Work: Color Depth Wikipedia: Frame Rate Control (Warning - this site includes a visibly flickering graphic, which may bother sensitive individuals) EIZO: Maximum Display Colors and Look-Up Tables: Two Considerations When Choosing a Monitor The Lagom LCD Monitor Test Pages: Black Level Plateau, J. Dissertation sur quelques propriétés des impressions produites par la lumière sur l'organe de la vue. Université de Liège (1829) http://hdl.handle.net/2268/501 LCD pixel inversion As described above, in LCD screens the amount of light passing through a subpixel is controlled by changing the shape of liquid crystal molecules by applying a voltage. To prevent damage to the pixel that could result from long-term application of voltage, the polarity of the voltage switches between positive and negative each frame. There may be slight differences in the pixel appearance in these two states, resulting in flicker. A monitor with a 60 Hz refresh rate would have 30 Hz flicker from pixel inversion, which is in the visible range. The amount of flicker from LCD pixel inversion varies among monitors. Learn more: The Lagom LCD Monitor Test Pages: Inversion (pixel-walk) Warning: some of the animations may bother individuals sensitive to flicker. Flicker in videos or animations Filming videos at a frame rate incompatible with ambient light flicker Videos recorded in flickering ambient light should be recorded at a frame rate that is a factor of the ambient light flicker frequency so that the flicker doesn't become visible in the video. For example, in North America, a smartphone video filmed at 30 frames per second (fps) will not show the flicker of ambient light that has a frequency of 120 Hz. This is because the ambient light flicker is in sync with the video frame rate and each video frame would be equally illuminated (120 divided by 30 is a whole number - each video frame receives exactly 4 cycles of light flicker). However, a video at 25 fps would have visible flicker because 120 Hz light flicker would be out of sync with the video frame rate and some frames would be brighter than others (120 divided by 25 is not a whole number). Such a video would have visible flicker. Such asynchrony between ambient light flicker and video frame rate is often apparent as visibly flashing ambient light in Zoom video feeds, at least in the U.S. (personal observation; also supported by a report that Zoom video uses 25 fps that expresses concern that visible flicker may be present in Zoom videos in countries that use 60 Hz power, as in North America). Rotating ceiling fan blades also visibly flicker in Zoom video feeds (personal observation) due to the interaction of the fan's rotational speed and video frame rate. Such flicker from fans is visible even if there is not noticeable ambient light flicker. The flicker of ambient light is also visible in some of the videos of some YouTube vloggers and sometimes even in professional videos. I have personally observed this in some scenes of television programs filmed in the past few years where a lamp or other indoor lighting obviously flickers on the order of several times a second. Learn more: Waveform Lighting - blog for film & photo: An introduction to flicker free LED strip dimming Explains frame rate and light flicker compatibility in videos. Low light webcam video When ambient light is relatively low, a webcam video feed tends to appear grainy and the colors of those grains in the video visibly flicker. This can occur in Zoom video feeds. This flicker can still be present when there is more ambient light, although it becomes less obvious. Such grainy video flicker was sometimes present in remote video feeds on professional news programs, particularly early in the COVID-19 pandemic when videos of remote guests were obtained with less than optimal equipment. Flashing animations There are multiple examples of ways that visible flicker may be used in animations: • Computer-created special effects in movies sometimes introduce flashing lights or flashing graphics • Animated cartoons may have visibly flickering images that are deliberately introduced as visual effects. • Computer, tablet, and phone software might animate part of the screen in flashing waves to indicate loading content. Some images on the edge of a window may repeatedly flash during scrolling. There are other ways that devices use flashing images as well. Flashing video frames I have personally noticed that some, but not most, videos created for television have rapid flicker throughout the entire video. I first noticed this in some, but not all, animated cartoons, but have since noticed it in a live-action video as well. These cartoons (or other videos) have relatively few distinct individual images in the animation, but have intermediate frames where the next image is partially produced as a transparent overlay on top of the previous image, which I assume is a strategy to smooth an otherwise choppy video. This creates flicker of the colors in the changing area of the screen - from the original color, briefly to an intermediate color, and then to the final color. This pattern of color flicker can repeat many times as an object moves (see Self-tests). Screen refresh rate creates flicker The higher the monitor refresh rate, the more times the image is updated per second. The flicker of the screen refreshing is more obvious when the refresh rate is lower. For example, a 30 Hz refresh rate will result in obvious flicker. 60 Hz is a common screen refresh rate, although higher refresh rates are becoming increasingly common. Additional flickering effects may be created if the computer's refresh rate setting is incompatible with the monitor. Learn more: Screen flicker from electrical interference Especially if there is visible screen flicker on a television, projector, or on an external computer monitor, there may be a loose cable, faulty connection within the computer, faulty port, or electrical interference from other nearby devices. Ferrite cores included on some VGA cables are designed to mitigate interference to an analog signal. Learn more:
News Categories Apple could be developing optical sensors to monitor blood sugar levels By Cookie Monster - on 18 Apr 2017, 12:00am Apple could be developing optical sensors to monitor blood sugar levels Aside from getting approval for testing its self-driving car technology, Apple is also reportedly expanding into the medical field. According to CNBC, Apple has a team of 30 biomedical engineers working on sensors to monitor blood sugar levels. Sources told CNBC that the work has been going on for at least five years. The team has begun conducting feasibility trials at clinical locations and hired consultants to navigate the complex health regulatory processes. The optical sensors can shine a light through the skin to measure indications of glucose, which is somewhat similar to the way photodiode sensors, green and infrared LEDs on the back of the Apple Watch are used to measure heart rate. John L. Smith, a biomedical expert, shared with CNBC that the accurate measurement of glucose levels is "the most difficult technical challenge" he has encountered in his career. If Apple succeeds, it will benefit million of diabetic patients as they have an easier way of monitioring their blood sugar. The technology could be integrated with the Apple Watch and open up new market segments for the smart watch. Tim Bajarin from TIME shared last year that the main focus of the Apple Watch is actually health and he believes the Apple Watch will bridge the gap between patients and their healthcare providers. The medical field has also been identified as a potential market for Apple as it battles the slowdown in sales of smartphones and tablets. Source: CNBC via The Verge
Skip to main content How to Create Polygons with Adobe Illustrator Learn how to create polygons with Adobe Illustrator from expert Will "Focus" Dubois in this Howcast video. This is How You Create Polygons in Adobe Illustrator. So, we're going to go over to our Tools Panel and we're going to look at the Rectangle Tool. Everybody basically knows what a polygon is. It's pretty much a shape with corners. So, we're just going to click. We're going to drag out. We have a rectangle. Now you can actually change of the type of shape or polygon that you want to work with. There's actually a Polygon Tool that's under here. If you click and hold down on the Shape Area you'll notice that that's when this Menu pops up. So you click that tool, and you open it up. And as you click and you drag, you'll notice the shape will actually change. Bigger. Smaller. So you can make them different sizes. In addition to that, you'll notice if you click and drag, and if you hit the Up or Down Arrow on your keyboard, you'll notice that you can add different points to your polygon. So you're not limited to just certain amount of shapes, just like 5 sides or 6 sides. You can specify the number you want. So you can, as you know, the more points you add on the polygon, the more rounded it's going to become. The least you can add are just 2 in addition to the already existing 1, so you'll get a triangle. In addition to that, if you were to add a ton of points to the polygon, you'll notice if you hold it down, it will eventually almost resemble a circle, and then you'll notice that you have a ton of points on the actual polygon itself. And that is how you work with polygons in Adobe Illustrator. Popular Categories
Open access peer-reviewed chapter The Development and Genetic Improvement of South African Goats By Carina Visser and Este van Marle‐Köster Submitted: November 24th 2016Reviewed: June 8th 2017Published: December 20th 2017 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70065 Downloaded: 3233 South Africa has a thriving goat industry, consisting of fiber, meat and dairy‐producing goat breeds. These animals play an important role in terms of food security, socioeconomic welfare and cultural well‐being. The South African goat industry is differentiated into a formal, commercial market with niche products such as mohair, chevon and goat’s cheeses versus the informal, mainly meat‐producing sector serving communal and smallholder farmers. Exotic and locally improved breeds, i.e., Angora, Saanen and Boer goats mainly serve the commercial industries, whereas the unimproved veld goat populations are well adapted in the resource‐poor environments. Genetic improvement has historically been limited to the commercial breeds, but poor participation in animal recording and improvement schemes have resulted in slow genetic progress, with the exception of the Angora goat. Molecular research has opened up new possibilities for genetic characterization, preservation and utilization of the unique genetic resources retained by these animals. • animal recording • genetic parameters • indigenous breeds • molecular genetics • quantitative selection 1. Introduction South Africa contributes almost 50% to the Southern African goat population [1] with approximately 5.62 million animals [2] distributed throughout nine provinces. Approximately 2 million of these animals are found in the Eastern Cape Province, almost 1 million in Limpopo Province and just over 700,000 in KwaZulu‐Natal Province. The remaining provinces share the remaining 1.8 million animals. The Angora goat population of approximately 640,000 goats is the major contributor to the income generated in the formal goat sector, by supplying more than 50% of the global mohair clip. The commercial meat goat industry, consisting of the Boer, Savannah and the Kalahari Red breeds makes up 1.3 million goats, with commercial dairy goats being the smallest sector, with approximately 4000 registered dairy goats. The majority (approximately 63%) of South African goats consist of unimproved indigenous veld goats in the noncommercialized agricultural sector and are kept under small‐scale conditions. 2. Goat breeds of South Africa In South Africa, there are seven goat breeds that are officially recognized by the Animal Improvement Act No. 62 of 1998, which includes the Angora goat for mohair production, three meat types namely the South African (SA) Boer, Kalahari Red and Savanna breeds and three dairy breeds consisting of the Saanen, Toggenburg and British Alpine. According to historical evidence, the meat breeds originate from indigenous goat breeds believed to have migrated to Southern Africa around 500 AD [3]. The Khoisan, a local tribe, moved with their herds southwards from Northern Botswana down to the Orange River from where two additional routes were used to reach the Southern and Western Cape. These goats kept by the local people were described by the Missionary J. Burrow as “handsome goats, speckled like the leopard” [4]. The indigenous goats most likely provided the genetic basis for the development of the current meat goat breeds. In contrast with the goat meat breeds, the dairy breeds have been imported from Europe and the United Kingdom. Besides these recognized goat breeds, South Africa has a large variety of indigenous or unimproved types that contribute meat, hides and milk to smallholders and subsistence farmers [5]. The majority of commercial goat farming takes place in the eastern and northern regions of South Africa where the species is well adapted to the vegetation [2]. 2.1. Angora goats The Angora goat was domesticated in Turkey, from where the animals were exported to Europe during the sixteenth century in an attempt to establish a rival mohair industry. The European climate was however not suited to these goats, and South Africa (a British colony at the time) presented a suitable region for Angora goat production. The first Angora goats were imported to South Africa during 1838, followed by another 3000 goats between 1856 and 1896 [6]. The Karoo and semiarid Eastern Cape region proved to be well suited to the Angora goats, and currently, the mohair industry in South Africa consists of approximately 644,000 Angora goats (, most of which are still farmed with in the Eastern Cape. The Angora Goat Breeders’ Society was established in 1892 and is known today as the Angora Ram Breeders. The Angora goat is a relatively small, horned mohair goat with heavy and drooping ears, as shown in Figure 1. The hair and body of these goats are white, and an excess of color in the horns, hooves, ears and the skin is not allowed. An Angora goat should have a uniform fleece with regard to length and fineness, with good luster, solid style and good character, and should also be free from kemp or colored fibers [7]. Figure 1. A typical South African Angora doe and kid (University of Pretoria). 2.2. Meat goats The South African Boer goat has the oldest official history with the establishment of the South African Boer Goat Association in 1959 [4]. In the development of goat breeds during the late sixties and early seventies, the Boer goat breeders’ society referred to five potential types of Boer goat in South Africa [8]. These included unimproved types such as the ordinary goat, long haired types and polled types that originated from crossbreeding with dairy breeds and native goats. The improved Boer goat was recognized as the desirable type, breed standards were formulated and a number of goat breeders commenced with directional selection and a well‐defined breeding policy that resulted in the modern SA Boer goat found in commercial and other farming systems today. This breed is characterized by the red color of the head, long ears and a white soft coat (Figure 2). A sturdy head with a compressed nose and strong horns that have a gradual backward curve are favored. The goats have fleshy, well‐developed broad briskets, well‐sprung ribs, broad backs and muscular legs [9]. Mature Boer goat bucks weigh between 110 kg and 135 kg, and does weigh between 90 kg and 100 kg [10, 11]. The SA Boer goat does are known for their good mothering ability and can kid every 7–8 months. Some literature indicates a lower susceptibility to diseases such as blue tongue, prussic acid poisoning and, to a lesser extent, enterotoxaemia [8, 10]. Figure 2. Typical South African Boer goats with white body and red head and neck (University of Pretoria). The origin of the Kalahari Red and Savanna goat breeds is not as well documented and according to available literature probability originated from indigenous goat types [4]. These breeds have only been officially recognized in South Africa in 1990 and 1993, respectively. The Kalahari Red has a dark red coat color and fully pigmented body that provides the advantage of high UV radiation tolerance. The Savanna goat is white in color and has short kempy hair with a black skin, horns, nose and udder [11]. These goats are also known to have well‐muscled forequarters with a long neck for easy browsing. Typical Kalahari Red and Savanna goats are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. Figure 3. A Kalahari Red goat with the characteristic uniform red coat color (University of Pretoria). Figure 4. A herd of Savanna goats with primarily white coat color (University of Pretoria). In Table 1, a summary is provided of descriptive measurements analyzed for the three commercial meat goat breeds. These breeds have been fully commercialized with official structures such as individual breed societies and well‐defined breed standards. They are the main contributors to the official goat meat produced in South Africa [12] and are recognized for their superior growth and carcass traits [1]. Body measurements in cm (least square means ± SE) Boer goatKalahari RedSavanna Height (H)56.5a ± 0.554.1a ± 0.555.7a ± 0.5 Length (L)68.2ab ± 0.869.8a ± 0.864.9b ± 0.7 Depth (D)26.4ab ± 0.327.1a ± 0.324.9b ± 0.3 Heart girth (HG)90.3ab ± 195.3a ± 186.5b ± 1 Hock length (HL)28.3a ± 0.527.7a ± 0.523.5b ± 0.5 Head width (HW)7.7a ± 0.26.6b ± 0.35.6c ± 0.2 Head length (HL)17.2a ± 0.315.7b ± 0.215.8ab ± 0.2 Neck circumference (N)48.3a ± 442.5ab ± 3.837.7ab ± 3.7 Tail length (TL)12.2ab ± 0.313.2a ± 0.313.3a ± 03 Pelvic width (PW)13.8a ± 0.311.1b ± 0.311.4b ± 0.3 Pelvic length (PL)19.7a ± 0.420.5a ± 0.319.1a ± 0.3 Ear length (EL)21.4a ± 0.319.2b ± 0.219.5b ± 0.2 Table 1. Description of body measurements (cm) recorded for Boer goats, Kalahari Red and Savanna goats (adapted from Ref. [11]). 2.3. Indigenous veld goats and Tankwa goats South African indigenous goats are mostly characterized based on color variations and phenotypic characteristics such as ear length and horn shape. There is virtually no distinct breed identification, and populations are often named or identified according to the geographical region where they are kept. Various types are known, such as the Pedi, Nguni and Xhosa Lop ear ecotypes [1]. These uncharacterized veld‐type goats generally have small body frames (mature females weigh approximately 40–50 kg) and low carcass yields. The goats are multipurpose and are used for meat, hides and sometimes even milk for younger children, mostly in small farming systems and or for household food production. The indigenous veld‐type goats have been subjected to limited selection and are largely unimproved genotypes. They have however contributed to the development of the local meat‐type goats such as the Boer goat [4] through crossbreeding. The indigenous types vary in size and are often promoted as having special adaptive characteristics, including a higher tolerance for tick‐borne diseases compared to the commercial goat breeds [8, 10]. In Figure 5, a typical South African veld goat is shown. Figure 5. A herd of South African unimproved veld goats (Rauri Alcock). The Tankwa goat refers to a population of feral goats that are found in the Northern Cape. Although they have been known to roam the Tankwa National Park for at least 80 years, they have only been identified and studied as a distinct population over the past decade. Their current population size is estimated at approximately 200 goats [1]. These goats have survived and reproduced in one of the harshest climatic regions of South Africa with regard to temperature and vegetation and hold potential for their unique adaptive traits. 2.4. Dairy goats Dairy goats were introduced to South Africa at the turn of the twentieth century, originating primarily from Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The SA Mich Goat Breeders’ Society was formed in 1958 but formal milk recording for dairy goats only started in the 1981/82 production year as the number of lactation records was low and variable before then [13]. Originally four breeds were officially recognized in South Africa, namely the Saanen, Toggenburg, British Alpine and an Anglo‐Nubian Swiss composite [29]. Currently, the milk goat breeds include Saanen, Toggenburg and British Alpine breeds and crosses between these breeds are often used in commercial milk goat production systems [29]. The Saanen breed was the first milk goat breed to be imported to South Africa in 1898 [13] and is known for its high milk yield. The Toggenburg and British Alpine were imported during the early 1900s. These two breeds with dark pigmentation are favored for their adaptability to the climatic challenges of South Africa that includes high average temperatures and UV intensity. The Toggenburg furthermore also produces milk with a higher butterfat compared to the Saanen [13], which is important for production of cheese. 3. Quantitative selection and genetic improvement Genetic improvement of small stock in South Africa can largely be attributed to the research performed over many decades in official research and prestige flocks. The results from the research flocks set the trends for selection and breeding programs, while the prestige flocks confirmed the value of applying a scientific approach to the farming community [14]. Performance recording was introduced for small stock, including goats, as early as 1956 by the Department of Agricultural and Technical services. Since then, production systems and environments have evolved and new selection tools became available for additional measurements, e.g., for fiber traits [15]. Advancements in the statistical methodologies for genetic evaluations made estimated breeding value possible for the breeds where sufficient animal and pedigree recording has been performed [14]. The genetic improvement of goats has been slow and less spectacular compared to sheep and other livestock species in South Africa. Of the goat breeds, most of the genetic improvement took place in the Angora goat due to the high economic value of mohair and South Africa being one of the largest producers of mohair in the world [16]. The poor participation in the National Small Stock Improvement Scheme (NSIS) by the meat and dairy goat breeders limits the potential genetic improvement, as limited phenotypic and pedigree recording occurs. Several factors play a role in the relative poor participation of SA goat breeders in animal recording, including difficulties in recording on large extensive farming units, multi‐sire practices presenting challenges for accurate parentage verifications and the cost of using modern technology for measuring traits of economic importance. Beef remains the primary choice for meat consumption by the consumer, and goats have often been neglected in the creation of new markets and products. All these factors may play a role in decision making by farmers when it comes to the costs involved in official animal recording and genetic evaluations. Furthermore, the unimproved veld goat is largely uncharacterized and has not been subjected to artificial selection or improvement strategies. It presents opportunities to utilize these goat types for improvement of the broader goat population due to their unique adaptive traits, but at the same time poses a danger if the selection strategies are not well formulated and implemented. Care must be taken that the uniqueness of genetic resources is conserved while implementing genetic progress. 3.1. Angora goats The most significant genetic improvement in the South African Angora goat population took place over the past four decades. Although the National Small Stock Information Scheme was established in the 1950s, the uptake by Angora goat breeders was slow. A pilot study for animal recording in Angora goats was only implemented in 1983 [17]. The participation of Angora breeders in this scheme was voluntary and has remained poor over the past few decades. A lack of complete data for South African Angora breeders [18], combined with challenges regarding parentage verification, currently limits the application of breeding values. In 1988, a research flock was established with the aim of breeding fine‐hair producing Angora goats, without sacrificing body weight [14, 19]. Selection indices were made available to the breeders with emphasis on fiber diameter, fleece weight and body weight in varying ratios [20, 21]. This selection strategy resulted in a significant improvement of the fiber diameter and the general fitness of the Angora goat population [19]. The development of Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA) technology was important for obtaining accurate measurements for the full fiber profile. It has been implemented since 1992 in routine fleece measurement in South Africa by a number of breeders [22]. The quality traits associated with the full diameter profile (including coefficient of variation of fiber diameter, comfort factor and spinning fineness) hold potential for inclusion in the breeds’ selection indices. In Table 2, a summary is provided of available heritability estimates for fiber quality traits in SA Angora goats [15]. Fleece weight (kg)0.19 ± 0.04–0.24 ± 0.03* Fiber diameter (µm)0.26 ± 0.05–0.45 ± 0.03* Coefficient of variation of fiber diameter (µm)0.37 ± 0.10 Standard deviation of fiber diameter0.32 ± 0.11 Comfort factor (%)0.63 ± 0.11 Spinning effective fineness0.61 ± 0.10 Standard deviation of fiber diameter along the length of the staple (µm)0.14 ± 0.08** Table 2. Heritability estimated for fiber quality traits in SA Angora goats obtained from OFDA measurements. Snyman and Olivier [21, 24]; Visser et al. [22]. Visser et al. [22]. Unfavorable genetic correlations between fiber diameter and fleece weight remain a challenge [22], and higher participation in recording and genetic evaluations will be required for further genetic improvement. 3.2. Meat goats Most of the available research on meat goats was performed on the SA Boer goat, focusing on phenotypic characteristics [10] and production traits [8, 10]. Average reproductive performances for the Boer goat are reported [10] based on records obtained over a 20‐year period, included a kidding rate (kids born/does mated) of 189%, fecundity of 210% and a weaning rate of 149% with a weaning weight of 29 kg at 120 days. The SA Boer goat has also been found to be early maturing with a high incidence of multiple births. Approximately 56.5% twins, 33.2% triplets and 2.4% quadruplets born were reported in a study on the influence of age on the reproductive performance of the improved Boer goat [8]. The high fecundity poses some obvious advantage under optimal feeding conditions, but could also result in increased kid mortality when reared under extensive conditions, especially with kids born as triplets and quadruplets. Some genetic progress is evident in growth traits as can be seen in the increase in 100‐day weights based on performance of tested goats corrected for age and birth status from 1998 (25.3 kg for males to 22.3 kg for females) to 1996 (26.9 kg for males and 23.4 kg for females) [8]. Despite the availability of animal recording for small stock, the participation remains poor with only 38% registered Boer goat, 41% Kalahari Red and 67% Savanna goat breeders taking part in the Logix recording system for small stock [24]. Only one indigenous goat veld goat breeder takes part in recording out of 14 registered breeders. Figure 6 highlights the poor participation of meat goat breeders in the NSIS. Figure 6. Participation of meat goat breeders in the National Small Stock Improvement Scheme [24]. The poor participation in animal recording of meat goats limits the potential for estimation of genetic parameters for traits of economic importance. In Table 3, available heritability estimates are presented for reproductive and growth traits. The available records for postweaning weights in South African Boer goat were insufficient for estimation of heritability [13]. A heritability value of 0.45 was reported for yearling weights in Australian Boer goats [25]. Birth weight0.05–0.14Schoeman et al.[26] Weaning weight direct0.18–0.15Van Niekerk et al. [26]; Schoeman et al. [27] Weaning weight maternal0.05–0.45Van Niekerk et al. [26]; Schoeman et al. [27] ADG0.170Schoeman et al. [26] Table 3. Heritability estimates for preweaning weights of Boer goats. Selection progress for preweaning weights is likely to be slow due to low heritability estimates, whereas postweaning growth tends to exhibit higher heritability as seen in most farm animal species. The challenge for genetic improvement in the SA meat goat breeds lies in obtaining more and accurate recording for larger numbers of registered animals. This will enable genetic evaluations for breeding value estimation that can be applied by individual goat breeders in their herds as well as improvement of the national flock. A number of studies have highlighted the meat characteristics of South African Boer goat [28], but no genetic parameters are available for selection for improved carcass traits. 3.3. Dairy goats The South African dairy population is small in comparison with the other goat breeds and small stock. There are currently 45 registered herds representing 16,561 animals [24], and the remaining animals are used in commercial milk operations. Of the 45 herds, 16 herds (approximately 1217 goats) participate in official recording. Although participation in official animal recording is limited, the opportunity is available to record milk yield, milk composition and linear traits for selection and improvement. Heritability estimates have been reported for the SA Saanen for milk yield (0.23), butter fat yield (0.22) and protein yield (0.20). Protein and butterfat percentages had a heritability of 0.44 and 0.21, respectively [29]. Despite this relatively small population size, a niche market is served with the production of fresh milk and specialty cheeses. Marketing of these products occurs mostly in an informal way, such as by selling directly to consumers via on‐farm sales, or at various markets. The renewed interest in organic products and dairy goats in general may result in breeders adopting modern technologies to overcome limitations in parentage recording and thus improved recording in order to perform accurate selection for long‐term genetic improvement. 4. Molecular research and genetic improvement Since the advent of molecular genetics, research on goats has entered a new era, also influencing the South African goat populations. The first research on South African goats was performed using microsatellite markers in the early 2000s and mainly involved genetic diversity and characterization studies. Genetic characterization assists in the conservation of unique characteristics of indigenous populations, whereas genetic diversity has a direct influence on genetic progress, selection strategies and the control of inbreeding levels. The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) explaining significant fractions of the genetic variance in economically important traits could lead to increased accuracy of estimated breeding values (EBVs) with a corresponding faster rate of genetic improvement. A few QTL identification studies were performed on Angora goats, but the limited amount of variation explained by these fragments restricted the application of the results in terms of marker‐assisted selection (MAS). Some effort has gone into sequencing genes of economic importance and estimating their population frequencies as well as identifying novel variants in the local populations. The first caprine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip became commercially available in 2012, and since then (as with almost all other livestock species) SNP markers have become the marker of choice. 4.1. Angora goats Without a doubt, the Angora goat breed is the South African goat breed on which most molecular research has been performed. The SA Angora goat served as the model breed for improving the goat linkage map in 2010, using 94 microsatellite markers [30]. Both the accuracy and the coverage of the map were improved by adding markers, correcting previously reported order alignments and decreasing map distances. This linkage map formed the basis for a number of studies performed on the SA Angora goat. Angora goats in South Africa are primarily farmed extensively and are subjected to group mating and over‐mating. This limits accurate parentage recording and has a negative effect on the accuracy of estimated breeding value estimation and selection progress. A DNA parentage verification panel was created, using 14 microsatellite markers with a combined probability of exclusion of 99.7% [31]. The impact of DNA‐based parentage verification on EBV accuracies and ranking of sires were evaluated a few years later [32]. It was shown that correct allocation of parentage had a significant effect on EBV estimation and ranking of sires, especially for growth traits. DNA‐based parentage verification enhanced selection accuracy and would result in faster genetic progress. Phenotypic recording and EBV selection on mohair and growth traits were relatively successful during the 1980–1990s. However, intense selection pressure for increased mohair quality and yield resulted in small, unthrifty goats with high mortality rates. QTL identification studies were performed to identify chromosomal segments associated with product and quality traits of mohair [33] as well as preweaning growth [34]. Eighteen QTL for mohair traits (including fleece weight, fiber diameter, coefficient of variation of fiber diameter, comfort factor, spinning fineness and variation along the length of the fiber) were identified on 13 chromosomes [15]. In the study focusing on preweaning growth traits, four chromosomal regions of interest with an influence on birth weight were identified on CHI 4, 8, 18 and 27 and two candidate regions for weaning weight on CHI 16 and 19, respectively [34]. Although putative QTL were identified in both studies, the QTL explained limited phenotypic variation of the traits, which is one of the main restrictions of marker‐assisted selection. No MAS has yet been implemented in the SA Angora goat breed. The QTL identification study did however indicate that QTL associated with mohair production and quality were located on chromosomes where the KRT and KAP genes have previously been assigned to mainly CHI 1 and 5 [33]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing technology were used to identify and characterize KAP 1.1, KAP 8.1 and KAP 13.3 in South African Angora, Boer and Angora x Boer goat populations. A total of 19 novel variants were identified in total, and in these, three genes were responsible for structure and quality of hair fibers. The predominant alleles differed between the various populations and together with high levels of observed heterozygosity hold promise for selection based on favorable allelic associations [35]. The development of a moderate‐density genotyping tool, the 50K SNP chip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) [36], was a key milestone for molecular research in goats. Due to the fact that no fiber‐producing breeds were included in the development of this commercial chip, it was first validated in the SA Angora goat population [37]. Fortunately, the high level of polymorphism observed (88.1% of loci) and the sufficient observed heterozygosity levels in the population (0.365) made the bead chip suitable for application in this breed. The 50K SNP chip was subsequently used to estimate genetic diversity in the SA Angora goat. Results indicated that sufficient genetic diversity still exists within this breed to allow successful selection strategies and genetic improvement [38]. A high proportion of SNP with low minor allele frequency (MAF) values suggested a high proportion of fixed alleles, which was in line with the high selection pressure on specific traits within this population. An linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimate (using the r2 measure) of 0.15 was calculated, which implied that a denser SNP genotyping array would be necessary before genomic selection (GS) could be considered for the SA Angora. The SA Angora goat was included in a study to analyze the genetic variability of Angora goats from three distinct geographical locations (South Africa, France and Argentina) in order to assess the influence of genetic and geographical isolation [39]. The fixation index (FST) indicated three distinct subpopulations, with intrapopulation values (0.12) corresponding to those normally observed between breeds. An effective population size (Ne) of 93 was estimated for the SA Angora goat, 100 generations ago, and is currently probably even lower. The distinctiveness of the South African population indicated strict directional selection which has resulted in a well‐defined cluster. The high diversity between populations could be useful when exchanging genetic material to improve certain unfavorable characteristics of specific populations. 4.2. Commercial and indigenous meat goats Both commercial and indigenous goats have been included in studies where DNA markers have been applied to gain insight into their genetic diversity and population structure. However, significantly, less research in terms of molecular studies has been performed on meat goats than on the Angora goat breed. The first molecular study on SA meat goats was performed in 2004 when the genetic variation of the three commercial breeds as well as three indigenous goat populations were investigated using microsatellite markers [40]. A clear differentiation between the Kalahari Red and Boer goat breeds was observed, whereas the Savanna breed showed significant genetic similarity to the Boer goat. Limited differentiation was observed between the veld goat populations, as was expected. Of all the breeds and populations, the Kalahari Red breed was the most clearly differentiated on a genetic level. The distinctiveness of the Kalahari Red breed was further investigated [41], also using microsatellite markers. Although it appeared that the breed was largely uniform, limited differences suggested local selection and adaptation. The clear genetic differentiation of the Kalahari Red breed was confirmed by a later study focusing on only commercial goat breeds [11]. A factorial correspondence analysis was performed with microsatellite data and the Kalahari Red goats clustered on their own, while the Boer goat and Savanna populations tended to overlap. The commercial Boer goat and Kalahari Red breeds, as well the Tankwa and two indigenous populations, were included in a study to characterize African goat populations using the Illumina Goat SNP50K genotyping array [42]. These South African breeds showed a higher level of variation when compared to other African populations. Preliminary results were reported by [43, 44] on the population structure and landscape genomics of indigenous goats using genome‐wide SNP data. The goat populations showed sufficient genetic diversity, and the Tankwa population was revealed as a distinct breed. Associations between the genomic variation of the goats and climatic conditions were limited to associations with longitude, temperature and altitude using the spatial analyses method. The genetic architecture of the three commercial meat breeds, the Tankwa and five distinct ecotypes (Nguni, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu and Tswana) were investigated by Ref. [45]. Ecotypes were found to have the highest levels of genetic diversity and low levels of inbreeding, probably due to the lack of directional selection in communal systems. Most of the ecotypes showed some level of genetic relatedness with one another. The Tankwa breed was again identified as a unique genetic resource with low genetic diversity and high inbreeding levels, which can be attributed to the small population size and geographical isolation of these animals. 4.3. Dairy goats The Saanen, British Alpine and Toggenburg are the three breeds contributing to South Africa’s small dairy goat industry. Most goat milk is processed and sold as goat’s cheese; thus, the quality of the milk produced and specifically the casein content is of importance. Limited molecular research has been performed on these breeds. To date, two studies have been performed to characterize casein in the SA goat breeds, one on κ‐casein [46] and another on αS2‐casein [47]. The first study investigated indigenous, Boer and Saanen goats using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing. Two less favorable alleles (B’ and H) were found exclusively in the meat goat populations, while the favorable B allele was fixated in the Saanen goats. In the latter study, αS2‐casein was genotyped in the three SA dairy breeds, as well as in some meat‐type goats using DNA sequencing. Four alleles and 10 genotypes were observed across the populations, with the A allele being the most frequent in all the breeds. Limited gene‐specific selection opportunities are possible based on these results. The genetic diversity of SA dairy goats was investigated using a panel of 25 microsatellite markers [48]. High levels of diversity were estimated in all three breeds, with heterozygosity values exceeding 60%. Limited inbreeding was observed within the populations. The genetic differentiation between the dairy breeds was very low, as could be expected within one production type. An admixture group of animals was identified, suggesting that inadvertent crossbreeding between purebred animals was taking place. The SA Milch Goat Breeders’ Society allows the registration of goats with unknown pedigree, based on a physical inspection (mainly color pattern and functional efficiency). It has however been clearly demonstrated that coat color is not a definitive way of assigning breed status. Some dairy goats were included in the SNP‐based genetic diversity study by Ref. [38]. The results corresponded with that of the previous study, with relatively high gene diversity estimates within the breeds. A 30% co‐ancestry was calculated between the breeds, supporting the previous findings [48] regarding admixture. 5. Conclusion The various goat breeds and populations in South Africa serve a number of purposes ranging from important economic contributions to the commercial livestock production sector, to the improvement of livelihoods and food security in rural communities. Genetic progress can primarily be attributed selection following a quantitative approach, with a focus on fertility, growth and some breed‐specific production traits such as fiber yield. Future research and selection for genetic improvement will most likely be targeted toward molecular‐based approaches. Molecular research has shown that most SA goat breeds have sufficient genetic diversity to be exploited in selection programs. Specific projects are targeted toward the identification of genes associated with traits of economic importance, managing inbreeding levels and sustainable conservation and utilization of scarce genotypes. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard Carina Visser and Este van Marle‐Köster (December 20th 2017). The Development and Genetic Improvement of South African Goats, Goat Science, Sándor Kukovics, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70065. Available from: chapter statistics 3233total chapter downloads 4Crossref citations More statistics for editors and authors Access personal reporting Related Content This Book Next chapter Rate of Passage of Digesta in Ruminants; Are Goats Different? By Mehluli Moyo and Ignatius V. Nsahlai Related Book First chapter Goats in the Ancient Near East and Their Relationship with the Mythology, Fairytale and Folklore of These Cultures By Merida Roets More About Us
Course Work On Roles Published: 2021-06-22 00:43:03 essay essay Hey! We can write a custom essay for you. All possible types of assignments. Written by academics 12 Angry Men 12 Angry Men, made in the year 1957 is a well acclaimed American drama giving new ideas about the workings of Jury and the psychology of jury members. Due to some constrictions imposed by American Judicial system it becomes an easier said than done task for Jury members to make a decision, their one decision can make a big effect if all the pros and cons are not probed of a case. The film has many salient features which inspired other film makers from across the world to make several movies and plays taking this idea. Several methods of consent structure and convincing in odd conditions are exemplary. The story of the movie belongs to an eighteen year old boy who is on trial for killing his own father. Jury of 12 men is constituted to decide the fate of that boy with a special note that there is a provision of compulsory death punishment once the accused is found guilty. Juror # 8 Henry Fonda: Most important character is the role of Juror 8 played by Henry Fonda who took the intrepid step to vote not guilty while all other jurors voted the boy guilty. An architect, Very calm, soft spoken, logical man, unlike other jurors tried hard to find the truth from the facts and circumstances and convinced other members of the jury to not vote guilty. Juror # 9 Joseph Sweeny: eldest among the jurors and the first Juror who changed his mind and supported the views of Henry Fonda. A soft spoken and observant man believed in the arguments and logic of Juror 8 and decided to give him at least a chance to discuss the case once again. Juror # 5 Jack Klugman: insecure and frightened man and just voted guilty initially because by doing so he would be able to keep himself aloof from his past. Arguments of Juror 8 made him to change his mind and since Juror 5 himself was grown up in slums, added some new arguments in support of Juror 8 and voted the boy not guilty. Juror # 11 George Voskovec: Juror 11 is a watchmaker; a polite man, who has immense respect for American democracy, added some more arguments supporting the view of Juror 8. Juror # 2 John Fiedler: a bank clerk with the shrill voice, easily convinced, confused, hesitant, have a tendency to go with the majority. He added crucial logical points in support of Juror 8. Juror # 6 Edward Bins: hesitate to apply his own mind, a follower but respectful to older juror and always ready to support his words with physical power. Juror # 7 Jack Warden: impatient extroverted salesman who loves baseball than anything else is eager to finish the jury proceedings just because he has a baseball match to watch after few hours. He is obsessed with baseball, uses metaphors all the time, goes with the majority. Juror # 12 Robert Webber: soft spoken business man, superficial, indecisive and business oriented, not much concerned about system, justice or government. Juror # 1 Martin Balsam: A school assistant coach, in role of foreman tried to keep the proceedings calm and going. A sensitive man with no leadership qualities, not fit for the job of foreman. Juror # 10 Ed Begley: A garage owner, very bitter and angry man, not well educated or well aware of system, a racist and a sharp reactionary old man. Juror # 4 E. G. Marshall: a wealthy stockbroker, well educated, methodical, very calm and soft spoken gentleman who believes in being logical, has a Positive approach towards any situation. Juror # 3 Lee J. Cobb: owner of a messenger service, very rude and biased man. Absolutely intolerant, vengeful and suffers from pre decidedness, the antagonist. Norms: While hearing a Case some norms are expected to be followed by the members of jury. Impartiality is the one rule which should be followed very strictly and in any case the jury should not violate this rule. In the present case all the members were impartial though there were some prejudices in the mind of members but they were pacified later on. Reasonable doubt is another factor that should be considered seriously because in absence of reasonability either conviction or acquittal both of these is not in the interest of justice. Proper application of judicial mind is an important rule that should be taken care of while deciding a case. If proper time and proceedings are not done or done in haste, it would be inappropriate deciding a case. Meeting of minds is also an important rule that should be considered, in case of differences in opinions among jury members; they should try to make a consensus peacefully and avoid any kind of disputes. All the jury members should respect the foreman and his instructions, should avoid any disputed behavior and respect opinions of other members. There are certain implied rules related to discipline, these should be strictly followed by each member of jury. Status: In Jury status is not an issue and who has what status does not matter in deciding the case, it may though affect other jury members if one member is super rich or sometimes one’s background matters but ultimately all the members enjoy equal rights and have one vote. Normally while hearing a case, every member of Jury concentrates on his own job and tries to apply his mind in deciding the case after considering legal, social and other issues related to the case. In 12 angry men status of any member had no effect and a common member’s view was finally endorsed by all members of jury though there were some rich and influential members in jury. Power: Some powers are given to the foreman of jury to regulate the proceedings and to make sure that motive of the jury is fulfilled. Sometimes it is imperative to remind the members of their duty and watch their behavior while the proceedings go on in a jury. Since the members of a jury are not from any particular institution or any government agency so they need to be instructed sometimes regarding the proceedings and their conduct. Leadership: in the movie there are two existing leaderships, first one we find in the behavior of foreman, he was designated leader, performed his duties in that way. He believed in listening other members in stead of taking leads. Foreman is not a natural leader and lacked leadership qualities throughout the Jury hearing. On the other hand we see Henry Fonda as a natural leader. During the first voting he was alone to vote not guilty while rest all 11 members voted guilty but it was his arguments, behavior and leadership qualities that convinced every member of Jury and finally everybody voted not guilty. Outcome: The decision made by the members of Jury in this case was a high quality decision because A thorough discussion on the every angle and each issue related to the case was done and when every member of jury was completely satisfied that there was a reasonable doubt in favor of the accused, a unanimous decision was made. Finally the jury arrived at a conclusion where the boy was declared not guilty. It was such a wise and prudent decision of jury that saved the life of an innocent boy. If the juror 8 would not have taken the step this kind of high quality decision would not have been made probably. Every member of the jury had his own opinion and when every doubt related to the case was pacified, Jury made a high quality decision. This was the exemplary trial and decision made by the members of jury. It created awareness and a good impact about the jury in the society and gave several massages in respect of judicial system. Lumet, S. (Director). (1957). 12 Angry Men [Motion Picture]. We can write your paper just for 11.99$ i want to copy... People also read
If you are familiar with cannabis, there are chances you might have heard about Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC also is known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the compound in the cannabis plant that is responsible for its psychoactive effect. The abundance of the compound depends on the strain of cannabis grown. Certain strains are cultivated solely to get higher levels of THC, this makes the plant even more potent. Here is an amusing thing: you don’t get high off just eating a raw cannabis plant, no matter how potent the plant is. This is because there is no THC in a raw cannabis plant. So what is in the raw cannabis plant? Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA) is present. Do not confuse the two of them because they are not the same. THCA is a cannabinoid that has always been confused with THC. THCA-A was first identified in 1965 by Professor Friedhelm Korte at the Univerity of Bonn. 4 years later, in 1969, a second THC acid was discovered by Raphael Mechoulam from the University of Jerusalem. The second THC acid called isomer 4-carboxy-THC was later named delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B). THCA-B is only present in hashish samples that have little or no THCA. The weight of overall THCA-B concentration is said to be lower than 0.5%. Research has made it known that THCA-A is first synthesized by the cannabis plant. As a matter of fact, the isomer is the major reason for many of the pharmacological studies. THCA-B on the other hand has better stability, and it crystallizes more readily than THCA-A. This attribute makes THCA-B a compound worthy of study. There is little or no knowledge on how THCA-B works, but one can assume that being a precursor to THC, it shares the same mechanism. Due to the extra acid group of THCA, the molecule does not attach to CB1 cannabinoid receptors, as THC does. This is why THCA doesn’t give a psychoactive effect. THCA, however, attaches to the TRPM8 receptor (the one that makes us experience a sensation of cold when we taste mint) and activates the TRPA1 receptor (which makes us feel the spiciness when we eat things like mustard or cinnamon). The therapeutic effect of THCA may be caused by its blocking MAGL enzymes. This type of enzyme is responsible for breaking down the cannabinoids produced by the body, which binds to CB1- and CB2 receptors. Unfortunately, not a lot of research has been done, making it unclear how exactly THCA works. There is an insufficient study on the medicinal properties of THCA-B. But for the closest compound, THCA it is believed to offer various minor medicinal benefits. • THCA-B has better stability, and it crystallizes more readily than THCA-A Cbd Products For Sale Banner Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid reduces nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in Suncus murinus, Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARγ agonist with neuroprotective activity.
Six signs of zinc deficiency: Are YOU getting enough? Next to iron, zinc is the most abundant mineral found in the human body. This mineral is essential in cellular metabolism, immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. Moreover, zinc enhances better growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. Zinc is also essential for proper functioning of the taste and smell senses. It should be noted that strict vegetarians and vegans, alcohol drinkers, and those who avoid red meat are more prone to a zinc deficiency. Listed below are six warning signs to take note of. Watch out for these six signs of a zinc defiency 1. Your hair is thinning – If your hair is thinning, or if you have noticed more strands in your hairbrush, you may want to check your zinc levels. According to Gill Jenkins, a doctor based in London, hair loss is probably one of the major symptoms of zinc deficiency. Zinc is important in duplicating good cells and absorbing protein. These functions are needed for thick and glossy hair. Several studies found in Annals of Dermatology found that zinc affects hair loss. 2. Your nails break easily and have white spots on them One of the primary signs of zinc deficiency is having Beau’s lines, which are the white spots on the nails. Your nails may also easily break, crack, or be slow to grow. 3. Your teeth are not as white Zinc promotes healthy teeth. Therefore, low levels of zinc can cause the teeth to be easily cracked, and not be very strong. “Zinc is an essential element in the mouth and is present naturally in plaque, saliva, and enamel,” said Jenkins. Odor sensitivity, changed taste, white tongue coating, mouth ulcers, and inflamed gums are the most common signs of a zinc deficiency. 4. You have mouth ulcers or canker sores Recurrent mouth ulcers are also a sign of low zinc levels in your diet. According to a study, low zinc levels could raise the chance of having oral ulceration. Moreover, patients who had low levels of zinc in their blood stream often had recurrent ulcer attacks. 5. You have skin problems In a study, it was found that more than 50 percent of those with acne had minimal zinc levels. Jenkins also said that people with zinc deficiency generally have scabby skin with sores and marks that are slow to heal. 6. You have a poor skeletal system Your bones may not be as healthy if you lack zinc. This could be a problem in the development of bones can arise in children of vegetarians or vegans. Preventing a zinc deficiency In order to avoid zinc deficiency, experts recommend to eat foods rich in zinc or take zinc supplements. Zinc can be found mainly in different foods, red meat sources and non-red meat sources. Red meat sources include beef, pork, lamb, veal, and bacon. On the other hand, non-red meat sources include almonds, butter beans, chicken breast, cheddar cheese, turkey meat, and soya bean. (Related: Zinc deficiency: its actual cause and direct impact on human health.) Sources include: comments powered by Disqus
Diabetes management services provider manual What is type 2 Diabetes? Type 2 diabetes is a major condition where the insulin your pancreas makes can’t work appropriately. What causes type 2 diabetes? All of us require insulin to live. It does a vital job. It allows the glucose in our blood to enter our cells and sustain our bodies. When you have type 2 diabetes, your body still breaks down carbohydrate from your food and beverage and turns it into glucose. Because this insulin can’t work effectively, your blood sugar levels keep rising. For some individuals with type 2 diabetes this can ultimately tire the pancreas out, implying their body makes less and less insulin. This can lead to even greater blood glucose levels and suggest you are at threat of hyperglycaemia. Is type 2 diabetes severe? If left untreated, high sugar levels in your blood can seriously harm parts of your body, including your eyes, heart and feet. 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We’ve got lots more info about: Preventing type 2 diabetes Did you understand that around 3 in 5 cases of type 2 diabetes can be avoided or postponed? Our information about preventing type 2 will reveal you the steps you can require to lower your danger of developing the condition. Inspecting your blood glucose levels Checking your blood sugar levels is an important part of handling your diabetes, so we’ll take you through how to inspect them and what your readings indicate. And we have actually likewise got more details about what happens your blood sugar levels get too low, called a hypo, or expensive, called a hyper, so that you understand the signs and symptoms to keep an eye out for. Living with type 2 diabetes Having type 2 diabetes can raise great deals of questions about your lifestyle, but we’re here with the responses. 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We likewise know it can be overwhelming if you’re not sure where to begin. Our information and assistance about diabetes technology will assist you comprehend what the different kinds of tech do and how to access them, so you can find what works for you. Research study into type 2 diabetes We have been moneying leading research study jobs into type 2 diabetes for over 80 years. You can discover more about the impact of this research study, and how it has actually helped to change the lives of millions coping with the condition. ake enough insulin. This implies your blood glucose (sugar) levels keep rising.
What happens when a Meteorites falls on the Earth? Asked by manishasain28 \| 25th Dec, 2018, 09:21: PM Expert Answer: When meteoroids enters eath's surface they start to glow due to heating caused due to friction. These bodies are known as meteors or shooting stars. Sometimes when these meteors survive the heat and is able to travel through all layers of atmosphere and part of it reaches the Earth's surface. Then these are called meteorites. The meteorites may occur in different size. Most of the meteorites which are found on the Earth are pebbles to fist size. However, some are very huge that could cause a destruction of area covering distance of about 1 km. One such destruction has occured 65 million years ago in Arizona. Answered by Shiwani Sawant \| 28th Dec, 2018, 11:57: AM
The Secrets of Moondogs You’ve probably heard of — and likely have even seen — a Sundog, the atmospheric phenomenon that creates rainbow-colored blobs or arcs of light on either side of the Sun. But did you know the Moon can have ‘dogs’ too? Also known as mock moons, false moons, or the scientific name of paraselenae, Moondogs aren’t seen as often as Sundogs. However, the conditions needed to create either of the ‘dogs’ are about the same. This great image of a Moondog, above, by Jeff Schultz is a perfect example of the kind of night you might see this gorgeous phenomenon. What are the secrets to how Moondogs are produced? A bright Moondog on January 20, 2012 seen in Wiltshire, England. Credit and copyright: Richard Fleet. Used by permission. A bright Moondog on January 20, 2012 seen in Wiltshire, England. Credit: Richard Fleet Moondogs are seen most often in the winter when ice crystals may be present in the atmosphere. But they can appear anytime of the year when hexagon-shaped ice crystals might be high in the sky, or also when thin cirrus or cirrostratus clouds are just right. What happens is that the ice crystals or clouds refract the moonlight, creating blobs or arcs of light to the left and right of the Moon, or sometimes just on one side. Also, the Moon usually needs to be full or nearly full, along with being low in the sky for the effect to be produced. The angular separation of the light blobs from the Moon is usually 22 degrees. Sometimes, a full halo of light around the Moon will also appear in conjunction with the Moondogs; other times smaller arcs of light will be part of the effect, but often Moondogs appear without any other effects. Moondogs can appear colorful like a Sundog or ‘shine’ with a light similar to the Moon. A Moondog seen in Adelaide, Australia on November 28, 2012. Credit: Ian Musgrave. A Moondog seen over Adelaide, Australia on November 28, 2012. Credit: Ian Musgrave. Moondogs are seen in both hemispheres, as this image from Ian Musgrave in Australia attests, but it seems that the effect is seen most often the farther north you are in the northern hemisphere and the farther south you are in the southern hemisphere. You never know exactly when you might be lucky enough to see a Moondog, so we recommend looking at the Moon every night! Also, don’t forget to wink at the Moon, too. For more detailed information and images of Moondogs, Sundogs and other optical effects, Richard Fleet (the photographer who captured the second image in this article) has a great website: “Glows, Bows and Haloes.”
When you've done your duty, you've done what you're supposed to and met your responsibilities. Your sense of duty as a citizen might compel you to vote; it might also keep you from voting twice. A duty is an obligation, and we get new duties with new positions in life, like taking a job, or becoming a parent. You didn't realize one of your duties as club president would be cleaning up after meetings. A police officer or cab driver can be on-duty or off-duty. As an off-duty police officer, you might still feel it's your duty to stop a robbery. Duty also means "tax," which is why people like shopping duty-free at the airport. Definitions of duty 1. noun “we must instill a sense of duty in our children” “"every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr” synonyms: obligation, responsibility see moresee less show 21 types... hide 21 types... the responsibility to do something guardianship, keeping, safekeeping the responsibility of a guardian or keeper moral obligation an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong noblesse oblige the obligation of those of high rank to be honorable and generous (often used ironically) burden of proof the duty of proving a disputed charge civic duty, civic responsibility the responsibilities of a citizen filial duty duty of a child to its parents some duty that is essential and urgent a duty that is incumbent upon you legal duty acts which the law requires be done or forborne line of duty all that is normally required in some area of responsibility white man's burden the supposed responsibility of the white race to provide care for their non-white subjects prerequisite, requirement something that is required in advance demand, requirement required activity custody, hands jury duty the civic duty to serve on a jury fiduciary duty obedience, respect behavior intended to please your parents a condition that is a prerequisite academic requirement a requirement for admission to or completion of an academic program essential condition, sine qua non a prerequisite type of: social control control exerted (actively or passively) by group action 2. noun work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons “the duties of the job” see moresee less show 17 types... hide 17 types... chore, job, task function, office, part, role assignment, duty assignment a duty that you are assigned to perform (especially in the armed forces) ball-breaker, ball-buster a job or situation that is demanding and arduous and punishing an individual's prescribed share of work a specified function an informal term for a person's role the role of the head of a government department lieu, place, position, stead the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another second fiddle a secondary role or function guard, guard duty, sentry duty, sentry go the duty of serving as a sentry fatigue, fatigue duty labor of a nonmilitary kind done by soldiers (cleaning or digging or draining or so on) charge, commission, mission a special assignment that is given to a person or group assignment to a different duty sea-duty, service abroad, shipboard duty naval service aboard a ship at sea shore duty naval service at land bases scut work trivial, unrewarding, tedious, dirty, and disagreeable chores type of: activity directed toward making or doing something 3. noun a government tax on imports or exports “they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries” synonyms: tariff see moresee less show 10 types... hide 10 types... custom, customs, customs duty, impost money collected under a tariff tonnage, tonnage duty, tunnage a tax on various goods brought into a town revenue tariff a tariff imposed to raise revenue protective tariff a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition import duty a duty imposed on imports export duty a duty imposed on exports countervailing duty a duty imposed to offset subsidies by foreign governments ship money an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense anti-dumping duty a tariff imposed to prevent dumping type of: indirect tax a tax levied on goods or services rather than on persons or organizations Word Family Test prep from the experts Boost your test score with programs developed by Vocabulary.com’s experts. • Number of words: 500+ • Duration: 8 weeks or less • Time: 1 hour / week • Number of words: 500+ • Duration: 10 weeks or less • Time: 1 hour / week
David: You are not one of those who think that mathematics is woven into the fabric of the universe? MG: So, the question of mathematics being the language of God, so to speak, or, sort of, the blueprint of reality, right? There is no question that there are patterns in nature. They are repetitive and they can be described through mathematics in beautiful ways. You have not just symmetric patterns, or almost symmetric patterns – I like to make that distinction because nothing in nature is perfect. You have periodicity in the orbit of planets, and things like that. Clearly there is order, but I think to just say that this sort of symmetry in nature is the hidden code, so to speak – that all you have to look for is that symmetry – is missing half of the story. David: What’s the other half? MG: The other half is the role of asymmetry in nature. There is a lot of imbalance in nature, and it’s really through the complementary roles of symmetry and asymmetry that nature creates. A lot of stuff happens because of this imbalance between the two. Ard: Give an example. MG: I have lots of examples. One good example is in life. It turns out that proteins, which are made of chains of amino acids, like big molecules, and these amino acids they are basically molecules and they have a carbon in the centre, and then they have four sticks coming out of it. And it turns out that they come in two ways. They can be what we call left-handed and right-handed, jby the way in space they look like. And it turns out that if you go and you synthesise an amino acid in the laboratory – it was Pasteur that discovered this – you get 50/50: fifty percent with the left-handed shape and 50 percent with the right-handed shape. When you look at the amino acids in all living creatures, from bacteria to a sequoia, they all come only in the left-handed shape. Ard: So, why…? MG: The right-handed shape just is not there. So there is a fundamental asymmetry between the two, and without that asymmetry, the lock-and-key mechanism that proteins need to, kind of, fold and split and create, be part of reproduction, etc., wouldn’t work. David: Hm! MG: And we do not know why this is true, okay? We just know it’s true. It’s there. It’s fundamental for life. So that’s an asymmetry which is very important, for example. Ard: How about matter and antimatter? MG: Exactly, so there you go. You know, that’s the good physics example: the fact that Dirac’s equation predicts that there should be as much matter as antimatter in the universe. And antimatter is nothing so esoteric that goes up instead of down, or anything like that. It just means a particle that has an opposite electric charge but the same mass. So, for example, the electron, which is negatively charged, has an antimatter particle called the positron, which is positively charged. In principle, they should come in equal amounts, but when you look out, you find out that there is no antimatter out there – very, very, very little. And that’s good because if there were as much matter as antimatter in the universe, we wouldn’t be here. David: We’d have all gone, pfft!? MG: Exactly, because matter and antimatter, when they come together, they disintegrate into a puff of gamma rays – very high-energy radiation. So if you find your anti-person walking around, don’t shake hands. And so that’s the story, and we do not know. I spent a long time trying to understand what sort of causal processes may have happened early in the history of the universe that would have biased one form over the other, and there are all sorts of ideas – none of them is very compelling right now. Ard: Okay. That’s a big mystery. MG: So you need both. And I think it’s this yin and yang kind of thing, you know? You can’t just look at this reverential perfection, symmetry, as, kind of, the language of God, where nature is showing you that you really need both to make sense of things. Ard: But there is some beauty to this combination between symmetry and broken symmetry. MG: I think so. I have been proposing that there is what I call the aesthetic of the imperfect. Ard: Okay. MG: Physics is a little old-fashioned, in a way, in thinking that it’s really the perfection that counts. It’s truth, right? The arts and music, they moved away from that in the early 20th century, and I think we’re still stuck in it. Of course, symmetry’s fundamental: you cannot be a serious scientist, and physicist in particular, without having deep respect and veneration for symmetry. But symmetry is often an approximation to the real thing. There’s this joke about the physicist that looks at a cow, and he says, ‘Consider a spherical cow as the first order approximation to what a cow is.’ And it works quite well for many things, right? If you want to collide cows at high speed, it’s a good approximation. But it’s not a good approximation if you want to milk the cows and things like that. Ard: So do you think that when we understand biology better, that this aesthetic of symmetry won’t be the right way of thinking about it? MG: Yes. I think life is a great example of the importance of asymmetry. You know, I have another example, which is Marilyn Monroe. So, Marilyn Monroe had a beautiful little mole. Imagine if she had two equidistant moles, how ugly she would look. So symmetry is not always beautiful. There is this breaking of symmetry, and I think we should embrace a combination of both.
Historic Structures Blacksmith Shop Ben Thresher's Mill, Barnet Vermont The Blacksmith Shop was added to the east end of the main mill c. 1895. J. Loren Judkins purchased the shop from the John Manning Farm (old Goodwillie Farm) located north across the Stevens River in Barnet Center. During the Revolutionary War, Joseph Goodwillie served as a gunsmith in the British Army. In 1792, he moved to Barnet and brought his family the following year. He purchased the farm from his brother, the Reverend David Goodwillie. Joseph Goldwillie possibly built a blacksmith shop on his farm shortly after 1793. This is the same shop that was purchased c. 1895 and reassembled on the east end of the present mill. It is possible that the shop is about 185 years old. The Blacksmith Shop measures 19' 8" by 17' and is constructed of heavy beams and siding. The shop consists of one floor, the forge area and a cellar. There is currently a metal roof. When the Blacksmith Shop was reassembled at this site, a new brick chimney was built on a concrete foundation. The forge table measures 4' square with bricks for the fire-bed. A clean-out box for ashes and a water tank for wetting blacksmith coal are under the forge bed. The forge was originally powered by a large wooden bellows, now removed. The forge is currently fired by an electric blower manufactured by the Canedy Otto Manufacturing Company of Chicago Heights, Illinois. Electric lines were first run on the road c. 1903 and the blower may have been installed at that time. The electric blower is located in the cellar of the shop and can also be driven by water power. It is a type known as a rotary 'squirrel-cage' blower, which is essentially a series of fans mounted on a wheel. Air is directed through a sheetmetal pipe upstairs to the forge area. On the left side of the chimney is a wooden damper box where the exact amount of air can be manually controlled before entering the bottom of the forge. The purpose of the blower is to force air into the soft coal fire on the forge bed. Fumes and exhaust smoke rise from the forge and enter a metal deflector about half way up the right side of the chimney. The anvil is located near the forge and the manufacturer is unknown. It weighs about 130 pounds, measures 25" long and has a single horn. The anvil, with two hardy holes, is fastened to a wood block that is bolted to the floor. The "hitting edge" on the face of the anvil is 30" from the floor. The height of the hitting edge is critical. The smith should have the face of the anvil reach the knuckles of his hands as they hang by his side. This critical height allows him to use the power of gravity and the full weight of his hammer on his work without straining or bending his back. The present anvil was brought to the mill by Ben Thresher and replaced a 250 pound anvil used by Fenton Judkins. The cast-iron cone mandril is portable and its manufacturer is unknown. It is hollow, 4' high with a 1' base. The mandril is employed when welding hub bands, rings, hoops and stake bands. Running along the side is a tapered groove, employed when welding a ring into an eyebolt. The swage block is 15" square and sits on an iron table near the anvil. Its manufacturer is unknown. The cast-iron block has numerous holes (round, square, rectangular, triangular & hexagonal) and tapered edges. The swage block is used to shape and draw hot iron rods into specific sizes and shapes. There are two spring-post bench vises mounted on the work bench near the south wall. Their manufacturer is unknown. One vise has 6" jaws and the other has 3" jaws cut from original 5" jaws. The vises are cast steel and set at a working height where the smith can file, cut, bend, twist and hammer metals into desired shapes. The caulking vise is a "Green River No. 3" manufactured by the Noyes Foundry Company of Greenfield, Massachusetts. The vise is portable and foot-operated. It is used to hold horseshoes while welding on the toe caulks. It also has a die box with attachments for making the heads for iron bolts. The hand shear is a "Little Giant No. 2" manufactured by the Little Giant Punch and Shear Company of Sparta, Illinois. The hand-shear has a seven and a half inch blade for cutting cold or hot steel. It can also be used to punch holes in hot iron. It is mounted on a wooden block that is bolted to the floor. The trip hammer was possibly manufactured by L.D. Howard of St. Johnsbury, Vermont. The machine has no name or numbers and the Howard association is oral history. The hammer is located in front of the coal bin near the west wall of the shop. The water-powered trip hammer is driven from the east end of the third line shaft in the cellar of the Blacksmith Shop. The trip hammer is foot operated, which allows the smith to hold a heavy iron bar with both hands while the hot bar is being molded under the weight of the large hammer. The hammer delivers a forceful blow to the metal many times greater than can be done with the smith's own strength and thus is a great labor-saving tool. The height of the base is adjustable and there are interchangeable dies and a punch. The wall-mounted tire shrinker is possibly the oldest tool in the shop. It is mounted on the north wall and the inscription "F C No. 3" is legible, It is painted green and further cleaning may reveal more identification. With the tire shrinker, the smith can grab hot flat iron tires within its jaws and shrink the length of the tire. It is no longer in use having been replaced by the Champion tire shrinker. The Champion tire shrinker "No. 2" was manufactured by the Champion Blower and Forge Company of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It is portable and has iron wheels. A tire can be set on edge between the jaws of the shrinker and the smith can turn the large hand wheel to move the base into the hot tire and shrink its length. The tire bender, now located near the front door of the Wagon Shop, was once located in the Blacksmith Shop. It is bench-mounted and is possibly a Champion. The bender is crank-operated. Hot iron up to 8" wide can be rolled in the tire bender. It is used mainly to form silo hoops, water tub hoops, and wheel tires. The wall-mounted nut remover is located near the door leading into the main mill. It was manufactured by the National Steam Pump Company of Upper Sandusky, Ohio. It is patent dated "Nov. 8', 98." The tool was used to remove nut heads from buggy tire rims. The wood stove in the Blacksmith Shop is located near the southwest corner, It has "No. 30" cast on the loading door and will hold a 24" log. Its smoke pipe extends up and across the ceiling of the shop and vents out the chimney near the east wall. The wood furnace, near the southeast corner in the cellar, is the main heat source for the mill. A smoke pipe extends up through the first floor and runs across the ceiling in the Wagon Shop to the chimney located near the west wall. The cordwood saw is belt-driven from the third line shaft in the cellar. It is operated outside of the mill and wood is thrown into the cellar to feed the wood furnace.
Hard Disk Drive v Super Fast Drive Many components go into building a computer. But, arguably, the most crucial part of your computer is its storage, where your operating system and personal documents are saved. Every other component in your computer can fail, but as long as your storage is intact, you can pick yourself up and keep going. Choosing the right storage device can also have a big impact on the performance, reliability, and longevity of your machine. That’s why it’s important to know the difference between the two most common types of storage, the hard disk drive, and solid-state drive. So, let’s take a look. As I stated previously, your internal computer storage is the most important part of your computer. It holds your operating system, photos, documents, and anything else you save to your computer. If every other component fails except your drive, no problem, just move it to another system and keep working. I cannot stress enough how important this component is. That being said, BACK UP YOUR DATA! By now, I sound like a broken record player so, I’m not going to go into this. Instead, check out the link below for more about backing up your computer. The internal storage type can even affect your computer’s speed and reliability. You see, with all of your files and operating system saved to your internal drive, your computer can only access those files as fast as your drive can spin. So, if you find your computer getting slow and unresponsive this could be the culprit. Right now, you have two storage device options, a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or a Solid State Drive (SSD), and there are some big differences between the two. Starting with a hard disk drive, which is basically a high-end CD drive locked in a box. If you take a hard drive apart, by the way, don’t try this at home, you will find multiple spinning disks with a laser head that reads and writes the data. Obviously, with all these moving parts, there’s room for error. For instance, a clicking sound coming from your computer is a good sign one of the heads broke, or if there is no movement or vibration, then the disks may have stopped spinning. All these moving parts can also slow down your computer and are very loud. As you can see, hard drives are not the best option, especially in laptops. If your computer is in good shape, but you think the internal drive is holding you back, it may be a good idea to replace it with your second option, an SSD. SSDs are a combination of microchips that store your data. Without all the moving parts, SSDs are smaller, faster, and quieter, all while being more rugged and reliable. They are superior in almost every way when compared to a traditional hard drive. Replacing an old, slow hard drive with an SSD can even lengthen the life of your computer. For example, I got my hands on a 2012 MacBook Pro that was in pretty good shape other than a harmless crack in the corner of the screen. Really, its only flaw was being terribly slow, and unresponsive. So what did I do? I replaced the old hard drive with a $20 SSD, and now it runs like a brand new machine. The moral of the story, an SSD can help your computer boot, open apps, and open files faster, all while being more responsive than a traditional hard drive. That’s not to say SSDs are perfect and last forever. For instance, unlike a hard drive, a failing SSD doesn’t make a sound, nor will it slow down. In fact, many SSDs are programmed to cover up errors and keep going. One day your SSD may fail without notice, which is another reason to always back up your data. Any drive can fail at any point in time. One other possible flaw is that SSDs are sometimes non-upgradeable. For instance, in laptops, manufacturers are trying to squeeze a lot into a small package. So, to save space, they solder the SSDs to the motherboard, making the storage non-upgradeable or repairable. If an SSD is superior in almost every way, why does the hard drive still exist? The short answer, money. If you’re looking for a large amount of storage at an affordable price, a hard drive is still your best option. Unfortunately, SSDs haven’t caught up to hard drives in the price per gig category. Because of this, you may come across a hybrid drive system. For instance, iMacs have shipped with Fusion Drives for many years, although they are currently switching over to SSDs. But in a Fusion Drive, you have both a hard disk drive and a solid-state drive. The hard drive is responsible for holding the bulk of your data, while the smaller SSD holds your operating system, apps, and files you may need to access quickly. But, you the user, wouldn’t notice any of this because macOS shows them to you as one drive. Some Windows PC also do this, however not as seamless. In the world of Windows PCs, you’re shown two drives. The C: drive is usually the fast SSD where the Windows operating system and apps are saved. Then there is another hard drive for you to save the bulk of your data. It may not be as seamless, but it gets the job done. Beyond internal drives, you also have to choose between the two drive types when picking out an external drive for backups or just a large portable data device. Most cheaper external drives are still hard disks. But, this doesn’t quite matter as much if you’re using it as a backup drive. However, if you’re looking to transfer data back and forth between your computer and external drive quickly, try looking for an external SSD, like Samsung’s T Series of portable SSDs. So this has been the difference between a Hard Disk Drive and a Solid State Drive. They are two completely different storage devices that each have their purpose. At least now, when purchasing a new computer, you know what type of storage to look for, or if you have an older, slower computer, maybe a $20 to $50 upgrade from a hard disk to an SSD can get you back up and running without needing to buy a new computer. Past Apple Guide: Leave a Reply
Section : The Consequence of Breaking the Fast of Ramadan. Ibn ‘Abbas reported that the Prophet said: “The bare essence of Islam and the basics of the religion are three [acts], upon which Islam has been established. Whoever leaves one of them becomes an unbeliever and his blood may legally be spilled. [The acts are:] Testifying that there is no God except Allah, the obligatory prayers, and the fast of Ramadan.” This hadith is related by Abu Ya’la and ad-Dailimi. Azh-Zhahabi called it sahih. Abu Hurairah reported that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: “Whoever breaks his fast during Ramadan without having one of the excuses that Allah would excuse him for, then even a perpetual fast, if he were to fast it, would not make up for that day.” This is related by Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah, and atTirmizhi. Al-Bukhari records from Abu Hurairah in marfu’ form: “Whoever breaks the fast of Ramadan without having a legitimate excuse or being ill, he cannot make up for that day, even if he were to undertake a perpetual fast.” Ibn Mas’ud has also reported this. Azh-Zhahabi says: “According to the established believers, anyone who leaves the fast of Ramadan without being sick is worse than a fornicator or an alcoholic. In fact, they doubt his Islam and they suspect that he might be a zandiqah and one of those who destroy [Islam].
18th Century Hull Kingston upon Hull in the 18th century was, increasingly, an outlet for manufactured goods from the fast growing towns of Yorkshire. So goods like tools and cutlery were exported. Raw materials for the industrial towns were imported into Hull. One import was iron from Sweden and Russia. Materials for shipbuilding such as timber, hemp, pitch and flax were also imported. Exports included grain and other foodstuffs. There were many whalers operating from Hull. Due to whales being hunted for their blubber, which was melted to make oil and for whalebone. However the port became congested so a dock was built where ships could load and unload cargoes. It opened in 1778 on the site of Queens Gardens. At that time it stood just North of the town. In the late 18th and early 19th century the walls around Hull were demolished piecemeal. Kingston upon Hull was not a manufacturing centre in the 18th century. The only large-scale industry was shipbuilding. this was due to the fishing and whaling industry as well as the port trade. However there was also an industry grinding rapeseed. This was ground by windmills or horse mills with the oil being used in making paint and soap. There was also some sugar refining in Hull. Hull grew very rapidly in the 18th century. The population grew from around 7,500 in 1700 to around 22,000 in 1800. Maister House was built in 1744. In the last part of the century suburbs grew outside the old town. North of the town development spread to Sculcoates. In the 1790s new houses were built West of the town. In 1755 an Act of Parliament set up a body of men with responsibility for paving, cleaning and lighting the streets of Hull. Five more acts were passed in the next 60 years adding to their powers. A similar improvement act for Sculcoates was passed in 1801 and another for Trippett and Myton in 1810. In 1735 a statue of King William 1688-1704 was erected. Hull had a theatre by 1743 when one stood in Lowgate. Hull Royal Infirmary opened in 1782. In 1759 William Wilberforce, who campaigned against slavery was born in Hull. His house is now a museum. He is also commemorated by a monument by Hull College. 18th Century Hull Hull in the 18th century By Gary Leave a Reply
1. Home 2. Fun Animal Facts 3. Fiery Throated Hummingbird: 21 Facts You Won't Believe! Fiery Throated Hummingbird: 21 Facts You Won't Believe! Fiery Throated Hummingbird Fact File The fiery throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) is one of the smallest birds on Earth and is called Colibrí Garganta de Fuego in Spanish. It is a medium-sized hummingbird with a straight black bill and dusky feet. They are found mostly in Western Panama and Costa Rica. Fiery-throated hummingbirds live a solitary life or in a pair. A fiery-throated hummingbird's size is somewhere around 4.3 in (10.92 cm) and they live for up to 10 years. Look at these interesting facts; if you like these, do read our bee hummingbird facts and calliope hummingbird facts too. Fiery Throated hummingbird Interesting Facts What type of animal is a fiery throated hummingbird? The fiery throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) is one of the smallest birds on Earth and is called Colibrí Garganta de Fuego in Spanish. It is said to be the only known member of the genus Panterpe. It is a medium-sized hummingbird with a straight black bill and dusky feet. What class of animal does a fiery throated hummingbird belong to? The fiery throated hummingbird belongs to the Aves class. How many fiery throated hummingbirds are there in the world? There is no such estimate of the total number of fiery throated hummingbirds in the world, but we can assume that they are present in huge numbers as they are found in abundance. Also, their conservation status is stated to be of Least Concern. So, there is no immediate danger to their population. Where does a fiery throated hummingbird live? The fiery throated hummingbird is common to abundant in the tropical and subtropical forests and grasslands. Therefore, this is also where they are mostly found. What is a fiery throated hummingbird's habitat? The fiery-throated hummingbird is common in montane forests canopy above 4593 ft (1400 m), woodland edges, and clearings or rootlets under a bank. These areas have high humidity levels, which are more suitable for this bird species. Fiery-throated hummingbird locations include North Costa Rica, Central Costa Rica, South Panama to Western Panama. Who do fiery throated hummingbirds live with? Fiery-throated hummingbirds prefer to stay solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding. They neither live nor move in herds, and there is no pair-bonding for this species. How long does a fiery throated hummingbird live? Their lifespan is estimated to be somewhere around five years. As with other creatures involved, the survival rate of these birds can be threatened by other animals, predators, or deforestation. However, their life span can be increased remarkably if they are kept in cages or if they get a caring owner who can take good care of their health and diet and keep them safe. How do they reproduce? The fiery throated hummingbird mating season begins in December, and the breeding usually lasts until May or June. They have their babies in May or June. Thus, the female fiery throated hummingbird is totally liable for home nesting and hatching. Female fiery throated hummingbird lays white eggs whose size is equal to that of a coffee bean. Female lays two white eggs in a bulky plant fiber cup nest somewhere close to a rootlet under a bank. Hatching of fiery throated hummingbird eggs requires 15–19 days, and fledging from its family takes another 20–26. What is their conservation status? The fiery-throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) is a bird species with the conservation status of Least Concern in its natural habitat. Fiery Throated hummingbird Fun facts What do fiery throated hummingbirds look like? The fiery throated hummingbird has a straight black bill, dusky-colored feet, and a dark blue tail. The adult fiery throated hummingbird's characteristics include a glowing green body plumage, a dark blue tail, and a white spot behind each eye. It has a splendid crown of blue color, a yellow-lined coppery orange throat, and a blue chest patch. The color of their sides and back of its head are velvety dark. Both males and females look alike. Immature birds have rufous colored fringes as their head feathers. How cute are they? The fiery throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) is very cute and lovable, especially the purple fiery throated hummingbird. Their colorful feathers and the bright combination of their neck makes them even more charming and an extremely cute species of birds. How big is a fiery throated hummingbird? The fiery throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) is a very small species in terms of height and length. The height of a fiery throated hummingbird ranges between 4.3-4.8 in (10.9-12.1 cm), which is a bit bigger than the height of an average hummingbird, which ranges between 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm). How fast can a fiery throated hummingbird fly? The beating speed of a medium-sized throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) wing is so quick (around 75 beats per second) that they produce a humming sound. However, their exact flying speed is unknown. How much does a fiery throated hummingbird weigh? Normally, a fiery throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) weighs only about 1.97 oz (56 g) which is a lot heavier than the weight of an average hummingbird which is just 0.14 oz (4g). What are the male and female names of the species? Male and female fiery throated hummingbirds do not have different names. What would you call a baby fiery throated hummingbird? Baby fiery throated hummingbirds are called chicks. What do they eat? Fiery throated hummingbirds essentially feed on nectar taken from an assortment of splendidly shaded, scented little blossoms of trees, small flowers, and bushes. They favor blossoms and flowers with the most sugar content. They utilize their long, extendible, straw-like tongues to extract the nectar while drifting. Their tails are vertically positioned, licking at the nectar taken from the flowers up to 13 times each second. Are they dangerous? Adult fiery throated hummingbirds are responsible for establishing feeding territories (for its family). They aggressively hunt other male hummingbirds or large insects, that is, bumblebees, hawkmoths that try to feed in their territory. The males defend Flowers and Scrubs in their feeding territories against other males, using aerial flights to defend them. Would they make a good pet? It is illegal to keep hummingbirds as a pet. They are also protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Unless you have a special permit, you are not allowed to trap or keep a hummingbird or her egg. Did you know... Three interesting facts are: Hummingbirds are acrobats, they are the only birds that can fly in different directions. A hummingbird's metabolism is nearly 100 times faster than that of an elephant. Hummingbirds migrate every year, even after being one of the smallest birds. How many feathers does a fiery throated hummingbird have? Hummingbirds have approximately 1000-1500 feathers in total. However, they are known to have the fewest number of feathers among other bird species worldwide. How do most hummingbirds die? Hummingbirds die in many ways, which includes being caught by predators (domestic cats), flying right into various objects (especially windows and buildings), getting hit by vehicles, facing problems during migration, bad weather, capitulating to disease or other physical sicknesses, or dying due to old age. In addition, male birds of the family apparently do not live as long as females. Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly animal facts for everyone to discover! Learn more about some other mammals from our black-footed cat facts and calliope hummingbird facts pages. You can even occupy yourself at home by coloring in one of our free printable Fiery throated hummingbird coloring pages. Get The Kidadl Newsletter In need of more inspiration?
Ankle rehabilitation device "Power Assist Leg" is a must-see for those who want to improve the effect of rehabilitation to prevent disuse syndrome query_builder 2021/02/19 Ankle rehabilitation should be done continuously. This is because when the amount of exercise is reduced due to an ankle disorder, muscle mass and strength are reduced, which can cause different symptoms. For continuous rehabilitation, we recommend the Power Assist Leg, a device that can be used at home. By moving your ankles every day while using rehabilitation equipment, you can expect to obtain the effect of maintaining muscle mass and strength. Here, LAP Co., Ltd., which sells the ankle rehabilitation device "Power Assist Leg", introduces disuse syndrome. Maintain muscles with ankle rehabilitation equipment! What is Disuse Syndrome? What is disuse syndrome If the amount of exercise is reduced due to paralysis of the ankle, it is easy to cause new disorders. Disuse syndrome is one of them. Regular rehabilitation and exercise are necessary to prevent disuse syndrome. Let's take a closer look at what disuse syndrome really means. What is "Disuse Syndrome" caused by bedridden? Bedridden conditions such as illness or injury or prolonged resting can cause muscle weakness in the ankles and other muscles, leading to disuse syndrome. Disuse syndrome, also known as "disuse syndrome," is a cause of various disorders due to a decrease in motor function due to a decrease in the amount of exercise. What is Disuse Syndrome Disorder? • Muscle atrophy (motor dysfunction) • Joint contracture (motor dysfunction) • Bone atrophy (motor dysfunction) • Cardiopulmonary function declines (cardiovascular / respiratory disorders) • Aspiration pneumonia (cardiovascular / respiratory disorders) • Thromboembolism (cardiovascular / respiratory disorders) • Bed sores (others) Disuse syndrome can cause motor dysfunction and cardiovascular / respiratory disorders. If you hurt your ankle, you need to rest. However, resting may reduce muscle mass and strength. If you use rehabilitation equipment such as power assist legs wisely, you can expect the effect of maintaining muscle mass and strength even when you are at rest. Can Power Assist Legs also be expected to prevent disuse syndrome? One of the importance of rehabilitation of the ankle etc. is that it does not create new obstacles. In the worst case, disuse syndrome can lead to bedridden conditions. Let's take a closer look at how you can prevent disuse syndrome. Movements that are effective in preventing disuse syndrome • Posture change • Turn the ankle • Move not only the ankle but also the toes • Knead and loosen the ankle Dietary improvement to prevent disuse syndrome • Eat a nutritionally balanced diet • Actively consume muscle-building proteins Even when you are at rest, you can expect a simple rehabilitation effect depending on your ingenuity. Just consciously moving your ankle will improve blood flow and be a preventative measure. Be aware of moving your body as aggressively as possible. It is also important to devise a meal. A nutritionally balanced diet also motivates you to move. Protein is a nutrient that you want to be especially conscious of because it is needed to build muscle. In addition, it is also recommended to use the power assist leg of the device that supports rehabilitation. You can prevent disuse syndrome with just a little ingenuity in your daily life. LAP Co., Ltd., which sells ankle rehabilitation equipment "Power Assist Leg" Power Assisted Leg Paralysis of the ankle is also a factor in reducing daily physical activity. When you lose exercise, your muscle mass and strength also decrease, and in the worst case you may be bedridden. Rehabilitation of the ankle can also be expected to prevent these symptoms. LAP Co., Ltd. provides power assist legs as a recommended device for ankle rehabilitation. It can also be adjusted according to the condition of the ankle, such as stiff movements or stiff joints. If you are interested, please apply for a free trial first. query_builder 2021/11/18 query_builder 2021/11/16 • Exhibited Power Assist Series at International Welfare Equipment Exhibition query_builder 2021/11/11 query_builder 2021/10/29 query_builder 2021/10/28
What Temperature Does Beer Freeze? (Explained) In my experience, an ice-cold beer is one of the best ways to unwind after a long day, as it never fails to take the edge off. Leaving your beer in the freezer is a quick way to cool it quickly, but you might end up leaving it in there too long. If you let it freeze, then you may end up dealing with a much bigger problem. The temperature that beer freezes at depends on its specific alcohol content, which may vary between brands and types of beer. Generally, for most beers with a 4-6% alcohol content, freezing occurs at 28℉ (-2.22℃). Other brands with a higher alcohol content might need lower temps to freeze. It’s easy to freeze your beer accidentally, but you can prevent this from happening altogether. Keep reading as I delve deeper into the alcohol and sugar content and their specific role in lowering the freezing temperature so that you can know the exact freezing point for your beer. Factors That Affect Beer’s Freezing Point What Temperature Does Beer Freeze? (Explained) To effectively explain at what temperature beer freezes, significant factors need to be considered, such as the amount of alcohol and how much residual sugar is in the beer. There’s a phenomenon called freezing point depression that occurs when other ingredients, like alcohol and sugar, are introduced into a water-based solution. Its effect results in the solution’s lowered freezing point. In this context, this means that the higher the sugar and alcohol content, the longer it takes beer to freeze Alcohol Content To better understand this, we must first look at a standard drink in the United States. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, a standard drink contains 0.6 fluid oz (14 grams) of pure alcohol. That said, each different alcoholic beverage has varying amounts of alcohol. So, a can of regular beer usually contains 12 oz of liquid with 5% (0.6 fluid oz.) of alcohol. Compare this, for instance, with vodka, which is essentially pure ethanol. Because a regular beer only contains 5% alcohol, beer is still primarily composed of water, which can freeze quickly. However, the alcohol helps lower the freezing point. Instead of freezing at 32℉ (0℃) like water, beer’s freezing point is a bit lower. The precise cold temperature point for freezing depends on your beer’s alcohol content. With that in mind, you should remember that there are beers that contain higher or lower alcohol content. While most regular beers have a 5% alcohol content, there are other beers whose alcohol levels fall above or below this level. For instance, barley wines and Imperial Stouts have alcohol content levels at 8-12% and 9%, respectively. There are also light beers which typically contain 4.2% alcohol content. In effect, while the most common freezing point for beer is 28°F (-2.22°C), it can be higher or lower depending on the actual alcohol content. There’s a simple formula here that you can follow. It states that alcohol lowers the freezing point of beer by 1 ⅛ °F (-17.15°C) per percent of alcohol. So, an Imperial Stout beer with an 8% alcohol content will have a freezing point of 23°F (-5°C). Take note, however, that the formula doesn’t yet include other factors such as sugar content. Sugar Content Another critical factor to consider is the amount of sugar in your beer. Similar to alcohol, the sugar in your beer also helps lower its freezing point. However, the rate at which sugar does this is noticeably slower compared to alcohol. To give you a more concrete idea of how this works, we need to look at the formula. It’s also worth noting that a 4:1 water-sugar solution has a freezing point of 26℉ to 27°F (-3.33℃ to -2.78°C). This should give you a better idea of how it can affect your beer’s freezing point. Chemical Changes When Beer Is Frozen Introductory chemistry tells us that freezing is a physical change, which means that it doesn’t alter its chemical composition. However, like with any food or beverage that has been frozen, it creates more problems and effects on the beer, which can be detrimental. What temperature does beer freeze? Loss of Quality It should be noted that freezing and thawing beer will undoubtedly affect your brew. Overall, you’ll notice a significant decline in quality. Specifically, it’ll lose its distinctive identifiers like its flavor profile and aroma. This is because freezing temperatures tend to hide the individual characteristics of the beer. At the same time, the carbonation in the liquid itself is also undone, leaving the drink flat and tasteless It should also be noted here that while the alcohol content of a frozen beer will remain the same once it’s been thawed to room temperature, there will be a partial concentration of alcohol in the liquid parts during the initial melting stage. This means that if you start drinking the beer as it melts, you’ll effectively be drinking higher doses of alcohol than you usually would Potential Mess As water freezes, it expands. The same happens to beer. Now, the problem is that it’s stored in a container (can, glass bottle, or keg) that may not handle this sudden change in size. That’s why one of the typical effects of freezing beer entails broken bottles and cans, which leaves you with a mess in your home freezer. It might be better if you store beer in the refrigerator a few hours before you want to drink it, so that you don’t risk freezing it. Watch what happens to this beer when it’s pulled from the freezer. How To Get Your Beer Cold Fast What if you’re ready to enjoy a nice cold brew right now but all you’ve got is warm beer? Fortunately, there is an excellent way to cool a beer down fast. We all know that adding your can or bottle of beer to a container or cooler of ice is a great way to chill a beer pretty quickly, but this can still take too long in my experience. The best way to speed up this process is to add water to the ice. The ice surrounding a beer is great but due to air gaps, there are too many places where the ice isn’t actually touching the beer. By adding water, the ice can rapidly cool down the water and due to its fluid nature, the ice-cold water will completely surround the can or bottle of beer. This will cool off a warm beer quickly. You can even speed up this process by giving your beer a gentle spin every few minutes to mix the beer in the bottle around. I’ve done this on many occasions and I can take a room temperature beer to ice-cold in about 5-10 minutes. Beer is a drink that I find best-served ice cold. However, you mustn’t overdo it and leave it to freeze. This will not only lead to an overall dip in your drink’s quality and flavor, but you may end up having to clean up a messy freezer. While regular beers typically freeze at 28°F (-2.22°C), other kinds of beer may have a slightly lower or higher freezing point. It all has to do with the specific alcohol level and sugar content of your beer of choice. The higher these two are, the lower your drink’s freezing point. Recent Posts
Examples of wetlands Highly organic, mineral rich soils of sand, silt, and clay underlie these wetlands, while lily pads, cattails (see photo), reeds and bulrushes provide excellent habitat for waterfowl and other small mammals, such as Red-winged Blackbirds, Great Blue Herons, otters and muskrats Types of wetlands include swamps, bogs, marshes and estuaries. An overview of some the most important wetlands in the world. 10 The water in wetlands is either freshwater, brackish, or saltwater. The main wetland types are swamp, marsh, bog, and fen; sub-types include mangrove forest, carr, pocosin, floodplains, mire, vernal pool, sink, and many others. Many peatlands are wetlands. Wetlands can be tidal (inundated by tides) or non-tidal Classification and Types of Wetlands Wetlands Protection 2. Some examples of floodplain wetlands are seasonally inundated grassland (including natural wet meadows), shrublands, woodlands and forests. Floodplain wetlands are not listed as a specific wetland type herein 3. A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water, either salt, fresh or somewhere in between. Marshes and ponds, the edge of a lake or ocean, the delta at the mouth of a river, low-lying areas that frequently flood—all of these are wetlands. The destruction of wetlands is a concern because they are some of the most productive habitats on the planet 4. Wetlands go by many names, such as swamps, peatlands, sloughs, marshes, muskegs, bogs, fens, potholes, and mires. Most scientists consider swamp s, marsh es, and bog s to be the three major kinds of wetlands 5. The Wetlands Initiative is restoring healthy sedge meadow habitats at Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service. An example of a wet prairie at the Dixon Waterfowl Refuge. Wet prairie is an ecosystem that is usually intermediate in wetness between sedge meadows and mesic prairies 6. See examples of Wetlands in English. Real sentences showing how to use Wetlands correctly Examples. Following is a listing of successful projects that have restored environmental functions and processes, have met their stated ecological goals, and are consistent with our nine principles. While the following examples focus on coastal wetlands, the nine principles apply to all types of wetland restoration projects A well-documented example of a physical limitation associated with restoring a wetland can be seen along the shoreline of the Salmon River Estuary, Oreg. (Frenkel and Morlan, 1990, 1991). In the past, many high marsh wetlands along the Pacific coast were diked to remove them from tidal action There are a variety of different types of wetlands. Marshes are shallow wetlands around lakes, streams, or the ocean where grasses and reeds are common, but trees are not. Frogs, turtles, muskrats, and many varieties of birds are at home in marshes. A swamp is a wetland with lush trees and vines found in a low-lying area beside slow-moving rivers The techniques used to restore wetlands vary widely in cost. Wetlands that are near urban centers are the most expensive to restore because of the cost of land. For example, the city of San Diego recently paid $3.5 million for a 20-acre semitidal wetland that will still need hydrological restoration and topographic modifications A wetland is an area of land that is covered with water at or near the surface either year round or for varying parts of the year. Wetlands are a distinct type of ecosystem, supporting both aquatic and terrestrial species. Marshes, prairie potholes, vernal pools, playa lakes, bogs, swamps, and estuaries are just a few examples of wetlands There are 4 main types of Freshwater Wetlandsin North America; Ponds, Marshes, Swamps, and Peat bogs. A Pondis a well defined basin that is filled with stagnant water and ringed by vegetation. It is fed mainly by rainstorms an Wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is created when water meets land. This can exist either permanently or seasonally. Wetlands play a vital role in the survival of human life because of their ability to performing various functions like water purification, water storage, processing of carbon and other nutrients, stabilization of shorelines making it different [ Many animals live within wetlands. Some do so on a permanent basis, while others only inhabit them during a small portion of the year. For example, leopard frogs often inhabit wetlands all year long, while red-bellied water snakes only visit them during the spring and summer. Wetlands help regulate water levels Wetlands protection is defined as removing a threat or preventing the decline of wetland conditions (US EPA, 2007a). In addition to restoring compromised wetlands, voluntary protection of naturally occurring wetlands is a valuable part of voluntary wetland restoration and protection Ecology - Kids Discover 10 Important Wetlands in the World (with Map & Photos Importance of Wetlands. Since there are a number of different types of wetlands, there are a number of benefits that each one offers. Not all of them offer the same benefits to animal life, plant life and even humans as others, but all of them are essential and it is very important to protect both them and the life that they support, some of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world wetlands are influenced by different factors, such as the amount of salt in the water (Tomlinson 1986). For example, Sonneratiaspecies of mangroves can grow very well in salty water, while Nypa palm trees cannot and prefer to grow in freshwater. As a result, areas within wetlands ofte For example, reliance on dominant species, which in some cases could be upland weeds temporarily invading a wetland, can lead to the misclassification of wetlands. Another potential disadvantage of focusing on the dominant species is that other species in some cases will be better indicators of hydrologic regime Examples of forested wetlands are red maple swamps and Atlantic white cedar swamps. Red maple swamp is the predominant type of forested wetland in New Hampshire. These wetlands occur in poorly drained depressions and are inundated with water part of the year. The dominant vegetation is red maple Kakadu wetlands, located in the northern territory of Australia, is spread nearly to 20,000 square kilometers. Kakadu is home to exceptional natural beauty and unique biodiversity. It has been inscribed as a World Heritage listing because of both its cultural and natural values A subsurface flow wetland where water flows downward from the planted layer through the substrate and out. This takes up less land but is more of a technical challenge to build and maintain. For example, a vertical wetland generally requires air pumps to get air to the bottom of the bed as they run deep Wetlands trap sediments, decreasing the transport of sediments to downstream deposits and maintaining natural environmental flows. - Combats extremely dry and extremely wet weather conditions, for example flood control and drought mitigation. - Promotes very productive ecosystems and provide habitats to diverse species Wetlands cover about 1 million acres of Colorado--1.5 percent of the State's area. Wetlands occur in all life and climatic zones, from the high mountains to the arid plains and plateaus. Wetland types in Colorado include forested wetlands, willow carrs, fens, marshes, alpine snow glades, and wet and salt meadows Wetlands are areas of land that are inundated with water on a temporary or permanent basis. The water is slow moving or stationary. The water is also shallow and fresh, brackish or saline. Some examples of wetlands are marshes, swamps, coral reefs and lakes Estuaries \| NIWA Wetlands provide essential water, food, cover and reproductive areas for many wildlife species. For example, nearly two-thirds of the commercially important fish and shellfish species are dependent upon estuarine wetland habitats for food, spawning, or nursery areas. Similarly, millions of waterfowl, shorebirds and other birds depend on wetlands Wetlands, commonly known as swamps in Uganda, are a natural resource of considerable importance like forests, rangelands, arable land and fisheries. The term Wetlands refers to an area where plants and animals have become adapted to temporary or permanent flooding by saline, brackish or fresh water Wetland Types \| Department of Environmental ConservationCelebrating World Wetlands Day – and let’s see where Wetland - Wikipedi Wetlands are geographic locations covered with large amounts of water, with some examples being swamps and bogs. Although wetlands can be found in a wide range of locations and climates around the world, many locations are warm throughout much of the year. Some near the equator are warm or hot all year long The Wetlands includes walking trails, a large meadow surrounded by swamp forest, and a shallow pond with wildlife viewing blinds. One of the three trails within follows the raised berm of the old quarry railroad, and a number of footbridges help to keep your feet dry wetlands play. Tke Wetlands provide critical benefits to plants, animals humars, and total environment. chapter 3.) Most wetlands, with their abun- dance of food, vegetative cover (shelter), and water, are rich with wildlife species. Coastal and inland marshes, for example, are the breeding, resting and wintering habitats for thousand Florida provided technical support for producing the wetland maps and for constructing the New Jersey wetland database. The U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, New York District (Passaic River Basin Study Group) and the N.J Types of Wetland Wetlands are ecosystems found on Earth that are covered with water for most of the year. In this video, I cover the difference between a swamp which has tree.. A marsh wetland habitat usually contains reeds and wildflowers in soil with a low mineral content. Turtles, shrimp, and beavers are some examples of wildlife living in this type of wetland habitat. Salmon, which migrate between fresh and salt water, can be found in wetland areas Uniquely, wetlands can be created - or recreated - much more quickly and easily than other vital habitats such as ancient woodlands, hedgerows or rainforest. As Baroness Barbara Young, chief.. Some other examples of wetlands are the land surrounding lakes, bayous, and marshes, which all have something in common. Obviously, water is the main thing they all have in common, but more than.. When evaluating a wetland of a particular natural community type, the rarity of the type is a primary consideration in determining its importance to this function. More generally, larger wetlands in undisturbed condition and in unfragmented landscapes are ranked as the better examples. b Wetlands Types and Classification Boundaries - wetland and tributary boundaries should be clearly marked in the field with wetland flags to aid in agency verification. Report - should include the delineation methods, results, data forms documenting the findings, photographs, climate conditions before and at the time of the delineation and other relevant figures Florida's Wetlands . Wetlands are Florida's treasures. Yet we have lost nearly half of 20.3 million wetland acres since settlers began draining and diking wetlands in the 19th century, according to a U.S Fish and Wildlife Service report. Now, population growth threatens what remains Wetlands Habitats WW Wetland Mitigation Banking Pros and Cons, Since the first wetland mitigation project that took place in the 1980s, the process has gained a lot of popularity. However, multiple agencies are now shifting from the case-by-case based wetland mitigation to relying on mitigation banking See examples of Wetland in English. Real sentences showing how to use Wetland correctly As the name kind of suggests, wetlands are places where the ground is always wet. You might think of them as swamps or marshes. Wetlands are often found at the edge of a freshwater pond, lake, or.. Found on every continent save Antarctica, wetlands come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes—and hydrological, ecological and geological conditions! Across the group, the unifying feature for this diverse landscape is the dominance of water. A wetland is an area where water covers the soil, or lies at or just below the surface, for all or parts of the year, including th Six wetland habitats in the Philippines have been designated as Ramsar wetlands of international importance. 6. Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area . The Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area comprises the Freedom Islands, an artificial island located in Manila Bay off the coast of Parañaque. F-stop Brevard: Oxymoron wetland National Geographic Societ Wetlands are prime aquatic ecosystems which contribute to biodiversity and the source of pristine water, but human interference and urban growth have left many wetlands under threat. Executive Director of the Marico Biosphere Reserve Daan Van Der Merwe says some wetlands are dying out due to misuse Wetland soils-- soil characteristics that differ from surrounding uplands. Wetland vegetation-- wetlands will contain plants that are adapted to the presence of water, and generally lack plants that are intolerant of wet conditions Coastal wetland is used broadly here to identify areas where wetland plants inhabit the coastal zone, in either freshwater or saltwater environments of the coastal zone. For this reason, along the continental U.S. coastal zones, it includes vegetated environments such as salt marshes, fresh marshes, bottomland hardwood swamps, and mangrove swamps Refer to Wetland Mitigation in Washington State, Part 2, Version 1, Appendix H, Ecology Publication #06-06-011b, March 2006, for a wetlands delineation report sample outline. Tailor the delineation and the wetlands delineation report to the size and complexity of the site, providin What Is a Wetland? — The Wetlands Initiativ Wetlands are most abundant in boreal and tropical regions, though a wide variety of inland and coastal wetlands are also found in temperate regions. This distribution is generally due to conditions that promote an abundance of water. For example, the peatlands of Borneo and the Peruvian Amazon occur within the tropical rainforest biome Alkaline wetland vegetation includes salt-tolerant grasses, rushes, sedges, and shrubs such as black greasewood. Examples of this habitat type are found in the Klamath Lake and Goose Lake areas of the East Cascades ecoregion, and in the Northern Basin and Range ecoregion Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. Wetlands vary widely in their salinity levels, climatic zones, supported flora, surrounding geography, whether they are coastal or inland and so on Similarly, the characteristics of wetlands that are beneficial to society are called wetland values. Perhaps these can best be thought of as the importance of a wetland function to an individual or group. Some examples of wetland values include reduced damage from flooding, water quality improvement, and fish and wildlife habitat enhancement Superb satellite images show world's most famous riverGrade 5 - 5-ESS3 Earth and Human ActivityPPT - Seedless Vascular Plants PowerPoint PresentationHammarby Sjöstad — A New Generation of Sustainable UrbanNew monkey species discovered in the Amazon RainforestAdaptation Planning and Practices for Pennsylvania Forests Recently, efforts have been made to assign a dollar value to the ecological services provided to society by wetlands. What is the Value of a Wetland? One of the economically valuable roles wetlands play is pollutant filtration. As an example, a bottomland hardwood swamp in South Carolina was studied for its filtration services Fish use wetlands for breeding, feeding and shelter, whether that's in coastal or inland environments. Frogs in wetlands. Two-thirds of the frog species known in New South Wales depend on wetlands for their survival. Mammals in wetlands Wetland definition is - land or areas (such as marshes or swamps) that are covered often intermittently with shallow water or have soil saturated with moisture —usually used in plural. How to use wetland in a sentence Khayelitsha Wetlands Park is an exceptional example of nature coexisting with human development. Showcasing a vibrant natural wetland, environmental education centre, children's play park and African murals, this wetland serves as an amazing gateway into Khayelitsha's heritage For example, a regulatory issue addressed by the committee had to do with monitoring constructed wetlands. Exceedences that show up may be the result of natural processes occurring within the wetland system and may take weeks, even months to correct; whereas, such conditions in a conventional plant could be corrected in a matter of days, maybe. Wetlands such as mangroves, swamps, lakes and lagoons bear the brunt of much storm damage to coast, helping protect us and our infrastructure. 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What does Roan mean in dogs? Roan is a coat color found in many animals, including horses, cattle, antelope, cat and dogs. It is defined generally as an even mixture of white and pigmented hairs that do not “gray out” or fade as the animal ages. How can you tell if a puppy is going to roan? First, look at the bottoms of the puppy’s feet. At 1-3 days old you can tell if your puppy will be roan or brown & white by looking at the color of the pads of your puppy’s toes. If the toe pads are pink, your puppy will be brown & white. If the toe pads are brown or mostly brown, your puppy will be roan. What does roan mean springer spaniel? Roaning is where the top coat is white, and the undercoat is Liver (would be black on a black coated dog) The Top & Undercoat blend and make a even mixture of color. When babies leave here at 8 weeks, the white areas will continue to get darker. IT IS INTERESTING: Can you take a 9 week old puppy for a walk? What does the color roan look like? Roan is a horse coat color pattern characterized by an even mixture of colored and white hairs on the body, while the head and “points”—lower legs, mane, and tail—are mostly solid-colored. … The silvering effect of mixed white and colored hairs can create coats that look bluish or pinkish. What is a roan cocker spaniel? Cocker Spaniel colours Roan is a coat pattern where a Cocker has a base colour, but then has hairs of a secondary colour mixed in, muting the base colour. For instance, a dog might be black, but have some white hairs mixed in, giving them an almost smoky effect on their fur. What is tricolor dog? The tricolored dog is a pooch that has three distinct colors, such as brown, black, and white, or blue, black, and gray. Their coats are furfectly beautiful and make each dog unique because no two tricolor pupsters are exactly the same. Not to be confused with brindle or merle, tricolored doggos are unique. What breeds have ticking? What color is a roan? IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Can a dog have male and female parts? What is the difference between roan and ticked? Generally, ticking is heaviest on the legs and the muzzle. If a dog has only a small amount of ticking, it will appear in these areas before appearing anywhere else. Roan, on the other hand, is more even over the whole body. … Roan is a pattern that produces heavily mottled white areas. Can you breed a roan to a roan? I have heard, but this might be an old wives tale, that you shouldn’t breed roan to roan or the offspring can die, its a fatal combination or something. This is very true. If you put two roans together that contain the O gene you have a high possibilty that the foal will die shortly after birth. What is a roan bull? These two alleles show codominance and the hybrid genotype (Ww) has a roan coloured coat. The genotype of a roan cattle is “Ww”, that of red is “WW” and that of a white one is “ww”. A cross between a roan bull and roan cow produces red, roan and white phenotypes in 1:2:1 ratio respectively. What does the color Sorrel look like? Many people describe a sorrel as a “true” red. The red can be any shade, whether it’s light or dark. Most have the same color throughout their body, mane, and tail, with no other markings (apart from white on the face or legs). What is homozygous roan? Homozygous roans have two alleles for the roan color, while heterozygous roans only have one allele. She documented the existence of homozygous roans and disproved the lethal gene theory since, if the gene was lethal, then homozygous roans would not survive. IT IS INTERESTING: How can I keep my outside dog clean? Why are cocker spaniels so mean? The major reason why some Cocker Spaniels are aggressive is what they have inherited from their parent breeds. Many Cockers inherit aggression. Both these genes and the breeding practice have a huge impact on the dog’s behavior. What is a golden cocker? The Golden Cocker Retriever is a mixed breed dog–a cross between the Golden Retriever and Cocker Spaniel dog breeds. Sweet, playful, and intelligent, these pups inherited some of the best qualities from both of their parents. … The Golden Cocker Retriever is a super affectionate and extra playful pooch. Are male or female cocker spaniels better? The male and female Cocker spaniel are very different in terms of appearance, size, temperament, and personality. … Female Cockers generally make better pets because they are calmer and less active than males which makes them easier to live with in an apartment setting or other small space. Mi Dog Guide
Page 9 - Sep302021 Page 9 - Sep302021 P. 9 Understanding Anaplasmosis Risk The Midwest Cattleman · September 30, 2021 · P9 By Bob Larson DVM Dr. Bob Larson is Professor, Production Medicine at Kansas State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine and Executive Director, Veterinary Medical Continuing Education. Anaplasmosis is a serious the disease are likely to die. disease that affects cattle in If infected cattle are able to an increasing larger area of survive, they are not likely to the country. A tiny organism have severe problems due to called Anaplasma margina- the disease in the future, but le attaches to red blood cells they remain as carriers for the which leads to destruction of rest of their life. In some cases, those cells and a decrease in these carrier infections can be the ability of affected cattle continued on page 31 to carry oxygen in their blood. If more red blood cells are de- stroyed than the animal can replace with new cells – the blood becomes watery, the ani- mal becomes anemic, and other signs of infection can occur, including: fever, depression, dehydration, rapid or difficult breathing, and yellow discolor- ation of the mucus membranes of the gums, around the eyes, and the vulva. Sometimes affected animals become excited and aggres- sive when not enough oxygen reaches the brain. Young ani- mals are often able to recover because they can make new red blood cells very quickly, but older animals do not pro- duce new cells very fast, and they can quickly become very anemic and have very low oxy- gen levels in the blood leading to severe illness or death. Anaplasmosis is primarily carried from cattle to cattle by ticks, but the movement of blood from infected cattle to susceptible cattle can also be accomplished by biting flies such as horseflies, or by human activities such as via blood-contaminated needles, dehorning instruments, tat- too pliers, or palpation sleeves. The disease has historically been a problem in the south- ern parts of the United States but has now spread north so that cattlemen in many im- portant beef-producing areas need to be aware of the prob- lem. In herds that become ex- posed to the organism, cattle of any age can become infect- ed, but the severity of illness is usually mild in young cattle and increases with age. In cattle that become in- fected when they are 3 years of age or older, 30% to 50% of animals showing signs of 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen rare metals in sea-water Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta The following factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Bi, Cd, Ni, Co, Hg, Ag, Cr, Mo, W, V) in sea-water were studied: 1. precipitation of insoluble compounds with ions normally present in aerated sea-water, 2. precipitation of sulphides locally in reducing environments, 3. adsorption by ferrous sulphide, hydrated ferric oxide, hydrated manganese dioxide, apatite, clay, and organic matter. The precipitation reactions were investigated first by calculations based on solubility data, and then by experiments in which equilibrium concentrations of the metal ions were determined in sea-water in contact with their precipitates. Adsorption was measured by adding or precipitating the various adsorbents in sea-water samples containing an excess of one of the metal ions. The principal conclusions are: 1. Sea-water is greatly undersaturated with respect to all thirteen metals; in other words, precipitation of compounds with the ions normally present in aerated sea-water, even under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, cannot be responsible for the observed concentrations. 2. Local precipitation of sulphides is a possible control mechanism for seven of the elements (Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, Cd, Bi, Pb), but is probably not the chief control, because the concentrations are unrelated to sulphide solubilities. 3. Adsorption is a possible mechanism for all elements except V, W, Ni, Co, and Cr; if Cr is assumed to be removed by local reduction and precipitation of the hydroxide, and the other four metals by organic reactions, the existing concentrations can be fairly adequately accounted for. Adsorption processes supplemented by organic reactions also furnish a qualitative explanation for the distribution of rare metals in sedimentary rocks of marine origin. These conclusions can probably be extended to other metals in the middle of the periodic system, but not to those on either side. Publication type Article Publication Subtype Journal Article Title Factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen rare metals in sea-water Series title Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta DOI 10.1016/0016-7037(56)90055-2 Volume 9 Issue 1-2 Year Published 1956 Language English Publisher Elsevier Description 33 p. First page 1 Last page 32 Google Analytic Metrics Metrics page Additional publication details
Joosje Bomer-Skogstad, Marjolein Dremmen, Irene Mathijssen and Robin Smithuis Department of Radiology of Akershus University Hospital in Lørenskog, Norway, Departments of Radiology and Plastic Surgery of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam and Department of Radiology of Alrijne Hospital in Leiderdorp, the Netherlands In this review we will discuss imaging in craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis refers to the premature closure of sutures of the skull and results in an abnormal head shape. It is a rare disorder with a prevalence of around 1 in 1500. Most cases occur already prenatally and will be diagnosed in the first few months of life. It may also be diagnosed intrauterine, but antenatal imaging is beyond the scope of this article. Normal skull In the first few years of life the brain grows fast and the skull grows along with it. This requires open sutures for enchondral growth. At 1 year of age around 65% of skull growth is accomplished, with the growth rate thereafter slowing down, and reaching around 90% at 5 years of age. Most craniosynostoses are the result of an intrinsic defect in the suture. Craniosynostosis may be part of a syndrome and in those cases the craniosynostosis is often multi-sutural and there may be other anomalies (cardiac, kidney and skeletal). Clinical evaluation In the past decades there has been an increase in the number of children seeking medical attention because of an abnormal head shape, which is now reported as high as 1 in 5. Most cases are a positional plagiocephaly rather than a real craniosynostosis. This is often related to the advice of sleeping on the back to prevent sudden infant death syndrome. A well-trained clinician will often be able to recognize the typical presentation of a positional plagiocephaly and distinguish from its main differential diagnosis of a unilateral lambdoid stenosis (see below). The parents may then be reassured because the condition is self-limiting and with adequate advice usually reversible. In case of a clinical high suspicion of a craniosynostosis timely reference to a specialized center may be advisable before diagnostic imaging is started (figure). Overview craniosynostoses Unisutural and Bicoronal In craniosynostosis the skull deformity is present from birth and will be progressive. Timely diagnosis is important, as earlier diagnosis leads to a better outcome. In unisutural and bicoronal craniosynostosis a specific head shape may be expected, depending on the involved suture. This is depicted in the illustration. In multisutural involvement the changes are more complex and cannot easily be predicted. In plagiocephaly, also known as flat head syndrome, there is an asymmetrical flattening of one side of the skull. A mild and widespread form of plagiocephaly is caused by remaining in a supine position for prolonged periods, as discussed above. This is called deformational plagiocephaly. There is no synostosis and all the sutures are open. The synostotic form of plagiocephaly can be on the anterior side due to unicoronal closure or on the posterior side due to closure of a lambdoid suture on one side. When a craniosynostosis is suspected, the first line imaging will be ultrasound or x-rays, depending on local expertise and preferences. Because of lack of radiation, ultrasound is the preferred method. In case of high clinical suspicion low dose 3D CT is preferred. The figure shows the US of a normal suture, an unilateral coronal stenosis and a sagittal stenosis with ridge. Skull radiographs demonstrating open sutures. The images show open sutures in a child with a physiologically closed metopic suture (arrow). Images courtesy of Dr K.A. Eley and Dr C. Delso It is also possible to evaluate the sutures with black bone MRI, but as MRI often requires anaesthesia this will mainly be done in conjunction with an indication for evaluation of intracranial abnormalities and complications. Black bone MRI demonstrating closed sagittal suture (top) and closed metopic suture (down) in two different patients. Positional plagiocephaly Positional or deformational plagiocephaly refers to the flattening of the head due to the baby’s preferred position. It is not a synostosis, but the most common form of temporary skull deformity. Typically, the entire side is pushed forward, hence the ear will be seen more anterior than on the contralateral side (arrow). This is in contradiction to a posterior plagiocephaly resulting from a unilateral lambdoid suture stenosis, where the ear is drawn back. The drawing illustrates the differences. In positional plagiocephaly the form of the head resembles a parallelogram. In unilateral lambdoid stenosis the form of the head resembles a trapezium, because one side of the head is restricted in its growth. Here the same illustration with now all the differences between deformational and lambdoid plagiocephaly. NOTE: unilateral coronal stenosis will also result in the ear being positioned more forward – however, flattening will be seen frontal (anterior plagiocephaly) instead of occipital and typically the eye is drawn up on the affected side. Positional plagiocephaly. The left ear is pushed forward. Note: Adequate clinical evaluation and/or ultrasound should have obviated the need for CT. Monosutural craniosynostosis Scaphocephaly means ‘boat shaped’ skull and results from a premature closure of the sagittal suture (arrow). The skull is narrow and long. It is the most common monosutural craniosynostosis. Sometimes it is called dolichocephaly, as ‘dolicho’ means long. Scaphocephaly: The head has a short laterolateral and a long anteroposterior diameter. Trigonocephaly refers to the triangular head form resulting from premature closure of the metopic suture (arrows). Physiological closure can already start as early as three months of age, so premature closure typically presents early. The frontal head volume is small with a pointy forehead and hypotelorism. Only pronounced cases require surgery and if there is clinically no indication for surgery, a CT is not always needed. Trigonocephaly: Pointy forehead and hypotelorism. Seen from above the lateral orbital rim will be visible. Brachycephaly results from the premature closure of both coronal sutures. The frontal skull base is small with shallow eye sockets and the head is shortened (‘brachy’) in the anteroposterior direction. Bilateral coronal synostosis with brachycephaly. Synostotic Anterior plagiocephaly One of the coronal sutures has closed prematurely. The forehead is flattened on the affected side with the eye socket drawn up, also called a harlequin’s eye, and the nose may be deviated. Left sided coronal synostosis. The left forehead is drawn back with the eye socket lifted up. Synostotic posterior plagiocephaly In this case the lambdoid suture has closed prematurely. It is the main differential diagnosis for positional plagiocephaly (see above). There is a risk for Chiari 1 malformation and MRI of the brain and craniocervical junction is advised. Right sided lambdoid synostose. Contralateral occipitoparietal bossing is evident. Multisutural craniosynostosis Multisutural craniosynostosis are complex deformations. They are usually linked to syndromes and there are several genetic defects identified. The best known craniosynostoses syndromes are Pfeiffer/Crouzon, Apert, Saethre-Chotzen and Muenke. In the most severe cases all sutures will eventually close. Such a ‘pansynostosis’ is a severe condition. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. At two months of age there is a bilateral coronal synostosis with a severely deformed head shape. The fontanel is grossly enlarged. Same patient as above. At three years old there is microcephaly from a near pan-synostosis. Note enlarged bilateral parietal foramina. Three-month-old with Pfeiffer syndrome. There is a bicoronal synostosis with enlarged anterior and mastoid fontanels. Temporal bulging give rise to a trilobate appearance, also called ‘clover leaf deformity’. Note the ventriculomegaly with periventricular edema. Intracranial complications Raised intracranial pressure MRI has a main role in detecting associated intracranial malformations and complications from multisutural craniosynostosis. Raised intracranial pressure. LEFT: Impressions on a skull radiograph have a low sensitivity, especially in young children, but when seen, are highly suspicious for raised intracranial pressure. RIGHT: Hydrocephalus with inverted diastolic flow indicating high intracranial pressure. Signs that may indicate raised intracranial pressure are listed in the table on the left. One of these findings is non-specific, but a combination of findings should raise suspicion. Increased intracranial pressure may result in venous collaterals which may be important in preoperative planning. Chiari malformation may result in spinal syrinx. The images are of a patient with increased intracranial pressure. There is tonsillar herniation with severe crowding at the craniocervical junction. This has resulted in a syrinx over the entire length of the spinal cord. Postoperative complications Surgery should be conducted timely in order to reach an optimal outcome. Timing is dependent on the deformity, but usually preferably under the age of 6 months. Post-operative complications include blood loss, infection, brain swelling and CSF leak. Direct complications: LEFT Large effusion/hematoma from migrating spring. RIGHT subgaleal hematoma with severe blood loss. Liquorroe due to CSF leak from a frontobasal herniation in the upper nasal passage after midface surgery in a patient with Apert syndrome. Metopic ridge Metopic ridge A metopic ridge alone is not equivalent to trigonocephaly. Children present at a later age, the frontal skull has a normal volume and there is no hypotelorism. It is a common deformity that can be clinically diagnosed and does not need imaging. There is no need for surgery. Slight metopic ridge in a nine-month-old (arrow). Note that the scan was taken for a different purpose. Metopic ridge can be clinically diagnosed and should not be imaged. The anterior fontanelle has already closed but apart from the metopic suture, the other sutures are still open. Absent anterior fontanelle An absent anterior fontanelle does not have to be a reason for concern. As long as the skull has a normal shape and circumference, and the sutures are patent – it does not have any clinical implications. Large wormian bone occupying the anterior fontanelle (bregmatic bone) in a six-month-old. The skull has a normal shape and the sutures are open. The metopic suture has fused physiologically.
CATIA V5: Surface Continuity Explained May 17, 2021 Iouri Apanovitch Many of today’s leading industrial designs are deceivingly simple. They look like simple prismatic shapes but, in fact, they are not. Take any modern smartphone for example. It can be described as a thin brick that could be modeled by simply extruding and adding radii to. This, however, is not the case. Look at the way the light reflections wrap around the corners. If it were just a brick with fillets applied on the corners and edges, the reflections would not flow so smoothly. The visible connection between the surfaces is determined by the degree of continuity on the shared edge. While point or tangency continuity is sufficient for most mechanical designs, curvature continuity, or even higher, the rate of curvature continuity, is usually required for visually pleasing industrial designs that involve using polished surfaces, such as in consumer products, marine, automotive, and aerospace. Point continuity (referred to as G0 condition in CATIA) requires surface contact on the common edge but does not require tangency. I.e., the surfaces share an edge, but usually a sharp edge. Most CATIA designs that do not use fillets or blends result in point continuity between surfaces. Tangency continuity (G1 condition) requires that the surface boundaries share a common edge with tangency, but curvatures do not match. Engineering fillets in CATIA result in tangency continuity between surfaces. With curvature continuity (G2 condition), the surface boundaries share a common edge with curvatures matching. Curvature continuity results in a smoother reflection transition from one surface to another, which is required for ‘premium’ products. CATIA tools that enable the user to create curvature-continuous surfaces are Styling Fillet , Fill , and Blend . In CATIA surfacing, the degree of continuity can be selected if Supports for the surface are defined. For example, selecting Supports for the Fill surface enables the Continuity pull-down list, as shown below. Similarly, if Supports are selected when creating a Blend, the user has the option to define the degree of continuity too. Surface continuity in CATIA can be analyzed with the Connect Checker tool . In the example below, the tool was used to detect G2 (i.e., curvature) discontinuity on the inner edge of the surface.
Influence of Internet and Human Behavior The Internet has become an essential component of everyday social and business atmospheres. Trillions of URL’s have been indexed by major search engines. More than 35% of research papers published today involve collaboration between researchers in different countries. In addition, crucial debate over research findings in online forums can help eliminate information gaps. Social behavior in organizations is also affected by use of computers and communication technologies. New shifts in employment from the suburbs and cities to more remote areas point towards a more independent workforce (ability to operate anywhere). Overall, the increase in access of verifiable information via the web has led to intellectual advancements, and increased self-awareness among users. For starters, the internet has failed general populations in a few regards. A person’s ability to focus is being undermined by bursts of information. It’s true that access to information doesn’t equate to intelligence. The ability to look up a fact, doesn’t mean the fact is understood or its context. The Internet is a tool to help us learn but doesn’t replace learning itself. A common pool of thought is that we’re relying on Google to store knowledge long-term, instead of our own brains. People are used to consuming bite-sized chunks of information compiled by an algorithm. This must be having an impact on the brain, but it is too simplistic to say that one change can equate to universal stupidity. The Internet is a dangerous platform for politicians to infect society by dividing the unity of people by producing casteism material on the internet. This material is used to get votes and favor people in the election. Societies will become handicapped very soon if such political practices continue to be ignored by people on the Internet and social media. Not everything said on the internet is true so it’s important to gather information from many sources before deciding what to remember and what to ignore. As AI’s thought processes and social processes progress with software, we lose some of the personal depth and distinctiveness that has long characterized a vibrant intellectual life. Mobile information systems are important for ambient intelligence, since the majority of actuators rely on wireless technologies and on big data to collect, store, and process the data. Following algorithms tends to flatten our thoughts and emotions, making us more machine-like. Unfortunately, productivity levels of people on the common social networking sites were 1.5% lower than those that did not engage with social media, proving that some forms of connections have vulnerabilities. Long periods of time online are making kids more sedentary, leading to obesity and related health problems. Studies on hypertext suggest that links actually impede comprehension by interrupting the reader’s concentration. It’s important to remember that there have always been links in writing and thought. The Net shifts emphasis of our intelligence, away from a meditative or contemplative intelligence and in the direction of utilitarian intelligence. Zipping among lots of bits of information. In 1950, people were getting less than half of the answers correct in non-verbal intelligence tests, on average. By 2014, that average had risen to near 70%. The smartest person in the world could well be behind a plow in China or India. Providing universal access to information will allow such people to realize their full potential, providing benefits to the entire world. The Internet is a major economic driver because of exponential growth in access to technology this century. It’s complicated trying to estimate the size of the Internet market, but more importantly the Internet enables digital transformation in the economy, thus challenging many traditional sectors. The quality of the internet depends on what we put on it. Contrasting from the idea of relying on search engines: Our brains use information stored in the long-term memory to facilitate critical thinking. Today, social entrepreneurs are able to influence a wider audience on personal, economic and environmental topics through social media, podcasts, and eBooks. Social networking sites have actually been found to enhance existing friendships, although some individuals benefit more than others. More human-friendly, intelligence-enhancing Internet focused on information processing, in an attempt to shift away from a shallow mode of learning characterized by quick scanning, reduced contemplation, and memory consolidation. The biggest positive impact of the internet on society is the popularity of social media websites. Societies around the globe are removing the geographical barriers between people; becoming stronger, developed and more intelligent. The future will include the use intelligent machines, to whom we delegate both simple and complex tasks leading to increased skill to make logical choice.
module 3 discussion 2 human development Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper Discussion Question: Where does child maltreatment come from? How does it impact development, and what are some prevention strategies you feel are most effective? While body growth slows during early childhood, the brain increases from 70 percent of its adult weight to 90 percent. Lateralization increases, and handedness develops. Myelination continues, and connections between parts of the brain increase, supporting motor and cognitive development. Heredity influences physical growth by controlling the release of hormones, but environmental factors also play important roles. Emotional deprivation and malnutrition can interfere with physical development, and illness can interact with malnutrition to undermine childrenâ€™s growth. In industrialized countries, unintentional injuries are the leading cause of childhood mortality. In early childhood, an explosion of new motor skills occurs, with each building on the simpler movement patterns of toddlerhood. As the childâ€™s center of gravity shifts toward the trunk and balance improves, gross-motor skills are performed with greater speed and endurance. Fine-motor skills also advance dramatically as control of the hands and fingers improves. Drawing begins in the toddler years with scribbling and progresses to representational forms and then to more complex, realistic drawings at age 5 or 6. Both gross- and fine-motor skills are influenced by a combination of heredity and environment. The beginning of Piagetâ€™s preoperational stage is marked by an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity, including language, which is the most flexible means of mental representation. Make-believe play is another example of the development of representation. By around age 2, children engage in sociodramatic playâ€”make-believe with othersâ€”which increases rapidly over the next few years as children display growing awareness that make-believe is a representational activity. Gradually, children become capable of dual representationâ€”viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol. Piaget described preschoolers in terms of their limitationsâ€”for example, their egocentrism, animistic thinking, inability to conserve, irreversibility, and lack of hierarchical classification. Research has challenged this view, indicating that on simplified tasks based on familiar experiences, preschoolers do show the beginnings of logical thinking. Three educational principles derived from Piagetâ€™s theory continue to have a powerful influence on education: discovery learning, sensitivity to childrenâ€™s readiness to learn, and acceptance of individual differences. In contrast to Piaget, Vygotskyâ€™s sociocultural theory, which emphasizes the social context of cognitive development, regards language as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes. As adults and more skilled peers provide children with verbal guidance on challenging tasks, children incorporate these dialogues into their own self-directed, or private, speech. In this view, children learn within a zone of proximal development, attempting tasks too difficult to do alone but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers. A Vygotskian approach to education emphasizes assisted discovery, with teachers providing guidance within each childâ€™s zone of proximal development, as well as peer collaboration. In addition, Vygotsky saw make-believe play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood. Guided participation, an expansion of Vygotskyâ€™s concept of scaffolding, refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, allowing for variations across situations and cultures. Information-processing theorists focus on childrenâ€™s use of mental strategies; during early childhood, advances in representation and childrenâ€™s ability to guide their own behavior lead to more efficient ways of attending, manipulating information, and solving problems. Preschoolers also become better at planning. Although young childrenâ€™s recognition memory is very accurate, their recall for listlike information is much poorer than that of older children and adults, mostly because preschoolers use memory strategies less effectively. Like adults, young children remember everyday experiences in terms of scripts. As childrenâ€™s cognitive and conversational skills improve, their descriptions of special events become better organized, detailed, and related to the larger context of their own lives. Improvements in representation, memory, and problem solving contribute to the young childâ€™s theory of mind, or metacognition. Through informal experiences with written symbols, preschoolers engage in emergent literacy, making active efforts to understand how these symbols, as well as math concepts, convey meaning. Children with warm, affectionate parents who stimulate language and academic knowledge and who make reasonable demands for mature behavior score higher on mental tests, especially when they also have access to educational toys and books. At-risk children show long-term benefits from early intervention and high-quality child care. In contrast, poor-quality child care undermines the development of all children. Exposure to educational mediaâ€”both television and computersâ€”is extremely common in industrialized nations, and both media can have value for emergent literacy and other aspects of cognitive development. However, both media have a more controversial impact on social and emotional development due to the content of much entertainment programming. Language development, including both word learning and grammar, proceeds rapidly in early childhood and is supported by conversational give-and-take. By the end of the preschool years, children have an extensive vocabulary, use most grammatical constructions competently, and are effective conversationalists. Erikson identified the psychological conflict of the preschool years as initiative versus guilt. Through play, children practice using new skills and cooperating to achieve common goals. Conscience development prompts children to feel guilt for disobeying societyâ€™s standards; excessive guilt interferes with initiative. As preschoolers think more intently about themselves, they construct a self-concept, or set of beliefs about their own characteristics, that consists largely of observable characteristics and typical emotions and attitudes. Through conversations with adults, children develop autobiographical memoryâ€”a life-story narrative that is more coherent and lasting than the isolated memories of the first few years. By age 4, children develop several separate self-judgments based on performance in different areas; together, these make up self-esteem, which affects long-term psychological adjustment. Between ages 2 and 6, children make gains in emotional competence, experiencing self-conscious emotions, such as pride and shame, as well as empathy. By age 4 or 5, children can correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions and understand that thinking and feeling are related. Emotional outbursts decline as children use effortful control to achieve emotional self-regulation. Temperament plays a role, as do childrenâ€™s observations of adult strategies for handling their own feelings. To induce adaptive levels of shame and pride, parents should focus on how to improve performance and should avoid labeling the child. The capacity for empathy, an important motivator of prosocial behavior, increases as children develop the ability to take anotherâ€™s perspective. Preschoolers form first friendships with peers and move from nonsocial activity to parallel play and then to social interaction. The beginnings of moral development are evident by age 2, when children can evaluate behavior as good or bad. Conscience gradually comes to be regulated by inner standards. Children whose parents discipline with physical punishment or withdrawal of affection tend to misbehave more often and feel little guilt. A more effective disciplinary approach is induction, in which an adult supports conscience formation and encourages empathy and sympathy by pointing out the effects of misbehavior on others. According to social learning theory, morality is acquired through reinforcement and modelingâ€”observing and imitating people who behave appropriately. Children are most willing to imitate models who exhibit warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency. Punishment is an ineffective disciplinary tactic, promoting momentary compliance but not lasting change. Positive alternatives, such as time out and withdrawal of privileges, are more effective. Unfortunately, use of corporal punishment is common in North America. All children occasionally display aggression. Proactive aggression occurs when a child wants something and attacks a person who is in the way, while reactive aggression is intended to hurt another person. Proactive and reactive aggression come in at least three forms: physical, verbal, or relational. A conflict-ridden family atmosphere and exposure to media violence promote aggressive behavior, leading children to see the world from a violent perspective. Treatment for aggressive children should begin early to break the cycle of hostilities between family members and promote effective ways of relating to others, while also teaching parents effective techniques for interacting with an aggressive child. Gender typing develops rapidly in the preschool years. Heredity, through prenatal hormones, contributes to boysâ€™ higher activity level and overt aggression and to childrenâ€™s preference for same-sex playmates. At the same time, parents, teachers, peers, and the broader social environment encourage many gender-typed responses. Masculine and androgynous identities are linked to better psychological adjustment. Neither cognitive-developmental theory nor social learning theory provides a complete account of the development of gender identity. Gender schema theory is an information-processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features. It emphasizes that both environmental pressures and childrenâ€™s cognitions combine to shape gender-role development. Parents and teachers help children avoid gender stereotyping by modeling and providing alternatives to traditional gender roles. Child-rearing styles can be distinguished on the basis of three features: acceptance and involvement, control, and autonomy granting. The most successful style is authoritative child rearing, which combines high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting. Authoritarian child rearing is low in acceptance, involvement, and autonomy granting, and high in coercive control. The permissive style is warm and accepting, but uninvolved. Uninvolved parenting is low in acceptance, involvement, and control; at the extreme, it can be considered neglect. Child maltreatment, which can take the form of neglect or physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, is the result of many interacting variables at the family, community, and cultural levels. Interventions at all of these levels are essential for preventing it. Berk, Laura E. (2018). Development through the lifespan, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson. ISBN: 9780134419909 • Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood • Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood Length: 400 words 1 day ago Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper
Skip to main content Hemorrhoidal (rectal) Generic name: phenylephrine (rectal) (FEN il EFF rin REK tal) Drug class: Anorectal preparations Medically reviewed by on May 13, 2021. Written by Cerner Multum. What is Hemorrhoidal rectal? Hemorrhoidal is a decongestant that shrinks blood vessels. Dilated blood vessels can cause hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoidal may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Before taking this medicine You should not use Hemorrhoidal if you are allergic to it Hemorrhoidal (often used in certain cold or allergy medicines). Always ask a doctor before using Hemorrhoidal on a child. Do not give this medicine to a child younger than 2 years old. How should I use Hemorrhoidal rectal? You may use Hemorrhoidal up to 4 times daily, especially after a bowel movement. Only the rectal suppository should be placed into the rectum. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. What happens if I miss a dose? Since Hemorrhoidal rectal is used on an as needed basis, you are not likely to miss a dose. Do not use Hemorrhoidal more than 4 times per day. What happens if I overdose? What should I avoid while taking Hemorrhoidal rectal? Do not take Hemorrhoidal rectal suppository by mouth. It is for use only in your rectum. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using over-the-counter medicines that may contain ingredients similar to Hemorrhoidal. Hemorrhoidal rectal side effects Stop using Hemorrhoidal and call your doctor at once if you have: • rectal bleeding; • severe irritation inside or around your rectum; or What other drugs will affect Hemorrhoidal rectal? Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using Hemorrhoidal with any other medications, especially: This list is not complete. Other drugs may affect Hemorrhoidal, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here. Further information
Organizational Development: Meaning and Interventions Management YouTube Lecture Handouts Organizational Development: Meaning and Interventions Management • An organization has various levels and departments and it is important that the betterment and development of the individuals in this development happen continuously. • OD is a holistic and integrated approach to improve the Efficiency and effectiveness of the enterprise. • Continuous improvement: Companies that engage in organizational development commit to continually improving their business and offerings. The OD process creates a continuous cycle of improvement whereby strategies are planned, implemented, evaluated, improved and monitored. • Increased profit: Organizational development affects the bottom line in a variety of ways. Through raised innovation and productivity, efficiency and profits are increased. Costs are also reduced by minimizing employee turnover and absenteeism. • Analyzes Work Processes: Analyzing your company՚s work processes is another role of organizational development. When your company is involved in organizational development, you are able to analyze work processes for efficiency and accuracy. • Identifies Areas That Need Change: One of the functions of organizational development is that it identifies areas in your company operations where change is needed. Senior decision makers and managers can analyze each need, and project the potential effects of change into a management plan. OD Interventions • Career Planning: It is basically the process of matching the individuals career aspirations with the opportunities available in the organization. • Sensitivity Training: Also called T-group training. Sensitivity training is designed basically to help individuals understand each other՚s behavior. • Role Negotiation: In some cases, people have liking for different jobs. So, the roles and responsibilities are renegotiated among them. • Redesigning the job itself: Some jobs have to be simplified so that it can match with the skills of the individuals. Job can also be enriched; enlargement can also be done. • Skill Training: Various skills related to job because of continuous change happening in the environment. Group Focused Interventions • Quality Circles: These are group of volunteers from the lower level of the organization. They advise to the management on certain issues. • Organizational Survey: It is the most commonly used intervention. Here the employees՚ feedback is taken and organizations problems are identified. • Management by Objectives: It is a technique wherein the standards are set regarding what is expected form each employee. Then the performance is measured and finally the controlling measures are taken if there is any deviation from the expectations. • Quality Work life: The work and personal life should be balance. If it is not so then the organization can suffer due to lack of motivated employees. Quality circle technique of OD was perceived in which country first? 1. India 2. China 3. Japan 4. England Answer: 3 Under which technique of OD, the match is made between job role and employee skills? 1. Job redesign 2. Job Negotiation 3. Imparting skills training 4. Career Planning Answer: 1 Developed by:
TensorFlow is a widely-used platform that has managed to become a trending competition among its associates. Thanks to all the capabilities it offers, the computations of deep learning and machine learning are eased. The multitude of benefits it offers has made it a top priority for several employers. That is why TensorFlow certifications have become popular as well. Before we dive into the benefits of TensorFlow certification, let’s first understand what TensorFlow is. TensorFlow is an open-source platform that is ready for any system development and is available for all the users around. With its graphical approach, it is able to offer a better method of data visualization. TensorFlow also allows easy node debugging. This decreases the efforts required for visiting the code and resolving the neural network effectively. TensorFlow is also compatible with Keras because of which users are able to code high-level functionality sections. Keras offer system-specific functionality to TensorFlow such as estimators, pipelining, and eager execution. The functional API of Keras also supports several topologies with different layers, inputs, and output combinations. You can perform almost every operation using this platform. It is known for its characteristic ability to be deployed on every machine. The model’s graphic representation ensures that the users are able to develop any form of system with the help of TensorFlow. It is this capability that has allowed TensorFlow to develop systems like Intel, Dropbox, Snapchat, Airbnb, etc. It is also compatible with other languages like Python, Ruby, JavaScript, C++, C#, and Swift. So, the user can work in any environment that they are comfortable in. Thanks to the parallelism of work models, TensorFlow can be used as a hardware acceleration library. Different distribution strategies are used in the CPU and GPU systems. A user is able to choose whether they want to run their code on either architecture on the basis of the modeling rule. If it is not satisfied, the system will choose the GPU. This process decreases the memory allocation as well. TensorFlow comes with its architecture TPU that can perform computations faster than CPU and GPU. Models that are built using TPU are easily deployed on a cloud and executed at a faster rate. Deep Learning can also use TensorFlow for development as the latter allows building neural networks using graphics that represent an operation as a node. In such cases, TensorFlow will be acting in multiple domains including image recognition, motion detection, voice detection, etc. So, whatever the requirement of the user is, TensorFlow will be able to suit it. Benefits of TensorFlow Certification With all the advantages it offers, it is safe to say that TensorFlow will be on the market for a long time. So, getting a certification in the field can be a step in the right direction. Earning the TensorFlow certification will take some money and time. Having the certification is more about posting it on the wall or carrying a card in the wallet. If you are wondering about what you will get in return for your investment, here are some of the benefits of the TensorFlow certification: 1. Proving your knowledge and skills Through TensorFlow certification, you will have a way of proving to your current or potential employer that you have the required skills. During the certification program, you will not only be learning about TensorFlow but also how to approach a problem. For example, during your program, you might have to work on some case studies that require you to use your hands-on skills to perform specific tasks. 1. Remaining competitive and employable According to CompTIA’s HR Perceptions of IT Training and Certification study, 90% of the employers see certifications as an indicator of a good candidate during the recruitment process. This is because they know that certifications can set a benchmark level for the skills, abilities, and knowledge that they want in their employees. If you are looking for a job, having a certification might give you an upper-hand over your non-certified counterparts. 1. Gaining proficiency quickly Many people apply for positions that offer growth opportunities. This means that they might not have the required skills during the time of the hire. Preparing and earning the TensorFlow certificate is a great way of improving your skills and moving up quickly. During the program, you will be taking classes, completing online training modules, and reading a study guide so that you can gain all the required skills. If you go for an online course, you will be able to implement what you have learned on the job as well. In the end, the certification exam will be a validation of your newfound knowledge and skills. 1. Making an investment Earning your TensorFlow certification won’t be easy. It will take a lot of time to prepare and cost some money. It doesn’t matter whether you or your company is paying for the course, getting the certification will show that you are invested and interested in your professional development. Also, TensorFlow certification can help you earn more as well. 1. Keeping your skills up-to-date Accredited certifications help you remain at the top of your game by making you update your skills. Apart from the course, you can also write for blogs, participate in webinars, and attend conferences for staying updated with the latest advancement in the field and sharing your knowledge with similar minds. This will not only help in keeping your credentials current but also show potential employers that you are passionate and want to continue learning to become better. Whether you have just started using TensorFlow or have been working with it for years, earning the TensorFlow certification will help you prove your skills and move up the career ladder. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
6 Lifestyle Habits to Help Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea is a medical condition that makes breathing difficult; this condition stops breathing for short periods of time while you’re sleeping, resulting in a lack of oxygen. When this happens, sleep is interrupted and your quality of well being suffers. Most patients are unaware they are suffering from sleep apnea; they assume their sleep cycle is normal. If left untreated, sleep apnea can cause various medical issues, such as mental health problems, memory loss, increased risk of heart failure or poor immune function. Luckily, Dr. Greenbaum specializes in Sleep Apnea therapy and can work alongside your sleep therapist to find the best course of treatment for you. In addition to traditional sleep apnea treatment, there are several lifestyle changes you can make to improve sleep apnea symptoms. 1. Maintain a healthy weight Sustaining a healthy weight and lifestyle can greatly impact your sleep apnea symptoms, and in some cases combined with sleep apnea treatment, weight loss can help eliminate sleep apnea. When a patient is overweight, in the upper body specifically, the weight can increase the risk of airway obstruction and narrow nasal passages, making it difficult to breathe. A healthy weight can keep pressure off the airways, reducing sleep apnea symptoms. Maintaining a health weight has endless benefits and should be taken into consideration as you receive sleep apnea treatment. 2. Alter Your Sleeping Position The way you sleep at night can greatly affect sleep apnea symptoms. Sleeping on your back can worsen these symptoms, making it more difficult to breathe. Dr. Greenbaum can work with you to find the best sleeping positions that will create a more healthy sleep cycle to work alongside your sleep apnea treatment. 3. Incorporate Yoga into Your Daily Routine Studies have shown that daily exercise has many health benefits, such as reducing sleep apnea symptoms. For those that would like an alternative to traditional exercise, adding yoga into your daily routine can improve your respiratory strength and oxygen flow. Sleep apnea restricts oxygen and blood flow, causing medical issues. Yoga has deep breathing exercises that can improve oxygen levels. Anyone can practice yoga and reap the medical benefits. 4. Avoid Alcohol & Smoking Limiting alcohol intake and eliminating smoking (of any kind!) will reduce any sleep apnea symptoms and produce a healthier lifestyle. Alcohol and tobacco relax the throat muscles that control your breathing, as well as causing swelling in your airways that can worsen sleep apnea. 5. Sleep with a Humidifier Dry air can cause irritation in the throat and body, so try adding a humidifier overnight as you sleep to generate moisture in the air to open up airways encouraging clearer breathing and decrease congestion. Adding essential oils, such as peppermint or lavender to the humidifier can help soothe the throat and and reduce inflammation. 6. Talk to Your Doctor about Oral Appliances Oral appliances, when given by a doctor, can aid with sleep apnea by repositioning the jaw or tongue to keep the airway open during sleep. Dr. Greenbaum will work closely to properly fit you with an oral appliance that will promote better sleep health. The American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine supports oral appliances as an effective therapy for sleep apnea. Sleep apnea affects many people, but there are numerous treatment options, both in the doctor’s office and at home that can improve your overall health. If you’re interested in learning more about sleep apnea treatment, reach out to Dr. Greenbaum to schedule a consultation and take the first step toward a healthier life. 📞: 301.530.3600 💻: [email protected] 📍: 6410 Rockledge Drive #106 Bethesda
mlve hc logo high res.png What does the science say about meditation? Mindfulness meditation involves focusing on your breathing and then bringing your mind’s attention to the present without drifting into concerns about the past or future. It helps you break the train of your everyday thoughts to evoke the relaxation response, using whatever technique feels right to you. Mindfulness is cultivated through meditation practice of intentionally paying attention to the present experience with an attitude that is accepting and non-judging. Benefit #1 Fight insomnia and improves sleep Insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep accompanied with daytime sleepiness that can leave you feeling unproductive, fatigue and stressed. Meditation-based programs aided sleep, providing a reduction in insomnia severity. Mindfulness meditation therapy for insomnia shows reducing unwanted wakefulness at night and helps to manage negative emotional reactions to disturbed sleep. Benefit #2 Positive changes in emotionality and relationship issues Even with a brief meditation of 10 minutes audio- guided meditation, it shows to impact attention even in novice meditation practitioners, an effect that was revealed when controlling for neuroticism (personality traits that is more likely than average to be moody, to have feeling of anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed, and lonely) Benefit #3 May be effective to reduce blood pressure As mindfulness meditation helps to improve coping ability for distress, anxiety, it may also help lower the blood pressure of people at risk of developing high blood pressure, as presented in a statement by American Heart Association. Benefit #4 May help to effectively control pain Combining mindfulness with pain medications and other approaches that rely on the brain’s opioid activity may be effective to reduce pain. A single 10-minute mindfulness meditation can improve pain tolerance, pain threshold and decrease anxiety towards pain. Benefit #5 May help with effort towards smoking cessation and control of cravings In several studies, mindfulness-based intervention had shown to help reduce craving for smoking with smoking cessation and relapse prevention. Although meditation is generally safe for many, do bear in mind to not use meditation to replace conventional care with your healthcare provider about a medical problem. Share with them about any complementary or integrative health approaches you use, this will give them a better understanding of what you do to manage health, to make sure coordinated care in your journey to better health. (updated : December, 2019) Disclaimer : The website may contain information relating to various conditions and treatment, gathered and sourced from reputable sources. However, this is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment, it is solely intended for informational purposes only. Patients should always consult with a doctor or healthcare provider for thorough medical advice and information about diagnosis and treatment. do to manage health, to make sure coordinated care in your journey to better health. Julie Corliss. 2015. Mindfulness meditation helps fight insomnia, improves sleep https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/mindfulness-meditation-helps-fight-insomnia-improves-sleep-201502187726 Leeds Beckett University. 2017. Meditation could be a cheaper alternative to traditional pain medication, study suggests https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170612094633.htm Sedlmeier, et.al. 2012. The psychological effects of meditation: a meta-analysis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582738/ Norris, et.al. 2018. Brief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Attention in Novices: Evidence From ERPs and Moderation by Neuroticism https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6088366/ Ong, et.al. 2018. Using Mindfulness for the Treatment of Insomnia https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6171769/ National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Meditation: In Depth. 2016. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm#hed3 Similar Articles Be Kind About Your Wandering Mind Instead of wrestling with your thoughts, practice observing without reacting. By practicing 25 minutes of ... continue reading
Diabetes - when you are sick Sick-day management - diabetes; Diabetes - sick day management; Insulin resistance - sick day management; Ketoacidosis - sick day management; Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome - sick day management Thermometer temperature Fever is an important part of the body's defense against infection. Most bacteria and viruses that cause infections in humans thrive best at 98.6 degrees F (37 degrees C). Raising the body temperature a few degrees can help the body fight the infection. In addition, a fever activates the body's immune system to make more white blood cells, antibodies, and other infection-fighting agents. Cold symptoms What to Expect at Home Sick-day Plan Drink Lots of Fluids Eating When You are Sick Diabetes Medicines When to Call the Doctor
Teachers & Families Writing Craft 1. Highlight the different craft used in “And I Thought About You” or better yet - have students notice them through discussion. • Repetition • Circularity • Onomatopoeia • Similies 2. Then encourage students to use the craft moves in their own writing. 3. Lead discussions about why authors use different writing craft in their pieces. • Why do students think I used repetition? Why do they think I used circularity? • How did the writing craft impact their enjoyment or engagement with the text? 4. Always remind students that as writers, they need to think about what they want the reader to get from their writing. 5. If students want, they can email me with questions at [email protected] And I Thought About You Books 1. Students write a story modeled from And I Thought About You. 2. Students can write about a sibling, grandparent, pet, toy, stuffed animal or friend, the choices are limitless. 3. You can click on the paper link to get pre-made pages that say “And I Thought About You” or you can make your own books for students by cutting an 8.5” x 11” piece of paper in half and then stapling the pages together. 4. I'd love you see any poems that you write. Email them to me at rosanne(at)rlkurstedt.com Make a Paper Airplane 1. Print out the paper airplane template. 2. Fold on the dotted lines in numerical order. 3. Measure how far and high your airplane flies. Onomatopoeia Poems 1. Pull out the onomatopeia (sound words) from the story. 2. Have kids discuss what all the words have in common. (They are sound words.) 3. Tell students what sound words are called (Onomatopoeia). 4. Brainstorm a list of other sound words. 5. Create a class Onomatopoeia poem or have students create their own. If often helps if a topic or theme is identified (e.g., summer, animals, or the farm). 7. Check out this list of Onomatopoeia words from Kathy Temean’s blog Family Routines and Traditions And I Thought About You was inspired by a bed-time routine my older son and I created. After reading books together we would share with each other what we’d done throughout the day. We would always finish with “and I thought about you.” 1. Have students write about their own family routines and traditions – it might be a game night, a special meal they have together, or it could be simply having breakfast every Sunday morning. 2. Make a class book or have students share their pieces with family members during a "Routines and Traditions" celebration. This page is always under construction. Email me with lesson ideas, and or family rountines and traditions. I will include your thoughts on this webpage.
St. Patrick's Grammar School Achievement Through Excellence Twitter Feed @stpatsarmagh Literacy Support You should already know what homophones are, as last month’s focus was their, there and they’re. Recap: These are words that sound the same when pronounced out loud but have different meanings. This month our focus is the other commonly misused homophones: were, where, wear and we’re. This word is used when asking a question that’s related to a location or giving directions to a location. • Where are you going?” • Where is your house?” • “I know where the shop is. It’s just down there and to the left.” All of these sentence use ‘where’ to ask for or give directions to a location. Although this word is pronounced just like ‘where’, it most certainly doesn’t have the same meaning. Actually, ‘wear’ has two meanings: 1. To refer to clothing, accessories or equipment that you carry or have on your body. • “I love the shirt you are wearing.” • “What are you going to wear to the wedding?” • “I like to wear casual shoes.” 2. To refer to something being excessively used or exhausted. • “Staring at a computer for 6+ hours a day can really wear out your eyes.” • “The car’s tyres are wearing thin.” This word is a past tense form of ‘are’. • “What were you doing yesterday?” • “Why were you out so late?” This word is a contraction of ‘we are’. • “We’re going to the cinema tomorrow.” (We are going to the cinema tomorrow). • “We’re excited for the weekend.” (We are excited for the weekend). What Can I Do...? Your teachers will display this target in their classroom-check which one is correct if you’re not sure. Your English teachers will revise it in class. It is your responsibility to check your written work and try to use the correct one! Use the COPS Proofreading checklist for longer pieces of written work-ask your teachers for this. Remember that spell checker will not always pick up this mistake so it’s up to you! Let's Practise 1. _____ are you having the party? 2. _____ we invited? 3. I should have brought something else to _____, i'm freezing! 4. What _____ you doing when I called last night? 5. Yes, _____ going to pick you up tomorrow. 6. You should be _____ a hat. 7. _____ going to pick up pizza for dinner. 1. Where 2. Were 3. Wear 4. Were 5. We're 6. Wearing 7. We're
6 Ways Today’s Farming Technology Makes Food Safe, Abundant and Affordable The tools today’s American farmers use would be unrecognizable to most of the farmers throughout history. Advances in technology have made farming safer, better for the environment and much more productive. In 1960, each U.S. farmer raised enough to feed 26 people. Today, every farmer feeds an average of 155 people (USDA). What’s changed? #1 - Big iron In the late 1950s, farmers could buy a new four- or six-row planter. Today, they can choose from 24, 36 or even 48 rows. Combines have grown in size and complexity, as well. Farm equipment improvements are geared toward increasing efficiency and productivity. #2 - Precision ag Precision technology gives farmers the tools to farm with greater accuracy, take better care of the environment and reduce energy consumption. Variable-rate technology, which is possible with precision ag, allows farmers to be extremely precise, reducing inputs dramatically. For example, instead of applying fertilizer to an entire field, farmers can inject fertilizer exactly where it’s needed. Data collection, another facet of precision ag, helps growers save time and money and improve techniques from one season to the next. #3 - Applied science Through soil testing, farmers can add the specific micronutrients needed—in the specific areas needed—for optimum performance. #4 - Seed technology The ancient science of plant breeding is accelerated today, with new hybrids and varieties featuring resistance to drought and insects, for example, or performance in certain types of soil. The fact that West River farmers are able to profitably grow corn is because of such technologies. #5 - Drones Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are helping farmers better monitor crops and livestock. #6 - Ethanol and DDGS Since there’s plenty of corn to go around, due to a series of record-breaking growing seasons, a certain percentage goes to create ethanol, a clean-burning alternative fuel. The manufacturing process creates a by-product called dried distillers grain with solubles, or DDGS, which is high in protein, and makes excellent livestock feed. Back to Technology Archive
Brain Sciences Why watching a movie could improve wellbeing 20 January 2020 Regular cinema trips may help boost wellbeing, according to a new study which shows a few hours behind the big screen has positive benefits on a person’s mental and physical state. The study, conducted by researchers from UCL’s Department of Experimental Psychology (Division of Psychology and Language Sciences) and Vue Entertainment, found a direct link between watching a film and the impact it has on our brain function, social connections, productivity and creativity. The scientific experiment used a combination of biometric devices, similar to a Fitbit or Apple Watch, and explicit questionnaires to investigate what happens to our bodies and minds during a two-hour film. Remarkably, they found that the heart rates of the audience members were elevated during the movie, despite the fact that they were sitting still. Their heart rates were between 40-80 per cent of their maximum heart rate, which is what the British Heart Foundation calls the ‘healthy heart zone’, for about 40 minutes of the screening. Professor Devlin said the study illustrates the strength of the physiological responses to seeing a movie. “What we see is that the heart rate and electrodermal activity, an indirect measure of emotional arousal, go up and down with the narrative arc of the movie – meaning their heart rates elevate and drop depending on their engagement with the story. “Big emotional moments in the film, like Aladdin and Jasmine’s first kiss, produced peaks of physiological activity indicating a strong emotional response from the audience,” said Professor Devlin. Secondary research suggests that two unique elements of the cinema experience drove the findings: the focused activity and the shared social focus. These elements have proven long-term benefits on our overall brain function, memory, focus and productivity. “Despite the fact that these people are all strangers to one another, their hearts begin to beat in synchrony while watching the film together. “What we know from previous work is that when people demonstrate synchronised physiological responses like this, they also show stronger social and emotional bonds.” Participants were asked about their feelings towards the other moviegoers both before and after watching the film. They reported feeling closer to their fellow audience members afterwards simply by watching the film together. In addition, going to the cinema provides a distraction free environment. “Our modern lives are characterised by multitasking, social media distractions, and many items competing for our attention. Cinema and other cultural events provide space to concentrate and practice focusing. At the cinema specifically, there is nothing to do except immerse yourself.”
Definition of Sickness. Meaning of Sickness. Synonyms of Sickness Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word Sickness. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word Sickness and, of course, Sickness synonyms and on the right images related to the word Sickness. Definition of Sickness No result for Sickness. Showing similar results... Aerial sickness Aerial sickness A["e]"rial sick"ness A sickness felt by a["e]ronauts due to high speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combining some symptoms of mountain sickness and some of seasickness. Airsick Air`sick`, a. Affected with a["e]rial sickness. -- Air"sick`ness, n. Brainsick Brain"sick`, a. Disordered in the understanding; giddy; thoughtless. -- Brain"sick*ness, n. Cropsick Crop"sick` (kr?"s?k`), a. Sick from excess in eating or drinking. [Obs.] ``Cropsick drunkards.' --Tate. -- Crop"sick`ness, n. [Obs.] --Whitlock. Falling sickness Gall sickness Gall Gall, n.[OE. galle, gal, AS. gealla; akin to D. gal, OS. & OHG. galla, Icel. gall, SW. galla, Dan. galde, L. fel, Gr. ?, and prob. to E. yellow. ? See Yellow, and cf. Choler] 1. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkaline, viscid fluid found in the gall bladder, beneath the liver. It consists of the secretion of the liver, or bile, mixed with that of the mucous membrane of the gall bladder. 2. The gall bladder. 3. Anything extremely bitter; bitterness; rancor. He hath . . . compassed me with gall and travail. --Lam. iii. 5. Comedy diverted without gall. --Dryden. 4. Impudence; brazen assurance. [Slang] Gall bladder (Anat.), the membranous sac, in which the bile, or gall, is stored up, as secreted by the liver; the cholecystis. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. Gall duct, a duct which conveys bile, as the cystic duct, or the hepatic duct. Gall sickness, a remitting bilious fever in the Netherlands. --Dunglison. Gall of the earth (Bot.), an herbaceous composite plant with variously lobed and cleft leaves, usually the Prenanthes serpentaria. Homesick Home"sick`, a. Pining for home; in a nostalgic condition. -- Home"sick`ness, n. Love-sickness Love"-sick`ness, n. The state of being love-sick. Milk sickness Milk sickness Milk sickness Milk sickness (Veter.) A peculiar malignant disease, occurring in parts of the western United States, and affecting certain kinds of farm stock (esp. cows), and persons using the meat or dairy products of infected cattle. Its chief symptoms in man are uncontrollable vomiting, obstinate constipation, pain, and muscular tremors. Its origin in cattle has been variously ascribed to the presence of certain plants in their food, and to polluted water. Morning sickness Morning Morn"ing, a. Pertaining to the first part or early part of the day; being in the early part of the day; as, morning dew; morning light; morning service. She looks as clear As morning roses newly washed with dew. --Shak. Morning gown, a gown worn in the morning before one is dressed for the day. Morning gun, a gun fired at the first stroke of reveille at military posts. Morning sickness (Med.), nausea and vomiting, usually occurring in the morning; -- a common sign of pregnancy. Morning star. (a) Any one of the planets (Venus, Jupiter, Mars, or Saturn) when it precedes the sun in rising, esp. Venus. Cf. Evening star, Evening. (b) Satan. See Lucifer. Since he miscalled the morning star, Nor man nor fiend hath fallen so far. --Byron. (c) A weapon consisting of a heavy ball set with spikes, either attached to a staff or suspended from one by a chain. Morning watch (Naut.), the watch between four A. M. and eight A. M.. Seasickness Sea"sick`ness, n. The peculiar sickness, characterized by nausea and prostration, which is caused by the pitching or rolling of a vessel. Sweating sickness Sweating Sweat"ing, a. & n. from Sweat, v. Sweating bath, a bath producing sensible sweat; a stove or sudatory. Sweating house, a house for sweating persons in sickness. Sweating iron, a kind of knife, or a piece of iron, used to scrape off sweat, especially from horses; a horse scraper. Sweating room. (a) A room for sweating persons. (b) (Dairying) A room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices. Sweating sickness (Med.), a febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, characterized by profuse sweating. Death often occured in a few hours. Meaning of Sickness from wikipedia - Sickness may refer to: Disease Nausea Sickness behavior The Sickness, 2000 album by Disturbed The Sickness (novel), 1999 book in the Animorphs series Corey... - The Sickness is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Disturbed. It was released on March 7, 2000, by Giant and Reprise Records. The album... - Sweating sickness, also known as the sweats, English sweating sickness, English sweat or sudor anglicus in Latin, was a mysterious and contagious disease... - Motion sickness occurs due to a difference between actual and expected motion. Symptoms commonly include nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, headache, dizziness... - Decompression sickness (abbreviated DCS; also called divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, and caisson disease) is a medical condition caused by dissolved... - Altitude sickness, the mildest form being acute mountain sickness (AMS), is the harmful effect of high altitude, caused by rapid exposure to low amounts... - Leisure Sickness, similar to Paradise Syndrome, is the name given to a purported psychological condition, not universally recognized by psychologists,... - African trypanosomiasis, also known as African sleeping sickness or simply sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic infection of humans and other... - "Down with the Sickness" is a song by American nu metal band Disturbed. It was recorded in 1999 and released as the second single from the band's debut... - Serum sickness in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human animal source, occurring 5–10 days after exposure. Symptoms often...
European cast nylon producers, and injection molding resin guides, report both “dry” and “conditioned” data for nylon-based materials which are hygroscopic (absorb moisture from the air) and can absorb upwards of 8% moisture by weight at saturation (compared to 0.8% for acetal). This is a completely reversible physical reaction as the higher the humidity, the faster nylon will absorb moisture. However, it only absorbs moisture until it is saturated and can absorb no more. Conversely, it releases moisture and dries out when exposed to dryer air. Under normal conditions, nylon will reach equilibrium in a short period of time, though time will vary depending on thickness. However, “equilibrium” is a relative term given its environment at a given time. So, equilibrium will vary from Minnesota to Louisiana, and from winter to summer. Dry and conditioned data Nylons are semi-crystalline polymers, with both crystalline and amorphous regions. The tight crystalline regions give nylon much of its strength, stiffness and wear resistance. The amorphous regions absorb the water, which then bonds to the polymer chain and force the crystalline structures apart. The result is nylon parts that swell and show diminished mechanical properties. Water actually acts as a plasticizer, making the nylon softer while increasing toughness and elongation. Since these effects happen when polyamides are exposed to moisture, they must be considered when designing a part. What is the difference between data quoted for dry and conditioned data for plastic materials? And why is this most significant for nylons Dry: Data with equivalent moisture content as when it was run (typically <0.2%). Conditioned: data after absorbing environmental moisture at 50% relative humidity prior to testing. Effect of moisture on properties In general, as moisture content rises, impact strength and other energy absorbing characteristics increase. Some other properties decline Variation of properties of nylon 6 as a function of humidity Dimensional stability When designing nylon components, it is important to consider that dimensions will be dramatically affected by temperature and humidity. This is especially so on long parts. If the dimensional change is unacceptable, you should consider acetal (POM) or polyester (PET) as alternative materials as they provide additional stability in wet environments. At room temperature and 50% relative humidity, equilibrium moisture content for nylon tends to remain around 2%, which corresponds to an increase in size of roughly 0.5 – 0.6%. Under similar conditions, acetal absorbs roughly 0.2% moisture by weight and grow around 0.2%. Variations between nylon grades How much the different properties change depends a great deal on the chemistry of the polymer itself. Nylon types include 6, 6/6, 4/6, 6/12, 11, and 12 (types = number of carbon atoms in the molecule) Polyamide 12, for example, doesn’t absorb as much moisture as Polyamide 6, so Polyamide 12’s properties don’t fluctuate as much with moisture. Absorption of Moisture by Nylons by Weight % at 50% R.H. and Saturation @ 23°C (resin data) Additionally, as nylon absorbs moisture beyond equilibrium, its surface becomes “amorphous” (spongy), and wear resistance is lower. The addition of liquid or solid lubricants to the nylon offsets most of the decrease. Need help deciding what to use? The experts at WS HAMSHIRE can explain this and more, so you can make the best material decisions for your needs! Call us – you’re in the right place! Tom Connelly is a self proclaimed “Street Engineer” with over 40 years in the plastics industry. Leave a Reply
A Brain Link and Blog Holiday See you in 2010! Theory of Mind and Character Interaction (When You Reach Me) Note: Thanks to Iapetus for inspiring this post with his comment on The Fundamental Attribution Error and Character Sympathy The False Belief Task is often used by psychologists to test social cognition. One version goes something like this. 1. Sally has a favorite marble. She puts her marble in a basket, and then leaves the room. 2. Anne, being very mean, enters the room when Sally is not there and and moves the marble to the cupboard. 3. When Sally comes back into the room, where does she look for her marble? If you answered, the basket, then congratulations, you have well developed theory of mind abilities. Of course, Sally doesn't find the marble there. She has a false belief about the location of the marble. The tasks seems trivially easy for adults, but kids below the age of five consistently say that Sally will look for the marble in the cupboard, where Anne put it. It seems that the ability to represent someone else beliefs as something different from what you know about the world develops later on in childhood. But even though adults can do the Sally-Anne task, we sometimes still fall prey to the mistaken notion that other people think the same way we do. Lets take an example from When You Reach Me, by Rebecca Stead. Sixth grader Miranda doesn't like Julia because she's annoying. When making self portraits in art class, Julia asks for "cafe au lait" construction paper to match her skin. She also brags about the fancy vacations she takes with her parents and shows off all the souvenirs her parents buy her. Miranda can't understand why her friend Annemarie used to be best friends with Julia. One day, Julia shows up at the restaurant where Miranda and Annemarie work. Miranda first worries that the restaurant owner will invite Julia to work with them. But to her surprise, Jimmy (the restaurant owner) immediately kicks Julia out of the restaurant and tells her never to come back. Miranda is delighted. "Out," Jimmy said, practically growling. "Now." After she left, I pretended along with Annemarie that Jimmy was a little bit crazy, but as we walked back to school with our cheese-and-lettuce sandwiches, I carried a new warm feeling inside. Jimmy could be a grouch, but he saw right through Julia, just like I did. See how Miranda automatically assumed that Jimmy disliked Julia for the same reasons she did? It's only later that she realizes Jimmy had completely different reasons. Julia was black, and Jimmy didn't want her around because he believed black people were genetically wired to be dishonest. It was a nice twist and an important moment of growth for Miranda. Have you ever read or written anything that used false belief to good dramatic effect? What killed omniscient POV? Today's post is inspired by a conversation I had with Simon Larter and Jordan McCollum in the comments of Subtle Narration in the Graveyard Book. Omniscient viewpoint, where the narrator can access the thoughts in every character's head, was popular in older literature. Nowadays, however, most books are written in a limited viewpoint, confined to the thoughts of one or a few characters. (Just to complicate things, limited POV with multiple narrators is also called Limited Omniscient, but for the purposes of this article, I'm just referring to the godlike omniscient narrator). So lets speculate. What do you think killed omniscient point of view? A few possibilities from our discussion: 1. It's a natural progression. The visual arts progressed from 2D cartoonlike ancient and medieval drawings to realistic 3D images as artists learned from the ones who came before them. Perhaps similarly, the art of storytelling has progressed from omniscient viewpoint to a more realistic limited viewpoint. (Jason Black has an interesting post on a similar idea.) 2. Changing societal norms. In How to Write a Damn Good Novel, James Frey says that society was important in Victorian times. Therefore, it was important to know everybody's thoughts in order to get society's viewpoint. Is limited POV on the rise now because society's role is less important? 3.Individualism - This is related to point two. Perhaps a rise in individualistic culture makes modern readers want to identify with one person at a time. 4. Freud - Is it the rise of Freudian thought and the desire to know the various motivations, conscious and subconscious, within an individual? 5. Just random chance - Or maybe we're overthinking things, and limited POV is popular for the same reason bellbottoms were popular in the seventies and crocs were popular a few years ago. What do you think? Are there any literature folks who know of research on this? How to Pull Off an Amazing Plot Twist (When You Reach Me) I wasn't quite sure what to do about this post. When You Reach Me, by Rebecca Stead, has the best executed plot twist ending I've ever read. I want to pick it apart and blog about why it's amazing, but it's such a good ending that I don't want to ruin it for people, even if I put up a spoiler warning. So I opted for a compromise -- I'm analyzing this plot twist in very abstract terms. If enough people tell me that this post makes no sense, I might post a version with concrete examples and the world's biggest spoiler warning in red flashing letters. When You Reach Me had all the elements of a good twist ending. For me, this means three things. 1. The ending was hard to predict. 2. Even though the ending was hard to predict, it fit in with the rest of the story. My pet peeve with TV shows is when crazy things happen with no warning (cough 24 cough). Anybody can write in a completely unpredictable plot twist, but only with the good ones can you go back through the earlier portions and find elements that foreshadowed it. 3. The ending adds a new dimension to the story. A good twist ending will introduce new questions or themes. For example, the ending to the classic movie Planet of the Apes brought up questions about the nature of humanity. Ender's Game also does a good job with this, taking time at the end to explore the implications of its plot twist. What really made When You Reach Me exceptional was the sheer number of clues Stead managed to cram in the the rest of the book without giving away what happens in the end. How did she manage to pull that off? Well, here are some contributing factors. 1. Out of order narration -When You Reach Me is narrated in two interwoven threads. One is narrated in present tense. The other tells the backstory and is narrated in past tense. A while back, I blogged about A Northern Light, which also uses this strategy. I thought the approach was confusing in A Northern Light, and I also thought it confusing here. However, it did mix things up enough so that it was hard for a reader to piece the story together. 2. Clues that blend in with the rest of the narrative - Stead's narrator and the world she lives in (1970s Manhattan) are rather quirky. This makes it easier for Stead to work in bizarre clue elements without having them seem out of place. 3. Multiple storylines and red herrings - The main storyline revolves around some notes sent to the main character (Miranda) that seem to predict the future. In addition to this mystery, however, there are multiple subplots, as Miranda loses old friends, makes new friends, gets a job, and generally navigates 6th grade life. The subplots make it hard for the reader to guess which details pertain to the main question. Also, there is at least one red herring -- a seemingly important detail that turns out to be irrelevant. 4. Everything hinges on one thing, and that thing is really hard to guess -- Ultimately, what makes this plot twist so unexpected was just that it was really out there. The possibility just doesn't occur to people. Because the revelation was so unexpected, Stead was able to cram the beginning with all sorts of clues without having readers make that final leap. What makes a good plot twist? How do you handle yours? (Please do your best not to give things away about this book or others in the comments!) Conversation with Alan Rinzler About Reading and the Brain Does Your Voice Change? The Seduction of the Brain Picture When I posted my article on Narrative and the Brain a few weeks ago, I had no idea it would be my most popular article by far, both in terms of article views and in terms of number of times it was shared on different social media. It's nice to see people as excited about neuroscience as I am. I'll try to tie in more of the relevant brain stuff in future posts as it relates to writing and literature. However, I also feel some responsibility to make sure my readers are well equipped to interpret brain imaging results. Because brain data has a rather high "sexy" factor, it's easy for it to get overblown or misinterpreted in the popular press. More Discussion on Writing Rules Several commenters drew parallels between writing and other art forms. Further thoughts, anyone? Neil Gaiman Breaks Writing Rules! (The Graveyard Book) If you hang around writing blogs and craft books well enough, you'll start absorbing commonly held principles of good writing. Two common ones are: 1. Don't break point of view (POV). Headhopping is disorienting for the reader. 2. With each progressive scene, increase the stakes and the tension. If the novel still works without a particular scene, take it out. Hmm, take a look at this scene from The Graveyard Book. There are four characters here -- the two children Scarlett and Bod, Jack who wants to kill them, and the mysterious Sleer monster. [Scarlett] gulped. Her mouth was dry, but she took one shaky step forward. Her right arm, which had been twisted up to the small of her back, was now numb. . . . IT HAS BEEN SO LONG, said the Sleer, but all Scarlett heard was a slithering noise, as if of enormous coils winding around the chamber. But the man Jack heard. "You want to know your name, boy before I spill your blood on the stone?" Bod felt the cold of the knife at his neck. And in that moment, Bod understood . . . . Hmm. Sure looks like head hopping to me. As you might guess, The Graveyard Book doesn't follow the second principle either. Rather than being a tightly knit plot with constantly increasing stakes and tension, the book is rather episodic in nature with each chapter narrating a different adventure. While the stories are loosely tied together at the end, you could almost certainly remove some of the chapters, and someone who hasn't read the book before wouldn't even notice. Well then, aren't you folks happy to have found my blog? If it weren't for me pointing these slips out to you, you would have all thought Gaiman a good writer. Well, now we know better. I take back all the good things I said about his subtle narration style and characterization. Too bad the Newbury and Hugo committees didn't talk to me before giving him all those awards. Um... right. So what lesson do I actually draw from this? Well, it's kind of ironic to say on this blog, but writing is an art, not a science. Sure, there are rules of thumb, and I'm not disparaging them or the people who give or use them. In fact, I follow rules 1 and 2 pretty closely in my own writing -- it's harder to make mistakes that way. But it's nice to have a reminder that these rules are not gospel, and that it's possible to break them and still win every book award in 2009. What are your thoughts on rules? Do you follow them? Break them? Wish you could break them but don't think you could pull it off? Two Tips for Finding a Nonfiction Voice Note: This post originated from a comment Max Atkinson recently left on my blog about finding a voice in nonfiction. Although this blog is about fiction writing, the issues he raised (level of formality in prose) applies to both fiction and nonfiction, so I invited him to expand on his comment for this guest post. The recent post on ‘Voice finding techniques from Cathy Yardley’s book prompted me to enter a comment about my experience trying to find a voice when writing non-fiction, and I’m grateful for Livia’s suggestion that I should expand on the points with some actual examples. By way of introduction, here's a slightly abbreviated version of what I said in my original comment: 1. As a former academic used to writing for learned journals in the social sciences, I was given a great tip from my agent after he'd read the first draft of my self-help book on public speaking and presentation (Lend Me Your Ears). I was, he said, writing too much in the third person and it would read more easily if I addressed the reader directly in the second person. So I went through the whole thing again changing it as he suggested - and was amazed how much more accessible it became.   2. I also decided to use many more elided forms that are so common in spoken, but not written, English than I'd ever done before when writing books and articles - 'wouldn't' for 'would not', 'it's' for 'it is', etc. This again made it 'sound' much less formal and stilted to the reader than when I'd used the full forms.’ The following example comes from an early chapter in the book where I wanted to translate some fairly technical material on turn-taking in conversation (originally derived from a paper published by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson in the journal Language in 1974) into prose that would be accessible to anyone. My aim was to explain why ‘ums’ and ‘ers’ are OK in conversation but awful in speeches, and why pauses cause trouble in conversation but are good practice in speeches and presentations. Here’s what it would have read like if I'd continued writing in the third person and used full rather than elided forms of subjects and verbs: One of the commonest places for ums and ers is right at the start of a new conversational turn. The previous speaker has just finished, and it is now time for someone to come up with an immediate response. But the next speaker is not always quite ready, and needs a moment or two to think what to say. If he or she delays, it might create an embarrassing silence and give the wrong impression. So the obvious solution is to start immediately, even if it is only to say ‘er’ or ‘um’. The noise kills off the silence at a stroke, shows that the next speaker has started to reply and reassures others that he or she is not being difficult or impolite.’ And here’s how it was actually published in Lend Me Your Ears (pp. 48-49): One of the commonest places for ums and ers is right at the start of a new conversational turn. The previous speaker has just finished, and it’s now time for someone to come up with an immediate response. But you’re not always quite ready, and need a moment or two to think what to say. If you delay, you might create an embarrassing silence and give the wrong impression. So the obvious solution is to start immediately, even if it’s only to say ‘er’ or ‘um’. The noise kills off the silence at a stroke, shows that you’ve started to reply and reassures others that you’re not being difficult or impolite. I don’t claim to have completely cracked the problem of writing readable non-fiction, but I do think the changes made it more accessible than it would have been had I stayed with the first version. And that's why the emails, reviews and comments I've had from people saying that they found the book very readable has been more rewarding than they realise. Max Atkinson is a communications researcher and consultant specializing in presentation and public speaking. You can see more excerpts from and purchase Max’s book Lend Me Your Ears here. Seven Reasons Agents Stop Reading I recently attended an event where agents talked about what makes them stop reading a manuscript. To find out the 7 tips I gleaned from that session, see my guest post on the Guide to Literary Agents Blog. Also, my manuscript was critiqued at that same session. I wrote about agent feedback on my particular excerpt here. Strong and Memorable Characterization in The Graveyard Book 3. The descriptions are memorable and quotable. I especially like the last sentence of this next excerpt. Agent Feedback On My First Page -- More On Internal Observation and Point of View Note: Hello First Page Blogfest folks. This link is out of date. The newest version of my first page is here. This is a teaser for my upcoming guest post on Chuck Sambuchino's Guide to Literary Agents blog. I recently attended the Writer Idol event at Boston Bookfest. In my guest post, I will summarize general tips that I learned from the event. In the meantime, since my manuscript was among those randomly chosen for critique, I thought I'd share the excerpt and the feedback I received. Lets jump straight to my excerpt. Savvy readers will notice that it's actually 253 words (I'm sneaky like that). Maybe James wanted her dead. The thought didn't occur to Kyra until she was already coiled into a crouch, ready to spring off the narrow sixth floor ledge. She supposed it was a distant possibility, but she did not let the thought interrupt her jump. She was in no danger here. Silently, the thief launched herself off the ledge, clearing a gap of three strides before softening her body for the landing. She alighted on the ledge of the next building and placed a hand on the wall to steady herself. For a second, she froze, her senses alert, looking to see if her movement had caused any disturbance. Her amber eyes scanned the buildings, but the night was as silent as it had been a moment ago. Six stories below her, the pathways were empty. Kyra relaxed. Tucking away a stray brown hair that had escaped its ponytail, she allowed herself the luxury of stopping to ponder her new theory. She had already spent the last two days trying to figure out the aloof stranger's motives. It was not surprising that James had come to the Drunken Dog. Many did the same when looking for something the authorities would not approve of. It was his request that made him unusual. He wanted to hire a thief and was willing to pay. The amount he offered was carefully chosen – high enough to be tempting, but low enough that only someone confident in his ability to complete the task would attempt the job. Well, first of all, none of the panelists raised their hands. That was a big relief because the vast majority of the excerpts had didn't make it to the end before two hands went up. Now on to the feedback, which I'll do my best to reproduce here. Eve Bridburg: Eve said she would keep reading. Esmond Harmsworth: He would keep reading, but was wary of the "Allowed herself the luxury of pondering..." portion. Many of the excerpts they saw today were trapped in a character's head, which can be claustrophobic and distancing to the reader. Helen Atwan: The jump was the most interesting part of the excerpt, although she agreed with Esmond on the "trapped in a character's head" point. Janet Silver: Thought the excerpt was very cinematic, and had already cast Angelina Jolie as the main character. [I beg to differ on this one. Angelina Jolie is too buxom and flashy. I'd go with Natalie Portman.] Eve Bridburg: She spoke again to play devil's advocate, saying she didn't mind the portion with the character's thoughts because it sets up the mystery for the reader. While she agreed with Esmond's general principle, she thought it was okay in this excerpt. I later emailed Esmond to make sure I understood what he meant. He was kind enough to clarify that he has nothing against deep POV (where the reader sees everything from one character's point of view), but rather was warning against overly lengthy or obvious rumination inside a character's head, which can distance the reader rather than draw him closer. Incidentally, Kim Davis of Kim's Craft Blog recently wrote about this in an excellent post on first person vs. third person. Well, for one thing, the first person tends to solve a big problem that newer writers often have writing in the third person--namely, distance. Newer writers frequently have trouble backing off from their characters and seeing them from the outside, and so they tend to write exclusively "inside the head" of their main character. This is especially a problem, as I have noted, with autobiographical fiction where the writer identifies strongly with the main character. The effect, in third person, is that of looking from the outside, but looking only with laser-like focus at the inside of a single character. This creates a very claustrophobic feeling for the reader in the third person. If the writer switches to the first person, we are still inside the main character's head, but at least we are looking outward, at the fictional world, and the distance/claustrophobia problem is solved. This, by the way, is why you will note that many debut novels are written in the first person. The entire post is quite good. I highly recommend reading the rest of it. It's a delicate balance -- staying in a character's head but not getting trapped in there. How do you maintain that balance in your writing? P.S. For the curious -- I decided to keep the passage as is for now, mainly because the camera zooms back out in the next paragraph. Actually, because I tend to write from movielike scenes in my head, my problem is more often that I forget to say what the character is thinking at all. But the suggestion is well taken, and I'll definitely be aware of that risk as I revise further. Subtle Narration in the Graveyard Book Note: It looks like the transition to http://blog.liviablackburne.com was successful. If you go to liviablackburne.blogspot.com, you'll still be redirected to this site, but you may want to update your bookmarks to reflect the new address. There are several ways to present your story's universe to the reader. One way is to have an omniscient narrator tell the reader the details they need to know. This happens in the opening pages of The Hobbit, in which the narrator tells us everything about hobbits -- where they live, what they look like, what they eat, etc. (Although it's been a long time since I read The Hobbit. Correct me if I'm mistaken.) Another approach is to reveal things in a less direct way. Neil Gaiman is a master of this technique. Take the opening scene of The Graveyard Book. It begins at night with the man Jack, who has stabbed to death all the inhabitants of a house except one. The family toddler has managed to escape his crib and wander out of the house into a nearby graveyard, where some friendly ghosts hide him. The man Jack realizes the toddler has escaped and pursues him to the graveyard. He climbs the fence to look for the child, but he runs into a stranger who tells him he has to leave the graveyard. They have the following conversation. [The stranger] selected one large key from the keyring, said "Follow me." The man Jack walked behind the stranger. He took his knife from his pocket. "Are you the caretaker then? "Am I? Certainly in a manner of speaking," said the stranger. They were walking towards the gates and, the man Jack was certain, away from the baby. But the caretaker had the keys. A knife in the dark, that was all it would take, and then he could search for the child all through the night, if he needed to. He raised the knife. "If there was a baby," said the stranger, without looking back, "it wouldn't have been here in the graveyard. Perhaps you were mistaken. It's unlikely that a child would have come in here after all. Much more likely that you heard a nightbird, and saw a cat. They declared this place an official nature reserve, you know, around the time of the last funeral. Now think carefully, and tell me you are certain that it was a child that you saw." The man Jack thought. The stranger unlocked the side gate. "A fox," he said. " They make the most uncommon noises. Not unlike a person crying. No, your visit to this graveyard was a mis-step, sir. Somewhere the child you seek awaits you, but he is not here." And he let the thought sit there, in the man Jack's head for a moment, before he opened the gate with a flourish. "Delighted to have made your acquaintance" . . . . "Where are you going?" asked the man Jack. "There are other gates than this," said the stranger. "My car is on the other side of the hill. Don't mind me. You don't even have to remember this conversation." "No," said the man Jack, agreeably." "I don't." He remembered wandering up the hill, that what he had thought to be a child had turned out to be a fox, that a helpful caretaker had escorted him back out to the street. He slipped his knife into its inner sheath. "Well," he said. "Good night." I'm more impressed here by what Gaimen didn't write than by what he did. If I were writing a scene like this, I would have been tempted to write a few lines like the following. The man Jack hesitated, confused. What was he going to do with the knife again? He put it down and shook his head. He supposed it was a rather silly idea after all that the child would be in the graveyard... Well, thankfully, Neil Gaiman is not me, and we instead get this deliciously subtle passage -- the type of passage that makes the reader go, "Wait, did he just do what I think he did?" A few pages later, he finally slips in a confirmation, almost as an afterthought. The following passage is from a conversation between Siilas (the stranger) and a ghost. "You are a wise woman," said Silas. "I see why they speak so highly of you." He couldn't push the minds of the dead as he could the living, but he could use all the tools of flattery and persuasion he possessed, for the dead are not immune to either. In other parts of the book, Gaiman is even less direct. For example, he drops many hints about the true nature of Silas's character, but he never really comes out and says it. For me, this was really fun as reader because it allowed me to be an active participant in exploring the world Gaiman created. It wasn't just handed to me on a plate -- I actually had to pay attention. So what are you thoughts? Is your writing style subtle or straightforward? What style do you prefer to read? First Person Present Tense With Multiple Narrators? Anonymous 11/10/09 asked the following question in response to Blue: First Person Present Tense at its Best: Hopefully this is not a ridiculous question: is it acceptable to write in FPP [first person, present tense narration] through multiple characters? To rotate the narration through the experiences of different characters throughout the story? Yes, that's certainly acceptable, although there would be challenges. You'd probably want to write the voices with different styles to differentiate them. But this seems like a good question for my readers. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of multiple first person, present tense narrators? Can you suggest any books that do this? Voice Finding Techniques from Cathy Yardley It was great to hear everybody's opinions on genre and cliche. As promised, this next post is less philosophical and more practical. My favorite chapter from Cathy Yardley's Will Write for Shoes: How to Write a Chick Lit Novel concerned voice -- that unique aspect of your writing style that differentiates your writing from others. It's sometimes hard to figure out what your voice is, and I liked Yardley's ideas for identifying it. 1. Analyze Your Writing Yourself Yardley suggests going through your writing and highlighting anything that grabs your attention. Do your characters have witty and quotable conversations? Does your narration use colorful or realistic descriptions? Do you tend to write in formal or colloquial language? Once you have things highlighted, you can look for trends. "That's going to be your voice,your best selling point.", says Yardly. "That's what you should be emphsaizing in query letters, synopses, and in your novels themselves." 2. Get Volunteers to Analyze Your Writing For You If you have trouble with part 1, try getting a group of people who enjoy your genre and have them do the same thing. You can get a group of writers and have a voice finding party! Interestingly, Yardley emphasizes that this is not a critique session. All feedback should be positive and encouraging. 3. Tape Yourself Talking Make use of modern technology and record yourself telling a story. Then go back and analyze what you hear. What kind of words do you use? How much exaggeration vs. straight out description? Do you make the listener feel peaceful and comfortable, or do you get her all riled up? 4. Priming Your Voice If you want a particular flavor in your writing, Yardley also recommends priming your voice by reading something that will influence your writing style. Recent guest blogger Peta Anderson once told me that she uses this technique. Before she works on her current work-in-progress, which has a teenage boy narrator, she reads other fiction with teenage male protagonists. Actually, Peta has a great series on her own blog on finding your voice. Go check it out! Have you identified your voice? What makes your writing uniquely yours? Writing Lessons from Gossip Girl #1 No one is perfect #2 Bad things happen to good characters without fail #3 Likable main characters don't have to like each other #4 People change, but not completely #2 Poorly disguised rehashing of plots Images from CW and anatomyofamuse Blog Carnival Coverage Just Write Genre, writing, and cliche, oh my! At one point, I considered writing a Chick Lit novel about an plucky MIT neuroscience grad student looking for love in all the wrong places. That idea died pretty quickly, but not before I read Cathy Yardley's Will Write for Shoes: How to Write a Chick Lit Novel. In my next post, I'll share some tips from the book that I found helpful. For this post, however, I have a question which requires some background. Chicklit observation #1: All aspects of writing are important to Chick Lit, but Yardley emphasizes two in particular: voice, and characters. Strong chick lit novels are almost always character driven and have a distinctive writing style. Chicklit observation #2: Yardley also provides an amusing list of cliches to avoid, including: urban location, glam industries, the simply marvelous gay friend, the evil boss, the cheating lover, dates with Mr. Wrong, simultaneous confidence-stripping life disasters, name brand fashion, witty banter (often in a coffee shop), and pop culture. Random observation #1: A large proportion of the cliches in observation #2 (oh look, they're bolded!) relate to the aspects of writing from observation #1 --- quirky characters, situations to prime a character for development, or a chance to show off a distinctive and witty voice. So here's my question: Coincidence ... or not? Let me explain. All genres emphasize their own sets of writing technique. Fantasy and Sci Fi can't exist without world building and strangeness. A successful thriller needs its tight plotting. At the same time, all genres have their cliches, as illustrated quite beautifully by the winner of the fantasy portion of Bulwer-Lytton bad writing contest. A quest is not to be undertaken lightly--or at all!--pondered Hlothgar of the Western Boglands, son of Glothar, nephew of Garthol, known far and wide as Skull Dunker, as he wielded his chesty stallion through the ever-darkening Thlargwood, beyond which, if he survived its horrors and if the royal spittle reader spoke true, his destiny awaited--all this though his years numbered but fourteen. -Stuart Greenman So do is it the case that the aspects of writing that define a genre also give rise to the majority of its cliches? Is fantasy predominantly plagued by "been there, done that" worlds? Are second rate thrillers certain to make use of cheesy cliffhanger devices? One could even make up a story about how it happens. As a genre develops, writers and readers absorb the characteristics that define a genre and emphasize it. But for that very reason, these defining characteristics get worked and reworked until they turn into cliches. If that's true, then it would get progressively harder and harder to write fresh fiction as a genre becomes established. I keep going back and forth between "Duh, that's true by definition" and "Nah, fantasy books have character and voice cliches just as often as worldbuilding cliches." What do you think, dear readers? And perhaps more importantly, how does a genre writer maintain freshness and creativity in their fiction? More On Interior Monologue Thanks, Peta, for the insightful article on internal observation. To continue along that theme, here's an entry on edittorrent with some really nice discussion on transitioning in and out of interior monologues. Go take a look! The Art of Internal Observation Note: Last week, I posted an excerpt from the short story "The Slave Hold" as an illustration of slowing down the action during intense moments. My critique buddy Peta left a comment saying, "The thing that really stands out for me, [about the passage] is the way the writer transitions to internal observations then back again without missing a beat." I asked her to expand on that thought, and she is the author of today's guest post on the same excerpt. It's always fun when two people look at a passage and see different things. If you find this post interesting, check out Peta's own blog Insert literary blog name here. The Art of Internal Observation Everyday life is full of internal observation--observation we don’t even notice. Let’s say I have lunch with my fictional bestie, Kate. We eat, we chat, and we drink coffee. While we’re eating, I’m making mental notes about Kate’s mood--she’s yawning a lot. Is she tired today? Am I boring her? Meanwhile, Kate might be wondering if I really do like her shoes or if I’m just being polite, while I take care not to mention that I absolutely hate the faux leopard print muumuu she’s wearing. Internal observation can be a very powerful way to make your writing stronger. Consider my lunch with Kate. None of our thoughts are very deep, but they are quite telling. My worrying that I’m boring Kate might play into an insecurity I have--maybe Kate doesn’t like me. Maybe Kate’s taking pity on me. After all, she’s a successful CEO and women’s rights activist with half a dozen letters after her name while I’m a struggling writer trying to balance book, work, and Baby. Like most everything else writing-related, internal observation is a bit of a double-edged sword. Writing the observations is the easy part. Fitting them into the text without interrupting the flow of the story, however--that requires real skill. Let’s take a look at this passage from the The Slave Hold: "If that drunken son of a Telik witch lays his hands on her ..." Kven began. He stopped, and I saw the realization in his eyes. He could do nothing. He was powerless here against these people. He could hate as much as he wished, but he could do nothing. "If he hurts her, I wish him dead," he said fiercely, his voice low. "I would give much for his death." I heard the scrape of the metal door on stone as the man opened it into the cell beyond. Neither Kven nor I could see past the darkness that lay over the air, something for which I was profoundly grateful. It starts with dialogue, then transitions to internal observation and back again without missing a beat. Nothing in the passage is forced; at no point do I feel like the author is beating me over the head with facts about Kven’s character. The power of the observation is two-fold: learning about Kven draws me deeper into the story while also giving me some insight into the narrator. How does it do the latter? The things we notice are almost as telling as the things we do. To give a simplistic example: walking in the park, I might notice the tulip-filled flower beds first, while you might remark upon the abundance of people playing frisbee. i.e. I’m a bit of a nature-loving introvert while you’re outgoing and sociable. Learning to use internal observation successfully takes time. The best way to get a feel for it is to read a lot. Pick books that are character-driven, and make notes on the parts you like and why. In your own work, highlight passages that rely on internal monologue and observations to see if your over-doing it. Read your work aloud, and listen for jarring transitions, or things that don’t quite make sense. If you can, get someone else to read to you--hearing another voice, another cadence, helps us catch things we might usually skim over because we know what happens next. Most importantly, though, write. Lots. Write from prompts. Free write. Scribble sketches based on a conversation you heard at your local Starbucks. It doesn’t matter what you write, or how, or where--the point is to get practice. And when you think you’ve got it? Practice some more. There’s nowhere to go but up! Narrative and the brain Slow Motion Descriptions For Important Moments I was going through my old high school course materials a while back and I ran across "The Slave Hold" from Merlyn's Pen, a magazine that prints stories written by middle and high school students. There is one particular passage from the story that caught my attention. It takes place in the slave hold. Kven has just been captured, and his friend Cassim was put in a nearby cell. The narrator watches Kven's reaction as a strange man enters Cassim's cell. "If that drunken son of a Telik witch lays his hands on her ..." Kven began. He stopped, and I saw the realization in his eyes. He could do nothing. He was powerless here against these people. He could hate as much as he wished, but he could do nothing. "If he hurts her, I wish him dead," he said fiercely, his voice low. "I would give much for his death." I heard the scrape of the metal door on stone as the man opened it into the cell beyond. Neither Kven nor I could see past the darkness that lay over the air, something for which I was profoundly grateful. There were a few eternal seconds of silence, broken only by the man's whispered curses, before the girl began to scream. At the first cry, Kven lunged against the bars that served as doors, swearing violently in a stream of curses that seemed to flow endlessly from his lips. He stopped straining against the iron a second later and slumped back down to the floor, tears coursing down his cheeks. He did not sob, or cry out, or swear vengeance; he just let the grief and anger overtake him and flow out from his eyes. I like how the action slows down in this scene. It's an intense moment -- the point at which Kven realizes his new helpless state. The author, Adriane Russo (who wrote it in 10th grade!) takes us through second by second. Not only do we hear everything Kven says, but we see every action and every expression that crosses his face to get the full emotional impact of the scene. Nicely done. It's official! My husband makes me write bad storylines. A couple weeks ago, Writer's Digest editor Chuck Sambuchino had a "Worst Storyline Ever" contest on his blog. The idea was to come up with one sentence that would describe the worst movie storyline ever. It was a hilarious contest and a great fun, with many people submitting some absolutely atrocious movie plots. Earlier this week, Chuck contacted me to tell me that my submission won! This was my entry: Thanks Chuck! As much as I would like to run off to write for Hollywood now, the majority of the credit for this entry actually belongs to my husband Jeff, who is by all accounts a pretty funny guy (Or was it funny looking?). The "moo-clear" pun that everyone fell in love with? That was his invention. Perhaps there is a future in screenwriting for him, if the whole astrophysics thing doesn't work out (Yes, he's an astronomer. How cool is that?). So lets raise a toast to those around us who give us the ideas and inspiration to write at our best (or our worst). Who are your muses, and in what ways do they help you? P.S. Speaking of contests, the finalists for Nathan Bransford's first paragraph contest were just announced, and their paragraphs are absolutely wonderful. Go check them out, and vote for your favorite before Sunday. Using the Fundamental Attribution Error to Control Character Sympathy Note: This entry reveals some background about a supporting character in Princess Academy. This information comes out about halfway through the book. I don't think it ruins the book for people who haven't read it, but if you're someone who doesn't want to know anything, then you should skip this post. The fundamental attribution error is a classic psychological principle. This basic idea is this: people tend to attribute the missteps of other people to character flaws while attributing their own mistakes to circumstances. For example, if you're late to our lunch date, then I'm likely to assume it's because you're inconsiderate. However, if I'm late to our lunch date, it's obviously because things were crazy at work and the bus was late. There are several reasons we do this. One is pretty simple: We know much more about our own circumstances than we do about others'. I know about all things that made me late (that stupid bus!!). However, if you show up late, I have no information about why. Therefore, I attribute your actions to your personality. Writers should be aware of how this basic human tendency affects how readers feel about their characters. If a character does something bad and we don't know why, we'll definitely dislike them. However, if we know the reason, we're more likely to feel sympathy. Here's an example from Princess Academy. In the story, priests have foretold that the next princess will come from Mount Eskel. Therefore, Miri and all the other marriageable girls are sent to a school to learn the ways of the court. At the end of the year, the prince will meet the candidates at a ball and select his bride. While all the girls have a chance to be chosen, the best student at the Princess Academy wins the title of Academy Princess along the right to wear a special dress and dance the first dance with the prince. One girl, Katar, is Miri's main competition for the title of Academy princess. Katar is petty and mean and does her best to turn the other girls against Miri. For the first part of the book, Katar seems like the stereotypical girl-nemesis, and as a reader, I don't like her. But then, we get to another scene. Miri comes upon Katar crying. She approaches, and Katar reveals she doesn't actually care about marrying the prince but wants to be chosen because she hates Mount Eskel. She has no friends on the mountain, and even her father ignores her because he blames her for her mother's death. Katar was vicious in her quest to be Academy princess because it was her best chance of getting out. I was surprised at how quickly my sympathies shifted for Katar. After this revelation, Katar still had the same unlikable characteristics she did beforehand (there's a reason why she has no friends on the mountain). However, I still empathized with her and wanted her happiness. This example isn't a perfect one because there are other factors here that also make Katar more sympathetic -- for example, the vulnerability she shows. But I think it's still true that simply knowing the reason behind an undesirable action will sway the reader toward a better opinion of the actor. Have you had an experience where your feelings about a character or person changed drastically? What caused that change? Excuse Our Mess! Hi all, I've been redoing the blog's layout and design, so if you came here yesterday and found everything to be bright pink and windings, it's probably because I made a typo and hadn't fixed it yet. :-P RSS and email subscribers might have gotten a few background pages delivered to them that weren't really blog entries. I apologize for that. It's a side effect of Blogger's lack of static pages. But hopefully, after the dust settles (soon!), we'll have a shiny new blog! BTW, if you're curious, many of the changes I've made to the design stem from the feedback I received when Jordan McCollum featured my blog in her website review series. Princess Academy: World building around a central setting Princess Academy by Shannon Hale offers a good example of how a writer can build up a fictional society around a central setting. The book takes place in the mountain village of Mount Eskel. They refer to themselves as highlanders and remain distant from the rest of the country, who they call lowlanders. The village economy revolves around the quarrying of a precious rock called linder. This mountain setting and related quarry economy then spills over into the rest of the culture. A few examples: 1. Physical appearance - Because the people work in the quarry, most villagers are fit and well muscled from carrying heavy rock. 2. Values - The inherent difficulty and danger of quarrying rocks by hand creates a society where hard work is valued and uselessness is highly disparaged. 3. Language - The emphasis on strength and hard work gives rise to sayings such as "skinnier than a lowlander's arm," used to describe something thought to be useless. When the girls are sent off to school, a parent urges them to study hard and learn quickly, telling them to "show those lowlanders the strength of Mount Eskel." 4. Recreation - In festivals, both men and women participate in contests of lifting, running, and throwing stones for distance. 5. Customs - Mountain girls always hold hands when they walk together. The custom originated as a safety measure to prevent them from slipping on the rocks. Lets have a brainstorming session. What are other examples of how a setting can affect a society? Feel free to use examples from books you've read or your own writing, or just make something up. Blue: First Person Present Tense at Its Best Possible Advantages of First Person Present Tense: Possible challenges of first person present Blog Carnivals: The Mad Editor's Roundup Part 1: Choose your projects carefully Part 2: Know the literature Part 3: Don't spread yourself too thin Part 4: Don't take criticism personally, and respond professionally Switching up tense in the narration
Facts Regarding Organic Fertilizers What organic fertilizer is the first thing that many people need to know about? There are a number of misconceptions and myths related to the organic fertilizers. This is the fertilizer that is being derived from animals or vegetables. This is a nutrient mixture for your soil that is being added to support the growing plants. There are several reasons and factors that force the planters to add the organic produce to their soil for their plants. The identification of organic fertilizer is first of all the products it is made on that are animals or plants while the main function of it is to provide the plants with the required nitrogen to the growing plants. When bone meal is added it additionally provides the organic fertilizer with calcium, phosphate and magnesium. There are several benefits associated with the use of organic fertilizers. The organic fertilizers have a very smart system of slow release of nutrients and so many of the nutrients are not wasted due to this. This means the product’s efficiency level is really high that a little of its amount can do a lot for your plants. If used in a proper way much of the fertilizer can be saved from being wasted to run off into the waterways. Animal compost and plants by products constitute a large percentage of an organic fertilizer. Usually, the animal and plants by products are composted and dried in order to be used. However, the application of these organic fertilizers is sometimes dry and on other times done in liquid forms. There are different types of organic fertilizers some of which are used before the seeding and other during the growth time of plants. There is also a type called “green manure” or “green fertilizer” that includes the weeds or cover crops that are repeatedly plowed under. This is being done in order to provide nitrogen to the planters and control the growth of weeds. The process is called “stale seedbed cultivation”. Soybeans are one of the products used often as cover crops to prepare the green manure to plow under. Another product that can provide with a complete pack of nutrients to plants is the peanut meal. Yes, as the dry foods are rich in nutrients for humans so they will work the same for the plants providing all nutrients through peanut meals. The significance of use of organic nutrients is to make you crops grow well and sustainable mainly concentrating over reducing the use and need of chemical controls. There are some supportive of companion strategies adopted with these like inter plantation and using disease resistant in order to provide a long lasting growth and conditions to agriculture. There is also at sometimes the need of adding synthetic materials to the organic composts so a general concept that all the organic fertilizers are completely natural is wrong. They often contain the synthetic and chemical materials that are permitted by the agricultural departments of the native countries. Organic fertilizers produced are made to meet the needs of all different types of soils so it is important to get your soil tested before applying any of the organic fertilizer available. Leave a comment Your email address will not be published.
Humans have been sweet on candies for a lengthy time. Before sugar was honey, the available natural sweetener, provided that you weren’t afraid of bees. As far back as 8000 BC, New Guinea and Southeast Asian began extracting juice from the sugar cane plant and often chewing it for its sweet flavor (kind of like early chewing gum). With the discovery of granulation a few thousand years later, it was easily transported and slowly introduced into Persia, India and ultimately the Mediterranean nations across the trade routes. Around 510 BC the Persian Emperor Darius invaded India where he found “the reed which gives honey without bees.” GummibÃ¤r GummibÃ¤rchen Fruit Gums Bear Deli During medieval times, sugar was quite expensive and regarded as a fine spice, together with salt, cinnamon, ginger, cloves and pepper. Although sweetening still relied mainly on fruits and honey (like dates) it made its way into the West Indies, thanks to Christopher Columbus, a sweet guy, since he carried sugar on his second voyage there, specifically to Hispaniola, what is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Paradoxically, early Greeks and Romans considered it medicinal. (Oh boy, wouldn’t that be good.) As recent as two hundred years ago, when sugar was a premium commodity, the average American consumed only about 5 pounds annually. These days, the typical American consumes a staggering 150 to 170 pounds of sugar in one year, which plays out to 1/4 to 1/2 pound every day (picture 30 to 35 five-pound luggage). Yikes. You’re thinking, no way, not me. Well, even if you don’t drink soft drinks or sweetened drinks, added sugar is lurking in so many foods where you may not realize. Sweeteners such as high fructose corn syrup are found in everyday basics which we use liberally without a thought: ketchup, hot dogs, Melbourne Opossum Removal, processed foods, canned goods, peanut butter, salad dressings, the list is endless. The American Heart Association recommends added sugars shouldn’t exceed 150 calories per day (37.5 grams or 9 tsp) for men; 100 calories per day (25 grams or 6 teaspoons) for women. So where is all this sugar invading our diets? Let’s take a look: Juice boxes for children, even though it says 100% juice, may contain 15 to 22 grams of sugar for a 6 to 8 ounce serving. They may also be drinking soda pop Lunchables, frequently found in children’s lunch boxes, 14 grams sugar Honey Smacks boxed cereal is 60% flat-out sugar (20 gram) How about these drinks you think are healthier: many popular fruit juices contain over 40 g in the small size Your favorite mixed drinks at Starbucks: Tall Caramel Frappuccino (12 ounce) 46 g Horchata Almond milk Frappuccino (16 oz) 66 g Average 12-ounce can of soda contains about 8 teaspoons of sugar. It only takes four 12-ounce cans of soda to equivalent 1/4 pound! For many people, drinking this amount of soda in one day is not a challenging task to accomplish. For many, it’s a daily habit; other popular soft drinks average 13 gram to 16 g. One of the most popular biscuits in your grocers’ shelf: Chips Ahoy, only 3 cookies delivers 33 g; So let us move on to what might not be as obvious: Low-fat yogurt can add up to 47 grams of sugar (zowie) Sports beverage (32 g) Canned veggies 10 g per serving Glazed doughnut 12 gram One scoop of premium ice cream, around 19 g (add 2 T chocolate syrup another 19 g) Chocolate shake (fast food) 74 g sugar Two Tablespoons of Honey Mustard Dressing has 5 grams of sugar; the same serving of fat-free French has 7 g, (and few people use only 2 Tablespoons) Average granola snack bar 24 g (writer’s note: many low or fat-free products contain extra sugar, and Remember that drinking orange juice or apple juice is still sugar) So just for fun, let’s add up a typical American daily food intake (average portions) 4 grams of sugar equals 1 teaspoon: Breakfast: orange juice, cereal, coffee (20 g, 12 g) smoothie or two donuts on the run (40 gram or 24 g) Lunch: off to the fast food joint where you grab a cheeseburger, fries, lots of ketchup and a chocolate shake (9 g, 14 g, 74 g) Afternoon: mixed coffee pick me up (46 g) or raiding the office vending machine for a candy bar, soft drink (30 g, 39 g) Dinner: frozen entree, salad with dressing, 4 cookies, iced tea with sugar (16 g, 20 g, 44 g, 4 grams) Late night snack: peanut butter with crackers (14 g + 2 g), cola (39 g) Total: 337 g which translates to a whopping 84 teaspoons of sugar to the day (and that’s conservative). Yikes. (Plus you need a degree in chemistry just to pronounce the names.) Have a sweet day. So much sugar Leave a Reply
Add as bookmark Insulin: The Hormone That Makes You Fat by Dr Robert C Atkins(more info) listed in diabetes, originally published in issue 40 - May 1999 I'm going to talk to you about the hormone whose name you've heard many times – insulin. Even though this chapter is going to cover some technical points, I think you ought to read it carefully, because for many of you, the answers are here. Almost everyone has heard of insulin because it's given to certain kinds of diabetics to help control their blood sugar levels. This insulin hormone is one of the most powerful and efficient substances that the body uses to control the use, distribution and storage of energy. Your body is an energy machine, never resting, always metabolically active – and it powers its operations mainly through the use of glucose (a basic form of sugar) in the blood. It must have the glucose, and even under conditions of starvation it will continue to obtain it so long as there's anything in the body it can convert into glucose. Thus, even on a prolonged, total fast, the body can maintain its glucose level within a rather narrow normal range. As a general rule, of course, the body obtains its principal supply of fuel by eating. Artwork by Paul Davies Eating a Meal Dinnertime comes. You sit down at the table and consume a three-course dinner. What does your body do? Somewhere between chewing and excreting, it absorbs certain substances from your food, mostly across the surface of your small intestine. At that moment, the food is actually entering your body for use. From the carbohydrates you eat, your body will absorb simple sugars, all of which either are, or quickly and easily become, glucose. From fats, it absorbs glycerol and fatty acids, and from proteins it absorbs amino acids, the building blocks of protein. Obviously, if you eat a lot of carbohydrate, you'll produce a lot of glucose in your blood. Sounds good doesn't it? All that energy coursing through your system. Eat sugar and starches and fruits and you're going to get those blood sugar levels up fast, aren't you? If you love candy bars, perhaps you're saying, "That's great, the more I eat, the stronger I'll be." Alas, a bad mistake. You see, your body was designed way back in pre-Neanderthal days when they didn't have any candy bars. Your body's capacity to deal with unrefined foods as they occur in nature is quite adequate; its capacity to deal with an excess of quick-energy, simple sugars is pretty poor, which is the true reason why our 20th century diet gets us into trouble. If you don't understand this yet, then let's look at what insulin and the other energy-controlling hormones do when you eat. As Your Blood Glucose Rises If your blood sugar levels go sharply up, as they do soon after you eat carbohydrate, your body makes an instant decision. How much of that pure energy is it going to use for immediate needs and how much will it store for future requirements? The instrument of its decision is insulin, because insulin governs the processing of blood sugar. Insulin is manufactured in a part of your pancreas called the islets of Langerhans. As the sugar in your blood goes up, insulin rushes forth and converts a portion of that glucose to glycogen, a starch stored in the muscles and the liver and readily available for energy use. If all the glycogen storage areas are filled, and there is still more glucose in the blood beyond that which the body needs to function, insulin will convert the excess to fatty tissue called triglyceride, which we carry on our bodies as the main chemical constituent of adipose tissue – the stuff you're reading this book to get rid of. That's why insulin has been called "the fat-producing hormone." Insulin is a pretty efficient worker. If it were not, your body could not process glucose, its basic fuel, and blood glucose levels would escalate while the body searched for other fuels – first your fat stores, and then your muscle tissue itself. That's what happens in insulin-deficient diabetes when no insulin is present. On the other hand, suppose insulin is too effective, or in too great a supply. It would process too much, leaving too little to circulate in the blood to fuel the brain. The body attempts to adjust by liberating counterregulatory hormones – mainly glucagon, adrenocorticoids and adrenalin to raise the glucose level, but a stiff dose of insulin can overpower the lot of them. Fortunately for most of us, this glucose balancing act takes place automatically and our blood sugar stays in a fairly narrow, normal range of between 65 and 110 mg per 100 cc of blood. It's easy to see that there's a relationship between the kinds of foods you eat and the amount of insulin in your bloodstream. Carbohydrate food, especially simple carbohydrates such as sugar, honey, milk and fruit, which contain glucose, and refined carbohydrates like flour, white rice, and potato starch, which, because they are readily absorbed through the gut, speedily convert to glucose, require a lot of insulin. Proteins and fats, on the other hand, produce almost no alteration in the insulin level. As an overweight person becomes fatter the insulin problem expands too. Numerous studies have shown that the obese (and diabetic) individual is extremely unresponsive to the action of insulin. That's where you will see the term ''insulin resistance." Carbohydrates are triggering the release of large quantities of the hormone, but the body is incapable of utilising it efficiently. The body responds by putting out yet more insulin. Consequently overweight and high insulin levels are almost synonymous. And, to confuse the cart-before-the-horse issue a little more, it has been shown experimentally that high levels of insulin can themselves increase insulin resistance. This means that the high insulin levels can be the cause of the entire vicious carbohydrate – insulin – insulin resistance cycle. What appears to happen is that the insulin receptors on the surfaces of the body's cells are blocked from carrying out their function, which in turn prevents insulin from stimulating the transfer of glucose to the cells for energy use. It's one reason why overweight individuals are tired much of the time. Because insulin is not effective in converting glucose into energy, it transfers more and more into stored fat. You'd like to slim down, but your body is in fact, becoming a fat-producing machine. Your body's hormonal system is now in desperate straits. Insulin – your fat producing hormone – is now being secreted all the time to deal with high sugar levels, and it is doing its job less and less effectively. In time, even the insulin receptors that convert glucose to fat start getting worn out – this forecasts diabetes. In severe cases, the pancreas itself becomes exhausted by the effort required to produce so much insulin and a high-insulin diabetes changes into the insulin-dependent type. To have your insulin levels more or less permanently high and yet to be resistant to the effects of insulin is what's called hyperinsulinism. Image of man on scales Artwork by Paul Davies Diabetes to Follow? The next step in this tragic process is indeed diabetes, a disease that's epidemic among the overweight.[1] In this situation, the first sign of diabetes is often that the obese person, who's never been able to lose weight, starts losing weight inexplicably. That's because blood sugar is no longer being converted into energy or body fat. Insulin, that crucial fat-producing hormone, has been reduced to impotence. Diabetes is a heavy-duty illness, not only vastly increasing the risk of heart disease, but having long-term adverse effects on the eyes, kidneys, nervous system, and skin. A Few More Insulin Problems Not all fat people reach diabetes, but afflicted as they are with hyperinsulinism, they are in a pre-diabetic condition that has its own significant perils. Those of you who responded "yes" to the B group of symptoms should recognise yourselves. First, and most noticeable, the persistent bouts of daily fatigue that overweight people can't seem to do anything about; then shakiness and hunger often travelling in company with depression, irritability, and poor mental function. Not only are fat people tired because their cells are not effectively taking in energy, but off and on throughout the day, they are the victims of hypoglycaemia, or low blood sugar, the ironical consequence of consuming too much sugar. As a man or woman goes deeper into carbohydrate–induced metabolic disorder, hypoglycaemia becomes more and more ingrained. Just a touch of glucose will send insulin pouring forth, dropping blood sugar levels to an abnormal low. If you are a group B person, you become tired, irritable, and hungry. A mid-afternoon attack of hypoglycaemic exhaustion is very typical. This, of course, makes you hungry, you eat more, and the whole sad process goes on. Thus you see that what you thought was compulsivity, a behavioural problem, is really a glucose-triggered mechanism, a metabolic problem. So don't feel so guilty. There is more to say about hypoglycaemia and I'll be doing that in Chapter 11, when I describe it as one of the branches of a very prevalent modern epidemic, which I call Diet-Related Disorder. Meanwhile, let me point out that your high insulin levels have other sad results. * Insulin increases salt and water retention recipe for both hypertension and continued overweight. * Insulin aggravates hypertension by increasing the responsiveness of arteries to the effects of adrenaline. * Insulin affects the body's supply of neurotransmitters and can cause sleep disorders. * Insulin provokes the liver into producing more LDL cholesterol. It may be one of the most significant components in the cholesterol/heart disease connection. Since obesity and high insulin travel in company, this is probably the reason why overweight is such a major risk factor for a heart attack. Enormous Effects So you see that when we talk about blood sugar disorders we have a condition that can radically affect an individual's physical and mental states. Women with severe premenstrual syndrome often find, for instance, that a change of diet will correct the underlying hypoglycaemia that can fiercely exacerbate this hormonal condition. When their next menstrual period comes around, they often find they've dramatically improved. But let's look at hypoglycaemia and its frequent follow up disease, diabetes, in some sort of logical order and try to understand their mechanics. First There's "Low Blood" Sugar As I mentioned earlier, your blood glucose powers most of what your body does, as well as fuels your brain. Anytime you're feeling good, you can take it as given that your body is working off of optimal quantities of glucose (or ketone bodies, if you're in ketosis). Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) is not a good thing, but what is hypoglycaemia? The word itself is Greek, derived from hypo meaning 'under,' glykis meaning 'sweet,' and aemia meaning 'in the blood.' Too little sugar in the blood. That sounds clear, but what it demonstrates is that the word hypoglycaemia is actually a misnomer. Stick with this literal translation, and you will assume it's the opposite of diabetes, which you probably remember involves too much sugar in the blood. You may have heard it said of a diabetic that he's "spilling sugar in his urine." That is indeed the product of excess – and yet the fact is that, far from being opposites, hypoglycaemia and diabetes are actually successive stages of the same disease. The proper term for describing the hypoglycaemic's real problem is "unstable blood sugar," for it is the overreaction of the glucose mechanism (going up too high and then dropping too far and too fast) that explains the hypoglycaemic's problems. One of the most intriguing evidences for the hypoglycaemia-diabetes connection was found by scientists in the 1960s.[2] These researchers studied the offspring of two diabetic parents – people who were almost by definition, pre-diabetic. They found a classic series of abnormalities in these patients. First came hypoglycaemia – a sharp drop on the glucose tolerance curve I showed you in Chapter 4. Years would pass. Then these subjects, still hypoglycaemic, showed elevations of their blood sugar readings within an hour after glucose was administered. These elevations lasted 2 hours, then 3 hours. Finally, the very high blood sugar readings of early diabetes occurred throughout the test and throughout the day. What happened was this: In the early stages, these individuals, genetically sensitive to any abnormalities of blood glucose, were reacting to the high levels of serum glucose that their diet produced by manufacturing large quantities of insulin and forcing the glucose down. This led to the typical hypoglycaemic curve in which blood sugar rises fairly quickly after eating and then falls in the third, fourth, or fifth hour to an unpleasantly low level. It's this fall, too rapid and to somewhat too low a level that constitutes hypoglycaemia, rather than a low level of blood sugar, per se. I make this point because critics of hypoglycaemia have attempted to obfuscate the issue by suggesting that something called low blood sugar is really very rare. As a permanent state of affairs of course, it is. It's a response to glucose rather than a constant deficiency such as you have when your potassium or iron levels are too low. This early stage is typical of people with insulin resistance – the very people who tend to become fat. People of normal insulin sensitivity tend to stay thin, because just a touch of the "fat producing hormone" is enough to lower their blood glucose to a normal level and more insulin need not be released. If you're insulin resistant – and you probably are, if you're reading this book to lose weight – then your body at some fairly early stage in your life lost the capacity to respond quickly to insulin. It 'resisted' the insulin, and so the pancreas had to secrete more. The metabolic dynamics of glucose and insulin are thrown awry by this abnormal effort, and the body generally loses its capacity for fine tuning in this essential area. Consequently too much insulin is secreted, and the blood-glucose level is temporarily knocked down to an undesirably low level. The unpleasant symptoms I mentioned at the outset of this chapter are either caused by the fact that the glucose level is too low to supply the brain's needs, or by the adrenalin-like activity initiated to counter-regulate the precipitously falling sugar level. This is a first step in an unhealthy metabolic path. Eventually, the body can absolutely lose its capacity to produce insulin in the quantities required or its capacity to employ the insulin that's being produced, so that high blood sugar levels result, and the early stages of diabetes are reached. Lifelong students of diabetes have suggested that the potential for the disease exists in 20% of the population.[3] Keep in mind that most of that 20% is found among the overweight, since, when the final tally is made, 80% of all diabetics are obese. Some studies have suggested that, if you're significantly overweight, your chances of becoming diabetic will be one in two. And After Hypoglycaemia, Diabetes? Amazingly enough, many specialists have managed to suggest precisely the wrong diet for their hypoglycaemics, pre-diabetics, and diabetics. I have treated hundreds of patients with Type II diabetes who were put on low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets and consequently had to be on insulin sometimes as much as a hundred units a day to cope with the unnecessary and avoidably high glucose levels that resulted. I hate to be so cynical as to suggest that proper diet might adversely affect the thoroughly profitable administration of insulin and oral diabetic drugs, but I will certainly say that if sugar were denounced from the scientific pulpits as if it were sin, it would seriously compromise a mutually supportive food and pharmaceutical industrial culture. It is difficult to avoid the damning implications of a high-carbohydrate diet, especially with regard to hypoglycaemia and diabetes. As far back as 1970, Muller, Faloona, and Unger wrote in The New England Journal of Medicine of the effectiveness of a low-carbohydrate diet in preventing excess insulin production.[4] Four years later, two German doctors, E. F. Pfeiffer and H. Laube, at an International Symposium on Lipid Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Mellitus presented the results of research indicating that diabetes might not occur at all, if it were not for the effects of sugars and starches on insulin levels. (And for T. L. Cleave's brilliant work on the relation between refined carbohydrates and diabetes see Chapter 16 in this book.) In 1972, in an intriguing study, A. M. Cohen described in the prestigious American journal, Metabolism, how he and his associates had been able to create an entire strain of diabetic rats in just a few generations by feeding them sugar and selectively breeding the most sugar-susceptible rats.[5] Is this not what is effectively happening to a significant percentage of our 20th-century human population? I do not know if any studies indicate overweight people tend to marry other overweight people but if that were the case then they would be selectively breeding for a susceptibility to diabetes provoked by our culture of refined carbohydrates. Other studies, especially a number carried out on rats from 1964 to 1982, have demonstrated, almost beyond the possibility of contradiction, how the whole process begins with a deterioration of glucose tolerance generally compensated for by hyperinsulinism and continues grimly on toward diabetes.[6] 1. Bernstein, Richard K., Diabetes Type II, New York, Prentice Hall Press, pp. 32-33, 1990. Also: Ferrannini, E., et al., Essential Hypertension: an insulin resistance state, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 15 (supplement 5), pp. S18-S25, 1990. 2. Ricketts, H. T. et al., Biochemical studies of pre-diabetes, Diabetes 15(12), pp. 880-8, 1966. 3. Ezrin, Calvin, and Kowalski, Robert. The Endocrine Control Diet, New York, Harper and Row, 1990. 4. Muller, W. A. et al., The influence of the antecedent diet upon glucagon and insulin secretion, New England Journal of Medicine 285, pp.1450-4, 1971. 5. Cohen, A.M., Senate Hearings, April 30, 1973. 6. Jarrett, R. J. et al., Glucose tolerance and blood pressure in two population samples: their relation to diabetes mellitus and hypertension, International Journal of Epidemiology 7, pp. 15-24, 1978. Also: Wright, D.W. et al., Sucrose-induced insulin resistance in the rat: modulation by exercise and diet, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38 pp. 879-883, 1983. Also: Reaven, G.M. et al. Characterization of a model of dietary-induced hypertriglyceridemia in young, non-obese rats, Journal of Lipid Research 20 pp. 371-378, 1970. Also: Zavaroni, I, et al Effect of fructose feeding on insulin secretion and insulin action in the rat, Metabolism 29 pp. 970-973, 1980. Also: Hwang, I.S. et al. Fructose-induced insulin and hypertension in rats, Hypertension 10 pp. 512-516, 1987. Also: Reaven, G.M. Insulin independent diabetes mellitus: metabolic characteristics, Metabolism 29 pp. 445-454, 1980. 1. No Article Comments available Post Your Comments: About Dr Robert C Atkins Dr Robert C Atkins is one of the world's leading physicians of complementary medicine. Founder and director of the Atkins Center for Complementary Medicine in New York, he has been at the leading edge of natural health and nutritional science for more than twenty years. As Dr Bob, he is also one of America's leading talk show doctors. His radio show is broadcast nightly on WOR in New York. He is also the publisher of the Atkins Healthletter and author of several best selling books. top of the page
While surface grows quadratically with scale, volume growth is cubic. Temperature exchange (gain and loss) of animals is mostly dependant on surface area (the more area, the faster) whereas heat generation is largely dependant on mass / volume. For warm blooded animals, this implies that specimen in colder climates are usually larger than members of the same species in warmer climates, in order to lose less heat relative to their heat generation. I'd expect cold blooded animals to approach the environmental temperature faster if they were smaller, having a more suitable surface-to-volume ratio. This obviously is of advantage when warming up, but should be as much of a disadvantage when cooling down. So how does surface-to-volume ratio matter for cold blooded species? • 2 $\begingroup$ I don't think you understand "zero sum game". $\endgroup$ – mgkrebbs Sep 7 '21 at 19:31 • $\begingroup$ mgkrebbs: What do you mean by that? The point is that while warm blooded species have something to gain by being of larger size, I wonder whether the same is the case for a cold blooded one. Granted, if this was to be a game, who are the players you may ask - and I could only give a rather unprecise answer; so indeed, I'll rephrase. $\endgroup$ – LMD Sep 7 '21 at 19:38 • $\begingroup$ large size usually offers a gain in savings on food and water needs. 1 elephant eats less than 1 elephant weights worth of mice. $\endgroup$ – John Sep 7 '21 at 21:17 • 2 $\begingroup$ I am a little confused about what you mean in terms of advantage/disadvantage with regard to warming up/cooling down. It seems like it would depend a lot on the environment and the organism in question? Perhaps an illustrative example might help. $\endgroup$ Sep 8 '21 at 19:24 • 2 $\begingroup$ Please clarify your specific problem or provide additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it's hard to tell exactly what you're asking. $\endgroup$ – Community Bot Sep 8 '21 at 19:24 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
You are currently viewing 3 Full Best Explanations Learning Chinese Characters Improve Brain Intelligence 3 Full Best Explanations Learning Chinese Characters Improve Brain Intelligence Learning Chinese Characters a New Language Makes You Smarter A few years ago, I watched a video on an online platform. It was about the benefits of having a bilingual or multilingual brain. I strongly recommend you to watch this cool TED video The benefits of a bilingual brain – Mia Nacamulli. The most direct benefit of having bilingual skills is so much more than stronger communication skills and understanding skills, allowing you to travel abroad, watch movies, and chat with foreigners without obstacles. In fact, in addition to the above-mentioned advantages, learning or using a second language actually changes our brain development. When learning the mother tongue in childhood, the left and right temporal lobes are used together. This is because the plasticity of the children’s brain is strong; while the adults use the left temporal lobe when learning languages, because most people will have the lateralization of the brain function, refers to the phenomenon that a certain function of the body begins to be taken care of by a specific hemisphere. Generally speaking, the left hemisphere dominates rational logical analysis and mainly dominates language expression and understanding; the right hemisphere is more active in emotional and social aspects and dominates the space Perceptual function. Although most adults use the left brain when learning a language, the learning and use of another language is actually a whole-brain exercise. Some scholars have observed the language ability of patients with brain injury and found that the left hemisphere is damaged, which not only destroys the language ability but also damages the abstract ability of logical analysis. The injury in the right hemisphere does not have much impact on vocabulary skills but has significant obstacles in understanding and reasoning. Language and spatial perception are respectively governed by the left and right hemispheres, but high-level brain functions such as abstract reasoning thinking, logical analysis, and other abilities are shared by the two hemispheres. Studies have shown that using multiple languages can increase the density of gray matter in the brain. Gray matter is where a large number of neurons gather, and its main function is to receive and process brain information. Using multiple languages can activate multiple different brain regions at the same time. This brain exercise can enhance memory and even delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have shown that multilingual speakers can reduce the switching cost during task switching, and therefore can more effectively complete multiple tasks within the time limit. Stroop task has been used to study the brain concentration of multilingual ability. In this test and another similar test, the Flanker task, multilingual ability people perform better than monolingual ability testers. Since learning a new foreign language has so many advantages, which language should you choose? Here I recommend everyone to opt for learning Chinese characters and language. Acquiring Chinese in this day and age promises dramatic results. The real question is, why shouldn’t you learn Chinese? Some people may share different opinions on learning the language for how hard it supposedly is. But the truth is, of all the things you can do with your spare time, learning Mandarin Chinese is one of the absolute best investments you can make. Whether you’re looking for a new academic pursuit, new career skills, or a new perspective on life, there are few activities likely to have the same huge payoff, and most importantly, it improves your brain intelligence greatly. So don’t just take my word for it—read on and discover why you really should be dropping everything and learning Chinese characters! Learning Chinese characters brings you various benefits Before I talk about how Chinese is different from other languages, I will let you know some general benefits you can get from learning Chinese. Communicate with over 1 billion people instantly As we mentioned, Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. Anywhere you travel or live on Earth, you’re bound to spot a fellow Chinese speaker around you. Learning Chinese will instantly open up communication abilities to over 1.2B people and this number is growing quickly. Open up new job opportunities everywhere The ability to communicate to over one billion people has major value in the job marketplace. Of course, this includes companies in China and other Mandarin-speaking countries that you can apply to. Companies all around the world are striving to tap into the Chinese marketplace, and you’ll immediately differentiate yourself if you can speak Mandarin. Appreciate Chinese food as you’ve never had before Love dim sum, wontons, fried rice, all delicious exotic Chinese food? So do we. When it comes to evaluating the quality of Chinese restaurants, the number one signal is to observe how much English is on the menu. The less it is, the more authentic the food may be. With that said, if you truly want to order with confidence at a Chinese restaurant, you’d need to learn the basics of Chinese. Gain a competitive advantage in the business world Beyond just gaining a leg up in your career, learning Chinese is just smart for business. Whether you’re a business owner yourself or looking to get into business, the future of business will be in China. Whether you like it or not, China is the first place any great business will look to if they want to go international. This is your opportunity to jump ahead of the curve! Build stronger relationships with your Chinese co-workers and friends From college friends to co-workers, you’re bound to have a native Chinese speaker in your life. If not, you’re about to have one soon. While English is widely taught and spoken amongst Chinese speakers, few can actually speak it with confidence. It’s going to be many decades before the majority of Chinese speakers can speak your language, and that’s being conservative. Beyond the relationships you can form in real life, there’s even a greater need in the online space. Unlike other countries, the Chinese government places strict regulations on letting consumers use non-Chinese applications. Examples include using Youku instead of YouTube, Wechat instead of WhatsApp, and that social networks like Facebook are not available for use. Enjoy Chinese movies, TV shows, and music authentically With production companies like Alibaba Pictures, Tencent Pictures, and more coming into the global scene, Chinese entertainment is accelerating at a rapid pace. This is growing faster with the advent of distribution channels like Netflix and Prime Video. While subtitles exist for Chinese movies and TV shows, translations may not always make sense directly, especially if you love Chinese web novels. If you want to authentically enjoy these entertainment forms at their highest quality, your best bet is to learn the language. Travel with confidence anywhere (not just China) Planning to travel to Asia sometime soon? That’s right, learning Chinese is what will help you get around easily. Even if you don’t plan to travel to a country where Mandarin is an official language, people from China are always visiting and migrating there. You’ll also find that signs, menus, and other communication are provided with Chinese translations everywhere you go in Asia to accommodate the millions of Chinese travelers. Learning Chinese characters and language is not as hard as you think But don’t let that intimidate you. Despite the difference in Chinese characters, most people overestimate how difficult it is to learn. Yes, there are challenges to learning Chinese. The biggest is probably because while English uses phonetic writing, Chinese is composed of pictograms and semi-phonetic ideograms. The good news is, this is the hardest thing about Chinese. There are also things you don’t have to learn, like tenses, cases, genders, or other simple grammar which are required for most other languages. Given how much time a new language learner normally spends on learning genders, tenses, and other grammar rules, you’ll bypass all of that when you decide to learn Chinese. There are more Chinese learning resources than ever Perhaps, more importantly, are the resources available to you. With Chinese being the most spoken language in the world, it also comes with powerful learning options. ‍Pandanese, as an example, connects you with real professional native-speaking Chinese teachers from the comforts of your home. In just a few clicks, you can connect via a live 1-on-1 Mandarin lesson with a teacher who will personalize your learning experience. It’s like having a best friend to help you speak Chinese with confidence. Then there are free apps like YouTube videos and podcasts that you can immerse yourself in between your lessons. It’s never been easier to learn a new language like Chinese. Learning Chinese Characters Improves Your Brain Development Besides the above advantages learning Chinese brings to you. The most important benefit is that Learning Chinese Characters will improve your intelligence and brain development. It can help you become a better and smarter person! Chinese has a distinctively different effect on the brain If you speak Chinese, your brain works differently from others. That’s according to a recent study published in the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences. The different result is because Chinese speakers use tones to distinguish different words and their meanings. The report is the first to conclude that those who speak Chinese exhibit a very different flow of information during speech comprehension, the tones, sounds, and script of Chinese require the use of both hemispheres of the brain rather than just the left, which has long been seen as the primary neurological region for processing language. Learning Chinese improves brain intelligence and image thinking Chinese can make people smarter in the most basic second language and can also improve the brain’s image thinking. A study from New Zealand found that “native Chinese and English speakers treat numbers with different cortical parts of the brain,” and concluded that different language systems such as Chinese and English shape the way non-language information is processed. In more than six years, this joint research has shown that, unlike Roman phonetic characters, Chinese characters help the brain’s image thinking training. Improve the ability of the brain to process information In another experiment, which started in 1996, 200 European and Chinese students of the same educational level were tested. They were asked to recite a series of numbers, letters, and colors. The results show that Chinese students far outperform European students in terms of memory. Chinese students seem to be better at processing information than European students. Learning to handwrite Chinese characters make you smarter By aiding in the development of motor skills, learning shapes and letters, and the visual identification of graphics, learning handwriting in Chinese also seems to make you smarter. Unlike English, which is mostly linear and written from left to right, Chinese characters have a complex structure. Writing characters involves strokes in several directions with sequential movements. These movements activate neural activity in the working, thinking, and spatial memory of the brain. Evidence also indicates that learning Chinese makes you better at math. Researchers from New Zealand observed that children whose native language is Chinese appear to gain a greater understanding of mathematical concepts than their English-speaking counterparts. During the natural acquisition process of Chinese, the student is learning and reinforcing basic mathematical concepts. Character writing involves skills such as counting, grouping, ordering, and identifying similarities and differences, which are essentially math skills. Chinese may train a host of cognitive abilities not utilized in the study of other languages New evidence also suggests that learning Chinese may train a host of cognitive abilities not utilized in the study of other languages. The research on cognition and Chinese language learning is not comprehensive or exhaustive, it does suggest that the cognitive benefits of learning Chinese are significant and merit further study. Chinese can speed up the reaction of English speakers A recent scientific study has shown that learning Chinese can speed up the reaction of English speakers. A six-year study conducted by scientists from Germany and China showed that the brains of Chinese people react faster than Europeans. And for those who are learning Mandarin—including Mark Zuckerberg and Prince William—you may notice that your brains are getting just a little bit faster and working harder to crack this new difficult-to-learn language. As China’s global influence has intensified, schools and companies in the English circle are eager to increase their contacts with China. Learning Chinese characters can help people across all age groups to gain advantages and can greatly benefit their brain development. Especially, children can benefit from learning Chinese early on during cognitive development that helps with particular skill sets relating to the brain intelligence. Learning a language is anyway said to be very good for the brain. But Chinese as a language is greater for brain development and the same cannot be said for other languages that are more linear in form. But most of all, enjoy your language learning, pick one that you’re interested in, and know you’re doing a good thing for yourself! 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EP26: Critical Race Theory: Mending or Growing the Divide Politicians and school boards around the country want critical race theory out of their systems. They are heading for an end to the “divisive subject” that focuses on the country’s racial history and problems. Ironically, that is why critical race theory exists today. The older generation fought for the civil rights of Black people but when it was time to experience the change, they noticed that the new policies missed the mark. In the 80s, as constitutional laws were failing the Black community, critical race theory was developed. CRT helps to explain how policy and laws institutionalize based on race and are often developed based on racist ideals. In other words, CRT helps to point out what is racist, remove it, and promote equity. This week on Black Body Health The Podcast, Dr. Loren Saxton Coleman of Howard University helps to break this down even further. The associate professor says the word ‘race’ makes people uncomfortable so they try to suppress it and pretend it’s inflammatory language. “Racism is ordinary,” said Coleman; it interferes with all aspects of our society including housing, education and health. Listen to Coleman and Aidil Ortiz explain why CRT is a tool needed to facilitate proper policy creation. What do you think about CRT? Email us at [email protected] with your comments.
A Definitive Guide to Why Is Interoperability Important In Healthcare? Posted in Interoperability Last Updated \| November 12, 2021 Overview: What is Interoperability in Healthcare? In the healthcare industry, seamless transmission and communication of patient information have gained much importance since IT channels have greatly improved and increased in the count. The support delivered is helping to eliminate the organizational challenges for data flow and interoperability is playing an influential role in adding values to the healthcare system. For the healthcare industry, the increasing mechanisms of data interoperability are leading to deliver better patient outcomes. For the most part, interoperability has become one of the most underutilized concepts in the healthcare system. That being said, the healthcare industry needs to eliminate the errors and create dependable dynamics. With higher complexity in the healthcare industry, the demand for an optimal management system is essential for simplifying the matters. Ranging from lesser-educated patients who have zero knowledge about medical technologies to healthcare providers who are struggling to access the medical history of the patients. With this article, we are sharing the importance of interoperability in healthcare IT systems! What Are The Benefits Of Interoperability In Healthcare? • Higher Productivity Productivity has a huge role to play in healthcare systems and the regular duties of healthcare providers. It’s safe to say that healthcare providers want to spend time with patients rather than technology. With interoperability, healthcare providers will be able to access data from different systems in an optimized manner. As a result, they won’t have to worry about spending excessive time on communication. • Cost-Effectiveness When we talk about productivity, interoperability helps with cost-effectiveness as well. There is stress on the IT department that they might not have the expertise and bandwidth to share information and data across different systems. That being said, this often results in delays in the deployment of information systems. However, the combination of digitization and interoperability will reduce the need for paperwork, for example reducing the cost of developing a health app hence improving the overall cost-effectiveness of the operations. • Better Patient Care Interoperability plays an essential role in improving and improving the quality of patient care. This is because it delivers correct data at the right time that eventually improves decision-making. Even more, interoperability can deliver a decision support system that delivers crucial information for improving healthcare outcomes. • Improved Public Health Data Even with no other conditions, COVID-19 data have established the significance of interoperability. With the standardization of interoperability across the healthcare system, there won’t be chances of disparity. In addition, interoperability will help stakeholders receive an accurate and translucent image of public health situations. That being said, the data interpretation can result in better public health recommendations. • Lesser Errors Believe it or not, medical errors can be expensive, irrespective of the location. When it comes down to patient care, it can result in drastic outcomes because of issues and updates with data entry. This is because any healthcare provider should have access to medical data and history since it helps save lives. Sure, not every error makes the situation about life-and-death but can still impact the reputation of the healthcare providers, while also endangering the lives of the patients. By automating the data entry process with Interoperable systems, hospitals and other healthcare facilities can greatly reduce their chances of errors, thus resulting in better healthcare for patients, and reliability for healthcare institutions. What Does Interoperability Mean In Healthcare? To begin with, interoperability in healthcare means the ability of healthcare IT to interpret, utilize, and exchange information and data on a cohesive basis. In addition, interoperability in healthcare is the ability of information systems, applications, and devices to integrate the data in a well-coordinating manner. The data provision, integration, and exchange are ensured in and across national boundaries, regional platforms, and organizations (through interoperability). This ensures on-time delivery of data and information without compromising on data flow consistency. Consequently, it can ensure health optimization for populations and individuals. Even more, application standards and interfaces will enable data sharing and access without compromising on data security. How Can Interoperability Improve the Quality Of Care Patients Receive? The tech standards keep improving and healthcare organizations get access to the healthcare tools with better information standards and security. Modern-day patients want quick access to health data as they start moving from one healthcare provider to another. For this purpose, large-scale tech companies are working on ensuring this seamless information transmission and exchange through interoperability. In the section below, we are sharing how this technology can improve patient’s healthcare quality; • Reduction in Medical Errors Medical errors can prove to be fatal but interoperability allows healthcare organizations to prevent medical errors. This is because it streamlines data sharing across different applications and systems. Even more, advanced interoperability helps capture the data and interpret it; it results in error prevention by completing the patient data. • Higher Efficiency With interoperability, the healthcare providers will have access to patient care data on a consistent and real-time basis. This will help enhance organization and healthcare provider’s efficiency. • Development of National Networks The development and sharing of patient health data across the EHR vendors will support precise tracking and will improve healthcare quality. With effective data sharing, an interoperability system will help improve the healthcare outcomes which also reduces overall healthcare costs. How Do You Achieve Interoperability In Healthcare? For achieving interoperability in the different healthcare systems, it is essential to understand and implement the classifications. It will ensure that the information systems and applications will be used for communicating the data between different systems. That being said, it will improve access to insights for better processing. Coming to the point, the interoperability classifications include the following; • Foundational This is the most basic interoperability form. It is about transferring data from one system or app to another. The information received can be interpreted only if the user tries to access the data. • Structural This level is used for outlining the data exchange and its syntax. It will help comprehend the receiving information at a field level. • Semantic This is the most essential level of the healthcare systems. With this level, the information systems will be able to exchange and interpret the data. • Organizational This level will add the non-technical aspects to the healthcare system, such as social and organizational factors. With social and organizational factors, interoperability will be connected to the organizational workflow. That being said, it will streamline the data sharing and exchange across different healthcare systems and organizations. While you are trying to achieve interoperability, there are various steps that can be taken for better achievement. First of all, the utilization of HIE systems will improve patient diagnosis. Also, the utilization of neuro-linguistic programming will enhance healthcare provision. How Does Interoperability Impact Healthcare Delivery? Interoperability will greatly impact healthcare provision and delivery. To begin with, the interoperability in the healthcare system enables healthcare providers to have access to medical records, inclusive of prescription lists, discharges, hospital admission, lab test results, and healthcare plans. With access to this data, healthcare providers will be able to develop optimal healthcare decisions. In addition, it reduces the chances of duplicated processes and tests. Interoperability will reduce the administrative costs for manual and faxing workflows while allowing the organizations to improve the efficiency of healthcare organizations. This is because it reduces the errors. It can be utilized for mitigating the burnout of physicians. What Is An Example Of Interoperability? The perfect example of interoperability is the community health management information system. This is because this system has a centralized repository for data at the individual level. In addition, the data repository includes the clinical, demographical, and eligibility data for specific communities. This data could be used by local authorities and agencies for assessment purposes. In addition to the community health management information system, RHIO is another example of interoperability. RHIO is the regional health information organization that helps improve healthcare quality by streamlining the data exchange between different healthcare providers. Why Digital Medicine Depends On Interoperability? Digital data is likely to transform the medical industry but the majority of current medical information doesn’t have interoperability. It will eventually slow down the progress in the medical industry because these technology systems depend on this data. Ranging from mobile applications to artificial intelligence and big data, they cannot be used to their full potential. On the contrary, medical communication, artificial intelligence, and big data, international cooperation, and research depends are connected to interoperability. To begin with, medical communication will ease information retrieval and prevent medical errors. Also, it helps reduce document-related burdens. As for AI and big data, it provides algorithms with precise data semantics and structure. It will increase the validity of the analysis results and result in trustworthy digital technologies. As far as international cooperation is concerned, it will help pool out the data across the organizations and curate global access to advanced technologies. Barriers To Interoperability In Healthcare To begin with, modern technology and systems can create an excessive amount of data but don’t have the tools for proper data integration and analyses. However, with the expansion of providers and systems, the data disparity will be low quality, hence the burnout and discontent. With this section, we are sharing other barriers to interoperability in healthcare systems, such as; • Technical barriers that can limit the data quality, development standards, and data matching • Financial barriers that include development, implementation, and optimization of health IT • Trust barriers include the business incentives and legal aspects that protect data from current challenges • Administrative barriers that include the administrative prerequisites and federal documentation • Reporting barriers • Usability of IT Impact Of HL7 On Interoperability While we are focusing on interoperability in healthcare, it is impossible not to talk about HL7 because it plays an important role in interoperability. HL7 is basically the organization that’s responsible for developing the information sharing and exchange standards in healthcare. They have designed various standards and frameworks for navigating information sharing in different healthcare systems. The HL7 standards can be integrated with current healthcare technology to streamline messaging. As a result, information sharing will be easier, and the data will be identifiable. For instance, the software technologies are designed to store patient information in a billing system and patient registration. In addition, there are clinical information systems responsible for managing patient treatment and clinical activities. With HL7 integration solutions and interfaces, different healthcare systems can keep patient information, such as names, demographic information, and address. In addition, HL7 standards can be leveraged to exchange healthcare data between out-patient and in-patient environments. To illustrate, it’s pretty evident that HL7 can lead to better information flow, hence the interoperability. Lastly, patients will receive better healthcare from information fluidity with the help of HL7 interoperability. HL7 tools can also help provide high-quality patient care by implementing the healthcare interoperability standards. Interoperability Requirements In Healthcare • Technical impediments– they include the process flow and communication issues, such as syntactic, connection, data consistency, and QoS • Semantic impediments– it includes the understanding of information, such as conceptualization, reference, and interpretation • Functional impediments– it related to the disparity in actual and expected component behaviors, such as functional scope, model, and intention • Quality impediments– it determines how the components perform the specific functions, such as correctness, reliability, and security • Logistics impediments– it includes the design impact on healthcare systems, such as autonomism in change and flexibility Healthcare Interoperability Solutions Market According to stats, in 2018, the global healthcare interoperability solution market was said to be $1.69 million. It is likely to spike up to $4.23 million by the year 2026 which means the CAGR growth will be 12.10%. Even more, the valuation will reach $5.29 million by 2027. The growth is dependent on the increasing demand to reduce the burden on healthcare, higher demand for patient safety, and policies subject to increase the patient care quality. Healthcare Standards For Interoperability • Messaging standards– it will outline the content, structure, and data requirements for electronic messages to ensure precise and effective information sharing • Terminology standards– it provides codes for specific health terminologies for various medications and illnesses • Document standards– it will outline the information type in the documents, along with the information location • Conceptual standards –it allows the information transmission between different systems without impacting the information context and meaning • Application standards– it will help determine the business rules’ implementation for different software platforms • Architecture standards– it offers a well-integrated model for healthcare information systems for seamless integration of healthcare information systems What are the three levels of health information technology interoperability? When it comes down to health information technology interoperability, the three levels include foundational, semantic, and structural levels. These levels will coordinate and correlate the information and data exchange. What are the primary challenges for interoperability? The interoperability challenges include the absence of consistency, lack of standardization for receiving, sending, and managing the data between various healthcare systems. In addition, the difficulty in analysis and measurement is another challenge in interoperability. Why is EHR interoperability important? It is essential for improving patient care and healthcare outcomes. It will enhance the healthcare workplace environment for healthcare providers. Also, it’s helpful in saving money for the healthcare organization on a long-term basis. How can interoperability improve the quality of care patients receive? The interoperability systems will improve the outcomes of healthcare systems while lowering the costs of different healthcare deliveries. Also, it will improve the patient experience. Interoperability in healthcare: benefits, challenges, and resolutions? With healthcare interoperability, the healthcare provision and delivery will be efficient, accurate, and consistent without compromising on quality. It can help ease the decision-making process for patients. As far as the challenges are concerned, the biggest one is the operations in silos, and integrating the systems will be complicated and time-consuming. To fix this challenge, it’s suggested to create an overarching system for collecting information from a different system and presenting it in an understandable manner. Loss due to the Lack of interoperability in healthcare? With the lack of interoperability in healthcare, the patient identification will be tarnished and there won’t be any consistency in the healthcare provision. In addition, there will be issues regarding information management between different healthcare systems. Is healthcare UX important in improving interoperability? Yes, healthcare UX is important for improving healthcare interoperability because it helps deliver an optimized patient experience. In addition, proper UX will enhance patient care and increase digital healthcare adoption. Contact Us
Sneeze mixed with black mucus. Is that a disease? When you are sneezing and have mucus running down your nose, you probably will not give much attention to it unless you start noticing there is a change in the colour of the mucus. Black or dark mucus can be distressing and it may often signal a disease or you are exposed to certain unhealthy pollutants. Mucus is a mechanism that protects the nasal passage against infection and harm from foreign objects. It also serves a purpose in the nasal passage and cavities as a lubricant. When you are having an illness, mucus often will be collected in the nasal passages, and usually, you can blow and wipe it away. Black phlegm or mucus is not always a concern; however, it could be a sign of a disease, or you are exposed to a pollutant. If you have such symptoms, you should pay a visit to a local clinic or ask a doctor. What causes black mucus? If you notice you are having black mucus, see a doctor as soon as possible. The black colour mucus may be temporary, caused by exposure to smoke or dirt in the air. However, it may be caused by a respiratory infection or more serious conditions like lung cancer. The followings are the possible causes of black mucus: 1. Pollutant Breathing dirty air that contains pollutants may cause you to have black mucus. Dirt or industrial chemicals can enter your nasal passage and settle in the airways, darkening the mucus and phlegm. When you go to a place with poor air quality and heavy pollution, you may notice changes in the colour of your mucus. However, once you are not exposed to the pollutants, your mucus will return to its normal colour. 1. Smoking The chemicals and ingredients in cigarettes will settle in your airways, turning the mucus dark. Smoking is also a risk factor for lung cancer, which may cause black mucus too. 1. Coal mining Pneumoconiosis, or known as “black lung disease”, is a condition that is associated with coal miners. However, black mucus can also be caused by exposure of the coal miners to chemicals or workplace irritants like asbestos and silica. 1. Fire Smoke from large fires can cause soot to lodge in the airways. This may turn the mucus and phlegm black. Diseases of the respiratory system can cause many changes in the colour and thickness of your mucus. These are important symptoms but usually will be associated with other symptoms and signs of illness. 1. Fungal infection Non-smokers or people who are not exposed to pollutants, black mucus is often associated with a serious fungal infection in the lungs. People who are immunocompromised, those who have a low immune system, will have a greater risk of fungal infection. Different types of fungus can be breathed in and cause an infection. These fungi are commonly found in hot climates, such as the desert Southwest or the tropics 1. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis or more commonly known as TB is a bacterial infection and is highly contagious. The disease is spread by inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. It mainly affects the lung however it can affect other parts of the body. In addition to dark mucus or phlegm, a person that is infected with TB may have a fever, weight loss, chest pain, night sweat, etc. 1. Pneumonia Pneumonia is a medical condition where there is an infection of the lung, caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In addition to black mucus, pneumonia patients may have other symptoms like fever, shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Another condition that may cause black mucus is • Blood thinners usage • Autoimmune diseases like sarcoidosis • Lung cancer, etc. If your mucus is dark or black, or blood-stained, you should visit a local clinic and see a doctor. It is important to understand why these changes are happening and get treated appropriately.
Can Trumpet Players Play Trombone? (Explained for Beginners) A trumpet is one of the most popular bass instruments. In recent years, the trombone has also gained a lot of popularity. Thus, there has been significant interest and demand for trombone players. This is because trombonists have become a significant part of most bands. Therefore, a lot of trumpet players have been exploring the possibility of playing the trombone. In fact, the ability to double on brass instruments has become a craze among brass players. For this reason, one of the questions on the minds of most trumpeters is, “Can trumpet players play the trombone?”. After much research and conversations with trumpet and trombone players, here is everything I learned. Trumpet players cannot play the trombone unless they take trombone lessons and practice. That is because how embouchure is formed and how a pitch is changed on the trumpet is different from that of the trombone. So trumpet players will have to practice and take trombone lessons to be able to play the trombone Similarities between Trumpet and Trombone The trumpet and the trombone are both brass instruments. And because they are of the same family, there are certainly some similarities between them. The first and most obvious similarity between a trumpet and a trombone is that both instruments come with a mouthpiece that can be fixed and removed in the same manner. The basic principle behind their operation is the same as well. They both require that instrumentalists blow air into them by placing their lips on the mouthpiece. When the air is blown, the vibrations it creates are amplified as it passes through the instrument. This is ultimately transformed into a pitched sound. Also, you need to buzz your lips to change the partials in both instruments. Partials refer to the notes which a particular tube can play. They are both capable of playing all the 12 chromatic scales in different octaves as well. Differences between Trumpet and Trombone And although trumpet and trombone are similar in many regards, they are quite a lot of differences between the two that ultimately sets them apart. Let’s take a look at them. If you already play a brass instrument, then you probably know what embouchure is. But for those who don’t, embouchure refers to how the lips, teeth, and tongue are used while playing a brass instrument. It’s an essential skill to master if you play the trumpet or the trombone. That’s because it directly affects the tone you get out of your instrument. The embouchure for playing the trumpet is different from that of the trombone. The tone concept accounts for the difference between trumpet embouchures and that of the trombone. The embouchure you form when playing the trumpet has to be more focused than that of the trombone. A trumpet’s embouchure needs to be incorporated with greater control and balance. This is because trumpets have a smaller cup and rim. Thus, it demands that you find the right balance between air and chop. Trombones have a relatively larger cup and rim than trumpets. Due to this, the embouchure you form when playing the trombone does not need to be as tight as that of a trumpet. Mechanism For Changing Pitch Trumpets come with keys or valves. These keys are pushed using the fingertips in order to change pitches. In order to play the trumpet, the instrument is usually gripped around the valves with the left hand. The fingers of the right hand are then used to manipulate the valves. Trombones are built to have a slide instead of valves. This slide is used to change pitches. To play the trombone, the instrument must be held steady with the left hand while the right hand holds and adjusts the slide. Something you should know is that there are few trombone variations available that come with valves, just as the trumpet, that allow you to change pitch using your fingers. But these are not your standard trombones, and they are not as common. With proper care and maintenance, the trumpet and the trombone can last for a long time. The case you store them in also enhances their durability. However, trumpets are more durable than trombones. The slightest bend or dent on the slide of a trombone can render the instrument unplayable. This is not the case for trumpets. Also, trumpets require less care and maintenance as compared to trombones. To properly maintain a trombone, you need to oil the slides regularly. Also, trombones must be wiped down after each use. Is It Easy to Switch from Trumpet to Trombone? It’s possible to switch from trumpet to trombone but not easy. To be able to play the trombone as a trumpet player requires you to learn new techniques such as how to change the pitch on the trombone, trombone embouchure, and more. And that’s because these techniques are completely different from that of a trumpet. Switching from a smaller instrument like the trumpet to a large instrument like the trombone requires a little bit of effort on your part. In the beginning, transitioning from a trumpet to a trombone can be very difficult. Here are a few reasons why. Firstly, changing pitches on both instruments are totally different. As we’ve already talked about, the trumpet makes use of three keys or valves for changing. On the other hand, the trombone uses a slide to change pitches. In addition to this, the mouthpiece of trombones is bigger and roomy than that of trumpets. Thus, you need to learn how to relax the embouchure formation and how to move air better. Thirdly, for those who read sheet music, the trumpet is notated in treble clef. On the other hand, the trombone is mostly written in bass clef. However, the trombone is written in tenor or alto clef in some instances. This can make it quite challenging for trumpet players to read and play sheet music made for the trombone. Finally, trombones are relatively heavier than trumpets. This makes it cumbersome to play in the early stages. All of these reasons contribute to why it’s not easy switching from trumpet to trombone. They are two completely different instruments when it comes to how they are played. However, this shouldn’t deter you from picking up the trombone if you’re a trumpet player. As long as you are dedicated to learning, you should be able to transition from playing trumpet to trombone with a lot of practice, time, and effort. Can a Trombone Player Play Trumpet? A trombone player can play the trumpet. However, it won’t sound as musical as someone who has had enough practice and lessons on trumpets. It is very easy for a trombone player to pick up on playing the trumpet. Unfortunately, without some form of trumpet-specific lessons and practice, a trombone player will not be able to play the trumpet quite well. This is because switching from playing the trombone to playing the trumpet requires that you learn how to focus your air properly, particularly for the upper registers. Playing the trombone helps you build good embouchure strength. This helps you transition easier when you want to play the trumpet. Also, trumpets are less cumbersome than trombones. The valves on trumpets are quite easy to learn as well. Therefore, playing the trumpet will come easy to a trombone player. However, without dedicating time to learn and practice the trumpet, a trombonist cannot play the trumpet effectively. Which is Harder: Trumpet or Trombone? Trombones are larger than trumpets. Due to their large size, trombones are not popular among small children and beginners as a whole. This is because they are not easy to play like the trumpet is. A trombone is large and bulky. Its bulky nature makes it harder for many to play them than the trumpet. The slide, which is used to play the trombone, also poses a significant challenge to beginners. It makes it difficult for beginners to play the trombone. This is because a trombone’s slide has no visual marker which indicates the slide positions. Thus, the only way trombone players can generate a pitch using the slide is by using their ears to accurately set the slide positions. This means that a trombone player needs to develop good ears early as they learn the instrument. This can be quite difficult to do as a beginner. On the other hand, a trumpet is more beginner-friendly. This can be attributed to its small size. The small trumpet size makes it easier to hold and play. As I mentioned earlier, a trumpet has valves. These valves are used for changing pitches. A trumpet’s valve is more simplistic to learn and implement than a trombone’s slide. Additionally, trumpets are quite portable. Thus you can easily carry them along for practice and lessons. Without the necessary lessons and practice, a trumpet player cannot play the trombone efficiently. When you decide to practice playing a secondary brass instrument, you need to dedicate time to the individual techniques you have to work on. When you do this, you will be able to properly monitor your playing output. This will save you from picking up the wrong things. Thus, having private instruction when transitioning to playing the trombone will highlight any bad habits you are picking up.
MIDI Files and Copyright: All You Need to Know (Explained!) Over the years, MIDI files are gradually replacing traditional sheet music. MIDI has now become the standard way we program musical notes in music production software. And it’s quite easy to transfer MIDI files from one person to the other. But just as any intellectual property, MIDI files have their own unique copyright laws that most people are not aware of. So this blog post is dedicated to answering all of the common questions people have on MIDI and copyright. If this is something you are interested in, then let’s get into it. What are MIDI Files? For those who might not be familiar with what MIDI is, MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. MIDI is an industry protocol created for recording and playing back music on digital synthesizers supported by a variety of computer sound cards. It governs how electronic instruments communicate with each other. MIDI files contain one or more MIDI streams. MIDI files can contain all types of information, such as what notes were pressed, timing, pitch, tempo, and panning. They also come with time information for each event. They contain every note that every instrument in the band plays. Unlike regular audio files like MP3s or WAVs, MIDI files do not contain actual audio data and are much smaller in size. This makes it easy to transfer such files over low bandwidth internet connections. Are MIDI Files Copyrighted? Some MIDI files are copyrighted. Such MIDI files are copyrighted as being computer programs. This means you’ll need permission from the copyright owner if you intend to use, reproduce, and distribute copies of the data contained in such MIDI files. However, there are lots of free MIDI files online as well. As you may already know, there are two main types of music copyright — composition and master recording. The composition copyright covers all the elements in the music. And that includes the lyrics, melodies, sheet music, and more. And this is held by the songwriters, composers or music producers, and musicians. And then there is the master recording copyright. This is a copyright of the actual song – the final sound recording of the song. Traditionally, MIDI files are not explicitly mentioned in these two types of music copyright. And this is why many people think they are not copyrighted or cannot be. However, that’s further from the truth. Composers who want to copyright their MIDI files can copyright them as a computer program. And that’s exactly what they are. MIDI files are files that contain programmed instructions meant for synthesizers, sequencers, and keyboards. And some music producers and composers have copyrighted all of their music compositions, including their MIDI files. Some of them are copyrighted, so that you can purchase those files if you intend to use them for your own music. These files are copyrighted to protect the work of transcribing or arranging of the file and not because of the music itself. This makes it illegal to reproduce and distribute unauthorized copies of the data found in copyrighted MIDI files without the necessary permission from the copyright owner. However, there are plenty of free MIDI files online. These can be used and reproduced without the need to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Is Downloading MIDI Files Illegal? There are many MIDI files available on the internet that are free and legal to download. However, downloading or distributing an exact copy of a copyrighted MIDI file from unapproved sites is illegal. Before you download any MIDI file from a website, ensure you check the copyright information. Many sites provide free MIDI files that you can download and use for educational purposes. You can find some of these MIDI files on many college music department’s websites. However, these files cannot be used commercially. Meaning, you can’t sell them, use them in your commercial music or teach someone with them for monetary purposes. To use these MIDI files commercially, you’ll need to acquire the necessary permissions from the copyright holder. The same thing applies to copyrighted MIDI files uploaded on free cracked websites. There are many MIDI chord packs circulating on illegal pirated content websites. These files are definitely illegal to download as well. If you buy it from a legal store, the copyright owner gets his money. MIDI files can easily be downloaded from the internet by anybody. However, their legality depends on the copyright protection of the materials available. Can You Get Sued For Using MIDI Files? You can be sued for unauthorized use of copyrighted MIDI files. You can even get sued for using a free or non-copyrighted MIDI file version made of a copyrighted song. However, you can use free MIDI files of public domain songs without the risk of any legal action. When a song is copyrighted, the notes, chords, and timing fall under the copyright and not the timbres in the song. If this same information is programmed into a MIDI file, it can be copyrighted. Therefore, if you try to make money off such MIDI information, you can be sued. In the United States, you can be sued for damages or prosecuted in criminal court for copying or distributing copyrighted music. Companies and institutions can face fines of $250,000 for each offense, while individuals may face fines of close to $50,000 per offense. In addition to these fines, a person may be jailed for up to 5 years for each offense. You can also get sued by using a MIDI file made of a copyrighted song. If someone transcribes a particular song and programs it as a MIDI file and you use that in your own music, you can also get sued. This is because the songwriting copyright will still be in effect over the “free” MIDI file. To be on the safe side, I recommend that you use MIDI file versions of public domain songs. Can You Copyright MIDI Files Made from Public Domain for Commercial Purposes? You can copyright a MIDI file even if the original music has entered the public domain. Music that is in the public domain has no copyright. This means you are free to make your own MIDI file from it. However, MIDI files that people have created from the public domain music are still their creative property and can be copyrighted. Any MIDI file a person creates, whether original or based on public domain music, is their artistic property. Hence they do not lose the right to come under the protection of the law. The creator of a MIDI file owns the copyright to the file. It does not matter whether the recorded song is in the public domain or not. This copyright is different from the songwriter’s copyright. The MIDI file is protected by separate copyright because it is considered a work by itself. Such MIDI files are protected by copyright. Such files are still protected even if they let other people download them for free. However, you can decide to give up any copyright claim on your works if you create your own MIDI file from a song in the public domain. Are There Royalty-Free MIDI Files? There are many royalty-free MIDI files out there. Many musicians and composers have created MIDI files that are not copyrighted. This means you do not need to pay any form of usage or performance royalties to any collection agency or anyone to use these MIDI files. For MIDI files where the original recording is not in the public domain, you must pay mechanical/digital royalties to the songwriters. Venues that play these recordings must also account for song playback in order to pay performance royalties. Royalties are paid over the amount of money earned on MIDI files over a defined period. In the United States, royalties are paid to collection agencies such as the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), Performing Rights Society (PRS), etc. for copyright. Where Can I Find Free MIDI Files? It’s quite easy to find MIDI files of popular songs on the internet. Many music producers remake popular songs and share the MIDI files of those songs publicly online. To get a MIDI file of a particular song online, you can do a song title search along with the keyword “MIDI.” You can use these MIDI files as an inspiration for your own music. But, just as we’ve already talked about, you can’t use them in your own music without the necessary permissions. You can get sued for using MIDI files made from existing songs. There are many websites online that promise you free MIDI files. However, most of these sites will require you to register or pay before you can download what you want. Other sites tend to waste your time by tossing you through a chain of hoops before you can even download a MIDI file. I’m sure you are familiar with this ordeal. Thankfully, there are a few websites where you can find lots of MIDI files available to download for free. Below is a list of some of the best websites where you can find free MIDI files; 1. BitMidi is the best-known website to get free MIDI files. It gives you access to over 113,000 MIDI files over a wide range of genres. 2. Midiworld has over 10,000 MIDI files. 3. FreeMidi has over 26,000 MIDI files on its platform. 4. Carlo’s Midi has more than 400 MIDI files of all genres. Final Thoughts When downloading MIDI files from the internet, be mindful of copyright protection laws. Some MIDI files can be downloaded without any legal issues, while others can’t. Also, laws regarding the sharing and downloading of MIDI files and music, in general, differ from country to country. Music in any form can be copyrighted. Music can be copyrighted whether the music is written as notes on a treble clef or saved in a MIDI file. This means MIDI files can be protected by copyright, just as an actual song and recording would be. There are lots of MIDI files on the internet that can be downloaded. However, its legality depends on the copyright protection of the material available on the site.
Can You Keep Oleanders Pruned Short? Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all, according to author and activist Helen Keller, and those who aim to prune the oleander shrub (Nerium oleander) regularly should keep this saying on their wall. Oleander is a lovely shrub or small tree with long-lasting, heavy blossoms, but it is also a toxic plant. It grows in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 though 11 and accepts severe trimming, but you had better put on protective gear before you take fate into your hands. You see the pretty little tree in many backyards, its dark green leaves shining in the sun. In summer, it is decked out with heavy blossoms, in winter, the evergreen foliage remains. The oleander tree grows fast to its mature height of about 20 feet tall, shooting up between 24 and 36 inches a year. It is a tough tree, tolerating heat, cold and poor soils to such an extent it can escape into the wild and become invasive. Give it some sun and acidic soil and it needs little maintenance, other than pruning. Many prefer a compact, rounded oleander bush to a leggy tree and to accomplish this, you need to prune it. According to Floridata, most backyard oleanders are trimmed to about 10 feet. If you prefer a small tree, remove suckers and all stems but the strongest. Prune oleander each year, taking out the oldest stems at ground level because unpruned plants can have thinner foliage and fewer flowers. To keep it short, just prune down individual stem tips to the desired size. While any shrub pruning requires a little know-how, pruning oleander is more complicated because of the plant's toxicity. Most interactions with the oleander at close range are dangerous. Touching the sap of the plant causes extreme skin irritation or dermatitis in some people. Eating the leaves, seeds or twigs causes nausea, heart attack and death. This is no theoretical threat -- every year oleander poisonings are reported. Prune this shrub wearing a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, leather gloves and eye protection. Gather the clippings into plastic garbage bags for disposal. Do not burn them because the smoke is toxic. Similarly, do not mix them in with your compost. Dwarf cultivars are a good choice if you want small, compact oleander shrubs without the risk and trouble of regular pruning. One to look at is "Little Red," a dwarf cultivar growing to only 6 feet tall in USDA zones 8 through 11. The scarlet flowers bloom from late spring through early fall. For an even smaller plant, try "Petite Pink," which you can easily keep at 3 feet tall. It has baby pink blossoms and grows in USDA zones 9 though 10.
1. Home 2. Fun Animal Facts 3. Fin-tatic Facts About The Kissing Gourami Fin-tatic Facts About The Kissing Gourami Read these kissing gourami facts that are fascinating for kids and adults alike Are you interested in learning about fishes that are kept in aquariums? If yes, then you must know about kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii). They are also known as kisser fish, because of their protruding lips. The flat fish originated in Thailand and Indonesia, and they can also be found in Sumatra, Borneo and Java. In the wild, this fish is usually green in color, earning it the name green kisser. They are a freshwater fish that likes to live in stagnant waters like ponds and marshes or in streams, but they are currently mostly found in aquariums all over the world. These fishes also like to live in habitats that contain lots of plants. Kissing gourami care, along with their light pink color, makes the fish a favorite among kids. Even though the fish is known to feed on algae in their wild habitat, they like to feed on live or frozen foods in aquariums. Kissing gourami can be semi-aggressive, or even aggressive, to other fish species so it is crucial to find suitable tank mates. The popularity of these fishes makes them abundant in population. Want to learn more about kissing gourami? Keep reading to find interesting things about the green kisser and its other variants. Also, check out these articles on needle fish and mekong giant catfish to learn more about other fish species. Kissing Gourami Interesting Facts What type of animal is a kissing gourami? Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) is a type of tropical fish. What class of animal does a kissing gourami belong to? Kissing gouramis (Helostoma temminckii) belong to the class actinopterygii, and to the genus helostoma. How many kissing gourami are there in the world? As this freshwater fish is often artificially bred as an aquarium fish, the exact population of the species is not known. Where does a kissing gourami live? Originally, kissing gouramis are a tropical freshwater fish that hail from Indonesia, Thailand, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra. Currently, kissing gourami are artificially produced throughout the world as a popular aquarium pet. This means that the fishes are present almost everywhere. What is a kissing gourami's habitat? The natural habitat of kissing gourami includes tropical backwaters that are well-vegetated and have slow-flowing water. These fishes are also found in ponds and lakes. Kissing gourami usually reside at midwater level, which is best suited for feeding on plant materials. The average depth for kissing gourami is around 6.56 ft (2 m). In their natural habitat, the fish prefer a temperature range of 71.6-86°F (22-30˚C). It is also recommended to maintain this temperature range when kissing gourami fish are kept in an aquarium. If you are planning to get one for your home, kissing gouramis usually require a really large tank. The fishes prefer a pH level of 6.5-7.5. The waters hardness should also be maintained around 5-20 dGH. Who do kissing gourami live with? Kissing gourami aren't hugely social fishes and keeping many of them in the same tank may lead to aggressive battles. However, you can get away with this by keeping a male and a female together. Kissing fish also tend to pick fights with fishes that look similar to them. Nevertheless, some of the tank mates that can live with kissing gouramis include yoyo loaches, swordtails, tiger barbs, Chinese algae eaters, angelfish, congo tetra, rosy barb, and pictus catfish. In their natural habitat, kissing gourami fishes are quite important for maintaining the ecology as they directly interact with algae. How long does a kissing gourami live? In the wild, the average lifespan of kissing gourami fishes is between five to seven years. This might be similar in the case of an aquarium, but there are instances where kissing fishes have managed to live even 20 years. When owning a kissing gourami, it is important to remember that they are a hardy fish and they may need care for a long time. How do they reproduce? Kissing gourami fishes reproduce by spawning once a year. Male and female kissing gourami swim together and the fertilization takes place externally. Female fishes can produce thousands of eggs in a single spawning. Monsoon season is usually when kissing gourami choose to breed. Kissing gourami may also move to flooded forests or shallow rivers before the spawning starts to take place. Females are the ones that initiates the mating, and the males often follow suit. Females get upside down to spawn the eggs, and the males release their sperm to fertilize the tiny eggs. Kissing gouramis have smaller eggs compared to other freshwater fishes and the eggs have a covering of oil droplets which helps them to float. The eggs rise and become attached to the available vegetation. It takes between one to two days for the eggs to hatch, and the parent kissing gouramis have no role in bringing up the fry. The young fishes start free swimming just after hatching. It takes about three years for kissing gouramis to reach sexual maturity. What is their conservation status? Kissing gourami fishes are currently listed as Least Concern as per the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Kissing Gourami Fun Facts What do kissing gourami look like? Kissing gouramis are known for having a flattened body with rounded caudal, dorsal, and anal fins. The dorsal fins of the fishes are longer than the anal fin. The fishes also have longer and rounded pectoral fins. The lateral line of the fish is divided into two parts, and they have about 43 to 48 scales running through it. Putting aside their large body, the most interesting part of this fish is their mouth. The protruded mouth of the kissing fish is lined with fine teeth. Artificial breeding has also led to the creation of the balloon kissing gourami, which has a smaller body with larger protruding lips. The fish has ctenoid on their body and cycloid scales on their head. No particular sexual dimorphism is seen in the species, so it is often hard to tell the males and females apart. One kissing gourami interesting fact is that wild kissing fish have gray or green-colored skin, while ones bred for the aquarium have light pink colored skin. The fins of the pink, or balloon pink-colored fish, are almost transparent. However, there are some theories that believe the pink morph originated in Java. Both green kissing gourami and gray kissing gourami variants have a dark band running across their fins. The interesting look of kissing gourami is because of their intramandibular joint which is present between their jaw joint and other joints. The lips of a kisser fish help them to receive important nutrients while bottom-feeding. (Kissing gourami are very interesting fish that can also come in a pink morph How cute are they? Cuteness is the best quotient of kissing gourami fishes and their cuteness even makes the fishes extremely famous as an aquarium pet. Apart from the usual pink kissing gourami, balloon pink kissing gouramis look even cuter because of their shortened body and big head. How do they communicate? Kisser fish have a suprabranchial air breathing chamber, which helps these fishes to have the ability to hear even the tiniest of sounds. When it comes to vocalization, kisser fishes also make unique sounds with their pharyngeal teeth. How big is a kissing gourami? In their wild habitat, the average size of a kissing gourami is 12 in (30 cm) but the fish can easily grow to a size of 15.5 in (40 cm). The fishes are definitely much bigger than honey gourami. These only grow to a size of 3 in (7 cm). However, kissing gouramis are half the size of giant gouramis who have an average size of 28 in (71 cm). How fast can a kissing gourami swim? Not much is known about the swimming speed of kissing gourami fishes. However, as residents of slow streams, these fish do not seem to be rapid swimmers. How much does a kissing gourami weigh? The average weight of a kissing gourami fish isn't known, but the species are not thought to be very heavy. What are the male and female names of the species? There are no distinct names for male and female kissing gouramis. What would you call a baby kissing gourami? Baby kissing gourami fishes are called fry. What do they eat? One of the most interesting aspects of kissing gourami fish is their diet. The fishes are omnivorous in nature, but most of their diet consists of plants. The kissing gesture of the fishes helps them to take nutrients from plants. Common kissing gourami food includes phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic algae and aquatic plants. The fishes also have aquatic insects as a part of their diet. Kissing fishes are also known for bottom-feeding. As the fishes have gill rakers, the filtering helps the fish in extracting nutrients from the water. In an aquarium where the fishes cannot have access to most of their usual food sources, they will eat live foods like bloodworms. Prepared fish food that has been specially made for gouramis can also work great. As a freshwater fish, kissing gouramis don't like clouded water so make sure to give an exact amount of food to avoid murky water. The fishes are also known to eat blanched vegetables like spinach, lettuce, or zucchini. If you cannot find live food, try giving your gourami frozen fish food to add a much-needed protein source to their food list. If possible, feed the fishes with some algae from time to time. Are they aggressive? Yes, kissing gourami are known to be semi-aggressive in nature. They are quite territorial in nature and can often pick a fight with their tank mates. The lovable kissing feature of the fish is often used to drive away other fishes that might be added to the aquarium. Hence, you need to be quite careful about adding tank mates that look like other gouramis as this can lead to aggressive behavior from kissing fishes. Would they make a good pet? Yes, kissing gouramis make an amazing aquarium fish and they are quite popular all around the world. The fish is mainly distributed in Asian countries where people love to keep kissing fish. Also, there is a misconception that this fish species needs to be kept in a pair. You can easily keep a single kissing gourami, but it should have a very large tank size. Kissing gourami care isn't that hard, but you would need to maintain the proper temperature range to keep this tropical fish happy. You should also be careful about choosing the tank mates for your pink kissing gourami. Loaches, barbs, and large tetras make great tank mates for kissing gourami. If you catch any fighting between the species or damage to any tail fin, it is better to separate the fishes. As a pet owner, you might be interested in kissing gourami fish mating. People often find it daunting, as breeding this species requires a big tank size. Both the fishes should have enough space to come up for air at the surface as well as enough space to swim. The perfect water temperature should be maintained to give them an opportunity to thrive. Make sure to install a good filter to keep the water clean and fresh. You should also place plants on the surface of the water to catch the eggs that are laid by the fish. With a proper environment for breeding and a large tank, kissing gourami females will soon start to spawn, and they may produce 1000 or more eggs. The eggs will slowly float to the surface of the water and attach themselves to the plants. You need to quickly collect the egg-filled plants from the surface and place them in a different tank. The eggs will hatch in around 24 to 48 hours to reveal free-swimming kissing gourami babies. The newly hatched fry will usually stay near plants to feed on infusoria. Brine shrimp also act as a good food source for the babies. Did you know... Gourami have a special type of organ, known as the labyrinth organ, that allows them to directly get oxygen from the air rather than from the water like other fishes. Java ferns and Java moss work well in the aquarium habitat of kissing gouramis. As a freshwater fish, kissing gourami may get fungal infections, so you may need to closely monitor their scales for any potential disease. If any anomaly is seen, remove their other tank mates to stop the disease from spreading. Kissing fish: why do they kiss? The fishes don't actually kiss. Gourami kissing provides the fish with an ability to suck on their food. The fish also uses their kissing mouths as a way to be semi-aggressive towards other fishes. As a territorial fish, kissing gourami can be a little daunting to other fishes or even fellow kissing gouramis. Differences between a kissing gourami and other gourami The main difference between kissing gourami and other gourami species is their protruded mouth that look like lips. The fish can also be smaller than some other gourami species like the giant gourami. Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly animal facts for everyone to discover! Learn more about some other fish including firefish, or honey gourami. You can even occupy yourself at home by drawing one of our kissing gourami coloring pages. Get The Kidadl Newsletter In need of more inspiration?
Learning the Piano Learning an instrument reaps untold benefits. All children should have the opportunity to learn regardless of perceived aptitude. Most people have no idea what is involved. You or your child may have heard or seen the piano being played and marvelled at the sound that can be produced in such a wonderful way from a box with keys. But there is little concept of the years of dedication and training that have been undertaken. If this is you, you are not alone. While music is a wonderful thing that forms part of most people’s lives, translating that onto an instrument is not so easy. Music is an art form, a painting in sound. It can lift us up when we are down, make us excited and happy or calm frayed nerves. But learning the piano involves training fingers and strengthening muscles in hands and fingers so we can easily make the music we want with our finely tuned technique. This makes learning the piano a slow and long process as we can’t rush acquiring these skills. To train brain and muscles we need to practise daily. This means discipline, a thing children find difficult. Children who continue piano usually have a very supportive parent making sure there is a regular time for practice each day and gently cajoling through the difficult times. A happy parent who infuses their child with a love of music and shows constant interest and support is setting a good foundation for lifelong music and laying the foundations for good solid learning in other fields. One need never be bored playing the piano. There is a vast repertoire of music written specially for piano, the complexity increasing slowly as we learn and grow. As one pianist once said, it is not one instrument but a hundred as the piano plays not one line but a complex web of melodies and harmonies. Good music is amazingly beautiful so at Music Adventures we aim for good quality music whether it be classical, jazz or modern. Pop music translates badly on piano as it is usually written for guitars and voice. Most teenagers will venture this way but rarely need help as it can be freely changed and adapted to teenager’s tastes. Exploring this music increases their interest and skills, so is to be encouraged. I am always happy to help if needed.
This module contains a decorator cached() that can be used to cache the results of any Python functions to disk. This is useful when you have functions that take a long time to compute their value, and you want to cache the results of those functions between runs. Python’s pickle is used to serialize data. All cache files go into the cache/ directory inside your working directory. @cached uses a cache key function to find out if it has the value for some given function arguments cached on disk. The way it calculates that cache key by default is to simply use the string representation of all arguments passed into the function. Thus, the default cache key function looks like this: def default_cache_key(args, *kwargs): return str(args) + str(sorted(kwargs.items())) Here is an example use of the cached() decorator: import math def fac(x): print 'called!' return math.factorial(x) Often you will want to use a more intelligent cache key, one that takes more things into account. Here’s an example cache key function for a cache decorator used with a transform method of a scikit-learn BaseEstimator: >>> def transform_cache_key(self, X): ... return ','.join([ ... str(X[:20]), ... str(X[-20:]), ... str(X.shape), ... str(sorted(self.get_params().items())), ... ]) This function puts the first and the last twenty rows of the matrix X into the cache key. On top of that, it adds the shape of the matrix X.shape along with the items in self.get_params, which with a scikit-learn BaseEstimator class is the dictionary of model parameters. This makes sure that even though the input matrix is the same, it will still calculate the value again if the value of self.get_params() is different. Your estimator class can then use the decorator like so: class MyEstimator(BaseEstimator): def transform(self, X): # ... nolearn.cache.cached(cache_key=<function default_cache_key at 0x7f14c0be3048>, cache_path=None)[source] Previous topic Welcome to nolearn’s documentation! Next topic This Page
The Smart Intersection Chloe Chen West Point Grey Academy Floor Location : M 031 N A lot of research has been done to try and increase the efficiency of our current traffic systems. However, even with all the improvements that have been made, the intersections still remain a huge bottleneck that inevitably breaks down the network. So what can be done to solve this problem? My solution to this is twofold. First, by altering current traffic light cycle lengths and synchronizing them to the speeds of vehicles, the number of red lights that people are forced to encounter would be minimized and intersections would be able to reach maximum efficiency. Then, by utilizing local streets, the need for left-turn lights would be eliminated, reducing the bottlenecks on main roads. I believe that combined, these two ideas would be able to optimize the efficiency and capacity of our current roads without having to build any additional infrastructure or incorporate any expensive technology. To test the effects of my proposal, I programmed two simulation softwares: one to simulate the current traffic in my neighbourhood (West Vancouver), and the other to model what the traffic would look like after my changes were implemented. Then using these simulations, I was able to calculate how much this system would improve the driving experience of an average driver. Through my calculations, I found that this proposal would greatly impact both our society and our environment by decreasing CO2 emissions, increasing the capacity of roads, saving drivers' time, and even decreasing the number of traffic accidents. Most importantly, this idea is easy to carry out, and costs practically nothing. For example, this system can be quickly implemented in today's manual driving vehicles simply via smartphone APPs. However, this system will be equally applicable and important in the future of automated driving vehicles (ex. Google Driverless Cars), for even if/when they become the norm, this system will remain necessary to eliminate bottlenecks at intersections.
SwopNet.com logo Don't Poison Your Septic Tank Friends Your septic tank is home to trillions of friendly micro-organisms whose job is to eat the stuff that your body doesn't want. It's pooh to you, but it's their bread and butter. So long as their environment is stable and un-polluted, your little friends will keep doing their job and so will your septic tank. There are some common materials that will make your little septic system friends sick, or even dead. You should avoid putting those into your drains. The list of chemicals that can poison, or seriously slow down, your little friends in the septic tank includes: 1. Pesticides, herbicides, rat poison, insecticides, weed killers Your little friends may be tiny, but still they are living creatures with metabolic systems. Any chemical that is intended to kill living things is not going to be good for them. 2. Drugs, medicines, antibiotics Many medicines are designed to change something about metabolism, which means bad news for your septic-tank friends. Dispose of excess medicines in the trash,if permitted in your area. 3. Drain cleaners (unless they say septic-tank safe on the label) Some drain cleaners can cause sharp changes in the pH of a septic tank, which will shock the microorganisms into a state of suspended animation. Until they recover, wastes pass through your tank untreated. 4. Photographic chemicals Silver is a component of the rinse water from photogrhic processing, and it is a very effective poison to micro-organisms. Keep it out of the septic system. 5. Paint, Kilz, thinner, oils, shellac, varnishes, water sealants. Breathing the fumes from these products can make you ill, and the same thing happens if your little micro-organism friends have to swim in them. You should never put these down the drain. Also, don't clean your paint brushes in the sink. If you keep these poisons ou of your sewer system, your little microorganism friends in the septic tank will keep happily munching and you will continue to be a happy homeowner. Anything else to add to this list? Please email to webmaster -at- swopnet.com. Thank you. Caveat: Check with your local authority before using any of these ideas. Return to Septic Tank Page, which has lots more information.
How to Keep Your Memory Sharp in the Digital Age Learn new skills, exercise, get enough sleep and more to keep your memory sharp. Memorizing phone numbers and the like has become less important for many people because cellphones and other forms of technology store that information instead. However, it is important for you to maintain your memory, especially as you get older. Here are some ways to keep your memory sharp. 1. Learn a new skill. It doesn?t matter what the skill is?say, photography or playing an instrument?as long as you invest the time and effort in learning. Picking up new things enhances short-term memory, long-term memory, other brain functions, plus is just plain fun and social. 2. Travel. Your travels can be abroad if your budget allows, but a trip to another city in your state works well, too. Go solo or in a group, but immerse yourself in new experiences. 3. Get physical activity. Exercise stimulates your brain and in fact, helps blood flow to your entire body. Aim for a minimum of a 30-minute brisk walk a day. You can do the walking in 10-minute segments if you need to. 4. Get enough quality sleep. If you do not sleep well, your brain less able to absorb new information, much less remember it. Aim for at least seven hours of sleep nightly. 5. Ensure you get enough vitamins, particularly vitamins C and E, and beta carotene. These antioxidants enhance memory and cut down on cell damage. Your primary source should be foods such as oranges and blueberries, but supplements can help if necessary. 6. Challenge yourself in little ways every day. No need for grand gestures although volunteering is a great way to socialize and learn something new. Drive different routes, do Sudoku and crossword puzzles, and read books in genres you avoid.
History of your Surname Get access to Nepke family records.Start a free trial Nepke Family History Nepke Name Meaning Similar surnames: Neske, Repke, Neve, Berke, Leake, Necker, Denke, Eike, Belke, Lepre Search for a relative to learn more about your family history. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. Black & white image of a young woman scientist Where is the Nepke family from? You can see how Nepke families moved over time by selecting different census years. The Nepke family name was found in the USA in 1920. In 1920 there was 1 Nepke family living in Pennsylvania. This was 100% of all the recorded Nepke's in the USA. Pennsylvania had the highest population of Nepke families in 1920. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Nepke surname lived. Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations. What did your Nepke ancestors do for a living? Census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your Nepke ancestors, such as occupation. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. What Nepke family records will you find? Census Records There are 19 census records available for the last name Nepke. Like a window into their day-to-day life, Nepke census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. Search Canadian census records for Nepke Passenger Lists There are 1 immigration records available for the last name Nepke. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in Canada, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. View all Nepke immigration records Draft Cards There are 2 military records available for the last name Nepke. For the veterans among your Nepke ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions. View all Nepke military records You've only scratched the surface of Nepke family history. Discover More What is the average Nepke lifespan? Discover the unique achievements of ancestors in the Nepke family tree Explore Your Tree Search for another surname Start a 14-Day Free Trial
Why Is The ACLU Ribbon At The Oscars Blue? Jonathan Leibson/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images The ACLU was founded in 1920 and has been tirelessly working to defend and preserve rights and liberties for people ever since. As you've probably already seen, celebrities wore blue ACLU ribbons at the 2017 Oscars. Blue is a pretty popular color for the organization and is all over their website. Although the ACLU doesn't seem to have an official statement about why they chose the color, there's a lot of potential meaning behind it. According to the ACLU website, "the ACLU brand is synonymous with the nonpartisan protection of our freedoms", which could have something to do with the blue color choice. Although it doesn't say exactly why the organization uses the color, Time magazine reports that President Reagan once said the blue in the American flag stands for justice, perseverance, and vigilance. Bustle has reached out to the ACLU for comment. Medium reports the "ACLU has always used blue, a naturally calming color that can evoke safety and security, an organization you can trust to defend your rights as a human being." While you'll sometimes see the logo in black, the light and dark blue hues are the official colors. One thing's for sure though, it's great to see a bit of activism on the Oscars red carpet. Here's a look at how some of the stars wore their accessories. The blue definitely pops in every single instance. Frazer Harrison/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images Wore on the hip by Karlie Kloss. Frazer Harrison/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images Ruth Negga wore hers up front and center. No matter the reason behind the color, this accessory is on point.
Poke around on the web, and you'll keep hearing about "archaeological mysteries," and we'll be honest with you: These mysteries are usually pretty lame. The archaeologists put out a statement about having not determined the nature of some broken pot or rock, and then websites will blow this up as though it's a crazy conundrum. Yeah, the object is unexplained, but that's nowhere as surprising as the writers claim. Just because something's unidentified doesn't mean it's inexplicable or weird. Today, however, we're not going to show you some boring shard. We're going to show you the Roman dodecahedron. Look at the picture above. That's ... that's something all right, isn't it? But what is it? No one knows. We found the first of these in an English field in 1739. We've since found over 100 more, in Spain, Italy, France, and Germany. They date back to Roman times, to the second or third century. But we haven't found any clues in art or writings from back then to say just what they are. These probably weren't just to look cool. They would have been too hard to make, and they look too standardized. You might associate dodecahedrons with dice, but these wouldn't have been useful as dice, because of the way they're weighted. The Greeks used to associate dodecahedrons with astronomy and math. Maybe these were some kind of measuring instrument, for pipe widths, or for grain? Some have been found with coins, though they don't appear to have been valuable—maybe they stored coins, or checked for counterfeit coins? Maybe they held candles. Maybe they helped people knit. Maybe they guided soldiers as they lined up distant shots. One dodecahedron was found close to a staff made of bone, raising the possibility that these were the heads of staffs. This is the explanation we choose to believe. On the off-chance that a legion of Roman sorceresses and necromancers are preparing for battle, we want to respect them so they'll be on our side. For more mysteries of the dirt, check out: Ancient Hebrew Inscribed on a Rock in New Mexico Zombie And Vampire Burials An Ancient Coded Papyrus Turns Out To Be A Horny Pamphlet Top image: Eamonn O'Mahony, Gallo-Roman Museum Forgot Password?
Site Search: Detecting Relay Chatter in Rocket Launch Vehicles Imagine the vibrations you'd encounter as you were launched into space by a rocket. Now imagine how these vibrations can affect on-board control circuits. Since the failure of even one such component during launch can be both costly and tragic, engineers strive to simulate as much of the mission as possible on the ground. One area of particular concern was relay chatter caused by the tremendous vibrations of flight. A simulation was carried out to determine whether on-board relay assemblies remained closed when subjected to a 70g, 100 Hz to 3 kHz random vibration. Engineers had defined a minimum sample interval of 5µs with a total data acquisition time of 3 minutes. This translated to a 200,000 Hz sample rate and a data file size of about 72 megabytes. It also precluded use of an older data acquisition product that had a top sample rate of 50,000 Hz. Instead, a small DC current was injected into the relay circuit and connected to a DATAQ Instruments model DI-400 (now obsolete - the DI-720 would replace it) data acquisition card running under WinDaq/Pro real-time recording software. This combination is capable of sample rates to 500,000 Hz. Any break in the relay circuit caused by vibration would immediately show as a spike on WinDaq's real time display, thus allowing relay performance to be judged on-the-fly. After the test, data files created by WinDaq/Pro were further interpreted using WinDaq Waveform Browser playback and analysis software. The disk streaming capabilities of both software packages allows data acquisition and analysis independent of data file size, which was very large in this example.
ICSE Class 10- Literature — Cabuliwallah The Cabuliwallah [The Fruitseller from Kabul] Rabindranath Tagore In different words .. My little 5-year-old daughter Mini is, no doubt, a chatterbox. Her inquisitiveness about worldly things is limitless, but her patience to hear out the reply is equally limited. She darts in and out of my room, and shoots questions that bear the mark of her childlike simplicity. Staying quiet is not in her grain. Listlessness is alien to her nature. One morning, when I was deeply engrossed in my thought about a plot of my novel, she tiptoed into my room and fired her questions in rapid succession. Why did Dindayal call a crow a ‘ krow’, and was Bhola’s contention that an elephant in the cloud poured rains on earth not an absurd idea? Finally, Mini wanted to know how her mother was related to me! I knew her innate exuberance makes her so agile. So, seeing her quiet saddens me, although her mother finds her ebullience somewhat annoying. In different words … The question about my relationship with Mini’s mother caught me unaware. She was too young to understand marital matters. To skirt the question I thought of saying ‘My little sister in law’. But, I chose to ward off the embarrassment by asking Mini, rather sternly, to go and play with Bhola. Mini sat there near my feet playing something on her own. I was lost in my thought trying to figure out how Proptap Singh, with her beloved Kanchanlata in her arms, was trying to flee the castle from the third storey. Suddenly, Mini sprang to her feet shouting ‘ Cabuliwalah, Cabuliwalah’. Through the window that gave a clear view of the road, she had actually seen one walking on the road. The man was attired in baggy, soiled clothes, with a huge turban on the head. A bag hung from his shoulders. He looked so different, so quintessentially Afghan. He held some packets of grapes in his hand. In different words … My daughter appeared intrigued, possibly. I knew she would call him, and that would disrupt my continuing with the story. True to my apprehension, the strange-looking Cabuliwallah looked at Mini, as if to size her up. He terrified my child for sure for she scampered to the safety of her mother into the inner chambers of the house. Mini had imagined that the stranger had two or three hidden in the bag. That thought drove great fear into her. In the meanwhile, the Cabuliwallah came in and greeted me with a customary smile. I had planned to bring the encounter to a quick end by buying something and letting him leave early, so that I could proceed with my writing. I bought some small quantity, but somehow a conversation ensued. We started talking about Abdurrahaman, the Russians, and the Frontier Policy. This was their first meeting. “The Cabuliwallah gave it me,” said Mini cheerfully. “The Cabuliwallah gave it you!” cried her mother much shocked. “Oh, Mini! how could you take it from him?” It was not the first or second time, I found, that the two had met. The Cabuliwallah had overcome the child’s first terror by a judicious bribery of nuts and almonds, and the two were now great friends. They had many quaint jokes, which afforded them much amusement. Seated in front of him, looking down on his gigantic frame in all her tiny dignity, Mini would ripple her face with laughter, and begin: “O Cabuliwallah, Cabuliwallah, what have you got in your bag?” In different words … As the Cabuliwallah lifted his large frame to leave, he inquired about Mini. I thought my daughter must get rid of her irrational fear of a fellow human being. I called her to my presence. The visitor wanted to befriend her by offering her raisin and nuts. But, she remained indifferent to the gesture of the stranger. Instead, she clung to me harder, determined to remain at a safe distance from him. The meeting ended with Mini’s suspicion of him not the least lessened. One morning I was taken aback to see my daughter sitting on the bench with the tall, lanky bearded visitor seated near her feet. The duo seemed to be in great mood. The initial sulking had been replaced by bonhomie. He appeared to have unusual patience for her endless chatter. I found some raisin and nuts tied to the end of my daughter’s little saree. I frowned to see this and decided to give an eight-anna coin to him. He took it and slipped it into his pocket. When I returned an hour later, the innocuous eight-anna coin seemed to have kicked up a fiasco. Apparently, the Cabuliwallah had given back the coin to her, and she had flaunted the ‘gift’ to her mother. She was aghast to discover that her little daughter had accepted money from an unknown man from a ‘foreign’ land. She was screaming in disapproval. I stepped in to sort out the ugly situation. To my bewilderment, I found from Mini that the duo had met several times before, and the clever Cabuliwalah had made her way to her heart through gifts of raisin and nut on each encounter. Now, the two were friends. The rapport was real. It seems the Cabuliwalah had no dearth of jokes that Mini relished. She would ask him, what he had in his bag. He would reply saying he had an elephant! The bond between the tiny girl and the tall old bearded Cabuliwalah was as fascinating as it was intriguing. At times, he would ask her when was she going to her father-in-law’s house. My conservative household kept such matters from her. She could hardly understand the import of his question. She would throw the question back at her and ask him when he was going to his in-law’s house. In different words .. For the poor and the alien class to which the Cabuliwalah belonged, finding oneself in the wrong side of the law was not very uncommon. Very often such offenders go to jail during which time they got free food, dress and shelter, same as what one gets in the father-in-law’s house. The ignominy of incarceration hardly matters. For the Cabuliwalah’s class, the word ‘father-in-law’ is often used as synonym for captivity in prison. The Cabuliwalah lighted up on being asked when he would visit his in-law’s home. He gesticulated showing his powerful fist and punching it against an imaginary policeman. Mini didn’t understand why he roared with such wrath, but she would nonetheless enjoy the theatrics of the Cabuliwalah. He would join her with peels of laughter. It was autumn. This is the time of the year when kings in olden days used to go on their military campaigns. I was, however, confined to my home in Calcutta letting my mind wander all over the world. The sight of a foreigner in the street rekindles my fascination with the land of his origin. I conjure up visions of the landscape, its mountains, rivers and the dwellings where nomads live. The sight of the Cabuliwallah seemed to take me to his land of rocky mountains, narrow winding mountain passes, camels moving slowly with their loads of merchandize, turbaned merchants armed with antique-looking rifles. To interrupt my thought chain, comes Mini’s mother urging me to keep the Cabuliwalah at arm’s length. Were children never kidnapped? Even to me it was a little startling now and then, in the corner of a dark room, suddenly to surprise this tall, loose-garmented, much bebagged man; but when Mini would run in smiling, with her, “O! Cabuliwallah! Cabuliwallah!” and the two friends, so far apart in age, would subside into their old laughter and their old jokes, I felt reassured. In different words .. Mini’s mother is a meek and fearful person. She gets unduly apprehensive on seeing any sort of commotion outside our home. She concludes that something ominous is going to happen. From thieves to drunkards to tigers to caterpillars, she imagines endless types of dangers coming to our doorstep. So many years in our house has somehow not rid her of such irrational fear. From the beginning, she has been wary of the Cabuliwallah and has beseeched me to keep a strict eye on him. No amount of patient persuasion succeeded to convince her that there was little reason to suspect the Cabuliwallah of having any hostile intent. She would counter me by asking if kidnapping of children was not common or there were no slaves languishing in Cabul. She would argue that anything was possible for the burly Cabuliwallah, and our Mini was an easy target for him. Despite my pleadings, she never could drive the fear of the Cabuliwallah from her mind. Around mid January each year, the Cabuliwallah used to make his long journey back home. It was a hectic time for him as he got busy collecting his dues. Despite his busy schedule, he comes to our house daily to see Mini. If he can not make it in the morning, he comes in the evening. Such acquaintance did cause some doubts, but Mini’s spontaneous pleasure on seeing him did dispel my fears. It was strange how the old, boorish-looking, large-framed man from a distant land, and our tiny Mini have developed such an emotional bond. One morning, I was correcting the proofs of my writing. Cabuliwallah’s time to return home was drawing near. It was chilly outside, and the warmth of the early Sun light was so comforting. People walked on the road with their heads covered. I was a bit taken aback to hear the sound of a ruction from my neighbourhood. I saw two policemen taking away the handcuffed Cabuliwallah. A bunch of boys followed the trio in great curiosity. Later it emerged that a neighbour had failed to pay off the debt to Rahmun, the Cabuliwallah. It had caused an altercation between the two that turned ugly as the impatient lender, Rahmun, turned on the borrower with his knife. The police man had seized the knife and there were blood stains on Rahmun’s clothes. I saw all these with great horror when I came out to see what had caused the raucous. Our Mini appeared on the verandah. Seeing Rahmun, she carried out in her childlike zeal, ‘O, Cabuliwallah, Cabuliwallah, are you going to your father-in-law’s house?” The unruffled Rahmun smiled beamingly and replied that he was indeed going there. He held up his handcuffed hand, so that Mini could see it. In his characteristic defiant way, he declared that he would have thrashed his father-in-law if the handcuff had not been there. After trial, Rahmun went to jail for a few years. In other words .. As days, weeks and months went by, Cabuliwallah’s memory faded off. Few among us seldom bothered to imagine what the tall gutsy mountain tribesman must be doing inside the four walls of the jail. Mini was no exception. She grew up, spending most of her time with other girls of her age. The childlike innocence that used to filmy heart deserted her. She hardly came to my chamber to have a chit chat. It was autumn. Mini’s marriage was on the cards. We had made the usual arrangements for her marriage, scheduled for the Pujah holidays. She would go to her husband’s home leaving us forlorn and heart-broken. In other words .. The Sun rays in the morning were golden and radiant. The air was fresh and the ambience was enlivening. Even the old walls of the nearby lanes seemed to spring back to life when the sunlight fell on them. The drums and the wedding pipes sang the tunes befitting for festive occasion. I somehow felt somewhat nervous. The Bhairavo tune played by the band made me gloomy. I knew Mini would leave us for good that night. The samiana came up in the courtyard. A strange hustle and bustle gripped the household. I was in my study looking into the expenditures and the budget when I could sense that a visitor had come in. It was the same old Rahmun the Cabuliwallah. He bowed respectfully and stood near me. Bereft of his beard, bag and other paraphernalia, he was barely recognizable. The years in prison had made him look haggard and old. He smiled. In other words ... He had been released from jail the previous evening. For a moment I was flummoxed. N ex-convict, a criminal who had used his knife to fellow human being stood before me. It was so very un-settling. ‘What an ominous thing to happen in an auspicious day!’ I wondered. I wanted to make him leave. I told him to come some other day as I said I was busy. He began to go, but turned around. He begged to see the ‘Little One’, implying Mini of the older years. He had imagined Mini to be the same sweet little one. Borrowing some money from a fellow country man, he had brought some almonds and raisins nicely wrapped in a paper. After serving the jail term, he had become penniless. It was an awkward request. I told there was a festival in the house, so I couldn’t keep his request. In other words .. My refusal hit him hard. His face became downcast. He took a few steps, and then turned around with the gift packet for Mini in his hand. He begged me to give the packet to her. When I started to pay him, he politely but firmly refused to take any money. He said that he had a similar young daughter at home, and it is her memory that makes him to see Mini happy. Then, he proceeded to take out a small worn-out, but carefully preserved piece of paper from his deep pocket. With tender care he opened it. It had the impressions of the hand of a young child. He had preserved the impression as a token of love and longing for his little daughter. In other words … The Cabuliwallah’s words struck a raw nerve in my heart. My eyes welled up as I struggled to rein in my torrent of emotions. I saw no difference in the love between the Cabuliwallah and his daughter Parbati, and my Mini and me. The barrier caused economic well being and social status between him and me vanished instantly. I sent for Mini. I couldn’t refuse a grieving pining father. I brushed aside the fuss created by the womenfolk of my family to make Mini come. She was clad in a red silk Saree. She was decked up as a bride with sandal paste in her forehead. She appeared and stood self-consciously by my side. The Cabuliwallah was not prepared to see Mini in this attire. Clearly, he was lost for words. It took a while for him to gather himself and say something. After a pause, he asked, “Little one, are you going to your father-in-law’s house?” Unlike the earlier years, Mini blushed at the question as she understood the loaded word ‘father-in-law’. Memories of the duo’s first encounter and the blossoming of their friendship rushed through my mind. The Cabuliwallah heaved a sigh of relief and slumped on the floor. A huge weight seemed to have descended on his shoulders. He remembered that his daughter must have grown up like Mini has done. Eight years is a long period. The drummers and the music party played their tunes. Rahmun was deeply engrossed in his thought. His grown up daughter, his countryside, and his commitment as father buffeted his mind relentlessly. I knew why the Cabuliwallah had fallen silent. As I read his mind, empathy for him overwhelmed me. I took out a bank note and gave it to him. I asked him to rush to his country and discharge his duties as father to his grownup daughter. The hand-out to Rahmun forced me to dispense with the arrangement for the electric light and the military band. The austerity did not please the womenfolk, but I had no regrets. Instead the thought of the meeting of Rahmun with his daughter in distant Afghanistan filled my heart with great pleasure. I enjoyed the festivities of my house with much heightened spirit. 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Mass Spectrometer: Mass Spectrometer How A Mass Spectrometer Works & How Our Leases Save You Time & Money Excedr Analytical Instruments Calorimeter Whatever your mass spectrometer requirements and needs might be, our lease program can meet them. We lease a wide variety of models and brands. Reach out to learn more and receive a lease estimate today. All equipment brands/models are available Excedr’s Mass Spectrometer Leasing Program Benefits: • Minimizes equipment downtime with included complete repair coverage and preventive maintenance • Expedites the administrative work needed for instrument procurement and logistics • Accommodates all manufacturer and model preferences Scientists and researchers use mass spectrometry (MS) as an analytical tool to determine the relative abundance of isotopes, identify unknown compounds, quantify known components, and elucidate structures found in both pure samples and complex mixtures. Not to be confused with mass spectroscopy—the term’s use is discouraged due to the possibility of confusion with light spectroscopy—MS measures the distribution of ions by mass, or mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), of molecules (and/or its fragments) and atoms by ionizing the atoms and molecules with a high-energy electron beam and then deflecting the ions through a magnetic field based on their mass-to-charge ratios (m/z). These measurements can often be used to calculate the molecular weight of the sample. A mass spectrometer—the device that utilizes MS—consists of an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Typically, as a sample is introduced into the spectrometer, it is bombarded with electrons and ionized, allowing the compounds to become charged and fragmented. Using the mass analyzer, the ions are separated by an electromagnetic field according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The detector system then ascertains the relative abundance of each of the resolved ionic species. The spectrometer will then create a graphical representation of the ion’s specific ion abundance vs. m/z that were separated during analysis. This plotting is referred to as the mass spectrum. It can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment applied. These spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of a sample, the masses of both particles and molecules, and to elucidate the chemical structure or identity of molecules and chemical compounds. MS is used in a diverse range of fields that includes proteomics, metabolomics, forensic toxicology, as well as general clinical research. It has become a particularly powerful tool used in proteomics as well. Using the technique enables researchers to perform proteome-wide analysis and characterization of proteins from a wide range of cell types and organisms. Components & Benefits Mass spectrometer instrumentation is made up of three major components that each carry out the fundamental steps in the analytical process: ion generation, ion separation, and ion detection. Ion Source Learn MoreShow Less Ionization is used to produce gas phase ions suitable for resolution in the mass analyzer. In order for a mass spectrometer to ionize a sample, or analyte, under analysis, an ion source is required. This ion source is how a mass spectrometer system generates ions. Afterward, the ions are transported via magnetic or electric fields directly to the mass analyzer. Ionization techniques have played a vital role in determining what types of samples can be analyzed using MS. Depending on what you are analyzing, you’ll have to use specific types of ionization. Electric and chemical ionization are used for both vapors and gas, while matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization are used for solid or liquid biological samples. There are two classifications of ionization used in MS. Hard & Soft Ionization Learn MoreShow Less The choice of ionization source is extremely important, and is usually classified as “hard” or “soft”. Hard ionization fragments molecules, whereas soft offers little or no fragmentation. One example of hard ionization is electric ionization, or EI. This technique creates a high degree of fragmentation and yields in-depth mass spectra that can provide insightful, critical information. This type of ionizing tend to have lower m/z value compared to the molecular mass. On the other hand, soft ionization includes processes such as chemical ionization (CI), electrospray ionization (ESI), and MALDI. Mass analyzer Learn MoreShow Less The mass analyzer is used for separating or resolving the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). This component is how the MS system separates ions. There are six general types of analyzers used in MS: • Time-of-flight (ToF) • Quadrupole • Ion trap • Magnetic sector • Electrostatic sector • Ion cyclotron resonance Each type has its advantages and disadvantages. While some offer high resolution and dynamic range, they can be expensive and bulky. Others may offer high sensitivity and reproducibility but lack the scan speed you require. No single analyzer is suited for all analyses, and the advantages or limitations can have a significant impact on your lab. Therefore, understanding the different principles, features, and characteristics of each type is essential to choosing the one that best suits your needs and provides you optimal capabilities. Learn MoreShow Less A key element of any system, the spectrometer’s detector is used to detect separated ions and convert them into a measurable signal. The separated ions are measured, and those measurements are sent to a data systems that creates a mass spectrum, a graphical representation of each ion’s m/z ratios and their relative abundance, plotted against their intensities. There are several types of detectors available. The type you use depends on a variety of factors that can include spatial information retention and dynamic range, as well as spectrometer design and application requirements. They include: • Photoplate detectors • Faraday detectors (or Faraday cups) • Electron multipliers (EM) or secondary electron multipliers (SEM) • Daly detectors • Image-current detection technology • Focal-plane array detectors • Cryodetectors Many of the various types of detectors offer high sensitivity, as well as linear and quantitative response. However, some detectors are designed for very specific functions. Noise, uniformity, and counting single or multiple masses are also important considerations when choosing an instrument. Ion detection technology has not received as much attention as the ion source and mass analyzer. Traditional analog (Faraday detectors)—and electron multiplier (EM) detectors have been used for decades, and although advances in ion detection technology have occurred, they have been incremental. Nonetheless, it is an area of importance, due to the fundamental need to detect ions. Integrating Systems Learn MoreShow Less A sample can be introduced into an MS system in several ways, depending on the experimental setup. For many researchers and scientists in the life sciences, MS almost always means liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as well as several other integrated analytical solutions. Because mass spectrometers typically lack any analytical front end, integrating these systems with chromatographic technologies has become fundamental to analytical research. However, stand-alone devices can still be found in use for the analysis of pure solid and liquid compounds, or as chemical-specific analyzers that do not require separation from each other or the matrix they occur in. Furthermore, tandem mass spectrometry, or MS/MS, is used to increase the overall ability of the two devices to analyze chemical samples. These coupled systems can be used alone as well, or together with GC or LC systems. Learn MoreShow Less Mass spectrometry is used in a variety of applications across a wide range of fields. It’s applications commonly include: • Proteomics: protein identification and characterization, peptide sequencing, and mapping numerous organelles. • Metabolomics: metabolic fingerprinting and profiling, lipodomics studies, cancer screening and diagnosis, and biofuels generation and use. • Pharmaceutical Analysis: drug testing and discovery, drug metabolism, drug degradation, product analysis, preclinical development, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses. • Clinical Diagnostics: therapeutic drug monitoring, biomarker discovery and profiling, disease detection and risk assessment, and direct analysis of biological samples. • Forensic analysis: trace, fiber, and hair analysis, arson investigation, explosives and gun shot residue, and drug identification and abuse confirmation. • Environmental Analysis: pesticide screening and quantitation, tap water testing, soil contamination analysis, and carbon dioxide and pollution monitoring. The Introduction of the Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Learn MoreShow Less Richard A. Yost and Christie G. Enke’s report on the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1978 has been cited as the birth of mass spectrometer instruments. However, the pair did not set out to create a mass spectrometer when they began to attempt entirely computerizing an analytical instrument. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, over 40 years old now, enabled scientists to use MS as an analytical chemistry technique. Before Enke and Yost’s work, MS was primarily used by organic and physical chemists. Since the pair’s report, the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer has turned into the workhorse of quantitative mass spectrometry. Reduce Your Upfront Costs by Leasing an LC-MS System Choosing from a wide range of techniques and technologies available can be a daunting task, and it is essential to keep scientific application, performance expectations, and budget in mind. Doing so will help you procure the exact mass spectrometer system to match you needs. Regardless of whether you’re interested in an ICP-MS, LC-MS, or a standalone MS/MS, we can help. 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Why Does My Body Ache? Causes & Treatment By Chris Bodle, MD Medically reviewed April 13, 2020 Body aches are an uncomfortable but common symptom of a variety of medical ailments. If you’re experiencing body aches, your muscles may feel weak, sore, tired, or hard to move. For most, body aches are easily treatable—a few days of rest and hydration can provide relief from any discomfort. For some, body aches, particularly those that last a long time, can indicate a serious underlying medical condition that may require treatment. What Are Body Aches? Body aches are an uncomfortable symptom caused by muscle inflammation and soreness. Sometimes, body aches can be sharp and intermittent, while in other instances, they may feel more like a prolonged, dull, generalized ache. Most body aches are short-term and harmless, and can be a result of your lifestyle, illness or any underlying condition. Body aches occur when your muscles are inflamed, either through physical stress, or through an immune response. If you stand, walk, or exercise for long periods of time, you may feel achy because those activities can cause muscle stress and strain. If you’re suffering from the flu, a cold, or other communicable diseases, you may also feel body aches. As your body fights off infection, it triggers an immune response that causes short-term muscle inflammation, in turn making you feel uncomfortable, or achy. Chat with a doctor and get body ache treatment for just $23 Get started Body aches are often experienced in conjunction with other symptoms, which can be helpful in determining the underlying cause of your soreness. Common symptoms you might experience in addition to body aches include: • Fatigue: You may feel tired, fatigued, exhausted, like it’s difficult to move, or like your body is heavy or weighed down. • Chills: You may also shiver, feel abnormally cold without any cause, or complain that you feel chills running through your body. • Fever: Fevers, or body temperatures of more than 100° F (37.8° C), are often associated with feelings of muscle achiness or soreness. • Headache: Headaches are another symptom commonly linked to body aches. • Sore throat: Body aches and sore throat, nasal congestion, or runny nose can be experienced simultaneously. Common Causes of Body Aches Body aches can be a cause of both short-term ailments and long-term conditions. Healthy people may experience body aches after standing, walking, or exercising for a prolonged period of time. In others, body aches are a sign of an underlying medical condition or infection. Common causes of body aches include: • Stress: Exposure to prolonged stress can trigger widespread inflammation, muscle tension, and pain. • Lack of sleep: Regular sleep deprivation can contribute to the development of chronic pain. Sleeping gives your body a chance to repair and recuperate from your daily activities. If you can’t or don’t sleep, your body’s repair cycle becomes disrupted, which can lead to feeling more aches and pains. • Dehydration: When you lose more fluids than you take in, you become dehydrated, a condition that can cause muscle cramps, tension, and fatigue. • Fluid retention: Certain conditions can cause your body to abnormally retain water, leading to swelling, inflammation, cramps, pain, and muscle soreness. • Infections and viruses: Viral and bacterial infections like head colds, influenza, and coronavirus (COVID-19) trigger an immune system response that can cause muscle inflammation and body aches. • Hypokalemia: Hypokalemia, or low potassium, can affect your body’s nerves and muscles and lead to cramps and pain. • Fibromyalgia: Fibromyalgia, a condition that affects the central nervous system, often causes muscle aches, stiffness, and fatigue. • Myositis: Chronic muscle pain, as well as fatigue and general discomfort, can be signs of myositis. • Arthritis: If you have arthritis, your immune system attacks the healthy tissue that lines your joints, leading to inflammation and chronic pain. • Lupus: Lupus, an autoimmune disorder, can cause aches and pains. • Multiple sclerosis: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects your central nervous system and can cause symptoms that include body aches and pain. How to Relieve Body Aches You can alleviate the symptoms of an achy body with a few simple, at-home remedies: rest, recuperation, and drinking plenty of fluids. There are a few other steps you can take at home to find relief. • Get plenty of sleep: A lack of sleep can exacerbate body aches and the conditions that lead to them. Sleeping gives your body a chance to fight off infections, heal itself, and recuperate. • Stay hydrated: Doctors recommend that adults drink between 4-6 cups of water a day to avoid dehydration. Drinking enough fluids cushions your joints, reduces inflammation, and lessens the muscle tension that can cause body aches and other symptoms. • Use heat: To lessen your discomfort, draw yourself a warm bath, take a long shower, or use heat pads or blankets to soothe aching muscles and painful joints. • Take an anti-inflammatory: Take an over-the-counter pain reliever like ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin IB), naproxen sodium (Aleve), and acetaminophen (Tylenol) are all useful medicines to have on hand when you need to treat different kinds of muscle pain. Ibuprofen and naproxen sodium treat muscle inflammation, soreness, stiffness, and tension, while acetaminophen works best on muscle tension and pain (but does not treat inflammation). If you find that over-the-counter medication does not improve your condition, talk to your doctor about whether a muscle relaxant or other prescription medication might better address your body aches. • Try massage therapy or acupuncture: Massage therapy increases blood flow to your muscles, which eases discomfort. Acupuncture, with its emphasis on acupressure points, has been found to provide some relief for patients struggling with joint and muscle pain. • Incorporate low-impact exercise: If you have fibromyalgia or another autoimmune disorder, moderate, low-impact exercises can help you manage your condition over the long term. Studies have shown that exercise can help decrease the severity of your pain, increase your joint flexibility, enhance your overall well being, and improve your quality of life. When to See a Doctor If you have severe body aches, or you have body aches coupled with other symptoms, home remedies or self treatment may not be enough. If your body aches are debilitating or don’t go away on their own, it’s time to make an appointment with your doctor to identify the cause of your pain and any treatment options that might help you manage it more effectively. Contact your doctor if you’re experiencing: • Extreme muscle weakness or loss of mobility • Difficulty swallowing, eating, or drinking • Trouble breathing or dizziness • Severe water retention • Persistent pain that does not improve with home treatments • Body aches related to a tick bite or unexplained rash • Persistent fever (a temperature of 100° F/37.8° C or above) • Medication-induced body aches • Shortness of breath • Chest pain • A stiff neck • Sensitivity to light or other changes in vision • Extreme fatigue that does not get better with sleep • Fainting, seizure, or a loss of consciousness • Nausea and vomiting • Unexplained body aches that occur for more than two weeks Make an appointment with your doctor to talk through your symptoms, identify your ailment, and discuss future treatment options. Get started How K Health Can Help Chris Bodle, MD
More Students Can Gain Access To College Education More Students Can Gain Access To College Education The amount of time and effort students and parents put into planning, and how early they get started, are important factors in achieving access to postsecondary education. Schools play a key role in making planning resources, information and opportunities available and accessible. Educators believe that students should start post-high school planning in ninth grade or even earlier, but relatively few students report starting earlier than 10th grade. Young adults who did not continue their education after high school were more likely than others to say they wished they had started planning earlier, and were also more likely to report that they would do something different if they could start over again. Most reported that they would go to college. Among the most helpful approaches that schools take in preparing students for postsecondary education, educators list: - spending class time on college and career planning - consistent, ongoing individual attention or advising - goal-oriented personal learning plans, and - college fairs or parent information nights Educators working in schools that separate the responsibility for postsecondary education planning from other tasks within the guidance office gave more positive assessments of their schools' ability to provide post-high school planning assistance for students of all ability levels. From a list of planning activities, students and young adults rate guidance counselor meetings as the most helpful (although they rate parents and teachers as more helpful with planning overall). Parents rate college campus visits, closely followed by meetings with guidance counselors, as the most helpful activity. Meeting with their child's guidance counselor is the only planning activity that parents of General/Voc Prep students are as likely as other parents to have done. While virtually all current students report having regularly scheduled meetings with guidance counselors, only 74% report having had a serious discussion with a guidance counselor or teacher about their plans for the future. Only two-thirds of the young adults surveyed reported that their high school offered regularly scheduled guidance counselor meetings. Discussions about access to higher education often focus on financial considerations, and many of those surveyed expressed concern about college affordability and financial aid. Nearly three-quarters of parents surveyed say they are discouraged by the rising costs of college, but very few (only 7%) say their child won't be able to attend because of costs. Roughly one-third of students and parents say that it is likely that money will be the determining factor in whether or not they (or their children) go to college. About one half of students and fully 68% of parents say that money will determine which college they (or their children) choose. Three in ten young adults report that money was a very significant factor in determining what they did directly after high school, regardless of where in they live. Students who went on to a two-year college, technical or trade school were roughly twice as likely as those who went to four-year college to say that money was a very significant factor. Most students (78%) express a willingness to take on loans in order to pay for college. While most parents (72%) support the idea of their children incurring debt to finance college, fewer (59%) are willing themselves to take on education loans for their children. Although most students and parents report that they will need significant financial aid to pay for college, some do not believe that they will qualify for scholarships or grants to help pay for college. Parents who did not go to college and parents of General/Voc Prep track students are more likely than others to believe that saving for their child's college education would jeopardize the family's eligibility for financial aid. Students who are proactive in college planning and those who have parents who are actively involved are at a distinct advantage in terms of fulfilling their postsecondary education goals. Many students and parents, however, appear to be approaching the post-high school planning process passively, waiting for schools or others to prompt their planning efforts and for information to come to them. Another key implication of these findings is that first-generation college families are in need of particular attention and resources. Students without a parent or sibling who has gone to college face great challenges in forming college aspirations and in navigating the college planning process. Every first-generation student who successfully moves on to college represents a family no longer facing this barrier in the future, so resources invested in this area are likely to reap great rewards. Some students appear to have experiences in high school that are very encouraging and supportive of their postsecondary education goals. These experiences combine a high level of proactive involvement in both school and planning by the students themselves and their parents with effective programs and resources provided by the school. Broaden the notion of "college" and promote the idea that college is for everyone, not just a select few. College planning activities at school should include all the postsecondary education options in order to improve educators', students' and parents' knowledge of and access to information about two-year colleges and technical college programs. Where feasible, separate the responsibility for postsecondary education planning from other functions in high school guidance offices to help them better assist students at all levels with post-high school planning. Provide more structure and more options for post-high school planning: incorporate planning into class time, assign students to a teacher who acts as an advisor throughout high school and schedule regular meetings, and make some planning activities mandatory. Improve post-high school planning and expectations for all students, particularly those in the College Prep and General/Voc Prep academic tracks: start planning earlier-no later than ninth grade, individualize planning activities, and include parents in the process. Help parents and students to understand the importance of being proactively involved and to identify the concrete steps they can take to stay on course. Creating an environment of support for postsecondary education is critical. Schools, families, community members, and employers can all play important roles. - Schools and families can send and reinforce the message that college is for everyone. - Community members and businesses can serve as mentors, open their doors to interns, and help to coordinate service-learning projects. - Employers can provide information and resources for college and financial planning, and provide employees with time off to attend guidance counselor meetings and visit college campuses. - Colleges and universities can expand outreach in their local communities and invite students and parents to campus to provide as a hands-on introduction to college rather than as a recruiting tool. Finally, better information and resources are needed to effectively address families' concerns about the cost and affordability of college. Our analysis points to three specific steps that could make a positive difference. - Demystify the system of college financial aid and correct some parents' misperceptions. In particular, some parents expressed the belief that saving for college limits a family's eligibility for financial aid. The government and colleges should make the rules they use to determine financial aid eligibility more transparent. - Improve knowledge about student loan programs and borrowing options for parents. Families may not be sufficiently aware of available loan subsidies, and may need advice about "safe" borrowing levels for students. - Make more need-based scholarships and financial aid available. We heard concern from students that they will not qualify for scholarships or other financial aid. Only a very small proportion of students can be at the top of any given class. Broadening the availability of scholarships will provide a practical resource to more students who need financial help while reinforcing the critical message that college is attainable and appropriate for them. Given that a person with a college degree earns over $1 million more in his or her lifetime than a person with a high school diploma, the economic benefits to the state of improving the college-going rate are tangible.While boosting the proportion of adults with college degrees will also require improving college retention and promoting continuing education for the adult workforce, there are several concrete steps that can be taken. Students and parents readily acknowledge their responsibility for planning, but many- particularly those who are the first in their family to attend college-do not appear prepared to do this on their own. Here are our suggestions: - Capitalize on the key role guidance counselors play in postsecondary education planning. Where feasible, separate post-high school planning from other responsibilities in high school guidance offices. - To create more opportunities for parental involvement in planning, develop alternate schedules that would include evening office hours for some guidance counselors. - Expand post-high school planning efforts to include high school faculty, not just the guidance office. More individual attention and more time devoted to planning is part of the consistent oversight and input that students say that they want and acknowledge that they need. - Encourage parents' employers to participate. - Enlist the support of local businesses. Businesses can give students much-needed opportunities to conduct career exploration. - Encourage community members who can provide resources - whether it's sharing their experiences with college preparation, providing financial planning expertise, or offering to serve as mentors - to contact local high schools to offer that help. - Get local colleges involved. These experiences provide students with a more tangible sense of what college is like and an opportunity to see themselves as college students. - Those with resources to provide or support scholarships - individuals or corporations. - Colleges and governmental agencies should continue efforts to clarify and publicize financial aid eligibility criteria as well as information about student and parental education loans. High schools and community/business resources can help provide the kind of individual attention that is needed by students and parents in navigating the world of financial aid. This kind of support is particularly critical for first-generation college students. Post a Comment Previous Post Next Post Contact Form
nyungweInitially the local people surrounding Rwanda Safari parks including Nyungwe used to practice traditional means to extract resources from the forest including honey extraction. Because of rudimentary methods applied, the forest survival could be compromised as issues like fire outbreak were rampant and the production volume was really small. It was not until 2009 after the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) intervention, that things began to change for good. The local people were encouraged to form the cooperatives where they could receive support to stimulate their trade through the revenue sharing scheme. The scheme had started in 2005 targeting the National Parks of Akagera (wild game), Nyungwe (Chimpanzees) and Volcanoes where gorilla trekking safaris and tours in Rwanda are conducted. The government through the 5% revenue sharing scheme has put up schools, hotels, hospitals and roads in the areas around these National Parks. The scheme goes ahead to support the farmers and artisans cooperatives among other group categories. Undertakers of projects like bee keeping have been trained in the modern farming practices and given modern materials to enhance their ventures. This was disclosed during the inauguration of the newly built classrooms at Groupe Scolaire Gasakura in Bushekeri Sector, Nyamasheke District where the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) through the scheme and in conjunction with the district put up four (4) classroom blocks costing Rwf27 million on which RDB provided Rwf13.7 million. This inauguration is part of the countrywide bonanza for the 12th edition of the Kwita Izina ceremony slated for September 2nd. The communities around Nyungwe Forest National Park apparently feature thirteen (13) cooperatives that comprise of over 1300 members and these people appreciate the development noting that it has increased their output without compromising the survival of the forest. The cooperative now operates an office and feature over Rwf15 million as capital. The members are able to afford school fees for their children, build houses, pay medical insurance and keep livestock. According to the RDB Chief Tourism Officer, a sum of Rwf2.6 billion has been disbursed to a range of 480 projects across Rwanda noting that this is not to stop soon as they aim to capitalize on it to solve the human wildlife conflict.
Diabetes self management 2 nutrition What is type 2 Diabetes? We all need insulin to live. It does an important task. It allows the glucose in our blood to enter our cells and fuel our bodies. For some individuals with type 2 diabetes this can eventually tire the pancreas out, indicating their body earns less and less insulin. This can cause even higher blood sugar levels and mean you are at danger of hyperglycaemia. Is type 2 diabetes serious? Handling type 2 diabetes Knowing how to cope with type 2 diabetes can be difficult, however we’ll help you to discover what works for you. Some individuals can manage it through healthier eating, being more active or losing weight. Ultimately most people will require medication to bring their blood sugar down to their target level. Can type 2 diabetes be cured? There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but some individuals are able to put their diabetes into remission. This means that your blood sugar levels are healthy and you don’t need to take diabetes medication anymore. Remission can be life-changing, but it’s not possible for everyone. Treatments for type 2 diabetes There are a variety of different ways you can treat type 2 diabetes, such as making healthy lifestyle choices, utilizing insulin or taking medication. Your health care team will assist you to find the best treatment for you. This can lower your threat of developing problems and assist you to live well with diabetes. Indications and symptoms of type 2 diabetes. When you have type 2 diabetes your body can’t get enough glucose into your cells, so a typical sign is feeling very worn out. There are also other symptoms to keep an eye out for. These consist of feeling thirsty, going to the toilet a lot and reducing weight without trying to. The signs of type 2 diabetes can establish more gradually than the symptoms of type 1 diabetes, making the condition harder to identify. That’s why a great deal of people don’t get any symptoms, or do not observe them. Some individuals also do not believe the symptoms are essential, so don’t request assistance. This indicates some people can live for up to 10 years with type 2 diabetes before being identified. Risk elements of type 2 diabetes. There are several elements that can impact your danger of developing type 2 diabetes. It’s really crucial to be mindful of these risk factors because the signs of type 2 diabetes are not constantly obvious. They can include: • your age • your ethnicity • high blood pressure • being obese Freshly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Understanding where to begin following a type 2 medical diagnosis can be a challenge. You might feel overloaded, but it is necessary to know there isn’t a one-size fits all technique to managing the condition. Preventing type 2 diabetes Did you understand that around 3 in 5 cases of type 2 diabetes can be prevented or postponed? Our information about preventing type 2 will show you the steps you can require to decrease your threat of establishing the condition. Inspecting your blood glucose levels And we’ve likewise got more info about what occurs your blood sugar levels get too low, called a hypo, or too high, called a hyper, so that you understand the signs and indications to keep an eye out for. Living with type 2 diabetes We’ve also got more details for different age, such as young individuals and older individuals, along with practical school recommendations for moms and dads of kids with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is also related to other health conditions, such as thyroid disease and oral issues. It is necessary to be familiar with these, so make sure to read our details about diabetes associated conditions. Your feelings Type 2 diabetes is a complex condition, and it might appear like there’s a great deal of information to take in. We’ve got psychological assistance and recommendations that you might find useful if you’re feeling anxious or stressed. Diabetes innovation Research into type 2 diabetes
The History of the Lottery The History of the Lottery Lotteries have been around for centuries, and the first ones were held during the Roman Empire. The practice was mainly used to raise money for local projects and for poor people. Many of the early lotteries were actually public, as wealthy noblemen would distribute tickets to each guest at dinner parties. There are also many references to ancient lottery games in town records. For example, a record from 1445 from L’Ecluse relates that the town was raising funds to build walls and fortifications. It mentions a lottery of 4,304 tickets for a prize of ten florins. Today, this prize is equivalent to over US$170,000. The process of drawing numbers and distributing prizes has a long history. It can be used for anything from major government projects to sports teams. Using the concept of random selection in lottery games allows everyone the chance to win something. It also helps fill vacancies in school, universities, and sports organizations. To participate in a lottery, a person must buy a ticket, which may include depositing money. This is entirely a game of chance, which makes it a popular choice for entertainment and philanthropy. The lottery has been used for centuries for many purposes. The proceeds from ticket sales go to good causes and charitable organizations. The lottery proceeds are usually spent on the public sector, which helps the less fortunate in the world. In the Old Testament, Moses divided land among the Israelites. In the Roman Empire, emperors reportedly held lotteries to award slaves and property. In the United States, lotteries were brought to the country by British colonists. During the Civil War, ten states imposed laws banning the lottery. While the lottery is a type of gambling, it can also be a great source of income. While it’s easy to see why lottery winnings are so common, they still offer an enormous opportunity for people to win big. In the US, the first modern lottery was created in New Hampshire, which has a long history of supporting charities. For instance, the National Basketball Association holds a lottery for its 14 worst teams, and the winning team can take advantage of the opportunity to select the best college talent for the upcoming season. The lottery is a form of gambling that is popular worldwide. A single ticket is worth $1, but a lottery ticket can also be purchased for a larger amount. A few hundred dollars can get you to the next round of the World Cup. Another good reason for playing the lottery is that winning a large prize can be very lucrative, and can help you save for retirement. It’s also a good way to make extra money. If you win, you can use the money you win to purchase a new car, or pay off bills. Another reason to play the lottery is because you can win anything. In fact, there are more than just jackpots in the lottery, which is why it is so popular for people to play. If you win, it’s also a good way to invest in a new piece of property, or win a lottery for the first time. And the money from winning a lottery can be used for a lot of different purposes. If you don’t win, it’s worth looking into some good news. It’s important to remember that the proceeds from a lottery ticket can be used for good causes. For example, in some states, the money can be used to support public sector projects. Even the game itself can be traced to the Bible. The Old Testament, for example, mentions the first lotteries when Moses divided the land among the Israelites. During the Roman era, the Romans gave away slaves and property. However, lotteries were also used to promote religious and social causes. The game of chance has a long history. The first recorded lottery slips were created by the Chinese Han Dynasty between 205 and 187 BC. They were used for a variety of public purposes, including raising funds for the poor. The first games were a form of taxation. In the ancient world, Moses and his family distributed land among the Israelites. The Dutch nobility of the lotteries was so widespread that the Dutch called it the “lottery”. About the Author You may also like these
Location：Home>Company Info Discussion on boiling phenomenon of induction melting furnace Time：2021-02-28 Nums：1372 1) Difference between boiling furnace and frying furnace Induction furnace boiling refers to the phenomenon of intense boiling of molten steel due to various reasons in the smelting process. It shows that the molten steel continuously gushes out from the furnace body with slight explosion, which is very similar to the volcanic eruption. The reason for furnace explosion is that the added burden contains water. When the burden is immersed into the molten steel, the water gasifies at a high temperature of about 1000 DEG; C. the gas produced can not expand in the space of the liquid metal, and then the explosion occurs, and the liquid steel is taken out of the furnace. Blast furnace is instantaneous, while boil furnace lasts a long time, both of them are destructive and dangerous. 2) Three boiling phenomena 1 first A phenomenon and reasons: when the added burden is rusty and not baked, it is easy to cause boiling furnace; due to the carelessness of operators or not following the rules, it often causes such accidents in front of furnace. When the rusty and unburned burden is added, the molten steel immediately boils and continuously gushes out, with a slight explosion sound. After the boiler stops, more than half of the molten steel in the furnace is overflowed, and the overflowed molten steel is seriously oxidized. It can be seen that the boiling out of liquid steel has a huge power for a long time, and a large number of oxidizing gases exist at the same time. B solution: in the actual production, it must be carried out in strict accordance with the process requirements, and the furnace charge should be baked without corrosion. Once this kind of boiling furnace occurs, the power should be cut off immediately to prevent the overflow liquid steel from short circuiting the induction furnace, causing equipment damage or greater accidents. The reaction can be alleviated by adding proper amount of deoxidizer into the furnace after power failure and covering the liquid surface with slag remover. If the boiling furnace is severe, the liquid steel can be directly poured into the furnace pit if necessary. The second type of boiler A phenomenon and causes: when the feed contains low melting point and low boiling point metals and their compounds, it is also easy to cause boiling phenomenon. This is because when these low melting point boiling point metals and their compounds are immersed in molten steel, because of the high temperature of molten steel at this time, they will immediately cause the gasification or decomposition of the metals and their compounds, resulting in a large number of gases and colored flames on the surface of molten steel. This kind of reaction generally lasts for a short time and takes place on the surface of the liquid steel, so the liquid steel will not be taken out of the furnace. It is difficult to separate these materials containing low melting point metals and their compounds in the recovery of metal waste, so it is easy to mix these materials in the small and miscellaneous materials. In another case, the profile coated with low melting boiling point metal, such as galvanized pipe, is easy to cause boiling when the material is returned to the furnace. B solution: in the process of smelting, if it is necessary to melt small materials or broken materials, small materials and miscellaneous materials should be put at the bottom of the furnace body before feeding. Because the heating is relatively slow at the beginning of melting, the low melting point and boiling point metals and their compounds will slowly decompose or gasify, and will not cause violent reactions as if they were added to the liquid metal immediately. The third type of boiler A phenomenon and cause of formation: the third kind is the boiling furnace caused by furnace penetration, which is rare. When some parts of the furnace wall are seriously corroded by molten steel, the molten steel is easy to pass through the furnace in the smelting process. The molten steel passing through causes a short circuit between two induction coils, which makes the induction coil be broken down. Because there is 0.2-0.3mpa cooling water in the induction coil, under such pressure, the cooling water enters into the furnace body, which is gasified by the molten steel, forming a large amount of water vapor, thus causing boiling. If the pressure of water is small or the amount is small, it is easy to cause furnace explosion. B solution: the furnace lining should be inspected and repaired continuously in production. In case of discontinuous operation, the top, wall and bottom of the furnace should be inspected carefully before the cold furnace is opened. In case of continuous melting, whether the bottom needs to be repaired should also be observed from the top for each tapping. In case of continuous melting, whether the bottom needs to be repaired should also be observed from the top if there is no tapping. If the crack is less than 2mm, it does not need to be repaired. If the crack is more than 2mm, it needs to be repaired. First remove the slag around, top the paper containing furnace repair material at the lower end of the crack, use U-shaped iron needle to squeeze the material into the crack, and then use the furnace building material mixed with sodium silicate to smooth the surface, so as to prevent the furnace penetrating accident. The phenomenon of boiling furnace is generally caused by unqualified charge or nonstandard operation. No matter which kind of boiler can be prevented in actual production. This requires that the growth must be carried out in strict accordance with the process operating procedures. Once the boiler boils, power off immediately, add deoxidizer (preferably strong deoxidizer), cover the liquid surface with slag remover, and dump the liquid steel into the furnace pit if necessary, so as to prevent the accident of amplification. Yiphee Electric Furnace Co.,Ltd specializes in producing induction furnace.Tel(WhatsApp):+86-13450756789, [email protected] induction smelting furnace Up：Pressurized induction furnace and its application? Next：What are the components of induction furnace?
Safe Boat Operation Anchoring skills and the ability to make proper decisions regarding where or where not to anchor are important boater capabilities. When improperly anchored boats slip anchor and drift or run aground, significant environmental and property damage can occur. Boaters that know how to anchor are able to reduce or even avoid other causes of accidents. It is important that a suitable anchor be carried on all recreational boats. If a boater chooses an unsuitable anchor, rough waters can cause the anchor to drag and the boat can drift. Operators who are asleep or passengers who are swimming nearby may become lost or disoriented if the boat drifts far. Two common reasons for anchoring a boat are: 1) to prevent the boat from running aground when in bad weather or when the engine has failed; and 2) to remain stopped in the water for swimming, lunch, fishing or an overnight stay. When selecting an appropriate anchoring location, the following should be taken into account: • An area that offers maximum protection from the wind, current and other boat traffic is ideal. • Pay close attention to the water depth and type of bottom. Sand and mud are ideal. Anchoring Procedures The following are guidelines for safe and proper anchoring of a vessel: • Ensure that the proper type of anchor is being used for your vessel. There are several types of anchors that could be utilized including: Different types of anchors, Plow, Mushroom an Danforth Danforth (commonly used on small recreational boats, as they are relatively light weight for the amount of holding power they provide, especially in comparison to other anchors. Best in hard sand or mud, where flukes can easily dig into the bottom) Mushroom (used extensively for moorings, and can weigh several thousand pounds for this use. The shape works best in soft bottoms, where it can create a suction that can be difficult to break. Decent for very small boats to use as a lunch hook, but not practical for larger boats) Plow (well suited for rocky bottoms, weeds and grass, but they are not recommended for soft bottoms. This anchor's high holding power makes it ideal for windy conditions on open water. Claw anchors have great holding power for their size) • Attach a 3-6 foot long galvanized chain to the anchor. The chain will resist damage from sand and rocks. • Create a combination called a “Rode” by attaching a length of nylon anchor line to the end of the chain with an anchor swivel. • Determine the amount of anchor line you will need to let out by calculating five to seven times as much line as the depth of the water and adding the distance from the surface of the water to the place where the anchor attaches to the bow. • Connect and secure the anchor line to the bow cleat, and bring the bow of the boat into the wind • Place the engine in neutral and when the boat comes to a stop, slowly lower the anchor until all of the anchor line has been let out. Do not throw the anchor overboard. • Back down on the anchor with the engine idling in reverse to firmly set the anchor on the bottom. Once the anchor has been set, be sure to make note of nearby reference points or landmarks that you can monitor to ensure that your boat is not drifting. Anchored boat Dangers of Stern Anchoring Boat operators should be aware that a watercraft must never be anchored from the stern. Because the transom is usually squared-off with less freeboard than the bow, anchoring from the stern can and has caused many boats to capsize and sink. Small boats are especially at risk. The stern may also be carrying the weight of the motor, additional gear and the fuel tank. Strong currents may allow the force of the water to pull the stern under. Boats that are anchored at the stern are also susceptible to swamping from large waves.
Age & Residency verification Please drink alcohol responsibly. Say NO! if you are driving. Save the Bees At the British Honey Company, we are passionate about raising awareness of the plight of the honeybee. Bee populations are declining all over the world, threatened by habitat loss, pollution and the use of pesticides. As important pollinators of the food we eat – more than 75% of the world’s food crops depend upon bees – ensuring the sustainability of the species is something we can all play a part in. Since 2017, we have been members of the Bee Farmers Association, championing British beekeeping through the use of 100% pure British honey in our Keepr’s honey infused spirits. This honey is made by British bees who have gathered pollen from a wonderful mix of blossoms from all over Britain and is regularly tested at our in-house laboratory to ensure its provenance. Local beekeepers work hard to care for their bees and supporting them has a positive impact on the survival of the species. How you can help There are many small ways in which you can help reverse bees’ decline. Here’s how… 1. Buy local, raw honey Support British beekeepers by buying their locally produced honey. This means they can maintain more hives, nurture their bees and allow these insects to do what they do best - produce honey. Bees often make more honey than they need, especially if they are given sufficient space to store it. 2. Plant a diverse range of native plants in your garden which flower at different times of year Bees feed on the nectar and pollen of flowers and are attracted to them by their colourful petals and scent. Bees can see purple more clearly than any other colour, which is why bluebells, lavender, sweet peas, hardy geraniums, alliums and cornflower are some of the plants they love the most. They are not picky though and are still attracted to other colours. 3. Avoid using chemicals in your gardens Pesticides, fertilisers, herbicides, and neonicotinoids are all harmful to bees. Instead try organic products to aid growth and keep pests away and ask at your garden centre for flowers that haven’t been pre-treated with neonicotinoids. 4. Change your gardening habits Mow less so wildflowers and flowering weeds have a chance to grow, and bees have access to a food meadow. White clover, dandelions and daisies support many different species of bees. 5. Learn more about bees so you can raise awareness of how to help them and, for those who are scared of bees, conquer your fear. Bees are not aggressive insects and do not go after humans unprovoked. Just added to your wishlist: My Wishlist You've just added this product to the cart: Go to cart page
Why Is Ecg Done Why do I need an ECG? An ECG is often used alongside other tests to help diagnose and monitor conditions affecting the heart. It can be used to investigate symptoms of a possible heart problem, such as chest pain, palpitations (suddenly noticeable heartbeats), dizziness and shortness of breath. Does ECG show heart failure? Can ECG detect blocked? An ECG Can Recognize the Signs of Blocked Arteries. What signs and symptoms that you may need ECG? You may need an ECG if you have any of the following signs and symptoms: • Chest pain. • Dizziness, lightheadedness or confusion. • Heart palpitations. • Rapid pulse. • Shortness of breath. • Weakness, fatigue or a decline in ability to exercise. • How do you know if your heart is weak? • Shortness of breath with activity or when lying down. • Fatigue and weakness. • Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet. • Rapid or irregular heartbeat. • Reduced ability to exercise. • Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tinged mucus. • Swelling of the belly area (abdomen) • What are symptoms of blockage in heart? If a person has a heart block, they may experience: • slow or irregular heartbeats, or palpitations. • shortness of breath. • lightheadedness and fainting. • pain or discomfort in the chest. • difficulty in doing exercise, due to the lack of blood being pumped around the body. • How do you know your heart is healthy? Does a normal ECG mean a healthy heart? Should I worry about abnormal ECG? An abnormal ECG can mean many things. Sometimes an ECG abnormality is a normal variation of a heart's rhythm, which does not affect your health. Other times, an abnormal ECG can signal a medical emergency, such as a myocardial infarction /heart attack or a dangerous arrhythmia. What is a normal ECG reading? Normal intervals Can lack of sleep affect ECG? Further, the study suggested that shorter sleep duration could be a risk factor for abnormal ECG findings and that adequate sleep duration (7 h) was associated with less risk for abnormal ECG findings (cf. How can I improve my ECG? Skin preparation is an essential part of any ECG test. Residues and oils on the skin and reduce the conduction of the electoral signal and hurt the quality of the test. Shaving the area, cleaning with alcohol, and rubbing the area with a towel are smart ways to get a better signal. Can stress affect an ECG? How long does an ECG result take? Which is not detected usually by ECG? Heart block, also called the atrioventricular block, is when the electrical signal that controls your heartbeat is either partially or completely blocked. This makes the heart beat slow or skip beats and the heart cannot pump blood effectively. Valvular defects cannot be detected using an ECG. Does ECG test painful? What is normal heart rate? What side is better to sleep on for your heart? What is the best exercise for the heart? Aerobic Exercise Is chocolate good for heart? Studies show that dark chocolate — when it is not loaded with sugar and saturated fat — is indeed a heart-healthy chocolate treat and more. Dark chocolate is rich in disease-fighting antioxidants. Studies show it can help reduce blood pressure and lower your risk of heart disease. What should you not do before an ECG? • How reliable is an ECG? Does anxiety cause abnormal ECG? What causes chest pain if ECG is normal? Why does my ECG go up and down? The basic pattern of the ECG is logical: electrical activity towards a lead causes an upward deflection. electrical activity away from a lead causes a downward deflection. depolarization and repolarization deflections occur in opposite directions. How can you tell if an ECG is abnormal? • chest pain or discomfort. • difficulty breathing. • heart palpitations or feeling your heart beating oddly. • the feeling that you might pass out. • racing heart. • the feeling that your chest is being squeezed. • sudden weakness. • How can ECG report be diagnosed? • Step 1: Heart Rate. • Step 2: Heart Rhythm. • Step 3: Electrical Heart Axis. • Step 4: The PR Interval. • Step 5: The QRS Complex. • Step 6: Repolarization. • Step 7: The R/S Ratio. • How to Interpret an ECG: An Overview. • What should my heartbeat look like? Do heart patients sleep a lot? Heart failure may cause you to feel weak and fatigued during the day. But did you know that daytime tiredness might be in part the result of sleep problems exacerbated by or occurring in conjunction with heart failure? Known culprits include sleep apnea, orthopnea, and periodic limb movement disorder. Can no sleep cause chest pain? Sleep and Chest Pain When sleep is interrupted, a quick surge in heart rate and blood pressure can cause angina, and studies have detected a correlation between sleep deprivation and chest pain. Non-cardiac chest pain can be tied to sleep as well. Leave a Comment Your email address will not be published.
what does religion mean in latin What does the Latin word for religion mean? The word RELIGION derived from the Latin word religare. (“to tie” or “to bind”) and religio (“conscientiousness,” “respect,” “awe,” or “sanctity”). Does religion mean tie back? The word religion means to “bind back” or “yoke” [edited], i.e. to seek an understanding of the universe and our place in it. Here you are retconing. The religio or bond/obligation refers to a monastic vow. It has nothing to do with seeking an understanding of the universe or our place in it. What is the true meaning of religion? What does religion mean in Hebrew? Is religion a Latin word? Is the word religion in the Bible? What Is Religion? The words “religion” and “religious” seldom appear in the scripture. … The more common words in the New Testament are Өρεσκοs (religious) and Өρεσκια (religion) (Acts 26: 5; Col. 2: 18; James 1: 26 & 27). What is the deeper meaning of religion? Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions, and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. What comes to your mind when you hear the word religion? What comes to your mind when you hear the word ‘religion’? … Religion came from the latin word religare, which means ‘to bind’. According to the dictionary, it refers to the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods (dictionary.com., 2016). What are the 5 religion in the world? Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are five of the great religions of the world. What is the Bible definition of religion? What are the two ways of defining religion? What are the 3 types of religion? What is the first religion in the Bible? See also what size is the crystal in an intrusive igneous rock What religion do Greek practice? What is the first religion in the world? What makes a religion a religion? What is the study of God called? Theology is the study of religion. It examines the human experience of faith, and how different people and cultures express it. … Theologians have the complex job of thinking about and debating the nature of God. Studying theology means taking on challenging questions about the meaning of religion. How do you say this word religion? What is pure religion in the Bible? Pure religion, according to James, is taking theology and church doctrine wherein is revealed the Person and will of God and putting it into action, by being charitable to others and walking before God in obedience and holiness. Who Wrote the Bible? See also how do plants control solute concentration in their bodies Where did religion came from? What is the Latin word for religion which means bring together? The word religion comes from the latin word ligare: to join, or link, classically understood to mean the linking of human and divine. Why is Buddhism a religion? What defines a religion in the US? What is the goal of every religion? The Purpose of Religion The purposes of the practice of a religion are to achieve the goals of salvation for oneself and others, and (if there is a God) to render due worship and obedience to God. Different religions have different understandings of salvation and God. What do you first think when you hear the word church? So, what do you think of when you hear the word church? … The word church is derived from the West Germanic word kirika, which in turn comes from the Greek word kuriakē meaning “of the Lord.” That could describe the building, the community, the universal body of believers and even the faithful departed. Who is the best religion in the world? Adherents in 2020 Religion Adherents Percentage Christianity 2.382 billion 31.11% Islam 1.907 billion 24.9% Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist 1.193 billion 15.58% Hinduism 1.161 billion 15.16% See also what is tramp art What’s it called to not believe in religion? What is the main religion in China? What is the true religion of Jesus? What is 777 in the Bible? Who made religion? Ancient (before AD 500) Founder Name Religious tradition founded Life of founder Siddhartha Gautama Buddhism 563 BC – 483 BC Confucius Confucianism 551 BC – 479 BC Pythagoras Pythagoreanism fl. 520 BC Why is it hard to define religion? Definitions of religion tend to suffer from one of two problems: they are either too narrow and exclude many belief systems which most agree are religious, or they are too vague and ambiguous, suggesting that just about anything and everything is a religion. How do we define religion in its substantive definition? Max Weber (1905) used a substantive definition of religion, seeing it as a belief in a supernatural power that is unable to be scientifically explained. … Religion requires a belief in God or gods, or other supernatural beliefs. Things It’s Best to Say in Latin What Is Religion? Why Does the Church Use Latin? What is Religion? (See below the Video Lectures on the Different Types of Religion) Related Searches meaning of the word religion in greek religion means to bind religio latin meaning religion meaning religion comes from the latin word religio which means relegere meaning religious beliefs simple definition of religion See more articles in category: FAQ Back to top button
Best answer: Do autistic infants have trouble sleeping? Is insomnia common with autism? Insomnia is a common source of distress in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Can you notice autism in babies? In general, a baby will show signs of ASD between the ages of 12⁠ and 24 months. However, signs of ASD in babies can develop outside of this age range. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that a baby can show signs of ASD from the age of 9 months . Why does my autistic child keep waking up? Problems sleeping Many autistic children find it hard to get to sleep, or wake up several times during the night. This may be because of: anxiety. sensitivity to the light from smartphones or tablets. What is the main cause of autism? Do babies with autism laugh? IT IS IMPORTANT: How many Rennies can you have a day when pregnant? Does autism worsen with age? Autism does not change or worsen with age, and it is not curable. What is autism burnout like? How does anxiety affect autism? Constant anxiety can be extremely distressing for autistic people. It can lead to meltdowns, self-harm and depression. Common triggers include noisy environments and the difficulty of social interactions. It is important to identify what is causing a person’s anxiety and then to take steps to reduce it. At what age is hand flapping a concern? What are early signs of autism in infants? Some signs of autism can appear during infancy, such as: • limited eye contact. • lack of gesturing or pointing. • absence of joint attention. • no response to hearing their name. • muted emotion in facial expression. • lack or loss of language.
low fat foods What are Low Fat Diet Plans? When you're trying to lose weight, does a low fat diet plan make more or less sense? Surely eating less fat will make you, well, less fat? Why not check out our diet plan guide for the facts. There is a lot of evidence to support the assumption around eating less fat in the first place. Although there are also some arguments against it. Why Choose Low Fat? People choose to follow low fat diets for various reasons that include weight loss. This includes the prevention and treatment of diseases such as heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, cancer, and diabetes. In addition, very low-fat, high-fibre, vegetarian diets such as those developed by Nathan Pritikin, and Dean Ornish are proven to reverse coronary artery disease. Are Fats Good Or Bad? If you are considering a low fat diet it's important to understand the role that fat plays in your diet. The bottom line is, we need some fats, such as monounsaturated fats or omega-3 fatty acids have numerous benefits including lower risks of heart disease. Foods that contain fats, such as meat, are good sources vitamins E and B12 and zinc. Finally, if you have too little fat in your diet, your body will not properly absorb fat-soluble nutrients, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K. Which Fats To Use? As we need to have some fats in our diet, choosing the right ones to consume or use for cooking is ever more important. Better choices are vegetable oils like corn oil, sunflower oil, and safflower oil, which have been shown to lower cholesterol levels in most studies. Also fish oils and olive oils are both associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and may play a role in the reduced risk of certain cancers. Which Ones To Avoid? There are certain fats and fat sources that shoudl be avoided. Saturated Fats These can raise blood cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease. They are found in meats, whole milk products, butter, cheese and cream. Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs) TFAs are found in processed foods look for the term partially hydrogenated oil and also in many fast foods. Consumption of TFA greatly increases the risk of heart attack. You may also be interested in... • Fancy a Low Fat Diet? • Heart Disease Relating to Weight Find out about Coronary Heart disease symptoms and causes in relation to weight loss. Key side effects depending on what type of person you are. • Eating Low Fat Foods • Low Calorie Diet Plans In many ways, low calorie diet plans are the simplest way to lose weight. But what are they and how do they work? Read our explanation in full... • Low Calorie Diet Plans Close close Join over 50,000 Slimmers Select your areas of interest
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is described in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5). People with obsessive personality traits often appear to be reserved, stubborn perfectionists, categorical, conscientious, rigid, and anxious. They tend to avoid intimacy and have little pleasure in life. They can be successful, but at the same time indecisive and demanding. Although there are similarities, this disorder differs from obsessive-compulsive disorder, which is characterized by ritual compulsive and compulsive activities. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder symptoms • Being overly concerned about details, rules, schedules, order, organization, or schedule to the point that the essence of the activity is lost. • An insistence that others exactly follow their way of doing things or an unreasonable unwillingness to let others get the job done because of a prejudice that they will not do it right. • Excessive attachment to work and a desire for productivity, to the extent of excluding activities related to recreation and friendships (which are not counted as having any obvious economic necessity). • Indecision: avoidance of decision making, procrastination, postponement (but not because of an exaggerated need for advice or support from others). • Excessive conscientiousness, rigor, and inflexibility in matters of morality, ethics, or values. • Distorted expression of sympathy and affection. • Insufficient display of generosity and magnanimity (taking time, giving a gift or money) in the absence of personal gain. • Failure to dispose of worn or unnecessary items, even if they are of no value. There are typical situations, circumstances, or events that most often trigger or activate the characteristic maladaptive response in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Usually, these are unstructured situations with a lack of authority and/or the presence of demands for close and intimate relationships. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder causes The cause of OCPD is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is clear evidence to support the theory that OCPD is genetically inherited, but the significance and influence of genetic factors vary depending on studies, which are somewhere between 27% and 78%. Too little research has focused on a specific gene involved in the inheritance of the disease, and more research is needed to pinpoint the exact genes. Other studies have found a link between attachment theory and the development of OCPD. According to this hypothesis, people with OCD never developed a safe attachment style, had overbearing parents, received little attention, and were unable to develop empathically and emotionally. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Diagnosis The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, widely used by hand to diagnose mental disorders, places obsessive-compulsive personality disorder according to section II, according to the “personality disorders” chapter, and defines it as: “pervasive picture of absorption with orderliness, perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control through flexibility, openness and efficiency, beginning in early adulthood and present in different contexts. ” OCPD is diagnosed only when four of the eight criteria are met. An alternative model for diagnosis DSM-5 also includes an alternative set of diagnostic criteria according to the dimensional model of conceptualizing personality disorders. According to the proposed set of criteria, a person receives a diagnosis only if there is a violation in two of the four spheres of his personality functioning and in the presence of three of the four pathological features, one of which must be severe perfectionism. The patient must also meet the general criteria C to G for personality disorder, which states that the traits and symptoms displayed by the patient must be stable and unchanged over time, with at least adolescence or early adulthood visible in various manifestations. situations not caused by another mental disorder, not caused by a substance or disease, as well as abnormal compared to the level of human development and culture/religion. Differential diagnosis There are several psychiatric disorders in the DSM-5 that are listed as differential diagnoses for OCPD. Here they are: • Obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD and OCPD have similar names, which can be confusing; however, OCD can be easily distinguished from OCD: OCD does not have true obsessions or compulsions. • Accumulation disorder. An accumulation disorder diagnosis is considered only if the accumulation behavior displayed causes serious disturbances in the person’s functioning, for example, inability to access rooms in the house due to excessive accumulation. • Narcissistic personality disorder. People with narcissistic personality disorder may believe that they are perfect and that no one else can be as “perfect” or “right” as they are; however, people with narcissistic personality disorder usually believe that they are perfect and cannot get better, whereas people with PCD do not believe that they are perfect and are self-critical. People with NPD tend to be stingy and lacking in generosity; however, they are usually generous when they spend on themselves, unlike those with an OCPD who save money and are stingy with themselves and others. • Antisocial personality disorder. Likewise, people with antisocial personality disorder do not show generosity and stinginess towards others, although they usually indulge themselves excessively and sometimes spend money recklessly. • Schizoid personality disorder. Schizoid personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may exhibit limited affectivity and coldness; however, in OCPD this is usually due to a controlling attitude, while in SPD it is due to a lack of the ability to experience emotion and show affection. • Other personality traits. Obsessive-compulsive personality traits can be especially helpful and beneficial, especially in a work environment. It is only when these traits become extreme, maladaptive, and cause clinically significant impairments in several aspects of life that a diagnosis of OCPL should be considered. • Personality change due to another medical condition. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder must be distinguished from personality change caused by a disorder that affects the central nervous system and can cause changes in behavior and character traits. • Substance use disorders. Substance use can cause obsessive-compulsive traits. This must be distinguished from the underlying and ongoing behavior that must occur when the person is not under the influence of the substance. The World Health Organization’s ICD-10 uses the term anankastic personality disorder ( F60.5 ). Anankastic comes from the Greek word ἀναγκαστικός ( Anankastikos: “compulsion”). The criteria for disorder are broadly similar to those of the DSM-5, with the greatest difference in the absence of accumulation as a diagnostic criterion. According to this set of criteria, a person can be diagnosed only if four of the eight established criteria are met. ICD-10 also requires the diagnosis of any particular personality disorder to meet a set of general criteria for personality disorder. Treatment for Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Only qualified therapists can diagnose the disease, for the confirmation of which a special psychological test and analysis are needed. A self-made diagnosis will almost always be erroneous and a person will not be able to deal with the problem. It usually only gets worse. The most effective treatments for OCPD include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication. In some cases, treatment for Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may require other forms of therapy, including surgery. The assistance needed is usually provided by a mental health professional on an outpatient basis. This means that the patient visits their therapist’s office at the appointed time one or more times a week. Medications can only be prescribed by qualified healthcare professionals who will work with a therapist to develop a treatment
”Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today, and creates a vision for tomorrow”-Melody Beattie Ever thought why gratitude is important for us in our lives? Gratitude is an emotion, an exercise to our brain to keep us young and happy. It helps us to face challenges in all kinds of situations and circumstances. Gratitude is a positively valenced emotion; it helps even if you don’t share it. We all look for happiness around us, Ever thought how it will come to us? Only when we start appreciating small things that happen around us, when we are surrounded by happy beings we learn to appreciate all the little gestures and be thankful to them. Every emotion holds a Purpose and so does Gratitude. The Gratitude & its Purpose 1. With the help of gratitude, people can form new relationships and work on strengthening the older ones. 2. It not only helps speak your heart out but also gives you the confidence to apologize and solve the problem. 3. Being grateful to oneself and others is a great way to motivate ourselves and others. 4. Gratitude is a powerful tool for strengthening interpersonal relations even. Brian Tracy an American-Canadian public speaker says, there are 4 A’s of expressing gratitude 1. Appreciation 2. Approval 3. Admiration 4. Attention These four A’s help a person to express their gratitude in a much simpler and embodied manner. When you appreciate every single thing, you are thankful to God and other people for what they have given to you, it is also about seeing things with a positive angle and an optimistic perspective that will encourage you to do much better in our lives. When you learn to praise whatever you have accomplished and given approval to, you should look forward to appreciating it. By this, you are letting other people’s self-esteem go high and make them feel more valuable. When you compliment people on their accomplishments, their traits and good habits you help them raise their self-esteem which makes them feel happier. So next time, you should not forget to compliment and praise people for their actions and work. And then comes attention, good listeners are the one who can really make a difference in their lives. Pay attention to what is being said patiently with concentration. In this way, you unwillingly increase your happiness and also develop a mindset of seeing this through a different angle. This perspective might be new for you and could give you a different approach to understanding. Remember with the quality of expressing gratitude one can always feel positive changes to deal with tough circumstances in a calm manner. We tend to become what we think and with, “an attitude of gratitude” helps you to become more sensitive to your surroundings and a happy person with a better personality. Remember William Arthur Ward said,” feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it”.and who doesn’t like presents so express and give, it will make you and your surrounding a happier place to live in. Leave a Reply
Where does the shrew live and what does it eat? Shrew easy to confuse with a mouse : the same fur color, long tail. The only difference is in the shape of the muzzle: in the shrew, it ends with an elongated proboscis (thanks to which it got its name). Yes, and these animals have no kinship with the mouse, since mice belong to rodents, while shrews are insectivorous mammals. These are some of the smallest predators on the planet. Due to their aggressive nature, they received the nickname "little devils". The family of shrews has about 300 species, which in turn are combined into 2 subfamilies: shrews (with white teeth) and shrews (with dark colored teeth). The main species are: the tiny shrew, the pygmy shrew, the water cooler (it lives mainly on the shores of Russian water bodies), the giant shrew (read more about the amazing species of shrews here). These tiny animals are widespread almost all over the globe, they are not afraid of either heat or cold. Answer the question: Where does the shrew live? very simple - everywhere. They can be found: in South America, Colombia, USA, Russia... The only exceptions are the polar regions (representatives of this family can be found extremely rarely there) and Australia. About 20 species of shrews live on the territory of Russia. Most often, the shrew is found (about who the shrew is and what its features are, find out here). The shrew is a very small animal, the body length, depending on the species, ranges from 3 to 18 cm. The fur of her fur coat is thick and short brown, her teeth are sharp, her muzzle is elongated, at the end there is a mobile proboscis, which she actively uses to search for food, loosening and digging the ground, on the sides of the body there are special glands that secrete pungent musky odorscaring off enemies. Shrews have a well-developed sense of touch and smell, but their vision is rather weak. They do not hibernate, they are active all year round, in the warm season they swarm in the foliage in search of food, in winter they run under the snow cover. Reproduce 1-2 times a year, in each brood there are from 1 to 10 babies. The most active breeding season is spring - summer. Life expectancy is 18 months. Where is it found? Where does the shrew live? This animal is unambiguously terrestrial (even water shrews settle in burrows on the banks of reservoirs, preferring land to water). Usually, forests with dense vegetation and gardens are chosen for the place of settlement, as they love to sleep on a soft bedding from last year's foliage. Burrows do not dig deep, but they rarely do it themselves, preferring to occupy someone else's house, abandoned by the owner. The animals are especially fond of rotten trees, where you can find a cozy crevice or hollow. It is almost impossible to see them during the day, they emerge from their hiding places only at night. Each shrew has clear boundaries of habitat (the area in which she hunts) The boundaries of the lots often touch each other, but do not overlap. You cannot violate them. Food plays an important role for these animals, and she does not intend to share hunting grounds. If, nevertheless, another shrew dares to invade someone else's possessions, a fight awaits her, as a result of which one of the animals may die. Shrews are very brave and are ready to fight for their prey not only with their relatives, but also with lizards and mice. They treat their territory with care. Eating insects in a small area of it, they move on to another, leaving the previous one for several days to replenish food reserves on it. Shrews have an active digestive process. That is why she is in search of food. almost around the clock with short rest breaks... Their day is divided not for night and day, but for hunting and sleeping. Different species of individuals have their own days: some are divided into 10 intervals, others by 78, that is, 78 times the animal goes to bed and gets up to get food. You can see a live shrew in this video: Shrews incredibly voracious creatures... In order to maintain the required body temperature (they are warm-blooded), as well as to replenish the necessary supply of energy (shrews are very mobile), the process of digestion with a constant release of heat must occur constantly, therefore they eat a huge amount of food... Sometimes the amount of food eaten per day exceeds their own weight. ATTENTION! The animals can live a little without food, in summer only 8-10 hours, in winter the shrew dies without eating for more than three hours. Shrew, what does this animal eat? The diet depends on the season: • in the warm season, the main food is various insects: bears, worms, slugs, caterpillars, wood lice... If the shrew is very hungry, a predator wakes up in it, in which case it can attack small rodents (mice). Aquatic individuals feed on small fish and frogs; • it is very difficult in winter. The animals hardly break the soil under the snow to get to the insects, do not disdain plant seeds... Winter is a hungry time, so few of them live to see the warmth. Benefit and harm Shrews are of great benefit to humans. Thanks to their unique trunk-nose, they loosen the soil in orchards and vegetable gardens. They saturate it with oxygen along the way, destroying various harmful insects and larvae. And yet, the minks of animals may not please those who love beautiful lawns. REFERENCE! Shrews are capable of destroying a large number of harmful insects even in hard-to-reach places for other insectivores and birds: under stones, under snow, in the depths of burrows. Although shrews are useful to the garden, sometimes you have to fight them. Read about how to destroy shrews in your garden or summer cottage here. The shrews look cute and fluffy, quite harmless to humans, but their bite can be quite painful, therefore do not try to catch these animals and take them in your hands. Watch the video: Psycho Shrew vs. Scorpion. Animal Fight Night (January 2022).
What fruit is called the Fruit of the Gods? Persimmons were known to the ancient Greeks as the “fruit of the gods”, and with good reason. I love their bright orange color and their pleasant sweetness. Which fruit is the fruit of the gods? All persimmons (from the genus Diospyros, which loosely means “fruit of the gods”) are native to Japan and were brought to America by early colonists. They are among the most underused fall and winter fruits, probably because many people are not familiar with them. What fruit can gods have? The Persimmon Fruit: Fruit Of The Gods? • A persimmon, known to the ancient Greeks as “the fruit of the gods” • Hundreds of varieties grow around the world. … • Vary in size from 1.5-9 cm in diameter. • They may be spherical, acorn-, or pumpkin-shaped. • High in glucose. What is the fruit of Zeus? Eating A Persimmon For Zeus // Los Angeles Diospyros kaki translates as “The Fruit of Zeus”. How many persimmons can I eat a day? Eating one medium-sized persimmon (about 100 grams) a day is enough to help fight atherosclerosis, says Gorinstein. She is quick to add that other fruits also help guard against heart disease and urges people to include them in their diet as well. THIS IS UNIQUE: What kind of poetry are the Psalms? Are persimmons fruit of the gods? Persimmons are part of the genus Diospyros, which means “fruit of the gods” in Greek, and they’re grown in many countries, including China, Italy, the United States, and Japan. They are in season from fall through winter and are an excellent source of fiber, as well as vitamins A and C. Why is mango fruit of the gods? Mango tree existed even before 4000 BC, and is believed to have originated in Assam, the Northeastern state of India. It symbolizes eternal love, and is considered as a fruit of gods in this country. … In summers, the fruits would ripen They were plucked carefully, and segregated according to the variety. What fruit symbolizes death? Symbol of death and fertility What is fruit a symbol of? Often it is a symbol of abundance, associated with goddesses of fertility, plenty, and the harvest. Sometimes, however, fruit represents earthly pleasures, overindulgence, and temptation. Specific kinds of fruit have acquired their own symbolic meanings in the myths and legends of different cultures. What fruit did the Greek gods eat? Is the Golden Apple real? Frequently, the term “golden apple” is used to refer to the quince, a fruit originating in the Middle East. THIS IS UNIQUE: Why say the Lord's Prayer? What kind of fruit were the golden apples of Greek mythology? They were wildly cultivated in ancient Greece. The name of the botanical genus to which quince belong, Cydonia, come from Kydonia, the name of a Greek city state on the Island of Crete. The main pomological protagonist in the story of the Golden Apple of Discord in Greek mythology is thought to have been a quince. Is Persimmon bad for kidneys? 6 Nutritional Benefits of Persimmon Fruit Persimmons are an excellent source of provitamin A beta-carotene, which studies show can reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. Vitamin A is also important for healthy vision and keeps the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs working properly. Do persimmons help you poop? Is Persimmon good for diabetes? Persimmons are an excellent source of powerful antioxidants like carotenoids and flavonoids. Diets rich in these compounds have been linked to a reduced risk of certain diseases, including heart disease and diabetes.
Dear Friends and Neighbors, How can you help? Ken Holmen, MD President and CEO The dangers of vaping Published in Wellness Tag: Roxanne Schmiesing, PA-C Author: Roxanne Schmiesing, PA-C Every day, it seems the illness and death toll related to vaping continues to rise. While medical experts search to find answers, there is one thing we can all agree on. It’s time to stop vaping. Doctors from the Mayo Clinic reported that the lung damage they’ve seen in people who have become ill from vaping resembles a chemical burn similar to WWI mustard gas. E-cigarettes now represent the most common nicotine-containing products used in the United States, especially among adolescents and young adults. These convenient, battery-powered devices allow users to simulate smoking by heating liquids, oils, or waxes that contain nicotine to form a mist that can be inhaled or “vaped.” Since 2007, vaping has continued to grow in popularity, with e-cigarettes taking on new looks. The first generation electronic cigarette (or “cig-a-like”) that actually looked like a real cigarette was soon replaced by vape pens, vape mods, and e-hookahs that produced more vapor and higher nicotine contents. Then, in 2015, JUUL (“jewel”) entered the scene, featuring a sleek, rechargeable, rectangular design that resembled a USB flash drive and could be easily hidden from parents and teachers. Making matters worse, marketing efforts by companies like JUUL targeted young people with popular candy-like flavors for their “juice” pods such as mango, mint, menthol, crème, and fruit. Of course, the criminal element was also quick to jump on the bandwagon, recognizing that nicotine wasn’t the only product that could be delivered via e-cigarette. They began manufacturing marijuana and other illicit drugs for e-cig devices, also targeting young people. Initially, researchers studying the lung-related illnesses thought there was a possible link to THC, the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, but that theory has since been disproven. Researchers have found that, while it’s true the majority of the 1,000+ cases involved users who vaped THC, others say they only vaped nicotine. So, while the medical experts continue to try and wrap their heads around this growing epidemic, there is one thing that is abundantly clear. Vaping is addictive and dangerous. It should not be viewed as a safe alternative to tobacco, nor should it be viewed as a way to quit smoking. With more than one in four U.S. high school students now vaping on a regular basis, we are in the midst of a public health emergency. Talk to your kids about the dangers of vaping. If you vape, it’s time to stop. Better yet, don’t even start.
Recent Posts Halloween & Keeping Your Pet Safe It’s that time again, ‘Trick or Treat’ is here - but keeping your pets safe doesn’t have to be tricky. The candy bowl is for trick-or-treaters, not for Rex and Roxie. So, what is toxic for your pets and should be avoided? Chocolate in all forms especially dark or baking chocolate can be very dangerous for cats and dogs. The darker the chocolate, the more toxic it can be. Why? The theobromine, which is a caffeine-like substance found in chocolate is higher in darker chocolate. What about Ginger or Daisy the Cat? Is it toxic for them? YES! Although cats are less likely to gobble up on a Twix or a Catch, the theobromine found in chocolate is just as toxic for cats. For example, as little as an ounce of dark chocolate may be enough for a 10lb cat to need an emergency visit. Chocolate affects the heart and brain so pets that suffer from heart disease or seizures are at an even bigger risk. If that hasn’t scared you yet, well, keep reading. Chocolate also has a high fat content which can cause digestive problems such as enteritis, gastroenteritis or pancreatitis. With all the ‘low sugar’, ‘no sugar’, ‘sugar free’ and ‘low calorie’ candy out there, this is a critical ingredient that can lead to death in your pet. Xylitol is now found in a lot of chocolate but is also found in a lot of different varieties of gum. Small amounts of Xylitol can lead to Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose), seizures, liver failure and even death. We see raisins in a lot of candy nowadays and these in addition to grapes can be life threatening if your pet ingests them. What organ is affected: THE KIDNEYS! Consumption of these can cause acute kidney failure in your pet so keep them far, far away from your fuzzy friends. It’s not just the candy that can be dangerous, what about the candy bags that trick or treaters use, or the pretzel bags or the Herr’s bags? These can all be fatal to your pet. In some cases, dogs and cats can get their head into the bag looking for those yummy candies but if the bag gets stuck, your pet may begin to panic and it can create a vacuum seal over their head leading to them suffocating in minutes. Other objects to be careful with include: candles, power cords, glow sticks and pieces of costume that may be laying around or fallen off. If you suspect your pet has eaten something, call us immediately so we can determine the best treatment protocol.
How Chiropractic Care Can Help With Scoliosis November 9, 2021 Many people who live with scoliosis are looking for a treatment option that can improve their quality of life, and reduce the pain that they experience. Chiropractic care is a treatment option that can often do both of those things, without the need for surgery or painkillers. What is scoliosis? Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves sideways. It usually appears right after the pre-puberty growth spurt and affects 3% of adolescents. Scoliosis is usually mild but it can get more severe over time, and adults who had scoliosis as children are more likely to have chronic back pain. The symptoms of scoliosis can be quite noticeable and include: • uneven shoulders/uneven waist • one shoulder blade more prominent than the other • one hip higher than the other The cause of most cases of scoliosis is unknown, but in some cases, it is due to a congenital deformity such as spina bifida or cystic fibrosis. What is chiropractic care? Chiropractic care revolves around hands-on manipulation of the spine and joints in order to relieve pain and to increase the range and quality of movement. The chiropractor will meet with the patient and run tests to come to a diagnosis. If the patient is dealing with a problem that chiropractic care could help with, a treatment plan is devised. This usually involves the use of manual adjustments to the area that is affected, using a controlled and sudden force. There is often exercise rehabilitation or counseling included in the treatment plan. How chiropractic care can help with scoliosis Chiropractic care can be an alternative to surgery for people who are dealing with long-term back pain or disability as a result of scoliosis. It isn't likely to be able to completely reverse the curve in the spine, but it can help to relieve the pain and discomfort that the patient experiences. Most often, the goal of chiropractic care for scoliosis includes the following: • promote motion to keep spinal discs healthy • support the muscles in the back to improve spinal flexibility and stability • retrain the sensory feedback mechanisms in a way that will help to keep the spine aligned • improve posture, balance, and equilibrium to reduce strain on the back • deal with spinal misalignments that are common in scoliosis Does chiropractic care for scoliosis work? In one study that looked at the outcomes in 28 adult patients with scoliosis, after chiropractic rehabilitation, there was an improvement in pain scores, Cobb angle (the angle of the curve in the spine), and levels of disability. This was the case immediately after treatment ended and at a follow-up two years later (link). Surgery is a treatment option for scoliosis and drugs are a treatment option for the chronic back pain that is common in scoliosis patients. Many people do not wish to go down the route of surgery and painkillers. For them, chiropractic care could be a viable treatment option. While it may not reverse the curvature of the spine, chiropractic care can improve patients' quality of life and reduce the pain that they live with. For many people, this is exactly what they are looking for. Learn more here Learn more about how our chiropractor treats back pain
MERV Rating Infographic What Is a MERV Rating? MERV Rating Infographic Web MERV Rating Infographic Mobile What does MERV stand for? MERV stands for Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value. What is a MERV Rating? The MERV rating is a filter comparison system designed by an industry group called the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Simply put, it's a rating scale designed to allow consumers to easily compare the performance of one filter to another. Higher ratings mean the filters remove a larger percentage and broader range of debris from the air. Another way of thinking about it is the higher the MERV rating, the smaller the particles it can trap. What MERV rating should I use? Matching the right MERV rating to your needs will improve your home's air quality and will extend the life of your furnace or air conditioner. An air filter with a rating of MERV 8 will remove lint, household dust, pollen, dust mites, and mold spores. MERV 11 filters add pet dander, smoke, and smog to the list. MERV 13 filters will also remove bacteria and virus carriers. This means the MERV rating you should use depends on the air quality of your home or business and the needs of the people in it. Is MERV 13 too high? A higher MERV rating means that your air filter can remove more particles – allergens, pollution, viruses, and bacteria – from your indoor air. Cleaner air creates a healthier environment. However, trapping more particles from your air makes your air handler work a bit harder, so you may see a modest increase in power consumption by your air conditioning or furnace when choosing a higher MERV rating. It may also put a bit more stress on your unit's blower motor, which is why determining which MERV rating is best for your home or business is a very personal choice. You must balance your air quality needs with your energy consumption. Why Replace My Air Filter? Replacing your air filter regularly, regardless of the MERV rating • Removes unwanted dust, dirt, and other indoor particles • Lowers the cost of energy in your home or business • Prevents triggers of indoor allergies and asthma, and • Reduces mold and mildew growth. Check out our Helpful Tips for guidance on when to replace your air filter. Learn about the differences between MERV rating, MPR, and FPR.
What are the common methods for preventing loose nuts? Anti-loosening of friction, this method generates a pos […] Anti-loosening of friction, this method generates a positive pressure between the thread pair that does not change with external force, so as to produce a friction force that can prevent the relative rotation of the thread pair. This positive pressure can be achieved by pressing the thread pair axially or simultaneously in two directions. Common friction and anti-loosening are: the use of gaskets, self-locking nuts and double nuts. The material of the spring washer is spring steel. After assembly, the washer is flattened, and its rebound force can maintain the pressing force and friction force between the threads, thereby achieving anti-loosening. The anti-loosening of the top nut is to use the action of the nut against the top to subject the bolt type to additional tension and additional friction. Because one more nut is used, and the work is not very reliable, it has been used less and less. Self-locking nut anti-loosening is that one end of the nut is made into a non-circular closing or radial closing after slitting. When the nut is tightened, the closing part expands, and the elasticity of the closing part is used to make the screw threads tight. The anti-loosening structure is simple and reliable, and can be disassembled and assembled many times without reducing the anti-loosening performance. The elastic ring nut anti-loosening is to embed fiber or nylon into the thread to increase the friction. The elastic ring also serves to prevent liquid leakage. This anti-loosening method is more convenient for the disassembly of the nut, but in the case of impact, vibration and variable load, the preload force will be reduced due to slack at the beginning. As the number of vibrations increases, the loss of preload force increases slowly Will eventually lead to loosening of the nut and failure of the threaded connection. Mechanical anti-loosening, this way is to use the stopper to directly limit the relative rotation of the screw pair. Common mechanical anti-loosening methods: use cotter pins, stop washers and stringed steel ropes. The slotted nut and cotter pin are anti-loosening. After the slotted nut is tightened, use the cotter pin to pass through the small hole at the tail of the bolt and the slot of the nut. Or you can use a common nut to tighten and drill the pin hole. Round nut and stop washer so that the inner tongue of the washer fits into the groove of the bolt (shaft). After tightening the nut, fold one of the outer tongue of the washer into a groove of the nut. After the locking washer and the nut are tightened, bend the single-ear or double-ear stop washer to the side of the nut and the connected piece respectively to achieve tightness. If the two bolts need to be double-locked, double-lock stoppers can be used. The steel wire in series is loose, and the low carbon steel wire is inserted into the hole of the head of each screw, and the screws are connected in series to make each other brake. This structure needs to pay attention to the direction in which the steel wire penetrates, which makes disassembly inconvenient. Riveting, punching and anti-loosening is to use punching point, welding, bonding and other methods after tightening, so that the thread pair loses the characteristics of the motion pair and the connection becomes a non-detachable connection. Punching method to prevent loosening is to break the thread at the end of the thread after the nut is tightened; the adhesive is usually applied to the threaded surface of the thread with anaerobic adhesive. After tightening the nut, the adhesive can be cured by itself, and the anti-loosening effect is good. . The disadvantage of this method is that the bolt can only be used once, and it is very difficult to disassemble, and the bolt pair must be destroyed before it can be disassembled. The structure is anti-loosening, using the thread pair's own structure to solve the treatment of thread teeth. Namely, Tang's thread anti-loosening method, and Shi Bilao anti-loosening method. This method can be disassembled repeatedly, and the anti-loosening performance is the best.
What Is a Tabletop Exercise? Beginner’s Guide \| Kuali Ready June 3, 2021 What Is a Tabletop Exercise? Beginner’s Guide Developing a comprehensive emergency preparedness plan is crucial for any successful college or university. Higher education institutions that have put thought and time into such plans are better equipped to weather any storms–literal or figurative– that may come their way and adapt to the changes of the modern age. If your institution is seeking ways to enhance your business continuity plan or emergency preparedness strategy, tabletop exercises can help. So, what is a tabletop exercise? And what are the benefits? What Is a Tabletop Exercise? A tabletop exercise is an interactive training exercise that helps organizations test the strength and effectiveness of their emergency response strategies. They’re a low-cost solution that allows faculty members and other participants to run through procedures that will occur in a real emergency. The exercise provides an opportunity to familiarize staff with the plan, ask questions, identify flaws in the plan, and seek ways to improve the plan. Benefits of Tabletop Exercises There are many reasons why so many colleges and universities opt to conduct tabletop exercises as they develop and maintain an emergency preparedness or business continuity plan. First and foremost, tabletop exercises require little cost and resources yet remain a highly effective way of improving emergency preparedness strategies. These exercises are also adaptable to the needs of the institution. They could be held for just one hour or over several days. Tabletop exercises increase peace of mind and instill confidence in the entire staff, helping them know their role and feel prepared for any given emergency. How to Conduct Successful Tabletop Exercises For tabletop exercises to be the most effective, it’s important to plan and set goals about what you want to accomplish during the exercise. Here are a few key tips on how to conduct successful tabletop exercises. 1. Identify Participants and Their Roles Every tabletop exercise should include participants, a facilitator, an evaluator, and an observer. Each participant should approach the exercise differently, depending on their designated role. For example, participants should follow the facilitator’s guidelines, engage in conversation, and be ready to offer helpful feedback. On the other hand, the facilitator should control the pace of the exercise and come prepared with ways to spark a meaningful discussion. 2. Consider the Limitations of the Exercise Though tabletop exercises are an effective way of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of an emergency plan, they do have their limitations. Remembering these confines will allow you to make the most of the exercise and be better prepared in a real emergency. Keep in mind that the exercise only provides an overarching review of the plan and is not a valid test of operations. The timeline is not realistic, and other factors (like the weather in a natural disaster) could inhibit the plan from playing out smoothly. 3. Share the Scenario Ahead of Time The most successful tabletop exercises are those in which all participants have time to prepare in advance. For this reason, it’s best to share the emergency scenario with all of your participants at least a few days in advance, allowing them to prepare for the discussion and look for ways to provide meaningful feedback. Enhance Your Resilience with Kuali Ready Tabletop exercises are a great way of evaluating and improving your plan—but they’re not the only solution. Further strengthen your strategy with Kuali Ready, a business continuity planning software designed specifically for higher education that helps your institution become more resilient in any situation. Check out our webinar to learn how Kuali Ready has helped higher education institutions like yours be better prepared for emergencies. Become a partner, not just a customer. Connect with Kuali
Allercy and Asthma Health The Official Publication of AAN - MA Cover Story: Steering Clear of the Flu This Season winter exercising By Roger D. Seheult, MD The flu (or influenza) season is upon us, and it's time to protect ourselves from the virus and its complications as best as we can. According to the CDC, there is about a 5-20% chance of getting the flu this year and about a 1/1000 chance of being hospitalized. Of course, people who are older and have asthma or other lung diseases are at an increased risk of the flu and its complications. First of all how do I know if I have the flu? Symptoms of the flu can vary but usually include fever, headache, tiredness, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion or runny nose, body aches and, in children especially, diarrhea or vomiting. Am I at risk for complications from the flu? You are if you are over 50 years old, live in a nursing home, have heart or lung disease, are pregnant or have a compromised immune system such as HIV/AIDS. What are the more common complications of getting the flu? Common complications include pneumonia, muscle aches, and heart attacks. Other complications include ear and sinus infections, flare ups of bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, and congestive heart failure. What can I do to prevent getting the flu? First of all, you can get the vaccine. There are two general forms including a shot in the arm and a nasal swab. You should get them each year. Last year's shot doesn't work for this year. You should avoid contact with sick people, wash your hands with soap and water or use alcohol-based hand rub if water and soap are not available. Ok, what do I do if I think I've already contracted the flu? There actually are antiviral drugs that can speed up the course of the flu and help prevent complications. If you get the flu, antiviral drugs are a treatment option. Check with your doctor promptly if you get flu symptoms and if you have a high risk condition such as asthma, diabetes, or chronic heart disease as it is best to start therapy early (less than two days) in the course of the flu. Children and pregnant women can take these drugs. Is there anything in particular that I can do to manage my asthma during the flu? Again, be aware the a flu vaccine is the best way to prevent getting the flu. But if you have asthma and you get the flu, make sure that you check with your doctor to see if antiviral drugs are right for you. You may need to increase the amount of albuterol or rescue inhalant you are using. If this is significant you should let your doctor know early on as additional medications or even oral or parenteral steroids may be necessary. Early signs of sinusitis such as sinus pressure could also herald the onset of an asthma exacerbation and should be noted. You should not share asthma medication or equipment. Carry a rescue inhaler with you at all times. Are there any "myths" about the flu that I should know? There is a lot of mis-information out there on this subject. Here are a few myths: 1. The flu shot can give you the flu. It simply can't since the dead virus in the injectable is just that: dead, and the live virus in the nasal swab is sufficiently deactivated so that it doesn't cause any symptoms. 2. All you can do is wait it out. As we've discussed, there are antivirals that can shorten the course of the flu and prevent some of the feared complications of the flu. 3. You only get the flu once a year. There are many strains of the flu virus. The flu vaccine tries to cover you for the most common strains, however, there are many strains and you may get more than one in any particular season. It's best to avoid the most common by getting the flu vaccine. The flu doesn't look like it's going away anytime soon. Each year we must be prepared to protect ourselves from infection and from its complications. Fortunately, we are not helpless. For those of us with chronic lung diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, we must be vigilant and make sure that we are protected by getting the flu vaccine, wash our hands, avoid sick contacts, and be prepared to seek medical attention for antiviral medication in the case of flu-like symptoms to avoid a lengthy and complicated course. Roger Seheult, MD, is assistant professor of medicine at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, and a critical care intensivist, pulonologist, internist, and sleep specialist at Beaver Medical Group and San Gorgonio Memorial Hospital in Banning, CA. Top of Page Back
Cellular interactions and immune cell dynamics within immunological niches The immune system is composed of large repertoire of B cells, the precursors of antibody forming cells. Each express a unique antibody with different affinity and specificity. We examine how selection of B cells from the pre-vaccinated repertoire are selected for entry into the antibody immune response for differentiation into germinal center cells as well as antibody forming cells. For this we use multiple approaches wherein we examine interactions and niche formation of the immune cells by light sheet fluorescence microscopy and intravital two photon microscopy. Using these methods, we visualize and study the antibody immune response in a whole lymphoid organ at the single cell resolution and visualize entry and exit of B cells from the antibody immune response . Mucosal vaccinations We study how antibody forming cells entry respond to antigen delivered through the gut mucosa. As opposed to conventional vaccinations such as intra-dermal or intra-muscular, very little is known about selection of B cells for germinal entry and affinity maturation in the intestinal track. Establishing immunity by oral delivery of immunogen is a very challenging process as the vaccine-specific B cells have to outcompete B cells that are specific for immense amount of gut-derived antigens. We aim to understand whether similar or different set of rules and regulation govern entry into immune response in the gut when compared to the lymph node. In addition, we examine nasal vaccinations wherein antigen is delivered via the airways. This type of vaccine is used to deliver flu antigens by using aerosol sprays. Very little is known about how these vaccines work and how do the responding cells are distributed in different niches. Understanding this process may lead to improvement of nasal vaccination against influenza and other viral pathogens. Tumor infiltrating B lymphocytes and anti-tumor antibody discovery We aim to implement our vast knowledge about B cell immune responses in mice for understanding the function of tumor infiltrating B cells in human cancer. Ovarian and pancreatic cancers rank among the five deadliest types of cancers. Their lack of effective screening strategies and their poor prognoses constitutes an urgent need for the discovery of novel means for early detection and therapy. Immunotherapeutic approaches in oncology underscores the pivotal role of the immune system in the treatment of cancer. Anti-tumor antibodies are one of the safest and efficient therapies available for treatment of cancer patients and in the last decade many antibodies were approved for clinical use. These antibodies are limited so far to rare antigens and to small types of cancer. Thus, there is a great need for discovery of new anti-tumor antibodies. The development of therapeutic antibodies requires a deep understanding of the interplay between the immune system and cancer cells. We have developed a screening strategy to detect auto-antibodies in the malignant ascites fluids derived from cancer patients. This strategy was employed in order to generate a potential “target bank” for testing future cloned antibodies. Control of plasma cell formation by chromatin remodelers and post transcriptional RNA regulation Over the course of differentiation into antibody-forming plasma cells that secrete vast amounts of antibodies over a long period of time, B lymphocytes undergo dramatic transcriptional changes. The B lymphocyte to plasma cell transformation depends on chromatin landscape changes; however, the mechanism by which specific chromatin remodelers facilitate and maintain the commitment to the plasma cell lineage is unknown. To address this problem, we combine a series of new, informative animal models with advanced mechanistic analyses of chromatin modulator functions. Specifically, we focus on the role of the mammalian ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in B cell differentiation into antibody-forming cells in vivo. We dissect the mechanism of each chromatin remodeler by defining the subunit and associated factor composition and chromatin targeting of each complex over the course of differentiation. We plan to examine these mechanistic findings in healthy and malignant human B cells.
Adjectives for challenges Challenges adjectives are listed in this post. Each word below can often be found in front of the noun challenges in the same sentence. This reference page can help answer the question what are some adjectives commonly used for describing CHALLENGES. above, academic, adaptive, additional, administrative, aesthetic, aforementioned, analytical, appropriate, associated, based, basic, behavioral, big, bigger, biggest, broader, central, century, certain, clinical, cognitive, collective, common, competitive, complex, computational, conceptual, considerable, constant, constitutional, contemporary, continuous, creative, critical, crucial, cultural, current, daily daunting, day, demographic, developmental, diagnostic, different, difficult, direct, distinct, distinctive, diverse, domestic, dramatic, dual, early, ecological, economic, educational, emotional, empirical, enormous, enough, environmental, epistemological, ethical, everyday, exciting, existential, external, extra, extraordinary, extreme, few, fewer, financial, first, fiscal, following, formidable frequent, fresh, fundamental, further, future, general, geopolitical, global, grand, grave, great, greater, greatest, hardest, historical, huge, human, ideological, immediate, immense, important, impossible, incredible, individual, inevitable, inherent, initial, institutional, instructional, insurmountable, intellectual, interesting, internal, international, interpersonal, interpretive, judicial, key, large larger, largest, legal, life, linguistic, local, logistical, main, major, managerial, many, massive, medical, mental, methodological, military, minor, modern, monumental, moral, more, most, multiple, myriad, national, new, normal, novel, numerous, obvious, old, ongoing, only, open, operational, organizational, other, overwhelming, own parenting, particular, past, pedagogical, peremptory, persistent, personal, philosophical, physical, political, possible, potential, practical, present, pressing, previous, primary, principal, professional, profound, psychological, public, radical, real, recent, regional, regulatory, related, same, scientific, serious, several, severe, significant, similar, small, social, societal, socioeconomic special, specific, spiritual, strategic, strong, structural, subsequent, substantial, successful, such, systemic, technical, technological, term, theoretical, therapeutic, tough, toughest, transnational, tremendous, twin, typical, unanticipated, unexpected, unforeseen, unique, unknown, unprecedented, unusual, urgent, usual, varied, various, world Hope this word list had the adjective used with challenges you were looking for. Additional describing words / adjectives that describe / adjectives of various nouns can be found in the other pages on this website. Please add more adjectives to make this list more complete: Learn More As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases
Ninja code Domains: Javascript Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous. Programmer ninjas of the past used these tricks to sharpen the mind of code maintainers. Code review gurus look for them in test tasks. Novice developers sometimes use them even better than programmer ninjas. Read them carefully and find out who you are -- a ninja, a novice, or maybe a code reviewer? Many try to follow ninja paths. Few succeed. Brevity is the soul of wit Make the code as short as possible. Show how smart you are. Let subtle language features guide you. For instance, take a look at this ternary operator '?': // taken from a well-known javascript library i = i ? i < 0 ? Math.max(0, len + i) : i : 0; Cool, right? If you write like that, a developer who comes across this line and tries to understand what is the value of i is going to have a merry time. Then come to you, seeking for an answer. Tell them that shorter is always better. Initiate them into the paths of ninja. One-letter variables The Dao hides in wordlessness. Only the Dao is well begun and well Another way to code faster is to use single-letter variable names everywhere. Like a, b or c. A short variable disappears in the code like a real ninja in the forest. No one will be able to find it using "search" of the editor. And even if someone does, they won't be able to "decipher" what the name a or b means. ...But there's an exception. A real ninja will never use i as the counter in a "for" loop. Anywhere, but not here. Look around, there are many more exotic letters. For instance, x or y. An exotic variable as a loop counter is especially cool if the loop body takes 1-2 pages (make it longer if you can). Then if someone looks deep inside the loop, they won't be able to quickly figure out that the variable named x is the loop counter. Use abbreviations If the team rules forbid the use of one-letter and vague names - shorten them, make abbreviations. Like this: • list -> lst. • userAgent -> ua. • browser -> brsr. • ...etc Only the one with truly good intuition will be able to understand such names. Try to shorten everything. Only a worthy person should be able to uphold the development of your code. Soar high. Be abstract. The great square is cornerless<br> The great vessel is last complete,<br> The great note is rarified sound,<br> The great image has no form. While choosing a name try to use the most abstract word. Like obj, data, value, item, elem and so on. • The ideal name for a variable is data. Use it everywhere you can. Indeed, every variable holds data, right? ...But what to do if data is already taken? Try value, it's also universal. After all, a variable eventually gets a value. • Name a variable by its type: str, num... Give them a try. A young initiate may wonder -- are such names really useful for a ninja? Indeed, they are! Sure, the variable name still means something. It says what's inside the variable: a string, a number or something else. But when an outsider tries to understand the code, he'll be surprised to see that there's actually no information at all! And will ultimately fail to alter your well-thought code. The value type is easy to find out by debugging. But what's the meaning of the variable? Which string/number does it store? There's just no way to figure out without a good meditation! • ...But what if there are no more such names? Just add a number: data1, item2, elem5... Attention test Only a truly attentive programmer should be able to understand your code. But how to check that? One of the ways -- use similar variable names, like date and data. Mix them where you can. A quick read of such code becomes impossible. And when there's a typo... Ummm... We're stuck for long, time to drink tea. Smart synonyms Using similar names for same things makes life more interesting and shows your creativity to the public. For instance, consider function prefixes. If a function shows a message on the screen -- start it with display…, like displayMessage. And then if another function shows on the screen something else, like a user name, start it with show… (like showName). Insinuate that there's a subtle difference between such functions, while there is none. Make a pact with fellow ninjas of the team: if John starts "showing" functions with display... in his code, then Peter could use render.., and Ann -- paint.... Note how much more interesting and diverse the code became. ...And now the hat trick! For two functions with important differences -- use the same prefix! For instance, the function printPage(page) will use a printer. And the function printText(text) will put the text on-screen. Let an unfamiliar reader think well over similarly named function printMessage: "Where does it put the message? To a printer or on the screen?". To make it really shine, printMessage(message) should output it in the new window! Reuse names Once the whole is divided, the parts<br> need names.<br> There are already enough names.<br> One must know when to stop. Add a new variable only when absolutely necessary. Instead, reuse existing names. Just write new values into them. In a function try to use only variables passed as parameters. That would make it really hard to identify what's exactly in the variable now. And also where it comes from. A person with weak intuition would have to analyze the code line-by-line and track the changes through every code branch. An advanced variant of the approach is to covertly (!) replace the value with something alike in the middle of a loop or a function. For instance: function ninjaFunction(elem) { // 20 lines of code working with elem elem = clone(elem); // 20 more lines, now working with the clone of the elem! A fellow programmer who wants to work with elem in the second half of the function will be surprised... Only during the debugging, after examining the code they will find out that he's working with a clone! Seen in code regularly. Deadly effective even against an experienced ninja. Underscores for fun Put underscores _ and __ before variable names. Like _name or __value. It would be great if only you knew their meaning. Or, better, add them just for fun, without particular meaning at all. Or different meanings in different places. You kill two rabbits with one shot. First, the code becomes longer and less readable, and the second, a fellow developer may spend a long time trying to figure out what the underscores mean. A smart ninja puts underscores at one spot of code and evades them at other places. That makes the code even more fragile and increases the probability of future errors. Show your love Let everyone see how magnificent your entities are! Names like superElement, megaFrame and niceItem will definitely enlighten a reader. Indeed, from one hand, something is written: super.., mega.., nice.. But from the other hand -- that brings no details. A reader may decide to look for a hidden meaning and meditate for an hour or two. Overlap outer variables When in the light, can't see anything in the darkness.<br> When in the darkness, can see everything in the light. Use same names for variables inside and outside a function. As simple. No efforts required. let !user/! = authenticateUser(); function render() { let !user/! = anotherValue(); ...many lines... ... // <-- a programmer wants to work with user here and... A programmer who jumps inside the render will probably fail to notice that there's a local user shadowing the outer one. Then he'll try to work with user assuming that it's the external variable, the result of authenticateUser()... The trap is sprung! Hello, debugger... Side-effects everywhere! There are functions that look like they don't change anything. Like isReady(), checkPermission(), findTags()... They are assumed to carry out calculations, find and return the data, without changing anything outside of them. In other words, without "side-effects". A really beautiful trick is to add a "useful" action to them, besides the main task. An expression of dazed surprise on the face of your colleague when they see a function named is.., check.. or find... changing something -- will definitely broaden your boundaries of reason. Another way to surprise is to return a non-standard result. Show your original thinking! Let the call of checkPermission return not true/false, but a complex object with the results of the check. Those developers who try to write if (checkPermission(..)), will wonder why it doesn't work. Tell them: "Read the docs!". And give this article. Powerful functions! The great Tao flows everywhere,<br> both to the left and to the right. Don't limit the function by what's written in its name. Be broader. For instance, a function validateEmail(email) could (besides checking the email for correctness) show an error message and ask to re-enter the email. Additional actions should not be obvious from the function name. A true ninja coder will make them not obvious from the code as well. Joining several actions into one protects your code from reuse. Imagine, another developer wants only to check the email, and not output any message. Your function validateEmail(email) that does both will not suit them. So they won't break your meditation by asking anything about it. All "pieces of advice" above are from the real code... Sometimes, written by experienced developers. Maybe even more experienced than you are ;) • Follow some of them, and your code will become full of surprises. • Follow many of them, and your code will become truly yours, no one would want to change it. • Follow all, and your code will become a valuable lesson for young developers looking for enlightenment. Similar pages Page structure Variables in JS Date and time Operators in JS Ternary operator '?' Function Expression
Which Covid vaccine is safe? The second covid wave has it us hard in the year 2021 but in this same year India started its vaccination program. There were two vaccines- Covishield and Covaxin that were approved in India and were given to the citizens. Recently, a Russian vaccine got approved, it is called Sputnik V and will probably be available from the next quarter. As there are two vaccines available and another will be in few months. People are really concerned about which one is safe and which is not. Although there is no choice given to citizens about which vaccine they would like to take but there is still a fear among people. So here is all you need to know about these vaccines and how safe they actually are. Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine, because it is made up of coronaviruses that have been destroyed, making it safe to administer into the bloodstream. Immune cells will also recognise the dead virus after it has been administered, causing the immune system to produce antibodies against the pandemic virus. The two doses are separated by four weeks. The vaccine can be kept at temperatures ranging from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. According to preliminary evidence from the vaccine's phase 3 trial, it has an effectiveness rate of 81 percent. Though the third phase of the trial was already ongoing, India's regulators granted the vaccine an emergency approval in January, prompting skepticism and concerns from experts. Covaxin was defended by both the manufacturer and the FDA, who said it was "healthy and offers a strong immune response." The Serum Institute of India, the world's biggest vaccine producer, is producing the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine locally. A mutated strain of a common cold virus (known as an adenovirus) from chimps is used to create the vaccine. It has been altered to resemble coronavirus, despite the fact that it cannot cause disease. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was shown to be 90 percent safe in international clinical trials where patients were administered a half dose and then a full dose. However, unpublished evidence shows that spacing the first and second doses apart increases the vaccine's cumulative effectiveness; in a subgroup offered the vaccine this way, the vaccine was found to be 70% effective after the first dose. Sputnik V The vaccine, created by the Gamaleya Institute in Moscow, caused some concern when it was first carried out before the final trial results were published. However, scientists say that its advantages have now been proven. It employs a harmless cold-type virus as a courier to carry a small fragment of the coronavirus to the body.By exposing the body to a portion of the virus's genetic code in this manner, it will learn to recognize the threat and fend it off without being sick. The body begins to develop antibodies that are specifically targeted to the coronavirus after being vaccinated. This ensures that as the immune system comes into contact with coronavirus for the first time, it will be ready to combat it. It can be stored at temperatures ranging from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius (a regular fridge is about 3-5 degrees Celsius), making it more convenient to transport and store.
Document Type Peer-Reviewed Article Publication Date Dietary micronutrients have the ability to strongly influence animal physiology and ecology. For songbirds, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and antioxidants are hypothesized to be particularly important micronutrients because of their influence on an individual's capacity for aerobic metabolism and recovery from extended bouts of exercise. However, the influence of specific fatty acids and hydrophilic antioxidants on whole‐animal performance remains largely untested. We used diet manipulations to directly test the effects of dietary PUFA, specifically linoleic acid (18:2n6), and anthocyanins, a hydrophilic antioxidant, on basal metabolic rate (BMR), peak metabolic rate (PMR), and rates of fat catabolism, lean catabolism, and energy expenditure during sustained flight in a wind tunnel in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). BMR, PMR, energy expenditure, and fat metabolism decreased and lean catabolism increased over the course of the experiment in birds fed a high (32%) 18:2n6 diet, while birds fed a low (13%) 18:2n6 diet exhibited the reverse pattern. Additionally, energy expenditure, fat catabolism, and flight duration were all subject to diet‐specific effects of whole‐body fat content. Dietary antioxidants and diet‐related differences in tissue fatty acid composition were not directly related to any measure of whole‐animal performance. Together, these results suggest that the effect of dietary 18:2n6 on performance was most likely the result of the signaling properties of 18:2n6. This implies that dietary PUFA influence the energetic capabilities of songbirds and could strongly influence songbird ecology, given their availability in terrestrial systems. PubMed ID Creative Commons License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License you may Download the file to your hard drive.

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