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Quick Answer: What causes baby stress?
What are 4 signs of stress or distress in babies?
• hiccupping.
• yawning.
• sneezing.
• frowning.
• looking away.
• squirming.
• frantic, disorganized activity.
• arms and legs pushing away.
What can cause stress in babies?
How can I stop my baby from being stressed?
Some of the following suggestions may help:
1. Unwind. Spend half an hour each evening doing something you enjoy. …
2. Seeing other people can help relieve stress. …
3. Make time for your partner. …
4. Express yourself. …
5. Accept help. …
6. Relax – there are no prizes for being a supermum or superdad.
What are 3 signs of stress or distress in babies?
Change in emotions (showing signs of being sad, clingy, withdrawn, or angry) Increase in crying or tantrums. Nightmares and fears at bedtime. Physical ailments, such as headaches or stomachaches.
IT IS IMPORTANT: Best answer: Does baby Panadol help with a cold?
Is it normal for babies to constantly move their hands?
You may see your infant move both arms up and down at the same time or flap their hands at the wrists. This repetitive motion — also called complex motor stereotypies — is sometimes associated with ASD, sensory issues, or other diagnoses. However, it can also be observed in children without any of these conditions.
Can babies sense Mom is sad?
Can babies feel when Mom is sad?
Can babies feel your frustration?
Yes, they can. And babies don’t just detect our tension. They are affected by it. Stress is contagious.
Is it normal to get angry at babies?
You, like millions of other parents, have likely found yourself in a situation where you have become very frustrated, even angry with your babies crying. It is important to know that this is completely normal.
Can babies sense mothers stress?
IT IS IMPORTANT: How far along is 7 weeks pregnant?
How do you deal with a baby that won’t sleep?
Here are some tips that may help you feel more rested.
1. Sleep when your baby sleeps. …
2. Get an early night. …
3. Share the nights if you can. …
4. Ask friends and relatives for extra support. …
5. Understand your baby’s sleep patterns. …
6. Try to do more exercise. …
7. Try relaxation exercises. …
8. Don’t let stress get on top of you.
How do I know my baby is in pain?
Watch for these signs of pain
1. Changes in usual behaviour. …
2. Crying that can’t be comforted.
3. Crying, grunting, or breath-holding.
How can you tell if your baby is in distress?
They may turn their head, arch their back, close their eyes, startle, look at something else, turn to you, start sucking, yawn, sign, or start crying. These are clues that your baby is overstimulated. If you respond by giving your baby a break and a slower pace, they will show less distress overall.
Why is my baby so unhappy?
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5.5: Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis - Biology
So, that is oxidative phosphorylation. The system is normally highly self-regulated due to impermeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to H+. Thus there is a direct association between respiration rate and physiological energy need.
5.5: Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis - Biology
The electrochemical gradient couples the rate of the electron transport chain to the rate of ATP synthesis. Because electron flow requires proton pumping, electron flow cannot occur faster than protons are used for ATP synthesis (coupled oxidative phosphorylation) or returned to the matrix by a mechanism that short circuits the ATP synthase pore (uncoupling).
7.7.1. Regulation through Coupling
As ATP chemical bond energy is used by energy-requiring reactions, ADP and Pi concentrations increase. The more ADP present to bind to the ATP synthase, the greater will be proton flow through the ATP synthase pore, from the intermembrane space to the matrix.Thus, as ADP levels rise, proton influx increases, and the electrochemical gradient decreases (Fig. 7.2 and 7.3). The proton pumps of the electron transport chain respond with increased proton pumping and electron flow to maintain the electrochemical gradient. The result is increased O2 consumption. The increased oxidation of NADH in the electron transport chain and the increased concentration of ADP stimulate the pathways of fuel oxidation, such as the TCA cycle, to supply more NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. For example, during exercise, we use more ATP for muscle contraction, consume more oxygen, oxidize more fuel (which means burn more calories), and generate more heat from the electron transport chain. If we rest, and the rate of ATP utilization decreases, proton influx decreases, the electrochemical gradient increases, and proton “back-pressure” decreases the rate of the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 cannot be oxidized as rapidly in the electron transport chain, and consequently, their build-up inhibits the enzymes that generate them.The electron transport chain has a very high capacity and can respond very rapidly to any increase in ATP utilization.
7.7.2. Uncoupling ATP synthesis from electron transport
When protons leak back into the matrix without going through the ATP synthase pore, they dissipate the electrochemical gradient across the membrane without generating ATP. This phenomenon is called “uncoupling” oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs with chemical compounds, known as uncouplers , and it occurs physiologically with uncoupling proteins that form proton conductance channels through the membrane. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation results in increased oxygen consumption and heat production as electron flow and proton pumping attempt to maintain the electrochemical gradient.
Mitochondria are often described as the "powerhouse" of a cell as it is here that energy is largely released from the oxidation of food. Reducing equivalents generated from beta-oxidation of fatty acids and from the Krebs cycle enter the electron transport chain (also called the respiratory chain). During a series of redox reactions, electrons travel down the chain releasing their energy in controlled steps. These reactions drive the active transport of protons from the mitochondrial matrix , through the inner membrane to the intermembrane space. The respiratory chain consists of five main types of carrier flavins, iron-sulfur centres, quinones, cytochromes (heme proteins) and copper. The two main reducing equivalents entering the respiratory chain are NADH and FADH2. NADH is linked through the NADH-specific dehydrogenase whereas FADH2 is reoxidised within succinate dehydrogenase and a ubiquinone reductase of the fatty acid oxidation pathway. Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and with protons, is converted to form water, the end product of aerobic cellular respiration. A proton electrochemical gradient (often called protonmotive force) is established across the inner membrane, with positive charge in the intermembrane space relative to the matrix. Protons driven by the proton-motive force, can enter ATP synthase thus returning to the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthases use this exergonic flow to form ATP in the matrix, a process called chemiosmotic coupling. A by-product of this process is heat generation.
An antiport, ATP-ADP translocase, preferentially exports ATP from the matrix thereby maintaining a high ADP:ATP ratio in the matrix. The tight coupling of electron flow to ATP synthesis means oxygen consumption is dependent on ADP availability (termed respiratory control). High ADP (low ATP) increases electron flow thereby increasing oxygen consumption and low ADP (high ATP) decreases electron flow and thereby decreases oxygen consumption. There are many inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Most act by either blocking the flow of electrons (eg cyanide, carbon monoxide, rotenone) or uncoupling electron flow from ATP synthesis (eg dinitrophenol). Thermogenin is a natural protein found in brown fat. Newborn babies have a large amount of brown fat and the heat generated by thermogenin is an alternative to ATP synthesis (and thus electron flow only produces heat) and allows the maintenance of body temperature in newborns.
The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and comprises some 80 proteins organized in four enzymatic complexes (I-IV). Complex V generates ATP but has no electron transfer activity. In addition to these 5 complexes, there are also two electron shuttle molecules Coenzyme Q (also known as ubiquinone, CoQ) and Cytochrome c (Cytc). These two molecules shuttle electrons between the large complexes in the chain.
How many ATPs are generated by this process? Theoretically, for each glucose molecule, 32 ATPs can be produced. As electrons drop from NADH to oxygen in the chain, the number of protons pumped out and returning through ATP synthase can produce 2.5 ATPs per electron pair. For each pair donated by FADH2, only 1.5 ATPs can be formed. Twelve pairs of electrons are removed from each glucose molecule
10 by NAD+ = 25 ATPs
2 by FADH2 = 3 ATPs.
Making a total of 28 ATPs. However, 2 ATPs are formed during the Krebs' cycle and 2 ATPs formed during glycolysis for each glucose molecule therefore making a total ATP yield of 32 ATPs. In reality, the energy from the respiratory chain is used for other processes (such as active transport of important ions and molecules) so under conditions of normal respiration, the actual ATP yield probably does not reach 32 ATPs.
The reducing equivalents that fuel the electron transport chain, namely NADH and FADH2, are produced by the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) and the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. At three steps in the Krebs cycle (isocitrate conversion to oxoglutarate oxoglutarate conversion to succinyl-CoA Malate conversion to oxaloacetate), a pair of electrons (2e-) are removed and transferred to NAD+, forming NADH and H+. At a single step, a pair of electrons are removed from succinate, reducing FAD to FADH2. From the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, one step in the process forms NADH and H+ and another step forms FADH2.
Cytoplasmic NADH, generated from glycolysis, has to be oxidized to reform NAD+, essential for glycolysis, otherwise glycolysis would cease to function. There is no carrier that transports NADH directly into the mitochondrial matrix and the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH so the cell uses two shuttle systems to move reducing equivalents into the mitochondrion and regenerate cytosolic NAD+.
The first is the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which uses electrons from cytosolic NADH to produce FADH2 within the inner membrane. These electrons then flow to Coenzyme Q. Complex I is bypassed so only 1.5 ATPs can be formed per NADH via this route. The overall balanced equation, summing all the reactions in this system, is
NADH (cytosol) + H+ (cytosol) + NAD+ (mito.) = NAD+ (cytosol) + NADH (mito.) + H+ (mito.)
The malate-aspartate shuttle uses the oxidation of malate to generate NADH in the mitochondrial matrix. This NADH can then be fed directly to complex I and thus can form 3 ATPs via the respiratory chain. The overall balanced equation is
NADH (cytosol) + H+ (cytosol) + FAD (inner memb.) = NAD+ (cytosol) + FADH2 (inner memb.)
Both of these shuttle systems regenerate cytosolic NAD+.
The entry point for NADH is complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) and the entry point for FADH2 is Coenzyme Q. The input of electrons from fatty acid oxidation via ubiquinone is complicated and not shown in the diagram.
Sperm mitochondrial uncoupling
Mitochondria generate ATP by coupling the activities of two large transport protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) – the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and ATP Synthase. The ETC pumps Hydrogen ions (H + ) out of the mitochondrial matrix to generate an electrochemical H + gradient (ΔΨ) across the IMM. ATP Synthase then allows H + to diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix and, like a molecular water wheel, uses the energy released by this diffusion to synthesize ATP.
It was originally assumed that H + ions could only return to the matrix through ATP synthase, but it is now well-established that there are other proteins in the IMM which can allow H + to return to the mitochondrial matrix, but do not generate ATP and instead dissipate the released energy as heat. This phenomenon, known as mitochondrial uncoupling , is crucial for mitochondrial function and integrity. In the specialized thermogenic tissues, brown and beige fat, mitochondrial uncoupling helps to maintain core body temperature and control body weight, and is mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).
In most other tissues, mitochondria are more rarely uncoupled, and when they are uncoupled, they carry a smaller H + current across the IMM. However, because this “mild” uncoupling occurs in the majority of tissues, it may have a significant impact on thermogenesis, body weight, healthy metabolism and reproduction potential.
Recently, it was demonstrated that mild mitochondrial uncoupling is mediated by Adenosine Nucleotide Transporter (ANT) proteins . These proteins’ primary function is to transport ATP out of the mitochondrial matrix, but when activated by chemical uncouplers, they also allow H + ions to pass through, thereby uncoupling the mitochondria – reducing the IMM potential and slowing the synthesis of ATP. In humans and mice, there are several ANT isoforms, and human ANT4 is exclusively expressed in sperm.
ANT4 has been previously recognized as an excellent contraceptive target, and we aim to activate its uncoupling function, thereby draining sperm of energy and making them unable to find and fertilize an egg. This approach may lead to the creation of unisex contraceptives with fewer side effects than were found in previous attempts to target ANT4.
A procedure is evolved to assess the maximum uncoupling activity of the classical unsubstituted phenolic uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OX PHOS) 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,6-dinitrophenol. The uncoupler concentrations, C, required for maximum uncoupling efficacy are found to be a strong function of the pH, and a linear relationship of pC with pH is obtained between pH 5 to pH 9. The slopes of the uncoupler concentrations in the aqueous and lipid phases as a function of pH have been estimated. It is shown that the experimental results can be derived from first principles by an enzyme kinetic model for uncoupling that is based on the same equations as formulated for the coupling of ion transport to ATP synthesis in a companion paper after imposition of the special conditions arising from the uncoupling process. The results reveal the catalysis of a reaction that involves both the anionic and protonated forms of the phenolic uncouplers in the vicinity of their binding sites in a non-aqueous region of the cristae membranes of mitochondria. The rate-limiting step in the overall process of uncoupling has been identified based on the uncoupling data. The data cannot be explained by a simple conduction of protons by uncouplers from one bulk aqueous phase to another as postulated by Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory. It is shown that Nath's two-ion theory of energy coupling/uncoupling in ATP synthase is consistent with the results. A molecular mechanism for uncoupling of ATP synthesis by the dinitrophenols is presented and the chief differences between coupling and uncoupling in ATP catalysis are summarized. The pharmacological consequences of our analysis of uncoupling are discussed, with particular reference to the mode of action of the anti-tuberculosis drug bedaquiline that specifically targets the c-subunit of the F1FO-ATP synthase and uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hence the work is shown to be important both from the point of view of fundamental biology and is also pregnant with possibilities for practical pharmaceutical applications.
The energetics of electron transport
In discussing the driving forces of electron transport above, we have referred to both the free energy and the redox potential. Before considering the energetics of the respiratory chain in more detail, we will briefly review how exactly these two physical terms relate to one another.
Redox reactions can be compartmentalized to produce a measurable voltage
This slide illustrates the experimental setup for measuring the redox potential of an electron carrier. Left panel: coenzyme Q withdraws electrons from the standard hydrogen electrode, which by definition gives it a positive redox potential (Δ E ). Right: NADH pushes electrons toward the standard electrode, making its Δ E negative.
In the experimental setup, the molecule of interest and a reference solute are contained in two adjacent buffer-filled chambers. Platinum electrodes are immersed in both solutions and connected through a voltmeter ( V ). As electrons are withdrawn from the solute in one chamber and delivered to the other, the voltmeter indicates the direction and magnitude of the potential difference. Protons and other ions can flow across a salt bridge between the chambers so as to preserve electroneutrality. In order to allow the flow of ions but prevent mixing of the chamber contents by convection, this hole is covered with a porous membrane or plugged with agar.
The reference solute commonly used in chemistry is H2 , equilibrated with hydrogen gas at 1 atm above the solution. The corresponding oxidized form, H + , is adjusted to 1 mol/l or pH 0. The immersed platinum electrode not only conducts electrons but also serves as a catalyst for the interconversion between H2 and H + .
The potential of a redox carrier measured against this electrode is defined as its standard redox potential or Δ E 0. For biochemical purposes, the standard electrode solution is buffered at pH 7 rather than pH 0, and the redox potentials measured against this electrode are referred to as Δ E 0 ′ . A pH of 7 is just as arbitrary a reference point as pH 0, but we will stick with it because the textbooks do so, too.
The redox potential (Δ E ) is proportional to the free energy (Δ G )
Δ G (frac< ext>< ext>)
Δ E (frac< ext>< ext>)
Δ G = (frac< ext>< ext> imes frac< ext>< ext>)
ΔG = (Delta E imes frac< ext>< ext>)
Δ G = (- Delta E imes n imes ext) (6.1)
From the previous slide, it is clear that electrons will flow spontaneously from one redox cofactor to another if the corresponding Δ E is positive. We also know that reactions proceed spontaneously if their Δ G is negative. The two parameters are directly related to one another according to equation 6.1 . Either one is therefore sufficient to describe the energetics of the reaction the reason why redox potentials are more commonly used in this context is that they can be measured more directly than Δ G .
In the equation, Δ E is the difference in the redox potentials between two cofactors. The parameter n is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction for example, NADH feeds two electrons at a time into the chain, which means that n equals two for this reaction. In contrast, heme typically accepts and donates single electrons, which means that n =1. The F in the equation is Faraday’s constant, which tells us how many units of charge are carried by one mole electrons (96,500 coulombs/mol). 36 One can think of a cofactor’s redox potential as its affinity for electrons—the higher it is, the more strongly the cofactor will attract electrons. 37
Redox potentials and free energies in the respiratory chain
This slide shows the redox potentials, and the corresponding free energy levels, of some selected electron carriers in the respiratory chain. The lowest potential is found with NAD + , in keeping with its position at the start of the transport chain. The next carrier in sequence, FMN, is part of complex I. It has a slightly higher potential than NADH and is therefore able to accept its electrons. The redox potential increases continuously along the respiratory chain to reach its highest value at oxygen, which therefore has the highest affinity for the electrons and gets to keep them. Reduced oxygen, which recombines with protons to yield water, thus is the end product of respiration.
The iron-sulfur cluster N2, which occupies the lowermost position within complex I as shown in slide 6.4 , has a significantly higher potential than the FMN. This step in potential corresponds to a significant amount of free energy that is released at some point within complex I as the electrons travel through it from FMN toward N2. Complex I uses this energy to expel protons from the mitochondrion, against their concentration gradient. Major steps in potential that drive proton expulsion also occur within complex III and complex IV.
Only minor steps of potential occur in the delivery of electrons from complex I to complex III via coenzyme Q, and between complexes III and IV via cytochrome C. Likewise, with complex II, the potentials of both entry and exit points must fall into the narrow interval between FADH2 and coenzyme Q, which means that very little energy is released as electrons traverse this complex. Such minor steps in redox potential suffice to jog the electrons along, but they are too small to contribute to proton pumping.
Experimental and Computational Evidence for Self-Assembly of Mitochondrial UCP2 in Lipid Bilayers
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are members of the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) that transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thereby uncoupling electron transport from ATP synthesis. The stoichiometry of UCPs, and the possibility of co-existence of this protein as mono-meric and associated forms in lipid membranes remain an intriguing open question. In the current study, the tertiary structure of UCP2 was analyzed both experimentally and through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. After recombinant expression of UCP2 in the inner membrane of E. coli, the protein was directly extracted from the bacterial membranes with a non-denaturing detergent and purified both as a pure monomer and as a mixture of monomers, dimers and tetramers. Both protein preparations were re-constituted in egg yolk lipid vesicles. Gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism spectroscopy and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the structure and the proton transport function of protein. UCP2 showed unique stable tetrameric forms in lipid bilayers. MD simulations using membrane lipids and principal component analysis support the experimental results and provided new molecular insights into the nature of noncovalent interactions in oligomeric UCP2. MD simulations indicate that UCP2 tetramers are asymmetric dimers of dimers, in which the interactions between the monomers forming the dimer are stronger than the interactions between the dimers within the tetramer. It is also shown that UCP2 has a specific tendency to form functional tetramers in lipid bilayers, capable of proton transport. The asymmetric nature of the UCP2 tetramer could act as a scaffold for regulating the activity of the monomeric units through cooperative intercommunication between these subunits. Under similar experimental conditions, the structurally comparable ADP/ATP carrier protein did not form tetramers in vesicles, implying that spontaneous tetramerization cannot be generalized to all MCF members.
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Self-assembly of membrane proteins plays a significant role in their biological function. In this article, both experimental and computational evidence are provided for spontaneous tetramerization of one of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP2) in model lipid membranes. It is also shown that the tetrameric form of UCP2 is capable of proton transport, which leads to regulation of ATP synthesis in mitochondrion. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the presence of asymmetric UCP2 tetramers as a potential scaffold for regulating the activity of the monomeric units through mutual intercommunication. The outcome of this study provides a solid ground for potential co-existence of monomeric and multimeric functional forms of UCPs that contributes to a deeper molecular insight into their structure and function.
Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence (LPBI) Group
The Colors of Respiration and Electron Transport
Reporter & Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP
Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition
Having considered in general terms how a mitochondrion uses electron
transport to create an electrochemical proton gradient, we need to
examine the mechanisms that underlie this membrane-based energy-conversion process. In doing so, we also accomplish a larger purpose.
As emphasized at the beginning of this chapter, very similar chemi-
osmotic mechanisms are used by mitochondria, chloroplasts, archea,
and bacteria. In fact, these mechanisms underlie the function of nearly
all living organisms— including anaerobes that derive all their energy
from electron transfers between two inorganic molecules. It is therefore
rather humbling for scientists to remind themselves that the existence
of chemiosmosis has been recognized for only about 40 years.
Overview of The Electron Transport Chain
We begin with a look at some of the principles that underlie the electron-transport process, with the aim of explaining how it can pump protons
across a membrane.
Although protons resemble other positive ions such as Na+ and K+
in their movement across membranes, in some respects they are unique.
Hydrogen atoms are by far the most abundant type of atom in living
organisms they are plentiful not only in all carbon-containing
biological molecules, but also in the water molecules that surround
them. The protons in water are highly mobile, flickering through the
hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules by rapidly
dissociating from one water molecule to associate with its neighbor,
as illustrated in Figure 14-20A. Protons are thought to move across a
protein pump embedded in a lipid bilayer in a similar way: they
transfer from one amino acid side chain to another, following a
special channel through the protein.
Protons are also special with respect to electron transport. Whenever
a molecule is reduced by acquiring an electron, the electron (e -) brings
with it a negative charge. In many cases, this charge is rapidly
neutralized by the addition of a proton (H+) from water, so that
the net effect of the reduction is to transfer an entire hydrogen atom,
H+ + e – (Figure 14-20B). Similarly, when a molecule is oxidized,
a hydrogen atom removed from it can be readily dissociated into
its constituent electron and proton—allowing the electron to
be transferred separately to a molecule that accepts electrons,
while the proton is passed to the water. Therefore, in a membrane
in which electrons are being passed along an electron-transport
chain, pumping protons from one side of the membrane to
another can be relatively simple. The electron carrier merely
needs to be arranged in the membrane in a way that causes it to
pick up a proton from one side of the membrane when it accepts
an electron, and to release the proton on the other side of the
membrane as the electron is passed to the next carrier molecule
in the chain (Figure 14-21).
protons pumped across membranes ch14f21
How protons can be pumped across membranes. As an electron
passes along an electron-transport chain embedded in a lipid-bilayer
membrane, it can bind and release a proton at each step.
In this diagram, electron carrier B picks up a proton (H+)
from one (more…)
The Redox Potential Is a Measure of Electron Affinities
In biochemical reactions, any electrons removed from one
molecule are always passed to another, so that whenever one
molecule is oxidized, another is reduced. Like any other chemical r
eaction, the tendency of such oxidation-reduction reactions, or
redox reactions, to proceed spontaneously depends on the free-
energy change (ΔG) for the electron transfer, which in turn
depends on the relative affinities of the two molecules for electrons.
Because electron transfers provide most of the energy for living
things, it is worth spending the time to understand them. Many
readers are already familiar with acids and bases, which donate
and accept protons (see Panel 2-2, pp. 112–113). Acids and bases
exist in conjugate acid-base pairs, in which the acid is readily
converted into the base by the loss of a proton. For example,
acetic acid (CH3COOH) is converted into its conjugate base
(CH3COO-) in the reaction:
In exactly the same way, pairs of compounds such as NADH and
NAD+ are called redox pairs, since NADH is converted to NAD+
by the loss of electrons in the reaction:
NADH is a strong electron donor: because its electrons are held
in a high-energy linkage, the free-energy change for passing its
electrons to many other molecules is favorable (see Figure 14-9).
It is difficult to form a high-energy linkage. Therefore its redox
partner, NAD+, is of necessity a weak electron acceptor.
The tendency to transfer electrons from any redox pair can be
measured experimentally. All that is required is the formation
of an electrical circuit linking a 1:1 (equimolar) mixture of the
redox pair to a second redox pair that has been arbitrarily selected
as a reference standard, so the voltage difference can be measured
between them (Panel 14-1, p. 784). This voltage difference is
defined as the redox potential as defined, electrons move
spontaneously from a redox pair like NADH/NAD+ with a low
redox potential (a low affinity for electrons) to a redox pair like
O2/H2O with a high redox potential (a high affinity for electrons).
Thus, NADH is a good molecule for donating electrons to the
respiratory chain, while O2 is well suited to act as the “sink” for
electrons at the end of the pathway. As explained in Panel 14-1,
the difference in redox potential, ΔE0′, is a direct measure of
the standard free-energy change (ΔG°) for the transfer of an
electron from one molecule to another.
Electron Transfers Release Large Amounts of Energy
As just discussed, those pairs of compounds that have the most negative
redox potentials have the weakest affinity for electrons and therefore
contain carriers with the strongest tendency to donate electrons.
Conversely, those pairs that have the most positive redox potentials
have the strongest affinity for electrons and therefore contain carriers
with the strongest tendency to accept electrons. A 1:1 mixture of NADH
and NAD+ has a redox potential of -320 mV, indicating that NADH has
a strong tendency to donate electrons a 1:1 mixture of H2O and ½O2
has a redox potential of +820 mV, indicating that O2 has a strong
tendency to accept electrons. The difference in redox potential is
1.14 volts (1140 mV), which means that the transfer of each electron
from NADH to O2 under these standard conditions is enormously
favorable, where ΔG° = -26.2 kcal/mole (-52.4 kcal/mole for the two
electrons transferred per NADH molecule see Panel 14-1). If we
compare this free-energy change with that for the formation of the
phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP (ΔG° = -7.3 kcal/mole, see Figure 2-75), we see that more than enough energy is released by the oxidization
of one NADH molecule to synthesize several molecules of ATP from
ADP and Pi.
Phosphate dependence of pyruvate oxidation
Living systems could certainly have evolved enzymes that would
allow NADH to donate electrons directly to O2 to make water in the reaction:
But because of the huge free-energy drop, this reaction would proceed
with almost explosive force and nearly all of the energy would be released
as heat. Cells do perform this reaction, but they make it proceed much
more gradually by passing the high-energy electrons from NADH to
O2 via the many electron carriers in the electron-transport chain.
Since each successive carrier in the chain holds its electrons more
tightly, the highly energetically favorable reaction 2H+ + 2e – + ½O2
→ H2O is made to occur in many small steps. This enables nearly half
of the released energy to be stored, instead of being lost to the
environment as heat.
Spectroscopic Methods Have Been Used to Identify Many Electron
Carriers in the Respiratory Chain
Many of the electron carriers in the respiratory chain absorb visible
light and change color when they are oxidized or reduced. In general,
each has an absorption spectrum and reactivity that are distinct enough
to allow its behavior to be traced spectroscopically, even in crude mixtures.
It was therefore possible to purify these components long before their
exact functions were known. Thus, the cytochromes were discovered
in 1925 as compounds that undergo rapid oxidation and reduction in
living organisms as disparate as bacteria, yeasts, and insects. By observing
cells and tissues with a spectroscope, three types of cytochromes were
identified by their distinctive absorption spectra and designated
cytochromes a, b, and c. This nomenclature has survived, even though
cells are now known to contain several cytochromes of each type and
the classification into types is not functionally important.
The cytochromes constitute a family of colored proteins that are
related by the presence of a bound heme group, whose iron atom
changes from the ferric oxidation state (Fe3+) to the ferrous oxidation
state (Fe2+) whenever it accepts an electron. The heme group consists
of a porphyrin ring with a tightly bound iron atom held by four nitrogen
atoms at the corners of a square (Figure 14-22). A similar porphyrin ring
is responsible for the red color of blood and for the green color of
leaves, being bound to iron in hemoglobin and to magnesium in
chlorophyll, respectively.
The structure of the heme group attached covalently to cytochrome c ch14f22
Figure 14-22. The structure of the heme group attached covalently
to cytochrome c.
The structure of the heme group attached covalently to cytochrome c.
The porphyrin ring is shown in blue. There are five different
cytochromes in the respiratory chain. Because the hemes in different
cytochromes have slightly different structures and (more…)
Iron-sulfur proteins are a second major family of electron carriers. In these
proteins, either two or four iron atoms are bound to an equal number of
sulfur atoms and to cysteine side chains, forming an iron-sulfur center
on the protein (Figure 14-23). There are more iron-sulfur centers than
cytochromes in the respiratory chain. But their spectroscopic detection
requires electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and they are less
completely characterized. Like the cytochromes, these centers carry one
electron at a time.
structure of iron sulfur centers ch14f23
Figure 14-23. The structures of two types of iron-sulfur centers.
The structures of two types of iron-sulfur centers. (A) A center of the
2Fe2S type. (B) A center of the 4Fe4S type. Although they contain
multiple iron atoms, each iron-sulfur center can carry only one
electron at a time. There are more than seven different (more…)
The simplest of the electron carriers in the respiratory chain—and
the only one that is not part of a protein—is a small hydrophobic
molecule that is freely mobile in the lipid bilayer known as ubiquinone,
or coenzyme Q. A quinone (Q) can pick up or donate either one or
two electrons upon reduction, it picks up a proton from the medium
along with each electron it carries (Figure 14-24).
quinone electron carriers ch14f24
Figure 14-24. Quinone electron carriers.
Quinone electron carriers. Ubiquinone in the respiratory chain picks
up one H+ from the aqueous environment for every electron it accepts,
and it can carry either one or two electrons as part of a hydrogen atom
(yellow). When reduced ubiquinone donates (more…)
In addition to six different hemes linked to cytochromes, more than
seven iron-sulfur centers, and ubiquinone, there are also two copper
atoms and a flavin serving as electron carriers tightly bound to respiratory-chain proteins in the pathway from NADH to oxygen. This pathway
involves more than 60 different proteins in all.
As one would expect, the electron carriers have higher and higher
affinities for electrons (greater redox potentials) as one moves along
the respiratory chain. The redox potentials have been fine-tuned
during evolution by the binding of each electron carrier in a particular
protein context, which can alter its normal affinity for electrons. However,
because iron-sulfur centers have a relatively low affinity for electrons,
they predominate in the early part of the respiratory chain in contrast,
the cytochromes predominate further down the chain, where a higher
affinity for electrons is required.
The order of the individual electron carriers in the chain was
determined by sophisticated spectroscopic measurements (Figure 14-25),
and many of the proteins were initially isolated and characterized as
individual polypeptides. A major advance in understanding the
respiratory chain, however, was the later realization that most of
the proteins are organized into three large enzyme complexes.
path of electrons ch14f25
Figure 14-25. The general methods used to determine the path of
electrons along an electron-transport chain.
The general methods used to determine the path of electrons along
an electron-transport chain. The extent of oxidation of electron
carriers a, b, c, and d is continuously monitored by following their
distinct spectra, which differ in their oxidized and (more…)
The Respiratory Chain Includes Three Large Enzyme Complexes
Embedded in the Inner Membrane
Membrane proteins are difficult to purify as intact complexes
because they are insoluble in aqueous solutions, and some of
the detergents required to solubilize them can destroy normal
protein-protein interactions. In the early 1960s, however, it
was found that relatively mild ionic detergents, such as deoxycholate,
can solubilize selected components of the inner mitochondrial
membrane in their native form. This permitted the identification
and purification of the three major membrane-bound respiratory
enzyme complexes in the pathway from NADH to oxygen (Figure 14-26).
As we shall see in this section, each of these complexes acts as an
electron-transport-driven H+ pump however, they were
initially characterized in terms of the electron carriers that
they interact with and contain:
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Figure 14-26. The path of electrons through the three respiratory
enzyme complexes.
The path of electrons through the three respiratory enzyme complexes.
The relative size and shape of each complex are shown. During the
transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen (red lines), ubiquinone
and cytochrome c serve as mobile carriers that ferry (more…)
The NADH dehydrogenase complex (generally known as complex I)
is the largest of the respiratory enzyme complexes, containing more
than 40 polypeptide chains. It accepts electrons from NADH and
passes them through a flavin and at least seven iron-sulfur centers
to ubiquinone. Ubiquinone then transfers its electrons to a second
respiratory enzyme complex, the cytochrome b-c1 complex.
The cytochrome b-c1 complex contains at least 11 different
polypeptide chains and functions as a dimer. Each monomer
contains three hemes bound to cytochromes and an iron-sulfur
protein. The complex accepts electrons from ubiquinone
and passes them on to cytochrome c, which carries its electron
to the cytochrome oxidase complex.
The cytochrome oxidase complex also functions as a dimer each
monomer contains 13 different polypeptide chains, including two
cytochromes and two copper atoms. The complex accepts one electron
at a time from cytochrome c and passes them four at a time to oxygen.
The cytochromes, iron-sulfur centers, and copper atoms can carry
only one electron at a time. Yet each NADH donates two electrons,
and each O2 molecule must receive four electrons to produce water.
There are several electron-collecting and electron-dispersing points
along the electron-transport chain where these changes in electron
number are accommodated. The most obvious of these is cytochrome
An Iron-Copper Center in Cytochrome Oxidase Catalyzes Efficient
O2 Reduction
Because oxygen has a high affinity for electrons, it releases a
large amount of free energy when it is reduced to form water.
Thus, the evolution of cellular respiration, in which O2 is
converted to water, enabled organisms to harness much more
energy than can be derived from anaerobic metabolism. This
is presumably why all higher organisms respire. The ability of
biological systems to use O2 in this way, however, requires a
very sophisticated chemistry. We can tolerate O2 in the air we
breathe because it has trouble picking up its first electron this
fact allows its initial reaction in cells to be controlled closely by
enzymatic catalysis. But once a molecule of O2 has picked up one
electron to form a superoxide radical (O2 -), it becomes dangerously
reactive and rapidly takes up an additional three electrons wherever
it can find them. The cell can use O2 for respiration only because
cytochrome oxidase holds onto oxygen at a special bimetallic
center, where it remains clamped between a heme-linked iron
atom and a copper atom until it has picked up a total of four electrons.
Only then can the two oxygen atoms of the oxygen molecule be
safely released as two molecules of water (Figure 14-27).
Figure 14-27. The reaction of O2 with electrons in cytochrome oxidase.
The reaction of O2 with electrons in cytochrome oxidase. As indicated,
the iron atom in heme a serves as an electron queuing point this
heme feeds four electrons into an O2 molecule held at the bimetallic
center active site, which is formed by the other (more…)
The cytochrome oxidase reaction is estimated to account for 90%
of the total oxygen uptake in most cells. This protein complex is
therefore crucial for all aerobic life. Cyanide and azide are extremely
toxic because they bind tightly to the cell’s cytochrome oxidase
complexes to stop electron transport, thereby greatly reducing
ATP production.
Although the cytochrome oxidase in mammals contains 13
different protein subunits, most of these seem to have a subsidiary
three subunits that form the core of the enzyme. The complete
structure of this large enzyme complex has recently been determined
by x-ray crystallography, as illustrated in Figure 14-28. The atomic
resolution structures, combined with mechanistic studies of the effect
of precisely tailored mutations introduced into the enzyme by genetic
engineering of the yeast and bacterial proteins, are revealing the
detailed mechanisms of this finely tuned protein machine.
Figure 14-28. The molecular structure of cytochrome oxidase.
The molecular structure of cytochrome oxidase. This protein
is a dimer formed from a monomer with 13 different protein
subunits (monomer mass of 204,000 daltons). The three colored
subunits are encoded by the mitochondrial genome, and they
form the functional (more…)
Electron Transfers Are Mediated by Random Collisions in
the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
The two components that carry electrons between the three
major enzyme complexes of the respiratory chain—ubiquinone
and cytochrome c—diffuse rapidly in the plane of the inner
mitochondrial membrane. The expected rate of random collisions
between these mobile carriers and the more slowly diffusing
enzyme complexes can account for the observed rates of electron
transfer (each complex donates and receives an electron about
once every 5–20 milliseconds). Thus, there is no need to postulate
a structurally ordered chain of electron-transfer proteins in the
lipid bilayer indeed, the three enzyme complexes seem to exist as
independent entities in the plane of the inner membrane, being
present in different ratios in different mitochondria.
The ordered transfer of electrons along the respiratory chain
is due entirely to the specificity of the functional interactions
between the components of the chain: each electron carrier is
able to interact only with the carrier adjacent to it in the sequence
shown in Figure 14-26, with no short circuits.
Electrons move between the molecules that carry them in
biological systems not only by moving along covalent bonds
within a molecule, but also by jumping across a gap as large
as 2 nm. The jumps occur by electron “tunneling,” a quantum-
mechanical property that is critical for the processes we are
discussing. Insulation is needed to prevent short circuits that
would otherwise occur when an electron carrier with a low redox
potential collides with a carrier with a high redox potential. This
insulation seems to be provided by carrying an electron deep
enough inside a protein to prevent its tunneling interactions
with an inappropriate partner.
How the changes in redox potential from one electron carrier
to the next are harnessed to pump protons out of the mitochondrial
matrix is the topic we discuss next.
A Large Drop in Redox Potential Across Each of the Three Respiratory
Enzyme Complexes Provides the Energy for H+ Pumping
We have previously discussed how the redox potential reflects
electron affinities (see p. 783). An outline of the redox potentials
measured along the respiratory chain is shown in Figure 14-29.
These potentials drop in three large steps, one across each major
respiratory complex. The change in redox potential between any
two electron carriers is directly proportional to the free energy
released when an electron transfers between them. Each enzyme
complex acts as an energy-conversion device by harnessing some
of this free-energy change to pump H+ across the inner membrane,
thereby creating an electrochemical proton gradient as electrons
pass through that complex. This conversion can be demonstrated
by purifying each respiratory enzyme complex and incorporating
it separately into liposomes: when an appropriate electron donor
and acceptor are added so that electrons can pass through the complex,
H+ is translocated across the liposome membrane.
Figure 14-29. Redox potential changes along the mitochondrial
electron-transport chain.
Redox potential changes along the mitochondrial electron-transport
chain. The redox potential (designated E′0) increases as electrons
flow down the respiratory chain to oxygen. The standard free-energy
change, ΔG°, for the transfer (more…)
The Mechanism of H+ Pumping Will Soon Be Understood in
Atomic Detail
Some respiratory enzyme complexes pump one H+ per electron
across the inner mitochondrial membrane, whereas others pump
two. The detailed mechanism by which electron transport is coupled
to H+ pumping is different for the three different enzyme complexes.
In the cytochrome b-c1 complex, the quinones clearly have a role.
As mentioned previously, a quinone picks up a H+ from the aqueous
medium along with each electron it carries and liberates it when it
releases the electron (see Figure 14-24). Since ubiquinone is freely
mobile in the lipid bilayer, it could accept electrons near the inside
surface of the membrane and donate them to the cytochrome b-c1
complex near the outside surface, thereby transferring one H+
across the bilayer for every electron transported. Two protons are
pumped per electron in the cytochrome b-c1 complex, however, and
there is good evidence for a so-called Q-cycle, in which ubiquinone
is recycled through the complex in an ordered way that makes this
two-for-one transfer possible. Exactly how this occurs can now be
worked out at the atomic level, because the complete structure of
the cytochrome b-c1 complex has been determined by x-ray
crystallography (Figure 14-30).
Figure 14-30. The atomic structure of cytochrome b-c 1.
The atomic structure of cytochrome b-c 1. This protein is a dimer.
The 240,000-dalton monomer is composed of 11 different protein
molecules in mammals. The three colored proteins form the
functional core of the enzyme: cytochrome b (green), cytochrome (more…)
Allosteric changes in protein conformations driven by electron
transport can also pump H+, just as H+ is pumped when ATP
is hydrolyzed by the ATP synthase running in reverse. For both the
NADH dehydrogenase complex and the cytochrome oxidase complex,
it seems likely that electron transport drives sequential allosteric
changes in protein conformation that cause a portion of the protein
to pump H+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane. A general
mechanism for this type of H+ pumping is presented in Figure 14-31.
Figure 14-31. A general model for H+ pumping.
A general model for H+ pumping. This model for H+ pumping
by a transmembrane protein is based on mechanisms that are
thought to be used by both cytochrome oxidase and the light-driven
procaryotic proton pump, bacteriorhodopsin. The protein
is driven through (more…)
H+ Ionophores Uncouple Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis
Since the 1940s, several substances—such as 2,4-dinitrophenol—
have been known to act as uncoupling agents, uncoupling electron
transport from ATP synthesis. The addition of these low-molecular-weight organic compounds to cells stops ATP synthesis by mitochondria
without blocking their uptake of oxygen. In the presence of an
uncoupling agent, electron transport and H+ pumping continue at
a rapid rate, but no H+ gradient is generated. The explanation for
this effect is both simple and elegant: uncoupling agents are lipid-
soluble weak acids that act as H+ carriers (H+ ionophores), and
they provide a pathway for the flow of H+ across the inner mitochondrial
membrane that bypasses the ATP synthase. As a result of this short-
circuiting, the proton-motive force is dissipated completely, and
ATP can no longer be made.
Respiratory Control Normally Restrains Electron Flow
Through the Chain
When an uncoupler such as dinitrophenol is added to cells,
mitochondria increase their oxygen uptake substantially because
of an increased rate of electron transport. This increase reflects
the existence of respiratory control. The control is thought to
act via a direct inhibitory influence of the electrochemical proton
gradient on the rate of electron transport. When the gradient is
collapsed by an uncoupler, electron transport is free to run unchecked
at the maximal rate. As the gradient increases, electron transport
becomes more difficult, and the process slows. Moreover, if an
artificially large electrochemical proton gradient is experimentally
created across the inner membrane, normal electron transport
stops completely, and a reverse electron flow can be detected in
some sections of the respiratory chain. This observation suggests
that respiratory control reflects a simple balance between the
free-energy change for electron-transport-linked proton pumping
and the free-energy change for electron transport—that is, the
magnitude of the electrochemical proton gradient affects both
the rate and the direction of electron transport, just as it affects
the directionality of the ATP synthase (see Figure 14-19).
Respiratory control is just one part of an elaborate interlocking
system of feedback controls that coordinate the rates of glycolysis,
fatty acid breakdown, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport.
The rates of all of these processes are adjusted to the ATP:ADP ratio,
increasing whenever an increased utilization of ATP causes the ratio
to fall. The ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane,
for example, works faster as the concentrations of its substrates
ADP and Pi increase. As it speeds up, the enzyme lets more H+ flow
into the matrix and thereby dissipates the electrochemical proton
gradient more rapidly. The falling gradient, in turn, enhances the
rate of electron transport.
Similar controls, including feedback inhibition of several key enzymes
by ATP, act to adjust the rates of NADH production to the rate of
NADH utilization by the respiratory chain, and so on. As a result of
these many control mechanisms, the body oxidizes fats and sugars
5–10 times more rapidly during a period of strenuous exercise than
during a period of rest.
Natural Uncouplers Convert the Mitochondria in Brown Fat into
Heat-generating Machines
In some specialized fat cells, mitochondrial respiration is normally
uncoupled from ATP synthesis. In these cells, known as brown fat
cells, most of the energy of oxidation is dissipated as heat rather
than being converted into ATP. The inner membranes of the large
mitochondria in these cells contain a special transport protein that
allows protons to move down their electrochemical gradient, by-
passing ATP synthase. As a result, the cells oxidize their fat stores
at a rapid rate and produce more heat than ATP. Tissues containing
brown fat serve as “heating pads,” helping to revive hibernating animals
and to protect sensitive areas of newborn human babies from the cold.
Bacteria Also Exploit Chemiosmotic Mechanisms to Harness Energy
Bacteria use enormously diverse energy sources. Some, like animal
cells, are aerobic they synthesize ATP from sugars they oxidize to
CO2 and H2O by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and a respiratory
chain in their plasma membrane that is similar to the one in the
inner mitochondrial membrane. Others are strict anaerobes, deriving
their energy either from glycolysis alone (by fermentation) or from an
electron-transport chain that employs a molecule other than oxygen
as the final electron acceptor. The alternative electron acceptor can
be a nitrogen compound (nitrate or nitrite), a sulfur compound
(sulfate or sulfite), or a carbon compound (fumarate or carbonate),
for example. The electrons are transferred to these acceptors by a
series of electron carriers in the plasma membrane that are comparable
to those in mitochondrial respiratory chains.
Despite this diversity, the plasma membrane of the vast majority of
bacteria contains an ATP synthase that is very similar to the one in
mitochondria. In bacteria that use an electron-transport chain to
harvest energy, the electron-transport pumps H+ out of the cell and
thereby establishes a proton-motive force across the plasma membrane
that drives the ATP synthase to make ATP. In other bacteria, the
ATP synthase works in reverse, using the ATP produced by glycolysis
to pump H+ and establish a proton gradient across the plasma
membrane. The ATP used for this process is generated by
fermentation processes (discussed in Chapter 2).
Thus, most bacteria, including the strict anaerobes, maintain a proton
gradient across their plasma membrane. It can be harnessed to drive
a flagellar motor, and it is used to pump Na+ out of the bacterium via
a Na+-H+ antiporter that takes the place of the Na+-K+ pump of
eucaryotic cells. This gradient is also used for the active inward transport
of nutrients, such as most amino acids and many sugars: each nutrient is
dragged into the cell along with one or more H+ through a specific symporter
(Figure 14-32). In animal cells, by contrast, most inward transport across
the plasma membrane is driven by the Na+ gradient that is established by the
Na+-K+ pump.
Figure 14-32. The importance of H+-driven transport in bacteria.
The importance of H+-driven transport in bacteria. A proton-motive force
generated across the plasma membrane pumps nutrients into the cell and
expels Na+. (A) In an aerobic bacterium, an electrochemical proton gradient
across the plasma membrane is produced (more…)
Some unusual bacteria have adapted to live in a very alkaline
environment and yet must maintain their cytoplasm at a physiological
pH. For these cells, any attempt to generate an electrochemical H+
gradient would be opposed by a large H+ concentration gradient in
the wrong direction (H+ higher inside than outside). Presumably for
this reason, some of these bacteria substitute Na+ for H+ in all of their
chemiosmotic mechanisms. The respiratory chain pumps Na+ out of
the cell, the transport systems and flagellar motor are driven by an
inward flux of Na+, and a Na+-driven ATP synthase synthesizes
ATP. The existence of such bacteria demonstrates that the principle
of chemiosmosis is more fundamental than the proton-motive force
on which it is normally based.
The respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane contains
three respiratory enzyme complexes through which electrons pass on
their way from NADH to O2.
Each of these can be purified, inserted into synthetic lipid vesicles,
and then shown to pump H+ when electrons are transported through it.
In the intact membrane, the mobile electron carriers ubiquinone and
cytochrome c complete the electron-transport chain by shuttling between
the enzyme complexes. The path of electron flow is NADH → NADH
dehydrogenase complex → ubiquinone → cytochrome b-c1 complex →
cytochrome c → cytochrome oxidase complex → molecular oxygen (O2).
The respiratory enzyme complexes couple the energetically favorable
transport of electrons to the pumping of H+ out of the matrix. The
resulting electrochemical proton gradient is harnessed to make ATP
by another transmembrane protein complex, ATP synthase, through
which H+ flows back into the matrix. The ATP synthase is a reversible
coupling device that normally converts a backflow of H+ into ATP
phosphate bond energy by catalyzing the reaction ADP + Pi → ATP,
but it can also work in the opposite direction and hydrolyze ATP to
pump H+ if the electrochemical proton gradient is sufficiently reduced.
Its universal presence in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and procaryotes
testifies to the central importance of chemiosmotic mechanisms in cells.
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5.5: Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis - Biology
Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions used by cells to harvest energy from food. The catabolism of glucose under aerobic conditions occurs in three sequential metabolic pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. The reduced coenzymes produced from these metabolic pathways are then oxidized by the respiratory chain, and ATP is made. By these pathways, glucose has been completely oxidized and the cell has gained many molecules of ATP—a versatile energy carrier that fuels most kinds of cellular work.
In this tutorial we will examine the operation of the electron transport chain and the production of ATP. In cellular respiration, it is the action of the electron transport chain that produces the bulk of the ATP for the cell.
During the early phases of cellular respiration, glucose is completely broken down. CO2 is liberated into the atmosphere, and the hydrogen atoms from glucose are donated to the energy carriers NAD + and FAD to form NADH + H + and FADH2. In order for cellular respiration to continue to operate on additional glucose molecules, these energy carriers must be recycled.
The work of the respiratory chain is, in part, to recycle these carriers. The carriers donate their extra hydrogen atoms to the respiratory chain and thereby convert back into NAD + and FAD. In the accompanying animation, we focused on NADH, which donates a hydrogen atom to the first complex in the chain. FADH2 (not shown in the animation) donates to a different complex.
The other work of the respiratory chain is to transform the chemical energy of the hydrogen atoms (specifically, their electrons) into potential energy. In a series of redox reactions, electrons jump from one complex to another and, in the process, release energy. The chain uses the released energy to pump protons across the membrane, from a region of low concentration inside the mitochondrion to a region of high concentration within the intermembrane space. This concentration gradient represents potential energy.
The cell taps the potential energy of the gradient when protons flow back across the membrane through a pore in the ATP synthase complex. As the protons flow, they release energy, which the complex uses to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP. The production of ATP from energy derived from the flow of electrons through the respiratory chain is referred to as oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmosis is another term for ATP synthesis, referring to the use of a proton gradient to fuel the production of ATP.
Textbook Reference: Concept 6.2 Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Presence of Oxygen Releases a Large Amount of Energy
Watch the video: Uncoupling of Electron Transport Chain (January 2022).
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Contact Raj on 07985 467 213 or email [email protected]
Active Server Pages or ASP, a language I actually started off programming in, is a technology that enables you to make dynamic and interactive web pages.
The default scripting language used for writing ASP is VBScript, although you can use other scripting languages like JScript (Microsoft's version of JavaScript).
ASP pages have the extension .asp instead of .htm, when a page with the extension .asp is requested by a browser the web server knows to interpret any ASP contained within the web page before sending the HTML produced to the browser. This way all the ASP is run on the web server and no ASP will ever be passed to the web browser.
Any web pages containing ASP cannot be run by just simply opening the page in a web browser. The page must be requested through a web server that supports ASP, this is why ASP stands for Active Server Pages, no server, no active pages.
As ASP was first introduced by Microsoft on it's web server, Internet Information Services (IIS), that runs on Windows 2000/XP Pro/NT4, it is this web server that ASP pages usually run best on.
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Bedtime exposure to light leads to lack of sleep in preschoolers
ANI | Updated: Mar 06, 2018 10:42 IST
Washington D.C. [U.S.A.], Mar. 06 (ANI): Turns out, preschoolers exposed to nighttime light tend to sleep lesser.
"Although the effects of light are well studied in adults, virtually nothing is known about how evening light exposure affects the physiology, health, and development of preschool-aged children," said lead author Lameese Akacem. "In this study, we found that these kids were extremely sensitive to light."
"Light is our brain clock's primary timekeeper", explained senior author Monique LeBourgeois.
She explained that when the light hits the retina in the eye in the evening, it produces a cascade of signals to the circadian system to suppress melatonin and push back the body's entrance into its "biological night".
"The preschool years are a very sensitive time of development during which use of digital media is growing more and more pervasive," Le Bourgeois said. Use of electronic media among young children has tripled since 2011.
Le Bourgeois continued, "We hope this research can help parents and clinicians make informed decisions on children's light exposure".
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What Causes Childhood Obesity?
1368 Words6 Pages
What Causes Childhood Obesity? According to the American Heart Association, as of January of 2013, one in three children in America is overweight or obese. That is three times that of only fifty years ago. Although we all know some underlying causes for childhood obesity, I am focusing on three major causes. These are parents and the perpetuation of unhealthy eating and lifestyle habits, the over consumption of fast food, and lastly, children and their decreasing physical activity levels. These three main factors, lead to childhood obesity which in turn leads to further long term and immediate health risks as well as psychological problems. Some people argue that genetics plays the major role when discussing factors of childhood obesity however, my focus on the mentioned causes is because they are by far more manageable when compared to genetics. Anyone who has ever cared for a child knows very well that they imitate what they see. Parents are often, if not always, the first learning influence a child has. When speaking about the perpetuation of gestures or other patterns of behavior from parent to child, none have more negative lifelong effects than that of unhealthy eating and lifestyle habits. Stated by The British Psychological Society in one news article titled Parental Choices Influence Childhood Eating Habits, “Children’s eating habits are based upon exposure to foods and imitation of others.” In other words, if a child were to watch his father eating fatty,
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Only two of the gospels narrate the giving of wine with an additive to Lord Jesus immediately before his crucifixion, Matthew 27:33-34 and Mark 15:22-23. This event must not be confused with the second offering of sour wine the Lord was given after He was crucified and shortly before his exhalation, which is contained across the four gospels equally.
However, the account in Matthew mentions that Jesus was given wine mixed with gall, while Mark’s account says that it was wine with myrrh, normally understood to be substance totally different to gall.
Many ideas have been given as to what “gall” means exactly in the text; from being bile to a herbal narcotic. The Greek word used in Matthew is χολή which is imprecise and by context it has been identified with a bitter substance that may have served to dull pain, most probably “wormwood” (Proverbs 5:4; Lamentations 3:15), a plant used to these days as an “amphetamine like” substance that works in the central nervous system and can heighten the endurance to pain among other things.
Because wormwood can also produce an agreeable odour despite the bitterness of its crude taste, some have theorised that Mark calls it “myrrh”, referring to the acceptable smell of the wormwood used in the wine, which Matthew names “gall”, due to the bitterness of its taste.
All agree however, that it was given as an endurance substance as a final act of mercy to those condemned to gruesome deaths like crucifixion.
Myrrh on the other side, is a resin extracted from the Commiphora plant, with a strong sweet smell and a very bitter taste, even bitter than wormwood, and with a stronger analgesic power.
Considering all hypothesis, what most probably happened, is that Lord Jesus, as an ultimate act of mercy, was offered “posca”, a cheap sour wine mixed with real myrrh, to dull his senses to pain and stress. Since Myrrh alone would fulfil all the characteristics and purpose of the substance, it may be possible that the word “χολή” used by Matthew, and translated as “gall”, may only refer to the bitter taste, “bile like” of this substance.
Jesus accepted to taste it, in order to fulfil the prophecy of Psalm 69:21 but refused it any further
Jesus willingly accepted his suffering and decided to endure to the last spasm of pain, in full control of his senses. In this way, Jesus’s sacrifice was offered clean, complete and unadulterated.
Omar Flores.
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Nitrous Oxide Harm Reduction
Risks are increased depending on
1. How it is used
2. How much is used
3. How often it is used
Don’t inhale Nitrous Oxide directly from the canister or tank: Always use a devise to release the gas and use a balloon to inhale. Nitrous Oxide within the canister is cold and could seriously damage the throat and lungs. Releasing the gas helps warn and normalise the pressure before using.
Don’t use in extra risky ways: Use in well ventilated locations and not confined spaces such as cars.
Don't use near roads or water: You could become dizzy or loose coordination.
Sit down to minimise the risk of falling
Start low and go slow: Take your time, take very small amounts and make sure you are getting enough oxygen. It is risky if it is inhaled continuously with no air breathed.
Avoid using with other substances: This includes using with alcohol and prescription medication. Nitrous oxide and stimulants such as MDMA or cocaine could put extra pressure on your heart. Nitrous Oxide can also make the effects of other drugs more intense and it is harder to predict and manage the effects.
Limit the amount of balloons consumed per session: Don’t use multiple balloons, one after the other. The higher amounts the higher the risk.
Limit how frequently you use: Long term risks are linked to regular use
Don’t share balloons with other people.
Don’t be afraid to get medical help on 999/112 if someone becomes unwell
Look out for long term harms: talk to your GP if you have numbness, pain, tingling or unusual sensation in your feet, arms, hands or legs as this could be a sign of Vitamin B12 deficiency which can lead to irreversible long term health problems.
Pick up litter after use
Avoid use if you have underlying health conditions with your heart, blood pressure or asthma.
It is always safer not to use at all.
If you are concerned about your own or a loved one’s substance use, contact the HSE Helpline on 1800 459 459 Monday – Friday 9:30 am – 5:30 pm or by email on
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Harm reduction messages from the #SaferStudentNights campaign.
Poll Poll
Have you ever been impacted negatively by someone else's drug taking?
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What about hydrogen cars?
It's possible they are the future, but they're not yet the present. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) have many difficult and expensive engineering challenges to solve before they will ever be widely available, and even then, the energy required per km will probably continue to be substantially higher than for EVs.
We asked NZ scientist Thomas Everth, for his evaluation.
"Hydrogen is not the "most abundant resource" in the universe from the perspective of humanity. In fact, if you tried to find free hydrogen anywhere on the planet, you would struggle. Free Hydrogen is highly reactive. Therefore almost all of it is already oxidized H2O here on planet Earth, and no electro-chemical energy can be extracted from it.
"Hydrogen from the perspective of being a resource for energy is useless unless it's free, reduced to its atomic or molecular H2 form. And doing so requires energy. At least as much as one gets back when oxidizing it back to H2O again, and, in fact, significantly more so, because the processes to reduce H2O to H2 and O2 are inefficient.
"Chemically bound Hydrogen is like a spent battery. It has no use unless it's charged again. Charging a BEV battery is highly efficient. Well over 90% efficiency. Charging - read reducing - H2O back to H2 and O2 is significantly less efficient. And it doesn't end there. The energy in your EV battery is ready to let rip... The H2 produced at some electrolysis plant must be compressed, shipped, stored, dispensed, stored again, and finally while being oxidized again, electricity must be extracted to drive your car."
Overall the efficiency will struggle to get far beyond 20%...only slightly more efficient than a fossil fuelled internal combustion engine. Compared to a BEV with over 70% efficiency, FCV cannot compete with green electricity from the grid.
What this means is that if you have a limited amount of renewable electricity, you are much better putting it into directly charging via battery, just based purely on what you get out of it, compared to hydrogen. Hydrogen produced with renewable electricity is extremely expensive and in limited supply world-wide, meaning it cannot compete with fossil fuel (petrol/diesel) pricing at the pump either. Currently the majority of H2 is produced from natural-gas/methane CH4 which is also a fossil fuel.
The cost and footprint of a hydrogen recharging station is much greater than a battery electric vehicle charging station. In fact at today's prices you could install 40 EV charging stations for the same price as 1 FCV station, and that doesn't include the infrastructure required to get the H2 to the FCV station. Electricity infrastructure is already in place at most locations.
The main promoters of FCV are Toyota, Hyundai and Honda. Yet they have made very little progress towards bringing a product to the world-wide market. Meanwhile, BEVs are now being produced that can recharge at a public station at a comparable time rate to filling with petrol, and this technology is promised for NZ in 2020 with a gradual rollout.
The Better NZ Trust does not endorse Fuel Cell technology, as we feel that given the above points, limited R&D resources are better spent improving EVs than wasted on FCV.
Graphic courtesy of European Federation for Transport and Environment
Original text (before the graphic) courtesy of Thomas Everth, MSc (Physics), researcher "climate education"
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Table of Contents
(and in a way they’ll enjoy!)
LR Child exceed
Children today face more distractions than ever before when it comes to studying outside of the school grounds. The World Wide Web especially provides an endless array of sites, games and social media that are battling to win the procrastination battle that comes with sitting down to study. However, studies show that to do well at school it’s important that children don’t just leave learning at the school gates. So, is it really possible to instil a love of learning outside of school in this modern technological age and is it possible to do it without breaking the bank on private tuition?
Just as the internet can be used as a tool for distraction it can be used fantastically as a tool for learning. A quick search of ‘free online learning’ will return plenty of websites which offer many great educational games with different learning styles and approaches. The BBC website is very good for this. But in this blog, I want to talk about a site you may not have heard about called The Khan Academy.
The Khan Academies aim is ambitious to say the least: “The Khan Academy is an organization on a mission. We’re a not-for-profit with the goal of changing education for the better by providing a free world-class education for anyone anywhere.” The Khan Academy has come a long way since it was established in 2008 by retired hedge fund manager Salman Khan, who started it by recording thousands of educational math videos with himself as the teacher and posting them online.
Since then the site has grown substantially. It now offers 6,000 instructional videos and 100,000 practice problems in math, biology, physics, chemistry, economics, and more. Around 350,000 registered teachers, predominantly in America, also use the videos as classroom aids. The Academy’s staff has also grown, including several computer whizzes, PhD-holders, and now even a few with advanced education degrees. The site currently reaches 10 million students a month.
The idea is that students watch lectures and work through problem sets in their own time, at their own pace. Once they prove mastery of a concept, adaptive software will suggest new ones, much like Amazon recommends new books. The software is also able to monitor which subject areas the student excels at and which ones they’re struggling with. This makes it much easier to target specific areas of improvement and invest more time in this. The Academy see the problem in the classroom being that all children have to try and move along at the same pace, and if they haven’t mastered an area, due to time restraints they are not allowed the time to invest in the area that needs more focus – and this is when children can fall behind.
The Khan Academy model is also able to learn about how you learn. So it detects when you normally switch off from learning, what times of the day you’re most productive, what forms of teaching you react best to and can then adapt the teaching to suit your needs. Their eventual aim is that one day this technology could be incorporated into the classroom and teachers would have access to this information, making it easier for them to monitor each child’s progress and adjust their lessons suitably. The idea being that no child would be allowed to fall behind as teachers would be able to constantly monitor the child’s success on the programme. This technology is now starting to be introduced into schools in America and the early results look promising.
No one is claiming that technology could ever completely replace a brilliant teacher in a classroom. However there is something to be admired about a project that has set out to provide world class education for all without the costs often associated with that, so the Academy now finds itself regularly receiving donations from Philanthropists who share its ambitious goal and it looks like it will continue to go from strength to strength.
Find out more for yourself here and start the adventure
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reina221991's Website
Atom bomb" redirects here. For the 1996 song by Fluke, see Atom Bomb (Fluke song).
The mushroom cloud of the atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan in 1945 rose some 18 kilometers (11 miles) above the bomb's hypocenter.
A nuclear weapon (sometimes called a nuclear bomb) is a type of weapon of mass destruction and an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions (either fission or a combination of fission and fusion). Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a billion kilograms of conventional high explosive.[1] Even small nuclear devices with yields equivalent to several thousand tons of TNT can devastate a city. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major aspect of international policy since their debut in Nagasaki and Hiroshima.
In the history of warfare, only two nuclear weapons have been detonated offensively, both during the closing days of World War II. The first was detonated on the morning of August 6, 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named "Little Boy" on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second was detonated three days later on August 9, 1945, when the United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device code-named "Fat Man" on the city of Nagasaki, Japan. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people (mostly civilians) from injuries sustained from the explosion and acute radiation sickness, and even more deaths from long-term effects of (ionizing) radiation. The use of these weapons was and remains controversial. (See atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for a full discussion.)
Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposes and demonstration purposes. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons – and that acknowledge possessing such weapons – are (chronologically) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is also widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though it does not acknowledge having them. For more information on these states' nuclear programs, as well as other states that formerly possessed nuclear weapons or are suspected of seeking nuclear weapons, see List of states with nuclear weapons.
Post-attack casualties
the Announcement of the bombing in audio
Problems listening to the file? See media help.
The energy released by the bomb was
powerful enough to burn through clothing.
The dark portions of the garments this
victim wore at the time of the blast were
emblazoned on to the flesh as scars,
while skin underneath the lighter parts
(which absorb less energy)
was not damaged as badly
President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima.
my home | contact me | about me
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http-01 Challenge
With the http-01 challenge, you prove to the CA that you are able to control the web site content of the domain to be authorized, by making a file with a signed content available at a given path.
Http01Challenge provides two strings:
Http01Challenge challenge = auth.findChallenge(Http01Challenge.class);
String domain = auth.getIdentifier().getDomain();
String token = challenge.getToken();
String content = challenge.getAuthorization();
token is the name of the file that will be requested by the CA server. It must contain the content string, without any leading or trailing white spaces or line breaks. The Content-Type header must be either text/plain or absent.
The expected path is (assuming that ${domain} is the domain to be authorized, and ${token} is the token):
The validation was successful if the CA was able to download that file and found content in it.
The request is sent to port 80 only, but redirects are followed. If your domain has multiple IP addresses, the CA randomly selects some of them. There is no way to choose a different port or a fixed IP address.
Your server should be able to handle multiple requests to the challenge. The ACME server may check your response multiple times, and from different IPs. Also keep your response available until the Authorization status has changed to VALID or INVALID.
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Common Myths Associated with Depression Debunked
In this age of instant information we live in, some things you learn about depression are going to be true, while other pieces of wisdom are simply fool’s gold. There are a lot of myths out there surrounding depression that you have to contend with, but if you work your way through the myths you will start to realize what the facts are.
Depression Myths Debunked – Depression Center
You might be feeling down in the dumps, but that in no way means you’re depressed. We all have our bad days. Losing a loved one, getting fired, or just waking up on the wrong side of bed are all things that can make you feel down and blue. You should realize that depression is a chronic condition where even the joys in life leave you feeling depressed.
There is nothing weak about feeling depressed, nor does it mean you have something wrong with your personality. Depression is a legitimate condition that affects millions of people, and it in no way means you’re weak-minded or that you just need to “cheer up.”
Some will say that depression is akin to schizophrenia or dementia or other psychotic conditions, but that’s far removed from the truth. While it is true that depression is caused by the brain, it’s not even close to being a form of psychosis. The symptoms of psychosis are not the same at all.
Although you will hear stress and depression grouped together quite often, that’s only because one can increase the other. Dealing with stress can worsen depression, and having depression can make things feel more stressful. Joining the two is like saying spaghetti noodles and tomato sauce are the same thing. They are not; they just play well together.
Myths About Depression
If you have a chemical imbalance, it needs to be balanced. End of story. However, thinking that it will balance itself out is a bit far fetched. Now, it’s not impossible for some chemical imbalances to straighten themselves out, but this is most likely caused by some external influence whether you realize it or not. Changing your diet and exercise habits, taking medication, and other methods can all help fix the imbalance.
Some conditions similar to depression can be inherited. Anxiety is probably one of those passed-down conditions that people have to worry about. Depression, however, is not going to pass down through your genetic code. There is not a shred of evidence supporting this, so don’t waste your time worrying about passing it on or if you got it from a parent.
Some people have a tendency to coddle an individual dealing with depression, as if they have to be protected from life in general. Well, this is doing nothing but making the issue worse. Shelter from the storm only makes everything seem like it’s a storm. People with depression need to push through the situation, not hide from it.
When you’re struggling with depression, you may be more than willing to take advice from anywhere you can find it. Be warned that there are a lot of myths out there. Deal with accurate information only when treating your symptoms.
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Famous 20th Century Explorers
Vote for Your Favourite Explorers
1 Edmund Hillary
Edmund Hillary
Famous As: First person to climb Mt. Everest
Birthdate: July 20, 1919
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Auckland, New Zealand
Died: January 11, 2008
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay were the first to reach the top of Mount Everest, as part of the British expedition led by John Hunt. Hillary also reached both the poles. He later served as an ambassador to Nepal and founded the Himalayan Trust to help the people of Nepal.
2 Jacques Cousteau
Jacques Cousteau
Famous As: French Explorer
Birthdate: June 11, 1910
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Saint-André-de-Cubzac
Died: June 25, 1997
Jacques Cousteau was a French explorer, naval officer, filmmaker, conservationist, scientist, photographer, researcher, and author. Renowned for his exploration of various forms of life in water, Jacques Cousteau is credited with pioneering marine conservation and co-developing the Aqua-Lung, the first underwater breathing apparatus to achieve popularity and commercial success.
3 Ranulph Fiennes
Ranulph Fiennes
Famous As: Explorer, Writer, Athletics competitor
Birthdate: March 7, 1944
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Windsor
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4 Chris McCandless
Chris McCandless
Famous As: American adventurer
Birthdate: February 12, 1968
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: El Segundo, California, United States
Died: August 18, 1992
Chris McCandless, also known as Alexander Supertramp, was made famous by Jon Krakauer’s book Into the Wild, which was later made into a movie. The adventurer had hitchhiked through Alaska, and later took shelter in an abandoned bus, where he eventually died of starvation and poisoning, cut off from civilization.
5 Jon Krakauer
Jon Krakauer
Famous As: Journalist, Explorer, Writer
Birthdate: April 12, 1954
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Brookline, Massachusetts, United States
Best known for his bestselling novels such as Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer is not just an author who writes about the outdoors but is also a mountaineer himself. He was part of the 1996 expedition to Mt. Everest which witnessed 4 of the team members dying in a storm.
6 Scott Fischer
Scott Fischer
Famous As: Explorer, Rock climber
Birthdate: December 24, 1955
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Michigan
Died: May 11, 1996
American mountaineer Scott Fischer was known for scaling the highest peaks of the world, including Mt. Everest and K2, without using oxygen cans. He later became a mountain guide and co-launched his own adventure travel company Mountain Madness. He died in a blizzard while guiding a group of clients to Mt. Everest.
7 Robert Falcon Scott
Robert Falcon Scott
Famous As: Explorer, Naval officer
Birthdate: June 6, 1868
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Plymouth, Devon, England
Died: March 29, 1912
Robert Falcon Scott was an explorer and Royal Navy officer. He is remembered for leading two expeditions to the Antarctic regions, the second of which was the ill-fated Terra Nova expedition. Although Scott and his companions died during the second expedition, they helped discover the first Antarctic fossils, which proved that the place was once forested.
You May Like
8 Fridtjof Nansen
Fridtjof Nansen
Famous As: Explorer, Polymath
Birthdate: October 10, 1861
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Oslo, Norway
Died: May 13, 1930
Fridtjof Nansen was a Norwegian polymath who won the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 for his post-war efforts after the First World War. A well-known explorer, humanitarian, and diplomat, Nansen achieved international fame for his attempt to reach the geographical North Pole during his Fram expedition. His techniques and innovations influenced a generation of succeeding Antarctic and Arctic expeditions.
9 Alfred Wegener
Alfred Wegener
Famous As: Polar Researcher
Birthdate: November 1, 1880
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Berlin, Germany
Died: November 1, 1930
In the early 1900s, meteorologist Alfred Wegener did not find too many takers for his theory that all the continents of the world had initially been a single mass named Pangaea and that continental drift had caused them to split apart. Wegener died on his fourth expedition in Greenland.
10 Richard E. Byrd
Richard E. Byrd
Famous As: Naval officer
Birthdate: October 25, 1888
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Winchester, Virginia, United States
Died: March 11, 1957
American naval officer Richard E. Byrd is remembered for his pioneering expeditions to Antarctica, using airplanes. Though he was awarded a US Congressional Medal of Honor for completing the first flight over the North Pole, it was later revealed that he had returned when he was 150 miles away from the destination.
11 Michael Rockefeller
Michael Rockefeller
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: May 18, 1938
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: New York City, United States
Died: November 19, 1961
The youngest child of New York governor Nelson Rockefeller, Michael Rockefeller shunned his family’s legacy and decided to become an explorer. He went missing while on an expedition to the Asmat region of southwestern Dutch New Guinea and was declared dead 3 years later, raising speculations of cannibalism.
12 Reinhold Messner
Reinhold Messner
Famous As: Explorer, Politician, Writer, Mountaineer
Birthdate: September 17, 1944
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Brixen
Italian mountaineer and explorer Reinhold Messner teamed up with Austrian mountaineer Peter Habeler to be the first to climb Mount Everest without using oxygen cylinders. He is also the first to complete a solo ascent of Everest and the first to climb all the 14 mountain peaks that stand above 8000m.
13 Colin Baker
Colin Baker
Famous As: Actor, Explorer, Film actor
Birthdate: June 8, 1943
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Waterloo
Born in a Waterloo hospital during an air raid, Colin Baker grew up to initially study law, before he discovered his love for theater. The LAMDA alumnus initially worked as a taxi driver. He is now known for his performances in the series The Brothers and Doctor Who.
14 Conrad Anker
Conrad Anker
Famous As: Explorer, Writer
Birthdate: November 27, 1962
Sun Sign: Sagittarius
Birthplace: California
A passionate mountaineer and rock climber, Conrad Anker led The North Face for 26 years. He almost died of a heart attack while climbing the Lunag Ri on the borders of the Nepalese Himalayas. He is now also associated with various charitable trusts, such as the Rowell Fund for Tibet.
15 Steve Fossett
Steve Fossett
Famous As: Businessman
Birthdate: April 22, 1944
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Jackson, Tennessee, United States
Died: September 3, 2007
Apart from being the first solo balloonist to circumnavigate the world, Steve Fossett also competed the first non-stop solo flight across the world. The adventurer also owned a securities company. His plane went missing on a 2007 mission in western Nevada, and he was declared dead on the discovery of the wreckage.
16 Peter Freuchen
Peter Freuchen
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: February 2, 1886
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Nykøbing Falster
Died: September 2, 1957
While one of his existing photos shows him dressed in the fur of a polar bear he killed himself, Peter Freuchen was a man of many skills. With a towering 6’ 7” frame, he rode across the Arctic and also fought against the Nazis after losing a leg to frostbite.
17 Ed Stafford
Ed Stafford
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: December 26, 1975
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, England, UK
Ed Stafford is a British explorer who became the first person to walk the length of the famous Amazon River in 2010. Walking the Amazon is widely regarded as the longest jungle trek in the history of mankind and the feat is also recognized by the Guinness World Records. He currently hosts shows for the Discovery Channel.
18 Jordan Romero
Jordan Romero
Famous As: Explorer, Writer, Mountaineer
Birthdate: July 12, 1996
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Redlands
At 13, Jordan Romero became the youngest person to scale the Mt. Everest and had to opt for the Tibetan side, as he wasn’t old enough to get a permit in Nepal. At 15, he became the youngest to scale the Seven Summits. He has also penned a book on his experiences.
19 Laura Dekker
Laura Dekker
Famous As: Dutch sailor who became the youngest person to circumnavigate the globe single-handedly.
Birthdate: September 20, 1995
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Whangarei, New Zealand
20 Aleksandr Kolchak
Aleksandr Kolchak
Famous As: Admiral
Birthdate: November 16, 1874
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Saint Petersburg, Russia
Died: February 7, 1920
21 Aloha Wanderwell
Aloha Wanderwell
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: October 13, 1906
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Winnipeg, Canada
Died: June 4, 1996
Aloha Wanderwell was a Canadian-American explorer, aviator, author, and filmmaker. In 1927, she became the first woman to travel around the world in a Ford 1918 Model T, at the age of 21. When she was 16, she undertook a journey, in which she traveled across 80 countries. Wanderwell is also remembered for making films like My Hawaii.
22 Sylvia Earle
Sylvia Earle
Famous As: Marine biologist
Birthdate: August 30, 1935
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Gibbstown, New Jersey, U.S.
Sylvia Earle is known for her research on marine algae and she was the first female chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Earle held the world record for the deepest untethered dive and was named by Time Magazine as its first Hero for the Planet, in 1998. She also featured in Netflix Original documentary Seaspiracy.
23 Ellen MacArthur
Ellen MacArthur
Famous As: Sailor
Birthdate: July 8, 1976
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Whatstandwell, England
24 Jean-Michel Cousteau
Jean-Michel Cousteau
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: May 6, 1938
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Toulon
25 Wanda Rutkiewicz
Wanda Rutkiewicz
Famous As: Explorer, Sportsperson, Q20683322, Mountaineer
Birthdate: February 4, 1943
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Plungė
Died: May 12, 1992
26 Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia
Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia
Famous As: Military personnel
Birthdate: April 13, 1866
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Tbilisi, Georgia
Died: February 26, 1933
27 Ben Fogle
Ben Fogle
Famous As: Explorer, Television presenter, Writer
Birthdate: November 3, 1973
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: London
28 Junko Tabei
Junko Tabei
Famous As: Explorer, Mountaineer
Birthdate: September 22, 1939
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Miharu
Died: October 20, 2016
29 Tippu Tib
Tippu Tib
Famous As: Businessman
Birthdate: 1832 AD
Birthplace: Zanzibar, Tanzania
Died: June 14, 1905
30 Robyn Davidson
Robyn Davidson
Famous As: Explorer, Writer
Birthdate: September 6, 1950
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Miles
Robyn Davidson is an Australian writer best known for her book Tracks, in which she wrote about her 2,700 km (1,700 miles) trek across the deserts of Western Australia using camels. As a teenager, she lived a bohemian life and has since traveled across the world. Her book Tracks won the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award in 1980.
31 Philippe Cousteau, Jr.
Philippe Cousteau, Jr.
Famous As: Environmental Advocate
Birthdate: January 20, 1980
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Known for the documentary Ocean's Deadliest, which he co-hosted with Steve Irwin, oceanographer Philippe Cousteau Jr. also earned an Emmy nomination for his work in Awesome Planet. The grandson of naval officer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Philippe had lost his father, sailor and filmmaker Philippe Cousteau, 6 months before his birth.
32 Joshua Slocum
Joshua Slocum
Famous As: Seaman
Birthdate: February 20, 1844
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Mount Hanley, Canada
Died: November 14, 1909
Joshua Slocum was a seaman who became the first person to sail single-handedly around the world. He was also a noted writer and wrote a book about his journey, Sailing Alone Around the World; the book became an international bestseller. He disappeared in November 1909, during one of his sailing adventures. He was declared legally dead after a few years.
33 Philippe Cousteau
Philippe Cousteau
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: December 30, 1940
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Toulon
Died: June 28, 1979
34 Charley Boorman
Charley Boorman
Famous As: TV presenter
Birthdate: August 23, 1966
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Wimbledon, London, England, UK
35 Alexandra David-Néel
Alexandra David-Néel
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: October 24, 1868
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Saint-Mandé, France
Died: September 8, 1969
36 Mike Horn
Mike Horn
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: July 16, 1966
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Johannesburg
37 Gavin Menzies
Gavin Menzies
Famous As: Explorer, Submariner, Historian, Writer
Birthdate: August 14, 1937
Sun Sign: Leo
Birthplace: London
38 Frederick Cook
Frederick Cook
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: June 10, 1865
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Hortonville, New York, United States
Died: August 5, 1940
Apart from being a qualified physician, Frederick Cook was also a passionate explorer. He was initially the surgeon on explorer Robert E. Peary’s team. He later created controversy by conflicting with Peary, saying it was him and not Peary who had first explored the North Pole, though his claims were denounced.
39 Freya Stark
Freya Stark
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: January 31, 1893
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Paris, France
Died: May 9, 1993
Freya Stark was an Anglo-Italian travel writer and explorer. One of the first non-Arabs to explore the southern Arabian Desert, Stark penned down over 24 books on her travels in Afghanistan and the Middle East. She also wrote many essays and autobiographical works. In 1968, Freya Stark embarked on her last expedition to Afghanistan at the age of 75.
40 Walter Bonatti
Walter Bonatti
Famous As: Mountaineer, Explorer, Photographer, Mountain guide, Writer, Journalist
Birthdate: June 22, 1930
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Bergamo
Died: September 13, 2011
Walter Bonatti was an Italian explorer, mountain climber, and journalist. He made a solo climb of a new route on the southwest pillar of the Aiguille du Dru in August 1955, among other achievements. He retired from mountaineering at the age of 35 and pursued a career as a reporter. He also wrote several books on mountaineering.
41 Albert I, Prince of Monaco
Albert I, Prince of Monaco
Famous As: Prince
Birthdate: November 13, 1848
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Paris, France
Died: June 26, 1922
42 Vilhjalmur Stefansson
Vilhjalmur Stefansson
Famous As: Known for exploring the Arctic
Birthdate: November 3, 1879
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Manitoba, Canada
Died: August 26, 1962
Vilhjalmur Stefansson was a Canadian-born Arctic explorer. He studied anthropology at Harvard University and set off on extensive travels. He did archaeological research in Iceland and went on an Anglo-American Polar Expedition with Ejnar Mikkelsen and Ernest de Koven Leffingwell. He organized and directed a major Canadian Arctic Expedition in the 1910s. He had an affair with novelist Fannie Hurst.
43 H. Saint John Philby
H. Saint John Philby
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: April 3, 1885
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Badulla, Sri Lanka
Died: September 30, 1960
44 Mary Kingsley
Mary Kingsley
Famous As: Writer
Birthdate: October 13, 1862
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Islington, London, England
Died: June 3, 1900
English ethnographer and traveler Mary Kingsley was the daughter of renowned physician and traveler George Kingsley and the niece of Charles Kingsley. Unlike girls of her era, she was well-educated and later ventured on an exploratory trip to West Africa, becoming the first European to enter remote areas such as Gabon.
45 Sir Francis Chichester
Sir Francis Chichester
Famous As: Aviator
Birthdate: September 17, 1901
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Barnstaple, England
Died: August 26, 1972
46 Roy Chapman Andrews
Roy Chapman Andrews
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: January 26, 1884
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Beloit, Wisconsin, United States
Died: March 11, 1960
Roy Chapman Andrews was an American adventurer, explorer, and naturalist. He is best remembered for his association with the American Museum of Natural History where he also served as the director. Andrews is credited with bringing to the museum the first-known fossil dinosaur eggs. His life and career are said to have inspired George Lucas' famous character, Indiana Jones.
47 Knud Rasmussen
Knud Rasmussen
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: June 7, 1879
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Ilulissat
Died: December 21, 1933
Knud Rasmussen was a Greenlandic–Danish polar explorer. He was the first European to cross the Northwest Passage via dog sled. Also an anthropologist, he is often referred to as the "father of Eskimology." As a young man, he pursued an unsuccessful career as an actor and opera singer before embarking on his major explorations.
48 Edward Whymper
Edward Whymper
Famous As: Mountaineer
Birthdate: April 27, 1840
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: London, United Kingdom
Died: September 16, 1911
49 Frederick Selous
Frederick Selous
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: December 31, 1851
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: London, England
Died: January 4, 1917
50 Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
Famous As: Explorer
Birthdate: January 26, 1852
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Castel Gandolfo, Italy
Died: September 14, 1905
Born into an Italian noble family, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza had had his first taste of exploration when he traveled to Algeria aboard a ship in his early days. He later explored Africa, eventually founding French Congo, now the Republic of Congo, and the city Brazzaville, while also becoming a French citizen.
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Feed for fuel? Heating costs - a hot topic in many ways
By Ron Meijerhof, senior technical specialist, Hybro B.V. The cost of fuel and the use of raw materials (corn and other cereals) for producing alternative fuel sources are hot topics nowadays.
calendar icon 19 March 2007
clock icon 1 minute read
Not only fuel prices are going up, but because more and more corn is used to produce ethanol and bio diesel, feed prices are going up as well, and consequently margins in the broiler industry are decreasing. From the total energy costs for growing broilers, a lot is spent on heating up the house for the birds during the first days.
As day old chicks have hardly any heat production when placed and loose heat very quickly, we must heat up the house (especially the floor) sufficiently to prevent them from loosing too much heat and dropping their body temperature below the optimum of 40-41°C. Once their body temperatures drops below this optimum level, the birds will slow down their activities and not move around any more. As a consequence of this not moving around, they will also not walk into the feed and start eating and growing.
This means a loss of growth, but also a less quick uptake of the yolk and an increased risk on infection of the yolk sac, resulting in more mortality. As not all birds will suffer from this loss of body temperature, some birds will start quickly where others take several days to come to the same body weight, resulting in a loss of uniformity as well.
So on one hand heating up the house sufficiently is important for having a good start of the flock, but on the other hand heating costs will go up while doing so, and especially with nowadays fuel prices and reduced margins in broiler production, people try to cut their heating costs as much as possible.
However, if we take a closer look to it, we might wonder if this cutting on heating costs actually leads to a real cut in costs.
Cutting costs or profits
First of all, if we cut costs that result in a loss of growth, we might find ourselves in a situation where cutting costs is leading to cutting profits. After all, we are not in the poultry business for the sake of cutting costs, but for the fun of making money.
Although this statement is valid, it is very difficult to put a real figure on it, as we can’t really predict what the loss in growth, feed conversion and mortality will be.
But if we take a close look at what a bird is really doing during growth, we might find a more direct relation between cutting costs and cutting profits.
Optimal body temperatures
The body temperature of a bird (or any other animal) is the result between the heat production and the heat loss. The optimal body temperature of a bird is approximately 40-41°C, depending on the method that we use to measure. A practical and quick method is to use an infra-red ear thermometer on the cloaca. If we measure bird temperatures this way, an optimal temperature seems to be approximately 40°C (104°F). If the body temperature drops significantly below this level, the birds (during the first days) will stop moving around and eat, sit down and wait until better times will come. Some birds will huddle, but especially day old birds and then particularly day old chicks originating from young parent stocks can sit spread out and still be under cooled.
If body temperatures increase above 105.5-106°F, the bird is getting overheated and will start panting, trying too loose more heat by evaporating water. Even before this level is reached we can already see that the birds try to loose more heat by stretching out their wings and neck. Another effect is that the birds will start slowing down their feed intake, as this will reduce their temperature as well.
The heating effect of growing
Birds are not totally efficient in converting feed into growth. During the process of digesting feed and converting it into growth, some waste products are formed. One of the most important waste products of this process is metabolic heat. If birds grow, they produce heat, and if they grow faster, they produce more heat. Knowing this, we can take a closer look to the effects of cutting fuel costs.
If we don’t heat up the house sufficiently, our day old chicks will be under cooled. As a result of this, a certain amount of birds will not start quickly. However, if these birds do not eat and do not digest feed, we must keep the house temperature up for a longer time, to ensure that the birds do not loose to much heat and get under cooled.
On the other hand, if we do heat up the house and all birds start very quickly to eat, digest food and grow, we must very quickly reduce the temperature; otherwise the birds will become very quickly overheated and start to slow down on feed intake. This can be observed often when we take daily temperature recordings of a small sample of the birds. The birds (or at least a part of the flock) are often too cold on the first day, but once they start growing they get overheated very quickly. And the more quickly they start growing, the more quickly they will get overheated and start to slow down their feed intake.
Growth and heat production
The heat production of birds and therefore the optimum environment to maintain their body temperature as easy as possible depends mainly on the growth. We normally expect an average bodyweight in a broiler flock at 7 days of approximately 160-170 grams. However, we know that under field conditions it is not unusual that average broiler weights don’t exceed 120 grams at 7 days, where in other situations the same broiler flock can weigh 220 or even 250 grams. If we start with a body weight of 40 grams, we expect normally a growth of 120-130 grams in the first week (160-170 grams minus 40 grams) but it can also be 80 grams or 210 grams. A huge difference, not only in growth but also in heat production. We usually assume that when growth is 2 times as high, the heat production 3 to 4 times as high, which indicates the enormous difference. We have to react on this difference, because if we don’t, the birds will get overheated and will simply slow down their growth, to keep their body temperature under control. This means that a flock that has started very well will not continue this performance if we don’t adjust the environment to its needs. This doesn’t only holds for starting flocks, but is relevant throughout their life.
Dynamic temperature profiles
We often use standard temperature profiles for broiler growing. These profiles are based on a average flock performance. First of all it is important to realize that not only temperature is influencing heat loss. If we create conditions with high air velocity (for instance with tunnel ventilation), birds will loose more heat at the same environmental temperature. This is beneficial at the end of the growing period when we have to deal with an excessive amount of heat production, but can work against us at the beginning when heat production is low. As heat loss is not only a matter of temperature but also for instance of air velocity, a certain flexibility in temperature control and an adjustment with other factors as air velocity has to be made to balance heat loss with heat production.
In the following table, a standard temperature profile for broilers is given (assuming that growth is linear in this period, which is actually not the case).
(grams - norm)
(°C - norm)
1 40 34
2 60 34
3 80 33
4 100 33
5 120 32
6 140 31
7 160 30
Although these tables are useful, it is important to realize that the optimum air temperature depends more on the bodyweight and the growth of the flock then of the actual age. This means that if the bodyweight of a flock is in reality different from the norm, we have to adjust the temperature profile as well. An example of a higher body weight then the norm is given in the following table.
Body weight
(grams - norm)
(°C - norm)
Body weight
(grams - real)
(°C - real)
1 40 34 40 34
2 60 34 70 33
3 80 33 100 33
4 100 33 130 31
5 120 32 160 30
6 140 31 200 29
7 160 30 240 27
Of course the body weight can also be lower then expected, for whatever reason. In such a situation, the temperature curve has to be adapted in the opposite direction. What the table shows is that the optimal temperature profile is not determined by the actual age of the flock but by the growth. In a way, a flock that has reached the standard body weight of 7 days already at 5 days has to be treated as a flock of 7 days. After all, the birds can’t count well enough to realise that they are only 5 days of age.
What is the influence on fuel costs?
If we preheat the house sufficiently and we are able to give the birds a better start, we not only get them to grow better, but we can also utilise the heat production of the feed that they eat. In other words, we can drop the temperature of the house much more quick, saving the same amount of fuel or more as we spent initially on heating the house. What is important in that is that we are willing to control the temperature of the house based on the body weight or better on the actual body temperature of the birds. If we keep on controlling the house temperature based on a standard curve, not adjusting for the increased growth, we are not only spending more fuel then necessary, but we are also punishing the bird for the extra growth that it gave us, and as a result the growth will go down again. The common experience of people that work with this system is that fuel costs are not increasing but sometimes even go down, and that growth and especially uniformity is increasing.
March 2007
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Wordsearch field
A fun exercise for our students is the Wordsearch, where they have to find a series of words related with a concept, with a list or with drawings.
Creating a wordsearch in TopWorksheets is very simple. We can do it by uploading an image as the background of the worksheet with the wordsearch already drawn there or by creating the wordsearch manually.
Wordsearch from the background image
We just have to add the field around the space where the wordsearch is located. To make it easier, the system will try to detect automatically how many rows and columns the wordsearch has, although we can always modify it if necessary.
Once the number of rows and columns is set we can mark each of the cells with the letters that the student has to choose by clicking on them with the mouse, so that they are visible in green.
Wordsearch created manually
In this case, we just have to add the field where we want to place the wordsearch and input the numbers of columns and rows that we want it to have. Next, we click on Generate wordsearch manually. We can also choose the colour the cells will have when selected by the students.
A window will appear with the wordsearch generator. There we can select the direction in which the words can be hidden: horizontal, vertical, diagonal or even inverted. In the section below, we will write down the words the student must find. When we click on Generate the wordsearch will be automatically created.
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Background of Playground Design and style
With playgrounds we understand equally intelligent structure and evolution as supportive of each other in the event of latest Tips. We often come across tips on how to marry sort and function. In the beginning, playgrounds have been created by landscape architects looking to generate public spaces that may carry communities collectively. Artists moved in to exert their impact and in the method more Innovative forms for playgrounds began to be explored.
So how did we get below? Today's classic "post and platform" style and design was not usually the norm.
By 1900 playgrounds appeared in big American towns and consisted of a sandbox as well as a cubist steel climbing equipment known as a "gymnasium". By 1912 New York City made the decision these gymnasiums were being unsafe and were removed from all parks. Through the 1930's landscape architects took a serious fascination in playground style and design and sculptor Isamu Noguchi released summary principles that served give the trendy playground a push ahead.
After WW II the Baby Boom demanded much more playgrounds. Most postwar urban playgrounds had been designed for mixed use among schools and parks. But throughout the fifties playground designers were break up into two camps: leisure motion (Health) and art. Play was a structured affair. The idea of unstructured Participate in experienced not but hit home. Protection surfacing progress was sluggish, at greatest. The playground was limited to a sandbox, see-observed, slide and swings. In the course of the 1950's focus was offered to the "handicapped", ironically the results of wounded warriors from WWII and Korea arriving with the playgrounds with their kids. Noguchi's famous 1952 structure to the United Nations was turned down by Robert Moses and touched off a heated debate. The look was revolutionary although not understood and it hardly ever acquired built.
Because of the 1960's Perform factors started to backlink with each other. Composite constructions were currently being explored in addition to significant climbing structures crafted from wood and stone. The thought was to help make playgrounds intriguing and attract Young ones to them or else they would be back out about the streets - presumably nearly no great. Not all playgrounds have been article and System. Experience Playground in Central Park is a wonderful search back again to this transitional period of time where by artwork and Participate in arrived together. Water moves down lengthy channels and collects inside a basin in which it drains - no standing drinking water. There may be sand, drinking water, and climbing constructions. Just about every Landscape Architect should really come up with a pilgrimage to this historic park!
By the 1970's we entered the Age of Litigation. Suddenly the City of Big apple and Chicago uncovered them selves in multimillion greenback injuries settlements and parks started to close. Assets values plummeted if they'd playground products on them. Some NYC coops closed down. Ny city removed see-saws and they remain around the blacklist. Insurance provider rates had been so higher that some towns made a decision to self-insure. With the 1980's this debacle started to quiet down if the CPSC formed rules and NPSI (Nationwide Playground Safety Institute) arrange a certification software for playground designers. Security-engineered playgrounds adopted the new tips or suggestions and now some states are mandating CPSC code.
Playgrounds arrived back much better with Innovative climbers that inspired little ones 검증사이트 to utilize distinctive muscles. Slides had enclosures at the best and higher sidewalls. It acquired safer inside a hurry - it had to. By and enormous playgrounds turned far better and improved and by 2004 what we had was a playground so Safe and sound it was tough to say "no way." At then close in the working day we continue to get broken bones but they usually are with little ones who fall 2-3 ft or excursion when functioning. Their bones are weaker and let's face it, there was often a couple of Young ones in the class who had been susceptible to putting on a Forged. You can not blame the playground
Isamu Noguchi might be the father in the Natureground. His ideas are in use nowadays: molded sorts of earth build hills, slopes, curves from which playground equipment may be positioned close to. Investigation displays when playground products is put in a very purely natural location all over trees, plantings, berms, boulders small children rely on them additional generally and for extended intervals. A playground dropped into a box or rectangle appears more institutional and is fewer pleasing. Even little ones appear to have an aesthetic feeling and we designers discover this stuff.
We style and design consultants have to help keep up with all these developments as it's our work to understand this stuff. At times we are the ones who bring points up for the manufacturers plus they do listen to us. We may not get any credit history but We now have a hand in shaping a few of the stuff you see available.
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Need help? We are here
Your report MUST include the following side headings and details:
1. My Current Financial Situation (provide detailed information about your financial
situation in terms of your sources of income, expenses, debt to create a clear picture of
2. Banking (visit your local bank branch and find out more about savings accounts, checking
accounts and certificates of deposit (CDs). What are the requirements for opening each
account, interest rate, fees and other charges? Which of these accounts do you need and
3. Credit (how many credit cards do you have? If you don’t have any, explain the benefits
and drawbacks of having credit cards. What are the major credit reporting agencies in the
U.S.? What is a FICO score? Explain how your credit may impact your financial future and
what the best way to use credit cards is.
4. Insurance (explain the different types of insurance coverage you need including health,
life, auto, homeowners, etc. With each type of insurance coverage explain how to select the
appropriate amount of insurance and the benefits/costs of such coverage)
5. Buying a Car (explain the different car ownership options—cash payment, financing,
leasing and list the advantages and disadvantages of each. Which option is most
appropriate for your situation and why? What are some of the steps you need to take before
making the decision to buy a car? What are the expenses associated with car ownership—
Specify total yearly expenses)
6. Buying a House (research your local real estate market and specify the different types of
house ownership options available. Are there any government programs available for first
time home buyers? What are the requirements to take advantage of these government
programs? What are the steps necessary to take to help you make a decision about buying a
house? How much down payment do you need to make? What is a mortgage and what are
the different types available? When do you plan to buy a house and how do you intend to
finance it?)
7. Investing (discuss the difference between saving and investing. Give three different
options to invest. Explain the difference between investing in stocks, bonds, mutual funds,
IRAs, and 401 Ks. How do you plan to invest for your retirement? When should you start
planning for retirement?)
8. My Financial Plan (this is your opportunity to indicate your detailed financial plan for the
future. List your financial goals for the future, in terms of the next five years, ten years, and
thirty years. What are the steps you plan to take to achieve these goals? Based on what
you’ve learned so far, how do you assess your financial situation? What would you do
differently and why?)
9. References (be sure to include all sources of information you may have used-minimum 5
different sources-and format your references page in APA style; click on the following link
for help formatting your references page:
Your research project must be TYPED, double-spaced, use Times New Roman size 12
font for body of report (8-10 pages minimum excluding cover page and references page).
Number all pages in your report.
• Prepare a minimum of 8 PowerPoint slides
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How do environmental issues impact Africa?
What are the major environmental issues in Africa?
What are the 2 biggest environmental problems affecting Africa?
What are the 5 effects of environmental issues?
The impacts that these have on the environment have become clear and include:
• Climate change including Global warming.
• Acid rain, photochemical smog and other forms of pollution.
• Ocean acidification.
• Displacement/extinction of wildlife.
• Resource depletion – forests, water, food.
• and more.
What are four environmental issues in Africa?
What is the most important environmental issue?
Global Warming
IT IS INTERESTING: What two countries have the most colonies in Africa?
Why is Africa so polluted?
Emissions: Africa produces a high amount of emissions due to its lack of resources. Everyday life including cooking, waste-management and heating of items adds to the current state of air pollution because citizens have to make fires for their different needs.
What is the major problem in Africa?
What is the biggest environmental issue in South Africa?
There are three main environmental issues in South Africa – pollution, lack of energy, and deforestation (“Environmental Problems in South Africa”).
What are some problems in Africa?
What is the biggest environmental threat today?
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Enriching children's lives through Spanish for kids online immersion program
Spanish for kids
Spanish lessons screenshot
Learning a second language can make a huge difference in the future of your children. It helps to develop their brain and boost multitasking abilities.
For example, this article from Cornell university finds that “Learning a second language is good childhood mind medicine“. Apart from that, learning Spanish improves children’s cross cultural understanding and opens doors to broader career opportunities- ” How learning a new language improves tolerance“.
Gise’s program ‘Spanish for KIDS” successfully integrates learning of Spanish language in childcares and schools through educational songs, games, rhymes and other activities.She focuses on basic vocabulary, pronunciation and makes her lessons enjoyable and vivid.
Currently, she teaches privately and finds this practice to be more effective for children in the long term. Children are able to receive teacher’s full attention and Gise’s lessons are tailored to their needs and abilities. Thus, it is more likely to get personalized help in one-on-one setting than studying in a group. If you need more information on Gise’s “Spanish for KIDS” program please contact her here, scheduling a free trial lesson or go to Gise’s bio. Thank you
Spanish teacher with kids
Spanish teacher with kids
Enriching Children’s Lives with A Second Language - Spanish
In the United States alone, there are 43 million people who speak fluent Spanish, and that number only continues to rise. With that being said, nearly 12 million of those people, adults and kids, are bilingual. With children growing up in such a diverse world and the ability to experience other cultures the moment they walk outside, the best thing you can do for them is getting them involved with Spanish lessons. This will give your child the extraordinary opportunity to open a whole new set of doors to enrich their lives, gain immense benefits, and have a lifelong skill that will provide meaningful connections.
Why Spanish?
Out of all the languages that you can have your child learn, you may be wondering, why Spanish? Though there is a vast amount of interesting languages that you can choose from, Spanish is the ideal one, especially for those living in the United States. This language not only can provide childhood development advantages, but can also give them the fundamental base to thrive in their lives as they grow, both personally and professionally.
As of right now, Spanish is one of the most studied and learned languages in the world, coming in after English and French. Right now, the United States is the second-largest Spanish speaking country worldwide (Mexico being the first). What is even more interesting is that it is predicted that by the year 2050, the United States may actually take the first spot, making learning Spanish a valuable asset in anyone’s life.
Think of your child’s future with these statistics. By enrolling in online Spanish for kids and allowing them to learn Spanish early it will really give them the core foundation to evolve with the cultural shift, expand their horizons, and break down language barriers.
Benefits of Kids Learning Spanish
Children's minds are like sponges- early brain development
First and foremost, teaching your kids how to speak Spanish at a young age will enable them to retain the information much easier. Children’s minds are like sponges, absorbing information quickly and efficiently, and preserving it for the rest of their life. So, the earlier you sign them up, the better the lasting effects will be within their childhood development. Aside from the above notable points, there are plenty of other incredible reasons why Spanish lessons for kids is ideal for their overall wellbeing and growth.
More job opportunities
In such a competitive job market, bilingual candidates are always more attractive in the selection pool due to their ability to communicate with a much more extensive range of people. With Spanish being the second language here in the U.S., being fluent in both common languages is undoubtedly a professional opportunity door opener.
It is easy to learn
Overall, learning Spanish is pretty easy to pick up on, especially for kids who are still cognitively developing. As long as your child has the ideal tutor and the willingness to learn, they will pick up on the language in no time.
Build More Life Long Friendships
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Poetry Analysis Essay: Death in Emily Dickinson's Poetry
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Considered one the most original and greatest poets of American literature, Emily Dickinson throughout her poetry tries to challenge the reader’s own view of it, often through themes of death, grief, truth, and fame. It is believed that she lived most of her life in isolation, communicating with her friends only through letters and she never married which was unusual for the period in which she lived. She was an extremely prolific writer, writing over 1,800 poems during her lifetime. Still, less than a dozen of them were published while she was alive. Her poems were discovered only after she had died in 1886 by her younger sister Lavinia. Her first collection was published in 1890 but heavily edited by her acquaintances. The first complete and unaltered poetry collection was printed in 1955, when Thomas H. Johnson, a scholar, published them under the name The poems of Emily Dickinson.
This poetry analysis paper will examine the various examples how Dickinson sees death. Often times, death is considered to be the end. It terrifies and awaits all of us, steals a person’s remaining days without giving them a chance to fight back. Is that why people love life so much? Or is it because of the uncertainty death brings us? Living in such a fear, does one live truly? Or do we live especially so we could die and become one with something else? Oftentimes, people think they know the answers to all of these questions or, at the very least, pretend to know the answers. Dickinson never knew these answers and that is why she dedicated many of her poems in hope of answering these questions, which will be brought up in this poetry analysis essay through Dickinson’s three poems: I like a look of Agony (or poem 241), Because I could not stop for Death, and I heard a Fly buzz – when I died.
The first poem analysis on I like a look of Agony. The narrator talks about how they prefer to see pain and agony in people, because that is truthful. Still, the poem evolves around a certain type of agony, and that is the one that precedes Death.
Dickinson does not talk about the inevitability of death, how she would like to escape it or it’s suddenness in a moment we didn’t expect it. It is more about the only moment person can openly be truthful about themselves and they are unable to act out his or her emotions. During life, in hope assimilating and being accepted into a community, people are often compelled to conform themselves to certain norms and to socially accepted behaviour. In a way, people place different masks on their faces so in turn they can control their emotions and actions in every possible situation, so we are not manipulated by others and vice versa.
Still, the only adversary before which every person has to become completely transparent and honest is death. That is the moment in which no mask can hide a person’s true face or their frank emotions. The agony that precedes death, be it pain or pure terror before the unknown, forces every person to tear everything from themselves and show the soul that is hidden underneath. Dickinson shows us that very moment of death’s triumph over a person as a method of freeing the person from Sisyphean labours, shackles and masks that the society has bound them in.
Ironically, death in this poem is not a punishment or end – death is a symbol of freedom. All of the burdens a person is forced to carry through their life are lifted in an instant, at the very moment death occurs. It also gives the poem a rather optimistic tone in a way, which is unusual for Dickinson’s poetry.
The poem also does not make the reader fear death, but rather sparks a certain type of curiosity: could death be seen as some sort of a rebirth? If one is to look through the lenses of religion, it could signify a journey towards heaven as in Abrahamic religions, but it could also signify a kind of reincarnation that can be found in Buddhism and Hinduism. Yet, if religious parameters are set aside, this type of death can be viewed as a soul finally being freed from a mortal body and a person being freed from societal norms and obligations. Could death be seen as a joyful moment if one can accept it in such a manner is the main theme and question of the poem. Death could be seen as this pure, unblemished moment in which a person is allowing themselves to become one with oblivion and perishing.
The second poem in this poetry analysis will be Because I could not stop for Death. On a fundamental level, the poem talks about the stages of the narrator’s life as Death drives her in his carriage to her grave. Death here is a gradual and slow process that takes time, but still inevitable.
In the first stanza, we can see that the narrator has led a hectic life, not even having time to die, therefore Death himself kindly stopped and offered her a ride in his carriage. The second stanza shows us that there is no rush, and in the following stanzas the narrator and Death take a look at the narrator’s life up to that moment until they arrive to a House that seemed a Swelling of the Ground, symbolizing her final resting place, and yet the narrator, knowing that centuries will pass from the moment she steps into her grave, is not scared – for it will feel like only a day flew by to her.
Death in this poem is both personified and not. The personified Death seems like some sort of a gentleman: he has patience, is polite, cordial and kindly offers her a ride. The narrator’s unwillingness to stop for death is actually more than skin deep, since it symbolizes her fear of death, which starts to dwindle away with Death’s arrival. She is now aware that there is no more running away and Death’s respectful and kind treatment of her helps her to move on as they take a ride in his carriage. It is a nostalgic scenery that evokes the reader of the myth that once a person dies, he or she has a flashback of their life. The narrator sees her schoolyard, fields of gazing grain and the setting sun, which all, respectively, symbolize her childhood, her adulthood and her elderhood.
The not personified death is the one the reader encounters in the last two stanzas. It is a grave that looks like a house, which could symbolize that once a person dies their new home is actually their grave. Still, to the narrator, the journey to that new home is a lengthy one, seemingly lasting centuries, even though it actually lasts less than a day and she accepts it, since she is aware that there was no turning back once she accepted the invitation to ride in the carriage.
The last poem that will be analysed is I heard a Fly buzz – when I died. The basic premise is her looking back at the way she died while her loved ones, who plan on taking her inheritance, surrounded her when all of a sudden a fly appeared in the room and disturbed the tranquil passing of the narrator with it’s buzzing and the moment she hears the ‘buzz’ she dies.
In the first stanza, we can see the narrator in the room waiting calmly for her death. Everything is tranquil: the air, the spectators, all, – except for the fly. Like in Because I could not stop for Death, the tones is calm, but here it is otherworldly, almost robotic. Still, a certain feeling of annoyance can be felt while reading the poem, which is aimed directly at the fly buzzing around the room.
The second stanza is also set in the room, but this time aimed at the loved ones that surround the narrator: they were in pain, but now they are also calming down only increasing the ‘intensity’ of the stillness in the room because the ‘Last onset’ is approaching – her last breath is about to be inhaled and exhaled.
The third and fourth stanzas are used to introduce the fly to the reader. The narrator gives away her will when all of a sudden, the fly appears and puts a stop to her peaceful passing. The fly is described in mere fragments, it is blue, uncertain and has a stumbling buzz. The uncertainty of the fly is in direct contrast with the certainty of the narrator that her death is closing in. It could be seen also at a much deeper symbolism – the narrator is certain that the light is close and that her death will be peaceful, but the fly brings uncertainty with it’s stumbling buzz and the fact that it flies right between the narrator and the window of light in the exact moment of the narrator’s death, could symbolize that what comes next is actually uncertain.
The fly can be seen as a symbol of death, but quite an opposite kind of death than in the previous poem Because I could not stop for death. Here, even though the narrator is aware that her passing is imminent and inevitable, she is still surprised and taken aback when it comes, thus, eliminating the possibility of a peaceful death. The very buzzing of the fly could be interpreted as a gathering storm, a type of storm that usually arrives after a particularly lovely period of weather.
Along with that, flies are found on corpses of the recently deceased. Like vultures, flies begin to hoard around the person or animal that is close to death, before finally feasting on their flesh and leaving larvae in the body following the death. When that is taken into consideration, the loved ones that surround the narrator are like flies – they await the death to mourn, but also to finally distribute the inheritance among themselves, as would the flies distribute the corpse among themselves.
Another strong symbol in the poem is the use of hyphens, which is an unusual symbol, not being a word, but a punctuation mark. It could mark the heavy breathing of the narrator, as breathing becomes harder and harder as death inches closer, but, the narrator nevertheless remains calm and still, refusing to be agitated – until the fly arrives. Then the use of hyphens drastically increases: in the first stanza there are four hyphens, the second stanza has five, the third only three, and then, with the emergence of the fly, the narrator starts to breathe faster and heavier and the number of hyphens increases to seven. The poem also ends with a hyphen, possibly symbolising that the narrator did not expect to die there and had more things to say or even increasing the notion that this is not the end of their existence, but it remains uncertain what will happen to them, since there are no more words following the hyphen and the poem ends.
While reading the poetry of Emily Dickinson, I noticed that she always questions things in her life, the greatest thing she questioned was exactly death. Sadly, no one knows what awaits us following life, not even poets like Dickinson who wholeheartedly try to answer that question. Being mortal shows us that we always live at a crossroad, a double life that is never complete and a life that can easily be cut short. If life is all about waiting for the arrival of death and is defined through the relationship with death, then it can never be special. It is intertwined and predetermined with the moment it will perish one day. Thanks to that, a person indirectly becomes aware of his or her own existence and his or her own inevitable end. We change our thoughts, our beliefs and certainties. And not accepting one strong and final belief and view of things are at the heart of Emily Dickinson’s work. Her view of death changes with every new poem she writes. In one death is a symbol of freedom from the shackles of life, in another it is a kind gentleman that gives us time to think about our life and view it once more, while in a third it is a storm that ruins the calmness of our spirit only seconds before it actually arrives. Today we are different from yesterday, and tomorrow we will change once more. Our identity constantly changes and melds itself as we encounter different problems and situations. Emily Dickinson was such a person who would embrace those changes with open arms in both her life and poetry, while at the same time giving and showing us a new way we can read it every time we do.
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LSEEK64(3) Linux Programmer's Manual LSEEK64(3)
lseek64 - reposition 64-bit read/write file offset
#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE /* See feature_test_macros(7) */
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
Four interfaces are available: lseek(2), lseek64(), llseek(2), and _llseek(2).
#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
in which case it is a 64-bit signed type.
The type loff_t is a 64-bit signed type. The library routine llseek() is available in glibc and works without special defines. However, the glibc headers do not provide a prototype. Users should add the above prototype, or something equivalent, to their own source. When users complained about data loss caused by a miscompilation of e2fsck(8), glibc 2.1.3 added the link-time warning
On 32-bit architectures, this is the system call that is used to implement all of the above functions. The prototype is:
int _llseek(int fd, off_t offset_hi, off_t offset_lo,
loff_t *result, int whence);
For more details, see llseek(2).
64-bit systems don't need an _llseek() system call. Instead, they have an lseek(2) system call that supports 64-bit file offsets.
Interface Attribute Value
lseek64 () Thread safety MT-Safe
llseek(2), lseek(2)
2017-09-15 Linux
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Wednesday, April 29, 2020
"What is going on here?"
Today's re-run is a passage about the role of intuition in mathematics (from "How Mathematicians Think" by William Byers):
Sunday, April 26, 2020
Another Classic Puzzle
Re-running a fun, simple old golden-oldie from Alfred Posamentier's "Mathematical Amazements and Surprises":
"You are seated at a table in a dark room. On the table there are twelve pennies, five of which are heads up and seven of which are tails up. (You know where the coins are, so you can move or flip any coin, but because it is dark you will not know if the coin you are touching was originally heads up or tails up.) You are to separate the coins into two piles (possibly flipping some of them) so that when the lights are turned on there will be an equal number of heads in each pile."
"Your first reaction is 'you must be kidding!' How can anyone do this task without seeing which coins are heads or tails up? This is where a most clever (yet incredibly simple) use of algebra will be the key to the solution."
Posamentier Continues:
"Let's 'cut to the chase' (You might actually want to try it with 12 coins.) Separate the coins into two piles, of 5 and 7 coins each. Then flip over the coins in the smaller pile. Now both piles will have the same number of heads! That's all! You will think this is magic. How did this happen. Well, this is where algebra helps us understand what was actually done."
Explanation: ...At the start, there are 5 heads showing among 12 coins. After separating into piles, let's say the 7-pile now has "h" heads. The 5-pile then has "5 - h" heads, and "5 - (5 - h)" tails (or, just "h" tails). Once you flip the entire smaller pile, all the tails ("h" of them) become heads, and all the heads become tails. Thus you are left with "h" heads in the "5-pile," the same as the number in the "7-pile." Whaaa-laaahhhh! Math is a beautiful thang!!
Wednesday, April 22, 2020
I've used this quote from the irascible David Berlinski several times over the years... I'm sure it's not everyone's cup-o-tea, but it remains a personal favorite:
-- David Berlinski (from "The King of Infinite Space")
Sunday, April 19, 2020
ASMR Sunday
For April, and a diversion from everything going on around us, time to insert another example of "fast and aggressive" ASMR from one of its practitioners:
Wednesday, April 15, 2020
The Dismal Science...
Today's golden-oldie re-run I first saw on Greg Ross's delightful "Futility Closet" site:
....why rational choices ain't always so rational:
Hahhh! I've pre-timed these re-run posts to run on forthcoming days, and on Monday (4/13) noticed that Kyle Evans entered The Aperiodical's "Big Math-Off" contest with a British version of this very same puzzle:
Sunday, April 12, 2020
Contemplation versus Dynamite
Today, just re-posting this old math meditation from Jordan Ellenberg:
"Outsiders sometimes have an impression that mathematics consists of applying more and more powerful tools to dig deeper and deeper into the unknown, like tunnelers blasting through the rock with ever more powerful explosives. And that's one way to do it. But Grothendieck, who remade much of pure mathematics in his own image in the 1960s and '70s, had a different view: 'The unknown thing to be known appeared to me as some stretch of earth or hard marl, resisting penetration… the sea advances insensibly in silence, nothing seems to happen, nothing moves, the water is so far off you hardly hear it… yet it finally surrounds the resistant substance.'
"The unknown is a stone in the sea, which obstructs our progress. We can try to pack dynamite in the crevices of rock, detonate it, and repeat until the rock breaks apart, as Buffon did with his complicated computations in calculus. Or you can take a more contemplative approach, allowing your level of understanding gradually and gently to rise, until after a time what appeared as an obstacle is overtopped by the calm water, and is gone.
-- Jordan Ellenberg in "How Not To Be Wrong"
Wednesday, April 8, 2020
Old Richard Wiseman Classic
With so many current distractions, am lacking the energy for posting new material, but will fill time re-posting some old Math-Frolic posts for any who missed them the first go-around, starting with this old Richard Wiseman classic puzzler:
Verbatim from Richard Wiseman's blog:
Wiseman's Friday puzzles are frequently devious… but, often once the answer is given and explained, one feels impelled to slap one's forehead and exclaim "DOH!, well, of course!." So perhaps his best offerings are those that, even once explained, are still not totally clear, and generate a lot of ongoing discussion/debate...
The one from last Friday (above) is such an effort, once again proving how tricky and misleading, probabilities can be. I confess to requiring extra time to convince myself that 50% was the correct answer, and it stiiiill rankles my intuition (…reminds me of Cantor's "I see it but I don't believe it" reaction! ;-)). This seems to be one of those quirky puzzles that is patently obvious to many, yet hugely thorny for others (one of the keys, I think, is to remain tightly focused on strict statistical probability, and not let your brain get distracted by what could theoretically happen). Read all the discord for yourself:
(...peruse as many of the 270+ comments as you care to -- in fact you have to read some to get the answer, since Richard neglected to post an answer or explanation in his own post).
Sunday, April 5, 2020
Haven't had much time for math or blogging lately so will just re-post a link to an old fun favorite, lest any have never seen it... George Boolos' "Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem Explained in Words of One Syllable":
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How An Inspection Drone Is Used In Modern-Day Industrial Applications
Today, most companies in the United States and other countries in the world have been investigating how to use technology to improve productivity in the workplace. And as manufacturing teams move closer to the hi-tech and highly productive assembly line, companies want to reduce the number of lost opportunities in production as well as shorten turnaround times.
Using a drone to visually locate problematic areas of potential concern and equipment is one way to make this happen. That is why more and more companies are finding that using drone technology for these types of applications is a cost-effective solution to streamline operations and save time and money.
Read more as we’ll talk about how an inspection drone is used in modern-day industrial applications in today’s article.
1. Civil Engineering
Nearly all the steps involved in the construction process, from planning to the actual building development, can benefit from drones. And while it’s a common practice in the industry to make use of manned aerial aircraft like planes and helicopters for project mapping and video documentation, companies also recognize that using these aircraft costs more because of the fuel and maintenance. In addition, drones are sent to check the materials and equipment on site and prevent incidents of theft from happening, which can also increase the cost of the construction project.
And that’s why engineering companies utilize drones to cut on the cost involved while conducting infrastructure inspection, monitoring soil and shoreline erosion, and constructing main roads and forest roads.
2. Agriculture
The agricultural industry makes use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for spraying rice fields, cloud seeding, and maintenance, especially in hard-to-reach areas of the field. But the use of the machines doesn’t end there as drones are also dispatched for:
• Remote moisture sensing, or identifying areas that need more spraying or seeding.
• Frost mitigation
• Mid-field weed identification
• Variable-rate fertilization dispersal so farmers can spread more fertilizer to struggling fields and less fertilizer to healthy areas.
Moreover, drones are also used to inspect areas with drought or over fertilization.
3. Energy And Utilities
Drones are flown to the sky to inspect distribution and transmission lines to check for any signs of wear and tear from storms and harsh weather. Aside from that, UAVs are also utilized so technicians can gain remote access and collect real-time information on the status of power generation over an electrical grid.
4. Oil And Gas
Oil and gas drones are utilized by the gas sector to spot oil spills, gas leaks, and monitor whale migration patterns, which are essential for assessing locations before starting offshore operations. And the usefulness of UAVs is becoming popular in this industry that drones are now predominantly used for mapping, surveying, pipeline and well inspections, even for security purposes.
5. Mining
Finally, UAVs are sent to inspect mining areas to improve the safety of workers and provide real-time information regarding the status of the mining operation.
Other than that, drones are also used to help grading control, manage stockpiles, exploration of the mining site and overall project management.
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What's the "truth context" of societal philosophies?
Such as political philosophies (and ideas of ideal societies etc.) put forward by:
• Hobbes
• Locke
• ...
And "practiced" by people.
By truth context I mean a context of concepts, measures etc. that allow understanding of truth and accuracy. So if we were given a statement that expresses something and relies on some of these philosophies + maybe something else (the measures etc.), then we would be able to infer the "truthfulness" of such statement.
So what is this context?
What are the measures?
Some problems in defining a truth context of a societal philosophy:
• They express "out-subject experiences", normative statements (what ought), possibly a priori. A societal idea is a "subjective-led perception", yet its realization would depend on whether others adapt to it.
• If the philosophy is not of "fundamental type", meaning that it contains very objective notions (subjective-intersubjective sense: https://noncontradictingpolitics.blogspot.com/2019/09/criticism-of-value-judgements.html, then what does the adaptation depend on? Mere social constructionism?
• What is the point of social constructionist societal phenomena? Do they include motives, biases, ...
• Are they relative to subjective bias? I.e. different people may hold different justified belief.
• ...
• This question is a little hard to follow. Can you flesh it out some more? Apr 29 '20 at 17:30
• 1
I agree with Ted. For instance, by "truth context" do you mean to ask whether they ascribe to, say, pragmatism, the correspondence theory, the coherence theory, the disquotational theory, etc. of truth? And what exactly is a "societal philosophy?"
– gonzo
Apr 29 '20 at 17:46
• There was no social constructionism at the time of Hobbes and Locke. They followed some classical ideas about the "nature of men".
– Conifold
Apr 30 '20 at 19:46
• @gonzo The question is few fold: 1) what measures are needed to measure truthfulness of societal philosophy, 2) what are the problems related to that measure?, 3) are all measures necessary can one deviate from them? Bonus: can one devise a scientific method for inferring, when a societal belief/philosophy is true?
– mavavilj
May 1 '20 at 6:15
• I now have an inkling of what you are asking. You still need to define what exactly you mean by a societal philosophy. And what you mean by true/truthfulness. For instance, do you mean something that works (pragmatic truth) how you define truth. If you can pin those down, I'm pretty sure that @Conifold will have the first pass of has an answer for you. The answer will be necessarily long and complex. For instance, have a look at critical theory's proposal; plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory.
– gonzo
May 1 '20 at 15:38
This isn't so much an answer, as an exploration of the question that will not fit in comments. Take that as you will...
My intuition is that this question is asking about the empirical justifications of social philosophy. The repeated phrase 'truth context' seems to point at some way of measuring some objective aspect of humanity by which we can evaluate whether this social philosophy or that social philosophy is 'more true'. The question reminds me of some of the material I've read in sociobiology, psychology, and neurobiology, that try — currently without a lot of success — to establish a material basis for human behavior in the physical construction of brains, genes, or neural nets. But I don't think the question appreciates the depth of the ontological/epistemological problem.
If we start at the basics, it seems fairly clear that (say) a lump of iron has a 'truth context'. Iron has properties that (as best we can tell) are invariant. We know with a great deal of accuracy how iron will behave when exposed to heat, pressure, shear force, when alloyed with other elements, and the like; iron rarely surprises us. This is good evidence that iron has a 'truth context': an objective, empirically testable existence. Of course, philosophers will argue that we don't really have access to that objective existence, but only a mediated reflection of it through our sense and cognitive processes. But that doesn't deny the existence of an ontological reality for iron. It merely complicates our quest for understanding iron.
But now let's say we take that lump of iron and make a hammer. That raises a new question: does the hammer have an ontological existence in the same purported way that its constituent iron does? Or if we want to turn that question around, it's clear that we don't need to shape that iron into a hammer to drive a nail. We could drive a nail with the original unshaped lump of iron, or with a rock, or a coconut, or the heel of our boot. Are all of these things, then, ipso facto hammers? The point is that a 'hammer' isn't an a priori object in the same way that a 'lump of iron' is. A 'hammer' combines an a priori material object with a functional intention; a 'hammer' is an a priori material object that has been shaped and manipulated to fulfill a human purpose. But a human purpose has no 'truth context' in the narrow empirical sense. Outside of the human cognitive sphere a hammer is merely an oddly shaped lump of iron, meaningless and impotent. In this sense, a hammer is socially constructed in a way that its constituent iron is not, because the concept 'hammer' depends on human intention.
Social theories are tools on an even more abstract level. When someone writes social theory they are trying to create something with a functional intention, that fulfills a human purpose for the entire community of human beings. Don't be misled into thinking there is anything novel about this. The human world is chock full of functional intentions — of people trying to relate to each other in purposive ways — some good, some neutral, some downright evil. Slavery was based in social theories that held white Europeans as a different, superior order of mankind, one with an intrinsic right to use and exploit other races at their whim. Different social theories came along and disputed that; these social theories ended institutional slavery, though the supremacist attitude persists even to this day. Neither of these theoretical camps is 'truer' than the other; both are empirically measurable in the sense that both camps have been put in practice in various times and places. The evaluative moment between them is not empirical, it's moral.
Social theory rests on the idea that we are all moral agents — that we can choose to act this way or that way according to our conscience — and then tries to construct tools which will guide us as a community into forms that will better fulfill our collective purposes and intentions. In that sense it's just like a hammer: we can talk about the 'base material' of humanity (e.g., the 'state of nature' arguments of Hobbes and Locke, or more modern forays into psychology or sociobiology), but in the end the 'base material' isn't as important as what we construct from it: the cultures and societies that we form out of that material to serve our purposes and intentions.
Your Answer
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Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors are used around the world, indoors and outdoors in the harshest conditions, for a variety of applications. Ultrasonic sensors use high frequency sound waves to resonate a desired frequency and convert electric energy into acoustic energy, and vice versa. Sound waves are transmitted to and reflected from the target back to the transducer. Targets can have any reflective form, even round. Certain variables, such as target surface angle, changes in temperature and humidity, and reflective surface roughness, can affect the operation of the sensors.
Key Features
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Mahalia Jackson — American Musician born on October 26, 1911, died on January 27, 1972
Mahalia Jackson was an American gospel singer. Possessing a powerful contralto voice, she was referred to as "The Queen of Gospel". She became one of the most influential gospel singers in the world and was heralded internationally as a singer and civil rights activist. She was described by entertainer Harry Belafonte as "the single most powerful black woman in the United States". She recorded about 30 albums during her career, and her 45 rpm records included a dozen "golds"—million-sellers... (wikipedia)
Without a song, each day would be a century.
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A different Silence: The survival of more than 200,000 Polish Jews in the Soviet Union during World War II as a case study in cultural amnesia
John Goldlust
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer-review
An oft-repeated generalisation about the post-Second World War Australian Jewish community is that it includes an unusually high proportion of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. Indeed it is well documented that the demographic make-up of Australian Jewry was changed significantly as a result of the intake of around 25,000 pre-war and post-war Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe. The emerging global horror at the almost successful Nazi genocide policies, punctuated by the newsreels of the liberated death camps and their few remaining, emaciated inmates have seared these ideas, locations and images into our historical memory. So, when the term Jewish ‘Holocaust survivor’ is used, not unreasonably, we tend to think of the brave and fortunate few who managed to outlive the Nazi death machinery of the ‘camps’ to then go on to rebuild their lives and families (most of them also choosing to leave Europe for good).
Poland, with over three million Jews, was home to the largest pre-war Jewish community in Europe, of whom fewer than ten per cent remained alive when the war ended. A considerable proportion (probably as high as two-thirds) of the 17,000 post-war Jewish immigrants to Australia were born in Poland, and their subsequent impact on the character of existing Jewish communities, particularly Melbourne, has been quite profound. These immigrants lost most or even all of their family (parents, siblings, etc.) during the war, But a central characteristic that is little known, and even less discussed, is that most were neither ‘survivors’ of the concentration camps, nor had escaped because they were assisted or hidden by-non-Jews. Rather, a considerable number of the surviving post-war 'remnant' of Polish Jewry owe their lives to a fateful choice, made very early in the war, to move out of Nazi-controlled areas in which they were living and into the Russian occupied section of Eastern Poland. They, along with many thousands of other Jews who were resident in Eastern Poland at the time the Soviets and Nazi Germany divided the Polish territories in September 1939 soon after found themselves deported or imprisoned inside the USSR.
As a result of this, of the 300,000- 350,000 Polish Jews who did manage to survive the war, probably at least three quarters spent most (in many cases all) of the war years under Soviet rather than German authority. In the article I explore these lesser-known pathways, ones that are central to the family histories of a considerable number of Jews now living in Australia, and that therefore deserve to be more widely known and understood. In the process, I also seek to examine why, until very recently, in the broader context of more than sixty years of both academic accounts and personal memoirs that tell of the wartime Jewish experience, the ‘stories’ associated with the overwhelming majority of Polish ‘survivors’ have remained almost invisible.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)13-60
Number of pages48
JournalAustralian Jewish Historical Society. Journal
Issue number1
Publication statusPublished - 2012
Externally publishedYes
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พยู แหล่งมรดกโลกที่น่าหลงใหลของเมียนมา
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นพปฎล ธารวานิช
This article was written due to the 36th convention of UNESCO at Doha, Qatar in 2014. Recently, there were many countries around the world proposing their countries’ attractions to be considered as world heritage. The proposed attractions can be classified as natural world heritage and mixed world heritage. One of the country was Myanmar which proposed outstanding archaeological in Myanmar also proposed. These archaeological sites compose of ancient city, city wall, city moat, monuments and sculptures of Pyu people. In the area, there are many things discovered such as monuments, especially Chedi and Chedi Vihara including numerous high reliefs and round reliefs of Buddha images. Even though most of monuments discovered were degenerated but still displayed the glorious tradition of Pyu, which had been prospering from the 6th century until it was lost and became Myanmar. Nowadays only few cultural traces of Pyu are remaining for people to delve into the root of Pyu’s civilization. Pyu’s civilization had been growing long before the coming of Burmese, whose civilization has been developing until today. The historical sites not only are influenced respectively by Amaravati, Gupta and Pala styles but are also mixed with traditional styles of Pyu, which are mainly affected by Theravada Buddhism. Pyu civilization and all the monuments are considered as the worth seeing tourists attraction.
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The Spanish Speaking World Celebrates Lent
Enough Lent for the Season
We are reaching that time of the year where the Sun is fighting to stay out and you start to feel the change in the air; that smell of nature, the smell of trees, grass and blooming flowers. We are reaching the time where the day is longer and the great City of New York finds more excuses to stay out with him, the sun. Luckily, we are also grasping the end of Lent, that period before Easter that, in the Christian Church, is the commemoration of Christ’s fasting in the wilderness during forty days.
Some time ago, in Catholic countries like, Colombia, Mexico and even Ukraine, it was quite common to devote this period to abstinence, also known as no parties, no alcohol (other than wine), no candies for kids and some other restrictions during forty days, enough time to start considering Easter as your new favorite holiday.
But what if I told you that Lent actually goes beyond Holy Saturday. The word comes from Lencten, which in old English meant Spring and was related to the word Long, as a Germanic reference made to the lengthening of the day in Spring. This happens because the sun is upon the Ecuadorian line during the time of March the 20th and again on September 22nd, and the day is relatively as long as the night. In latin, this phenomenon was called Aequinoctium, that gave us the word Equinox in English and Equinoccio in Spanish, made by Equi from Aequus (equal, the same) and Nox from Noctis (Night).
For the Romans, however, the time that started with the first equinox was called Veris, which was the longest time of the year. They must have though that this period was too long to have only one name because, eventually, they started calling the beginning of this time, by March 20th Primo Vere and later Prima Vera, which means “First Summer”. Then, came the Veranum Tempus that means “Time of Summer”, and finally came the harvest season, which they called Autumnus, from Auctus (to grow, increase). As you can see, it was actually the union of three of our seasons: Spring, Summer and Autumn, only the latter keeping its shape directly from latin, though. But in Spanish they are almost intact; Spring, which is the first summer, is called Primavera, Summer is called Verano and finally, the time of harvest is called Otoño which sounds very close to Autumnio.
Thus, as the story of languages shows, Lent is going beyond Easter, we are still figuring out how it became Spring at the end, but thank God is just the shape of the word through the years and not synonym of abstinence. Imagine an abstinence season in NYC?
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I know this question is not very hard to answer, but it posed as a problem for me, so it may pose as a problem to other people too.
We know that Bayes' Theorem is stated using the following formula:
$$Pr(A\big | B) = \frac{Pr(B \big | A)Pr(A)}{Pr(B)}$$ Where $A$ and $B$ are events and $Pr(B) \neq 0$. Now, in Introduction to Statistical Learning by James et al. it is given that
Bayes' Theorem states that $$Pr(Y=k | X=x) = \frac{\pi_kf_k(x)}{\sum_{l=1}^K\pi_lf_l(x)}$$
Where $\pi_k$ is the fraction of the training observations that belong to the $k$ th class, and $f_k(x)$ is the density function which is equivalent to $Pr(X=x|Y=k)$.
How are the two formulas related?
As given, $\pi_k$ is simply the probability that $Y=k$. And it is already given that $f_k(x)=Pr(X=x|Y=k)$. So, the numerators of both the formulas correspond to each other correctly. Now here comes the denominator: (let $K$ denote the total number of classes that $Y$ can take) $$ \sum_{l=1}^K\pi_lf_l(x) = \sum_{l=1}^KPr(Y=l)\times Pr(X=x|Y=l) \\ = \sum_{l=1}^KPr(X=x)\times Pr(Y=l|X=x) \\ = Pr(X=x)\times\sum_{l=1}^KPr(Y=l|X=x) \\ = Pr(X=x)\times 1 \\ = Pr(X=x)$$
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1 comment on healthline.com/nutrition/tannins-in-tea#benefits
What Are Tea Tannins? Benefits and Downsides
#Tea - #Tannins are a type of chemical compound that belongs to a larger group of compounds called #polyphenols . Their molecules are typically much larger than those found in other types of polyphenols, and they possess a unique ability to easily combine with other molecules, such as proteins and minerals However, early research suggests that certain tea #tannins possess characteristics similar to those of other #polyphenols, helping prevent disease by providing #antioxidant and #antimicrobial benefits One of the main tannins found in green tea is known as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG belongs to a group of compounds known as catechins. It’s thought to be one of the reasons behind the many health benefits associated with green tea. Animal and test-tube studies suggest that EGCG may play a role in reducing inflammation and protecting against cellular damage and certain chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and #cancer Tea also offers a plentiful supply of two groups of tannins called theaflavins and thearubigins. Tea also contains high levels of a tannin called ellagitannin . Early-stage research suggests ellagitannin may promote the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria, but more studies in this area are needed. Ellagitannin is also in the spotlight for its potential effect on cancer treatment and prevention. Like other types of dietary polyphenols, ellagitannin exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Test-tube studies have revealed that it may also play a role in reducing the growth and spread of cancerous cells.
&neo 2020-01-23 14:52:25
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in ,
Voter Fraud In The United States
Does voter fraud happen, and if so is it significant?
What does the mainstream media say? “Donald Trump claims WITHOUT EVIDENCE…” fill in as appropriate. The President is said to be exaggerating or even fabricating when the subject of voter fraud comes up. The following small selection from the 1980s until the turn of the Millennium was gleaned from NewsBank. Curious isn’t it how this is primarily a Democratic pastime? Imagine how much worse it will be if Nancy Pelosi and her gang are able to enforce postal voting and ballot harvesting.
October 1981: Seven people including a multimillionaire, plead guilty to a “vote-buying” conspiracy in the Dillon County, South Carolina election for sheriff.
State Senator Eugene Carmichael had already been convicted, but his conviction was under appeal; in 1982, he received a ten year sentence. A total of 36 people were convicted in relation to the June 1980 primary which saw some two hundred unnumbered absentee ballots destroyed after the election.
January 1982: Julia Wilder and Maggie Bozeman are given four year and five year sentences for voter fraud in Alabama. The women were accused of casting absentee ballots for 39 elderly residents without their permission in 1979. So-called civil rights activists were not happy, and the two were shortly released, but read this legal judgment and judge for yourself.
1984: Democratic ward leader Ann Moss, from North Philadelphia, is charged with forgery for allegedly signing other people’s names to election documents in an intra-party political dispute the previous spring.
Efre Cardona of North Wales, Philadelphia is charged with illegally registering to vote in the Kensington area using a gas station as an address.
Ismael Santiago of Cherry Hill is accused of illegally registering to vote in the Kensington area using the address of his dry cleaning business.
After narrowly losing his re-election bid in the primary, James McIntyre told his staff to go through voter registration lists. They came up with around two hundred names of people “registered at apparently inaccurate or bogus addresses, including school buildings, vacant lots, abandoned houses and businesses.”
The city commissioners carried out their own investigation coming up with 108 people registered improperly.
December 1984: A federal grand jury indicts four residents of Lafayette County, Florida for conspiracy to buy votes and vote buying in the September primary election.
February 1988: A Maverick County grand jury returns 19 sealed indictments after an investigation of voter fraud in the May 1986 Democratic primary. Eight people are indicted on charges of illegal voting, six of tampering with government records, and five on charges of official misconduct.
Some people were alleged to have voted 10 to 12 times. People were said to have been brought in from other areas to vote.
USA Today: April 14, 1988: In Mingo County, West Virginia: “In the past two years, 60 people have been convicted on state or federal drug or voter fraud charges.”
According to a February, 1990 report, Dewey Noble alias Dewey Sizemore becomes the first person in Kentucky to be convicted of voter fraud under the 1988 election reform law enacted by the General Assembly. He appears to have had two dates of birth each with its own Social Security number. He was paid $20 for this act of duplicity.
March 1990: A jury finds two former city officials of Fife, Washington State and two others guilty of voter fraud in the 1987 elections for mayor and city council. One of those convicted is a former city planning commissioner.
A report from Texas, October, 1994: “At least 6,707 people in Harris County cast ballots in the 1992 presidential elections without being properly registered to vote.”
October 1996: A federal appeals court upholds the conviction of Craig Walker, for taking part in a scheme to steal the 1993 Saint Louis comptroller’s election.
August 1998: Suspended Miami city commissioner Humberto Hernandez is acquitted of fabricating evidence in a voter fraud case, but is found guilty of being an accessory after the fact. This related to the November 1997 election; the fraud was so massive that a judge overturned the result.
July 2000: Gilda Oliveros, the former mayor of Hialeah Gardens, Florida, is convicted of voter fraud. And of soliciting the murder of her ex-husband! Curiously, she was a Republican. The solicitation conviction was reversed on appeal; the voter fraud conviction was upheld.
November 2000: Seattle newspaper columnist Dan Savage (pictured) pleads guilty to fraudulently voting in a caucus. He received a fine and community service.
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Provocation? Lithuania interferes in the internal affairs of Belarus
Mises Institute: The ‘Great Reset’ Calls For Technocracy
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Fighting Fit :: How eating a high fibre diet keeps the gut happy and healthy
Diet management is essential in maintaining an overall feeling of well-being.
By John Balfe - 28 Jun 2017
Your gut is a rainforest. A rainforest is full of variety, variability, and species population numbers beyond our comprehension. The rainforest is one of the most diverse and stable ecosystems we know of and houses species we haven’t even discovered yet. That is exactly how our gut is when it comes to the bacteria living in it, writes Brian Bishop.
As Dr. Justin Sonnenburg, Ph.D, an associate professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford and Dr. Erica Sonnenburg, Ph.D, a senior scientist in the Sonnenburg Labs, discuss with the host of FoundMyFitness, Rhonda Patrick, Ph.D in the Youtube video ‘How The Gut Microbiota Affects Our Health with Dr. Erica & Dr. Justin Sonnenburg’, there are 10 times more bacterial cells associated with our bodies than human cells and 100 times more bacterial genes associated with our collective genome than human genes. Meaning? Yep, you guessed it. We are more microbial than human! Therefore, this complex and dynamic ecosystem of bacteria that makes up so much of us is connected to every aspect of our biology.
As we take a dive into the biome of our guts, we see that the gut microbiota is a population of beneficial and symbiotic bacteria, as well as pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space. It is not only a community, it is a microbial organ that is extraordinarily important and is connected to almost every piece and part of our health. This organ holds the key to the health of our immune systems, metabolism, and, due to the brain-gut axis, can dictate our moods and behavior.
To explain the gut-brain axis (GBA), this is the communication between the gut and the brain. This communication goes both ways and links the lower gut with the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain through messages sent chemically.
So, that’s a pretty big deal, which I will explain.
These interactions affect our mental capabilities, our ability to manage and cope with pain, and determine if we will be afflicted with anxiety, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases.
So where exactly is this rainforest of bacteria harboring in our body?
Well, most of the bacteria associated with our gut live in the distal part of our large intestine, which means they hang out in the colon. The interesting thing here is that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract also has the most amounts of immune cells.
Why is that important?
Just as the gut microbes interact with the brain in the GBA, the gut bacteria also interacts, a lot, with the immune cells. Before studying the gut biome we believed that gut bacteria and immune cells didn’t get along, which is pretty easy to see why.
The job of immune cells is to keep us from getting sick by ridding our bodies of foreign invaders, like bacteria.
However, when it comes to these little living beings of our guts, the immune cells talk to them all day long. This constant interaction regulates how our immune system functions. Since immune cells leave the gut and go all through the body, they naturally affect the whole body’s immune function, including respiratory function, vaccine response, and autoimmune disease manifestation.
That’s not all…
Over the past decade we have learned a great deal more about the gut microbial community of our colon. In learning the importance and function of the gut biome we have learned that our diet has a huge impact on it. What we choose to eat directly influences this microbial community which in turn has a huge impact on our biology.
Let me repeat that as it is important.
To put it even more plainly, we have the ability to control our physical health, mental well-being, and even some gene expression through diet, by way of these gut bacteria. Therefore, we need to feed them, and feed them the right stuff.
How can you actually use this important fact?
Dietary fibers, which are complex carbohydrates, are the essential food for feeding the gut microbiota. Our bodies do not digest complex carbs well, which is a good thing, because it means that this fiber makes it to the colon to feed our gut bacteria. When the fiber reaches the bacteria, they metabolize it and change it into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) such as butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid. SCFAs are also called Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) and are produced when dietary fiber is fermented in the colon and primarily absorbed through the portal vein (the vein that goes from the GI tract to the liver) during fat digestion.
And here is your gross out fun fact for the day: these SCFAs are actually the bacterial wastes (aka microbe poop) that we absorb.
Nice thought, huh?
Well to help you deal with that thought here is another.
We need those SCFAs because they provide signals to regulate our immune function, whether it is to heighten or suppress it.
For a quick trip down the proverbial rabbit hole, here is some information on our immune system response.
A component of the immune system is that it suppresses the responses of other cells. With SCFA signaling we can increase the number of T-regulatory cells (T-cells or Tregs). The T-cells can suppress cell response. By doing this it creates a built-in self-check to prevent excessive reactions. Without this self-check, our bodies would go haywire and continually attack itself.
Inflammation anyone?
Yes, inflammation is often the effect of when our bodies are not functioning properly, but why is this important?
Operating your body in a high inflammatory state can lead to the development of chronic diseases, such as asthma, heart disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Plus inflammation drives aging, and I don’t mean the accumulation of wisdom, in fact, it can bring about cognitive decline.
This is especially worrisome in our westernized culture. We often live stressful lives with little physical activity and a diet full of the wrong kind of fats, processed simple carbohydrates and simple sugars.
Why does it matter that we live and eat this way?
With western diets loaded with simple carbohydrates, such as highly refined grains and processed/packaged foods, we begin a detrimental process that is harmful to our much-needed gut biome. Simple sugars are absorbed in the upper GI, so therefore the bacteria, which live all the way down in our colon, are simply starving.
Without the aforementioned intake and fermentation of dietary fibers, we cannot feed our gut bacteria.
So to sum that up: No dietary fiber = No SCFAs = inflammation = chronic disease.
Got it?
Words by Brian Bishop. Part two of this article is coming soon.
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Pigeon Horntail (Family Siricidae)
Greetings, BugFans
Pigeon Horntail
The impressive Pigeon Horntail is often called a “primitive” member of the ant/wasp/bee order—Hymenoptera (membrane wings). Most Hymenopterans boast a cinched-in/Scarlet O’Hara waist. Not so the horntail; its cylindrical abdomen plugs directly into its cylindrical thorax. Its name doesn’t come from the long projection at the rear of its abdomen—this is a female and that’s an ovipositor (egg-depositor), and the males don’t have one. But, on the top (dorsal) side of the abdomen, at its tip, is a triangular “plate” or “horn,” best seen in the side view, which gives Horntails their name. This just-under-two-inch-long critter bounced off the BugLady when she was getting something out of her car, and fell on the seat. She treated it to a few hours in the refrigerator so she could photograph it.
A pigeon horntail or wood wasp
Horntails are often called “wood wasps,” probably because their eggs are laid in wood, and their young spend both their larval and pupal stages there. Horntails practice “complete metamorphosis,” going through an egg stage, a larval (eating) stage and a pupal (resting/changing) stage before emerging as a very different-looking adult. Adults have been found emerging into the interior of buildings that were built with the wood they occupied; they sometimes find themselves in a different country than the one where they began their life.
While the horntail looks dangerous, it neither bites nor stings
Ms. Pigeon Horntail (Tremex columba) drills into hardwoods, like maple and oak, with her ovipositor. Then she lays her eggs in the newly-made tunnel, and then she deposits on them some fungal spores, which she carries in a handy “pocket” in her abdomen. The fungus starts to grow, rotting the surrounding wood. When the eggs hatch, the “pre-treated” wood is softened so they can eat and tunnel more easily. Wowsers! She may expire as the final egg is laid (several references quoted each other on this point – but surely, if she has expired, then it was her final egg, regardless). It is, apparently, not uncommon to find dead females with their ovipositor still stuck in a tree.
Both the larvae and the adults have mouthparts designed for chewing, though the adults eat only nectar and water. Larvae feed on wood in the relative (but not complete) safety of the tree for up to two years. They are sometimes considered pests; the trees Mom picks are usually stressed somehow already, but neither the larval feeding nor the wood-softening fungus improves things. When they are ready to pupate, the larvae tunnel to within striking distance of the tree’s inner bark and construct a cocoon of silk and small bits of wood. The holes they ultimately emerge through are noticeable.
Giant ichneumon Wasp
Adaptations seem to spawn more adaptations in response. The larvae of the Giant ichneumon wasp (Megarhyssa sp.) are parasites on horntail larvae. But how, since the horntails are, by most standards, inaccessible, do they get together? Ms. Ichneumon (ichneumon comes from the Greek word for tracker) is a large wasp with long filamentous ovipositors—about 3 inches long—that she curls up over her body. She apparently lays her antennae on the outside of a likely tree. From within, she picks up the vibrations of horntail larvae gnawing away in their wood chambers (alternatively, she uses her antennae to smell their frass—droppings—and the wood-softening fungus). Then she “precision-bores” into the chamber with her ovipositor and lays an egg on a horntail larva (alternatively, she threads her hair-like ovipositor through the cracks in the wood). The ichneumon larva acts as an external parasite of the horntail larva, which stays alive until the ichneumon is ready to pupate. The adult ichneumon, also equipped with chewing mouthparts, uses them to exit the tunnel.
Ms. Giant Ichneumon doing her thing
The male Megarhyssa is about the size of a damselfly; it flew into the BugLady’s car and stayed just long enough for a portrait.
Mr. Giant Ichneumon wasp
John Muir was right—when you pull on something, you do find that it is connected with everything else.
The BugLady
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Nurse Sharks: Not As Harmless As They Seem
Nurse Sharks in the oceanNurse sharks are a bottom dwelling species of shark that humans often don’t give a second thought. The nurse shark won’t hesitate to give a defensive bite though and at as long as 14 feet they can leave a significant wound behind. In this article we will cover everything you ever wanted to know about the nurse shark including: how the nurse shark got its name, where it prefers to live, what it feeds on and the normal behavior of these bottom dwellers.
How Did the Nurse Shark Get its Name?
Nurses are a part of a helping profession that we rely upon for our own health and safety, and yet when this term is mentioned in reference to a shark this is definitely not the image that is conjured up. So why is the nurse shark called a nurse shark? There are multiple theories that abound in reference to how this shark species got its name, the most favored of which is that it is derived from the old English word “hurse” which translates to “sea-floor shark.” Others believe that the name derives from the Archaic word “nusse” which translates to mean “cat shark.” The third theory states that the nurse shark got its name from the sucking sound that it makes when hunting prey, a sound that is likened to that of a nursing baby.
The Basic Taxonomy of the Nurse Shark
The scientific name for the nurse shark is Ginglymostoma cirratum, placing it within the Ginglymostomatidae family of sharks. The Ginglymostomatidae family of sharks are characterized for their habit of living and feeding on the bottom of the ocean floor, hence the term “carpet sharks.” Sharks within this family are recognized not only for their bottom dwelling habits but also for their sluggish and docile nature. Ginglymostomatidae sharks are found most commonly in tropical and subtropical waters due to their preference for warmer waters, and more often than not they are found in shallower areas of the ocean. The family name Ginglymostomatidae is of Greek origin and also characterizes these sharks as having a hinge-like mouth with “gynglimos” meaning hinge and “stoma” meaning mouth.
There are three genera of sharks to be found within the Ginglymostomatidae family, the Ginglymostoma, Nebrius and Psudoginglymostoma. The nurse shark is a member of the genus Ginglymostoma.
A Physical Description of the Nurse Shark
The Teeth of the Nurse Shark
The nurse shark is something of a large shark and while they more commonly grow to be anywhere from 7 1/2 feet to 9 3/4 feet long, some individuals in the species have been seen as large as 14 feet long. Despite their size most nurse sharks are recognized as being harmless to humans but with such large tooth filled jaws these sharks can cause a significant amount of damage if they do bite a human. Nurse sharks have particularly strong hinged jaws which contain thousands of small serrated teeth and they will not hesitate to bite humans in an attempt to defend themselves when threatened. Most commonly the nurse shark, due to its nature as a bottom dweller, is pushed to defending itself when it is stepped upon in shallow waters. The jaws are particularly powerful and in an undisturbed habitat they are utilized to crush shellfish and coral and shred squid, shrimp and fish. The nurse shark can weigh in at anywhere from 200 to 330 pounds which puts an awful lot of power behind those serrated jaws if they should lock on in a defensive bite.
The individual tooth structure of the nurse shark is particularly interesting but also particularly damaging. Each tooth is built-in a fan-shaped structure with a number of serrated ridges. In general there are thousands of these individual teeth within the shark’s mouth and these teeth are replaceable. The teeth are arranged in rows and as one tooth breaks or is lost during a struggle, a fight or during feeding, another of the teeth rotates in to take its place. This system of replaceable teeth ensures that the nurse shark does not starve due to tooth loss which is a common occurrence even for a shark that prefers to feed on smaller fish and crustaceans.
The Color and Texture of the Nurse Shark
Nurse sharks are a grayish brown color and their skin texture is somewhat unique for a shark. While most sharks have a rough texture similar to sandpaper, the skin of the nurse shark is much more like that of the dolphin and has a smooth texture to it. Younger nurse sharks often can be recognized from small spots on their skin. The body is rather stout and the head is particularly wide with barbells that can be seen well. The nurse shark utilizes these “barbells” for both sensing touch and taste as they hunt along the ocean floor. One of the more distinctive features of the nurse shark is the tail fin, an elongated and pointed fin that can grow to be as much as 1/4 the total body length of the shark. As mentioned before the body length of these sharks can range from 7.5 to as long as 14 feet long making those long tail fins anywhere from 1.9 feet to 3.5 feet long! The dorsal fins of the nurse shark are nowhere near as large as the tail fins but the two dorsal fins that can be seen on the back of the shark are approximately the same size. These dorsal fins are much more rounded than they are in other species of shark and this fact along with the length of the tail fin can help significantly in shark species identification.
Behavior of the Nurse Shark
While the nurse shark is classified as being a particularly docile species of shark they are also active nocturnal hunters that tend to take advantage of dormant fish who are not prepared for attack during the night. During the day, while most fish are active shoals of nurse sharks can be found hidden under ledges or in ocean crevices where they can rest peacefully during daylight hours. As many as 40 nurse sharks have been noted in particular resting locations at any one time, piled on top of each other. Commonly the nurse shark returns to the same location to rest during the day. Despite the fact that many times the nurse shark can be found resting in larger groups, during the day these are solitary hunters that sweep the ocean floors for unsuspecting prey.
When it comes to feeding, the nurse shark is limited by the size of its mouth and as such it cannot take in large prey items due to the risk of them becoming lodged in the mouth. As the nurse shark hunts along the bottom of the ocean it sucks in prey as it moves, occasionally stopping to feed on coral and algae. The barbell structures on the face of the nurse shark are what help it to detect prey items as it moves along the ocean floor. These fleshy organs that look like whiskers to many, are located on the lower jaw and are used both to taste and as fingers to feel out prey. Since most hunting is done at night, the nurse shark feels along the bottom of the ocean floor for prey items and attacks them with its thousands of serrated teeth when an item is located. Unlike some other oceanic creatures, the nurse shark is able to remain stationary and continue to breathe underwater by sucking water in through the mouth and releasing it out of their gills.
The Natural Habitat of the Nurse Shark
As mentioned before the nurse shark prefers to swim along the bottom of tropical and subtropical waters. Often these sharks prefer warmer shallower waters and can often be found thriving in mudflats, sand bars, on reefs, channels between mangrove islands and on sandy beaches. The natural territory of these sharks is the Western Atlantic Ocean running from Rhode Island down to South Brazil and the Eastern Atlantic from Cameron to Gabon. In addition, the nurse shark can be found in the Eastern Pacific from Southern Baja California to Peru and in the islands of the Caribbean.
Reproduction in the Nurse Shark
Nurse sharks are officially capable of reproduction at some point between the ages of 15 to 20 years old and much like with humans, this age varies from individual to individual. Reproduction in the nurse shark is a particularly interesting process and is referred to by biologists as aplacental viviparity. Aplacental viviparity refers to a process where eggs develop inside the female of the species after fertilization. As the eggs develop within the female nurse shark they eventually hatch and the mother gives birth to small live nurse sharks.
The nurse shark pups resemble the fully grown nurse sharks with the exception of, of course, their size. A newborn nurse shark measures in at approximately 12 inches long. The average nurse shark mother gives birth to around 20 to 30 pups in a single birthing session. The usual mating season for the nurse shark is from the end of June to the end of July and the gestation process takes approximately six months in order for the nurse shark pups to develop fully. It is not uncommon to see cannibalistic behavior in the nurse shark even in the womb as the stronger of the pups vie to compete for food against other siblings. Female nurse sharks are capable of producing eggs every 18 months but this does not guarantee that they will mate every 18 months like clockwork.
Migrating Behavior in the Nurse Shark
Some species of shark are known for migrating behavior that takes place as ocean currents shift and the waters the sharks inhabit become cooler. Unlike migrating shark species however, the nurse shark copes with dips in water temperature in a different way. As the waters become colder, the nurse shark simply becomes less active requiring less energy to function. This docile behavior is made possible through the ability of the nurse shark to breathe through its mouth and out of its gills.
The Nurse Shark and Humans
Unlike other species like the infamous great white shark, the nurse shark is not as widely known by the general population. Those who live in areas where the nurse shark inhabits the waters are generally familiar and on the lookout for the species but for those unfamiliar with the shark accidental interactions are more likely. As mentioned previously attacks upon humans by nurse sharks are particularly unlikely; although in the past a handful of unprovoked attacks have been noted. In many cases these unprovoked attacks have elements that could explain the attack as being self-defense since often they take place at diving sites where sharks may see foreign invaders as a threat.
Nurse Sharks and Aquariums
Nurse sharks are one species of shark that tend to be able to thrive in a commercial aquarium setting where many other shark species have been noted for their inability to thrive in captivity. The ability of this shark species to endure captivity has led to the sale of juvenile nurse sharks in the saltwater aquarium trade. There are a number of problems that occur when this species is kept in a personal saltwater aquarium however, the largest of which being the size of the shark once it has matured. In some cases the nurse shark can grow to an amazing 14 feet in length and it is not common for a saltwater aquarium keeper to have a tank that is capable of holding a shark of this length. What happens in most cases is that a saltwater aquarium keeper will purchase a juvenile nurse shark and when it becomes too large for its tank will attempt to sell, donate or release the shark in the wild. All of these solutions pose significant problems for the shark however.
Selling a nurse shark poses difficulty in that there are few saltwater aquarium owners who have the resources to take on such a large shark. Not only does the fully grown shark require an extremely large tank but it also requires a significant amount of food to remain healthy.
Donating a fully grown nurse shark to a local aquarium is also not a particularly feasible solution as most aquariums already have an established shark population and are unable to take on new individuals with their limited resources and financial support.
Releasing a captive bred nurse shark in to the wild is another solution that many aquarium hobbyists turn to but it is one that generally results in the death of the shark in question. Like any other animal that is raised in captivity, nurse sharks are unable to adapt to life in the wild because of a lack of the skills demanded to survive. Captive bred nurse sharks are not given the opportunity to learn how to hunt for themselves, nor are they able to distinguish natural predators or other naturally occurring threats to their existence in the ocean.
The long and short of it is that unless you have a commercial sized aquarium and a budget large enough to keep a nurse shark fed healthily through its potentially 25 year long captive lifespan, this is not the “pet” for you.
Nurse Sharks and the Fishing Industry
Where many species of shark are fished intentionally, there is not a particularly wide trade for commercially fishing the nurse shark. With that said however, the nurse shark is easily fished due to its slow movement and often becomes the target of local fishermen. There are a number of uses for the nurse shark when fished locally but one of the most common is the unique skin of this shark. Where many other sharks possess a sandpaper like texture to their skin, the smooth texture of the nurse shark gives it a leather like quality that is utilized in the textiles industry. The skin of the nurse shark is not the only part that is utilized commercially; the flesh and liver are also used. When salted the flesh of the nurse shark is consumed and the liver of the shark is used for the oil that it produces.
The Conservation Status of the Nurse Shark
Currently the conservation status of the nurse shark is unknown because there is an insufficiency of data available to determine whether these sharks are at risk for extinction. It is doubtful that at the moment this particular shark species is threatened with extinction; however, if they continue to be fished there is a possibility that one day they may face endangerment.
Video: Shark Academy
Watch this minute and a half video to see the nurse sharks in action.
Why is the Nurse Shark Important?
There are many people who understand the importance of any animal species to the ecosystem in which it lives, but for those who have a fear of sharks the question of the importance of these creatures is often raised. The nurse shark is one of the biggest predators that our oceans will ever see and this is crucial to the health of the ocean marine life. While there are many species of sharks that thrive in our oceans, each have different hunting and feeding habits that keep other marine life populations in check. Were the nurse shark species to become extinct the smaller marine life that these sharks feed upon would soon begin to grow out of control and put other species in danger as they succumbed to large populations of these creatures. One perfect example of this is the reefs that many smaller marine organisms feed on, if these smaller organisms are left unchecked by nurse shark populations, they can quickly decimate reefs of the ocean – something that will affect ocean life as we know it. So while the nurse shark may not yet be an endangered species, it is our responsibility to ensure that overfishing and fear of these creatures does not lead to its eradication.
Have you ever seen or swam with a nurse shark?
About The Author:
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Biography of José Rizal
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, known as José Rizal, lived from 1861 to 1896. He was a Filipino nationalist and writer who is now often regarded as the national hero of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, by trade, he was a key advocate for Filipino freedom from Spain. At only 35, he was executed by the Spanish government for the crime of rebellion after the breakout of the Philippine Revolution, which was partially inspired by his works.
Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Philippines and was one of eleven children. He came from a family of diverse origins, with Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and indigenous Filipino heritage. Rizal initially planned to study law, but decided to study ophthalmology after learning that his mother was going blind. Without his parents’ knowledge, he traveled to Europe during his college years, where he wrote the novel Noli Me Tángere. In 1887, he returned to the Philippines, but he was targeted by the police there and returned to Europe, writing El Filibusterismo, the novel’s sequel, which was released in 1891. The next year, he returned to the Philippines again, convinced he needed to be in the country to truly effect change. Though he supported nonviolent action, he was exiled to another island in the Philippines. In 1896, Rizal was convicted of treason, despite having no ties to more violent groups, and executed on December 30. His killing created further opposition to Spanish rule in the Philippines.
Despite his short life, Rizal is one of the most famous Filipinos of all time, and Noli Me Tángere, his most famous work, is required to be taught in all schools in the Philippines.
Study Guides on Works by José Rizal
Noli Me Tángere, known in English as Touch Me Not (a literal translation of the Latin title) or The Social Cancer, is often considered the greatest novel of the Philippines, along with its sequel, El filibusterismo. It was originally written in...
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By Jolly Gwari
Rearing a newborn calf can be extremely challenging and requires much patience and commitment. The key to success is keeping the calf in a comfortable environment, well-fed and free of sickness. Management greatly impacts the illness and death rates of calves. There’s no single best way to raise calves. What works on one farm may not be ideal for another farm. But you should have and enforce a newborn protocol and calf care plan that remains consistent from day to day.
Newborn calf
Calves sometimes show signs of dehydration, depression, lack of appetite or scouring. If the calf is to survive, proper care during the first 24 hours is critical. It is essential for the newborn calf to receive colostrum. Colostrum is the first milk that a mother produces. Colostrum provides passive immunity to disease and helps build up vitamin and mineral levels. The new-born calf should get colostrum within the first 36 hours of birth either from a mother or artificial sources.
Once the calf has received colostrum, it can be fed solely on whole milk or milk replacers
Move the calf to its own hutch
Move the calf to its own hutch or pen. Generally, the calves can develop a number of different infections and diseases easily which can be fatal. So you need to move the calf to its own hutch or pen in order to keep the calf free from these infections and diseases. This will not only allow you to monitor the calf easily but also prevents multiple calves from having to compete for food when feeding. You can move the calf to its own pen after it has been with its mother for one day
and has feed 3-4 times. And the calf can be moved back to the group pen with its mother or other cows once the calf is 2 months old.
Observe the urine and feces of the calf
Keep an eye on the feces and urine of the calf while it is in her hutch. Also, observe its food intake. Observe for any changes in how much food your calf consumes, and the consistency and frequency of feces and urine production. Consult with the vet urgently, if you notice any changes in your calf.
Calf feeding practices
Clean the cow’s teats before the calf nurses or remove the calf from the cow and maternity area right away. Provide fresh, clean calf starter, milk replacer and water every day. Make sure you offer water at least twice daily. Place these outside the pen to reduce urine and manure contamination. This will also keep spilled liquid feed and water away from the calf’s bedding.
Weaning calves
During the preweaning period, make sure the calves’ diet (liquid feed, forage, and grain) are all
high quality. Research shows poor nutrition between weaning and 6 months of age can cause
these animals to have on average on delay in age at first calving reduced growth rate and also
Increase the risk of being culled as a cow.
Allow the calf to graze
You can allow your calf to graze any grass it wants. But in case you don’t have land with grass,
then you can tie clippings of grass to the fence of the pen. But do not place the grass on the ground.
Make regular checkups
You must have to check the calf daily for signs of sickness. Check the noses of the calf. The nose should be clear of discharge and are moist and cool. Healthy calves will generally have alert and responsive ears with no infection around the ears. Their mouth should be clear of ulcers and the navels should be clear of infection. They should have shiny, supple coats and they should stand and walk normally. And the healthy calf will take food frequently.
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As July's Record Heat Builds Through August, Arctic Ice Keeps Melting
"We can see that almost the entire contiguous U.S. was warmer than average for 2016 so far," Crouch says, "with a lot of that warmth situated over the northern tier and the West."
But El Niño's contribution to this year's heat was pretty much over in June, and the high heat is not waning.
Crouch says weather data predict continued record temperatures. This year, he says, "is very likely to be the warmest year on record for the globe."
The dry conditions have caused a busy wildfire season in the West, with the peak time for Western fires — September — still to come. And even without fire, the high temperatures draw moisture out of the ground, and that's damaging and killing trees in the West.
But no place is cooking like the Arctic, which has been warming at twice the rate of the rest of the world. Walt Meier, of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, says conditions in the Arctic have changed drastically over the past 20 years — especially sea ice.
"It's melting earlier," Meier says. "The ice is thinner, so it gets pushed around by the wind more. It's more broken up. It used to be more of a big sheet of ice, and now [we're seeing] chunks of ice."
It's like going from "a big ice cube," he says, to "crushed ice."
The terrain of Arctic sea ice changes during the summer months, as ridges and melt ponds form and ice floes break apart. A new NASA satellite called ICESat-2, expected to launch in 2018, will measure the height of sea ice year-round.
Kate Ramsayer / NASA
And a warmer Arctic also affects Earth's atmosphere in a way that influences the weather of the United States.
"There's emerging evidence that the warming in the Arctic related to the loss of sea ice [as well as atmospheric warming] is causing a loopier, kinkier jet stream," says Meier. That's the jet stream that carries air and moisture from the Pacific regions into the U.S. A warmer Arctic makes the jet stream's path less predictable.
In short, Meier says, the Arctic is the Northern Hemisphere's refrigerator. And someone, it appears, has left the door open.
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If You Are A Travel Agent What Industry Is That Classification? (Best solution)
Travel agents are an important part of the tourism industry. There are several different types of travel agents. The different types of travel agents vary according to the service they provide and the products that they offer.
What industry is a travel agent in?
This industry includes businesses that sell, book and arrange travel, tour and accommodation services for the general public and commercial clients. The industry also encompasses companies primarily engaged in providing travel arrangement and reservation services, including online-only booking systems.
What is a travel industry called?
The tourism industry, also known as the travel industry, is linked to the idea of people travelling to other locations, either domestically or internationally, for leisure, social or business purposes.
Is travel a sector or industry?
In a nutshell The sector can be divided into two parts – the travel industry and the tourism services industry. These include transport services, accommodation, food and drink establishments, travel agencies, transport rental and cultural, sport and recreation services.
What are the basis for classification of tour operators?
Tour operators can be classified on the basis of nature of tour, business and their area of operation of package tours. This helps in understanding the difference of meaning and function of each category. Thus, the classification includes inbound, outbound, domestic and ground operator.
You might be interested: Readers ask: How To Thank A Travel Agent?
Is travel an industry?
The travel and tourism industry generated $1.9 trillion in economic output, supported 9.5 million American jobs and accounted for 2.9% of U.S. GDP in 2019, more than agriculture, mining, or the utility sector.
What is included in travel industry?
Buses, cabs, planes, ships, trains and so on are all part of the travel industry. Leisure travel is when a person spends money on lodging, food, and recreation while taking a vacation trip, and business travel is when a person travels for work and spends money on lodging and food.
Is there a difference between travel industry or tourism industry?
Essentially, the tourism industry is concerned with people travelling for business or pleasure purposes, staying in their destination for at least one night, and then returning. By contrast, the travel industry has a wider scope, covering more travel purposes and durations.
What sectors and company types operate within the travel industry?
What Are the Sectors and Components Within the Travel and Tourism Industry?
• Transportation. Airline industry.
• Accommodation. Hotels.
• Food & Beverage. Restaurants.
• 4. Entertainment. Casinos.
• 11 Must Have Mobile App Features for Travel and Tourism Industry.
What is travel and hospitality industry?
The travel and hospitality industry includes a broad range of companies: tour operators, travel consolidators, tourist boards, airlines, cruise lines, railroads, private transportation providers, car rental services, hotels, resorts, lodging, restaurants and other real-estate intensive consumer businesses. Airlines.
What is the difference between a travel agent and a tour operator?
A tour operator sells the product that they themselves create. They do not sell anybody else’s packages, they sell only their own creations. A Travel Agent offers the consumer a range of holiday packages that have been put together by a tour operator.
You might be interested: How To Become A Walt Disney World Travel Agent? (Correct answer)
What are the major types of travel agents?
The different types of travel agents. There are four main types of travel agents in the travel and tourism industry: high street, business, callcentre and Internet.
What types of travel agents are there?
Travel agencies in the UK are either independent, multiple and miniple travel agents:
• Independent travel agents:are companies that cater for the needs of residents in small towns and villages.
• Multiple travel agents: Are companies which operate a chain of retail outlets through out the UK.
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Why Book Club Med With Travel Agent? (Solution)
What Are The Steps To Become A Travel Agent?
How to Become a Travel Agent in 2021 Educate yourself. Create a business plan. Focus on a specialty. Consider joining a host agency, consortium, or franchise association. Develop and market your brand. Become an ACTA or ASTA member. Subscribe to Travel Market Report. Contents1 What do you have to do to become a travel agent?2 […]
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A term from functional programming where a function is used to capture the whole of the rest of the computation from a specific point in the lexical scope. It can be seen as a function which also has a side effect, i.e. full replacement of the current evaluation context with another one. A continuation also accepts a parameter and functionally behaves as an identity, with the caveat that the produced value will be used in the context the continuation itself sets up. As an example, in a LISP-like language if c is a continuation storing the context (+ 3 []), the evaluation of (- 5 (c 2)) produces (+ 3 2). Let us suppose that the evaluation strategy of the language selects the redex (c 2) to be evaluated. In first place, the evaluation context of the redex (- 5 []) is replaced with that stored in the continuation (+ 3 []). In second place the functional evaluation of (c 2) is performed. We told that a continuation functionally behaves as an identity, and therefore the value 2 is produced. This value is put back in the evaluation context, which now is (+ 3 []), and the resulting expression (+ 3 2) is evaluated.
Continuations as objects are powerful in that passing them around as arguments allows implementing very flexible control-flow structures; Essentially, they are high-level goto's. Continuations in most languages have a security flaw, however, since they are not implemented with linear usage restrictions: A continuation may be freely (re-)evaluated by any part of the system that receives a reference to it.
There is a means of implementing functional-style language using continuations as a low-level control-flow model, and a standard means of embedding normal lexical scoping in terms of it, called continuation-passing style.
This page is linked from: Continuation-Passing Style FDScript Reification Ruby Sigil Thread Tube
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Bloch 2017
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Bloch, R. Howard. One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern. New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.
"Some of the notes that Mallarme left for The Book indicate that he conceived of writing a work which would hark back to the origins of Western literature and would supplant Homer, in what would be a new source for poetry in the epic mode. So, in a mythic move that reached all the way back to the beginnings of voyage literature and Homer's Odyssey, Mallarme, an avid sailor, took to the sea in this masterwork. 'One Toss of the Dice' is, in fact, a seafarer's tale of a shipwreck, filled with images of water, o fa captain, master and helmsman, of waves, surges, and of the shell, sails, tilting deck, plunging prow, toppled mast of a ship, listing to this side or that. In the distance, the horizon frames the sinking boat, while winds howl. Closer in, the general litter of driftwood crowns the depiction of disaster." (22)
"Mallarme's poem resembles a great cosmic telegram whose terse syntactic leaps make sense along the lines of juxtaposition and not subordination. The overall impression is one of enormous compression." (219)
cyclicality -- nesting structures
"'OTofD' participated, alongside cinema, in the worldwide quest for time simultaneity. Yet Mallerme's epic poem also summoned ideas that were much older than the technological advances and poetic breaks of the last decade of the nineteenth century. The dream of animating individual things, still and detached, by making them part of a greater whole, reached all the way back to the thinking of such questions in the West." (225-6)
"OTotD respondes more powerfully than any poem I know to the age-old question that still presses powerfully upon modern philosoph: How is it that we can conceive of whole, universal, abstract things, yet we cannot capture their wholeness in language? Why is it that we cannot render -- speak or write, or even think -- their unified ideal nature through words?" (226)
relationship to sounds of English in OTotD (260)
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Geometry & Electronics
Geometric shapes are not limited only to the figurative aspect, they can also play active roles, for instance, serving in microelectronics to build operational printed circuits such as: small inductors (magnified, fig. a below), resistors (fig. b) and capacitors (fig. c). (image taken from my book “Almanach du Mathématicien en Herbe“)
electronic circuit
Paradoxical Elastic Squares
A math-magic article I wrote for the German magazine Zeit Wissen: with the 13 triangular and square pieces (fig. 1) it is possible to form two large squares shown in fig. 2. Though the second large square has an extra piece the dimensions of the squares seem to be the same! Can you explain why this is possible?
Paradoxical Squares
This puzzle is available as greeting cards from my online store.
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Fighting the Wrong Battles
Emotional Anorexia
Most patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) experience an ostensible “loss of appetite,” if you will, for all human needs. During refeeding, some patients with AN become uncharacteristically violent and hostile towards their parents, shunning all attempts at comfort or affection. Some therapists have referred to this phenomenon as “emotional anorexia.” While I’m not aware of any empirical literature on this topic, I do have some hypotheses of my own.
Like AN and other mental illnesses, the etiology of emotional anorexia is complex and multifaceted. I believe that the factors which contribute to emotional anorexia are, in order of relevance: 1.) Genetic predisposition, 2.) Neurobiological changes associated with malnutrition and refeeding, 3.) Psychological symptoms of AN, and 4.) Developmental and familial issues. Let’s examine each of these issues in turn.
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION. Between 50%-80% of the risk of developing AN is genetic. It is very likely, then, that genes play the most significant role in the development of emotional anorexia as well. The character traits which predispose people to AN: anxiety, obsessiveness, perfectionism, and harm avoidance, are present at birth and are determined primarily by genetics. People with this character structure tend to exercise restraint not just with their food, but also in other areas of their lives. They tend to be emotionally inhibited, most likely because they tend to be overly fearful of making mistakes.
Further, recent research has demonstrated that individuals with AN have difficulty processing emotional information. They tend to misperceive others’ emotions (for example, they are likely to think someone is angry with them when in reality the person is concerned about them), and they avoid emotionally intense situations. This type of personality creates the perfect template for the development of emotional anorexia.
Brain imaging studies have shown that individuals with AN have alterations in their anterior insula, a region of the brain which is critically important for interoception (the self-awareness of internal bodily signals). During the acute phase of their illness, individuals with AN are literally unable to sense hunger, fullness, tiredness, and changes in body temperature. Additionally, they have an imbalance between circuits in the brain that regulate reward and emotion (the ventral or limbic circuit) and circuits that are associated with consequences and planning ahead (the dorsal or cognitive circuit).
This combination of difficulty processing emotional information, disrupted interoceptive awareness, and disregulated reward-emotion circuitry renders anorexics incapable of experiencing pleasure from food, rest, sex, physical affection, or fun activities the way healthy people do. A hug may feel the same as a slap in the face; a smile may look like a sneer; a piece of chocolate cake may be as punishing as a tablespoon of cod liver oil; words of encouragement may sting like salt in a wound. People with AN feel safer and calmer when they shrug off affection and shun human contact as well as food.
NEUROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MALNUTRITION AND REFEEDING. Since the Minnesota Starvation Study, we have known that malnutrition causes biochemical changes in the brain which result in dramatic personality and behavior changes, such as depression, anxiety, irritability, apathy, loss of interest, isolation, and social withdrawal. The neurobiological changes associated with re-feeding are equally profound. Because starvation numbs emotions, many patients experience a resurgence of depression, anxiety, irritability, anger, and loss of control when food is reintroduced. Dr. Walter Kaye hypothesizes that individuals with AN have a shortage of serotonin in the brain, since serotonin is derived partially from food. More serotonin receptors are created in effort to harvest the scanty amount of serotonin available. Thus, when food is reintroduced and serotonin levels rise, the large number of receptors causes too much serotonin to be taken up, making the person feel extremely agitated and irritable. This makes eating a terrible emotional ordeal. It is very difficult to give or receive love and affection when you are struggling with intolerable anxiety and irritability.
PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA. So now we have a teenager with the perfect genetic template for emotional anorexia who is experiencing the profound neurobiological effects of malnutrition. In addition to these physiological effects, she is experiencing debilitating depression, feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy, she has lost interest in socializing, she has withdrawn from friends and family, and she has difficulty accurately perceiving emotions. When she isolates herself, she experiences less social reinforcement, which confirms the depressive schema that she is worthless and inadequate. Her athletic performance begins to decline, she has difficulty concentrating, and she is no longer asked out on dates. Her friends are alarmed by the changes in her physical appearance and mood, so they stop talking to her. Parents, teachers, coaches, and friends express extreme concern, which she misinterprets as anger, jealousy, or criticism. All of these things reinforce her feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy. I have had several patients with AN cry to me that their parents didn’t visit them at all while they were away at summer camp or college. Meanwhile, their parents confided to me that they wanted desperately to visit their daughter, but she told them not to, and they wanted to respect her autonomy. The patients insisted that they didn’t want their parents, yet lamented their absence. Clearly, there’s a disconnect here. The patient either a.) is not aware of her emotional needs, b.) doesn’t know how to express these needs, or c.) chooses not to express her needs because she is afraid, embarrassed, or ashamed. I believe that a, b, and c are all true.
One of the core features of AN which has persisted throughout the centuries is a sense of “needlessness,” of being “above” worldly pleasures and bodily needs. Medieval saints experienced this needlessness. They prayed for days on end without food, water, sleep, or socialization. Amongst these fasting saints, there are documented cases of what would today be diagnosed as AN. In certain non-western cultures such as China and Ghana, AN is as prevalent as it is in the US. The major difference is that patients in non-western cultures relate their starvation to profound self-control, moral superiority, and spiritual wholeness rather than to a desire to be skinny. Today’s American anorexics, like their medieval predecessors and non-western counterparts, experience some version of needlessness. Some anorexics have a grandiose sense of being “above” basic needs, including food, sleep, fun, love, and comfort. This grandiosity often stems from the extra burst of energy and euphoria that starvation brings them, coupled with the sense of pride and accomplishment that they have been able to override their body’s needs and diet to the point of emaciation. Other anorexics believe they are unworthy of food, sleep, fun, love, or comfort. These feelings stem from the debilitating depression that is triggered by malnourishment and exacerbated by body dysmorphia and self-loathing. Many anorexics vacillate between these two mind frames, but the end result is the same: emotional anorexia.
The neurobiological changes associated with refeeding cause most patients to experience intense mood swings, irritability, and anger. The psychological trauma of AN adds fuel to the fire. Eating more and gaining weight are an anorexic’s worst nightmares, and this is precisely what is required of her in order to recover. She gains weight, experiences tremendous fear as her appetite kicks into high gear once again, and she is no longer “allowed” to diet. Her body dysmorphia and self-loathing are more intense than ever. Her irritability, agitation, moodiness, and depression are at an all-time high. She withdraws and isolates herself even more, feeling as though she is “too fat” to be seen in public and undeserving of love, comfort, friends, or fun.
Enter the old-school therapist. The young patient is absolutely miserable and desperate to feel better. She has little insight into her symptoms and trusts the therapist completely. The therapist searches through the patient’s past to uncover the “root cause” of her AN. Lo and behold, it is discovered that her parents were too controlling, too overbearing, too overprotective, too critical, too mean, too distant, too neglectful, or too abusive (often some combination of the above). The patient, who is in the midst of the neurobiological hurricane that is re-feeding, becomes angry and hostile towards her parents once she “realizes” that they have caused her current misery. Her parents take her to appointments, prepare her food, and insist that she eats it, thus making her even more fat and unlovable. Her parents try to comfort her; she pushes them away. She is, at times, violently angry with them. After all, they made her anorexic, and now they are making her fat. The same pattern also develops with certain members of her treatment team. She views their interpretations as criticisms. She perceives their requirement of weight restoration as their attempts to fatten her up. Her parents and her treatment team are ruining her life as they chip away at the one thing that has ever made her feel good: the AN.
DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES. The concept of mother is inextricably intertwined with the concept of food. As developing fetuses in our mother’s womb, we receive nourishment from her. We are born with a rooting reflex, which prompts us to suck our mother’s breast or a bottle. Without this reflex, and without a mother or other caregiver to provide the nourishment, we would die. As infants, we cry when we are hungry. Mother comes running; she holds us and feeds us. Throughout our childhood and adolescence, mother is probably responsible for most of the food shopping and meal preparation.
When a teenager develops AN, her mother is often the first to notice a problem. Mother may encourage or require her to begin treatment. Mother often prepares and serves her food during re-feeding. Mother may ask when and what she last ate, and may require that she eat just a little bit more. Is it any wonder, then, that an anorexic’s feelings about food spill over into her feelings about her mother?
Some psychoanalysts postulate that AN develops from a lack of empathic attunement between mother and child. The mother is not attuned to her child’s emotional needs, so the child is unable to meet her own needs, and this is manifested in her inability to feed herself. There are no empirical data to support the theory that lack of maternal empathic attunement causes AN, and in fact, I believe that this theory is 100% false in terms of explaining the etiology of AN. However, I can understand how this principal may operate subconsciously in the mind of an ill patient. Individuals with AN have great difficulty getting their needs met. They may be unaware of their own needs, they may feel as though they don’t deserve to have their needs met, or they may believe they are “above” having needs. This applies to emotional needs as well as nutritional ones.
I suspect that there is a modest correlation (which does NOT imply causation) between a mother’s inability to provide for her child’s physical or emotional needs and the child’s development of AN. Remember, 50-80% of the risk for developing AN is genetic, so it is very likely that a patient with AN has a first-degree relative (often the mother) who also has a history of AN. If the mother is currently struggling with AN, her fear of food and intolerable anxiety may render her unable to provide for her child’s basic physical and emotional needs. Even if the mother is currently healthy but has a personal history of AN, she will likely share the biochemical and temperamental traits of her ill daughter, albeit to a lesser degree. The recovered AN mother’s deficit in interoceptive awareness may spill over onto her child. She may struggle to meet her daughter’s needs because she has difficulty sensing and meeting her own needs.
Teenagers who develop AN tend to be “model children.” They are almost universally intelligent, well-behaved, hard-working, and gifted at athletics or artistic endeavors. They follow all the rules to the letter. They have never caused a problem for their parents or teachers. The development of AN and the process of recovery leads to an examination of one’s life. The experience of having a life-threatening, soul-killing, personality-destroying illness is enough to make any teenager step back and take stock. Teenagers who are recovering from AN may begin to feel resentful that they have lived a “faked existence” and “played by everyone else’s rules.” They may realize that they have missed out on a lot of fun and excitement by being so straight-laced. With their therapist’s encouragement to express their emotions authentically, they unleash their fury onto the people who have been there through it all: their parents.
This is not a cohesive or well-articulated theory, just a compilation of related thoughts. I hope that research will shed some light onto this phenomenon in the near future.
What’s That About?
“It’s about control.”
This statement has been applied to everything from OCD to eating disorders to self-injury to domestic violence. But, really, what does this statement mean?
When I hear that X is about Y, I generally interpret this statement in one of two ways: 1.) Y is a theme of X or 2.) Y is the most salient feature of X. For example, if someone says that Romeo and Juliet is about undying love, my interpretation is that undying love is a primary theme of Romeo and Juliet. Or if someone says: “My birthday is about me,” I interpret that as “I am the most important person on my birthday” in terms of attention, presents, and deciding how to celebrate.
In regards to the cliché that a certain psychological problem is about control, both of these interpretations make sense to a certain extent. Control is both a theme and a salient feature of OCD insofar as sufferers are overly preoccupied with controlling their external environment, as well as their thoughts and actions related to their particular obsession. For example, a person with OCD may spend hours scrubbing her body and cleaning her home in order to control the spread of germs and prevent herself or others from becoming ill.
Control is both a theme and a salient feature of eating disorders insofar as sufferers become preoccupied with controlling their dietary intake, exercise, and weight. Individuals with anorexia tend to be “over-controlled,” rigid, and perfectionistic not only with food but in other areas of their lives, while individuals with bulimia experience periods of “dyscontrol” of their emotions and food intake, resulting in binge /purge episodes.
Control is both a theme and a salient feature in the lives of individuals who engage in self-injurious behaviors such as cutting. Many, though not all, individuals who cut have experienced physical or sexual abuse, which results in feeling a lack of personal control over one’s life and one’s body. People who cut usually experience overwhelming emotions that they are unable to control. Some people use self-injury as an interpersonal message with an intent to control or manipulate others.
Control is both a theme and a salient feature in cycles of domestic violence. Through subtle and overt messages, abusers control and manipulate their victims. It is easy for abusers to control their victims because the victims are usually smaller and physically weaker than they are. In most cases, abusers have financial and / or emotional control over their victims. And, sadly, victims feel a devastating loss of personal control over their own lives.
I am concerned, however, that people who claim that a mental illness or psychological phenomenon is about control have an entirely different interpretation of this phrase. For most people, I think “It’s about control” translates to “it is caused by a lack of control or a need for control.” This interpretation has no empirical backing and, when espoused by treatment professionals, leads to ineffective treatment.
For instance, many therapists believe that eating disorders are “about control,” meaning that they believe that the etiology of eating disorders is rooted in a subconscious need for control. As a result of this theory, their treatment entails helping the patient gain a sense of personal control in other areas of her life, and advising her parents to “back off” of the power struggle around meals, with the assumption that eventually the patient will no longer feel the need to control her food intake.
There is no scientific basis for this theory or this treatment approach, and I have never met a person who has recovered this way. I’m sure such people exist, I’ve just never seen them. I would presume that these individuals went through years of treatment, suffered numerous medical and psychological problems, and spent many thousands of dollars before finally recovering. Recent scientific evidence suggests that eating disorders are biologically-based, genetically transmitted brain diseases that are triggered by an energy imbalance and perpetuated by malnutrition. There’s no room for “control” in this etiology.
While I’m on the subject of about, there’s another use of the word about that perplexes and frustrates me. Case in point: a very well-regarded eating disorder recovery website has the following mission statement on its homepage:
“We are dedicated to raising awareness about eating disorders… emphasizing always that eating disorders are NOT about food and weight.”
What does this mean? Surely, it cannot mean that food and weight are not themes in eating disorders. Nor can it mean that disturbances in food and weight are not a salient feature of eating disorders. By definition, individuals with eating disorders manifest disturbances in eating behavior, weight loss, or excessive preoccupation with weight. I can only assume, then, that this statement means that eating disorders are not caused by food and weight (or disturbances thereof). If this is the meaning of the mission statement, then the statement is undeniably false.
The latest scientific research tells us that eating disorders are, in fact, set into motion by disturbances in eating and weight. A person with a biological predisposition to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa will not develop the illness unless he or she experiences a disturbance in eating and/or weight. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are triggered by under-nutrition, which may initially be intentional (e.g., the decision to diet, “eat healthy,” or exercise more) or unintentional (e.g., the result of an illness, surgery, injury, medication, or another mental illness such as depression). The cycle of starvation in anorexia nervosa is maintained by malnutrition, and the illness is most severe and most deadly when the patient is underweight. The restrict/binge/purge cycle in bulimia nervosa is also self-perpetuating and is triggered or exacerbated by disturbances in eating behavior and preoccupation with weight. Full nutrition, weight restoration, cessation of restricting, bingeing, and purging behaviors, and decrease in preoccupation with weight are essential for full recovery. In conclusion, eating disorders are absolutely about food and weight. To neglect this perfectly obvious fact is to sabotage treatment.
Scientist-practitioner ranting notwithstanding, I think I do understand what that mission statement is intending to communicate. I think it is trying to convey that eating disorders are not just about food and weight; they also entail tremendous psychological suffering. I think the statement is trying to emphasize that correction of disturbances in eating and weight is not sufficient for full recovery, as psychological issues must be addressed as well. Finally, I think the statement hopes to convey that eating disorders are serious mental illnesses that bear little resemblance to typical dieting and body image woes.
While I applaud the website’s attempt to convey the aforementioned messages, I think the way the statement is worded has the potential to create a misunderstanding (or, at the very least, it doesn’t bring people closer to an accurate understanding). I’m guessing that eating disorder sufferers and their families, as well as the general public, will misinterpret the message, most likely in the manner I described. The consequences of such misinterpretation can be tragic.
We have a responsibility to people with eating disorders to provide them, and their families, with accurate information. Further, we have a responsibility to educate the public about eating disorders in order to reduce stigma, garner support, facilitate early detection, and lobby for more effective treatment. To start, let’s make sure the messages about eating disorders that we send, whether in person, in print, or on the internet, are accurate, understandable, easy to interpret, and scientifically-sound.
Isn’t it about time?
Maudsley Is As Maudsley Does
Those who know me professionally are well aware that I am an advocate of the Maudsley Method of Family-Based Treatment and that I use this approach to treat my adolescent patients with eating disorders. What they may not know is that Maudsley principles pervade my treatment philosophy for eating disorder patients of all ages, regardless of the treatment approach I employ with them. For example:
• I always externalize the eating disorder and teach my patients to do the same.
• I firmly believe that patients do not choose eating disorders and that parents do not cause them. I make this point explicitly to patients and their families at the start of treatment and as many times as necessary throughout the course of treatment.
• I explanation the etiology of eating disorders as follows: We don’t know definitively what causes eating disorders, and for the purposes of this treatment, the cause isn’t terribly important right now. The most recent scientific research suggests that eating disorders are biologically-based, genetically-transmitted mental illnesses which are triggered by an energy imbalance (for example, through dieting) and perpetuated by malnutrition, with emotional stress (e.g., anxiety, OCD, depression) as an aggravating factor. I mention all of the common myths about the causes of eating disorders (e.g., the media, fear of growing up, need for control, overbearing parents) and dispute each one of them.
• At the start of treatment, I provide patients with psycho-education about the central role of full nutrition, weight restoration, and cessation of binge/purge behaviors in recovery.
• Whenever possible, I involve family members (parents, siblings, spouses, girlfriends, boyfriends) in the patient’s treatment to some extent. In some cases, family involvement may be as simple as providing family members with psycho-education, literature, and internet resources on eating disorders. In other cases, family members may participate in the evaluation or attend some therapy sessions with the patient. Regardless of the patient’s age, I like to empower those who live with her (parents, spouses, significant others) to provide meal support and help stop other symptoms such as excessive exercise, bingeing, and purging.
• I view family members as essential members of the treatment team who can provide nutritional, practical, and emotional support to the patient as she recovers.
• I make physical health (including full nutrition, weight restoration, elimination of purging and other unhealthy behaviors) the most immediate priority in treatment.
• I help patients re-learn how to eat properly on their own once they are physically healthy and psychologically prepared to assume this responsibility.
• I treat patients’ other disorders (e.g., depression, OCD, anxiety) and address their developmental, familial, and interpersonal issues after physical health has been achieved.
In my view, these principles are equally applicable for children, adolescents, college students, and adults. They apply when I am doing individual therapy using a CBT, DBT, ACT, or IPT approach. They apply when I am doing couple’s therapy when one partner has an eating disorder. And, of course, they apply when I am doing Maudsley Family-Based Therapy.
These principles are a central part of my professional identity. I stand behind them when I am giving a lecture, doing a presentation, conversing with colleagues, speaking to potential clients, talking about work with family and friends, or even answering the questions of acquaintances who are interested in what I do.
To date, the Maudsley approach has only been empirically-supported for adolescents with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. However, preliminary data suggest that Maudsley may be equally effective for pre-adolescent children and young adults. Regardless of what the eventual published data may say about broader applications of Maudsley, I will hold fast to these principles. At least until science or experience convinces me otherwise.
Jagged Little Pills
Biologically-Based Mental Illnesses
As a result of the Mental Health Parity Act, many health insurance companies are now providing the same coverage for biologically-based mental illnesses as they provide for other medical illnesses. A biologically-based conceptualization of mental illness allows advocates to frame parity legislation as antidiscrimination legislation. Using PET scans and MRI’s, researchers have testified before Congress and state legislatures that mental illness is directly linked to brain dysfunction. In light of such evidence, policy makers have been persuaded to admit that certain mental illnesses are brain disorders (Peck & Scheffler, 2002). I see this as a double-edged sword.
On the positive side, it is wonderful that individuals with certain mental illnesses are now getting the insurance coverage they so desperately need. I am a huge proponent of equitable services for all people with mental illnesses. Additionally, I am pleased to see that the tide is beginning to turn in regards to society’s attitudes about psychiatric problems. This is undoubtedly a good start. But it is only a start.
There are a number of problems with the concept of biologically-based mental illnesses as defined by insurance companies:
1.) They are creating a false dichotomy by differentiating between biologically-based and non-biologically based mental illnesses. Empirical evidence challenges the discriminant validity of the “biologically based mental illness” construct. Psychotherapy and medication yield similar changes in brain function when effective. Drug and brain imaging studies show that psychological and biochemical phenomena can be manipulated reciprocally (Seidel, 2005). The truth is, ALL mental illnesses are biologically-based because all mental functioning is biologically-based. Western society clings to the 17th century notion of Cartesian dualism; that is, the idea that mind and body are separate. But let’s take a closer look. The word “mind,” as used today, refers to intellect and consciousness, manifested as combinations of thought, perception, memory, emotion, will, and imagination, including all of the brain’s conscious and unconscious cognitive processes. And where do these cognitive processes originate? In the brain, which is part of our biology! Every thought and feeling we have, every perception and wish and behavior, has a corresponding neurobiological substrate.
2.) The insurance company’s decisions about which mental illnesses to classify as biologically-based seem rather arbitrary. Some insurance companies only classify schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and OCD as biologically-based, while other insurance companies cover other disorders as well. For example, one major health insurance company defines biologically-based mental illness as “a mental or nervous condition that is caused by a biological disorder of the brain and results in a clinically significant psychological syndrome or pattern that substantially limits the functioning of the person with the illness.” This insurance company classifies the following as biologically-based mental illnesses: Schizophrenia, Schizo-affective Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Paranoia and other Psychotic Disorders, OCD, Panic Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Autism, and Alcohol Abuse Disorders. This same insurance company defines non-biologically-based mental illness as conditions that “display symptoms that are primarily mental or nervous in nature. The primary treatment is psychotherapy or psychotropic medication.” I don’t understand this distinction at all. All of the biologically-based mental illnesses they listed are “mental or nervous in nature” and treatment for all of them includes behavior therapy, psychotherapy and / or psychotropic medication. Further, why is alcoholism considered biologically based, whereas are addictions to substances other than alcohol considered “non-biologically based?” And why is anorexia nervosa, which has numerous biological features and complications, a heritability estimate as high as that of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness, considered a non-biologically based mental illness?
3.) The erroneous classification of certain mental illnesses as non-biologically based serves to increase stigma and discrimination against individuals with these illnesses. There is a subtle implication that so-called non-biologically based mental illnesses are not as serious, not as legitimate, or not as real as so-called biologically-based mental illnesses. Further, there is an even subtler implication that non-biologically-based mental illnesses are somehow the patient’s fault or the patient’s choice. It is as if they are saying: “It’s all in your head.” Well, yes, but so are Alzheimer’s Disease and brain cancer!
4.) I’m not sure why illnesses of the brain, whether they are classified as “biologically-based” or not, should be considered any different from illnesses of the heart, lungs, liver, or kidneys. Is it because environment and lifestyle, rather than biology, are presumed to be the cause? The development of heart disease, Type II diabetes, skin cancer, and AIDS are all heavily influenced by environment and lifestyle choices, and no one would argue that these diseases are not biologically-based. People with these diseases are not discriminated against in insurance coverage.
Informed Consent
The American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines require that psychologists obtain informed consent for treatment from all patients and parents of minor patients. But what does it mean for consent to be truly informed?
In standard practice, informed consent generally amounts to a frazzled patient or harried parent signing a consent form after a perfunctory glance. Patients and parents are often in crisis when they first present for treatment, and signing the form is just one more hoop to jump through before getting into therapy. Most therapists’ consent forms cover business procedures and confidentiality issues. This is important information, but does it amount to truly informed consent?
I don’t think so.
I believe that the APA’s ethical guidelines should be revised to require full disclosure in informed consent for psychological treatment. Specifically, therapists should be required to disclose 1.) The patient’s diagnoses and explanations of these diagnoses, 2.) What factors caused or contributed to the patient’s illness, as evidenced by the most recent empirical research and the clinician’s informed judgment, 3.) What treatment methods are available for treating the patient’s condition, 4.) Which of these methods are evidence-based, 5.) Which method(s) the therapist will use, 6.) Why the therapist has selected these methods, 7.) The anticipated course of treatment and prognosis, based upon recent empirical research, and 8.) Scientifically informed, practical resources (e.g., books, articles, websites) on the patient’s condition and the type of therapy that will be used. For patients under 18, all of the above should be explained to the parents and to the child, using language appropriate to the child’s age and developmental level. Finally, parents should be provided with guidance as to how they can help their child recover. I’m talking about specific recommendations, not just blanket statements like “be supportive.”
In my consent for therapy forms, which patients (and parents of minor patients) read and sign before meeting with me, I specify the types of treatment I use, all of which are evidence-based. After the evaluation, I provide patients(and parents of adolescent patients) with empirical research on their particular disorder, as well as information on the efficacy of various types of treatment and who recommends these treatments (e.g., APA, Society for Adolescent Medicine, etc.). I explain the type of treatment I recommend for them, why I have selected this type of treatment, how it works, and what to expect on the road to recovery. If there is a type of treatment that is likely to be effective for the patient but that I do not offer (e.g., psychiatric medication, residential treatment), I provide them with referrals to these types of treatments and explain why I think they would be beneficial. At this point, the patient has all of the information she needs to make an informed choice about treatment.
Most patients seeking therapy, and most parents seeking therapy for their children, are not aware that there are different types of psychological treatments with varying degrees of efficacy. I think most people outside of the field assume that therapy is therapy and that therapists are pretty much interchangeable, like dentists or surgeons. Many people assume that as long as you like your therapist and feel comfortable with her, that’s all that matters. While the therapeutic relationship is undoubtedly a critical aspect of treatment, there are other factors to consider in selecting a therapist. Often times, people want to see a psychologist with decades of experience. This is an understandable, albeit unreliable, method of seeking good treatment. The older, more experienced therapists were trained decades ago in theories that have since been discarded, in therapeutic methods with no scientific backing. Sometimes they become set in their ways of practicing, clinging to old theories like religious dogma in spite of evidence to the contrary. Granted, many experienced therapists have kept up with recent developments in the field and have educated themselves. Sadly, many have not.
Informed consent in therapy is complicated by the fact that different professionals have vastly different, and often contradictory, views on the causes of various mental disorders and how best to treat them. To make matters worse, the public has access to a tremendous amount of information on mental health issues through the internet, much of which is either unsubstantiated or patently false. Consequently, many patients arrive in our offices with deeply entrenched false beliefs about their illnesses. As professionals, it is our job to set the record straight.
I have had a number of patients come to me seeking therapy for the first time after being unsuccessfully treated for anxiety or depression by their primary care physician. I use the term “treated” very loosely here – their doctor spoke with them for a few minutes and wrote them a prescription for a low dose of antidepressants or sleeping pills, only to follow up with them a year later. They were not informed about evidence-based psychological treatments. They were not informed about behavioral methods of treating insomnia. And of course, they were not informed that their dose of Prozac is far too low to have any therapeutic benefit. Similarly, I have had patients come to me after years of therapy for depression or self-injury who have done endless amounts of exploration into the supposed causes of their supposed issues, without ever learning the skills they need to recover.
Parents of eating disordered children have come to me for Maudsley family-based therapy after months or years of unsuccessful therapy, after multiple hospitalizations and stints in residential treatment. These families were never informed about the Maudsley Method by any of their child’s previous treatment providers. These parents, desperate to help their children, did their own research on the internet late at night, sifting through the mounds of information to try to find the one thing that would save their child’s bright future. I’ve seen patients, who have been through years of eating disorder treatment with other professionals, who have never once been told that they have a biologically-based, genetically-transmitted mental illness which is neither their fault nor their choice.
Parents of eating disordered children have a right to be informed about the Maudsley Method at the time of diagnosis. The research is clear that Maudsley is the most effective treatment for adolescents with a short duration of illness who are still living at home with their families. For various reasons, Maudsley is not the best choice for every patient or family. Nonetheless, families have the right to know it exists and to decide for themselves whether they wish to pursue it. Patients with depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders have the right to be informed about evidence-based treatments such as CBT, DBT, and ACT. Many lives, many years of chronic illness, and many dollars spent on ineffective treatments could be saved if patients and parents were fully informed about evidence-based treatment options from the outset. If a patient has cancer, it is her physician’s duty to inform her of the various life-saving treatment options, some of which may be available in that physician’s office or the local hospital, and some of which are only available in the nearest major city. Why should psychology be any different?
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Illumina Unveils NextSeq 1000 & NextSeq 2000
10X Genomics: Combining new and old techniques to unlock new insights
Illumina sequencing is by far the most common next-generation sequencing technique used today, as it extremely accurate and allows for massively parallel data generation, which is incredibly important when you’re working with a dataset the size of a human genome!
That said, there are inherent shortcomings that exist in the typical Illumina sequencing workflow. Illumina uses a very high number of short sequencing reads (usually about 150 bp for whole genome sequencing) that are then assembled together to cover the entirety of the genome. The fact that traditional Illumina can’t be used to identify long-range interactions can cause issues in some cases, such as samples with large structural variants or in phasing haplotypes.
However, a revolutionary new library preparation method designed by 10x Genomics can effectively solve these types of issues. The 10X Genomics GemCode technology is a unique reagent delivery system that allows for long-range information to be gathered from short-read sequencing. It does through usage of a high efficiency microfluidic device which releases gel beads containing unique barcodes and enzymes for library preparation. It then takes high molecular weight DNA, and partitions it into segments that are about 1M bp long; from here, these segments of DNA are combined with the gel beads. This means that each read that comes from that segment of DNA has its own unique barcode, which gives us knowledge about long-range interactions from traditional short reads.
Figure 1: Projections of 20,000 brain cells where each cell is represented as a dot. (A) Shading highlights major clusters identified in the dataset. (B) Cells were colored based on their best match to the average expression profile of reference transcriptomes [2].
Another application of 10X Genomics GemCode comes in the form of single-cell sequencing, which also uses the microfluidics device, but combines individual cells with the gel beads instead of DNA fragments. This allows for sequencing and barcoding of individual cells from a larger heterogeneous sample. This can work for DNA or RNA sequencing. 10c Genomics recently published an application of this technology using the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Solution on a mouse brain. Cells from embryonic mice brains were sequenced and profiled using this technique; principal component analysis and clustering was then performed on the resulting data to separate out the distinct cell types, identifying 7 major classes of cell types, as seen in Figure 1 [1].
Traditional Illumina sequencing will still likely reign supreme for run-of-the-mill applications, since at this point it is still more cost effective. However, the 10x system is gaining in popularity for specialized applications where understanding structural variants or single cell sequencing is important to the goals of the project. We’ve certainly noticed an uptick in projects that require 10x technology recently, and we look forward to seeing the advances that can be made with this amazing technology.
If you’re interested in projects using 10x Genomics sequencing tech, please contact us at for more information!
16S sequencing vs. Shotgun metagenomics: Which one to use when it comes to microbiome studies
While a lot of attention has been paid in recent years to the advances made in sequencing the human genome, next-generation sequencing has also led to an explosion of sequencing used to study microbiomes. There are two common methods of sequencing performed to study the microbiome: 16S rDNA sequencing and shotgun metagenomics.
What is 16S sequencing?
The 16S ribosomal gene is thought to exist in all bacteria, but still has regions that are highly variable between species. Because of this, primers have been created to amplify conserved regions that surround variable regions, allowing researchers to target the areas of the genes that are similar to observe the areas that are distinct. Because this approach allows us to observe very specific regions of the genome, we can drop the sequencing needed per sample dramatically, only needing around 50,000 – 100,000 reads to identify different bacterial species in a sample.
The main drawback of this technique is that it can only identify bacteria, and does not identify viruses or fungi.
What is shotgun metagenomics?
Shotgun metagenomics surveys the entire genomes of all the organisms present in the sample, as opposed to only the 16S sequences. One of the main advantages of this over 16S sequencing is that it can capture sequences from all the organisms, including viruses and fungi, which cannot be captured with 16S sequencing. Additionally, it’s less susceptible to the biases that are inherent in targeted gene amplification.
Perhaps most interestingly, it can also provide direct information about the presence or absence of specific functional pathways in sample, also known as the ‘hologenome’. This can provide potentially important information about the capabilities of the organisms in the community. Furthermore, shotgun metagenomics can be used to identify rare or novel organisms in the community, which 16S cannot do.
So which one should I use?
Like anything else, it really depends. 16S studies can be incredibly useful for comparison across different samples (like different environments, or different time points). And some studies have found that 16S sequencing is superior in these types of studies for identifying a higher number of phyla in a particular sample [1], while other studies have of course found the exact opposite [2].
When it comes down to it, it’s really important to evaluate your project needs carefully depending on what you’re trying to accomplish. For example, a large scale project that looks to examine hundreds of samples in order to evaluate the differences in microbiota across different environments might very well prefer to use 16S sequencing, since it is so much more cost-efficient than metagenomics sequencing. On the other hand, a project that is looking to deeply investigate a smaller number of samples might be a better candidate for metagenomics sequencing, which would allow them uncover all the organisms that are present in a particular sample (including viruses and fungi), as well as identify the most dominant gene pathways that are present in that particular sample.
Day 2 Summary from the Future of Genomic Medicine Conference 2018
Day 1 Summary from the Future of Genomic Medicine Conference 2018
Right next to the conference location!
It’s hard to imagine a better conference setting than the Scripps Research Institute, where you can listen to scientific talks while literally sitting right next to the beach! It’s even better when those talks are as interesting as they were. The FOGM conference covered a lot of ground:
Dr. Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte discussed his latest findings using the homology-independent targeted integration (or HITI) to target non-dividing cells–a key feature that means it could be used to treat adults and not just embryos. He has previously shown that they could insert treat rats with retinitis pigmentosa using this system, and they showed improvement in their ability to respond to light and healing in their eyes. In his talk at the conference, he was also able to use this same technique to alter the epigenetic landscape of mice suffering from progeria, a genetic condition that induces rapid aging, and show improved organ function and lifespan. He hopes to use this discovery to move us towards eventual treatments for the symptoms of aging–the one disease that we all suffer from. See here for the full picture.
Dr. Paul Knoepfler presented an elegant model of epigenetic effects in pediatric glioma. Pediatric gliomas are nearly 100% fatal even with the best treatments, and the treatments are incredibly severe. Children with this disease are given the same treatments as adults, but what if the tumors are different?
Well, it turns out that they are different. Dr. Knoepfler showed that pediatric gliomas frequently possess two unique point mutations in histone H3.3, and that these mutations aren’t seen in the adult gliomas. It seems astonishing that these two point mutation can convey such incredible lethality, but in fact, even small histone mutations can be incredibly lethal because of the effect on the epigenetic landscape (seen via ChIP-seq by Bjerke et al).
So, Dr. Knoepfler wanted to see if reversing these two mutations in these cancer cells could reverse the phenotype, and additionally, if doing the opposite (causing those two mutations in normal brain cells) would induce the cancer phenotype. In fact, in both cases, either reversing or causing those mutations caused an immense transcriptional shift in the opposing direction, indicating that these two point mutations are enormously important in this cancer type. Dr. Knoepfler wants to use this information to create mouse models and test new drug treatments to see which of them can be most effective against this particularly aggressive cancer.
ROC curves for Dr. Mesirov’s predictive models, which outperform current clinical predictions.
Dr. Jill Mesirov also gave a very informative talk regarding pediatric brain tumors. Her lab applies machine learning and statistical techniques to find molecular markers to aid in the identification and stratification of cancer subtypes. She examined the RNA profiles from several pediatric medulloblastoma tumors using RNA-seq and found 6 different subtypes in the RNA profiles with vastly different survival rates. Using this model, she was able to categorize 15 patients that were diagnosed as ‘low-risk’ using traditional diagnostic methods as actually being ‘high-risk’–and 6 of these patients went on relapse within 3 years. Dr. Mesirov wants to use this model to help identify novel therapeutics for the particularly deadly myc-driven cancer subtype, and hopefully improve clinical outcomes.
Bonnie Rochman’s talk focused more on the sociological effects of modern genomic medicine, particularly with respects to having children. She asked some tough questions of the audience regarding prenatal testing for Down’s syndrome, or early childhood screening for genes like the BRCA1/2 genes, which predispose a person to breast cancer. Additionally, our ability to gather genomic data far outpaces our ability to accurately interpret said data, which leads to a lot of anxiety around what all this genetic testing actually means. She concludes that ultimately, there are no right or wrong answers regarding this subject–everyone has their own thoughts and feelings, shaped by their experiences with their own genetics. You can read more in her book here
Those were my favorite talks from the first day….check out the Day 2 summary tomorrow!
Day 2 Highlights from the Future of Genomic Medicine 2018 #FOGM18
Todd Golub, MD, Speaking on Cancer Genomics
Mickey Kertesz, PhD, Speaking on Circulating DNA and RNA
Alicia Zhou, PhD, Speaking on Predictive and Preventative Genetics
Leslie Biesecker, MD, Speaking on Predictive and Preventative Genetics
Robert Gould, PhD, Speaking on Epigenetics
Kathleen Rubins, PhD, Speaking on Our Genomics Past and Future
Day 1 Highlights of the Future of Genomic Medicine Conference #FOGM18
Eric Topol, MD, Speaking on the Future of Individualized Medicine
Andre Choulika, PhD, Speaking on Genome Editing
Paul Knoepfler, PhD, Speaking on Genome Editing
Mark DePristo, PhD, Speaking on Data Science in Genomics
Viviane Slon, Graduate Student, Speaking on Genetics of Human Origins
Eske Willerslev, DSc, Speaking on Genetics of Human Origins
Nanopore Sequencing: The Future of NGS?
As I mentioned in my previous post, nanopore sequencing using the MinION instrument is one of the hottest new sequencing techniques currently available. It has several benefits over the current generation of short-read sequencing instruments, including measuring epigenetic DNA modifications and ultra-long reads, which allows for improved coverage of difficult-to-sequence regions.
It does have a few drawbacks however, including the fact that it has a fairly low output, which mostly relegates it to sequencing microbial genomes. However, a recent paper by Jain et al. from UCSC [1] used the minuscule MinION instrument to sequence the human genome and compare it to the current reference genome.
There were several items of note in this paper, not the least of which is that this is the most contiguous human genome to date, getting us closer and closer to a telomere-to-telomere sequence. Additionally, they were able to close 12 gaps, each of which was more than 50 kb in length, significantly improving completion of the genome.
Amazingly, since nanopore sequencing does not utilize PCR amplification, epigenetic modifications are maintained and are actually measurable by the MinION. The instrument is capable of detecting 5-methylcytosine modifications, and this data showed good concordance with whole genome bisulfite sequencing performed in the past.
Furthermore, they were able to map several of their ultra-long reads with telomeric repeats to specific chromosomal regions. They were then able to identify the start of the telomeric repeats and calculate the length of the repeat sequence. Overall, they found evidence for repeat regions that span 2 – 11 kb.
Long and ultra-long reads are absolutely critical when it comes to annotating these highly repetitive regions. There are other sequencers, including the PacBio SMRT Sequel sequencing system, that allows for very long reads compared to the Illumina instruments. But Jain et al. were able to obtain reads that were up to a staggering 882 kb in length.
Jain et al. were able to effectively show that the MinION system is capable of being used to sequence something as complex as a human genome. Interestingly, they theorized that the MinION system may have no intrinsic limit to read length–meaning that this protocol can be improved even further by finding methods of purifying high molecular weight DNA without fragmentation. Additionally, MinION reads are still considerably less accurate than Illumina sequencing, so this aspect could be improved as well. Nonetheless, this is a truly astonishing accomplishment that indicates what the future of DNA sequencing holds in store.
If you’re interested in finding a provider of nanopore sequencing, please send us an email at and we’d love to help you with your project!
Sanger Sequencing Turns 40: Retrospectives and Perspectives on DNA Sequencing Technologies
Retrospective: What have we accomplished with DNA sequencing so far?
Sanger wasn’t the first person to attempt sequencing, but before his classic method was invented, the process was painfully slow and cumbersome. Before Sanger, Gilbert and Maxam sequenced 24 bases of the lactose-repressor binding site by copying it into RNA and sequencing the RNA–which took a total of 2 years [1]!
Sanger’s process sequencing made the process much more efficient. Original Sanger sequencing took a ‘sequencing by synthesis’ approach, creating 4 extension reactions, each with a different radioactive chain-terminating nucleotide to identify what base lay at each position along a DNA fragment. When he ran each of those reactions out on a gel, it became relatively simple to identify the sequence of the DNA fragment (see Figure 1) [2].
Figure 1: Gel from the paper that originally described Sanger sequencing.
Of course, refinements have been made to the process since then. We now label each of the nucleotides with a different fluorescent dye, which allows for the same process to occur but using only one extension reaction instead of 4, greatly simplifying the protocol. Sanger received his second Nobel Prize for this discovering in 1980 (well-deserved, considering it is still used today).
An early version of the Human Genome Project (HGP) began not long after this discovery in 1987. The project was created by the United States Department of Energy, which was interested in obtaining a better understanding of the human genome and how to protect it from the effects of radiation. A more formalized version of this project was approved by Congress in 1988 and a five-year plan was submitted in 1990 [3]. The basic overview of the protocol for the HGP emerged as follows: the large DNA fragments were cloned in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which were then fragmented, size-selected, and sub-cloned. The purified DNA was then used for Sanger sequencing, and individual reads were then assembled based on overlaps between the reads.
Given how large the human genome is, and the limitations of Sanger sequencing, it quickly became apparent that more efficient and better technologies were necessary, and indeed, a significant part of the HGP was dedicated to creating these technologies. Several advancements in both wet-lab protocol and data analysis pipelines were made during this time, including the advent of paired-end sequencing and the automation of quality metrics for base calls.
Due to the relatively short length of the reads produced, the highly repetitive parts of the human genome (such as centromeres, telomeres and other areas of heterochromatin) remained intractable to this sequencing method. Despite this, a draft of the HGP was submitted in 2001, with a finished sequence submitted in 2004–all for the low, low cost $2.7 billion.
Since then, there have been many advancements to the process of DNA sequencing, but the most important of these is called multiplexing. Multiplexing involves tagging different samples with a specific DNA barcode, which allows us to sequence multiple samples in one reaction tube, vastly increasing the amount of data we can obtain per sequencing run. Interestingly, the most frequently used next-generation sequencing method today (the Illumina platforms–check them out here) still uses the basics of Sanger sequencing (i.e., detection of fluorescently labelled nucleotides), combined with multiplexing and a process called bridge amplification to sequence hundreds of millions of reads per run.
Figure 2
Figure 2: Cost of WGS has decreased faster than we could have imagined.
Rapid advancement in genome sequencing since 2001 have greatly decreased the cost of sequencing, as you can see in Figure 2 [4]. We are quickly approaching sequencing of the human genome for less than $1,000–which you can see here on our website.
What are we doing with sequencing today?
Since the creation of next-generation DNA sequencing, scientists have continued to utilize this technology in increasingly complex and exciting new ways. RNA-sequencing, which involves isolating the RNA from an organism, converting it into cDNA, and then sequencing resulting cDNA, was invented shortly after the advent of next-generation sequencing and has since become a staple of the molecular biology and genetics fields. ChIP-seq, Ribo-Seq, RIP-seq, and methyl-seq followed and have all become standard experimental protocols as well. In fact, as expertly put by Shendure et al. (2017), ‘DNA sequencers are increasingly to the molecular biologist what a microscope is to the cellular biologist–a basic and essential tool for making measurements. In the long run, this may prove to be the greatest impact of DNA sequencing.’ [5] In my own experience, utilizing these methods in ways that complement each other (like cross-referencing ChIP-seq or Ribo-Seq data with RNA-seq data) can produce some of the most exciting scientific discoveries.
Figure 3
Figure 3: Model of the MinION system.
Although Illumina sequencing still reigns supreme on the market, there are some up and coming competitor products as well. Of great interest is the MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) (see more about them here). MinION offers a new type of sequencing that offers something the Illumina platforms lack–the ability to sequence long regions of DNA, which is of enormous value when sequencing through highly repetitive regions. MinION works via a process called nanopore sequencing, a system which applies voltage across hundreds of small protein pores. At the top of these pores sits an enzyme that processively unwinds DNA down through the pore, causing a disruption in the voltage flow which can measured at the nucleotide level (see Figure 3) [6]. These reads can span thousands of base pairs, orders of magnitude greater than the Illumina platforms, which greatly simplifies genome assembly. Other new options for long-read sequencing include the PacBio system from Pacific Biosciences (look for pricing options for this service here).
Like any new technology, there have been setbacks. The early accuracy of MinION cells was quite low compared with Illumina, and the output was quite low as well. And although these issues have mainly been addressed, MinION still trails in the market compared to Illumina platforms, which are seen as more reliable and well-characterized. However, MinION has several advantages that could eventually lead to it being more commonly used in the future: for one, it literally fits in the palm of your hand, making it much more feasible for people like infectious diseases researchers, who are in desperate need of sequencing capabilities in remote locales. It’s fast as well; in one example, a researcher in Australia was able to identify antibiotic resistance genes in cultured bacteria in 10 hours [7]–an absolutely incredible feat that couldn’t have been imagined until very recently. This kind of technology could easily be used in hospitals to assist in identifying appropriate patient treatments, hopefully within a few years.
Although we are not regularly able to utilize sequencing technology for medical treatments as of yet, there are a few areas where this is currently happening. Detecting Down’s syndrome in a fetus during pregnancy used to be a much more invasive process, but with improvements in sequencing technology, new screens have been invented that allow for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities circulating in the maternal blood [8]. Millions of women have already benefitted from this improved screen.
Perspective: What does the future of DNA sequencing hold?
As the Chinese poet Lao Tzu said, ‘Those who have knowledge, don’t predict’, and that’s as true as ever when it comes to DNA sequencing technology. We’re capable today of things we couldn’t even have dreamed of 40 years ago, so who knows where we’ll be in the next 40 years?
But as a scientist, I’ve always enjoyed making educated guesses, so here’s some limited predictions about what the future might hold.
Clinical applications: I’ve never been a fan of the term personalized medicine, since it implies that one day doctors will be able to design individual treatments for each patient’s specific illness. I find this scenario unlikely (at least in the near future), because even though the cost and time of DNA sequencing has decreased by astonishing amounts, it still is expensive and time-consuming enough that it doesn’t seem likely to be of great use for clinical applications (to say nothing of cost and time for developing new drug regiments). However, I have high hopes for the future of precision medicine, particularly in cancer treatments. Although we may never be able to design the perfect drug specifically designed to target one individual’s cancer, we can certainly create drugs that are designed to interact with the frequently observed mutations we see in cancers. This could allow for a more individualized drug regiment for patients. Given that cancer is a disease with such extremely wide variations, we will almost certainly need to start taking more targeted approach to its treatment, and genome sequencing will be of great benefit to us in this regard.
A fully complete human genome: As I mentioned previously, one drawback of Illumina sequencing is that it is not capable of sequencing across highly repetitive regions, and unfortunately, large swaths of the human genome are highly repetitive. As such, while we have what is very close to a complete human genome, we do not have the full telomere-to-telomere sequence down as of yet. However, with the new long-read technologies that are currently being implemented, the day when this will be completed is likely not far off.
A complete tapestry of human genetic variation: Millions of people have already had their genomes sequenced to some degree (I’m one of them! Any others?), and millions more are sure to come. Widespread genome re-sequencing could one day allow us to have a full catalog of virtually every heterozygous gene variant in the world, which could allow for an even greater understanding of the connection between our genetics and specific traits.
Faster and better data analysis: Data analysis is probably the biggest bottleneck we’re currently experience when it comes to DNA sequencing. There is what seems like an infinite amount of data out there and unfortunately, a finite number of people who are capable of and interested in analyzing it. As these technologies become more and more mature and established, new and better data analysis pipelines will eventually be created, speeding up analysis time and increasing our understanding the data. Hopefully, one day even scientists with only moderate technical savvy will be capable of performing their own data analysis.
I’m certain the future of DNA sequencing will also hold things that I can’t even imagine. It’s an amazing time to be a scientist right now, as researchers are continuously discovering new technologies, and finding ways to put our current technologies to even more interesting uses.
What do you think the next big thing in DNA sequencing will be? Tell us in the comments!
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Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/wiring/cable_impedance.html
I also read here that the propagation speed depends on the wire material and its surrounding. What is the mathematical equation that allows me precisely calculate the speed of an AC signal given the physical parameters of the wire and its environment?
For example:
Printed wire using silver paste on plastic, surrounded by air.
In general you would have to do a simulation with the physical arrangement to get an accurate answer.
For specific geometries such as a very conductive trace separated from a perfect ground plane by an infinite expanse of dielectric, the propagation delay is just a factor of the dielectric constant \$\epsilon_r\$ of the medium.
\$t_{pd} = 85\sqrt{0.475\epsilon_r+0.67}\$ (picoseconds per inch)
Significant resistance will add something else to the equation because in general it will become frequency dependent.
If you are trying to do something where this would actually matter such as designing a screen printed antenna, you may have to do more than just this kind of approximation.
• \$\begingroup\$ Basically I want to know what is the frequency range of which after it, my trace will start acting as a transmission line. For this, I have to compare the wavelength of the signal passing through the trace to the size (length) of my trace. However, I have to consider the speed of the signal in the situation I have which is less than 3x10^8 in order to have a valid comparison. Will the mentioned equation be helpful in this case? \$\endgroup\$
– HaneenSu
Sep 6 '16 at 9:37
• \$\begingroup\$ To get a general idea, ~60% of the speed of light is probably close enough. The equation shows with typical FR4 er of ~4 the speed will be ~62% of C. \$\endgroup\$ Sep 6 '16 at 9:46
This is so called telegrapher's equation. The propagation speed is \$u=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{LC}} \$, where L and C are inductance (Henries) and capacitance (Farads) of your transmission line.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrapher%27s_equations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_factor
• \$\begingroup\$ Is there a way to calculate the speed as a function of the physical properties (conductivity, permittivity) and geometry of the wire? \$\endgroup\$
– HaneenSu
Sep 6 '16 at 8:57
• \$\begingroup\$ Yes, you calculate the L and C as a function of the physical properties and geometry, then you calculate the speed via the Telegrapher's Equation. \$\endgroup\$
– Neil_UK
Sep 6 '16 at 9:06
• \$\begingroup\$ @Marko Buršič I just read in the links you provided that velocity factor can be calculated using the dielectric of the surrounding material of the wire (If I got that correctly). Does that mean the wire material doesn't have as much importance (copper, silver, aluminum ..etc) ? \$\endgroup\$
– HaneenSu
Sep 6 '16 at 9:14
To answer the issue of:
The velocity of propagation of electromagnetic radiation in any medium is given by
\$ v = \frac {1} { \sqrt {\varepsilon _0 \varepsilon _r \mu _0 \mu _r}}\$
\$ \varepsilon _0\$ = permittivity of free space = 8.854 pF/metre
\$ \varepsilon _r\$ = relative permittivity of the medium (the dielectric)
\$ \mu _0\$ = permeability of free space = 4\$ \pi\$ \$ \cdot 10^{-7}\$ Henries / metre
\$ \mu _r\$ the relative permeability of the medium (the conductor).
As the relative permeability and permittivity for free space are 1, then the velocity of electromagnetic propagation in free space is:
\$ c = \frac {1} { \sqrt {\varepsilon _0 \mu _0 }}\$
Many metallic conductors have a relative permeability of close to unity and therefore \$ \mu _0 \mu _r \$ reduces to \$ \mu _0 \$; i.e. the permeability of the conductor is of no consequence to the signal velocity. Copper, for instance has \$ \mu _r\$ = 0.999994 (6ppm different from free space and therefore inconsequential in most cases).
If you are using a ferromagnetic conductor that has a high relative permeability, such as Nickel then it does have a significant impact on signal propagation velocity.
• \$\begingroup\$ Thanks for the contribution. What if my conductor is surrounded by two dielectrics; printed on a certain substrate and exposed to air from the top side? Speed will be in between the values corresponding to the two different dielectric constants, but will the average of the speeds be a good approximation? \$\endgroup\$
– HaneenSu
Sep 6 '16 at 11:15
• 1
\$\begingroup\$ @HaneenSu: much depends on the thickness (and relative thickness)of the dielectric layers. If they are quite thin then the average would be a decent starting point. \$\endgroup\$ Sep 6 '16 at 11:22
• \$\begingroup\$ makes sense. Thickness of the substrate is 1mm while the air layer is basically the whole environment. So speed should be more towards the air value probably. \$\endgroup\$
– HaneenSu
Sep 6 '16 at 11:25
• \$\begingroup\$ I would be inclined to go closer to the dielectrics; the effective dielectric value for the surface layer of FR-4 is around 3.5 (not 1). A good starting point would be the average permittivity of the dielectric layers. \$\endgroup\$ Sep 6 '16 at 12:27
Your Answer
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Eric Flint Wiki
The 13th-century defeat of Llewelyn by Edward I completed the Anglo-Norman conquest of Wales and brought about centuries of English occupation. Wales was subsequently incorporated into England with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, creating the legal entity known today as England and Wales. However, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century, and in 1881 the Welsh Sunday Closing Act became the first legislation applied exclusively to Wales. In 1955 Cardiff was proclaimed as national capital and in 1999 the National Assembly for Wales was created, which holds responsibility for a range of devolved matters.
Wales in 1632[]
Native Welshman Harold traveled to Grantville and was understandably upset to learn that Wales was overshadowed by England, in part through the use of Welsh labor to build railroads and infrastructure. Harold returned to Wales after learning how to build a working steam engine, hoping to outclass the English. But in August 1635, Harold and five others died in a boiler explosion, which shattered the dream of restoring Welsh identity.
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Dark Side of the Boom: Music and the Generation Game
A Charleston competition in St Louis in 1925 (Image: Missouri History Museum).
Dark Side of the Boom: Music and the Generation Game
Like a canary in a coal mine, the music industry has collapsed just before Wall Street, twice in one century. Gareth Murphy explores the eerie parallels – and what could come next.
The demise of the recording industry has been greatly exaggerated. There is, however, a far bigger crisis looming behind it.
It has all happened before. Not only was there a catastrophic record crash in the twenties and thirties, it was part of a deeper social malaise that eventually ripped the world in two. The question has to be asked: was the recent music industry crash really a result of the internet, or was it self-inflicted, and in fact is symptomatic of something far more serious in our society?
To measure the extent to which history is repeating itself today, we must view the history of recorded music through a human time-scale – the generation, that conveyor belt of children, each batch with its own distinct culture forged by world events, new technology and dominant fashions. Even technological formats, from the first phonograph cylinder to the MP3, seem to change every 20 to 25 years.
The Baby Boomers
Look across today’s cultural landscape. Whether it’s music, cinema, television, radio, newspapers or book publishing, the same pattern emerges: old industries struggling to adapt to the digital age and all still dominated by that lucky generation born between 1945 and 1965, the Baby Boomers.
It’s no coincidence that the recent music industry crash coincided with this huge and wealthy generation reaching retirement age. In 1977, it was even predicted by Roland Gelatt, author of The Fabulous Phonograph, the first comprehensive study of the pre-war record business.
For twenty years the business had benefitted from an unnatural bulge in the nations demographics: a disproportionate percentage of the population had been of adolescent age… By the year 2000, a majority of the population would be over thirty, and no one could know what effect this would have on an industry that had tied its fortunes so closely to an expanding society of adolescents.
Now we know. But to understand the full influence of the Baby Boomers today, we need to step all the way back to the last hugely influential generation before them, their Victorian great-grandparents who, in the late 19th century, built the record industry.
Over a cliff
Every bit as revolutionary and socially progressive as their great-grandchildren, this remarkable generation also gave us the telephone, electric lighting, cars, planes, films, psychoanalysis and socialism. Thanks to the Gramophone disc, the musical privileges of the aristocracy could suddenly be enjoyed by all of society. ‘Future generations will be able to condense within the space of twenty minutes a [sonic] picture of a single lifetime,’ predicted its inventor, Emile Berliner, in 1888. With others, Berliner founded the first great record label, Victor Talking Machine, which went on to produce hundreds of millions of Enrico Caruso and John McCormack records throughout the early 1900s.
Alas, that great generation sleepwalked its youth over a cliff – as characterised by Irving Berlin’s 1911 transatlantic hit ‘Alexander’s Ragtime Band’. All year long, millions of Edwardians jubilantly tapped their feet and sang about this imaginary brass band so good ‘you want to go to war’!
The horrors of the Great War changed everything. ‘A whole generation looked bitterly and scornfully at their fathers,’ observed Austrian writer, Stefan Zweig. ‘None of these young people believed their parents, the politicians or their teachers. The post-war generation emancipated itself, with a sudden, violent reaction, from all that had previously been accepted.’
A lost generation
The youth’s rejection of European high culture was immediate in music. As young women craved danceable music, jazz hit the New York and Chicago dancehalls in the summer of 1917 and began spreading like wildfire. But to the classically trained music directors of the Gramophone companies, the three-chord structures and warbling blue notes of early Dixieland jazz sounded like musical illiteracy. It was the same for book publishers, suddenly swamped with modernist manuscripts proudly employing incoherent syntax and abbreviated slang that Zweig described as ‘telegram speech’.
The rise of sexually liberated flappers may have been welcomed by young men, but the unemployment and political extremism stirring through this ‘Lost Generation’ formed the battle lines of what was still to come, especially in continental Europe, where millions of poor, disoriented youngsters were being sucked into the black holes of Bolshevism and fascism. Ernest Hemingway popularised the ‘Lost Generation’ term from a street scene described to him by Gertrude Stein, a poet friend who also lived in Paris. While getting her car fixed, Stein overheard the garage owner berating a clueless mechanic for his bad work: ‘All you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation…’
But it was new technology that truly ripped a fault line between the generations. Driven by a wave of teenagers, radio exploded in 1922, unleashing a chaotic, unregulated Wild West of free music that sent the hitherto booming Gramophone industry tumbling into recession. Blindsided by millions of kids clogging the airwaves, the grey-haired Gramophone moguls wasted critical years demanding its ageing opera stars boycott radio stations.
Unperturbed, radio hardware became the single biggest boom industry of the twenties, transforming the world with instantaneous news, political debates, comedy, live boxing matches, children’s stories and, of course, free music. Record sales continued plummeting until the Wall Street Crash of 1929 shook the record industry’s very foundations. Between 1927 and 1930 alone, America’s already shrunken output was decimated to just 10 million records. By 1933, it had slid to a tragic six million, a 95% wipe out in both hardware and record sales. Even in the Great Depression, no other industry suffered quite like the record business.
The parallels of that first crash with the recent one are almost eerie. Curiously, in the course of my research for Cowboys and Indies – The Epic History of Record Industry, none of the rock-label founders I interviewed knew that radio had killed the Gramophone star. That first crash had been completely forgotten. The other big surprise was that few of them really blamed internet piracy for the recent crash. Instead, they lamented a cultural demise and corporate cynicism throughout the nineties, as the golden age of the Baby Boomers came to an end, that, as producer Rick Rubin put it, ‘lead to a revolt.
For those on the inside, it all started going wrong in the eighties as the compact disc doubled prices and eventually killed the single format, meaning that if people liked a song, they had to buy a £15 album. A complacency set in amongst the major labels who all carried vast back catalogues. About 40% of their turnover was being generated simply from people rebuying their favourite albums on CD. Like a perfect storm, this unprecedented cash bonanza coincided with the rise of a Mafia-affiliated network of radio pluggers who, since the late seventies, had skillfully taken control of American Top 40 radio, charging labels upwards of $100,000 just to get a single into nationwide airplay rotation. This extortionist payola system, compounded by the huge costs of making videos for MTV, left the smaller independent labels unable to compete. One by one in the late eighties and early nineties, many iconic imprints sold out: Motown, Island, A&M, Chrysalis, Virgin, Tommy Boy, Sub Pop, Creation, MCA, Geffen, Def Jam and others, all gobbled up by the hardware and media conglomerates who also bought out the majors.
In real terms, many of the musically literate indie founders, who had driven the golden age of pop music since the sixties, left the business – extremely rich, but all experiencing grave regrets in retirement. In their absence, pop music became a concentrated factory industry of trademarks and catalogues managed by lawyers, accountants and MBA graduates. First came Brit Pop and gangster rap, then in the late nineties came a billion-dollar wave of boy bands, girl bands and talent shows – all hugely profitable formats marketed to young children.
By the time Napster arrived in 1999, the music industry was already terminally sick. Seven years of mass piracy and shrinking sales, followed by Lehman Brothers and the Great Recession, signed the death certificate of the CD industry. Like the canary in the coal mine, the music industry had collapsed just before Wall Street, twice in one century.
So how did the collapsed Gramophone industry of the Great Depression recover from its near-death experience? It began with the radio and record worlds coming together. In 1925, record labels ended their pointless boycotts and even adopted a new system of ‘electrical recording’ using vacuum tube amplifiers, borrowed from radio technology. In the same year, America’s biggest radio giant, RCA, bought out Victor. Also, following the end of Prohibition in 1933, Wurlitzer launched a line of jukeboxes, which by 1937 were consuming 13 millions records in bars across America. Meanwhile, as the booming radio broadcasting industry enjoyed rising advertising revenues, the composers’ union, ASCAP, lobbied for airplay royalties, creating a vital new income stream for music publishers and composers.
But these were minor improvements in an otherwise broken, demoralised market. Those who stuck around simply scraped through on empty bellies and their love for music. We should all take careful note that Billie Holiday’s early swing classics barely sold 5,000 copies a piece. Both she and her musicians accepted minimum fees of about $20 per session. Records were just calling cards, performing live was the only way a working musician could get by. However, thanks to airplay royalties, the radio age gave music publishing a new importance, and why the twenties and thirties spawned so many songwriting stars.
Sensing the worst is over
Today’s post-crash marketplace is remarkably similar to this barely visible tide change in the late thirties. Those who’ve stuck around are struggling, but, sensing the worst is over, have begun to look forward, positive that, at the very least, the crash flushed out a lot of tone-deaf businessmen. Today’s survivors are purists, mostly indies, doing it for the music. Meanwhile, on the other side of the battlefield, the IT giants have, for the most part, stopped treating record labels with disdain, much like the maturing radio corporations of the thirties realised their radio stations needed a constant supply of hot music to satisfy their growing audiences.
Like Apple did with its hugely successful iTunes Store, Spotify has adopted a producer-friendly philosophy, albeit with a subscription-based streaming service. Many have criticised the paltry royalties Spotify is paying, but it’s growing, and, relative to its size, is more generous than its super-rich competitors. In contrast, YouTube, or more precisely its Google owners, have been far slower to understand the mutual benefits of a healthy record industry, continuing instead to condescend record labels for not adapting to the future – their low pay, ad-filled future, that is. When it comes to music, Google would be wise to learn from history: the biggest and most arrogant of the radio corporations, RCA, was overtaken by a smaller music-focused competitor, CBS. The music-buying public, in the end, gravitates to wherever the magic is happening.
And what can music professionals do to sow the seeds of recovery? To exert more negotiation leverage on the IT giants, artists should formally join the indie community through organisations like AIM (Association of Independent Music) and Merlin, which represents the rights of independent labels. In addition, promoters, music media and DJs must try and influence the likes of Apple and Spotify who are expanding but remain artistically limited. Above all, we must return to A&R, making a real effort to find and support genuine talent that can bring honour back to the music business.
Hearing music like never before
Ultimately, what brought the Gramophone industry back from the dead was World War II – another senseless bloodbath caused of course by the Lost Generations most famous member, Adolf Hitler. The seeds of recovery had been sown in the late thirties, but during wartime, sales for the supposedly obsolete disc soared to levels unseen in two decades. In this human tragedy, people began hearing music like never before. Separated from husbands and sons, the civilian population, and especially women, craved records like treasured letters or prayers. Wartime hits like Vera Lynn’s ‘We’ll Meet Again’, Glenn Miller’s ‘Moonlight Serenade’ and Billie Holiday’s ‘Lover Man’ document the uncertainty and longing people were feeling. The biggest-selling single of all time was a wartime hymn, ‘White Christmas’ by Bing Crosby, the very individual who was said to have done most to lift G.I. morale.
The young men and women who won World War II were duly named the Great Generation. They had grown up in the Depression, defeated fascism and built a durable peace with Marshall Aid and the United Nations. Austere and selfless, they celebrated their unfamiliar prosperity by having lots of Baby Boomer children. Fittingly, rock ‘n’ roll, a mish-mash of the jazz, blues and hillbilly folk that was first recorded by penniless pioneers in the twenties and thirties, would fuel that Post-War spirit of optimism and reconstruction.
But that was then. Today, we are stuck in our own interminable Great Recession – the new legacy of the Baby Boomers – and, considering the depth of intergenerational inequality, we should reasonably expect another major crisis to erupt. The so-called Generation X, born between 1965 and 1980, got crippled by personal debt in the same period – largely from buying overpriced houses from Baby Boomers. Below them, Generation Y – born between 1980 and 2000, the new lost generation raised on rigged talent shows, now enters adulthood with unemployment levels as extreme as 50% in the most disadvantaged areas all over Europe and America. With so little wealth and employment in the younger half of society, the trillion-dollar cost of pensions and healthcare for Baby Boomers looks set to bankrupt the West, whatever that term now means. This is intergenerational breakdown on a scale not seen since the aftermath of World War I, and arguably worse.
So, the next time you hear a demoralised musician, producer or journalist moaning that music is dead, killed by the internet, please send them this message. The demise of culture is a self-fulfilling prophesy. Now, just like the music community of the Great Depression, we must keep the faith and clean up our temple, because chances are a mighty storm’s a-comin’. Millions of people, not least the next generation, are going to need potent soul medicine if the times are ever going to get better.
Published on 1 April 2015
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I photographed Namibia's remote desert after ultra rare rains transformed it into an oasis. It's a trip I'll never forget.
·11 min read
A sand dune in Sossusvlei in the Namib Desert.
Jay Caboz
• In early 2021, unexpected rains transformed the arid Namibian desert into an oasis.
• I packed into a 4x4 to travel 5,600 miles and photograph this now lush landscape.
• I found grassy fields, ancient trees clinging to waterfalls, and more. Here's how it looked.
Intense sun and wind make Namibia a dry, dusty place. But once-in-a-decade rainfall transformed it into a green oasis, which I photographed on a 5,600-mile road trip.
The Sossusvlei salt and clay pan in the Namib Desert in the Namib-Naukluft National Park of Namibia.
The iconic Sossusvlei salt and clay pan is surrounded by high red dunes in the southern part of the Namib Desert.Jay Caboz
With about 17% of the country's land enclosed in national parks, Namibia is home to jaw-dropping scenery. The arid landscape can be harsh, but when it rains, which happens once every decade, it transforms into something else entirely.
I, along with three other photographers, packed into a 4x4 in early 2021 to document the soaring red dunes, grassy savannas, and 3,000-year-old baobab trees.
Our first stop was the plains of Namib-Naukluft National Park where a herd of wild horses lives.
The "ghost horses" of Namibia roaming in the desert.
They are the only feral herd of horses in Africa.Jay Caboz
Known to locals as the ghost horses of Namibia, these animals often only show themselves by leaving tracks behind for farmers.
I was lucky enough to catch the ghost horses roaming in small groups as they came to drink from a watering hole.
The herd's origins are shrouded in mystery.
Ghost horses drinking water in the middle of the Namib desert.
The ghost horses have learned to survive amid a barren landscape.Jay Caboz
One theory believes they were soldier horses that scattered onto the plains at the start of World War I. Another suggests they were runaways from a stud farm.
Regardless of how they got here, the horses conquered these arid plains, though their numbers declined from 230 to about 70 following years of drought.
They live on thanks to concerned environmentalists, and I was astounded to see how they have adapted to this harsh environment.
Next, we camped on the Klein-Aus Vista farm where I experienced some of the clearest skies I've ever seen.
Camping on the Klein-Aus Vista farm on the border of the Namib-Naukluft National Park and the town of Aus.
The stars shone brightly while dinner was prepared.Jay Caboz
Camping culture in Namibia is big business. From renting 4x4s with roof tents to ground tent pitching, most facilities offer the choices of camping or even glamping. This not only cuts costs but makes for some close encounters with nature.
Our second stop was Kolmanskop, an abandoned diamond mine town that was left to erode.
Looking at the remains of Kolmanskop, a former town for mining diamonds in the Namib desert.
Once the reserve was exhausted, miners left for larger, more lucrative areas discovered west of the town near Lüderitz.Jay Caboz
In 1908, a town called Kolmanskop, 8 miles east of the harbor town of Lüderitz, emerged as an epicenter of the Namibian diamond rush. Four years later, the town was producing a million carats a year, equivalent to 11.7 percent of the world's total diamond production.
Ultimately, however, the miners exhausted the reserves, and the town was abandoned.
Kolmanskop's last inhabitants left between 1956 and 1960, leaving it a ghost town of eerie, sand-filled houses.
A doorframe buried in sand in Kolmanskop in Namibia.
It was well worth getting to Kolmanskop early for the best lighting.Jay Caboz
The remains made for a ghostly photo-opportunity in the morning light, when the sun's rays filtered through broken windows and empty door frames buried in the sand.
These days, Kolmanskop is a tourist attraction drawing between 30,000 and 35,000 visitors a year.
A photographer capturing an image of a home buried in sand in Kolmanskop.
Kolmanskop is a photographer's dream.Jay Caboz
To visit, you need a permit from the security gate at the entrance, or at the Lüderitz Safari and Tours offices in Lüderitz.
Walking through town you can find anything from abandoned baths to a bowling alley.
The next leg of our journey took us 300 miles north to the iconic Sossusvlei in Namib-Naukluft National Park. The formerly dry desert was now dotted with lakes of rainwater.
A lake and trees in Sossusvlei in the Namib Desert.
Under normal circumstances, Sossusvlei is dry and empty. Thanks to heavy rains, we found a mirror-like lake reflecting soaring dunes and lush green trees.Jay Caboz
The Namib-Naukluft National Park is home to the famous Sossusvlei pan, one of the most famous landmarks known for high orange sand dunes that reach almost 1,000 feet.
The area stretches some 30 miles and only receives water when it floods once a decade.
While we saw signs of greenery driving up, this was the first time we saw the full impact of the unseasonal Namibia rains.
To reach the pans, you must trek through miles of desert and hard clay pans. I was surprised by how tough it was to walk through.
The writer's boots caked in mud after walking through a muddy area of the desert.
Walking through the clay pans was difficult and made shoes heavy to walk in.Jay Caboz
If you thought walking in the sand was tough, you should try walking in wet mud.
Because of the rains, the salt pans were transformed into slick mud baths and the journey was difficult and left my boots caked in thick wet clay, which was nearly impossible to remove.
Where the Namib-Naukluft National Park dried up, we found massive plains of mud-cracked clay.
A cracked field of clay in Sossusvlei in the Namib-Naukluft National Park of Namibia.
Not everything was lush.Jay Caboz
There were miles of fields of dried clay at the bottom of the dunes. I was surprised to hear an extremely therapeutic crackling sound as I walked across it.
During the day, the heat was intense. We took a dip in a recently flooded Sesriem Canyon.
Swimming in a canyon in the Namibian desert.
The canyon was carved out by the Tsauchab River.Jay Caboz
With temperatures hitting 104 degrees Fahrenheit, we took advantage of the rainfall and swam in the Sesriem Canyon, near our campsite.
Carved out of the natural sedimentary rock by the Tsauchab River, the canyon was about half a mile long and up to 100 feet deep in some areas.
Another famous destination in Namib-Naukluft National Park is Deadvlei, a unique landscape with 900-year-old dead trees that is a paradise for photographers.
Dead trees inside Deadvlei in Namibia.
Setting up to get the perfect shot in Deadvlei.Jay Caboz
Found 1.8 miles from the Sossusvlei pan is the famous Deadvlei pan. Deadvlei means "dead marsh."
A spectacular array of skeletal acacia trees provide a focal point for the stark contrast between the bleached-white pans, rusty dunes, and deep blue sky.
900-year-old Acacia trees in Deadvlei in Namib-Naukluft National Park.
Deadvlei is known for its skeletal 900-year-old dead trees.Jay Caboz
It was a hot dusty trek to get to Deadvlei but the scenery was spectacular, especially at sunrise and sunset when the light plays on the dunes and trees.
We spent hours photographing the 900-year-old trees as their shadows hit the white pan floor.
On our way back, we startled an oryx.
The Oryx running in the desert amid sand dunes in Namibia
The oryx making its way into the Namib-Naukluft National Park desert.Jay Caboz
The oryx is Namibia's national animal, recognized for its striking horns and contrasting colors. They're so common, we eventually nicknamed them the chickens of the desert.
They are quite shy, so we learned quickly to keep our cameras handy.
At our next camp, a strand wolf, otherwise known as a brown hyena, invaded.
A close up shot of a fridge bitten by a hyena in Namibia.
Our fridge was attacked by a brown hyena.Jay Caboz
We continued our journey at Sesriem Campsite, and on our last night, got closer to nature than expected.
Brown hyenas have an incredible sense of smell, but we didn't expect one to enter our camp so brazenly. The hyena came sniffing and started chewing our refrigerator.
We jumped out of our tents just in time to chase it away, but large holes were left as a gentle reminder to be wary of nature when it is on your doorstep.
Our journey continued north, crossing the Tropic of Capricorn.
A sign of the Tropic of Capricorn in the Namib Desert.
Making a quick pit stop at a noteworthy sign.Jay Caboz
The Tropic of Capricorn is the southernmost circle of latitude when the sun is directly overhead during the Southern Hemisphere's summer solstice on December 21.
On the 233-mile journey between Sossusvlei and Walvis Bay, it's a spot to rest and grab some fun snaps in front of the colorful sign.
From Walvis Bay, we traveled to the Spitzkoppe Mountains.
A view at night of the Spitzkoppe Mountains located between Windhoek and Swakopmund in the Namib Desert.
Traveling to the Spitzkoppe Mountains under a full moon.Jay Caboz
The Spitzkoppe is a range of soaring granite peaks located between Windhoek and Swakopmund in the Namib Desert. Their distinctive silhouette is reminiscent of the Alps, earning the nickname, the Matterhorn of Namibia.
Steeped in antiquity, it is the home of ancient Bushmen paintings, believed to date back 2,000 to 4,000 years. It was also a filming location for Stanley Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey."
A spur-of-the-moment decision then took us to the seaside town of Swakopmund on the west coast of Namibia for a helicopter tour.
An aerial view of the Moon Landscape from a helicopter in Namibia.
A view from above at the Moon Landscape.Jay Caboz
We flew over one of the oldest landscapes in the world, known as the Moon Landscape, which was a filming location for "Mad Max: Fury Road."
The change in perspective over this intimidating, yet magnetic terrain, was extraordinary.
The next leg took us north to Etosha National Park, known for its dry grasslands that were unusually lush.
Rains in the distance over Etosha National Park in the northwestern part of Namibia.
Etosha averages rainfalls of around 350mm a year, but we found a green oasis.Jay Caboz
Normally, Etosha is as dry as the African bush can get. But when we visited, it was transformed into one of the largest rolling open plains of lush grass I've ever seen.
A highlight of our Etosha adventure was meeting a curious black-backed jackal that came to visit every night.
A jackal at night at camp in Etosha, Namibia.
Okaukuejo Camp is the oldest tourist camp in Etosha.Jay Caboz
At Okaukuejo Camp, we took advantage of a floodlit waterhole where guests can enjoy the sights and sounds of wildlife roaming at night.
We moved on from Etosha, traveling north to the Epupa Falls.
A view of Epupa Falls on the border between Namibia and Angola.
Ancient trees seemingly grow from boulders.Jay Caboz
At Epupa Falls, baobab trees cling to the cliffs on the banks of the Kunene River, which forms the border between Namibia and Angola.
While you'll have to travel far to get here, the destination is worth it. Time takes on a different meaning and you could spend hours watching thousands the water flow past the roots of giant baobab trees, which can live for as long as 3,000 years and are native to Africa. It was unlike any place I've ever visited.
300 miles south, we reached our next stop: ǀUi-ǁAis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
A close up of rock carvings in Twyfelfontein in Namibia.
Rock carvings found near the lodge in Twyfelfontein.Jay Caboz
Also known as Twyfelfontein, ǀUi-ǁAis was the first place in the country to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.
It has been inhabited for more than 6,000 years, first by hunter-gatherers and later by Khoekhoe herders who used it as a place of worship.
Some 2,500 rock carvings were left behind, including at Twyfelfontein Lodge, where we stayed. We found the engravings a short walk from the lodge's reception nestled between large boulders. They were well preserved, standing out on the rock face in the hot Namibian sunlight.
Our next stop was the Madisa campsite in magnificent Damaraland amid unusual rock formations.
The viewpoint from Madisa campsite in Damaraland.
The Madisa campsite lookout had one of the best viewpoints of the whole trip.Jay Caboz
The campsite had a radiant look out from the top with a 360-degree panoramic view of lush green savannas and vibrant crimson rocks.
I took full advantage of the scenery and spent a few hours at this spot past sunset and into the night stargazing under the moonlight.
Our final stop was at the Bagatelle Kalahari Lodge near striking red dunes.
Going on safari in Kalahari in Namibia.
Kalahari Desert is now a lush oasis of green grass.Jay Caboz
People from around the world visit the Kalahari Desert for its dunes that take on a rich color due to the high iron oxide content in the sand.
We found it covered in verdant fields of lush waist-high grass during an afternoon safari.
Dotted between the savanna and dunes were beautiful acacia trees attended by many animals.
Animals running in front of a tree in the savanna in the Namib Desert.
Animal sightings in the savanna.Jay Caboz
I spotted giraffe, kudu, zebra, oryx, and two white rhinos named Rudolph and Grace.
Bagatelle works in collaboration with the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) and acts as a sanctuary for the animals.
Petting a cheetah at a sanctuary for the animals at Bagatelle Kalahari Lodge.
Profits from tours of the cheetah sanctuary directly support caring for the animals.Jay Caboz
There were six orphaned cheetahs living here that cannot be reintroduced into the wild and are instead looked after by the staff. You can pay for a tour to see these elegant predators up close, and the proceeds will go back to supporting them.
We loved the Kalahari so much, we added an extra night to further relish in the experience.
A car parked in front of the Savannah in Kalahari in Namibia.
Jay Caboz
On our last day, we drove through even more green, lush savannas and towering dunes. As sunset hit, we found a peaceful spot to reflect on our grand adventure and the extraordinary transformation of the Namibian landscape.
But after two weeks of travel, it was time to go home.
The view of the savannah at Kalahari in Namibia.
Jay Caboz
It was the perfect end to a two-week trip and an almost 5,600-mile journey through one of the wildest and most beautiful countries in Africa.
Read the original article on Insider
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free course work about international and domestic terrorism
Free Course Work About International and Domestic Terrorism
International and Domestic Terrorism
International terrorism usually involves violent actions, which are dangerous and harmful to human life, thereby, violation of the criminal laws as well as they occur mainly outside of the territorial jurisdiction of the U. S. On the other hand, domestic terrorism basically refers the violence that usually involve groups or individuals terrorists whose activities are directed towards the government’ s people or population, however, without any foreign participation (United States, 1978). These acts entail planning, obtaining materials as well as other activities, which are directly or indirectly linked to the terrorism (Netanyahu, 1997).
It is evident that victims of international terrorism usually develop mental health problems. For instance, it is evident that 36% of the September 11 attack experienced probable psychiatric cases while 54. 5% has higher psychiatrist prevalence. The long term effect of the International terrorism includes the fact that the world’ s economy usually destabilizes. Additionally, if forces nations especially U. K. and U. S. to change their foreign policy. The September 11produced both the short term and long term economic impact, which proved to be costly for many states. Domestic terrorism usually has a terrible significance to the financial markets as well as the state’ s economy. Moreover, it ensures causes mental problems to both the victim and their families (Root, 2008).
Interestingly, both international and domestic terrorism have impact on both U. S. and the International Organization, which includes the fact that many nations such as U. K. and U. S. have changed their policies aimed at fighting terrorism. For Instance, U. S. they introduce a strategic vision policy for war on Terror, which was aimed at projecting what type of powerful instruments to use for the domestic attack as well as the international war on terror U. S. Additionally, U. S. changed its foreign policy in order to curb terrorism (Root, 2008).
Netanyahu, B. (1997). Fighting terrorism: How democracies can defeat domestic and international terrorists. New York: Noonday Press.
Root, H. L. (2008). Alliance curse: How America lost the Third World. Washington, D. C: Brookings Institution Press.
United States. (1978). Combating international and domestic terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session, on S. 2236 June 8, 1978. Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off.
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Periodontal Treatment
Periodontal or gum disease is an inflammatory condition of the gum and bone support (periodontal tissues) surrounding the teeth.
Gum disease begins with plaque, which is always forming on your teeth, without you even knowing. If the plaque is not removed daily it will form tartar (or calculus) which is the breeding ground for the germs which lead to gum disease. This is why we recommend regular hygienist appointments to prevent a build-up of tartar.
Anyone at any age can be susceptible to gum disease. It can lead to you losing your teeth because this disease attacks the bone which is the foundation for your teeth. Your teeth will become loose and eventually fall out as the bone dissolves away from around your teeth.
Gum diseases are classified according to severity. The two major stages are gingivitis and periodontitis.
Gingivitis is a milder, reversible form of gum disease which only affects the gums. Regular appointments can help detect and treat this form of gum disease. Gingivitis may lead to a more serious, destructive form of gum disease called periodontitis.
Periodontitis is a more severe form of gum disease. With periodontitis, the inflammation that affects the gums also affects the periodontal ligament that connects the tooth to the jaw bone. Over time this ligament, and the bone to which it’s attached, are slowly eroded away and the tooth may become loose and either fall out or need to be taken out.
I’ve been with Penryn Dental for over 20 years but I don’t live in Cornwall anymore and I’ve tried a number of local dental practices (in Twickenham) but nothing has come close Penryn Dental, so I make appointments whenever I’m in Cornwall.
The practice environment is immaculate and creates a professional impression. The staff are always very friendly and helpful.
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What To Do If You Encounter A Mountain Lion?
How do you stop a mountain lion attack?
How to Avoid Cougar Confrontation
1. Don’t hike alone. Cougars are solitary animals.
3. Stand tall.
4. If you stumble across a dead animal in the wild, leave it.
Can you survive a mountain lion attack?
If you do encounter a mountain lion, the National Park Service suggests you remain calm and either hold your ground or back away slowly. Do not turn your back on it or run since it may stimulate the cat’s instinct to chase. Give the animal a chance to escape since it’s likely just as afraid of you as you are of it.
Do mountain lions attack human?
You might be interested: Quick Answer: Where Is Walton's Mountain Located?
What are mountain lions scared of?
How do you know if a mountain lion is around you?
Expert trackers look for the following to identify mountain lion tracks:
1. Three lobes at the bottom of the pad.
2. Teardrop-shaped toes.
3. Between 3- and 3.5-inch-wide tracks.
Are mountain lions afraid of dogs?
Could you fight off a mountain lion?
If an adult mountain lion is properly hunting you, then no, you have no chance of killing it or fighting it off with your bare hands. In fact, you probably won’t even have time to realize what’s killing you before you ‘re dead.
What animals are lions afraid of?
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Is The Highest Mountain Peak In The United States?
Should you look a lion in the eyes?
What animal kills the most humans?
Source: CNET
Animal Humans killed per year
1 Mosquitoes 1,000,000
2 Humans (homicides only) 475,000
3 Snakes 50,000
Can a puma kill a human?
Can you kill a mountain lion with a knife?
Poking works lots better. A good knife does well up close. By “good” I mean big enough to be useful. Of the case studies I found, only one person managed to kill a mountain lion with a knife.
Will a gunshot scare a mountain lion?
When you’re out strolling in the woods, there’s no way for you to defend yourself from a mountain lion using an air rifle. Not only does it take time to shoot, but it’s also not enough to stop a cougar from coming at you.
Why are lions afraid of humans?
Do loud noises scare cougars away?
There is some evidence that noise drives off cougars. But mountain lions (aka: puma, cougar, catamount, panther, and so on) are different creatures. They stalk. So any sound you make may ATTRACT them, not deter them.
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Tucked in the foothills of northern Spain is the village of Trasmoz, today home to a population of less than 100 people.
In the 13th century however, Trasmoz was a prosperous medieval community with nearly 10,000 residents and a towering castle neighboring the Cistercian Monastery of Veruela.
Why was this entire village cursed and excommunicated by the pope? Officially, they were accused of being a safe haven to witches and wizards, but the real story is a bit more murky and complex than that.
A thriving fiefdom, Trasmoz in the 13th century was full of iron and silver mines with vast reserves of wood and water. The castle residents used their plentiful metal in a clandestine counterfeiting operation. By royal decree, they were also secular land, meaning they paid no taxes to the nearby monastery and doubly reaped the benefits of their forged currency.
As the custodian of the castle tells it:
“During the 13th Century, the castle occupants dedicated their time to forging fake coins. And to keep the people of Trasmoz from investigating all that scraping and hammering, they spread a rumor that witches and sorcerers were rattling chains and forging cauldrons to boil magic potions at night. It worked, and Trasmoz was forever associated with witchcraft.”
When rumors of Trasmoz’ witchcraft spread beyond village, the abbot of Veruela seized the opportunity. He requested the nearby Archbishop of Tarazona excommunicate the entire village in 1252.
When Trasmoz didn’t repent, the disputes with the Monastery of Veruela continued for centuries, coming to a head when the abbot diverted water from the village. The Lord of Trasmoz took up arms against the monastery, but shortly before an outright war, King Ferdinand II intervened and signed a royal decree authorizing Trasmoz to reclaim their water rights.
The Church never forgot nor forgave this, and in 1511, Veruela received explicit permission from Pope Julius II to cast a curse over the village and excommunicate all inhabitants. The abbot chanted Psalms 108 over the village, alleging the inhabitants were blinded by witchcraft.
9 years later, Trasmoz was curiously struck by misfortune. The castle burnt down, and gradually it’s population abandoned the village.
Today, Trasmoz has only a single bar-restaurant – and a witch museum, inside the castle ruins. Because the curse had papal approval, only the pope can lift it. No pope ever has.
A monument to the last witch killed in Trasmoz nearby the castle.
Trasmoz could petition the Church to lift its 700+ year old curse, but they never would: it’s too much of a tourist attraction. They hold an annual witchcraft fair with crowds in the thousands, even crowning a villager Witch of the Year.
“We’re not considering it, we’re not going to do it.” said Trasmoz’ mayor, Jesús Andia.
“Getting rid of it now would be like erasing everything. I think future generations would never forgive us.”
Trasmoz did however, reconcile with Veurela Abbey, and Mass is celebrated in the village’s church.
1. Papas Authority is the highest authority on earth but are arcely used for curses on men even when the Church are under attack because our battle is not against flesh and blood but if by chance such curse occurs, only Pope can lift it. The Pope is the Vicar of Christ on Earth and the successor of St. Peter. The Church is connected to the Divine Extraterrestrials. The Sprits of Light!
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Paracas National Reserve, Peru
Research Reveals New Link In Australasian and South American Ancestry
A new DNA study has confirmed that indigenous people living in multiple locations in South America are distantly related to the people of Australasia, an umbrella term that includes indigenous Australians and Melanesians (inhabitants of the islands of Oceania, which are located south of Southeast Asia).
This new genetic survey, which was led by geneticist Tábita Hünemeier and evolutionary biologist Marcos Araújo Castro e Silva from the University of São Paulo in Brazil, analyzed genetic data obtained from 383 indigenous people living in various areas of South America. After completing a comparative analysis, they discovered distinctive genetic traces that were shared by indigenous people in Australasia and three indigenous South American groups: the Chotuna (from the Pacific coast region of Peru), the Guaraní Kaiowá (from west central Brazil), and the Xavánte (from central Brazil).
While this study is revealing in itself, what makes it especially noteworthy is its relationship to a similar 2015 genetic study carried out in the rainforests of Brazil. This research project found genetic links between the people of Australasia and two indigenous groups living in the Amazon, the Karitiana and the Suruí . They named the set of genetic markers these groups all shared the ‘Y signal,’ referring to an indigenous Brazilian word ( ypikuéra) that means “ancestor.”
Amazon and Australian Aboriginals share common ancestors. Left: Amazon shaman (Veton PICQ, CC BY-SA 3.0). Right: Australian Aboriginal ( Steve Evans / CC BY-NC 2.0)
In fact, it is this same Y signal that has now been detected in the Chotuna, the Guaraní Kaiowá, and the Xavánte. So the new study confirms the 2015 study, but it also expands on it in important ways.
"Our results showed that the Australasian genetic signal, previously described as exclusive to Amazonian groups, was also identified in the Pacific coastal population, pointing to a more widespread signal distribution within South America, and possibly implicating an ancient contact between Pacific and Amazonian dwellers," the researchers wrote in an article appearing in the most recent edition of PNAS.
The Story of Beringia and an Epic Journey to the Americas
Using software programs that allowed them to test different migratory scenarios, the Brazilian researchers concluded that the distinctive genetic markers that connect these disparate peoples were introduced to the Americas sometime between 8,000 and 15,000 years ago. The ancestors who connect the indigenous people of Australasia with those of South America likely originated in what is now Southeast Asia, and it was from there that some sailed southward to Australia and the islands of Oceania while others migrated eastward to the Americas.
But the latter group wouldn’t have made their journey by sea, according to the Brazilian genetic research team. Instead, they would have participated in the epic, continuous, millennia-long migration that brought people from Eurasia and the surrounding areas to the Americas on foot. These travelers fanned out across North, South, and Central America, settling in all locations from coast to coast and building unique societies that were to remain undisturbed until the arrival of the Europeans in the 15 th and 16 th centuries.
Lagoinha Beach, Ceará, Brazil (Luiza / Adobe Stock)
Lagoinha Beach, Ceará, Brazil ( Luiza / Adobe Stock)
This was possible because in the past, sea levels were much lower than they are now. In these distant times, Eurasia and the Americas were connected by a land bridge called Beringia, which connected what is now Siberia with present-day Alaska. Between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago, migrants began to move from Siberia across Beringia, populating that land but also moving beyond it in a series of migratory waves.
The migrants moved south and east, likely seeking more hospitable climes, and by approximately 14,800 years ago some had settled in the southernmost reaches of Chile, which marked the southern limit of their astonishing and history-altering travels. Most of these migrants (the descendants of the Native Americans) have been presumed to have come from Siberia originally, but some groups likely began their journeys from more distant locations (the ancestors linking indigenous Australasians and South Americans would have been one such group).
Migrations from Eurasia and Beringia to North, South, and Central America likely continued until approximately 11,000 years ago, when Beringia was submerged by rising sea levels associated with the end of the last Ice Age .
The individuals who carried the Y signal in their genomes began their southward journey sometime before this, although it is uncertain just exactly how long it took them to reach the Pacific coast and the interior regions of Brazil after their migration began (hence the 7,000 year time frame for their possible arrival referenced by the Brazilian researchers in their study).
How Genetic Evidence Can Settle Historical Disputes (or Create New Ones)
When the results of the 2015 genetic study were announced, different interpretations for the results were offered. Some concluded that the ancestors of the Amazon rainforest peoples were a part of the ancient migrations, and had indeed traveled from Southeast Asia up through Beringia and ultimately down into the rainforests of South America. Other researchers believed the migrants must have come to South America at a much later time, sailing across the waters of the Pacific long after Beringia had disappeared beneath the sea.
The Brazilian researchers believe their findings will end this dispute. Given the currently identified patterns of genetic dispersal, which are much broader than previously suspected, they have concluded that the Beringia model must be correct. Migrants carrying the distinctive Y signal would have followed a Pacific coastal route through Central and South America several thousand years ago, and then split off into separate groups after reaching South America, with some heading east to the Amazon and Brazil’s central plateau.
“[The data] matches exactly what you’d predict if that were the case,” confirmed Jennifer Raff , an anthropological geneticist from the University of Kansas who has closely analyzed the results of the Brazilian study.
Unfortunately, current knowledge about the dispersal of the Y signal genetic markers is extremely limited, making it impossible to definitively trace the migration patterns of the people who brought it to South America. More genetic studies will be required to find out for sure if the descendants of the carriers of this signal are confined to a few areas of this region, or are actually spread out over a much vaster area (possibly including Central and North America).
But two things can be asserted with a fair degree of confidence.
First, that the ranks of the sojourners who crossed Beringia before the end of the last Ice Age included individuals who carried the Y genetic signal to South America. And second, that other individuals who were related to these people carried this same signal to Australia and to the islands of Oceania. Whether their journeys to these two widely separated sections of the globes occurred simultaneously or at different times is another question that for now must remain unanswered.
Top image: Paracas National Reserve, Peru Source: Erlantz / Adobe Stock
By Nathan Falde
According to the Urantia Book, they did come by sea. The sea was much lower back then and there were many more islands to stop at. These people were the Andites of old.
Pete Wagner's picture
Or does latitude, over the ages, influence the body and its DNA-based structure?
Nobody gets paid to tell the truth.
Bruce Nowakowski's picture
I think you are correct in many ways. If the water was low enough for the Berring Land bridge then Mu would have been exposed as would have other islands. This coupled with the theory of the Hudson Bay north pole, which would have brought the American side of Antartica 30 degrees north would have made it fairly easy for folks to travel between the two areas.
Further evidence that South America was originally populated from the South. I theorize that Australian Aboriginals / Melanesians either sailed (paddled, floated, etc.) following the coast of Antarctica until they reached Tierra del Fuego. Alternately (quite a stretch of the imagination), the migration may have happened so deep in time that they walked from Australia / Antarctica to South America, when all these continents were much closer.
Not so long ago we were taught that people only migrated to North America via Beringia. My grandfather, who is Unangax (Native Alaskan, Aleut) said his ancestors came by boat, they didn’t walk, only the inlanders walked. Now we know there were multiple migrations by way of land and sea to the Americas. DNA testing has proven this by showing that the inland tribes are Athabaskans closely related to the Navajo, and Unangax are more closely related to Manchurians / Mongolians, interestingly enough with some Peruvian markers. The migration picture is much more complicated than the simplistic explanations pushed by small minded members of the current archaeological world.
I am an electrical engineer, by no means an archaeologist, but I can easily imagine global cultures with small craft following coastlines and striking out for islands visible upon the horizon. Why not? History is rife with archaeologists having their careers ruined for postulating new theories (only to be honored posthumously), yet the rest of the world praises thinking outside of the box. Time for the Luddites to retire and make way for actual scientists without preconceived notions clouding their judgement.
― E.B. White
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Eastern Company
Workers exposed to asbestos
Founded in 1858, the company is currently headquartered in Naugatuck, Connecticut, and operates in three segments, namely metal products, industrial hardware, and security products. During the American Civil War, the sales of Eastern Company grew substantially, as the request for the products it would manufacture increased. The company underwent multiple name changes, one of the most important being Eastern Malleable Iron Company. This was how the business was known from 1912 until 1961. Sadly, the company exposed workers to asbestos to a great extent, which is why today, numerous former employees struggle with diseases caused by occupational asbestos exposure, such as lung cancer and mesothelioma. If you had a job at Eastern Company between the 1920s and the 1980s and now suffer from a disease related to asbestos exposure, we encourage you to get in touch with us, as we can help you recover financial compensation.
Claim Evaluation
Eastern Company employees exposed to asbestos
Because Eastern Company is active in more than one industry, it manufactures a wide range of products, numerous of which contain asbestos. Furthermore, the process of making certain products would require the use of asbestos during the last century, which posed a great health hazard to workers. The following are the industrial segments in which Eastern Company operates and the products it has been manufacturing so far:
Plenty of these products are made of metal, whose production involves a lot of heat. Consequently, the job of metal workers often entailed intense fire and heat, which led to the industry heavily relying on asbestos, as the mineral is resistant to fire and withstands extreme temperatures. Because metal workers had to handle asbestos directly while they were designing, cutting, and welding metal, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has recognized that exposure was a serious problem in this industry during the last century.
The following are the occupational groups Eastern Company exposed to asbestos, whether directly or indirectly:
A common way metal workers would inhale and ingest toxic asbestos fibers was when they cut or saw asbestos products. They also came in contact with asbestos by disturbing asbestos pipes and wallboard. Alternatively, metal workers may have been exposed to asbestos when the employees in charge of maintaining equipment components such as pipes, gaskets, and valves were working on these asbestos products. Lastly, by welding metal sheets, installing metal studs, and drilling into cement, metal workers frequently caused asbestos fibers to become airborne.
Thousands of Eastern Company employees began suffering from terrible diseases after 1980
Secondary asbestos exposure, a serious concern for the family members of Eastern Company workers
If you lived in the same house as a family member who was employed at Eastern Company, chances are you were secondarily exposed to asbestos. Secondary asbestos exposure happens when a person inhales or ingests asbestos fibers from indirect sources. Because asbestos companies went to unimaginable lengths to hide the detrimental health effects of asbestos exposure during the last century, workers did not have to wear protective equipment on the job or change their clothes when their shift ended. As a result, they would often bring home asbestos dust on their clothes. Their wives would usually breathe in asbestos fibers when laundering their garments, whereas their children would come in contact with the mineral when greeting and hugging their fathers.
In the tragic event that you are struggling with a disease that has a link to asbestos exposure, we recommend you to contact our law firm as soon as possible, as you may be eligible for compensation. To find out whether you qualify for filing a claim for secondary asbestos exposure, all you have to do is give us a phone call, explain your situation in detail, and send our legal team the employment records of your family member and your medical records. Our attorneys will review your case, and if they deem you eligible, they will promptly start working on your claim. Eventually, you will have the compensation you deserve if you choose to work with us.
Legal assistance in wrongful death asbestos exposure cases for family members
Plenty of asbestos exposure victims pass away without having benefited from the financial compensation they were entitled to from their former employer. This usually happens because they die shortly after receiving their diagnosis or because they are afraid of a long and complicated legal process. However, filing a wrongful death claim is far from being a complex process for the client, as we will do the hard work for you. If you lost a family member to a disease caused by workplace asbestos exposure who had not sought legal recourse while alive, you can file a wrongful death claim to get a part of the compensation they would have been eligible for.
If you decided to file a wrongful death claim, you have to call our legal team, explain your circumstances, and send our experts basic documents such as the employment and medical records of your departed loved one and their death certificate. We will carefully assess your case, and if we find that you are eligible to file a wrongful death claim, our skilled lawyers will quickly begin preparing it for submission. Your participation in the legal process will be minimal, as we are aware that the families of asbestos victims are in a lot of emotional pain due to their loss. In the end, you will receive the compensation you qualify for on behalf of your family member.
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We’ve long ago learned the motto: Recycle, Reduce, and Reuse. And it’s easy to apply on a personal level. Using a refillable water bottle instead of plastic, bundling your newspapers and cardboard for recycling, or even refurbishing old furniture or electronics. But when we take a look at our workplace and the waste stream created within, it can seem like a more daunting task.
Benefits of Waste Management & Industrial Waste Recycling
No matter what industry you’re in, from manufacturing or medical to agricultural or energy production, you produce waste. Take a look at these four benefits of implementing industrial recycling into your waste management program. There are many elements that make up waste management including water treatment, providing roll off dumpsters and consulting.
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1. Reduce Costs
There are costs associated with disposing of unused materials and commercial by-products. By finding ways to reuse waste, inside your company or through a third-party, you can help to reduce these expenses and improve your bottom line.
Additionally, you can also reduce costs by purchasing raw materials made from recycled materials. Aluminum, for example, is one of the fastest and easiest materials to recycle and is used in numerous manufacturing industries. But you’re paying almost twice as much when you purchase fresh aluminum over recycled aluminum.
2. Save Resources and Energy
Using the EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) tool you can put concrete numbers to your waste reduction efforts. With the tool, you can calculate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions you prevented through alternative recycling or reuse methods.
3. Create a Sustainable Brand
When your business strives to be sustainable, you can anticipate that there will be social benefits of industrial recycling too. It shows a commitment to the future of your community, which can be easily become a competitive advantage over the rest of the market.
A 2014 ranking of the 50 Best Global Green Brands, measured on sustainability efforts and public perception, featured four automotive brands in the top five, followed by three electronics brands. Two industries that have long carried a stigma of being environmentally-unfriendly are now reaping the benefits of making sustainable changes.
Make your business sustainable by utilizing Waste-to-Energy recycling.
3. Create New Jobs
The process of recycling industrial waste includes transportation, processing, and reselling; all of which necessitate manpower of all skill levels. Recycling and reuse creates at least nine times more jobs (up to 30x more jobs at the most!) than landfills and incinerators. Additionally, it’s projected that if the U.S. can reach a 75% recycling rate by 2013, we can create 1.1 million new jobs.
5. Be More Efficient
When waste is not properly cared for, you can run into issues in the future that require time and money to resolve. When you introduce waste management practices, you can run your business more efficiently and allocate resources to growth initiatives rather than disaster response.
6. Stay Compliant
Local, state and federal governments require various waste practices for community safety and environmental concerns. These requirements will vary between industries based on the waste different operations create. Responsible waste management can help your operation comply with these regulations and prevent penalties in the future.
7. Meet Green Building Certification Requirements
The U.S. Green Building Council gives companies certifications based on their environmental practices. Waste management planning plays a role in this certification, and with the right approach, your company can become certified. Doing so can make your company more competitive in its industry and improve your building’s operational efficiency.
Keys of Industrial Waste Management Planning
When your operation produces waste in large quantities, waste management planning can feel like a challenging process. Four key points to industrial waste management planning can help you establish a reliable process for the long term. Take time to address these areas.
1. Pain Points
Before you can create a management plan, you need to identify what processes you struggle with. Perhaps you find it challenging to keep up with a tank cleaning schedule, or you have more liquid waste than you know what to do with. You may also find it difficult to meet government regulations for proper waste disposal on top of other regulatory processes. Once you identify your pain points, you can guide your planning to address these challenges first.
2. Thresholds
How much waste can your operation handle before it’s too much? Depending on the business you run and your facility size, you may have different limits for waste accumulation. Assessing your waste thresholds can clarify which waste types need more attention than others, and how much waste you can accumulate before it becomes unsafe.
3. Frequency
With the thresholds you’ve identified, you can create a schedule for your waste management processes. Think about how often you create certain types of waste and how often you’ll need to respond. Waste types that pose more risk or accumulate faster will require more frequent handling. Other types that develop slowly can survive with less management.
4. Collaboration
After you’ve determined your pain points, thresholds and frequencies, you can turn to a waste management professional to help you follow through with your plan. Management and recycling professionals can provide resources your operation may not have, so you can remain safe, compliant and efficient every step of the way.
At ERC, we partner with your team to create the ideal waste management plan for your operation. Rather than leaving the planning up to you, we use our expertise to guide your company. With our wide range of services, OSHA compliance measures and access to disposal resources, we ensure your company enjoys the many benefits of waste management.
Contact ERC Today for Waste Management
Are you ready to enjoy the benefits of industrial recycling?
Contact ERC to get started with an on-site waste assessment and see how your business can take the first step toward sustainability.
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Rominche - Economy
The Rominche economy is largely independent of wage labor, relying instead on the sale of goods and services. Traditional occupations include the following: (1) sales of goods that may be either bulk-purchased manufactured items or secondhand merchandise, fruits and vegetables from barrows, horses and dogs, or items of their own manufacture such as baskets, wood carvings, and charms; (2) sales of services such as trash and scrap clearing, gardening, wagon construction, knife grinding, or fortune-telling. The preference for self-employment is strong, because it permits greater flexibility and mobility. However, some wage labor is taken, particularly for seasonal work on farms. Work that takes one away from the encampment usually is considered to be the province of adult males, with the exception of "calling" at houses in search of cast-off items that may be repaired and resold. Most stringent of all is the restriction of horse trading to men. Women may also earn for the household by fortune-telling and by sharp trading at fairs.
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The Ultimate How To Guide To Metal Spinning
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What is Metal Spinning?
Metal Spinning is a craft dating back to the years of Ancient Egypt and has considerably developed over the years since the introduction of automated machinery such as the Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) Spinning lathes. The introduction of such machinery has revolutionised the industry and it is already paving the way for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the Internet of Things (IoT).
However, only a few people actually know how to metal spin in the UK, let alone know what metal spinning actually is and the applications it is used within. Over the next four weeks, we aim to address these questions and bust the myths around this ancient craft. Today, we will provide you with a tutorial on how to manually metal spin!
Health and Safety Checks and Equipment Checks
First and foremost, you must ensure you wear the correct Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in accordance with government legislation of Health and Safety at Work act (HASAWA) 1974. These include wearing correct clothing such as overalls, gloves, steel toe-capped boots, ear protection and eye protection. This is because metal spinning sheet metal discs can generate a lot of heat and swarf material.
Second, and most obvious to some, you will need a manual spinning lathe, which is not to be confused with a turning lathe! If you already have one, great! If not, these can be quite expensive but If you have the money to afford such a lathe you can often find many for sale from independent sellers / businesses online.
Thirdly, you should ensure you have enough room and that you are safely away any person/people, that the floor around you has no trip hazards and that you have spinning tools! These are fundamental for metal spinners as this allows them to form the sheet metal disc around the tool to create the desired shape with its desired dimensions.
The Spinning Tools & How to Use Them
With these checked, you can proceed to metal spin! So, you are fully prepared, you are wearing the correct PPE, you have purchased your spinning tools and manual spinning lathe, you are complying with HASAWA 1974. You must now load on your desired tool that you wish to form the sheet metal disc around. The next step is to turn the Manual spinning lathe on and set your desired speed preference. In the video below, we demonstrate this on a Wilson Spinning lathe. The speed preferences vary with each metal spinner based on their confidence and skill levels.
Step two requires the blank to be “true”. In short, this involves a slight release of the Tailstock to Free the Blank enough to allow the back stick to move the blank. A metal spinner would be able to perform this through use of touch and sight. As you gain more experience over time, you will be able identify when the sheet metal blank/disc is true and dead centre. Be sure to watch the video demonstration to observe how our metal spinners perform this. Once the blank is ‘true’, the Tailstock needs to be cranked up in order to clamp the blank against the metal former / tool of the desired shape and size.
Manual Spinning tools are crafted in accordance with a metal spinner’s preference. There are many spinning tools on the market, some better than others, but all have similarities to the desired performance to form blanks over the loaded tool. As you can see in the video, our Metal Spinner moves the spinning tool in the shape of an arc. The arc shape is large at the start of the spinning process of forming the blank. It gradually shrinks as the spinning tool presses against the loaded tool/mould. The operator is in full control throughout the process and their skills determine how successful they are in performing this stage.
Additional Operations
Cutting Tools are used on the metal disc towards the end of the spinning process. Often these are used to cut the inner circle and/or trim the metal piece to align with your desired dimensions. Our Metal Spinner demonstrates this in the video.
Cleaning Once you have finished the metal spinning process, the cleaning applications begin. The cleaning application is a standard uniform finish which is usually applied through the use of Scotch Brite Pads, Emery Cloths or a soft rag/mop.
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This is What Will Happen When You Eat Avocados Every Day
You have probably heard about avocado being a superfood and how good it is for your health. This is true, avocados are very healthy. The next time you are ordering that burrito, don’t forget to add some extra guacamole. Here are seven reasons why you should consider eating this fruit every day.
1. Reduced Risk of Heart Diseases
Avocados reduce Heart Diseases
As a matter of fact, heart disease is the number 1 killer in the United States. Heart disease is often linked to poor diet and lifestyle. Therefore, making right food choices is essential.
Avocados contain low level of saturated fat and high level of unsaturated fat, which has positive effect on our cardiovascular system. Unsaturated fat in your diet also may help to lower LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol), maintain HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol).
Furthermore, eating avocado can improve your insulin sensitivity. In addition to good fats, avocados also contain a great variety of nutrients, including antioxidants. This fruit may help prevent inflammation and oxidative stress in the blood vessels while improving blood flow.
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Can You Overdose on Prescription Painkillers?
Every drug or medication poses some risk of side effects. In some cases, drug use can lead to more serious outcomes, like an overdose. People may think that prescription medications are safer as they come from a doctor. However, when overdose directions are not followed closely, prescription medications can be just as dangerous.
What Causes an Overdose?
When taken incorrectly, prescription painkillers can cause overdose. Prescription painkillers include opioid or narcotic pain relief medications. This includes drugs such as Vicodin, OxyContin, and methadone. In the United States, prescription painkiller overdose is now considered a crisis. Drug overdose is the highest cause of unintentional death. It can be helpful to understand what an overdose is and how it can happen.
Prescription painkillers can be highly addictive. This makes them high-risk for overdose. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, approximately 54 million Americans have used prescription painkillers for non-medical purposes. Unsupervised non-medical prescription painkiller use is what can lead to addiction and overdose.
Prescription painkillers can lead to a feeling of euphoria or a high. Over time, a person builds tolerance to the drug. This means that it takes more of the drug to feel its effects. The need to keep taking more and more of the painkiller is what can lead a person to an overdose.
When a person experiences overdose, their brain and body functions are overwhelmed and shut down. Neurological signals become suppressed. This slows or interrupts respiratory and circulatory functions. Cardiac arrest could occur as heart and lung functions are stopped. Other functions then suffer due to a lack of oxygen. Organs deprived of oxygen become damaged. The lack of oxygen then leads to seizures or irreversible brain damage.
Signs and Symptoms of Painkiller Overdose
Knowing the signs and symptoms of painkiller overdose can help observers know when to get help. Call 911 immediately if someone is experiencing any of these symptoms. Getting emergency care quickly can be the difference between life and death. These medical professionals can administer naloxone. Naloxone is a life-saving drug that can reverse overdose effects.
Observable Signs of Overdose
• Blue or grey lips
• Blue or grey nails
• Cold, clammy, pale skin
• Gurgling sounds that may sound like snoring
• Limp body
• Loss of consciousness
• Slow or absent breathing due to depressed respiration
• Shaking
• Seizures
• Tiny or pinpoint pupils
• Unresponsiveness
• Vomiting
• Weak pulse or hypotension
Not all overdose symptoms are visible. Other symptoms of overdose can include the following:
• Hallucinations
• Lack of self-awareness
• Overheating
• Severe Headaches
If you or someone you know are experiencing any overdose symptoms, please seek medical attention immediately. Painkiller addiction can be fatal, but treatment can help prevent this. If you or a loved one are struggling with painkiller use or addition, seek the guidance of an addition specialist or doctor. These professionals can provide life changing guidance and a customized treatment plan. With effort, support, and a treatment plan, a person can overcome addiction and lead a healthy, successful life. Recovery is absolutely possible, especially when a person takes the first step of asking for help. Call Silver Pines Treatment Center today to get the help you or your loved one deserve.
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Las Vegas History and Transport
According to a2zdirectory, Las Vegas is the largest city in the state of Nevada in the United States of America. Commonly called The Entertainment Capital of the World, it has become one of the main tourist destinations in the country thanks to its commercial and vacation areas, but above all thanks to its casinos.
In the 18th century, the place where the town now sits was called Las Vegas after a natural spring that gave greenery to the arid desert. The city was founded in 1905, but until the 1930s it remained a remote town. However, in 1931, gambling was legalized and the city began to take on its current character. Initially it attracted crews of construction workers for the nearby Hoover Dam, but it soon became a gaming and leisure mecca with illustrious visitors such as Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley and Liberace.. It also attracted the mob, an aspect of the city portrayed in numerous films such as Ocean’s Eleven (1960 and 2001), Casino (1995) and Bugsy (1991). In the 1960s, the city’s reputation began to improve. Gambling continued to be the main attraction, but casinos began to fall into the hands of large corporations and the city became a family destination. Today, golf courses, shows, theme parks, shopping centers and a growing number of museums such as the Las Vegas Museum of Natural History or the Liberace Museum abound.
The city was created by a famous bandit. In December 1946, the famous bandit Bugsy Siegal built the original Las Vegas hotel complex, the Flamingo, in the desert lands of Nevada. He dreamed of creating a new city in the middle of the desert. Unfortunately, Bugsy was shot to death in Hollywood in 1947, so he could never see his dream come true. Today, this gambling oasis located in the middle of the desert has more than a million residents and more than 28 million visitors per year.
Las Vegas is sometimes known as the Sin City (Sin City in English) due to the popularity of legal gambling and gambling, the availability of alcoholic beverages at any time of the day (as in all of Nevada), the legality of prostitution in neighboring counties (Nevada law prohibits prostitution in counties with more than 400,000 residents).
The census bureau estimates a population of 518,313 in 2003. Las Vegas has been the capital of Clark County since its birth in 1909. Recent studies (2005) put the population of the metropolitan area at around 1,950,000 people. It is estimated that it is usual that there are around the same number of tourists during the holiday season as there are residents: either by American trips that are going to spend a weekend or by world tourism.
Most tourists who come to Las Vegas do so to visit its famous casinos, staying in hotels near the area, which allow easy access to them on foot or through the private buses that the casinos put at the service. of your customers. This makes public transportation quite limited. However, there is a continuous bus service 24 hours a day, connecting the citycenter with the Strip.
The Strip Trolley runs down the Las Vegas Strip. It has four rounds or routes, a schedule from 9:30 in the morning to 2:30 in the morning; and the other links the city center with the Stratosphere from 7 in the morning until 11:30 at night.
The McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas is one of the busiest airports in the USwith nearly 1500 flights per day including direct flights from major cities in the US and many foreign countries. It has numerous daily flights to and from Los Angeles, Phoenix, and many other Southwest cities. McCarran Airport is unique in that it has more than 1,300 coin operated gaming machines. Even after midnight, this terminal and its huge baggage claim floor are buzzing with thousands of tourists arriving or departing. The airport is five miles from the south end of Las Vegas Boulevard, known as “The Strip.”
Amtrak does not have direct service to Las Vegas, but does provide connecting service with Greyhound, using all three Greyhound routes. The closest tour is the SouthwestChief Tour, which stops in Kingman, Arizona, an hour and a half from Las Vegas.
There are several monorails and monorails that take tourists from one hotel on the Stripto another. Free monorails only have connections between casinos of the same corporation. The Las Vegas Monorail is the longest and quite expensive, but the Las Vegas Strip Bus is very cheap. The Las Vegas Monorail is the longest monorail. It has stops at seven hotels on its route that runs along the Strip on its east side. The Monorail stops at Sahara Station and MGM Grand Station.
Taxi drivers know Las Vegas very well and can get you to your destination quickly. But they can also try to take you “the long way” (like taking I-15 instead of the quicker and cheaper way that is taking Industrial Street). When you get in the taxi, tell the taxi driver where you want to go and which route you want to take.
There are local businesses that rent bikes for tourists, but biking on the Strip is not recommended. The traffic is very heavy and there are thousands of pedestrians, so it is almost impossible to ride a bicycle, both on the street and on the sidewalk.
Las Vegas History and Transport
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Diagnosing Speech
The voice can be affected by a range of disorders, ranging from Parkinson's disease and strokes to spasmodic dysphonia, a condition in which the muscles of the vocal cords move abnormally.
These different disorders all change the sound of patients' speech in different ways, but it's very difficult for a listener to identify the underlying condition.
Dr Ladan Ravary, a phonetics expert who is a Knowledge Exchange Fellow at TORCH has developed software which can analyse a brief phone questionnaire, searching for the characteristic signs of a range of conditions.
Volunteers in the study were asked to perform a series of tasks: to say "ahhh" for as long as they could, to recite different example sentences, and a basic memory test. Recordings of their speech were then compared, looking mainly at the difference between speech from volunteers who were healthy and those who suffered from Parkinson's.
'We have found that different features can indicate different disorders,' said Dr Ravary. 'The software primarily looks at the tone, pitch and dynamics of speech, as well as the ways different sounds are produced, but we have introduced a cognitive aspect as well. We included a simple memory test, in which volunteers were asked to recall a list of numbers.
Neurological diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases are currently diagnosed in a clinic, where the patient's speech may be analysed by a specialist, but additional tests are performed to check cognitive function and general motor control.
Although the research has focused on Parkinson's disease, Dr Ravary says the same principles could be used to aid in diagnosis of any disease that affects the voice, and could provide an alternative to invasive and inconvenient procedures.
'The patient doesn't need a smartphone or any kind of additional equipment - if they have access to any kind of phone, they can call in,' she said.
Because the test is done remotely, it could be particularly useful for people with spasmodic dysphonia. They need regular injections to enable the muscles of the larynx to function properly, but it's difficult for doctors to know when the effects will begin to wear off and when the next injection will be needed.
'Rather than having to go back and forth to the clinic, patients could call in to have their voice analysed remotely,' said Dr Ravary.
To develop the system, Dr Ravary used machine learning to help differentiate the profile of changes associated with disordered speech. The computer is given a "training set" of data - in this case, recordings of volunteers with and without Parkinson's.
It analyses the training set to detect common features. It then looks at a "testing set" of recordings and tries to work out the probability that each one comes from a person with Parkinson's disease.
However, there were technical challenges. 'The system has to be able to compensate for losses over the phone line,' said Dr Ravary. 'The restricted bandwidth means that some information is lost, but we can still find out a lot from what we have.
'People's voices may sound different over the phone, but you can usually still detect their emotions, state of mind, or if they're sounding a bit unwell, for instance! In the same way, the software can gather enough information to take the different measurements which it uses in its analysis.
Dr Ravary has partnered with Aculab Cloud and OperaVOX for this project as part of a Knowledge Exchange Fellowship with TORCH - a scheme which connects researchers in the arts with partners in industry.
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"Slipped Disc" is a misnomer.
It is impossible for the disc to actually slip ... what can "slip" are the vertebrae.
The discs separate the vertebrae and, because they're knitted into the bones, also join them together. They act like little shock absorbers, cushioning the bones so they don't crash against each other as you walk, which would be very painful. Discs help give the spine its curve, flexibility and strength.
The 23 discs in your spine also make up about a third of the length of the spinal column and that's why you are about 1/4 inch to 1/2 inch taller in the morning than you were the night before; the discs flatten out a little after a day of standing and then regain their volume when you sleep.
Disc Herniation
There are two types of herniations: protrusions and prolapses. A protrusion (or disc bulge) can occur if the nucleus pulposi bulges and pushes the outer ring out of shape.
A prolapse occurs if the nucleus bulges out so much that it actually protrudes through the outer ring of annular fibers. Herniated discs are often referred to as ruptured disc or slipped disc or bulging disc.
If the ruptured disc presses into the spinal cord or puts pressure on nerves, it may cause severe pain that could make sitting, standing, walking, lifting, urinating, defecating, sneezing, coughing and moving nearly impossible. In extreme cases, foot or leg numbness or a loss of muscle control may occur. However, only a small number of those with low-back pain have any disc problems.
Back Surgery
While spinal surgery is sometimes necessary, especially in cases of trauma or severe bone, disc and nerve destruction (due to a variety of causes, from infection to cancer), the vast majority of people with low-back pain and/or sciatica never need it.
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
Anyone facing the prospect of spinal surgery should schedule an evaluation with our chiropractors before deciding what to do.
If you would like to learn more about the benefits of Chiropractic Care click any button below to get more details.
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Currently Is The Time For You To Know The Reality About Game.
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A video game is a type of enjoyment in which individuals take on each other. It has an agreed-upon objective, rules and also restrictions and frequently calls for a little luck. In addition to enjoyment, games can likewise be used to educate brand-new abilities or express one’s condition. The rules of a video game are commonly easy to understand, and also gamers can learn about the guidelines as well as their value by playing them. However, some video games are far more complex and require even more skill as well as patience than others.
A game has a specified purpose and guidelines. It can be played alone or with others. It might have numerous goals, such as winning a race or accomplishing an objective prior to the opponent. It might likewise involve role-playing or participation. The term “video game” is originated from the French word gamanan, which suggests “video game.” It is related to gammon and the Chinese game go. A game can be a physical encounter in between two individuals or an occasion. learn to create games
A game is a task that is executed with policies and occasionally entails a team of people. The things of the game might be to beat or get to a goal initially. It may likewise be a cooperative activity that requires teamwork. Words video game is stemmed from the Greek word gamana, which implies “to play.” The word ‘game’ was first made use of in 1938, in a background publication by Johan Huizinga. It originates from words gammon, which implies “game,” and was first used by the ancient Greeks.
Words “game” is a term that explains a series of tasks in which a group of players interact with each other. It is typically a parlor game, in which players move pieces around a flat surface. Some of these games are affordable as well as involve groups, while others may be simply social as well as have no clear function. A variety of video games include coalitions or an objective to accomplish. The interpretation of a game is not universal.
The meaning of a video game differs significantly relying on the type of video game. In its the majority of standard kind, a game includes numerous players. The purpose of these games can be different, but they all have an usual objective: to defeat the other gamer or to get to a goal first. Some games, such as soccer and board games, can be identified as multi-player activities. Various sorts of gaming are prominent today, as well as the term game is used in many different types.
In its the majority of basic feeling, a game is a search with policies. It can be a competitors or a role-playing task. The goal of a game is to attain a certain goal or to win the game. This can be carried out in lots of methods, consisting of role-playing or collaboration. Words “game” is stemmed from the Latin word gamanan, indicating “game”. The significance of a game can differ also.
A game can be any kind of kind of activity with policies and purposes. It can be played alone or with other people. A video game can be a sporting activities competition, role-playing activity, or an event. It can be an occasion where one person is completing against the various other. In addition to a sporting activity, a game can be a competitors. In an affordable scenario, the champion wins a prize. This is an usual aspect of the game, as well as it’s a way to show that individuals can cooperating with each other.
A video game can be a simple task that involves the activity of items on a level surface. The item of the game is different depending on the kind, however in most cases, the objective is the same: to win the video game, or to reach the end first. In some cases, the game is a role-playing task, or a cooperative task. A video game is an affordable activity in which people involve with each other in a way that advantages them.
A game is a competitive activity that involves a collection of rules. It can be played alone or with others and also is executed with the objective of defeating the other gamer or reaching an objective initially. A video game may be a role-playing task, a cooperative task, or a role-playing situation. Several of the most renowned video games are based on guidelines and method, or can be an outcome of the end result of a competition.
A Game is a pursuit that has rules and also goals, and is generally carried out with other people. Its goal is to defeat various other players or to get to a goal first. Some video games are role-playing, while others are participating. Words video game comes from the Latin word gamanan, indicating “game” or “gamelish.” Gammon is a relevant term. In contemporary usage, the word video game refers to a competition in between 2 or even more people. It may be a complete encounter, or a solitary competition.
There are many different type of games. Video games are one instance. They include relocating items on a level surface area. While there is no global interpretation of a video game, most video games have some sort of item. In race-type video games, the object is to reach the end initially. Soccer has a comparable objective – to score even more goals. The interpretation of a game has been discussed for a long time, however one of the most important distinction is in between a video game as well as a masterpiece.
In 1938, Johan Huizinga published his book, Game: An Inquiry into the Origin of Human Behavior, which determined video games as the most primitive human activities. The first well-known game items are made from bone, and the earliest ones are called dice. These pieces have pictures cut into them and date back 5,000 years. In Turkey, the Senet video game was developed. As the initial taped game, it developed right into a complicated activity, and also came to be a religion.
A video game is a collection of rules and also components that make it more satisfying for players. A normal video game will certainly have a goal, a collection of rules, as well as an usual goal. The regulations of a game will certainly range video games, as well as a video game can be specified by its elements and also the goals of the game. A video game is a type of amusement, whereas a fact can be entirely different. It can be as easy as a video game, or as complicated as a board game. Especialista Google Ads Sanderson Moreira
Some games are a lot more intricate than others. For example, a game might have a very different purpose in various countries. A video game might be utilized as an instructional tool or as an enjoyment resource. Nevertheless, it is ruled out an art. It is simply a collection of policies that make a video game. Hence, a game can be referred to as the result of a series of actions, or an outcome of a collection of occasions.
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Sebastopol to Dagenham
The Crimean War (1853-1856) began due to religious differences. Fought between Russia and the allied powers, including Great Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire, hostilities quickly intensified because of the threat to British and French rights and privileges in the Middle East.
Battles at Alma, Balaklava and Inkerman resulted in the loss of many lives between September and November 1854. A harsh winter for the allied soldiers followed when the Russians took the advantage and entrenched at the heavily fortified port of Sebastopol.
Captain Thomas Basil Fanshawe, of the 33rd (Duke of Wellington’s) Regiment, arrived at Sebastopol in the summer of 1855. On the voyage aboard the S.S. Andes from Malta to Constantinople, he began writing about his experiences to his parents and siblings living at Dagenham Vicarage. He kept up this correspondence until his return home on the H.M.S. London in 1856.
‘Sebastopol appears to be a succession of forts which the Russians are strengthening every day. A great number of the men are sick of the whole concern. No one looks forward to another winter out here with any degree of satisfaction’.
2016 marks the 160th anniversary of the end of the Crimean War. In this exhibition we commemorate the controversial conflict that shaped modern Europe through the eyes of a young man from Dagenham.
‘My dearest mother…’
Thomas Basil Fanshawe (1829-1905), known as Basil, was the second son of the Reverend Thomas Lewis Fanshawe, vicar of Dagenham and his wife Catherine. The family owned Parsloes Manor but lived at the vicarage in Dagenham Village.
In his letters from the Crimea, Basil refers to his parents affectionately as ‘the gov’r’ and ‘the missus’. Basil’s mother was his most avid correspondent. In return he frequently sent her long letters describing camp life, his experiences of being under fire in the trenches, his impressions of his fellow officers and how he spent his leisure time.
Basil also regularly wrote to his siblings, John, Helen and Dick, as well as his brother-in-law, Edward Denison. Receiving news from home was very important to him and he relied on his ‘dearest mother’ to remind the rest of their extended family to write.
Catherine in turn circulated her letters amongst her other children and painstakingly copied their letters in her own hand so that she would have a complete collection. These letters were later bound together and are now an important part of the Fanshawe Collection held at the Barking and Dagenham Archives and Local Studies Centre.
The Journey of a Letter
Great efforts were taken to enable British soldiers to keep in contact with their families during the Crimean War. At the beginning of the conflict, the army were reliant on French packet ships to transport the mail to mainland Europe.
A British post office was eventually set up in Constantinople in 1854. This was followed by two more, most notably, at Scutari, near Constantinople, which served the staff and patients of the military hospital administered by Florence Nightingale.
Basil frequently signs off his letter in haste, rushing to make the regimental post collection. The letters then began their journey, from the soldiers’ quarters through to Constantinople, where as many as seven sorters were on hand to get the letters back to Great Britain.
Basil’s letters would have taken a week to arrive at the Bull Inn, which served as the first post office in Dagenham. From there his ‘epistles’, as he referred to them, would have been taken the short distance to the vicarage by local postmaster George Kettle.
A Truly Modern War
Warfare became mechanised for the first time during the conflict in the Crimea. Military forces used mass-produced rifles, exploding shells, sea mines and armoured coastal assault vessels with long-range cannons.
Opposing infantry forces no longer lined up in formation to be cut down by cavalry or artillery as they had in the war against Napoleon. Basil describes how he and his men were forced to take refuge in the trenches:
‘You ask me what I think of active service? If the trenches come under that denomination, where you have to remain close under the parapet with round shot and shell coming over you, and not certain of your life for a moment together, unable to do anything in way of retaliation – I tell you plainly I detest it’.
Technological innovation stretched beyond the battlefield. Textile designers produced warm garments and named them after Lord Cardigan. Roger Fenton, one of the first war photographers, captured all aspects of camp life and military routine, as well as portraits of officers.
Meanwhile the electric telegraph enabled news to travel across the continent in hours, not weeks. Media coverage made war more immediate for those back at home and in turn greatly influenced public opinion across Great Britain.
First Rate Entertainment
Allied officers made the most of their leisure time and the entertainments on offer behind the lines at Sebastopol. Basil was able to compose his letters, explore the surrounding landscape and socialise with his fellow officers, particularly after the siege ended in September 1855.
A camp theatre arranged by ‘The Rifles’ seemed to be one of the most popular ventures, noted for putting on a great performance for General Sir William Codrington, commander of the 1st Brigade of the Light Division.
Off the back of this success, Basil’s regiment took steps towards setting up a glee club. Popular at the events for his fine singing voice was Richard Bayliff, a family friend from Dagenham.
Many officers enjoyed the hospitality of Mary Seacole at her British Hotel. Basil recounts in a letter to his mother how a group of seven men dined there one evening, and then undertook a race from Balaklava back to their camp at Sebastopol.
‘Last night a party of seven of us dined at a Mrs Seacole’s, near Balaclava, who keeps a sort of eating house, it was by no means a comfortable place to dine but the dinner itself was good and the mulled claret after, first rate.’
These entertainments not only prevented boredom but also brought some civility into the harsh and chaotic world of the young officers serving in the Crimea.
The Lady with the Lamp
Soldiers endured dreadful conditions in the Crimea. The lack of adequate equipment and medical supplies was reported by William Howard Russell, a correspondent for The Times. The public outcry that followed provoked the nursing expedition led by Florence Nightingale.
Miss Nightingale, appointed by Sidney Herbert, the Minister of War, took over the management of the barrack hospital at Scutari. Her efforts to improve the hospital earned her the everlasting affection of the common soldier, who fondly referred to her as the ‘Lady with the Lamp’.
Basil was taken ill shortly after his arrival at Sebastopol. His illness, which he describes as a ‘bilious attack’, resulted in him being taken to Scutari. He describes the ‘unhealthy situation’ of the hospital, the ‘horrid smell from the drains’ and how he was glad to get away to continue his convalescence at Therepia.
Despite the tireless work of Miss Nightingale and her nurses, 25,000 British troops died during the conflict most because of disease rather than their wounds. On her return to Britain, Miss Nightingale instigated a Royal Commission into Military Hospitals, which led to far reaching reforms in the years that followed the Crimean War.
Fish and Fowl
Growing up close to the Dagenham Marshes, Basil developed an enthusiasm for the sporting life, nature and the environment. This passion flows through his letters from Sebastopol.
His letters vividly describe a picturesque land of rivers and valleys home to a great variety of fish, fowl, flora and fauna:
‘The valleys are very pretty here… After you cross the last river you have an immense plain for about ten miles to the Alma. We saw lots of foxes, some partridges and bustards on this plain’
He becomes particularly animated on finding bustards, a type of wild bird, which were extinct at this time in the United Kingdom. He also details his joy at finding rare species of plant for the fernery his mother was creating back home at the Vicarage – a pastime that became popular during the Victorian Era.
Basil undoubtedly finds great solace in the natural landscape during his time in the Crimea. It separates him from the horrors of modern warfare and the tedium of military routine, whilst at the same time enabling him to connect with his family in Dagenham.
The Social Network
Basil comes across in his letters as amiable, socially confident and at ease in the company of his fellow officers and the men that he served alongside.
Typical of young men of his class, Basil built a circle of friends and contacts whilst boarding at Shrewsbury School. Having enlisted in the 33rd Regiment at sixteen, he continued to widen his social network in the ten years leading up to his service in the Crimea.
Basil is often invited to dine in the mess of other regiments. In turn he sends reports of meeting various cousins, friends and acquaintances. His letters also bring news of men with connections to the family from Dagenham Village.
‘Pretyman, Elis, Trent and I dine together on Tuesday, we intend to have a capital dinner, turtle soup, fish, game, saddle of mutton and champagne, mulled port…’
Meanwhile on the rare occasions he mentions the ordinary soldiers in his company he praises their good behaviour and hard work. In doing so he conveys an understanding of, and compassion for, the hardships that these men suffered during the hard winter at Sebastopol.
The Forgotten War
Following a major assault by the British and allied troops in 1855, the Russians evacuated the fortresses of Sebastopol. The war ended soon after this with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in the spring of 1856.
Basil’s last letter is sent on his journey home from onboard the H.M.S. London in June 1856. It is clear that he and his men are keen to return to Britain. He writes:
‘I hope if lucky in the wind, we may reach home about the middle of July… To the exception of the man overboard the night before last and who we fished up again, we have had no excitement’.
The Crimean War ultimately saw the collapse of the Vienna Settlement, the system that had enabled Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia to cooperate and maintain peace for three decades. Ultimately the big powers of Europe were unable to re-establish this balance and returned to war in 1914.
Today the war is mostly remembered for the mismanagement of the British Army, the disaster of the Charge of the Light Brigade and the efforts of Florence Nightingale. Valence House Museum hopes that the letters of Captain Thomas Basil Fanshawe will cause you to reconsider the conflict that has become known as ‘The Forgotten War’.
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Working online comes with certain risks. There are computer viruses, malware, spyware, worms, Trojan horses, and ransomware – just to name a few. With all of these potential threats, how can you keep your company safe online?
According to a 2017 study, 90% of online attacks can be traced back to phishing scams. Even though so many attacks are related to phishing, many companies still aren’t sure how to identify and avoid phishing scams. To help, we’ve put together some of the best ways to identify and prepare for a phishing attack.
What is a Phishing Scam?
A phishing scam is one of the most common cyber attacks we face. In a phishing scam, the hacker will usually disguise themselves as a reputable company and contact you through email. The phishing message will ask you to click a link or download an attachment, which allows the hacker access to your personal information like credit card numbers, account numbers, login credentials, and other sensitive company information. This also leaves you vulnerable to malware attacks.
While phishing emails are most common, there has been a spike in phishing attacks using text messages and direct phone calls. We’ve also seen an increase in spear phishing, which is a targeted phishing attempt directed at and personalized for a specific individual. These attacks are typically geared toward identity theft, so make sure to pay close attention to suspicious texts and phone calls.
How Can You Detect Phishing?
Phishing emails used to be littered with spelling errors and obvious mistakes that made them easy to identify. Scammers have gotten a little smarter over the years. Fortunately, there are still a couple simple ways you can detect a phishing attack before it strikes.
Read Closely
While it isn’t common anymore, it’s still best to double check all emails for spelling errors, grammatical mistakes, or other red flags. These are all signs of a phishing scam. Remember, if an email seems ‘phishy’, it probably is.
Look For Urgency
A phishing scam will usually want you to act now. Maybe it’ll say that your account is about to be closed or that there’s a limited time offer. Either way, their goal is to make you feel as if you need to act quickly. Remember, most companies won’t close your account without ample warning, so don’t panic. This urgency could indicate a phishing scam.
Double Check the Information
While it might look like it comes from a legitimate site, a phishing email will be coming from a less than reputable source. You can verify the legitimacy of the email by looking at the sender’s email address, the phone number and contact information, by contacting the legitimate institution to verify, or by typing the alleged web address in a search engine.
Protect Your Business
The best way to protect yourself from phishing scams is through preparation!While you can usually identify a phishing scam using the tips above, it’s still best to have a little extra protection in place.
Update and Install Anti-Virus and Anti-Malware Software
You can keep your personal information more secure by keeping your computer’s operating system and anti-virus tools completely up to date. And this helps with more than just phishing attacks. Having anti-virus and anti-malware in place will help protect your business from all kinds of online attacks.
Educate, Educate, Educate!
Your employees are your best defense against online attacks. To get them on board, train every employee on what a phishing scam is, how to detect it, and what the proper response is.
By following these steps, you can help prevent phishing scams from harming your business. If you want to improve your business’ online security, call Alt-Tech’s security team and learn how we can help protect your business online.
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The Continuity of Culture through Relocation
The Continuity of Culture through Relocation
by: Mike Rogan
A person’s culture is often associated with their global positioning, however that may not always be the case. An individual’s culture is often associated with a country, region, or more broadly, a continent, however this leads to a false identity since no consideration of where they came from or where they are going to is taken into account. As global culture has grown and progressed, mobilization of different peoples has become all the more a possibility and reality. America has been the quintessential example of this as it is often referred to as a ‘melting pot’. However, this melting pot was once home to Native Americans alone, but they were forced to assimilate, clouding the idea of the melting pot. Through disease and harsh violence, they remained as spiritual and connected to their culture as they could. They faced many trials and tribulations along the way, ultimately experiencing what could be called cultural genocide. As one Native boarding school student put it “Our name isn’t supposed to be ‘Jones’ but Chonku, or something like that and the teachers couldn’t say it right so they just gave us Jones” (Archuleta, M.L., Child, B.D., Lomawaima, K.T., 28).
“Domesticity dominated middle-class women’s writing and culture from the 1830’s through the 1850’s” (Kaplan, 5). This period of time in American history is one of great expansion and imperial acquisition. It was also during this period that immense groups of immigrants from all parts of the world were flocking to the United States. This laid the foundation for what would be known as the “American Woman,” regardless of where she was from or her cultural standards of what a woman was. In this way, women had immensely less cultural grasp as compared to men. They were not only second-class citizens for not being American, but for not being men as well.
Homesickness can mean very different things for different people, depending on their previous residence, and their cultural idea of “home.” It was not their new location that frightened most dealing with homesickness, it was missing out on their culture. In this sense, it could be thought that the feeling of homesickness was indeed the feeling of losing their own culture to another. In this thinking “Americans began to express not just a longing for a home left behind – the characteristic yearning of the homesick—but a longing for a home lost in time” (Matt, 102). “American” ideals, which is a strange idea by itself, since these ideals would seemingly be a blend of other countries’ ideals, were often times strictly rigid with little room for other cultures. It seems in American culture the only way to escape persecution is to find another group to attack, or give up whatever parts of your culture are asked. One way in which Native Americans, for example, were able to preserve their culture was the economic benefits it brought to the American government through shows and events. “’Indianness’ became more lucrative than virtually any government assimilation program that Indians could adopt” (Archuleta, M.L., Child, B.D., Lomawaima, K.T., 74). Although this form of assimilation could be thought of as degrading or as a second-hand culture, it did open the door for future preservation and not a complete destruction of their culture as had been intended.
Trying to Make a Living
The man I interviewed was standing outside the Carpenters’ Union, 60 William Street. He did not want to give me his name.
My grandfather was born in Cork. My grandmother was born in Kilkenny. On my father’s side it was McCarthy, and on my mother’s side it was Fitzpatrick. My father was born in Newark, and my mother was born in New York. In those times they came over in sailboats; there was no steam. There isn’t much that I know about them. They came over here to get anything they could, like we do now. My grandfather had a hide and fat business. The fat house was on the corner of Norfolk Street and Thirteenth Avenue. He was there for years. That’s the Fitzpatrick I’m talking about now.
“Did your father have hard times?” I asked him.
No, he worked for years for the United Cigar stores. He was manager of a store. I am a carpenter, trying to make a living. I have three kids — they’re all girls. I haven’t lived any place else. I lived in Newark all my life. Thirty-five years.
Did you have a happy childhood?
Oh, sure, that’s the trouble. I had it too easy. If I had had to work a little harder, maybe I would have got somewhere. Look at how these foreigners come over and make good.
My grandfather was worth over one hundred thousand dollars. I was born in our big house on Norfolk and Thirteenth Avenue. We had everything. We never wanted for shoes or clothing or eats. I never had an education. I didn’t figure I needed education because I was well off. In those days, the people didn’t think much about education. The property where the playground is on is where we used to have our house. The property is right near the Robert Treat school.
Ernest Pentz
October 10, 1939
Excerpt from “America, The Dream of my Life.” 3/3/2014. Image re-typed from North American Immigrant Letters, Diaries, and Oral Histories.
This interview is from a third-generation Irish immigrant. It shows the loss of culture through the generations after migration. I think this not only applies to lacking a sense of culture, but a change in their values and mindset as well. This source shows the fracture of culture through the immigration process, rather than the preservation of it. Since the interviewee was born in America, as were his parents being born in New York and Newark, he had a significantly weaker attachment to his heritage. This brings to mind the connection many Americans have now with their ancestral heritage. He went so far as to say in the interview that he had also lost his hard work ethic as well as his drive to constantly become more successful and achieve more that his grandparents and possibly parents had possessed as part of their immigrant mentality. He talked of his being somewhat spoiled, which contributed to him feeling the sense that he did not have to work or try nearly as hard. He even said this is why he did not pursue an education, which is far different from just lacking a stronger work ethic alone. I think it shows a lot that even within a verbal interview he recognized the difference between generations. I believe this goes far to show how the American culture was beginning to change as a whole from a nation of immigrants into a nation that began to identify themselves first as Americans before any other cultural connection.
The banana plant dies when the single bunch of fruit it yields is cut off. After that the stalk is chopped down, but a new plant grows up from the old roots, and the same plantations keep bearing for years. “Banana Plant,” 3/3/2014. Image Courtesy of The New York Public Library
This is an image from The New York Public Library. I believe this image relates to African American’s ability and desire to preserve their culture in a variety of ways. Bananas are a tropical fruit and working certain plants such as these were causes of their homesickness. This, however, is more symbolic when put together with the caption of the picture. The quote serves as a metaphor for the perseverance and courage African Americans were forced to have, showing that despite severe injustices, through their roots and heritage they could not be destroyed.
“Gathering Mulberry Leaves for the Silkworm Culture, Los Angeles, California.” 3/3/2014. Image courtesy of The Library of Congress: American Memory
This image is from The Library of Congress, and depicts a young Chinese boy who is also working the fields. This image shares a similar feeling to that of the Banana Plant photo, as the boy gathers Mulberry Leaves, which are native to southern Asia. Although the cultivation is being done in Los Angeles, he remains intact with a part of his culture since these plants have a wide variety of uses in Chinese culture. Additionally, you can see more traditional clothing on the boy, as he is wearing a rice hat.
Excerpt from “Topaz Times 1942-05-30.” 3/3/2014. Image courtesy of Utah Digital Newspapers.
This text is an excerpt from the “Topaz Times” newspaper on May 5, 1942. It was written to show different service times of a local church through newspaper distribution. This is very important to the idea of preserving culture through relocation. First off, one may notice the date of 1942, which is the year that Japanese internment was declared by the president after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, so it may be surprising to find Buddhism in the paper to begin with. This put a huge pressure upon Japanese Americans to preserve their culture in a country that was imprisoning them for actions they had nothing to do with. The only commonality between them was their ethnicity. On the other hand, it does show how strong religion was during this time, not for everyone overall, but each in their own respect. This specific image also shows the more dominant religions in America during this time period, and also tells an unfortunate tale of a lacking religious freedom and forced conversion.
2 thoughts on “The Continuity of Culture through Relocation
1. I like the way in which you directed your paper the the topic that you picked. I especially liked how you included the interview into the post. I feel it adds a lot to your argument.
2. You brought up a very interesting point about “immigrant mentality’ that I think is very relevant in today’s society. As a child of immigrants, I have seen how hard my parents have worked to establish a solid foundation in a new world. I have seen “immigrant mentality” across many different cultures and it may be a way of assimilating within another culture or fitting in to a point of comfort and achievement.
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Why create a courtroom visual presentation?
In the courtroom and generally, the listener determines the meaning of communications. Because thinking includes a visual component, imprecise words encourage jurors to conjure up their own images of the facts. Of course, such images are based on what they think they have heard. For all jurors to view the case in the same way as the lawyer does, and obtain a verdict, it is understood that a minimum of nine jurors must have the same mental image.
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Animal Farm and the Stolen Basilus
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George Orwell was born in 1903 he changed his name when he became a writer, but originally he was named Eric Blair. He was born and brought up in India. He was brought up in an upper class family. His father and both his grandfathers made their livings in Burma and India were they were police officers. Orwell went to a private boarding school called St Cyprians, which he despised immensely. Even though the other boys were from the same upper class background, he found him self-feeling out of place, as he was not as wealthy as the others were.
He hated everything about it, mainly the lack of comfort and the terrible and frequent bullying. He stayed at St Cyprians until he was 14 years old. In a way, the experience helped him in a great way, as it contributed to his passion for justice and hatred of unchecked power. After leaving the boarding school, he won a scholarship to Eton. He liked the relaxing atmosphere it had which made him feel like he had more room to “develop his individuality. ” After his period at Eton had ended, he followed the family tradition and went to work in the India imperial police.
When he worked in Burma, he watched the working of the police very closely. He already knew it was an unjust system but gradually came to despise them more, as they exploited and oppressed the hungry. However, he was apart of the unjust system and paid to do his job, even if he knew it was wrong. After working for 5 years in Burma, he decided to resign from the police, and tried to try is hand at becoming a writer. He went to the streets to see what life was like at the other end of the social spectrum. He slept in shop doorways and talked to people who had fallen on hard times, such as trams, beggars, prostitutes and criminals.
In 933 at the age 30, he published his first ever book it was called “Down and out in the streets of Paris and London” that was the first time he had used the name George Orwell. Then in 1936, he was asked by his publisher write about the poor and unemployment in the north east of England, especially the mining community that was where he spent most of his time. At that time, there was a very high unemployment list and even working was a great hardship. The anger that raged in him after what he saw committed him to being a dedicated socialist.
The book were he described his experiences was called the road to Wigan Pier. Then and now, the critics said that the book was ill informed and did not show the true picture of working class people. They said he was not very interested in the role of the trade union movement, nor to know much about the strong working class tradition of self-education. After living rough for seven years, he got a job at a private school in order to earn himself some money. While working at the school, and working extremely hard, he wrote two novels and several articles.
At the same time, he moved to the country with his wife Eileen O’Shaughnessy who he married a year earlier. Orwell was not the only writer to have views on social justice. The writer H. G Wells was from a different time and background but his writing was linked to the same issues as Orwell’s, one of the stories that Wells wrote was called “the Stolen Basillus”. On a simple level, the stolen basillus is about an anarchist visiting a scientist. The anarchist that believes that the scientist is creating the cure for cholera and slyly takes it. Really, it is a potion will turn monkeys blue.
Orwell wrote a story called “Animal Farm”. Animal farm is about a group of animals that a feed up of being neglected. The pigs then take control of the farm but not in the best interest of the farm or the other animals. In fact, the do a worse job than the farmer. Both of these reads are very enjoyable and entertaining for people who understand allegories and for the people who do not. When an allegory is broken down, it becomes three sections irony, stereotype and simplicity of language. Allegories add more depth, character and interest to a piece of writing.
Irony is when one or more characters in a story don’t know what’s going on but the audience does i. e. “Comrades” he said quietly “do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? snowball! ” he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. “Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking it will set back our plans and avenge him self for ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under the cover of the night and destroyed our work of nearly a year.
Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon snowball. Animal hero, second class”, and half a bushel of apples to anyone who brings him to justice. A full bushel to anyone who catches him alive. ” Of course, we know that it was not snowball that destroyed the windmill but the gale. Napoleon has brain washed the animals into thinking that snowball is an evil enemy, really we know that this has nothing to do with Snowball, but Napoleon is trying to become the good “guy” and make snowball seam like the one who has been the bad “guy” from the start. “The behavior of the cat was somewhat peculiar.
It was soon noticed that whenever there was work to be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal times, or in the evening after work was over as though nothing had happened. She always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions “. The animals were convinced that the cat was off doing important things, but we know that the cat was avoiding the work.
Stereotype is a much-simplified character, someone who is reduced to one or two characteristics. i. e. at the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones’s trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plated with”. Just because Mollie is, a pretty white horse Orwell makes you believe that she is an attention seeker and that she thinks of her and her alone.
“The two cart horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animals concealed in the straw”. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together.
A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous power of work”. As Boxer is a strong working horse and well respected, he has been given the stupid label. The last part of an allegory is simplicity of language. This is when words are broken down to a more understandable level. If words were too complex in an allegory, it would be too hard to correspond.
Although from first views these two stories (Animal Farm and The Stolen Basillus) seem very different, they both have the concerns of misuse of power. Animal farm is bout the abuse of respect and leadership, and the stolen basillus is about the abuse of science. In addition, another point is that both of the writers use allegories in their stories. Using allegories are much more interesting and make the readers think more about the massage in the tales. Animal farm was based on the Russian revolution in that many of the animals are based on historical figures that were involved in the revolution in some way.
Old major was based on two men one was called Lenin and an other called Marx. Lenin was the prime mover behind the revolution; he was the man who got the ball rolling. It was not Lenin though who came up with the idea for everyone being equal, that idea came from the head of Marx, he also wrote the communist manifesto. Napoleon was based on a wicked man named Stalin; he was a powerful dictator whose name means “man of steel”. He ruled the USSR through fear and political cunning. Trotsky was turned into a pig named snowball, Trotsky was a key thinker and leader in the revolution.
He was assassinated; this was almost certainly under the orders of Stalin. Marx had the idea that there was no need in kings or leaders but that the country and the people in it would be equal. Marx died before he had the chance to tell many people but he wrote it down, he was not the greatest person at making things clear of what he was trying to say which is where Lenin came in. Lenin explained the idea to the country in a way that everyone could understand it. When Lenin died Trotsky and Stalin became the inspirational figures to make the idea come true.
The king and many other leaders that held a strong hand in the running of Russia were overthrown; Stalin began to over rule Trotsky and eventually had him assassinated. At the start of the revolution, it was said that there were to be no kings or rulers, but after Stalin became soul proclaimed it was as the issue had never been raised and Stalin was the leader. Both Animal Farm and The Stolen Basillus are incredible stories. They are both simple to understand even with the allegories in them. Even though it is supposed to make the stories more interesting, it does not make them more complicated.
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Please enable JavaScript to use CodeHS
OH Game: 5.3.6
CodeHS Lessons
Write code that uses repetition control structures (e.g., while, for).
2.10 For Loops in JavaScript
2.11 General For Loops
2.14 While Loops
2.15 Loop and a Half
8.4 Array Length and Looping Through Arrays
8.5 Iterating Over an Array
8.10 Iterating Over an Object
8.14 Looping Over a Grid
9.1 Tic Tac Toe
10.2 Basics
10.3 Improvements
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China’s Great Firewall Is Built on Friction-based Censorship, Says Margaret Roberts
A man surfs the web in a netcafe in Youyang County of Chongqing Municipality, China
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Stringer / Getty Images
The Great Wall of China is one of Asia’s most photographed and visited landmarks. Built over thousands of years and winding through a total of 13,170 miles, this wide-reaching network of defenses was constructed as a barrier against China’s northern neighbors. But within the digital landscape of China is a much less conspicuous yet far more pervasive set of fortifications: the Great Firewall. China’s state-operated internet is carefully controlled, heavily censored, and designed to keep its own citizens away from information that might damage the power and perception of the Communist Party.
Portrait of Margaret RobertsMargaret Roberts, an assistant professor in political science at the University of California San Diego, has spent most of her career trying to unravel the puzzlements and intricacies of China’s Great Firewall and how this kind of calculated, pervasive internet censorship is used strategically to divide the public and target influencers. In a recent presentation at the China Program’s 2020 winter/spring colloquia series, she unpacked some of her findings.
In Robert’s assessment, the Great Firewall is an example of censorship via what she terms “friction.” Rather than centering on fear, this type of censorship acts as a tax on information, creating small inconveniences that are easy to explain away and requiring those seeking information to spend more time and money if they want access to it. Censorship thus “works through distraction and diversion. It nudges — but does not force — most users away from unsavory material.”
This framing of censorship, Robert says, helps explain why, even though China’s Great Firewall is porous and can be circumvented, the number of people who “jump the wall” using a virtual private network (VPN) remains relatively low. People are not necessarily afraid of legal or political consequences of using a VPN, but rather the process of doing so is deemed too bothersome or offers too little value for the effort in most people’s day-to-day lives.
This friction-driven censorship is, therefore, effective on two levels: it keeps the majority of citizens away from sensitive material by making it too labor-intensive for them to access, and it naturally filters for outlier individuals the government has an interest in monitoring. According to Robert’s data, VPN users are overwhelmingly 35-year-old and younger, tend to be college degree holders, have fluency in English, have traveled or studied outside of China, and are interested in international politics — precisely the kinds of cohorts the Communist Party would benefit from managing more closely.
However, these digital demographics shift dramatically to include much broader groups of people during crises and following abrupt interruptions to citizen’s daily lives. Through analysis of Chinese social media data, online experiments, and nationally representative surveys, Roberts shows how the number of VPN downloads spiked during the devastating Tianjin chemical explosion in 2015 as people scrambled to find information on the disaster. VPN downloads also increased after the shutdown of Instagram on September 29, 2014, following protests in Hong Kong. The Chinese government barred access to the platform to contain posts about the protests, but Roberts says that it was the sudden loss of access to the social media platform’s draw of entertainment that pulled many more “everyday” citizens over the firewall than would be typical. Once over, these new users quickly moved from accessing pictures of pop stars to exploring banned websites and censored information in more political spaces.
This is one of the important takeaways Roberts sees in her work. “This porous nature of censorship . . . means that there’s an Achilles heel of friction, which is that during crises, or sudden, more visible [moments of] censorship, people are willing to seek out that type of information and that can undermine some of these other strategies.”
With the Great Firewall only a few decades old, the full effects of its friction-based barricades remain to be seen, but Roberts is certain that in the coming years, the control of access to and accuracy of online information will have important effects not only on modern China but the future digital world as a whole.
You can learn more about Margaret Robert’s work in her book, Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China’s Great Firewall.
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What is the role of strategic management in decision making?
What is the role of strategy in decision-making?
Strategic decision-making uncovers the future possibilities for a company and those options that can be implemented to achieve success. Strategic and data-driven strategies are gaining trends in the business world.
What is decision-making in strategic management?
Strategic decision making is about choosing the best path to success. … Strategic decision making will help you formulate a plan of action and align your small-term goals with the big picture. From a management perspective, strategic decision-making is different from the routine choices you make every day.
What is the role of strategic analysis in strategic decision making?
The crucial role in strategic decision-making process has strategic analysis. It often brings the important information about evaluation and development of environment inside and outside the company and reveals possible opportunities and threats that need to be consider in strategic decision-making.
What are the 3 role of strategic management?
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What is strategic decision making process?
Strategic decision-making is the process of charting a course based on long-term goals and a longer term vision. By clarifying your company’s big picture aims, you’ll have the opportunity to align your shorter term plans with this deeper, broader mission – giving your operations clarity and consistency.
What is strategic decision making example?
Examples of strategic decisions are the layout of the storage area (i.e., shape, number of warehouse blocks and depot location), as well as the selection of storage systems, in particular the level of automation and the material handling equipment to retrieve items.
How are strategic management and strategic decision making different?
Business leaders use strategic decision-making when they plan the company’s future. Strategic management involves defining long-term goals, responding to market forces and carrying out the firm’s mission.
What are the strategies of decision making?
A 7-Step Decision-Making Strategy
• Investigate the situation in detail.
• Create a constructive environment.
• Generate good alternatives.
• Explore your options.
• Select the best solution.
• Evaluate your plan.
• Communicate your decision, and take action.
What is strategic decision making tutor2u?
Johnson and Scholes define strategy as: “…the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations”.
What is strategic analysis and decision making?
Strategic analysis is a process that involves researching an organization’s business environment within which it operates. Strategic analysis is essential to formulate strategic planning for decision making and smooth working of that organization.
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What are the basis for making decision in strategic analysis?
Strategic decision making aligns short-term objectives with long-term goals, and a mission that defines your company’s big picture purpose. Shorter term goals are expressed in quantifiable milestones that give you the capacity to measure your success and your adherence to your vision.
What is strategic management role?
Strategic management is an essential component of businesses. … Strategic management therefore entails evaluating business goals, the organisation’s vision and objectives as well as the future plans. In addition, a strategic management process is employed to ensure that the business runs effectively and efficiently.
What does strategic role mean?
Strategic management plays significant role in functions of organizations. In a business organization, these functions are production/operations, marketing, finance, and human resource, commonly referred to as functional areas of management. Strategic aspects of these areas are closely linked with strategic management.
Why is strategic management important?
Strategic management provides a strong incentive for employees and management to achieve company objectives. It serves as the basis for management control and evaluation. Strategic management also ensures that the top executives have a unified opinion on strategic issues and actions.
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Essay on Candide: The Human Nature
“All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds.” In the story “Candide,” “human nature” is one of the mainly argued themes that can be seen from the traits and attitudes of each of the characters. Indeed, as the above quote describes, the story discusses the idea about the belief in the innate goodness of man. In my essay, I would like to seek the truth of the phrase “All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds” by comparing the work with two external great philosophers, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Zhu Xi, who were also great thinkers of the concept of “human nature.” The essay seeks to do this by looking at Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “Noble Savage” and Zhu Xi’s “The Five Cardinal Confucian Virtues” to see if their arguments are the same or different from Candide’s human nature.
According to Pangloss, a tutor of Candide in “Candide,” the world that human beings live in is the best that could be. If there are possibly other worlds, then this is the best one for human survival. In this particular philosopher’s view, everything in the world was created in such a way that they are the best. The argument here implies that even the evil things humans experience do work for the betterment of another creature and that in the end, such things contribute towards human civilization. As such, human beings should learn to bear with or get used to the negative happenings in their lives because if they were to live in another world, the experiences would be much worse. In Pangloss’s view, there has to be a cause for there to be an effect. He further argued that the castle belonging to the Baron in “Candide” was the best castle ever, more so because it was found in the best possible world (Voltaire 1). This statement shows that the best things only exist and happen in the world because the world is the best that could be. Pangloss uses the “Baron’s castle” and “My Lady” as ideal examples to justify his claims about the nature of the world and humans.
Pangloss’s assertions are connected to the idea of “Optimism” which bases its arguments about the world on hope. The world is explained by optimism in a manner that seeks to bestow hope into humans as its inhabitants. People should have the hope that they have a good Creator and that He could not have created a bad world for them. Humanity has its limitations and such limitations should not make them to begin to think that humanity is bad. Instead, they should only see that humanity is good if they want to transcend its limitations. As much as there could be some bad things about the design of the world, it is only necessary that humans put up with such things and hope that that is the best that exists. The Creator must have deemed such things necessary for human existence. They most probably have a role to play in the betterment of the human race, as already suggested.
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One old woman in the story “Candide” tells of the ordeal she underwent and even thought of committing suicide. She says, “I have been a hundred times upon the point of killing myself, but still I was fond of life. This ridiculous weakness is, perhaps, one of the dangerous principles implanted in our nature” (Voltaire 30). This shows that in spite of all the negative happenings, the human nature would still compel an individual to have hope in life. In the case of this woman, she had passed through “hell” on earth but could not actualize the thought of killing herself even though she came so close to doing it. As she says, she was still “fond of life”, implying that there was still more good that life could offer despite her tribulations. She adds, “For what can be more absurd than to persist in carrying a burden of which we wish to be eased? to detest, and yet to strive to preserve our existence?” (Voltaire 30). The sense in this particular quote is that humans should do all they can to deal with the burdens they face in the world but not bow to pressures of quitting through suicide. They have to persevere because they live in the best possible world. Quitting would mean giving up the necessary struggle of continuing to exist in the best world. This would be detrimental as there exists no better place to live in than the world humans live in, according to the story.
One of the philosophers who believed in and popularized the phrase “noble savage” was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. As a term, “noble savage” suggests that inherently, human beings are good. In addition, their lives are moral even though they live it in a savage state. This argument reflects Pangloss’s arguments in the story “Candide.” Just like Pangloss, Rousseau believed that though the world might be uncontrolled, fierce, or violent in nature, humans should continue living in it because they lead a good and moral life. They should continue doing that which is good in spite of the unfortunate mishaps in life. According to Rousseau, men guided by the nature’s state are not aware of that which is evil and that which is good. However, their independence coupled with “the peacefulness of their passions, and their ignorance of vice” ( 1) ensures that they do not engage in evil. This argument implies that all humans have the capacity and the spirit to ignore that which is bad and pursue good. The world is such a nice place that was nicely created by God and therefore the unfortunate happenings in it should not make humans give up or deter them from doing what is good. Instead, they should strive to turn bad situations into good ones as much as they possibly can.
Another idea that was fronted by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in rooting for the “noble savage” is that every human is entitled to private property ownership. This marks the beginning of the development of the first rules of justice. Rousseau’s conception of justice holds that without private property, there cannot be the development of first justice rules “for, to secure each man his own, it had to be possible for each to have something” ( 1). The essence of Rousseau’s argument in this statement is that the world provides for every human being to own at least something. This idea of distributive justice as explained by Rousseau is one of the aspects that make the world inhabited by humans the best of all worlds. This is in line with Pangloss’s assertions that though sufferance might be there, humans should be in a position to bear with it because it is a component of the best world. One of the major reasons why they should always persevere is that the world provides a lot of good things like, in this case, individual ownership of private property. Perhaps in other worlds, individuals are not even allowed to own private property or lay claim to individual ownership of anything.
Rousseau further shows the innate goodness of man by claiming that all humans have enlarged desires. He further contends that though the enlarged desires might lead to inequality, they are generally good for human existence. Furthermore, Rousseau appreciates that originally, human desires would result into materialism. He however believes that the same desires often culminate in better health and living conditions that are more comfortable ( 1). This whole argument justifies the goodness of human desires; that being selfish is actually good. The argument here is that it is out of the desires that such important aspects as law and justice were born. Ideally, some of the aspects that are always blamed for the bad happenings in the world are human selfishness and human desires. However, here is a case where Rousseau justifies the importance of the existence of such aspects. In this respect, Pangloss in “Candide” shares the same thought with Rousseau as both the two claim that in spite of such negative happenings, the world remains to be the best among other worlds. It is even probable that without these negativities, the world would have been less perfect.
Furthermore, according to Rousseau, the nature of human is such that human is neither moral nor vicious. They are, in his view, “innocent” beings (Scott 189). In “Candide,” the old woman complains about the sufferance she underwent in the hands of fellow humans (Voltaire 30). As indicated in the story, she never committed suicide even though she had thought of doing that. The connection between Rousseau’s arguments and “Candide” in this respect is in the nature of man. While Pangloss in “Candide” asserts that the world is the best amongst other worlds, Rousseau believes human is neither moral nor vicious. As such, the old woman in “Candide” should not blame her ordeal on the nature of humans but appreciate that that is what the world can at times offer. She should contend with it because it occurred in the “best world” containing humans who are naturally good.
Another philosopher who believed in the innate goodness of man was Zhu Xi who was a great proponent of “The Five Cardinal Confucian Virtues.” One of these virtues is ren. Ren is the humanity, charity, and benevolence virtue (Huang 183). This virtue holds that humans are charitable and benevolent in handling other humans. It is a virtue shared by the entire humanity. The second virtue is Yi, which implies uprightness and honesty. This virtue requires that in spite of whatever challenges a human being may be going through, they have to remain honest and upright because that is what human nature dictates. This is a reflection of the arguments in “Candide” where Pangloss, the philosopher, explains that humans should be in a position to withstand hardships in life because the Creator provided them with the best world possible. In this respect, they should not indulge in negative deeds because of the negative experiences they face from time to time. It is not their nature to do that; they are naturally and innately good. Moreover, they live in a good world, the best of all worlds for that matter.
The third Cardinal Confucian virtue is Li, which refers to worship, ceremony, politeness, good manners, propriety, or correct behavior (Huang 183). Generally, this particular virtue is all about the behavior and manners of human beings. According to the virtue, humans are naturally well behaved and good mannered. That is why they would never counter wrong with wrong. Their natural behavior would not allow them. The other two Confucian virtues are Zhi and Xin. The former means knowledge while the latter is the virtue of integrity and faithfulness (Huang 183). All these virtues actually make all humans to be good people who make the world a good place to live in. This may explain why Pangloss believed that the world is the best there is. When the innate nature of humans makes them to have all these wonderful virtues, what would make the world a bad place to live in?
Another belief that was held by Zhu Xi was that it is due to civilization that primordial chaos exists and that nature is in a constant motion. This argument implies that it is normal for chaos to occur in the world given that it is what drives civilization ( 1). In this regard, people should not deem the sufferance in the world to be unfortunate. Instead, they should take it as an important component of the world. This is because whatever happens in the world happens with a reason especially because, as pointed out by Pangloss in “Candide”, the world is the best that can ever be. Therefore, there would be no point faulting its occurrences.
In conclusion, the arguments on the nature of humans are the same for Pangloss in “Candide”, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Zhu Xi. They all share the belief that humans are innately good and live in the best world. Their arguments are pegged on the idea that humans can deal with whatever misfortunes that might come their way. Humans do this as they continue living in the world that their Creator provided to them. Another of their arguments is that the negative happenings in the world should be taken as worthy components of the world because after all, it is the best ever world that there is.
Works Cited
Huang, Yong. Why be moral?. SUNY Press, 2014. Print.
“Iun.Edu”. Zhu Xi’s Views on human nature. Web. Accessed 13 Mar 2016.
Scott, John. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: human nature and history. Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print. Rousseau and the noble savage myth. N.p., 1995. Accessed 10 Mar 2016.
Voltaire,. Candide. 1st ed. Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project, 1759. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.
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NPH Insulin: How Can It Help Manage Diabetes?
NPH Insulin: How Can It Help Manage Diabetes?
Neutral protamine Hagedron (NPH) Insulin is a type of medication for the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), a condition that comes about due to poor blood glucose control. If uncontrolled, DM can increase the risk of developing coronary artery diseases and other complications.
What Does NPH Insulin Do?
NPH insulin works by increasing the cellular intake of glucose in the liver, fatty tissues, and skeletal muscles.
This type of insulin acts on the aforementioned tissues to produce the following effects:
• Liver – promotes hepatic glycogen synthesis.
• Adipose (fatty) tissues – promotes fatty acid metabolism leading to lipoprotein synthesis.
• Skeletal muscles – promotes glycogen and protein synthesis.
In short, NPH insulin works like the human body’s own insulin. It does so by increasing the uptake of glucose in the liver, fat, and skeletal muscles, the level of glucose in the blood can be controlled.
What Benefit Does NPH Insulin Have Over Other Types of Insulin?
NPH insulin is classified as an intermediate-acting insulin.
There are different types of insulin and they are classified according to the following factors:
• The onset of their effects
• The peak of their effects
• The duration their effects last
Taking the factors mentioned above into account, insulin has 4 types:
• Rapid-acting insulin works in a more narrow and predictable range of time. Its effects may begin as soon as 5 minutes, peaking at around 1 hour.
• Short-acting insulin which is absorbed into the bloodstream shortly after being administered into fatty tissues. It is useful when used 30-60 minutes before meals.
• Intermediate-acting insulin is absorbed much slower than short-acting insulin, but lasts longer. It is useful when taken in between meals, during fasts, and before bed.
• Long-acting insulin is absorbed very slowly with a minimal peak level in the blood. However, the effects of this insulin lasts throughout most of the day.
Certain combinations of the different types of insulin can also be mixed together in a single syringe in order to get the benefits of 2 types.
Taken with regular insulin (a short-acting insulin), this type of insulin can help control blood sugar levels for a longer period of time.
What Are the Risks of Using This Type of Insulin?
Patients who take NPH insulin have a somewhat higher risk of developing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels) due to improper insulin administration.
This is likely because of inadequate resuspension of the drug. To avoid this, rotate the vial several times until it is uniformly cloudy prior to administering the medication.
When taken at night, this type of insulin typically peaks during midnight, when the body typically does not need much insulin.
This can cause nocturnal hypoglycemia. Alternatively, patients are also at risk of developing fasting hyperglycemia, as the duration of NPH insulin typically does not last until the morning. To avoid these effects, take insulin at bedtime rather than after the evening meal.
Other side effects of insulin intake include weight gain, edema, decreased potassium, skin atrophy or hypertrophy at the site of injection.
Who Should Take NPH Insulin?
Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus may take this type of insulin, though the dosage may vary according to the blood sugar level of the patient.
Who Should Not Take This Type of Insulin?
Patients taking NPH insulin should immediately stop taking this medication and consult their physician for alternative therapies if they manifest any of the following:
• An allergic/hypersensitivity reaction which can manifest as itchiness and redness on the skin or a rash all over the body.
• If they have repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia, which can manifest as shakiness, sweating, chills, irritability, fast heartbeat, hunger, nausea and vomiting, headaches, or sleepiness.
nph insulin
How To Take NPH Insulin
If prescribed by your physician, you may administer NPH insulin subcutaneously via a pen-injector or in a subcutaneous suspension. Typically, you inject it into the subcutaneous fat tissues around the abdomen. Its absorption improves with exercise, massage near the site of injection, or application of a warm compress.
You may take this type of insulin once or twice daily as morning and evening doses.
Key Takeaways
NPH Insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin effective in the management of DM; the main advantage of using this medication is that it can be mixed with a short-acting insulin. This provides the benefit of immediate effect with a longer duration of effect.
If you have diabetes, remember to consult your doctor to determine the best type of insulin for you.
Learn more about diabetes and insulin, here.
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Written by Gerard Tamayo Updated Dec 09, 2021
Medically reviewed by Elfred Landas, M.D.
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What is propane-butane?
Propane-butane, also known as LPG /an initialism consisting of the first letters of the English words for Liquefied Petroleum Gas/ is a mixture of light hydrocarbons in a gaseous state of aggregation under atmospheric temperature and pressure.
How is it obtained:
It is extracted from petroleum and natural gas deposits and also comes as a result of petroleum processing in refineries. Propane-butane or Autogas (LPG) – the alternative fuel.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is fuel with main components propane and butane, which under normal temperature and pressure is in a gaseous state of aggregation and in cases of increased pressure – a liquid. The main advantages of using LPG as motor fuel are:
• The LPG fuel enters the engine as an aerosol, thus washing out the oil film from the cylinder walls and does not dilute the oil in the oil pan. This slows down the process of wear and tear of the cylinders and increases the operational resource of the engine.
• LPG is easily mixed with air and equally fills in the engine cylinders with uniform mixture of fuel and air, therefore the engine works sustainably and quietly. The oil and air mixture burns out almost completely and does not form carbon deposits on the pistons, valves and sparking plugs. The plugs need to be replaced much rarely.
• The higher octane number of LPG (103-105) practically excludes the appearance of detonations that are extremely harmful for the engine.
• The use of LPG leads to significant reduction of the harmful substances contained in the burned gases and is environmentally friendly. LPG does not contain lead or sulfur which damage the car accelerator and oxygen sensor.
• LPG burns a little more slowly compared with petrol, which reduces the pressure on the piston group and the crank axle; however the dynamic properties of the engine are also reduced (by 2-5%). It is recommended the advance of the ignition time to be increased by 3-5°, in order to partially compensate the reduced dynamics of the motor vehicle.
• The LPG price is significantly lower than that of petrol and economies can be achieved.
• Mounting of an additional fuel tank reduces the volume of the trunk and increases the car mass.
• The engine power and the dynamic properties of the car are reduced by 5-7 %.
• The process of refueling takes more time.
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Should I cut blueberries in half for baby?
While they are a true superfood and should be a part of every child’s diet, blueberries should be cut in half until your child is able to chew foods safely and completely. Grapes, strawberries, and small (cherry) tomatoes should be cut in quarters until at least age 3, and perhaps longer.
When can babies eat halved blueberries?
How should you cut blueberries for babies?
Grapes, blueberries, cherry tomatoes and other small, round foods can still easily get lodged in baby’s throat or airway if merely cut in half at the equator. To make these common choking hazards safe for babies and toddlers, it’s best to quarter the food lengthwise. (You may also smash or thinly slice.)
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How do I give my 8 month old blueberries?
6 to 9 months old: To serve blueberries on their own, flatten each berry to make a disc. Serving atop of scoopable food will help baby pick them up. If baby gags, take a deep breath and try to let your little one work the blueberry forward independently.
Why can’t babies have blueberries?
Choking hazards.
Whole blueberries are a choking hazard. Puree blueberries when you first introduce them to your baby. Once your baby graduates to finger foods, either mash the blueberries or cut them into smaller pieces.
What age can baby eat whole blueberries?
“Blueberries remain a choking hazard until baby is 12 months old, according to the CDC , and shouldn’t be served in whole form until baby is confident with chewing. When baby can chew completely and safely, blueberries can be served in their raw, whole form.”
Can babies eat too many blueberries?
An overconsumption of blueberries can cause either diarrhoea or constipation in most people. In babies, if they have a clinically proven allergy to blueberries, it can cause constipation as well. Another reason blueberries could potentially cause constipation is if they have an extremely sensitive digestive tract.
How do I give my 1 year old blueberries?
Small, round fruits like blueberries are a common choking hazard for children under 4. Make sure you’re preparing blueberries safely for your little one by puréeing or smushing them for younger babies, and then continuing to smush or cut them into small, bite-sized pieces for older babies and toddlers.
Do I have to cook blueberries for baby food?
Packed with antioxidants and fiber, blueberries are a wonderful food for babies and toddlers—and they are so easy to turn into a simple blueberry puree that doesn’t even require cooking.
Can 6 month old have blueberry puree?
As yummy superfoods, blueberries are a great first food for babies 4-6 months and up. Serve them as a baby food puree, solid food for the finger food stage, or baby-led weaning.
Are blueberries good for baby constipation?
Diet in children over one year old
Some good examples are apples, apricots, beans, blueberries, brocolli, cabbage, cauliflower, dates, figs, lettuce, peas, pears, prunes and raisins. Avoid any foods that could cause choking in younger children. Take steps to increase the amount of fibre in your child’s diet.
Are raspberries OK to give babies?
When can babies eat raspberries? Raspberries may be introduced as soon as your baby is ready to start solids, which is generally around 6 months of age. Babies are typically drawn to red foods—it’s one of the first colors that they see—so red raspberries are a terrific way to introduce tart flavors to your little one.
Can babies eat blueberry skin?
When my baby was around 6 months I would peel the skin and give it to her. Today for the first time at 11 months I gave it to her with the skin. She ate it fine, but I noticed she was nibbling on something a few minutes after she was done.
How do you cut strawberries for 6 month old?
How do you prepare strawberries for babies with baby-led weaning?
1. 6 to 9 months old: If your strawberries are big and ripe, offer a whole strawberry to baby. …
2. 9 to 12 months old: If baby’s pincer grasp has developed, offer quartered strawberries, cut vertically from top to bottom.
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Why can’t babies have strawberries?
How do I prepare strawberries for my 6 month old?
How to prepare strawberries for a 6-month-old. Cut strawberries into sheet-like slices — they should be thin enough for your baby to gum but still big enough for her to palm. If the slices are very slippery, you can dust them with baby cereal to make them more grippable.
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Was India a rich country before British?
Was India the richest country in past?
Did you know for over 1700 years (0001 AD – 1700 AD) India was the richest country in the world!!! … The answer lies in the graph, while India’s fortunes dropped and during the same period West Europe’s and America’s fortunes raised. British systematically took out all our richness in 150 years of invasion.
Was India the wealthiest country?
From there, you can determine which states are wealthiest and then list the countries in descending order, from richest to poorest. Here is the definitive ranking of 194 countries of the world, in order from most to least wealthy.
Richest Countries In The World 2021.
Country India
GDP (IMF ’19) $2.97 Tn
GDP (UN ’16) $2.26 Tn
Per Capita $2.26 Tn
Was India rich before British rule?
In 1900-02, India’s per capita income was Rs 196.1, while it was just Rs 201.9 in 1945-46, a year before India got its independence. During this period, the per capita income rose to maximum Rs 223.8 in 1930-32.
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What was India called before British rule?
“Hindustan”, as the term Hindu itself, entered the English language in the 17th century. In the 19th century, the term as used in English referred to the Subcontinent. “Hindustan” was in use simultaneously with “India” during the British Raj.
Which country is No 1 in world?
The World’s Best Countries For Quality of Life, 2021.
Rank Country Score
1 Finland 99.06
2 Denmark 98.13
3 Norway 96.75
4 Belgium 96.53
Who is stronger China or USA?
China has the strongest military in the world, scoring 82 out of 100 points in the index, it noted. China wins in a sea war with 406 ships vs Russia with 278 and the USA or India with 202, it said. “The USA, despite their enormous military budgets, comes in 2nd place with 74 points.
What made British to leave India?
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Where Does Enhancement End and Citation Begin?
The internet has made this much more difficult
One of the benefits of hypertext in a connected digital environment is the ability to interlink documents. This was part of the hyper-text focused vision of the internet that Tim Berners-Lee was trying to create in the 1990s when he developed the World Wide Web. At the time, there were other prototypes and products that were more robust visions of what hypertext could do, including Apple’s HyperCard product, the Microcosm hypermedia system developed by Wendy Hall and a team at Southampton University and Ben Schneiderman’s HyperTies system. There was a great deal of excitement around these ideas that originated from Ted Nelson’s (unrealized) vision of digital communications that he proposed in the 1960s.
Initial experiments and products that were built in the late 1980s and 1990s around hypertext philosophies allowed anyone to create a link from a document. Some of those at the time thought HTML and the WWW that developed based on its principles was a step backward in some respects because the links that were created were only unidirectional and other hypertext features such as annotation were not included (among other criticisms).
This means that only a site’s administrators (or eventually those with write-access, in the case of wikis and other “Web 2.0” tools that developed later) could insert a link onto a page. It was the sole responsibility of the author to curate and maintain the content. In fact this curation role — and the principle of the primacy of the author/publisher — created a number of subsequent problems on the Internet that we’re dealing with today, such as link rot, website preservation and retractions.
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Last Updated on November 10, 2021
Have you ever stopped just to watch a sunset? Or stared for a few minutes at the ocean? Perhaps you caught shades of colors, the breeze in the air, and had a few moments of just being aware of yourself and the world.
This type of noticing, of being in the moment, is called mindfulness. While it comes easier for many during a serene moment in nature, we can actually practice it at any time, in any location.
Awareness of the moment can be a peaceful experience, but that’s not the only reason to practice it. Mindfulness and addiction recovery go hand in hand. Studies show1 that mindful recovery helps with thoughts, emotions, and cravings related to alcohol.
In fact, regularly practicing mindfulness actually changes your brain structure. MRI tests show that the brain not only changes during the mindfulness practice itself, but in everyday life as well2. Mindfulness can make recovery easier, and life more enjoyable.
Practice the Basics
woman with her eyes shut, being present in the moment
Photo by Eli DeFaria on Unsplash
Perhaps the most difficult part of practicing mindfulness is simply understanding the process. Once that step clicks, it becomes more clear.
John Kabat-Zinn, one of the world’s most respected experts, uses a specific definition when describing this practice3: “Mindfulness means paying attention, in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment, without judgment.”
If you did nothing more than simply practice a bit of mindfulness each day, you would experience the benefits. More studies are needed to determine the optimum amount of mindfulness practice, but many experts compare it to exercise. A lot is great, but a little is better than none.
To get started, pick a simple activity or object to notice. For example, while taking a shower, use all of your senses. Bring your focus to the sounds, texture, smell, and feel of the shower. As your mind wanders, which everyone experiences, bring your attention back to the water.
You could also practice while putting on lotion, taking a walk, or listening to music. Become aware of your senses, and notice the feelings and sensations that are present. If other thoughts come up, notice that as well, and then come back to the moment.
If you struggle with the overall concept, try following a video or mindfulness app. These will walk you through the basic steps.
Once you get a sense of the basics of mindfulness, you can experiment with some of the more formal methods to see if these are helpful. Studies show4 that most of the well-known approaches work, but that each has specific strengths. Depending on your needs, different types of meditation may work better for you.
Here’s a look at some of the most common forms of meditation and mindfulness.
Mindfulness Meditations
Mindfulness meditations are specific practices, sometimes including a particular script or set of instructions to direct you. Here are a few popular examples:
Body Scan
In a body scan, you move through each muscle group, often starting with your feet. Start by bringing your attention to your toes, noticing how they feel. Stay with that sensation for a moment, and then move to your heels. Continue up your legs, and complete each muscle group until you end at the top of your head. The body scan is helpful overall, but may help specifically with discomfort or pain.
Often we try to turn our attention away from physical pain or uncomfortable emotions. But in many cases this can make such problems worse over time, rather than curing them. By noticing, rather than distracting, you teach your brain to interpret this information differently. And, you learn that you can tolerate even the most uncomfortable experiences.
Breathing Mindfulness
woman overlooking the city, taking a moment to be mindful
Photo by Jeffery Erhunse on Unsplash
Breathing mindfulness is just like it sounds—noticing your breath. You don’t try to change your breathing, but rather become aware of it. Notice how it moves in through your nose or mouth, into your lungs, and out again.
Mindfulness of the breath is convenient since it’s always present, and can be practiced anytime. It’s one of the most common types of meditation used throughout the world, and in most types of meditation and mindfulness groups.
Loving Kindness Meditation
In the loving kindness practice, meditators practice sending positive thoughts to themselves and others. Many find this practice particularly meaningful, and it’s actually shown to make people more compassionate and empathetic5 with others. Most people follow a specific script, although outlines vary: many cultures around the world have their own version of this practice.
Observing-Thought Meditation
This type of meditation involves a helpful process: becoming aware of our thoughts. Many people don’t realize that thoughts are simply reactions in our brain. They don’t always reflect facts about a situation, what we actually believe, or anything that’s necessarily important.
By practicing noticing our thoughts, rather than being consumed by them, we can defuse strong emotions relating to them. For example, if you notice yourself getting upset and wonder why, you are experiencing a moment of observing your thoughts. Practicing this regularly can help you calm your mind, emotions, and reactions.
Leaves on a Stream
The leaves on a stream technique is a type of observing thoughts meditation, but includes a visualization aspect. It’s often used as part of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)6. In this practice, you imagine that you are at a gently flowing stream. As a thought arises in your mind, you imagine removing the thought from your brain and placing it on a leaf. You then watch the thought flow down the stream.
As you continue the meditation, you practice with each thought that enters your brain. This allows you to separate your experience from your thoughts, and realize that you aren’t tied to a thought just because it crosses your mind.
Daily Mindfulness
woman practicing mindfulness while taking a walk
Photo by Amadeo Valar on Unsplash
While there are many structured and specific mindfulness practices, you don’t have to limit yourself to these. Simply noticing your day to day experiences, good or bad, can give you the same benefits. Here are some ideas to get you started:
• Take a mindful walk. Walk down a nature trail, or even a city sidewalk. Notice what colors you see, what sounds you hear, and how your feet feel on the ground. If a loud or annoying sound interrupts you, just notice that as well. If your mind wanders, notice that and come back to the moment.
• Listen to instrumental music. Sit with your chosen music and listen for the sounds of the instruments. Notice what you hear, as well as how your body feels physically. Notice any emotions that come up. Don’t try to change any feeling—simply become aware of it.
• Notice difficult emotions. Many who struggle in recovery aren’t sure how to deal with overwhelming emotions. Sometimes mindfulness can help. Rather than trying to push away the feelings, simply notice them. Ride the wave, and notice as the feeling gets stronger or fades. Just becoming aware of it can lessen its intensity.
• Play with your children, staying in the moment. Ever notice how kids can get caught up in a game or toy, and seem focused on nothing else? They are natural at simply being in the moment. Practice simply playing with them, with a toy, during a game, or on a playground. Find joy by simply being with them.
• Have a mindful meal. Prepare a meal you particularly enjoy, with rich tastes and smells. Rather than eating quickly, or even at a regular pace, slow things down. Take a moment between each bite, and simply notice the textures, smells, and sensations. This can also be helpful if you tend to overeat or eat too quickly.
Create Your Own Rituals
One of the fun parts of mindfulness is that there are endless possibilities. Perhaps you enjoy physical sensations, music, or being outside. You can create your own mindfulness practices that center around the activities you find most peaceful. As you regularly practice mindfulness with pleasant experiences, it will be easier to use it during difficult moments. Both are helpful.
Mindfulness may seem too simple to actually help with addiction. However, many experts believe mindfulness in substance abuse treatment has been the missing ingredient. Ongoing research will help us get a better understanding of how and why. Meanwhile, you can practice staying in the here and now.
In alcohol abuse recovery, mindfulness can help you deal with cravings, decrease stress, and increase happiness. At Ria, our online coaching team can help you develop mindfulness practices to control drinking urges, and overcome negative thought patterns linked to alcohol use. We also offer anti-craving medications, expert medical support, digital tools, and more—all from your smartphone.
Get in touch with a team member today, or learn more about how it works.
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#1 Must Learn Digital Skill for the Future of Work - Web Development
It doesn't matter if you're new to the internet or a long-time user; chances are you've already heard about either JavaScript, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). Together they make up the foundation of web development, and one of the highest paying and most in-demand job fields, and the number one digital skill to learn for the future job market.
Essentially every business utilizes the open web and internet daily and maintains a web presence. Web developers are the ones working behind the scenes to make that happen.
When it comes to development and learning programming languages, it's pretty understandable to feel intimidated. After all, professionals take years of formal education to learn about computer coding.
But the thing is, web development isn't really that hard, and you don't need a full-on tech background to learn it. Programming is one of those things that you can never master, only continue to learn and adopt new technologies.
Once you learn the basics of web development, you can play, experiment, and create practically anything you want online.
So where do you begin?
Learning web development fundamentals is the best place to start a career in tech, marketing, and many other industries. It's as close to an essential skill inside virtually all businesses, as well as for freelancers and entrepreneurs.
In this article you'll find everything you need to know about web development, including where to learn web development and how to learn JavaScript, HTML, and CSS at your own pace and on your own time.
What are the 3 fundamental skills to learn to become a web developer?
The 3 thing you need to learn to be a web developer
The 3 skills you will need to learn to be able to create and develop websites are HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) - is responsible for your web page structure
2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) - defines aesthetic elements like color and fonts.
3. JavaScript - is the scripting language used for dynamic elements and properties.
Is web development easy to learn?
YES! JavaScript, HTML, and CSS are considered very beginner-friendly and super easy to learn.
How long does it take to learn the fundamentals of web development?
You can be well on your way with basic web development in only a matter of hours.
Using the top rated web development resources online, you can go step-by-step from beginner to advance at your own pace, as fast or slow as you're comfortable.
Some examples of how you can use web development skills in a very short period of time:
• Custom designed blog pages/templates.
• Build your own online presence like a professional resume site or personal portfolio.
• Improve your design capabilities beyond Photoshop.
• Make eye-catching, effective corporate newsletters and emails..
• Launch your own online business or serve others as a freelancer.
So what exactly are the functions of JavaScript, HTML, & CSS for developing websites?
What does HTML and CSS do?
HTML is used to interpret content and structure on a web page, and CSS is responsible for the layout, design, theme, style, etc.
Simple enough? We could say HTML is responsible for displaying the words, and CSS is responsible for the appearance & colors. Let's dive a little deeper and learn more about the basics below.
What exactly is HTML?
HTML, short for "HyperText Markup Language," is the standard markup language responsible for creating web page structure and determining how the elements should be displayed.
"HTML is used to interpret content and structure on a web page"
Contrary to popular belief, HTML is NOT a programming language because there's no programming logic behind it. It's a markup language. This means HTML allows you to "mark up" the data you have within HTML tags. Your browser reads those tags and, within it, determines which part of the content is your title heading (title tag), paragraph/body text, etc.
HTML is the first foundation of a website, used often by web developers, marketers, entrepreneurs, and at both big and small businesses. Without HTML you couldn't have a functional website.
Where do you use HTML?
Even if HTML is not a programming language, programmers encounter it everywhere. HTML has impacted everything you see on the internet, and learning these skills gives you the ability to pursue careers in many industries.
Here are some areas where HTML is commonly applied:
• Web development. This is the most basic application of HTML. From developing your web pages to creating your web documents, HTML (and CSS) dominate.
• Navigation across the internet. HTML is revolutionary when it comes to web navigation. Going from one page to another with just a click is all thanks to HTML's hyperlink feature.
• Offline capability of websites. Ever wonder why sometimes, your webpages load even if you're not connected to the internet? Well, that's a nifty feature of HTML. Once your browser has preloaded a site, you can essentially access the page even if you're temporarily disconnected from the internet. That goes the same when you make a webpage available to read offline!
• Design and themes. Websites need to be dynamic yet functional. When it comes to coming up with unique designs, and strategic elements, it requires HTML..
Not bad for a language that doesn't technically have programming capabilities!
What is CSS?
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. As the name suggests, it's function is defining the style and design elements of a web page.
You can use CSS to change font colors and design backgrounds.
Where is CSS used?
The most common properties of CSS are:
• font style
• font size
• text color
• paragraph alignment
• letter spacing
• line height/spacing
• border sizes/colors
• bullet lists
• background
What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a scripting language that web developers use to create website contents that are otherwise too complicated or dynamic for HTML and CSS.
Java is different than JavaScript—something that is commonly mistaken. Java is a general-purpose programming language that programmers use to develop applications, embedded systems, and more.
JavaScript is a scripting language that does all the heavy lifting behind the scenes for websites.
All websites have elements of JavaScript embedded into them. Those lines of code are responsible for simple dynamic website elements like animations or slideshows up to more complicated ones like autocomplete suggestions and searches.
Where do you use JavaScript?
Basically, if you want to create a fully-functional website that does anything more than display texts and images, you will need JavaScript.
JavaScript is the real programming language behind most of the dynamic features of a website or web app. It's where your website comes to life and becomes so much more than just a colored page with words.
What are the most common use cases for JavaScript?
• Website interactivity. This is what JavaScript is mostly used for. You really can't build a decent website without JavaScript unless you want a single static page. (Think about the buttons and links you press).
• Browser-based games. How many times did browser-based games pull us out of boredom? To make those games happen, a neat bit of JavaScript is going on behind that webpage.
• Applications development. There's more to JavaScript than just making your websites look much more engaging. It's also used in developing mobile applications.
• Back-end web development. While JavaScript is mostly used on front end development, you can also use this language for your back end infrastructure. It's versatile and functional enough for it to be capable as a back-end scripting language.
That's just the tip of the iceberg. JavaScript is unbelievably popular for developers and programmers. Almost everything you see on the internet has an element of JavaScript included.
10 top reasons why you should be learning JavaScript, HTML, and CSS in 2021
Now, let's get to the top 10 reasons you should consider learning web development basics JavaScript, HTML, and CSS to kickstart a tech career.
One nuisance of being in the tech industry is that you have to keep updated with everything. Technology comes and goes faster than we can learn it. It is frustrating for someone who makes a living out of it because you have to constantly learn new things to stay employed in the industry.
Learning new languages takes a lot of time, effort, and money, so you have to be smart about it. A wise career choice would involve investing in a skill that won't be obsolete in five years or so.
That is what's great about JavaScript. Right now, it's the most popular scripting language used by professional developers.
2. Large community of developers
That historic nature of JavaScript means that there are millions of people all ages and nationalities who have knowledge in the language. This community allows for you to find resources, help, and suggestions from people who’ve struggled with every programming problem you’re bound to face.
With such a huge community around JavaScript and millions of businesses committed to its structure, it is pretty safe to assume that there will continue to be work available for these specialized developers well into the future.
3. Considered a language of the internet
Another reason why JavaScript won't turn into a thing of the past? JavaScript is literally the language of the internet.
You don't need to look further from your web browser or your favorite sites to know that JavaScript is a useful element in today's technology. With such a wide reach in the industry, the demand for JavaScript is incredibly high.
4. Beginner-friendly and easy to learn with no prior programming experience
Yes, you read that right. You don't need to know any coding to learn web development with HTML and CSS.
5. Makes learning other languages easier
Basically every professional coder starts by learning HTML, CSS. This is because HTML is the most basic markup language.
While learning these skills, you interact with languages like JavaScript frequently enough to begin to pick up the syntax.
Knowledge of these web development fundamentals is an ideal introduction to how coding works and the logic behind it. So if you want to have a career as a developer or programmer, HTML/CSS is definitely the best place to start. You'll soon move on to learning other languages like JavaScript, but HTML is a foundation that you'll find yourself coming back to in the duration of your career.
6. JavaScript has incredible versatility
People might mistake JavaScript for a one-trick pony, but that is far from reality. The scripting language is incredibly versatile and reaches far beyond just website development.
JavaScript is definitely most popular for its web development function and the front-end / user-side abilities. A lot of professional programmers however are using JavaScript for back-end programming.
Plus, some of today's most popular games can be played through a browser thanks to JavaScript, such as Bejeweled and 2048.
7. A competitive career with high pay and opportunity.
Of course you have to ask, does a web development career with JavaScript/HTML/CSS pay well?
And the answer is, it absolutely does, both financially and creatively.
Every business is going digital if they’re not already there. Demand continues to skyrocket for skilled developers in common programming languages like JavaScript... even though JavaScript has been around now for over 25 years!
Since its conception there has been a shortage of JavaScript developers. As the number of global businesses that operate online only continues to rise, it creates a highly competitive industry where people are willing to pay a premium for JavaScript skills and knowledge.
8. Three of the fastest tech skills you can acquire
Learning a new coding or programming language typically something you'd consider fast or easy. Especially if you don't have a formal education in software engineering or related fields.
When it comes to HTML, it's pretty easy. Again, HTML is technically a markup language. You're working on top of the code. Because of that, all you really need is a computer with the Notepad application to get started. It's the most basic of coding, so you don't need to have any formal educational background.
Believe it or not, you can learn HTML and CSS basics to have your own simple website up and running i hours, even if you were starting today from zero programming knowledge.
JavaScript is the more challenging area to learn of the three, but with so many great educational resources available and mastered over the decades, now is the best and easiest time to learn web development. You can learn JavaScript, HTML and CSS basics in under 24 hours to build your own websites or portfolio.
9. You can earn extra money without making a drastic career change.
When we said that you can still reap the benefits of HTML even if you're not in the tech career, we also mean that in a financial sense.
A significant number of web developers have a day job in another field but program as a side hustle or hobby. This freelance work can significantly boost up your income. Plus, you can build up your own portfolio and experience if you want to dive deeper into a professional coding and programming career.
Students and beginners can benefit most from learning HTML and CSS because of their ability to freelance for local businesses in exchange for experience. A little HTML/CSS is all that's needed for small businesses or entrepreneurs to update their websites.
Hiring a professional developer for these simple tasks is often unnecessary because they are overqualified and expensive. A huge market is available for basic web developers who then graduate into more experienced roles and gain additional programming skills.
10. It went from a nice-to-have skill to a common hiring requirement.
The hiring environment for programmers, developers, and coders is becoming more elaborate and competitive these days.
Since the salaries are high for these kinds of positions, more employers are seeking an effective bang-for-their-buck deal with their employees. That means finding a golden goose with the right repertoire and knowledge of several coding and programming languages.
Web development used to be a useful skill to have. But now, it's becoming more of a hiring requirement.
Where to learn web development on your own time?
We've put together the best online resources to learn web development fundamentals JavaScript, HTML and CSS from the leading institutions and experts here.
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In MySQL, if I create a new VARCHAR(32) field in a UTF-8 table does it means I can store 32 bytes of data in that field or 32 chars (multi-byte)?
• @naXa: I didn't. You think I should?
– Alix Axel
Oct 8 '14 at 9:39
• I don't know.) It's your question, and it's up to you. I just wanted to say "another answer looks more complete".
– naXa
Oct 8 '14 at 10:41
• @robsch The previous accepted answer was simple and correct. But do to popular demand I've accepted the one you want.
– Alix Axel
Oct 12 '15 at 17:11
This answer showed up at the top of my google search results but wasn't correct so:
The confusion is probably due to different versions of mysql being tested.
• Version 4 counts bytes
• Version 5 counts characters
MySQL interprets length specifications in character column definitions in character units. (Before MySQL 4.1, column lengths were interpreted in bytes.) This applies to CHAR, VARCHAR, and the TEXT types.
Interestingly (I hadn't thought about it) the max length of a varchar column is affected by utf8 as follows:
• 54
M Brown, thanks for mentioning this. A VARCHAR(10) field (using utf8mb4) can store "💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩" (10 piles of poo), that's 10 characters but 40 bytes.
– basic6
Jul 10 '14 at 9:27
• 4
This. This is the only right answer. Far too many people believe the version 4 behavior as gospel.
– SineSwiper
Aug 21 '14 at 1:10
• 2
The accepted answer is also correct for MySQL 5 -- the numbers inserted were actually part of the full-width char set and are multi-byte unicode characters, as also mentioned by the poster that he inserted "32 multibytes data". It's a shame so many people misunderstood.
– user193130
Sep 21 '15 at 4:40
• Citing the following source, I believe a utf8 character currently requires up to 6 bytes so anywhere between 1 and 6 bytes. This causes the worst case for a character maximum to be 10922. I think. joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html
– usumoio
Jun 6 '16 at 20:02
• 2
@usumoio Currently, it looks like MySQL uses the 3-byte variant of UTF-8, with migration to the (standard) 4-byte variant being planned: dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/charset-unicode-utf8.html.
– flow2k
May 12 '20 at 6:12
it would let you store 32 multi-byte chars
• I almost never use CHAR and when I do it's not intended to store multi-byte chars, so I'm safe. What about VARCHAR, are you sure the limit is defined in multi-byte chars and not on single-byte chars?
– Alix Axel
Jan 4 '10 at 4:55
• 9
@jspcal: UTF-8 uses a maximum of 4 bytes per character, not 3. Or does MySQL not support all 4 bytes? Jan 5 '10 at 23:09
• 5
@RemyLebeau You are right about utf8, but not for MySQL. The various utf8_xxx character sets are 3-byte maximum. The utf8mb4_xxx take 4 byte characters. dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-unicode-utf8mb4.html May 10 '13 at 3:07
• With the progression of time, it looks like MySQL will finally use the standard 4-byte version (but not yet, at the time of writing): dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/charset-unicode-utf8.html.
– flow2k
May 12 '20 at 6:10
32 multibytes data for varchar(32) with collation utf8_unicode_ci, I just tested with XAMPP.
Get truncated to:
Keep in mind that these are not regular ASCII chars.
• 4
In UTF-8 standard ASCII chars will only be stored in a single byte - to really test this you need to actually use some multibyte (ie. non-ascii) chars in your test sting.
– rjmackay
Apr 3 '13 at 0:18
• 5
This is wrong, at least for MySQL 5+. When specifying column size for varchar or char, it is specified in terms of characters. I believe the actual size of a VARCHAR(32) column would be 32x3+1=97 bytes. May 10 '13 at 3:04
• 5
@rjmackay '１２３４５' are not standard ASCII chars. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… Jul 2 '14 at 13:24
• 7
I inserted 40 unicode characters into DB, and got truncated at 32 character. But looks like people think I used ascii bytes and get truncated at 32 bytes. No wonder, I got downvotes, lol.
– YOU
Jul 2 '14 at 14:50
• 2
@ButtleButkus " I believe the actual size of a VARCHAR(32) column would be 32x3+1=97 bytes" It would if you use utf8, but then you get broken Unicode support in MySQL. You should use utf8mb4 encoding instead, because there are max. 4 bytes in a utf-8 char, not 3 as in MySQL's variant of utf8... Jun 4 '15 at 12:18
It is better to use "char" for high-frequent update tables because the total data length of the row will be fixed and fast. Varchar columns make row data sizes dynamic. That's not good for MyISAM, but I don't know about InnoDB and others. For example, if you have a very narrow "type" column, it may be better to use char(2) with latin1 charset to only claim minimal space.
• 1
I've read that if ANY column in a table is varchar, then you lose all benefit of having char columns. Basically, it seems like you have to go with all varchar or all char in a table for maximum benefit. I don't know if it's true, though. May 10 '13 at 3:09
• For MyISAM there is some argument for CHAR. For InnoDB, so many other things are going on that the "dynamic/fixed row size" debate is essentially irrelevant.
– Rick James
Oct 31 '15 at 23:03
• IMHO the important point here is that for very small lengths, it may be beneficial to use CHAR. Jan 26 '17 at 23:38
If you connect to the database using latin1 encoding (for example with PHP) to save an PHP UTF8 string in an MySQL UTF8 column, you will have a double UTF8 encoding.
If the UTF8 string $s is 32 characters long but 64 bytes long and the column is VARCHAR(32) UTF8, the double encoding will convert the string $s to a 64 characters long UTF8 string that will be truncated in the database to its 32 first characters corresponding to the 32 first bytes of $s. You may end up thinking that MySQL 5 behaves like MySQL 4 but it is in fact a second cause for the same effect.
Your Answer
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Types of broaches and their applications
Broach used in the production of machine-building enterprises, are of two types: internal, for handling a closed loop or hole of the most various and complex shapes, and outer applied to obtain an open surface. Broaching is a highly productive tool, for example, one wire replaces approximately 100-150 on resistance of core drills or reamers.< / span>
slotted broach
depending on the type of cutting broaches differ according to the type of application to them of force. In the case when power supply is applied to the shank of the broach, this type of broach is called firmware. Thus, the feeding of the work suffers sprain and firmware compression. To avoid buckling allows a rule saying that the length of the firmware should not exceed 15 times of its diameter. Broach finds wider application than the firmware, so in the future will deal mainly with pulling.
Finish receiving a cap in the surface of the part can get or cutting chips, or using the plastic deformation, i.e., the broaches have cutting and in addition a number of pressing teeth. Plastic deformation allows to obtain a high class of surface finish.
Internal type broaches are divided into the following subtypes:
— advance to round holes;
spline broach;
— shaped broach different profile (involute, Christmas, multifaceted, etc.).
external Broach type divided on the type of treated surface on a flat, shaped or semicircular. Depending on the applied cutting diagrams distinguish between pulling a single or the other profile, group and generator, depending on design teams, with false teeth, inlay work, equipped with plates of hard alloy, etc
Methods of broaching and the broaching tool is continuously being improved. In the design of the broaches should be considered the requirements that improve the performance of the process of extending and ensuring more reliable operation and increased longevity of the engine. This can be achieved in the following ways:
1) equipping the cutting part of the broach tool materials with enhanced cutting properties;
2) the improvement of geometric parameters of the cutting and control parts of broaches;
3) using more rational cutting schemes;
4) creation of normal conditions of the chips and placing the chips in metsubou the groove broaching;
5) creating a combined broaches, including rough and finish cutting surfaces in a single pass.
According to: Gigalo N. I., Kiselev V. V. design and manufacture of cutting tools.Often, to mitigate the coolant used methods of mitigating shop.bwt.ua
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Password Security
Want a strong password? Here’s how to do it the right way
Bad passwords are easy to remember, but also easy to guess and that can give an attacker access to your online accounts. That’s why the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) recommends that users pick three random words for a password rather than meeting complex requirements, such as an alphanumeric string, that could permit the creation of bad passwords like “pa55word.” One of the main reasons is to address the fact that people are poor at memorizing long, complex passwords and password manager adoption remains very low. The three random words are beneficial because they produce longer passwords, it’s an easy-to-explain and understand password strategy, and it’s usable and practical. It also helps increase password diversity, which makes it harder for attackers to use search algorithms to discover passwords cheaply and then compromise accounts.
NCSC has called on organizations previously to ditch password-expiry policies because they encourage users to pick slight variations on existing passwords. Since then, many organizations such as Microsoft have dropped its recommendation for expiring passwords because the policy was obsolete and unhelpful. The three random words advice also roughly aligns with Google’s recommendations for protecting Google Accounts. NCSC gave critical advice that passwords must be memorized and to store them in a password manager, a browser, or on a piece of paper. While NCSC endorses the use of password managers and believes they also increase password diversity, it’s encouraging three random words until password manager adoption is universal.
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How Do Batteries Work?
About Batteries
How do batteries work?
It’s not exactly magic … but it’s close.
Battery Device Respond
Powering the device
Let’s look at how batteries work to generate and send power to your favorite devices. More technical details can be found on our Battery Chemistry page
Chemical Reacts
The chemical reaction starts when you insert a battery into a device – and complete the circuit.
Device Responds
Voltage Drops
Battery Device Respond
Constructing the battery
It’s easier to understand how batteries work when you see how they’re put together.
Container —It all starts with an empty steel can – the battery container.
Cathode Mix —Finely-ground powders of manganese dioxide and conductors that carry a naturally-occurring electrical charge are molded to the inside wall of the empty container.
Separator —Separator paper is inserted to keep the cathode from touching the anode.
Anode —The anode, which carries a negative electrical charge, plus potassium hydroxide electrolyte are then pumped into each container.
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DDoS Attacks Evolve To Conscript Devices Onto The IoT
The number of cybersecurity attacks skyrocketed in frequency and increased in complexity as the internet of things (IoT) spread its wings in 2017.
But DDoS attacks are really nothing new. They turn 30 this year, making the threat to computer systems and data security one of the oldest around. But the IoT has provided new fuel.
In these attacks, thousands of computers are turned into an arsenal converging on a single network, overwhelming it with traffic. Today, any electronic device connected to the internet can be used in a DDoS attack — smart refrigerators, thermostats, home security and lighting systems, even baby monitors.
It’s a strange picture — commandeering a legion of smart devices to do battle as botnets against a target organization’s network and systems. But this is exactly the scenario that recently took down an internet services company that routes and manages internet traffic.
Army Of Invaders
Like humans turned into zombie-like White Walkers on “Game of Thrones,” 100,000 internet-connected devices were infected with malware and ordered to attack. The result prevented millions of internet users from accessing the websites of more than 70 online companies for about two hours.
Such assaults can be devastating for businesses that generate income through online customer-facing services. The Ponemon Institute pegs the average cost of a DDoS attack for a company at $1.7 million. The bulk of this expense ($517,599) comes from lost services. Other costs include technical support ($414,128), lost productivity ($229,071), disruption to normal operations ($346,062) and damage or theft of IT assets and infrastructure ($199,201).
Hackers’ motives in launching cybersecurity attacks are evolving. They include shutting down networks and reaping illegal financial gains. Hackers are cognizant of the time it takes for IT security to battle the attack, leaving the door temporarily open to corporate data.
Weapons Evolving
Turning smart devices into DDoS botnets is the latest scourge. Unlike corporate computer networks and systems with sophisticated firewalls and flow analytics tools that redirect traffic in response to an attack, connected devices such as baby monitors and washing machines generally have poor security, their endpoints protected by little more than inexpensive, off-the-shelf Wi-Fi routers.
Hackers are well aware of the vulnerabilities, not to mention the opportunity presented. As the number of connected devices rapidly increases from roughly 23 billion to an estimated 50 billion by 2020, the number of potential weapons for a DDoS attack more than doubles.
Limiting Casualties
A multipronged defense strategy is needed to combat DDoS attacks. Vendors of the semiconductors, sensors and other components used in connected devices must upgrade security, according to Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group. And companies that embed these devices must commit to buying only the most secure ones.
Endpoints on the IoT must be protected by next-generation firewalls with enterprise-level protections as the data flows into the internet. The use of a separate network segmented from the current one will add an extra layer of protection if the device is breached. The U.S. Justice Department also recommends that device users create complex passwords and keep the software current, implementing upgrades and patches the instant they’re issued.
As for limiting network losses from a DDoS attack, security experts recommend geographically dispersing systems so as to reduce the surface attack area. The idea is to put servers in different data centers located on different networks, making it tougher to topple the entire network.
Over time, IoT-related cyber threats will continue to evolve. But the positive results that business and society gain from the use of any new technology can outweigh the bad.
“Growth is being driven by the potential to increase efficiency and improve business outcomes by collecting better data about things in the workplace,” said Larry Ponemon, founder and CEO of the Ponemon Institute. “To ensure that security risks do not outweigh the benefits, new strategies that holistically consider risks in the organization’s entire IoT ecosystem are needed.”
For more information about minimizing cybersecurity threats at your company, check out these related papers:
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Gobekli Tepe and Gymnasium of Pergamon, Turkey
Gymnasium of Pergamon, Turkey
Gobekli Tepe
Thousands of years old stone circles
If you think of a circle of stones that was thousands of years old and built by human hands, you first think of Stonehenge in England. Tourists almost always make a detour to nearby Amesbury on their travels. There is undoubtedly an imposing complex waiting here, which is still debated over whether it is a meeting place, a temple, a burial site or even an early observatory. But the stone blocks piled up around 2500 – 2000 BCE have already faced serious competition for several years, namely Göbekli Tepe.
Interesting constructions and hit figures
According to topschoolsintheusa, Göbekli Tepe is located about 15 kilometers northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa in southeast Turkey. Here, too, several circular formations made from erected stone constructions were found. They were actually discovered in the 1960s, but their significance was still misunderstood at that time. It was only during a visit to the facility that the German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt realized what a historical find it actually represented. Since then, there has been a long-term excavation site of the German Archaeological Institute here. But why is Göbekli Tepe, which means something like “bellied hill”, such an attraction? This is simply due to the age, because in the earliest finds it is dated to around 10,000 BCE. The system is thus rewriting our history books.
UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2018
The suspicion is that the so-called T-pillars, which were installed here in several circular formations, represented a temple. However, at a time when people weren’t even settled. The symbols and animal figures carved into the stones also testify to high quality and beauty. Some three-dimensional animals were even carved out of the stone, which can be seen on trips to Göbekli Tepe in Turkey. Göbekli Tepe has been a registered UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2018, but it is still being dug and researched. On study trips, interested visitors have the opportunity to find out about the latest findings and to watch our history being rewritten.
Gymnasium of Pergamon
Geographical location:
The ancient Greek city of Pergamon is a worthwhile travel destination for those interested in archeology and art lovers. Located in the north-west of Turkey, the city of Bergama today is one of the most important cultural centers of the Hellenistic period.
Construction task and architectural system:
The complex terrace on the southern slope of the Acropolis featured numerous public buildings. The gymnasium of Pergamon, a splendidly laid out site for athletic training and education, was founded in the 2nd century BC. built under Eumedes II and extended over a total of three terraces. The task of the grammar school was the development of personality and the development of mental and physical potential.
Terrace structure and column arrangements:
A magnificent archway in front of the lower terrace opened the way to the gymnasium. The upper terraces could be reached via a set of stairs. These three terraces once shaped the image of the city mountain of Pergamon significantly. The middle level was delimited to the north by a two-storey hall and to the east by a Corinthian prostyle, a temple shape with a row of columns in front of the vestibule.
The upper terrace showed a courtyard surrounded by porticos and buildings. The western end of this area was formed by an antenna temple built in Ionic column order as a sanctuary in the gymnasium. Research has shown that the columns of the temple were initially planned in a Doric order, before implementation with the slimmer and more elegant-looking Ionic columns was implemented. In ancient Greece, column architecture was a characteristic element of public buildings.
After five years of reconstruction, the column position was reopened for the 140th anniversary of the excavation in September of this year. A major sponsor of the work was the Studiosus Foundation, which has long been dedicated to preserving the ancient heritage in Pergamon.
Condition of the system:
During German excavations since 1878, the ruins, extensively preserved due to their favorable location on the terraced mountainside, were uncovered and made accessible to the public. Today the city of Bergama is one of the most famous centers in the ancient world. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The place is very popular with study travelers due to the excellent processed archaeological finds and evaluations.
The Whirling Dervishes of Konya
Konya is the name of the eponymous and largest province in Turkey. The city to the south of Ankara is known for the spectacle of the so-called “Whirling Dervishes”. These are members of an Islamic order who call themselves Sufi or Mevlevi-Sufi. The term “dervish” is derived from the Persian word “dar”, in English “door”.
They are famous for their special dances, in which they forget about their own axis for hours. The goal of these dances is to get into a trance and through the trance into contact with God. Due to the impressive spectacle, many visitors from all over the world come to Konya to see this dance for themselves.
The Sufi have existed as long as Islam, that is, since the seventh century. As a fringe group in Islam, they tried from the beginning to tread mystical ways in order to come into contact with God. Ascetic exercises such as not sleeping, sacrificing comfort, insensitivity to weather conditions, etc. played a major role.
Today, Sufis are understood to mean all currents in Islam that have ascetic traits. The dervishes are now a group within Sufism. Their trance dances are considered on the one hand to become one with the divine, on the other hand they were and are viewed by some Muslims as un-Islamic.
Above all, they are accused of using music and condemned by some devout believers as inconsistent with the Koran. Regardless of these points of contention, since it is also home to the mausoleum of the founder of the Mevlevi Order, Konya is a place of pilgrimage for many Sufis.
Gymnasium of Pergamon, Turkey
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Describe and explain the rise to power of Hitler and the Nazi's (with reference to events between November 1918 and august 1934).
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Ramnik Singh Sall History Coursework Colton Hills Community School Jeremy Road, Goldthorn Park, w-ton. Centre Number: 20916 Candidate Number: 8496 Describe and explain the rise to power of Hitler and the Nazi's (with reference to events between November 1918 and august 1934.) On the 30th of January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor. Why had this happened? From a tramp in 1914 to the Prime Minister of Germany, what had happened in between these years that led to Adolf Hitler becoming chancellor? My task is to analyse the events between 1914 and 1933 that led to Hitler becoming chancellor. Some of these events are going to be short term causes such as the "Reichstag Fire" and some of these events are going to be long term causes such as "the defeat of world war 1." I will also encounter political and economical causes that allowed Hitler to become chancellor. My task is to analyse all of these causes and decide which cause is the most important cause of Hitler and the Nazi's rise to power. Hitler was born on the 20th of April 1989 in Austria. He left school at the age of 16, and ion 1909 moved to Vienna to try and study at an art college. This is where he first got interested in politics and he especially liked the ideas of the Nationalist parties. This is also where his hatred of socialist Parties began. His beliefs matched the Nationalists; to make Austria great and his beliefs of anti-Semitism, Anti-Communism and Anti-Democracy also started with the support of the nationalist parties. In 1913, Hitler moved to Germany to avoid military service, for Vienna but he volunteered to join the German Army as soon as war began in 1914. In the First World War Hitler worked in the army as a messenger, taking messages between trenches. He was wounded twice once by rifle and then gassed near the end of the war. ...read more.
The weakness of the Weimar is an important cause in Hitler's rise to power because had the Weimar been a strong government from the start and not faced as many problems then the chances are that extremist groups would cease to exist as no-one would support them. This notion that no-one likes to listen to extremist parties when things are going right can be proved. This was true for the Nazi's; the Nazi's and Hitler were unable to make an impact between 1924 and 1929. This was due to the fact that the Weimar republic was doing quite well at the time. The republic was under the leadership of Gustav Stresemann, who was very influential. Under Stresemann Germany did quite well, the economy recovered quickly from the collapse of the mark and inflation and the Rentenmark was introduced to replace the old devalued currency. Germany was also greatly helped by the Dawes plan of 1924; this was a bank loan from America. By this plan the allies agreed for Germany to pay off it's reparations in easier stages. Stresemann also signed the Young Plan; this plan went further from the Dawes plan and extended the payments by another 59 years. Although Germany seemed to be doing well Stresemann knew what could happen; "The economic position is only a flourishing on surface. Germany in fact is dancing on a volcano" Gustav Stresemann Weimar Germany- Josh Brooman What Stresemann meant from this was that Germany was only the support of America. If the American banks recall their loans, the Dawes and the Young Plan's. Then Germany would greatly suffer, the economy would collapse again and the Weimar would again be distrusted. This was what Hitler needed. During the "Stresemann era" Hitler couldn't make an impact no matter how hard he tried. In 1925 he completely re-organised the party. He divided the party in to local units called "Gaue" and each under a "Gauleiter" appointed by Hitler himself. ...read more.
or personal body-guards. In the knight of the long knives Hitler has all the leader of the SA murdered and wins the army's support and therefore consolidating his power. Hitler betrayed his SA who had helped him all along to get to where he was now. So the knight of the long knives is also another important cause for Hitler's rise to power, b4ecause had it not taken place Hitler wouldn't have been able to win the army's support and consolidate his power. On the 2nd August, President Hindenburg dies and Hitler announces that there would be no presidential election. He united the president and chancellor and took responsibility for both and became the Fuhrer of Germany, one strong leader. Army leaders were grateful to Hitler for saving them from Rohm and the SA and Hitler make the army swear an oath of personal allegiance to him. "I swear to god this holy oath that I shall offer total obedience to the fuhrer of the German Reich and people, Adolf Hitler, the supreme commander of the Army, and that I shall be prepared, as a brave soldier, to lay down my life at any time." In this essay, I have discussed all the long-term and short-term causes for Hitler's rise to power. All of the causes that I have discussed in this essay are very important for the rise of Hitler and the Nazi's, causes like the great depression are very important because without them Hitler would never been able to come to power. However there was a combination of causes that led to Hitler's rise to power and most of these were manipulated by other causes. The causes are interlinked and deeply rooted. But I think that the most important cause for Hitler's rise to power was the Enabling Act. This is because this act gave Hitler real power and the power to use democracy to destroy itself. -1- History Coursework Ramnik Singh Sall Candidate No: 8496 Centre No: 20916 ...read more.
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Related GCSE Germany 1918-1939 essays
in order to destroy the old privileged and class ridden society of the Weimar Republic, and replace it with an ethically pure and socially harmonious 'national community', that a special personality was needed (The Third Reich - Politics and Propaganda, 1995, p.83); this person must have the power and will to actualise 'Volksgemeinschaft.'
private group of thugs who he used to suppress disorder at party meetings and later to break up rival party's meetings. This group became to be known as Hitler's personal army, which was named the Sturmabteilung or S.A. - Hitler's brown shirted storm troopers.
1. Year 11 History GCSE Coursework- Weimar Republic and Hitler
were killed. Not only had the Government been proven unable to defend itself and the German public, but its political standpoint was constantly shifting, as it was indecisive. Another reason for the weakness of the Republic was its inherently faulted constitution; as a result it suffered problems from the beginning.
2. How was Hitler able to win Power by 1933?
put forward a proposition to the then president Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. This was successful and on 20th February 1933, they arranged a meeting of the 'Association of German Industrialists' that raised 3 million marks for the Nazi party in the forthcoming election.
1. Weimar, 1918 - 1923
The next day Hitler received a postcard stating that he had been accepted into the DAP. Although Hitler wanted to become involved in politics, he later wrote in Mein Kampf (My Struggle): "I had no intention of joining a ready-made party, but wanted to found one of my own."
2. How did Hitler come to power?
- Germany was in a state of despair as it was because it was suffering after having unexpectedly paid back all its loans from the USA; the money you did have was very valuable. Anti-Semitism (in other words, anti-Judaism) was another popular policy because Jews were professed as the cause
1. Describe the steps by which Hitler transformed himself from Chancellor to Dictator (January 1933 ...
It was not what Hitler desired. Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and hold a new election of the Reichstag, hoping that the Nazis would gain a majority vote. This was the origin of the General Election of 5 March.
2. In January 1993, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Explain why this happened.
The Nazis were also expert on using propaganda; they portrayed their idea on posters and used technology such as radio to get their message to more people. The Nazi rallies also had a great effect in the German people. However, the Nazi use of violence and threats helped them to
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For many adults, moderate or severe chest pain can have some very sinister connotations. Fearing it's a sign of an imminent cardiac event like a heart attack, sufferers head to the emergency room for a diagnosis. In most cases, the chest pain is not life-threatening, but that's determined only after a series of expensive and time-consuming tests like an EKG, treadmill test, and blood work.
That may soon change, thanks to an enterprising 22-year-old college dropout. Peeyush Shrivastava and his biotech company Genetesis have engineered a body-sized 3D scanner called Faraday that creates a digital composite of the heart. The device looks at the magnetic fields surrounding the organ during normal cardiac activity, a process known as magnetocardiography. Shrivastava says the software, using various algorithms, can determine whether a person is having a cardiac event.
Genetesis says that after a patient submits to the scan—which is noninvasive, has no radiation, and takes roughly 90 seconds—technicians can examine the 3D rendering and be alerted to problems relating to lack of blood flow or coronary artery disease. By the time the results are evaluated, a patient could be discharged within four hours, eliminating the need for an overnight stay.
Chest pain is a leading cause of brief emergency room visits for adults over 45, with only 6 percent of the 8 million visits annually resulting in a diagnosis of heart attack. Reducing the time it takes to process these patients would reduce health care spending, ease patient anxiety, and provide more rapid intervention in the case of a cardiac event.
Genetesis is currently conducting trials of the technology at St. John's Hospital and Medical Center in Detroit. Once that's completed, the company will likely pursue a larger study with the eventual goal of FDA approval. It could be years before the device is in regular use, but if Genetesis's projections are accurate, it will be well worth the wait.
[h/t CNN]
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Informace o publikaci
Making Decisions: Occupied Film Industries from the Perspective of "Middle-Men"
Logo poskytovatele
Rok publikování 2021
Druh Kapitola v knize
Fakulta / Pracoviště MU
Filozofická fakulta
Popis During the Second World War, Germany’s initial military successes and the vast territories the Wehrmacht invaded and occupied, allowed the German film industry to dominate substantial parts of the European market. Many (but certainly not all) academic studies of those European film industries that were controlled or significantly re-shaped by Nazi Germany (1939-1945) tend to provide rather general, descriptive overviews that reconstruct cultural policy and cinema infrastructure. There is much to be said for such an approach, because this type of top-down analysis is often necessary to understand larger processes. Nevertheless, a bird’s eye view on film and cultural policy also has its limitations, as it leaves little room for analytical insights into the dynamics of specific changes that happened during WWII. This text argues that historians can counterbalance that perspective by analysing the evolving strategies and practices used by individuals, who had – or believed they had – a certain capacity or autonomy to influence the cinema industry in occupied territories and who mediated between the agenda of the ‘Third Reich’ cinema apparatus and the film industry of their own region or country. After the retreat of the German troops and liberation from Nazism in 1944-1945, European film sectors repaired or reorganised themselves. Although some of the measures introduced by the Germans were tacitly retained (because it was politically sensitive to recognise their value openly), many others were rescinded or undone. Investigations were launched into people who could be held ‘responsible’ for the crimes of the previous years: compatriots who had ‘collaborated’ with the Germans during the occupation and who had facilitated the implementation of German film policy. Some of them were prosecuted and punished: sometimes by the courts, sometimes also more indirectly by trade unions or similar bodies. These investigations into ‘collaborators’ and subsequent trials left behind a trail of documents. Some of these archival sources have been available for decades, others were only released or declassified more recently. Such sources are of crucial importance for research that focuses on the centre: on members of the civil society in German-occupied territories, who seized, or at least accepted the opportunity to play a significant role in a film sector that was now German-controlled (local ‘captains of industry’, cinema managers, people working for film studios, or officials authorized to navigate film policy).
Související projekty:
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Your Zakat Directly Supports and Empower the Needy
As one of the pillars of Islam, zakat is a form of obligatory charity that has the potential to ease the suffering of millions.
With the literal meaning of the word being ‘to cleanse,’ Muslims believe that paying zakat purifies, increases and blesses the remainder of their wealth.
“Whoever pays the zakat on his wealth will have its evil removed from him” (Ibn Khuzaimah and at-Tabarani).
Zakat is also a spiritual connection to one’s maker – to purify your wealth for the will of Allah is to acknowledge that everything we own belongs to Him, and it is for Him that we strive to end poverty and help our brothers and sisters.
According to the Hanafi madhab, zakat is 2.5% of wealth that has been in one’s possession for a lunar year. If wealth amounts to less than a threshold figure, termed the nisab, then no zakat is payable. If wealth amounts to more than the nisab, zakat becomes obligatory.
“Of their goods, take zakat, so that you might purify and sanctify them.” (9:103, Qur’an)
Rafeeqee foundation utilizes your zakat to help empower the needy and the weak in the community.
This Ramadan, you can help give hope to the needy.
Purify your wealth: Donate Today
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The basics of Georgia’s distracted driving law
On Behalf of | Dec 28, 2021 | Distracted Driving |
Distracted driving in Georgia is defined as anything that takes away from the driver’s normal operation of the vehicle. Distracted driving caused by technology is said to date back to 1953 when Chrysler introduced the HiFi, a portable record player, in automobiles. As technology advanced, new laws in Atlanta, Georgia, have been passed to curtail distracted driving accidents.
Overview of Georgia’s distracted driving law
Georgia passed the hands-free law in 2018 to reduce distracted driving accidents; this law prohibits drivers from touching devices anywhere on the body while driving. They cannot use wireless devices to send or read texts or emails, even hands-free, but voice-to-text is allowed. Commercial vehicle drivers must not use more than one button to operate wireless devices or use a device if it requires unfastening a seat belt.
The first distracted driving offense commonly includes penalties of a $50 fine and one point added to the driving license. A second citation within 24 months of the first charge includes penalties of a $100 fine and two license points.
First responders and utility service employees responding to an emergency within the scope of employment are commonly exempt from distracted driving laws. Standard drivers are allowed to use their devices to report emergencies, crimes, traffic accidents or road hazards.
Drivers may not watch videos on wireless devices or phones except for checking navigation of the vehicle. Drivers cannot record videos, except for dash cameras, or operate streaming apps with video, but pre-programmed apps without video are allowed. Devices commonly exempt from the laws include radios, two-way radios, CB radios and diagnostic devices.
While some activities aren’t against the law, they may get a driver a citation. These measures are in place to discourage drivers from using distracting technology behind the wheel because it could lead to a serious accident.
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Parochial school
A parochial school is a private primary or secondary school affiliated with a religious organization, and whose curriculum includes general religious education in addition to secular subjects, such as science, mathematics and language arts. The word "parochial" comes from the same root as "parish", and parochial schools were originally the educational wing of the local parish church. Christian parochial schools are often called "church schools" or "Christian schools". In Ontario, parochial schools are called "separate schools".
In addition to schools run by Christian organizations, there are also religious schools affiliated with Jewish, Muslim and other groups. These, however, are not usually called "parochial" because of the term's historical association with Christian parishes.
United Kingdom
In October 2006, Bishop Kenneth Stevenson, speaking on behalf of the Church of England, said "I want to make a specific commitment that all new Church of England schools should have at least 25% of places available to children with no requirement that they be from practising Christian families."[4] This commitment applies only to new schools, not existing ones.
In September 2007, attempts to create the first secular school in Britain were blocked. Paul Kelley, head of Monkseaton High School in Tyneside, proposed plans to eliminate the daily act of Christian worship, and "a fundamental change in the relationship with the school and the established religion of the country".[5]
In November 2007, the Krishna-Avanti Hindu school in north-west London became the first school in the United Kingdom to make vegetarianism a condition of entry.[6] Additionally, parents of pupils are expected to abstain from alcohol to prove they are followers of the faith.
In January 2008 the House of Commons' Children, Schools and Families select committee raised concerns about the government's plans for expanding faith schooling.[8] The general secretary of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers, Mary Bousted, said "Unless there are crucial changes in the way many faith schools run we fear divisions in society will be exacerbated. In our increasingly multi-faith and secular society it is hard to see why our taxes should be used to fund schools which discriminate against the majority of children and potential staff because they are not of the same faith".[8]
United States and Canada
Historically, most American parochial schools have been Catholic schools (often elementary schools attached to a local parish), as well as schools run by Seventh-day Adventists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Calvinists and Orthodox Jews. In recent years thousands of Fundamentalist religious schools have been founded, especially in the South, though they are not usually called "parochial". In addition to this Conservative Mennonites, Amish, and Old Order Mennonites operate their own schools (the Old Order referring to theirs as "parochial"). Many fundamentalist Christian schools use curriculum from A Beka Book and Bob Jones University Press.[12]
Catholic private and college preparatory schools also exist and are not necessarily connected with a parish. Often times these schools, such as those in the Philadelphia area, prefer to be referred to as "private Catholic schools," to distinguish themselves from the Archdiocesan parochial school system. In some Canadian provinces Catholic schools are publicly funded and in Ontario completely to the level of grade 12.
Generally within the Catholic parochial school system, parochial schools are open to all children in the parish. Thus parochial school systems function as quasi-public educational networks, in parallel to the state-school systems, the key difference being that parochial systems are largely supported by donations to the parish while state schools are funded by taxes. Often times, the Catholic diocese or archdiocese, such as those in Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago will take a greater role in administration of the parochial schools within their jurisdiction. Out-of-pocket costs to the student attending a parochial school are usually greater than an equivalent public school. Although it costs parents more for their children to attend, teachers are generally paid less than those at an equivalent public school.[13] For example, in 1998, they were paid about 45% less than public school teachers.[14]
The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) operates an extensive parochial school system. The WELS school system is the fourth largest private school system in the United States.[15]
In the 1920s, Oregon outlawed all non-public schools in an attempt to stamp out parochial schools, but in 1925 the Supreme overturned the law in Pierce v. Society of Sisters.[18] There is a controversy over the legality of parish schools. In December 2018, Ed Mechmann, the director of public policy at the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York noted that the new regulations from the New York State Education Department would "give local school boards virtually unlimited power over private religious schools. There is no protection against government officials who are hostile to religious schools or who just want to eliminate the competition."[19]
Russian Empire
Parochial schools (Russian: приходские училища, prikhodskie uchilischa) was a system of elementary education in the Russian Empire which were part of the Ministry of National Enlightenment (Education).[20] Parochial schools were introduced in 1804 following an educational reform of primary schools.[21] Before that, in Russia existed arithmetic schools which were part of elementary education.
Along with regular parochial schools there also existed a well developed system of church-parochial schools of the Russian Orthodox Church which was also introduced in 1804.[22]
Both schools parochial and church-parochial were funded by government.[22]
Since the Spanish Era, schools have been traditionally run by the Catholic Church and its different religious institutes (such as the Jesuits).
Currently, parochial schools are run by local, territorial parishes while Catholic schools are administered by dioceses or religious institutes.
Metro Manila
In the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila and its suffragan dioceses, parochial schools are supervised by the Manila Archdiocesan Parochial Schools Association and its suffragan affiliates like the Diocese of Cubao Educational System and the Parochial Schools Association of Novaliches. These organisations are overseen by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines through the Episcopal Commission on Catechism and Christian Education.
See also
1. Church of England
2. "Faith school rebels defeated". BBC News. 2002-02-07.
13. Catholic School Teachers Tempted By Public School Wages
15. Hunt, T.; Carper, J. (2012). The Praeger Handbook of Faith-Based Schools in the United States, K-12, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 177. ISBN 0313391394.
16. Lazerson (1977)
18. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925).
19. Morrison, Micah (January 28, 2019). "New York's War on Religious Education". Judicial Watch.
20. Zubkov, I. Parochial schools (ПРИХОДСКИ́Е УЧИ́ЛИЩА). Great Russian Encyclopedia.
21. Zubkov, I. Primary school (НАЧА́ЛЬНАЯ ШКО́ЛА). Great Russian Encyclopedia.
22. Protohierarch Vladislav Tsypin. Church Parochial School (ЦЕРКО́ВНО-ПРИХОДСКИ́Е ШКО́ЛЫ). Great Russian Encyclopedia.
Further reading
United States
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Origin of the Idea of the Totemic Principle or Mana
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THE proposition established in the preceding chapter determines the terms in which the problem of the origins of totemism should be posed. Since totemism is everywhere dominated by the idea of a quasi-divine principle, imminent in certain categories of men and things and thought of under the form of an animal or vegetable, the explanation of this religion is essentially the explanation of this belief ; to arrive at this, we must seek to learn how men have been led to construct this idea and out of what materials they have constructed it.
It is obviously not out of the sensations which the things serving as totems are able to arouse in the mind ; we have shown that these things are frequently insignificant. The lizard, the caterpillar, the rat, the ant, the frog, the turkey, the bream-fish, the plum-tree, the cockatoo, etc., to cite only those names which appear frequently in the lists of Australian totems, are not of a nature to produce upon men these great and strong impressions which in a way resemble religious emotions and which impress a sacred character upon the objects they create. It is true that this is not the case with the stars and the great atmospheric phenomena, which have, on the contrary, all that is necessary to strike the imagination forcibly ; but as a matter of fact, these serve only very exceptionally as totems. It is even probable that they were very slow in taking this office.1 So it is not the intrinsic nature of the thing whose name the clan bears that marked it out to become the object of a cult. Also, if the sentiments which it inspired were really the determining cause of the totemic rites and beliefs, it would be the pre-eminently sacred thing ; the animals or plants employed as totems would play an eminent part in the religious life. But we know that the
centre of the cult is actually elsewhere. It is the figurative representations of this plant or animal and the totemic emblems and symbols of every sort, which have the greatest sanctity ; so it is in them that is found the source of that religious nature, of which the real objects represented by these emblems receive only a reflection.
Thus the totem is before all a symbol, a material expression of something else.1 But of what?
From the analysis to which we have been giving our attention, it is evident that it expresses and symbolizes two different sorts of things. In the first place, it is tlie outward and visible form of what we have called the totemic principle or god. But it is also the symbol of the determined society called the clan. It is its flag; it is the sign by which each clan distinguishes itself from the others, the visible mark of its personality, a mark borne by everything which is a part of the clan under any title whatsoever, men, beasts or things. So if it is at once the symbol of the god and of the society, is that not because the god and the society are only one ? How could the emblem of the group have been able to become the figure of this quasi-divinity, if the group and the divinity were two distinct realities? The god of the clan, the totemic principle, can therefore be nothing else than the clan itself, personified and represented to the imagination under the visible form of the animal or vegetable which serves as totem.
But how has this apotheosis been possible, and how did it happen to take place in this fashion?
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What Should I Eat and not Eat to Avoid Health Problems?
Some people may question the importance of proper nutrition. They are asking about the benefits of having a balanced diet and choosing nutritious and low in calories. Choosing the right kind of food is beneficial, especially in ensuring a better quality of life.
In the United States, chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease are the main causes of disability and death. Moreover, these diseases are the leading drivers of the country’s annual health care costs.
Healthy eating habits prove to be one of the factors if you want to reduce health problems. Some people opt to follow meal plans from wellness programs to be on track with their eating habits. Some hopped into the thought of a healthy diet without realizing the very essence of the words.
You plan to eat healthier. However, it is easier said than done. Choosing to eat healthy means you have to alter your eating habits and patterns all at once. Here are a few tips to start with.
Go for More Plant-based Food
A study published in 2019 revealed that people who choose a plant-based diet have a lower risk of any chronic disease. It added that those who consistently follow plant-based meal plans have a sixteen percent lower risk of having cardiovascular diseases. A possible reason would be these foods tend to have more nutrients and heart-healthy fiber while limiting cholesterol and saturated fat intakes.
You can focus your meal plans on various fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, and seeds. They provide plant compounds, vitamins, and minerals having cancer-protective effects. Also, fiber from plant-based food reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.
Limit the Red Meat and Avoid the Processed Ones
Meat is a good source of protein, iron, zinc, and B vitamins. Red meat like beef, pork, and lamb can be part of your meal plan, but it has to be in portions. Too much red meat, however, increases colorectal cancer risks. Some meats also contain higher saturated fats that can trigger the rise of your blood cholesterol levels and increase the risk of coronary heart disease if you fail to eat them in moderation.
Meanwhile, processed meats are preserved by curing, salting, smoking, and adding preservatives. Fes examples of processed meat include salami, sausages, bacon, and ham.
For healthier options, if you currently consume more than 90 grams of processed or red meat for healthier options, you can cut it down to 70 grams. Cutting your meat intake will lower your risk of bowel cancer.
Avoid Processed Food and Added Sugar
Get rid of any unhealthy food from your fridge or pantry and start thinking about buying the good and healthy stuff in your kitchen. This way, you have more chances of eating healthy and a lesser chance of having junk food.
Food with higher added sugar lets the liver dump equally higher amounts of fat into the bloodstream. High sugar diet leads to insulin resistance in your tissues and disrupts your endocrine system. The extra food also gives more weight to your body, making your bones weak and having your organs work harder.
Processed food contains added sugar and has a 12% higher risk for cancer. The food additives and supplemental chemicals increase the shelf life of these processed products; however, it exposes the body to potential risks to cancer.
Limit or Even Avoid Alcohol
A study suggests a cardioprotective effect when you consume alcohol. However, it is only if you have a light to moderate consumption of it. Not everyone can avoid alcohol all their life. When you drink too much alcohol, it increases blood pressure, heart failure, and even dementia. Long-term health risks include stroke, liver disease, cancer of the throat, mouth, esophagus, breast, liver, colon, voice box, and rectum. It can also affect your mental health, including depression and anxiety.
How much is too much when we talk about alcohol intake? Alcohol moderation means having two drinks or less in one day for men and a drink or less for women. For adults, drinking less is always better for the body. Also, if you are not used to drinking alcohol, never attempt to start drinking for no reason.
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Architects and designers everywhere are trying to intermingle sustainability in their designs. Biodegradable, carbon-neutral, eco-friendly, etc., are not simply trendy words, these terms imply that we might have possible solutions to lessen the load on the earth and slow the climate crisis. Sustainable structures bear an impact on an ‘architectural’ scale; case in point, the Baboolal, a net-zero house that emits no waste or carbon. The Baboolal family stays in North Carolina and they knew that their whole community resides in the identical style houses that consume excessive energy. They sought to cultivate change by establishing an example.
Architect Arielle Condoret Schechter designed their dream net-zero home. The house had to be well-insulated, air-tight, and energy-efficient—as to attain a net-zero energy bill, the structure has to generate as much energy as it consumes. Thus the Babool home offers a photovoltaic array on the roof to create solar power. The house is covered with a white cool-roof membrane and the windows are triple-glazed and shielded with deep roof overhangs to stop energy loss.
The Babool residence had to be a functional, sustainable site for the parents, children, and pets. The core stands as an open, airy central common family area, with luxurious private bedrooms serving as offshoots. The spacious floor plan features a gourmet kitchen, fancy dining area, and living areas, and deck access across the back of the home. It also features a study/music room, laundry room, pantry, and a two-car garage. To invite the exterior scenic landscape inside, the architect added operating glass doors to lessen energy loss and enhance the visual spaciousness. The design flows beautifully, as one comes into the home from the south which opens into the main residential space overlooking the natural views in the north, thus establishing a powerful indoor-outdoor connection.
The concept for the Baboolal house was the Japanese principle of ‘Shakkei’ – borrowed landscape or scenery. The north border of their land adjoins a beautiful grassy meadow which is a portion of a neighbor’s property. This northern side provides the primary view from the Baboolal home, so it qualifies as a borrowed view. Borrowing the landscape is also a popular concept in Britain, said Schechter. The house’s layout flows from one zone to another. The contemporary aesthetic and net-zero strategies blend to render the Baboolal home lovely, energy-efficient, sustainable, and carbon-free.
Source: Yanko Design
Image credits by Designer: Arielle Condoret Schechter
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How do you make white yarn white again?
Add peroxide to the water for a ratio of about 1 part peroxide for every 3 parts water. Use the regular 3% peroxide sold at pharmacies. Use a soft cloth to blot the mixture onto the yellowed piece. Launder as usual.
How do you get the yellow out of white yarn?
Add approximately 1 tablespoon of hydrogen peroxide per cup of water. Immerse the garment under the water and let it soak for 15-20 minutes. Repeat this process until the yellow has been removed (you may need to increase the amount of hydrogen peroxide you are using), then launder as usual.
Why is white wool yellow?
White wool fabric can take on a yellow tinge over time. Age is the most common cause, but improper care hastens the process and makes the yellow discoloration more intense. Exposure to sunlight and storing white wool clothing, bedding or linens in an airtight space can also cause yellowing.
Can you bleach wool white?
It is used to make nearly any article of clothing, but over time white wool will start to yellow. This wool needs to be lightened to look its best. Wool can also be lightened to give wardrobe a new look, although dark wool will not lighten significantly. Use either household hydrogen peroxide or bleach to lighten wool.
INTERESTING: Your question: How do you straighten embroidery threads?
What happens if you bleach wool?
On the back label of all our liquid bleach products is a statement: “Avoid bleaching wool, silk, mohair, leather, Spandex and non-fast colors.” Its sodium hypochlorite active can attack the wool fiber and unfortunately, the resulting yellowing is permanent and not reversible.
Can I use hydrogen peroxide on wool?
Wool is a very sensitive fiber to oxidizers such as bleach, OxyClean, and hydrogen peroxide and they will most certainly cause damage to the fibers and remove color.
How do you wash white yarn?
How to Wash Hand-Knit Clothes and Blankets
Water Temperature Cold
Cycle Type Do not machine-wash
Drying Cycle Type Do not machine-dry
Special Treatments Hand-wash only
Can you use hydrogen peroxide on wool carpet?
When cleaning a wool rug you should never use bleach, hydrogen peroxide or dry powder cleaners. So, use the liquid detergent and water solution to clean your rug. This mixture should be sponged onto your rug in gentle strokes.
Can you use OxiClean on wool?
OxiClean cannot be used on wool, silk, leather or anything else that cannot be washed with water. It also is not recommended on rust and other metallic stains because of the oxidation process.
Can you Napisan wool?
Can I use hydrogen peroxide?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies hydrogen peroxide as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) for humans at low doses. But the FDA warns that getting hydrogen peroxide on your skin may cause irritation, burning, and blistering.
INTERESTING: Quick Answer: How long does it take for stitches to dissolve after a dog is neutered?
How do I get my sheepskin white again?
Start again with a bucket, adding water (two cups), followed by vinegar (a tablespoon). Then use a cloth or sponge to cover the entire rug with the vinegar. Wash the rug from there. Of course, if you have a sheepskin rug in another color than white, that’s okay, too.
Can you bleach yarn?
How do you get stains out of wool?
Mix half a teaspoon of salt into one cup tepid water and dab the stain with the solution. Rinse well and blot up excess water. 3. Repeat the action with a cloth soaked in diluted white vinegar to neutralise the biological detergent.
Can you iron wool?
Set the iron on the Wool, Medium or 2-dot heat setting. Too hot-a-setting could lead to discolouration or in the worst case causes scorch marks. … Spray the garment with a little water before applying the iron to the garment surface; alternatively whilst ironing use the steaming function to apply a bit of steam.
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Sunday, July 13, 2008
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消 费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
[参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
[参考译文] 不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
[参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
[参考译文] 在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
[参考译文] 它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
[参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。
11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
[参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。
12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
[参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一 一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。
13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
[参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
[参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他／她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招。
15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
[参考译文] 通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。
16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.
[参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。
17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
[参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经 验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。
18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
[参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。
19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
[参考译文] 这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。
20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求， 并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。
21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的放纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒 适"阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。
23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
[参考译文] 这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。
24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
[参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连 他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。
25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
[参考译文] 在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这些：这个国家优秀的小学教育：欢 迎新技术的劳动者们：奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、 "空间性的"思考方面的天赋。
26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".
[参考译文] 正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那样："一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成 能被清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、非语言表述的过程处理的设计者和发明者能够在他们的脑中装配并作那些还不存在的装置。"
27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".
[参考译文] 罗伯特?法欧特曾经这样写到："一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、 轮子等等当中，就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把这些字母看成自己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每种新的次序安排都传达了一种新的思想。"
28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
[参考译文] 在最后三章中，他脱下手套，将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他 们的活动和战术，而且，对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人来说，神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧异。
29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
[参考译文] 在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上，史蒂芬?杰伊?古尔德写道："这本书本 身就代表理性。"而它确实是这样的--而且如果理性成为神造论／地化论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话，一切就都好办了。
30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
[参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。
31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.
[参考译文] 一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之 权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定，不可逆转。
32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.
[参考译文] 在澳大利亚--人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度，这些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。
33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
[参考译文] 当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的传者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。
34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[参考译文] 我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里： 一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹林，一些用来社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用来定神的香烟。
35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[参考译文] 对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。
36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"
[参考译文] 上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们："难道这就是你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，但是难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子们吗?"
37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."
[参考译文] "对任何一个民主社会的考验，"他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中 写到，"不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由，不管有时候这种结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快…"
38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
[参考译文] 在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说："音乐不是社会问题的原因"，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。
39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
[参考译文] 有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如"轻踩刹车"以"操纵经济软着陆"，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。
40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
[参考译文] 经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶，因为传 统的计量方法显示两国的经济，特别是美国的经济，几乎没有生产萧条的时候。
41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
[参考译文] 很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。
42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[参考译文] 例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及以前 所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--这些换来的就是这么个疾病滋生的水库，现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
[参考译文] 企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对 一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。这种经济还受许多其他因素的驱动，比如结合设备和机械上的投资、新技术，以及在教育和培训上的投资。
44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
[参考译文] 他的同事迈克尔?比尔说，有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公司内部的重新设计，在没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力下削减了成本。
45. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
[参考译文] 跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)并不总是在由构成地球表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现；相反，它们中有许多位于一个板块较纵深的内部。
46. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.
[参考译文] 携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是这些板块相对于另一些板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。
47. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continentmay break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
[参考译文] 暂缺
48. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
[参考译文] 尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出 警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们)并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
49. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
[参考译文] 与此同时，美国法律研究所--由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他们的建议分量极重--发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。
50. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.
[参考译文] 但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使得公司可以直接将信息"推出"给顾客，直接把营销讯息传递给目标顾客。
[参考译文] 像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon．com这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、 热情服务和安全性合理结合以销售同类商品的网址是可以吸引网上客户注意的。
52. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.
[参考译文] 有些人为了学生的就业前景为教室里放置电脑而辩，有些人为教育的彻 底改革中更为广泛的理由为教室里放置电脑而辩，这两群人之间有一条无形的界线。
53. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
[参考译文] 我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，这个公民人物如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响， 那么其公民特征就是不完整的。
54. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
[参考译文] 另外，在我们这么一个大国里，经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的
55.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
[参考译文] 但是，对一个小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。
56. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[参考译文] 他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令．不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得?夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
57. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".
[参考译文] 在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出，专家组已经达成广泛共识，那就是"试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的"。
58. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
[参考译文] 因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎(人类后裔在出生 前的最早阶段)用于研究或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究上将保持沉默。
59. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
[参考译文] 如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。
60. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
[参考译文] 审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。
61. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
[参考译文] 如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一 样，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的"思维与众不同的人"，喜欢其 中较为传统的"善于团队合作"的思想者而受到指责了。
62. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.
[参考译文] 当今人与人在很大程度上的平等--即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并且连子嗣的数目都一样--意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比， 印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。
63. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
[参考译文] 当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。
64. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.
[参考译文] 然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么--就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的--这种形式也很难被归入文学。
65. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
[参考译文] 但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保 加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。
66. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
[参考译文] 战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。
68. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
[参考译文] 去年，当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品质"的时候，舆论哗然。
69. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
[参考译文] 随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：全国1．19亿公民，其中整整76％的人口定居城市：在这里，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。
70. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
[参考译文] 如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人分享；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。
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Those Daily Moments Of ‘Zoning Out’ At Work Have A Name And Might Be More Dangerous Than You Realize
zoning out microsleep
Have you ever experienced a moment where you’re wide awake, but the entire world seems to melt away?
It can happen anywhere – at work, behind the wheel, in the middle of a conversation or standing in line for coffee. One minute you’re completely present and the next you’re staring at nothing and thinking about nothing in particular.
People tag these moments as zoning out, but in actuality, they’re instances of “microsleep.”
Yup, you might not realize it, but you’re literally asleep with your eyes open.
During microsleep, parts of the brain basically offline for a few seconds while the rest of the mind is wide awake. While tiredness and fatigue do play a role, microsleep can happen to even the most rested brain and body.
The cause of microsleep is a mystery to researchers, but a recent study sheds light on precisely what’s going on inside cerebellum during these quick cat naps.
“A study from 2015 sheds light on the brain mechanisms at work.
In the experiment, people awake for a grueling 22 hours had their brain activity monitored after entering a dark fMRI machine. When participants briefly drifted into microsleep, researchers observed that the brain’s thalamus became less active. This part of the brain regulates the sleep-wake cycle and acts as a sensory gatekeeper, sending incoming information to other parts of the brain for processing.
But surprisingly, during these moments of microsleep, activity in parts of the brain responsible for paying attention ramped up. Activation in these regions are likely our brain’s way of staying awake and preventing us from fully succumbing to the urge to sleep. And it might explain why many people can still perform tasks in auto-pilot mode, even though a key part of their brain is asleep.”
The real danger comes when microsleep happens to people who NEED to focus at all times. Pilots, train conductors, roofers or most construction workers and any jobs on this list spring to mind.
Microsleep happens to all of us, but researchers explain there are ways to combat the issue, so it doesn’t happen as frequently.
Naturally, sleep is a remedy, but not just the amount of sleep at night.
Naps during the day are crucial.
“For now, the best way to prevent microsleep seems to be simply getting adequate amounts of good-quality sleep. The next best thing would be a nap after a night of tossing and turning, as a NASA study found back in 1994. Sleep-indebted pilots who were allowed to take a 40-minute nap before a test flight only had 34 microsleep episodes in their last 90 minutes of flight, compared to 120 among the non-napping group. “
If your workplace frowns upon napping at your desk, there’s an alternative. Grab some shut-eye in your car at lunch.
If you have trouble dozing out, try this military trick that’s guaranteed to knock you out in two minutes.
And be sure to monitor the quality of your nightly sleep and break your bad habits.
And finally, turn the goddamn screens off and go to bed.
[via Discovery Mag]
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Gliomatosis Cerebri
Gliomatosis cerebri is an aggressive brain cancer that can strike at any age, but is mostly diagnosed in children, adolescents and young adults. Gliomatosis cerebri is not a “lump” like many tumors, but rather consists of cancerous threads that spread quickly and infiltrate deep into surrounding brain tissue. That makes the cancer inoperable as well as difficult if not impossible to treat with radiation. Gliomatosis cerebri is extremely rare, with fewer than 100 cases diagnosed in the United States each year.
3 MRI Scans
These MRI scans show the presence of gliomatosis cerebri. This ghostly tumor has
poorly defined edges, making it impossible to remove surgically.
Gliomatosis cerebri is a kind of glioma, meaning that it originates in the glial (connective) cells of the brain. It is an astrocytoma, which is the most common kind of glioma. Since glial cells are found throughout the brain and spine, these tumors can occur in a wide variety of locations throughout the central nervous system. Gliomatosis cerebri occurs most often in the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and by definition occurs in several lobes simultaneously.
What Causes Gliomatosis Cerebri?
Read more about The Prognosis | See Patient Stories
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JavaScript add event listener to input field
<script> var textInputElement = document.getElementById('textInput'); textInputElement.addEventListener('keyup', function(){ console.log('Got keyup event.'); }); </script> </body> </html> The console.log is used for debugging. We can log some-event to the console when something happens. For instance The addEventListener () method makes it easier to control how the event reacts to bubbling. When using the addEventListener () method, the JavaScript is separated from the HTML markup, for better readability and allows you to add event listeners even when you do not control the HTML markup The addEventListener () method attaches an event handler to the specified element. Tip: Use the removeEventListener () method to remove an event handler that has been attached with the addEventListener () method. Tip: Use the document.addEventListener () method to attach an event handler to the document el.addEventListener ('input', function () { fn (); }); But, if you want to fire event when you change inputs value manualy via JS you should use custom event (any name, like 'myEvent' \ 'ev' etc.) IF you need to listen forms 'change' or 'input' event and you change inputs value via JS - you can name your custom event 'change' \ 'input' and it will. Adding event listener to multiple elements. To add the event listener to the multiple elements, first we need to access the multiple elements with the same class name or id using document.querySelectorAll() method then we need to loop through each element using the forEach() method and add an event listener to it
The above function is an event listener on an input field (id=learningCurveInput). When a user types a value into the field and then triggers a 'submit' event (via ENTER keypress), the 'addPercentSign' function gets called. I understand that with unit tests, the idea is to 'isolate' the test as much as possible from any dependencies. Therefore, to test against a DOM manipulation, one can attach the element to the test.html under a div like so Okay. I know the difference now. If you type: a, b, c then you both events are triggered. But if you then do mouse right-click and choose Paste from the context menu. So that the current content of your clipboard it copied into the textbox then you see that ONLY the input event is triggered. Conclusion: The input-event is triggered whenever the value of the text-input changes. The keyup-event is only triggered when the keyboard is involved <div> <input onchange=format(this); type=text name=publication value=Publication... onchange=format(this) onfocus=updateHint(event); onblur=updateHint(event);> </div> You might want to look at adding the handlers dynamically as listeners, but inline is fine if this is all you are doing In JavaScript you add an event listener to a single element using this syntax: document. querySelector ('.my-element'). addEventListener ('click', event => { //handle click }) But how can you attach the same event to multiple elements? In other words, how to call addEventListener() on multiple elements at the same time? You can do this in 2 ways. One is using a loop, the other is using event. When the event occurs, an event object is passed to the function as the first parameter. The type of the event object depends on the specified event. For example, the click event belongs to the MouseEvent object. useCapture: Optional. A Boolean value that specifies whether the event should be executed in the capturing or in the bubbling phase
'; // Create the links with the input value as innerHTML var li = document. createElement (' li '); li. className = ' dynamic-link '; li. innerHTML = dynamicValue; // Append it and attach the event (via onclick) $ (' #links '). appendChild (li); li. onclick = dynamicEvent;} // Prevent the form submitting return false;}})() const input = document. querySelector ('input'); const log = document. getElementById ('values'); input. addEventListener ('input', updateValue); function updateValue (e) {log. textContent = e. target. value; Input Events. onblur - When a user leaves an input field onchange - When a user changes the content of an input field onchange - When a user selects a dropdown value onfocus - When an input field gets focus onselect - When input text is selected onsubmit - When a user clicks the submit button onreset - When a user clicks the reset button onkeydown. When the input field gets focus, replace its current value with an empty string -->. <input type=text onfocus=this.value='' value=Blabla>. Try it Yourself ». Example. Event delegation: setting the useCapture parameter of addEventListener () to true: <form id=myForm>. <input type=text id=myInput>. </form> Using the KeyAdapter class // allow us implement the only key listener event that we want to listen, // in this example we use the keyReleased event. usernameTextField.addKeyListener (new KeyAdapter () { public void keyReleased (KeyEvent e) { JTextField textField = (JTextField) e.getSource (); String text = textField.getText (); textField
The oninput event occurs when an element gets user input. This event occurs when the value of an <input> or <textarea> element is changed. Tip: This event is similar to the onchange event. The difference is that the oninput event occurs immediately after the value of an element has changed, while onchange occurs when the element loses focus, after the content has been changed. The other difference is that the onchange event also works on <select> elements JavaScript provides an event handler in the form of the addEventListener () method. This handler can be attached to a specific HTML element you wish to monitor events for, and the element can have more than one handler attached For the enter key, you need to add a 'keyup' event listener, not a 'click'. You can then specify which exact key you are looking to listen to based on it's keycode. The enter key (a very common target) is 13. Check out http://keycode.io/ to learn the keycode numbers of other keyboard inputs For instance, the code below prevents all such events and shows what we are trying to cut/copy/paste: <input type=text id=input> <script> input.oncut = input.oncopy = input.onpaste = function(event) { alert(event.type + ' - ' + event.clipboardData.getData('text/plain')); return false; }; </script>. Please note, that it's possible to copy/paste.
Adding Event Listeners. You can add an event listener directly in the HTML code in the following way: <button onclick= alert('Hello, world'); ></button> However, mixing the JavaScript code with the HTML directly is generally a poor practice for the same reason that you don't integrate style commands into HTML but rather reference the styles in a separate CSS file An event listener is a procedure in JavaScript that waits for an event to occur. The simple example of an event is a user clicking the mouse or pressing a key on the keyboard. The addEventListener() is an inbuilt function in JavaScript which takes the event to listen for, and a second argument to be called whenever the described event gets fired. Any number of event handlers can be added to a. JavaScript Events triggern und Funktionen starten. Wir kennen bei der alten Form JavaScript in HTML zu integrieren die folgende Variante, dass wir direkt bei unserem HTML-Anweisung als Attribut onclick hinzufügen. In allen folgenden Beispielen lassen wir einfach über die JavaScript-Anweisung alert immer eine Ausgabe ausgeben. Dies kann man natürlich an seine späteren Gegebenheiten anpassen.
Javascript: Text input and event listener - 202
JavaScript DOM EventListener - W3School
DOM and Event Listeners element.addEventListener(eventType, callback); eventType could be a keyboard key press or a mouse event—like a mouse click.'focus' is the event when the cursor appears in a text input or text area, and when the form control loses 'focus', the 'blur' event is triggered. An event callback looks like this: function (event) { // Do something Summary: in this tutorial, you'll learn about the JavaScript form validation by building a signup form from scratch.. What is form validation. Before submitting data to the server, you should check the data in the web browser to ensure that the submitted data is in the correct format.. To provide users with quick feedback, you can use JavaScript to validate data The EventTarget method addEventListener() sets up a function that will be called whenever the specified event is delivered to the target. Common targets are Element, Document, and Window, but the target may be any object that supports events (such as XMLHttpRequest).. addEventListener() works by adding a function or an object that implements EventListener to the list of event listeners for the. Add event listener to input text focus on event in JavaScript. Next » 647/1956 « Previous. Add event listener to input text focus on event in JavaScript Description. The following code shows how to add event listener to input text focus on event. Example < html > < head > < script language= JavaScript type = text/javascript > function DisplayMsg(NumVal) {!--f r o m w w w. j a v a 2 s. c. Ever wondered how one can attach event listeners to the elements that would be appended to DOM dynamically later in an application. This article talks about it and tries to come up with a solution using the concept of Event Delegation. Tagged with javascript, web, frontend, dom
HTML DOM addEventListener() Method - W3School
Pure Javascript listen to input value change - Stack Overflo
1. You could always write an onload listener for the body of your page that runs all the field checks and manipulates the fields accordingly, and in most cases, this may not be a poor solution. However, when loading dynamically via AJAX or other method, the onload event may not be triggered, and therefore, neither is your form updated
2. So if we want to track any input into an <input> field, then keyboard events are not enough. There's another event named input to track changes of an <input> field, by any means. And it may be a better choice for such task. We'll cover it later in the chapter Events: change, input, cut, copy, paste. Keyboard events should be used when we want to handle keyboard actions (virtual keyboard.
3. JavaScript JavaScript and the DOM Responding to User Interaction Adding an Event Listener. Bala Selvam 30,151 Points Posted March 9, 2017 9:22pm by Bala Selvam . Bala Selvam 30,151 Points Add a click event listener on the button. Pass an empty function in as the second parameter. Need a little help. No clue what I am missing. app.j
4. Another JavaScript event that is quite similar to onchange is oninput. The difference is that oninput is triggered every time the value of an element changes even while it still is in focus. So, if we were to substitute oninput for onchange in the textarea code in the example above, we'd get the following rather annoying alert-generating textarea
How to add event listener to multiple elements in JavaScrip
How can I unit test an event listener on an input field
JavaScript addEventListener : 'input' versus 'keyup
We'll do this by adding a listener for the submit event. // Check all fields on submit document.addEventListener('submit', function (event) { // Validate all fields... }, false); If the form has the .validate class, we'll get every field, loop through each one, and check for errors. We'll store the first invalid field we find to a. So, instead of directly adding that name widget, the responsibility of creating that particular field is delegated to an event listener: The key is to add a POST_SUBMIT listener to the field that your new field depends on. If you add a POST_SUBMIT listener to a form child (e.g. sport), and add new children to the parent form, the Form component will detect the new field automatically and. If true, the listener receives synthetic events dispatched by web content (the default is false for chrome and true for regular web pages). This parameter is only available in Gecko and is mainly useful for the code in add-ons and the browser itself. See Interaction between privileged and non-privileged pages for an example The onpropertychange event is buggy in Internet Explorer 9. It is not fired when characters are deleted from a text field (such as input:text and textarea) through the user interface only when characters are inserted.Although the oninput event is supported in Internet Explorer from version 9, but similarly to the onpropertychange event, it is also buggy, it is not fired on deletion
Get User Location with Javascript [Geolocation & Geocoding
The method form.submit() allows to initiate form sending from JavaScript. We can use it to dynamically create and send our own forms to server. Let's see more details of them. Event: submit. There are two main ways to submit a form: The first - to click <input type=submit> or <input type=image>. The second - press Enter on an input field. Both actions lead to submit event on the form. Here you will get working code for adding input fields dynamically using a link or button. Default number of input fields are provided and you want to give users a option to add more input elements then this script will work. Be it Input box field, Textarea or any other form elements, it will work the same way. I will mention two examples here. Can I wrap a JavaScript event in a jQuery event? Trigger an event IMMEDIATELY on mouse click, not after I let go of the mouse - JavaScript? How do I manually throw/raise an exception in Python? The onchange event is not working in color type input with JavaScript; How can I move an existing MySQL event to another database? How can I show image.
In Opera, Google Chrome and Safari, use the DOMFocusOut event instead of the onfocusout event.; In Firefox, if you need to detect whether a child of an element loses focus, use a capturing listener for the onblur event. See the examples for details This method is a shortcut for .on( keydown, handler ) in the first and second variations, and .trigger( keydown ) in the third.. The keydown event is sent to an element when the user presses a key on the keyboard. If the key is kept pressed, the event is sent every time the operating system repeats the key. It can be attached to any element, but the event is only sent to the element that. Dropzone triggers events when processing files, to which you can register easily, by calling .on(eventName, callbackFunction) on your instance. Since listening to events can only be done on instances of Dropzone, the best place to setup your event listeners, is in the init function
You can add multiple event listeners facets. However, when I tried this, it resulted in multiple AJAX requests. This may be useful in some cases - but it also resulted in multiple calls of the action and the actionListener. Be careful when you use this. After calling the event listener, the actionListener attribute of the command button calls a method of the back-end bean. It takes a parameter. Inside the click event listener, we have applied the preventDefault() JavaScript method. How to get value from input box in JavaScript? That's it. Now if we test our form on the browser, we will see that after clicking the form nothing has happened. Our form has not submitted. Now we can clearly say that we have prevented our form from submission using JavaScript preventDefault() method. The.
Adding Static Resources (css, JavaScript, Images) to Thymeleaf. How to Call JavaScript Function on Page Load . This tutorial demonstrates how to prevent number input on a textfield using JavaScript/JQuery. This example prevents number input from the numpad and the numbers above the keyboard. Prevent number input using plain javascript, with the keydown and keyup event listeners. Prevent number. Adding event handlers. We added an event listener of click, and called a showMore function. In the showMore function, we selected the class moreInfo. If you check on our css you find out that the text was set to display none. So now we are saying that onclick of the button, let the display none change to display block. We have created a dog. This method is a shortcut for .on( change, handler ) in the first two variations, and .trigger( change ) in the third.. The change event is sent to an element when its value changes. This event is limited to <input> elements, <textarea> boxes and <select> elements. For select boxes, checkboxes, and radio buttons, the event is fired immediately when the user makes a selection with the mouse. Add a listener function for mouseup events to the page as a whole, in case the user clicks your button, then moves the mouse pointer off your button before releasing the mouse button. Similarly, add a listener function for touchcancel events to the page as a whole, in case the touch is canceled for some reason (such as an incoming phone call, for example) Adds an event listener handler for event type type to the label. deregisterInteractionHandler(type: string, handler: EventListener) = > void: Removes an event listener handler for event type type to the label. activateInputRipple() = > void: Activates the ripple on the input element. Should call activate on the input element's ripple property
Debounce functions in JavaScript are higher-order functions that limit the rate at which another function gets called. A higher-order function is a function that either takes a function as an argument or returns a function as part of its return statement. Our debounce function does both. The most common use case for a debounce is to pass it as an argument to an event listener attached to an. Books. Learning jQuery Fourth Edition Karl Swedberg and Jonathan Chaffer jQuery in Action Bear Bibeault, Yehuda Katz, and Aurelio De Rosa jQuery Succinctly Cody Lindle This is an event-based breakpoint. Now go ahead and try to add two numbers. When we click on Add button, the code execution is paused and the line with onClick function is highlighted. Since it. If an event is created and there is some activity from the user but you don't want the element to react to that particular event for some purpose, so to do that we have removeEventListener() method in JavaScript.The removeEventListener() is an inbuilt function in JavaScript which removes an event handler from an element for a attached event.for example, if a button is disabled after one.
javascript - Code Event Listener for form text fields when
You can't, for example, add an event listener at the top of your component code, because then every time something changed, the component would re-render and add a new event listener. Since your component will likely re-render many times, that would create a lot of unused event listeners that take up memory Depending on the kind of element being changed and the way the user interacts with the element, the change event fires at a different moment:. When the element is :checked (by clicking or using the keyboard) for <input type=radio> and <input type=checkbox>;; When the user commits the change explicitly (e.g., by selecting a value from a <select>'s dropdown with a mouse click, by selecting a. The first text-field returns true and the second one returns false. Notice that by returning false, the default event handler is not called, and thus you cannot type onto the second text-field (this is useful for form validation, for example if user typed an alphabet into a phone number, you can reject it right away by returning false) Add event listener to multiple items using event bubbling permalink. The method I use most is called event bubbling. Event bubbling means that every DOM element will have an event listener and bubbles through each child. On the event we have to filter out which of the elements we want to react too
Understand event listeners in JavaScript - using an example
How to add an event listener to multiple elements in
Wird der EventListener in einem for-Loop aufgerufen, kann der Index i nicht innerhalb der Funktion benutzt werden, wenn er traditionell als var i vereinbart wurde. Der Index zählt bei der Zuweisung der Event Listener für die Elemente hoch bis fruits.length und wird dann konserviert. Das auslösende Event tritt aber zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt ein Here's the JavaScript code we need to add to listen to the submit event on the form: Now your app has a new input field. To add a task, just type into the input field and hit enter. If you open a new browser window and open the app again, you'll see that the list is automatically synchronized between all clients. Attaching events to templates. Event listeners are added to templates in much. Ideally I would like the let the user add a new to do just by pressing enter as well as using the click event. 2 Answers. Steven Parker 207,608 Points Steven Parker . Steven Parker 207,608 Points May 23, 2016 10:02pm. Sure, Henry, that's reasonably easy. But you probably want to bind keypress instead of keyup. And you'll need an intermediate handler to make sure to only add a task when the. I'm not sure I understand the question (which might just be due to my ignorance). If you're trying to listen for submit events from the InputField, there's an onEndEdit field of type SubmitEvent that can be edited from the inspector (and presumably you could add listeners through code through the AddListener function). If you're trying to get the InputField itself to respond to some arbitrary. // Get the input box let input = document. querySelector ('#my-input'); // Add an event listener to monitor changes input. addEventListener ('keyup', function (e) {console. log ('Value:', input. value);}); Demo 1 - Output on Every Keystoke . Enter Text Value: There's nothing wrong with performing a console.log on every keystroke, it works just fine and is very performant. However, if.
HTML DOM addEventListener() Metho
Second, attach the click event listener to the btnAdd button. If the value of the input text is blank, we show an alert to inform the users that the name is required. Otherwise, we create a new option and add it to the selection box. After adding the option, we reset the entered text of the input text and set the focus to it However, no event whatsoever is fired when a field is autofilled, so there's no way to know when to add the class. And this is where the hack comes in Change event through animatio Detect the ENTER key in a text input field with JavaScript; How to disable default behavior of <input type=time> when you press enter with JavaScript? What is the jQuery Event for user pressing enter in a textbox? Check whether Enter key is pressed or not and display the result in console with JavaScript text:It specifies the value of input text field. attributeValue:This parameter is required. It specifies the value of the attribute to add. setAttribute method This method adds the specified attribute to an element, and set it's specified value. If the attribute already present, then it's value is set/changed. Syntax
To avoid the double calls to the listener function, you call the event.preventDefault() function on the event object. This disables the browsers default behaviour, and lets your code handle the touch event. This disables the firing of the click event 300ms after the touch event. It also disables the default action of a tap, whatever action the browser might have as default for a tap Events are actions that take place in the browser that can be initiated by either the user or the browser itself. In this JavaScript aticle, we will go over event handlers, event listeners, and event objects. We'll also go over three different ways t We will also discuss the events related to key-presses in JavaScript. Firstly we have to create a structure so let's make an HTML and CSS layout first. HTML and CSS layout: In the given layout, when an input is made in the field, the keyCode value will be logged in the box. The events related to keypresses are as follows : keydown: This event is triggered when a key is pressed down. keypress. Welcome to the Advanced Custom Fields JavaScript API. Here you will find documentation for our JavaScript library including functions, actions and filters and models. Our library makes extensive use of jQuery and follows a similar style to Backbone.js. Before reading any further, make sure you are confident with JavaScript basics, jQuery events and WP hooks. Similar to other JS libraries, we. When an event occur, you can use a JavaScript event handler (or an event listener) to detect them and perform specific task or set of tasks. By convention, the names for event handlers always begin with the word on, so an event handler for the click event is called onclick , similarly an event handler for the load event is called onload , event handler for the blur event is called onblur.
Attaching event handlers to dynamically created JavaScript
Adding an Event Handler to an Element. When you add a JavaScript event listener, the function to be executed upon an event can be either anonymous or named. In the example below, you can see the anonymous function used. In this case, you need to define the code in the function Now, lets add the javascript code to glue everything together: This method works by attaching an event listener to the textbox input element using jQuery and 'fire' on change, i.e when the user browses and selects a file(s). We then create a new FormData object where we load all the file data. The last step is to perform the ajax call which posts the data to the MVC contoller and logs the. Add event listeners in connectedCallback. connectedCallback is a lifecycle callback in the custom elements API.connectedCallback fires each time a custom element is appended into a document-connected element. See the MDN documentation on using custom elements lifecycle callbacks for more information.. If your component adds an event listener to anything except itself or its children-for.
Dojo's event system offers a refreshing alternative to the normal JavaScript events. With Dojo, you connect functions to one another, creating a link that calls one function when another fires. This means that you can connect a function of your own to: a DOM event, such as when a link is clicked; an event of an object, such as an animation starting or stopping; a function call of your own. It is using event Listener. In JavaScript one can use addEvenetListener() method to call a method when an event occurs. This method helps to attach event listener to an object without overwriting existing event listeners. Many event handlers can be added to a single object. Thus using addEventListener() method makes it easier to handle various events occurrence in the application. This also. The onChange event watches for changes in an input field. Every time the user types something into the field, the onChange event is triggered. Since the value of a field is dynamic, this event comes in handy for form fields where each new character entered into the field affects what is shown to a user, such as in a signup form that tells a user whether a username is available or not Note that the submit event fires on the <form> element itself, and not on any <button> or <input type=submit> inside it. However, the SubmitEvent which is sent to indicate the form's submit action has been triggered includes a submitter property, which is the button that was invoked to trigger the submit request.. The submit event fires when the user clicks a submit button (<button> or. Lesson: Writing Event Listeners Section: Implementing Listeners for Commonly Handled Events Click the combo box. A focus-lost event is fired by the text field and a focus-gained event by the combo box. The combo box now shows that it has the focus, perhaps with a dotted line around the text — exactly how this is represented is look and feel dependent. Notice that when the focus changes.
Cursor Focus on Email Field – Cordial Knowledge Base
HTMLElement: input event - Web APIs MD
In this article, we will see how to add HTML input controls like textarea and a button. On click of the button, we want to read data from input controls and use this user inputted data as per our requirement The FeatureForm widget displays attributes of a feature. This widget renders input fields based on the feature's attributes and whether the field allows editing. You can configure field groupings to aid in display and organization of form data Simple Javascript Events Tutorial with code! Almost every Web Developer finds themselves needing to respond to user actions on a page by changing content or.. In the last Blog, we have shown you how to dynamically add form fields to create form. This blog post tells about how to add and remove fields dynamically with the help of JavaScript codes. So while creating your form, you can easily add fields in a click and if you don't want it, you can easily delete it in a click
JavaScript Events Examples - W3School
In the first event listener we build a new FormData from the form. This time there's no need to save the result in a variable. In response to this call the new object fires up the formdata event, on which we register another listener.In this second listener we can grab the actual data from event.formData.. This pattern helps decoupling the first event listeners from any other callback that was. Now open the index.js file in the browser and type kagga in the name input field and 30 in the age input field then click the save button. A new card will be added on the page as shown in the. The first thing to do is include the JavaScript file in your page. Once you've got that loaded in, you'll want to start by instantiating a listener: var listener = new window.keypress.Listener(); Once you've done that you can register combos with that listener you've created. The simplest way to do that is using the simple_combo API. It takes a space dilineated string or an array of strings of.
onfocus Event - W3School
Listening to Events. Workspaces have addChangeListener and removeChangeListener methods that can be used to listen to the event stream. One example is the real-time generation of code. Another example is the maximum block limit demo. As is often the case, neither of these two examples care what the triggering event was. They simply look at the current state of the workspace. A more. Add a listener for a dynamic number of rows in a repeater. Sometimes you may need to add a listener for a field within a repeater with a dynamic number of rows. The example below will watch for a change in a date field in a repeater and will insert the day of the chosen date inside a corresponding text field in the same row of the repeater
Note that the input event fires on keyboard input, mouse drag, autofill and even copy-paste. But, it will not fire if you paste the same string or select and retype the same character, etc. inside the input. Also, if you use the change event here it will not work as expected, since in case of text inputs the change event fires only when the element loses focus (i.e. onblur) Some keys, such as the Ctrl key, generate events even though they have no glyph representation. In the previous code example, the keyboard event listener captured keyboard input for the entire Stage. You can also write an event listener for a specific display object on the Stage; this event listener is triggered when the object has the focus Event listeners. An event listener is an interface in the View class that contains a single callback method. These methods will be called by the Android framework when the View to which the listener has been registered is triggered by user interaction with the item in the UI. Included in the event listener interfaces are the following callback.
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