text
stringlengths 144
682k
|
|---|
The Correlation Between Addiction and Mental Illness: Does One Cause the Other?
Date Icon Publish Date
Last Updated on May 24, 2021 by
Mental illnesses commonly associated with addiction can be considered as moral afflictions. Rather than individuals suffering from a physical and mental illness, addicts were viewed as poor people who were willfully greedy and hedonistic. We have a better-enlightened perspective of this particular subject matter thanks to years of study, with the new paradigm showing that addiction is a chronic, progressive brain condition. In reality, this condition is often referred to as a drug use disorder, prompting comparisons to diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia which is part of the kind of mental illness, as well as illnesses such as diabetes.
Addiction vs Mental Illness
Contemporary research into the essence of addiction shows that individuals with drug use problems have an increased rate of co-occuring mental illness. Research ascertains whether there is a link between addiction and the secondary diagnosis of a person. To view it with another lens, does one sickness cause another in individuals who have both diagnosed with addiction and another sickness? Addiction is an abnormal condition affecting the brain and behavior. When an individual cannot overcome drug addiction, they cannot prevent drug use, despite the extent of hazardous risk that they pose. The faster treatment is sought by an individual for drug addiction, the tendency is higher for an individual to be exempted from suffering from the deadlier effects of the illness and as well prevent mental illness.
The limitation is not only about these stated drugs; heroincocaine, or other illicit drugs. Individuals getting addicted to alcohol is highly probable, likewise to nicotine, sleep, and anti-apprehension medications, as well as and other legal substances which can cause mental illness.
It is additionally probable to become addicted to prescription or illegally acquired drugs like narcotic pain medications or opioids. In the United States, this crisis has reached epidemic proportions. In 2018, opioids were involved in two-thirds of all drug overdose resulting in deaths. These drugs have a high capacity to cause mental illness, the drug makes the brain to be vulnerable.
Persons may originally desire drug consumption for feelings of pleasure, this is the early sign of one of the kinds of mental illness. People ought to believe that total control over the frequency of drug usage rests with them. To approach this same subject differently, drugs change how the brain works over a duration of time. These improvements of a physical nature tend to endure for a long duration of time. They make individuals lose all inhibition and can end in maladaptive behaviors or mental illness.
When the option of inhibition is not available to an individual, there exists an addiction problem. The limitation is not only to their lives being in jeopardy. The limitation neither is limited to whether it places financial, emotional, or other problems on them or their loved ones. If they attempt ceasing, there exists the need to obtain and use drugs to get through an entire day. This is how dependency on the drug starts and could bring about contracting a form of mental illness.
Physical dependency or resistance is not the same as addiction. Withdrawal effects occur when a drug is abruptly stopped in physical dependency cases. When a drug dose becomes less effective over time, it is called tolerance.
Does Addiction Qualify as a Mental Disorder?
The word “co-occurring conditions” is used to describe the occurrence of two diagnoses in a single person. Research has shown that this condition has a high co-occurring rate with other mental illnesses since the 1980s. People who suffer from addiction were twice as possible as the general population to have a mental illness. Those suffering from mental disorders are often twice as likely to become chemically dependent. The concurrent physical existence of addiction prohibits it from being categorized solely as a mental health disorder; however, since part of the condition is psychological, individuals who develop addictions will experience some psychological symptoms in addition to physical and chemical dependency (it could even cause mental illness). The human brain is wired to make individuals want to replay pleasurable experiences. As a result, we are inspired to repeat them.
The brain of individuals has a Dopamine System which serves as a target by drugs that cause addiction. The brain is engorged by a drug called Dopamine. The occurrence of engorging breeds a powerful satisfaction sense. To obtain that extent of pleasure, do not stop the medication to lower the risk of mental illness.
There is an adjustment of the brain to surplus dopamine over a duration. Consequently, individuals require extra medication to attain the same level of high. Some of the activities that gave people pleasure formerly, such as eating and family time, tend to generate a reduced feeling of pleasure for them. They also tend to reduce mental illness
The continuous use of medications for an extended period of use can affect other brain chemical processes and circuits. It has the potential power to cause mental issues.
Some of These Chemical Processes and Circuits Include:
• Memory Decision-making Judgment
• Learning ability
These brain changes, when combined, can cause individuals to search out and use drugs in ways that are out of their control. They could break down and end up with mental illness.
Who has a Higher Tendency of Addiction?
The brain and body of each person are unique. Psychoactive drugs can affect people with mental illnesses in different ways. Some people like the sensation the first time they do it and want to do it again. Others despise it and never attempt it again. An addiction problem is not only to those who use drugs. There is no age at which it can not occur.
However, There Are Some Factors that Raise the Risk of Addiction. These Factors Are:
• Family History: Genes determine about half of a person’s addiction risks. The tendency is higher to have alcohol or drug addiction if a person’s parents or siblings do. All gender is similarly affected by addiction.
• Early Drug Use: The brains of children are underdeveloped, and the use of drugs can cause this process to be altered. Drug use at a tender age can raise the risks of addiction later in life.
• Psychosis: Addiction has a higher tendency in stressed people, who have difficulty paying attention, or have frequent anxiety. To alleviate their emotional state, they may resort to drug use. There also exists a higher tendency to develop an addiction if they are abuse victims.
• Toxic Relationships. There is the probability that a person’s risks of addiction are raised of being addicted are if they were brought up in a family with problems and do not have close attachments to parents or siblings.
What Links Does Mental Illness and Addiction Have?
Mental illness indicates the utter breakdown of the hierarchy of needs found in people with addictions, as their propensity to behave against their self-interests proves. A pattern of drug abuse shows this abnormal behavior despite various negative effects, such as a deterioration in general physical health and the possibility of legal ramifications. As a result, addicts lose control over their urges, which is also a symptom of various other mental illness. It is also worth noting that drug misuse directly impacts brain levels of neurochemicals, including dopamine and serotonin, which regulate mood, among other items.
Similarly, mood problems usually end in a chemical imbalance, which demands the use of a drug such as an antidepressant to remedy. There exists an enormous correlation between addiction and mental illness.
Individuals who suffer from getting addicted to hard drugs have a higher risk of co-occurring mental illness than those who suffer from alcoholism, with an overall 72 percent and 45 percent higher rate of co-occurring mental illness, respectively. Depressive disorders are common in people who have a drug use disorder, but the evidence is limited and inconsistent. Up to 67 percent of people with alcoholism are also diagnosed with a depressive disorder, and up to 75 percent of people with drug addiction are diagnosed with mental illness. According to care provider statistics, 20 to 45 percent of people in therapy for addiction have co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bolstering the hypothesis that traumatic events dramatically increase one’s risk of consuming alcohol or narcotics.
Social phobia is diagnosed in between 10% and 15% of those who need care, but research indicates that they are not diagnosed when they are being treated for mental illness.. Owing to such high rates of co-occurring disorders among addicts, experts have devised a few hypotheses to explain the association between addiction and mental illness.
Addicts almost have a double risk chance of suffering from mental health issue.
First, there has been a proposal that alcohol or drug addiction may bring about symptoms of a mental health disorder, as exhibited by marijuana users’ increased risk of mental issue. The second hypothesis holds that mental illness can result in the abuse of drugs and addiction, which trauma and violent crime victims often exhibit who turn to substance abuse as a coping mechanism. The final concept states that addiction and a co-occurring mental disorder share risk factors, including genetic or biological abnormalities, environmental causes such as stress or trauma, brain involvement in related areas, or some other cause linked to the development of adolescents. In reality, cases of co-occurring mental illness and addiction are most likely the result of a combination of all three factors. Given the strong psychological underpinnings of addiction and the signs that addiction shares with mental disorders, this is much more likely. Simply put, due to overlapping risk factors, addiction can cause series of mental illnesses, or could even evolve simultaneously and independently.
Prioritize Mental Health Treatment and Recovery
The brain can be likened to a puzzle. Although studies have spanned decades, our comprehension of the human mind remains tentative and not well grounded. We are, nevertheless, continue to obtain a better understanding of the most complex organ of any life form on the planet. It is imperative to understand disorders like drug use disorder and how their interaction with mental illness. Understanding mental illness would empower those who suffer from such conditions to obtain high-quality care for their symptoms and boost their life quality. If an individual or their loved one cares about would benefit from learning more about addiction or the complex relationship between addiction and co-occurring mental illness, please reach out to us at any time of day or night. Amongst our numerous coordinators, any one of them would be overjoyed to assist a person or their loved one in commencing the recovery process from mental illness.
|
Lacrimae rerum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lacrimae rerum (Latin: [ˈlakrɪmae̯ ˈreːrũː][1]) is the Latin phrase for "tears of things." It derives from Book I, line 462 of the Aeneid (c. 29–19 BC), by Roman poet Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70–19 BC). Some recent quotations have included rerum lacrimae sunt or sunt lacrimae rerum meaning "there are tears of (or for) things."
In this passage, Aeneas gazes at a mural found in a Carthaginian temple dedicated to Juno that depicts battles of the Trojan War and the deaths of his friends and countrymen. Aeneas is moved to tears and says "sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt" ("There are tears for [or 'of'] things and mortal things touch the mind.")
Two interpretations[edit]
The genitive "rerum" can be construed as "objective" or "subjective." The scholar David Wharton observes that the "semantic and referential indeterminacy is both intentional and poetically productive, lending it an implicational richness most readers find attractive."[2] In English, however, a translator must choose either one or the other, and interpretation has varied. Those who take the genitive as subjective translate the phrase as meaning that things feel sorrow for the sufferings of humanity: the universe feels our pain. Others translate the passage to show that the burden human beings must bear, ever-present frailty and suffering, is what defines the essence of human experience. Yet in the next line, Aeneas says: "Release (your) fear; this fame will bring you some deliverance." Those who take the genitive as objective understand the phrase as meaning that there are tears for things (in particular, the things Aeneas has endured) evinced in the mural: i.e., the paintings show Aeneas that he finds himself in a place where he can expect compassion and safety.
Context and translations[edit]
The context of the passage is as follows. Aeneas sees on the temple mural depictions of key figures in the Trojan War, the war from which he had been driven to the alien shores of Carthage as a refugee: the sons of Atreus (Agamemnon and Menelaus), Priam, and Achilles, who was savage to both sides in the war. He then cries out:
"Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi;
sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt.
Solve metus; feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem."
"Here, too, the praiseworthy has its rewards;
there are tears for things and mortal things touch the mind.
Release your fear; this fame will bring you some safety."
Virgil, Aeneid, 1.461 ff.
A translation by Robert Fagles renders the quote as: "The world is a world of tears, and the burdens of mortality touch the heart."[3]
Robert Fitzgerald, meanwhile, translates it as: "They weep here / For how the world goes, and our life that passes \ Touches their hearts."[4]
In his television series Civilisation, episode 1, Kenneth Clark translated this line as "These men know the pathos of life, and mortal things touch their hearts."[5]
The poet Seamus Heaney rendered the first three words, "There are tears at the heart of things."[6]
The phrase is sometimes taken out of context, on war memorials for example, as a sad sentiment about life's inescapable sorrows. In the poem the phrase appears as Aeneas realises that he need not fear for his safety, because he is among people who have compassion and an understanding of human sorrow.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
David Mitchell uses the phrase as the last sign-off in the letters from Robert Frobisher to his friend Sixsmith in the penultimate section of his novel Cloud Atlas.
In the introductory video of his YouTube series 'The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows', John Koenig uses the phrase, and sentiment, to introduce his compendium of invented words that aims to fill holes in the English language—to give a name to 'emotions we all feel but don't have a word for'.
The line was cited by Pope Francis in the 2020 papal encyclical Fratelli tutti, "On fraternity and social friendship," in reference to the COVID-19 pandemic.[7]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "lacrimae rerum". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2007-12-20. The words themselves are from lacrima, -ae, a first declension noun meaning "tear" (appearing here in the nominative plural) and from res, rei a fifth declension noun meaning "thing" (appearing here in the genitive plural).
2. ^ Wharton (2008), p. 259.
3. ^ Willard Spiegelman, Imaginative transcripts: selected literary essays, Oxford Univ. Press, p.11
4. ^ Nicolae Babuts, Memory, metaphors, and meaning: reading literary texts, Transaction Publishers, 2009, p.173
5. ^
6. ^ Seamus Heaney, Virgil's Poetic Influence, an essay broadcast on BBC Radio 3 as part of the Greek and Latin Voices series, 15 July, 2008 (23:00).
7. ^ "Fratelli tutti (3 October 2020) | Francis". Retrieved 2020-12-18.
Wharton, David (2008). "Sunt Lacrimae Rerum: An Exploration in Meaning". The Classical Journal. 103 (3): 259–279. JSTOR 30037962.
External links[edit]
|
The Call of the Wild by Jack London
The Call of the Wild is a popular work of American author Jack London. The book tells us about the hardship of a dog named Buck. His difficult adventures started when he was stolen from the house of his owners. He was taken to a severely cold and snowy North and sold to local miners, engaged in the search for gold. It was a period of common gold rush. In his The Call of the Wild, Jack London shows how deep he feels the true nature of the Northern countries and the nature of animals that have to live there.
Buck, who was the most praised animal in the house of his owners, faces the difficulties of the harsh life. Over some time, the good-natured half Saint Bernard and half Scottish shepherd dog turns into a ruthless, savage beast, incredibly enduring and strong. One day, suddenly, Buck hears the call, the call of the wild.
Get a price quote
Title of your paper
Type of your assignment
Academic level
- +
The way Buck changes from a lazy good-natured dog to a “red-eyed devil” is a dramatic story which fell into my heart. As an epigraph of the book goes, “Old longings nomadic leap / Chafing at custom’s chain / Again from its brumal sleep / Wakens the ferine strain” (London).
Chapter 1: Into the Primitive
Buck is an ordinary dog. He lives in California, enjoys warm sunny weather, and his owner loves him very much.
Buck lives his life having no idea what fate has prepared for him. Buck is a dog who trustes people, “he had learned to trust in men he knew, and to give them credit for a wisdom that outreached his own” (London), Manuel, who is a worker at the rancho where Buck’s owners live, steals the dog and sells him. Buck’s life changes forever when Manuel realizes that he can supplement his income with a sizable amount by selling the dog. This act is the rising action of the story. The dog is torn out of his previous life, thrown to a cage and beaten with the club. This makes good old Buck fulfilled with rage and pure anger. His eyes become bloody-red.
His new owner, a fat man in red sweater, teaches Buck to obey him using “lessons” of continuous beating the dog with the club. Buck is beaten, but he is not broken. He understands that a man with the club is stronger. He is confused with the truth of the life.
The “red sweater” sells Buck to Canadian French men Perrault and Francois for 300 dollars and the dog’s adventures start. He is taken with the other dogs to the unknown place. They travel by the ship to a place where Buck sees the snow for the first time in his life.
The first chapter of the book shows us how the dog met his first difficulties. The first thing Buck felt was indignation because of treachery of the man he knew, but it was just the beginning. The big and good-natured dog faced a cruel “law of the club” that a man in a red sweater applied. Buck obeyed the man; he even ate from his hands, but he was filled with rage. Though Buck was not going to ever see the “red sweater” again, the man stuck in the dog’s mind. Francois and Perrault, the new owners of Buck, made the first impression of fair men. They did not beat the dogs with the clubs; they fed every dog equally during their trip on the “Narwhal”. Still, Buck did not know what was going to happen next.
Fill out the order form
Make a payment
We assign a writer
Your paper is being written
Plagiarism check
We delivery only original papers
Email delivery
Free revision within 48 hours upon request
Chapter 2: The Law of Club and Fang
Buck’s first days in cold and severe North begin. Buck joins a dog team, which is led by Spitz, a husky. Buck has to work hard and to learn fast from the other dogs, because a trial work begins immediately.
Buck’s friend Curly is killed by the camp huskies for being friendly towards another dog. This is when Buck faces “the law of club and fang”, which rules his new life. Buck achieves mastery and endurance and becomes wild.
The fact that he is forced to haul a sled hurts his ambition, but he does not even think to rebel. He overcomes himself and tries to work well, although it all is new and strange to him. Francois is stern, demanding an immediate obedience.
Buck makes success in his new life. He learnes from the other dogs how to survive in such difficult conditions. He adapts to the hardships of Yukon life, sharpens his senses of sight and smell and bites the ice from his paws to protect his limbs from damage. He starts to adopt the characteristics of his ancestors.
During dog’s trials, Buck faces new difficulties. He is exhausted since he does not have enough food and has to run from dawn till night. He evolves (or rather becomes wild) very quickly. His muscles become as strong as iron and he now is insensitive to any ordinary pain. He receives good trainings, both external and internal. He learnes to eat all food he is given, even the most nasty and indigestible.
Perrault and Francois do not torture the dogs, but they demand to obey them. They also help the dogs to pull the sledge and to make the way through thick snow. After two trips between towns, the dogs become exhausted and overworked. Francois and Perrault feel very proud of their team after they have set a record for their run. French men teach dogs that they are a big team together. They are a team and their success depends on every member, no matter who is that, a human or a dog.
Chapter 3: The Dominant Primordial Beast
Spitz, feeling that Buck is a strong competitor for the leading place, starts first fights, doing things like stealing his warm sleeping spots. The fight is interrupted by a group of raving mad, starving huskies. All dogs are injured in the fight.
Since they have to move on, the dogs come on a thin ice. At some point, the ice breaks and the dogs fall through it. Buck, being the strongest dog in the team, does his best to save the dogs and his efforts do not let the team die.
Spitz, seeing that Buck is tired after long trial, thinks that this is his best opportunity to beat Buck. Francois sees Spitz’s intention and calms him with his whip. The open war between the two dogs starts. There should be only one winner. In the end, the primordial beast within Buck wins. Spitz is killed.
The two French men, Francois and Perrault, respect the animals for doing such a hard work, taking care of them. In their turn, the dogs respect their owners, obeying them. Still, they are not friends, they are a team.
Chapter 4: Who Has Won to Mastership
Francois and Perrault found that Buck had killed Spitz in the battle that left signs on Buck’s body. It was good news for Francois. He understood that there would be no more trouble with the dogs working as a team. Old husky Sol-leks became a new leading dog of the sled. That choice made Buck angry and he made French men make him the leader.
Buck and the team of dogs are handed to new masters, François and Perrault leave them. Things made Buck wonder how men seemed to come in and out of his life.
One day, during the trial, Dave, one of the sled dogs, started to constantly whine because of some pain. Even though men did not find any broken bones or visible injuries, they decided to remove Dave from the sled. Soon Buck heard a crack of the revolver, after which he never saw Dave again.
The fourth chapter is a transitional one, which divides Buck’s life into two parts: before and now. Now he does not see himself a big lazy dog sitting on the grass in California, he sees himself near a primitive wild man. Buck shows himself as a strong and unbeatable leader. Other dogs see that.
Cooperation between Buck and French men ended. Francois and Perrault accomplished their task. They taught their dogs to work in a team. Now dogs meet the new owners.
Do you have
any questions?
Live chat Order
Chapter 5: The Toil of Trace and Trail
The dogs finally finish their exhaustive journey. Dogs meet their new owners – Hal, Charles, and Mercedes. These people have too much luggage. All the things they put into the sled make it too heavy and the dogs cannot pull the load. Finally, people decide to throw out some things. Unfortunately, Mercedes keeps her hairdryer and nail polish and throws out food and water instead.
They get going, but soon enough everyone starts to starve. Billee, one of the dogs, has no strength any more and falls. Hal has no choice and kills him.
The spring comes and makes the ice thinner. Buck remembers the last run on the thin ice and he refuses to lead the team onto the frozen water. Hal beats Buck, but it does not help.
John Thornton sees what is happening and threatens Hal to kill him if he does not stop beating Buck. He releases Buck from the sled. The rest of the team continues their way on the ice. Buck and John Thornton see the sled fall into the river. Buck licks Thornton’s hand in gratitude.
This chapter shows us that a strong dog Buck can be submitted not by everyone. Hal makes a mistake beating him. Buck does not have respect for his new owner from the very beginning. They try to bring too much of “civilization” to the place where primitive laws rule.
Buck’s primitive instincts help him to understand that it is too dangerous to go onto the ice. Newcomers do not understand it. Maybe it was a fate’s present for the “red-eyed devil” that John saves him. Buck feel something new, something unknown.
We meet two distinct types of people who have been drawn to the North by the gold rush. People of one type are very competent and ambitious, but fair in their treatment of the work of their animals and fond of them, while people of the other type fall apart physically, emotionally and morally in the face of Arctic conditions.
Earn 10% from all orders
made by people you bring
Your people also get 15% discount
on their first order using the code 15first
Chapter 6: For the Love of a Man
As it was said earlier, Buck has sympathy for Thornton more than he ever had. Buck licks John, bites him very gently. He never loses sight of his new owner. By this time, Buck has become a wild dog. He never misses his life in California. He now wants to live in the woods, to hunt and to howl under the starred sky. Thornton gets into the fight that started in the bar and Buck protects his owner.
Buck saves John Thornton from drowning. The scene of Buck’s heroism and dedication is worth reading for several times. Some men bet Thornton that Buck could not pull a thousand-pound load. John Thornton bets money he does not even have at the moment. Buck makes everything possible for his beloved owner. He makes the load move. John Thornton wins a load of money. Fulfilled with emotions, he cries and hugs his dog.
Now, when people see Buck’s power, everyone wants to own this big dog. People ask John to sell Buck, but he refuses.
This chapter shows us another Buck. A big scarred dog is truly and sincerely devoted to John Thornton. He loves his owner very much. This chapter pictures the cooperation of the best friends, friends that can overcome any problem, even death. None of them could even imagine their life without each other. Together, hand by paw, they could go to the end of the earth.
Chapter 7: The Sounding of a Call
One day, Buck wanders into the woods near the camp where he and John live and meets a wolf. He establishes a friendship with the wolf and begins to feel at home. Even though Buck likes this setting, his loyalty and love to John makes him turn back to the camp.
He keeps coming into the woods and begins to stay away for longer periods of time. Once, after he has been absent for several days, he feels that something is wrong. Buck reaches the camp and finds Thornton’s dogs lying dead on the ground from arrow wounds. He sees several Indians and attacks one of them. Buck realizes that he is too late. His friend Thornton is dead. His beloved John is dead.
Buck realizes that there is nothing holding him back now. The dog decides to leave civilization behind. He again wanders into the woods and feels free to answer his inner call, the call of the wild.
Format of your paper
• 12-point Times 12-point Times New Roman
• 1-inch 1-inch margins
• Text alligned leftText alligned left
• 300 words300 words / page instead of 275
• Single or doubleSingle or double-spaced
The chapter demonstrates us the resolution of Buck’s conflict between the call of the wild and his love for John Thornton. Buck chooses the call of the wild and joins his wolf brother. He soon becomes the pack leader, but returns each summer to visit John Thornton’s camp.
Buck’s inner call overcomes his true and sincere love for John. We cannot insist that Buck does not love John any more. He does, but the call is overwhelming.
Human factor in Buck’s life makes the dog feel his real nature, the nature of his ancestors. Buck begins to hear the call from the moment he met the man in red sweater, who taught Buck the “law of the club”. Thanks to the “red sweater”, Buck learns the cruelty of the life.
The two French men, Francois and Perrault taught Buck to work in a team, to be a mechanism, where each member is a cogwheel that depends on others.
John Thornton taught this beast a true love, which Buck never met before. They needed nobody else.
Buck met different people that changed his life. He would never feel so many emotions living in California. He would never feel the call inside. People and difficulties on his way changed him, so that he could finally find his place, his real nature and fate.
The “red-eyed devil”, which could not believe Manuel was able to betray, now would thank him.
Related Free World literature Essays
|
Towards a scientific understanding of who we are
Genome sequencing reveals African diversity and migrations
Oct. 28, 2020 - INTL.
New research on whole-genome sequences of hundreds of people across Africa tries to address an imbalance in the genetic data ava New research on whole-genome sequences of hundreds of people across Africa tries to address an imbalance in the genetic data available worldwide
Analysis of the genomes of hundreds of people from across Africa has shed light on ancient migrations and modern susceptibility and resistance to disease, revealing unexpected genetic diversity.
The genome is often described as the body's instruction manual, and whole-genome sequencing involves effectively reading the billions of DNA bases in an individual.
New research on sequences from more than 400 people from the African continent is part of an attempt to address an imbalance in the genetic data available worldwide, most of which comes from people of European ancestry.
The work, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, reveals Zambia may have been a key stopover point in the expansion of Bantu-speaking groups.
Proposed movement during the Bantu migration, showing the populations that were used for inference. Blue: migration patterns inferred by genetic distance estimates with Zambia (BSZ) as an intermediate staging ground for Bantu migrations further east (red–teal arrow) and south (red–yellow arrow). Dotted black line: previously proposed late-split route. Dotted blue–green line through the DRC: an alternative model of migration. GGK, Gǀwi, Gǁana and baKgalagadi. Nature.
And it finds that populations living in one area may have significantly different genetic vulnerabilities to disease.
"These are population groups that for the most part have not had their genomes sequenced before," said Zane Lombard, an associate professor of human genetics at Johannesburg's University of the Witwatersrand, who helped lead the study.
"So the addition to our knowledge base is unique, significant, and more than would be expected from a similar sample size in other populations," she told AFP.
In many ways, we live in the age of the gene, with better understanding of our body's basic building blocks helping advance medical research and treatment, and better explain how humans evolved and migrated around the world.
As little as 22 percent of participants in genomics research are of non-European heritage, with the majority of available genetic data coming from just three countries—Britain, the United States and Iceland.
Efforts to correct that have been under way for years in Africa, and Lombard's team worked with a consortium established to improve genetic research on the continent to access whole-genome sequences from 426 people enrolled in ongoing studies.
The sample might seem comparatively small, but it represents 50 ethnolinguistic groups from 13 countries, including some being studied for the first time.
'Scratching the surface'
Among the discoveries revealed by the sequencing was an unexpectedly large number of new so-called single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), areas that differ from a reference genome and had not previously been identified in publicly available genome sequence data.
"This is significant because we are learning more about human genetic variation in general, discovering more differences that could be linked to disease or traits in the future, and that can inform what we know about genetic diversity across the globe," Lombard said.
Uncovering the variants is just a first step, but it will help identify which ones may be important in health outcomes, and provide key data on the different vulnerabilities of populations.
For example, the data showed members of one group in Uganda had variants that are protective against severe malaria, while other groups living in the same country lacked the variant.
This could be the result, the study says, of the relatively recent migration of members of the unprotected group into parts of Uganda where malaria is endemic.
The sequencing also offers insights into the Bantu expansions—key migrations of Bantu-speaking people that happened several times over thousands of years.
The sequencing showed Bantu groups in eastern and southern Africa had genetic similarities to Bantu speakers in Zambia.
So while recent work has theorised at least one Bantu migration originated in Angola, the genetic data suggests Zambia may have been a key stopover point.
For all the sequencing reveals, Lombard acknowledges the work "is really just scratching the surface of the more than 2,000 ethnolinguistic groups represented in Africa".
Going forward, the researchers hope to look at other types of variations in the sequences, and to add information from unstudied populations.
Related reading
Your purchase supports HNN and local bookshops.
More from Migrations
Not a single one of us comes from where we find ourselves. The story of where we came from and how we came to arrive is one of the liveliest fields of current scientific research.
|
Chestnut Teal
The chestnut teal is darker and a slightly bigger bird than the grey teal.[2]
The male has a distinctive green coloured head and mottled brown body. The female has a brown head and mottled brown body. The female is almost identical in appearance to the grey teal.
The female chestnut teal has a loud penetrating “laughing” quack repeated rapidly nine times or more.[2]
Distribution and habitat
Chestneal Teal mapThe chestnut teal is commonly distributed in south-eastern and south-western Australia, while vagrants may occur elsewhere. Tasmania and southern Victoria are the species’ stronghold,[2] while vagrants can be found as far north as New Guinea and Lord Howe Island.[3]
The chestnut teal prefers coastal estuaries and wetlands, and is indifferent to salinity. This bird is an omnivore.
Chestnut Teal 2Chestnut teals form monogamous pairs that stay together outside the breeding season, defend the nest site and look after the young when hatched. Nests are usually located over water, in a down-lined tree hollow about 6–10 m high. Sometimes nests are placed on the ground, among clumps of grass near water. The young hatch and are ready to swim and walk within a day.[3]
{Click Play to hear call}
|
अब आप न्यूज्ड हिंदी में पढ़ सकते हैं। यहाँ क्लिक करें
Home » Economy » Poor nations have been sustaining the rich ones, not the other way around
By Newsd
Updated on :
Source: bdnews24.com
Dating back to colonialism, the western powers have extracted resources from the poor. They have capitalized themselves by sucking the man power and deep pockets of the slave labours. However, the rich countries give more than $125bn (£102bn) in aid each year, to the poorer nation giving a solid evidence to their sheer goodwill of uplifting other countries. The story holds that the rich nations of the OECD give generously of their wealth to the poorer nations of the global south, to help them eradicate poverty and push them up the development ladder.
This story is so well propagated across borders by the industries and government of the richer countries that they easily block us from seeing the reality of things. As per reports from the Guardian, the US-based Global Financial Integrity (GFI) and the Centre for Applied Research at the Norwegian School of Economics recently published some contradictory data. As they summed up all of the financial resources that get transferred between rich countries and poor countries each year: not just aid, foreign investment and trade flows (as previous studies have done) but also non-financial transfers such as debt cancellation, unrequited transfers like workers’ remittances, and unrecorded capital flight; they concluded that the flow of money from the rich countries to the poor countries is of a much lesser degree compared to the flow that runs the other way round.
This is a clear implication that the capital is flowing in reverse of what it should have been. The rich countries are made richer as they drain out the capital from the under-developed/developing countries. The rich countries are not really developing the poor ones, rather the poor ones are making them richer.
The grandeur outflow of money thrives firstly, on some of its payments on debt. Developing countries have given out over $4.2tn in interest payments alone since 1980 – a direct cash transfer to big banks in New York and London, on a scale that dwarfs the aid that they received during the same period. The second contributor is the income that foreigners make on their investments in developing countries and then repatriate back home. Think of all the profits that BP extracts from Nigeria’s oil reserves, for example, or that Anglo-American pulls out of South Africa’s gold mines. GFI calculates that developing countries have lost a total of $13.4tn through unrecorded capital flight since 1980.
Most of these unrecorded outflows take place through the international trade system – a practice known as “trade misinvoicing”. Basically, corporations – foreign and domestic alike – report false prices on their trade invoices in order to draw money out of developing countries directly into tax havens and secrecy jurisdictions. Usually the goal is to evade taxes, but sometimes this practice is used to launder money or circumvent capital controls. In 2012, developing countries lost $700bn through trade misinvoicing, which outstripped aid receipts that year by a factor of five. Multinational companies also steal scam from developing countries through “same-invoice faking”, shifting profits illegally between their own subsidiaries by mutually faking trade invoice prices on both sides. GFI doesn’t include same-invoice faking as it is tough to detect, but they estimate that it amounts to another $700bn per year. And these figures only cover theft through trade in goods. If we add theft through trade in services to the mix, it brings total net resource outflows to about $3tn per year. That’s 24 times more than the aid budget!
The large outflow of capital not only lowers the standard of living of the developing countries but also affect their economic graph keeping them in the loop of development forever. For every $1 of aid that developing countries receive, they lose $24 in net outflows.
A much improved statistical compilation and reporting is required in order to have a more adequate picture of global financial flows; a task that urgently needs to be undertaken collaboratively by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, United Nations, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Bank for International Settlements. The report also highlights the need for much greater transparency in domestic and global financial systems, particularly with regards to tax haven jurisdictions.
Fighting the illegal flow of capital needs an assistance of the tax havens which are also not as loyal as we expect them to be. There are more than 60 tax havens in the world, and the vast majority of them are controlled by a handful of western countries namely: London, Belgium, Manhattan. In short the coutries hosting the most number of tourists are the ones majorly responsible for the lump-sum theft from the poorer countries. The aid givers on the other hand, when taken into account considering this situation, might sound rather naïve. They trick people to believe that the givers instead of takers convincing the people that their hands are clean.
The solution to this giant problem is not unfeasible, freeing the developing countries off the load of debts would be the beginning. This will allow them to spend their cumulative money in the development of the country instead of paying the debts. We could also close down the secrecy jurisdictions, and slap penalties on bankers and accountants who facilitate illicit outflows; and we could impose a global minimum tax on corporate income to eliminate the incentive for corporations to secretly shift their money around the world.
Latests Posts
Editor's Choice
|
Protein Facts that Everyone Should Know About
Protein is one of those buzzwords that we know we should include in our diets, but we don’t really know why it’s important. When we started researching how to create the healthiest, best-tasting breakfast bar, protein just kept coming up.
The more we learned about protein, the more we wanted to share that knowledge to help everyone understand just how important it is for keeping you running at full steam ahead. Want to learn more about protein? Get ready for Over Easy to blow your mind.
How Much Protein Should I Be Getting Every Day?
Daily recommendations often seem like some obscure fact that we know we should pay attention to but tend to ignore. Where do they come from? How much should we be getting daily? Ask anyone what they are without the ability to look it up on their phone, and they likely won’t be able to come up with an answer.
It’s generally agreed that the recommended daily allowance (or RDA) for protein is 0.8 grams for every kilogram that you weigh. Since we don’t use kilograms as our main method of weight measurement in the United States, the quick way to figure it out is just 35% of your body weight. For example, someone who weighs 130 pounds would need about 47 grams of protein daily (130 x 35% = 47). Make sense?
Keep in mind that this is a minimum daily requirement. That means you need to eat at least that much to stay healthy and give your body exactly what it needs to function properly. If you get too little protein, you will likely notice swelling (known as edema), mood changes, problems with your hair, skin, and nails, and weakness or fatigue. No thanks, hand us the protein!
On the other hand, there’s also such a thing as eating too much protein. While you’d have to really try to get too much, it can lead to kidney disease, brain fog, and GI issues like constipation or diarrhea. This is mostly a problem for people who eat specifically high-protein diets for long periods of time, so unless you’re eating only steak for every single meal, you’re probably fine.
What Foods Have Protein?
There are tons of misconceptions about what foods have protein and where it comes from. For many, protein means meat, and that’s that. How many times have you been out to eat at a restaurant and had the waiter ask you what protein you’d prefer? However, protein is so much more than just meat. In fact, you can live a completely vegetarian or vegan lifestyle and still get your recommended daily allowance of protein without too much trouble.
One of the most protein-rich foods out there actually isn’t meat-based at all. Eggs are packed full of essential nutrients, protein and vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and healthy fats. When you cut out the egg yolk, just the egg whites are even more pure protein minus all the fat and cholesterol. That’s why we chose to use them in our breakfast bars. They’re one of the best sources of protein out there, with the fewest drawbacks, not to mention that they taste pretty darn good.
For those who don’t eat any animal products whatsoever, don’t go nuts. Almonds are another whole food that is high in natural protein. 15% of the calories in almonds come from protein, and they also contain plenty of things that our bodies need to function, like magnesium, vitamin E, and fiber. Pistachios and cashews are also high in protein, as are peanuts.
Oats are high in protein as well, while also providing at least a serving of whole grains. It’s actually one of the healthiest grains out there, with around 11 grams of protein in a single cup, as well as B1, magnesium, and healthy fibers. In fact, the fiber in the oats can help to increase your feelings of fullness even further, which is why many people choose oats or oatmeal to start their day.
If you’d prefer to get your protein from animal sources, lean meats like boneless, skinless chicken and turkey breast are great places to start. Not only are they high in protein, but they’re naturally low in fat and incredibly versatile, so start trying out some funky recipes. Ounce for ounce, they’re also one of the best sources of protein.
It’s actually preferable to get most of your protein from plant-based sources, as non-plant-based protein sources also tend to be higher in fat, which should be limited in any healthy diet. This also limits sources of cholesterol, which can lead to disease. Eating a more plant-based diet is also much better for the environment, in the long run, so you can feel healthier while also helping the planet.
What about soy, you ask? We don’t use soy in any of our breakfast bars because while it can be a great source of protein, research shows that soy may mimic estrogen in the body. For most people, this is ok. For those with a family history of breast cancer, it can increase the risk. Even though that increase is relatively small, it’s not a risk we were willing to take.
Why Is Protein So Important?
Protein is the essential building block of the body. Our organs, skin, muscles, and even hormones are both created and supported by protein (and their basic components, amino acids). Without protein, the body can’t perform basic functions like growth, maintenance, and repair. It also helps transport oxygen throughout the body, which provides your system with all the nutrients it needs to survive and thrive. Because you need it in such large amounts, protein is considered a macronutrient, along with carbohydrates and fat.
Protein can also help you to lose weight if that is your goal. In addition to just bodyweight, a diet that’s rich in protein can reduce your belly fat while increasing both your muscle strength and mass. It can really help you build your dream body if hitting the gym is your thing. It also helps keep you feeling full for a longer period of time, as it takes far longer to digest and break down than any other macro or micronutrient.
It is also an important part of helping the body maintain normal blood sugar levels, although carbohydrates get far more attention. When protein is present in the same meal as carbohydrates, it acts as a buffer to slow down the speed that carbs are turned into sugar.
Diets that are high in protein also can help fight off the potential for diabetes and heart disease, while also lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol. Protein provides such a huge range of functions and protections for the body that it’s surprising it’s not more of the star of the show.
What Is Protein Actually Made Of?
If it’s been a while since your last science class, you may not remember what protein is actually made of.
Protein is made up of building blocks known as amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that the body can use to make protein, which are broken down into two categories. Essential amino acids are amino acids that your body is unable to produce on its own and need to be supplemented into the diet from a secondary source. Non-essential amino acids are amino acids that your body is able to produce on its own. There are 9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids, but most people get both without trying.
When you’re looking into sources of protein, choose complex proteins. Complex proteins contain every essential amino acid that you need to function properly. Examples of complex proteins include quinoa, meat, and eggs. Hey, that sounds like Over Easy!
A Few Random Protein Facts
• The word “protein” comes from the Greek word “proteios,” which means “first rank” or “primary.”
• 20% of the human body is made out of protein.
• The lifespan of most of the protein is about two days, and there are more than 10,000 different types that can be found in the body.
• Our hair is made up entirely of a protein known as keratin.
• Protein has four different structures - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Each is essential to the function and structure in slightly different ways.
• DNA is partially made out of protein, which explains why it is so essential!
• Bodybuilders swear that increased protein levels can help them build more mass in a shorter period of time.
In Conclusion…
Protein is one of the most important nutrients to focus on for eating a healthy, well-balanced diet. Over Easy breakfast bars were designed with protein (and taste) in mind, which comes from whole food sources like egg whites and nuts. When you make sure that you get enough protein in your diet, you’re also helping to prevent disease, giving your body what it needs for growth and repair, and just generally ensuring you feel healthier overall.
|
NewsStudy: The more you hug your child, the better...
Study: The more you hug your child, the better their brain develops
Researchers have found that hugs have a positive effect on children’s brain development. The hormone oxytocin plays an important role in this.
Ohio – Hugs have become rare these days. And right now in the corona pandemic (* FNP reported) we long for it – more than ever before. This profane way of expressing affection or greeting people almost seems like a relic from a time before mouth protection *, social distancing and distance lines * dominated our everyday lives.
Sure, it is no longer possible with friends and outside of your own household – but especially in the family, with our little ones, hugging seems to have an important effect. A study has now shown that hugs promote brain development in children.
This is exactly where the hormone oxytocin comes in. Because with gentle touches and hugs the so-called “cuddle hormone” is released. It ensures that stress is reduced in the body and that breathing and heartbeat are slowed down. The happiness hormone oxytocin thus leads to a general feeling of wellbeing.
Study: Hugs make children more intelligent
In medicine it is known, among other things, as the hormone that triggers labor and is used accordingly in obstetrics. In addition, according to , it strengthens bonds, for example between lovers or between mother and child. Researchers found that babies and children who were often hugged by their parents had brains developing faster and better than children without this type of affection. Oxytocin also influences the development of the embryonic brain, for example the formation of blood vessels in the pituitary gland. For example, it controls stress, growth and reproduction.
Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Ohio, USA, conducted a study of 125 babies to test their response to physical closeness.
The result: premature babies reacted less to physical contact than babies who were not born prematurely. In children who received affection in the form of hugs, the researchers found a stronger brain response. According to this, affection would significantly shape the development of children’s brains. The more oxytocin that is released, the more it affects a child’s brain development. And the more love and affection a child experiences, the bigger his brain becomes, according to researchers. Ergo: the more hugs, the more intelligence. * FNP is an offer from IPPEN.Media.
Nasa: Part of SpaceX rocket could crash into the moon
As early as 2015, the so-called "Falcon 9" rocket delivered an earth observation satellite into space and has been in space ever since. Now part of her could collide with the moon.
In addition to the number of infections, the RKI focuses on the burden of...
The omicron variant has Germany under control for a long time - and the number of unreported cases of corona infections seems to be increasing. The focus of the RKI is not only the new infections.
Semiconductors: a driver of technological innovation and the global economy
In addition to making cloud computing possible, they are also a cornerstone for the internet of things and cryptocurrencies.
Storm surge on the North Sea remains within limits
The storm surge in northern Germany was lower than predicted. At the Hamburg fish market, the water only spilled over a little. However, another warning is to be expected.
Pemex advances in its goal and reports its highest gasoline production since 2017
The oil company has raised its levels, without significantly reducing exports, but increasing fuel oil production.
|
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Article information
Korean J Parasitol. 2021;59(6):585-593
Publication date (electronic) : 2021 December 22
doi :
1Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
2Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
3Department of Biomedicine Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
4Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
*Corresponding author (
Received 2021 November 28; Revised 2021 November 30; Accepted 2021 November 30.
This study was done to provide an analytical overview on the latest malaria infection clusters by evaluating temporal trends during 2010–2019 in Korea. Incheon was the most likely cluster (MLC) for all cases of malaria during the total period. MLCs for P. falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, and clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation were Jeollanam-do, Incheon, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, respectively. Malaria was decreasing in most significant clusters, but Gwangju showed an increase for all cases of malaria, P. vivax and clinically diagnosed cases. Malaria overall, P. falciparum and P. vivax seem to be under control thanks to aggressive health measures. This study might provide a sound scientific basis for future control measures against malaria in Korea.
Diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors are major risk factors responsible for the global burden of infectious diseases [1]. Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are important in this respect as they include malaria and several important arboviruses [2,3]. Aside from the high burden, they tend to emerge in new areas, and also re-emerge in regions known to have been eradicated.[2] Several factors such as globalization and climate changes are inducing shifts in communicable disease trends, and this is especially evident in MBDs [1,4] as its incidence seems to show an increasing trend in parts of Korea.
Malaria is one of the oldest diseases, and its influence has probably been greater than that of any other infectious agents [5]. Caused by the Plasmodium species of protozoan parasites, malaria is a major public health burden worldwide [6]. P. falciparum is the most prevalent malaria parasite in Africa, and it is the greatest menace because of its high mortality rate [7]. P. vivax is less lethal than P. falciparum, but more prevalent in Korea [6]. It was eradicated from Korea late 1970s, but re-emerged 1993 and continued prevalent despite the ongoing national eradication program [8]. P. malariae is a benign malaria with several distinct clinical features [9]. P. ovale make the infected RBC swollen and oval, the margin fimbriated, and stained pale, morphologically distinct from the others. In Korea, majority of the imported malaria cases were of P. falciparum (from Africa) and P. vivax (from Southeast Asia), whereas P. malariae and P. ovale cases were very rare [10].
Korea has a complete full health-coverage of its population. The clinical data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) of Korea were used in this study, so that the whole Korean population is represented. Our study was performed to figure out spatial infection clusters and trends of the malaria, Plasmodium infections during recent 10 years in Korea.
Ethics statement
This study was performed under the regulation of the IRB Committee of The Catholic University of Korea (No. MC20ZASE0155). This research adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Data aquisition and definition
The nationwide malaria cases for 10 years (2010–2019) from the 16 administrative districts in Korea were obtained from the Healthcare Bigdata Hub provided by the HIRA. ( [cited 2020 October]) The HIRA classifies the Plasmodium infections as P. falciparum (B50), P. vivax (B51), P. malariae (B52), P. ovale, simian plasmodia (B53) and clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation (B54).
The population data of 16 administrative divisions for the same period were obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service ( [cited 2021 October]). The geographical locations of the cases were set to the latitude and longitude of administrative center as the search point since the case data were compiled by administrative district unit. The population and number of cases were summed up as accumulated counts and numbers for the total period to evaluate overall malaria status. Case numbers were adjusted for the respected district population (cases/1,000, 000) to facilitate comparison between the districts (Table 1).
Population and malaria cases for 2010–2019 according to administrative district
Malaria disease according to individual classification were further evaluated by dividing the timeline into tertiles (2010–2012, 2013–2015, 2016–2019), and total period. The third tertile had 4 years of data to reflect more recent information, and to facilitate the evaluation of temporal characteristics.
Spatiotemporal statistical analyses
Spatial scan analysis detects clusters with maximum likelihood ratio by creating a circular window on a map and scanning the study area by varying the window size. The window size determines a percentage of the population at risk within its boundaries [11]. Spatial scan statistic works best for detecting spatial clusters, and may be effective in the study of small numbered cases, such as novel or infrequent outbreaks [12, 13]. SaTScan (v10.0) [14] software was used to detect these clusters and evaluate their significance through simulation. The discrete Poisson model was used since the malaria case data were linked to their background population at risk.
Disease trend was determined through spatial variation in temporal trend analysis, by scanning for clusters with either increasing or decreasing rates. Data for P. malariae in Ulsan was missing and was adjusted for known relative risks according to the SaTScan software guide.
It is important to find an appropriate set value of cluster size because a large value could hide effect of small core clusters, while a small value could overlook the regional pattern of clusters [15]. Preliminary studies with 15 and 25% spatial window sizes showed that the 15% window size was most effective in finding clusters. The present study selected this window size for statistical analyses.
Statistical significance of the clusters was calculated using the Monte Carlo simulations with an inference of 9,999 [16] and expressed as P-value. A significance level of alpha<0.05 was used as a standard. QGIS software (v3.16) was used to visualize cluster patterns on a map. The clusters and trends are shown in order of log likelihood ratio (LLR).
General characteristics
Gyeonggi-do had the highest population (124,839,896) and highest number of cases (31.3%) during the study period. After adjusting the case numbers for population, Incheon (57.4) and Jeollabuk-do (56.3) showed the highest rate of infection.
Spatial clusters
When considering for all cases of malaria, Incheon was the most likely cluster (MLC) with a relative risk (RR) and LLR of 1.49 and 109.579, respectively, for the whole study period. The joint cluster of Jeollanam-do/Jeollabuk-do was next (RR=1.37, LLR=82.628), followed by Jeollabuk-do (RR=1.45, LLR=60. 557), and Jeollanam-do (RR=1.26, LLR=22.861) (Table 2). Gangwon-do was a significant cluster at the first tertile of 2010–2012, and Gwangju was also significant at the mid tertile of 2013–2015 (Fig. 1).
Clusters detected malaria
Fig. 1
Clusters detected for all cases of malaria. Area codes represent administrative districts of the Korean government. Light to dark blue gradient indicates increasing order of log likelihood ratio. Dashed lines represent a joint cluster.
Among clusters detected for P. falciparum, Jeollanam-do was the MLC (RR=4.22, LLR=171.545) during the whole period. The next likely cluster was Gangwon-do (RR=1.46, LLR=5.146) (Table 2). Jeollanam-do was a significant at all tertiles, while Gangwon-do (RR=1.46, LLR=5.146) was only significant at the earlier tertile (Fig. 2). Incheon was the MLC (RR=2.45, LLR=159.540) for P. vivax during the whole period (Table 2), and also the only significant cluster at all tertiles (Fig. 3). The MLC for P. malariae was Gangwon-do (RR=5.96, LLR=33.013) during the whole period (Table 2). Gyeongsangnam-do was the MLC (RR=1.86, LLR=8.853) for P. ovale during the whole period. Gwangju was the second (RR=2.18, LLR=7.316), and Jeollabuk-do was the third likely cluster during the whole period (RR=1.87, LLR=5.398) (Table 2).
Fig. 2
Clusters detected for P. falciparum. Area codes represent administrative districts. Light to dark blue gradient indicates increasing order of log likelihood ratio.
Fig. 3
Clusters detected for P. vivax. Area codes represent administrative districts. Incheon was the most likely cluster.
For clinically diagnosed malaria, Jeollabuk-do was the MLC (RR=1.91, LLR=142.846) for the whole period, followed by Incheon (RR=1.37, LLR=40.797), Jeju-do/Jeollanam-do (RR= 1.26, LLR=18.776) and Gyeongsangbuk-do (RR=1.16, LLR= 7.973) (Table 2).
Temporal trends
Temporal trends analysis for the whole study period showed that malaria infection rate was decreasing in most clusters (Fig. 4) Gwangju showed an increasing rate for all cases of malaria (+8.8%, LLR=73.128), P. vivax (+6.03%, LLR=6.866) and clinically diagnosed cases (+17.25%, LLR=85.970). P. falciparum showed decreasing rates in Jeollanam-do/Jeollabuk-do/Jeju-do/Daejeon (−4.70%, LLR=20.700) and Gyeongsangbuk-do/Daegu/Chungcheongbuk-do (−23.70%, LLR=9.456) joint clusters. Other clusters detected by purely spatial analysis showed varying degrees of decreasing rates (Table 3).
Fig. 4
Spatiotemporal trends of malaria. Area codes represent administrative districts. Green represents clusters that showed decreased rate over the period of 2010–2019. Light to dark green gradient indicates increasing order of log likelihood ratio. Red represents clusters that showed increase over the same period.
Temporal trends of malaria
The present study provides an analytical overview of the latest malaria status in Korea by determining disease clusters and evaluating temporal trends during 2010–2019.
Korea is a peninsula, but the northern border is a demilitarized zone (DMZ) and cut off from the rest of Asia by North Korea. The result is virtually an isolated island, and contact with the outside world is limited to air- and sea-routes. The western and southern parts have numerous islands that number around 5,000, and a fair number of them are inhabited. This means limited resources stretched over a large area with isolated populations, a potential health hazard for the related authorities.
In terms of climate, Korea is mostly located in the temperate zone, except for Jeju-do, but global warming has caused semi-tropical climate changes in the southern parts of the mainland. These factors might have caused an influence in the increased rate of various infectious diseases.
With recent economic prosperity large numbers of Koreans are enjoying travelling, both domestic and international. And especially among the young generation, their interest has shifted from urban travel to seeking out nature as it is. Trekking, hiking, wildlife experiences, and related outdoor life have become the trend. This may also have an effect on the spread of malaria.
We included the data on clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation. This was a point of debate among the authors. The purpose of this study was to determine the current status of malaria in Korea, so we decided to include it.
When all cases of malaria during the whole study period were evaluated, significant clusters were observed in the western part of Korea, mainly Incheon and the Jeolla area (Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do). Gangwon-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do were clusters during the first tertile (2010–2012).Located in the western part of Korea, Incheon is the main access point for international travel and commerce, and its proximity with China has resulted in a large number of Chinese imigration. The outermost regions are also adjacent to North Korea. The Jeolla area is mainly an agricultural zone located in the west. Additionally, together with Incheon, fishery is also important in this area. Both are labor intensive, and with the Korean population declining and growing old, it has resulted in a large influx of foreigners, mainly from Southeast Asia, but also from Africa and South America.
Gangwon-do has a relatively small population spread over a large area. The DMZ is located in its northern part, which means an even smaller civilian population. Ironically, despite its name, this place is one of the most militarized area in the world, and generally off limits to civilians. The result is one of the most preserved natural habitats in the world abounding with wildlife. Because of its location between the two Koreas and the absence of humans, animals move freely into both countries. Apart from the preservation of nature that results in potential animal reservoirs of zoonosis, a large number of soldiers are stationed in this area. This has interesting consequences. Technically still at war, Korea has military conscription, so male citizens between the ages of 18 and 28 have to perform compulsory military service. A large number are also stationed in Incheon. After military service, these young men go back home, all throughout Korea. They might play a role in disease reservoir and spread of disease.
P. falciparum clusters were observed in Jeollanam-do and Gangwon-do. As mentioned above, Jeollanam-do is located in the southwestern part of Korea, and has an almost semi-tropical climate at times. Agriculture and fisheries require massive influx of foreign labor force, which might all be significant. Indigenous falciparum malaria has not been reported [7]. Gangwon-do was a cluster in the first tertile. This could have been caused by the large number of soldiers stationed in the DMZ. In 1979 the WHO officially certified that Korea was a malaria-free country [18], but vivax malaria re-emerged in 1993 in a soldier. Massive efforts were enforced to contain the disease, and this might have inadvertently caused the decrease in P. falciparum.
Vivax malaria has been an endemic infectious disease in the Korea for a long time [7]. Although it has re-emerged, renewed eradication programs have been put in force. Our study shows that Incheon is a significant cluster. Most cases at the beginning of the vivax malaria outbreak occurred among soldiers stationed near the DMZ in the northern part of Gyeonggi and Gangwon-do, and among veterans who had been discharged. This suggested that North Korea might be a major reservoir of vivax malaria, and Incheon is also adjacent to North Korea. Another interesting point to consider it that the re-emerged P. vivax in Korea has genealogical origin in Southern China. As mentioned above, Incheon is major point of contact with China [19].
P. malariae causes the most benign form of malaria infection, and has several distinct clinical features [20]. It has been detected in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia [21]. Foreign workers from this region can be seen frequently in Korea, and this population might have been reflected in the cluster found in our study. This region also happens to be a favorite destination for Korean travelers. A cluster was observed in Gangwon-do.
P. ovale occurs mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and islands of the western Pacific [22], and often presents as mixed infections with other Plasmodium species. The Gyeongsang area has a large population, and thus has major international airports that connect to the West Pacific countries, another favorite destination for Korean travelers. As a result, in contrast to the other Plasmodium species, a P. ovale cluster was observed in Gyeongsangnam-do. Gwangju Metropolitan City is located roughly at the geographic center of the Jeolla area, and as its name implies, is host to major medical resources, so that complicated cases from this area might have been referred to Gwangju, thus resulting in a cluster.
In the case of clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation, the symptoms and signs might have been obvious enough to have been diagnosed without confirmation. Clusters were observed throughout the country, except for most major metropolitan cities (Seoul, Daejon, Daegu, Ulsan, Busan), Gyeonggi-do and the Chungcheong area. The major cities and Gyeonggi-do are far more industrialized and urbanized, with better access to medical resources. This may have helped in lowering the malaria risk.
On the other hand, while the Chungcheong area is situated in the middle of Korea, it tends to be isolated in some places, and its medical resource is far from satisfactory. Thus, its low rate of malaria is a paradox, but this might have been caused because its patients would simply just visit a medical facility in a nearby city. Being in the middle of everywhere, travelling is facilitated by extensive road and railway infrastructure. And being an inland area, global warming might have had a lesser impact.
Significant clusters with either increasing or decreasing rates of malaria were mainly located in the southern part of Korea. Evaluation for all of cases of malaria showed decreasing trends in the southern parts, except for Gwangju. The city might function as the main medical support system for the surrounding area, so complicated cases would all end up here, resulting in an increasing trend (8.8%) compared to areas outside of the cluster (−10.47%).
Clinically diagnosed cases showed a similar trend, with Gwangju showing an increase of 17.25% in comparison to a decrease of −8.78% in other areas. General trends showed that these cases decreased initially, but increased again. This may have resulted in the significant increase observed in Gwangju. Despite being a major cause of malaria, P. falciparum showed a decreasing rate. Aggressive malaria containment measures seem to have been effective. P. vivax also showed a decreasing trend, but was increasing in Gwangju (6.03% vs. −13.33%). Its role as a health resources hub again seems to be responsible. Interestingly, the general trend of P. vivax showed that although cases were decreasing in number, the adjusted numbers were high and concentrated around Incheon, Gyeonggi-do and Seoul. This might potentially reflect the fact that aggressive anti-malaria health measures were effective in controlling vivax malaria elsewhere.
Although the cases are fewer in number, P. malariae showed an increasing trend in the Daejon/Jeolla area/Jeju-do joint cluster (22.14% vs. −6.27%), while P. ovale was increasing in Jeollabuk-do (0.80% vs. −19.81%). A climatic factor, such as higher average temperature or rainfall might have been possible during this period, with facilitated survival of the pathogens. Also, an increased influx of potential hosts from afflicted areas, both Korean and foreign, might have been responsible for this changing trend. These variants might occupy an ever more significant niche, and in the future, even surpass vivax and falciparum malaria.
In conclusion, after taking account of indigenous malaria with various health measures, global warming seems to be the factor most responsible for malaria in Korea as the southern regions are most affected.
I dedicate this study to my late father Han Doo Kim, who has made me what I am today, and who with his intense curiosity for all things, taught me to strive for knowledge above all.
This study was supported by a research grant from the Korean Association of Health Promotion (No. 2015-01), Republic of Korea.
The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study.
1. Franklinos LHV, Jones KE, Redding DW, Abubakar I. The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2019;19:302–312.
2. Huang YJS, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019;34:104–109.
3. Kilpatrick AM, Randolph SE. Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet 2012;380:1946–1955.
4. Bahk YY, Park SH, Kim-Jeon MD, Oh SS, Jung H, Jun H, Kim KA, Park JM, Ahn SK, Lee J, Choi EJ, Moon BS, Gong YW, Kwon MJ, Kim TS. Monitoring culicine mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) as a vector of flavivirus in incheon metropolitan city and Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, during 2019. Korean J Parasitol 2020;58:551–558.
5. Carter R, Mendis KN. Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:564–594.
6. Lee SK, Hu F, Firdaus ER, Park JH, Han JH, Lee SE, Shin HI, Cho SH, Park WS, Lu F, Han ET. Surveillance on the vivax malaria in endemic areas in the Republic of Korea based on molecular and serological analyses. Korean J Parasitol 2020;58:609–617.
7. Bahk YY, Lee HW, Na BK, Kim J, Jin K, Hong YS, Kim TS. Epidemiological characteristics of re-emerging vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993–2017). Korean J Parasitol 2018;56:531–543.
9. Collins WE, Jeffery GM. Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:579–592.
10. Shin HI, Ku B, Kim YJ, Kim TY, Cho SH, Lee SE. Diagnosis and molecular analysis on imported Plasmodium ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri malaria cases from West and South Africa during 2013–2016. Korean J Parasitol 2020;58:61–65.
11. Kulldorff M, Nagarwalla N. Spatial disease clusters: detection and inference. Stat Med 1995;14:799–810.
12. Mathes RW, Lall R, Levin-Rector A, Sell J, Paladini M, Konty KJ, Olson D, Weiss D. Evaluating and implementing temporal, spatial, and spatio-temporal methods for outbreak detection in a local syndromic surveillance system. PLoS One 2017;12:e0184419.
13. Stelling J, Yih WK, Galas M, Kulldorff M, Pichel M, Terragno R, Tuduri E, Espetxe S, Binsztein N, O’Brien TF, Platt R. Automated use of WHONET and SaTScan to detect outbreaks of Shigella spp. using antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:873–883.
14. Kulldorff M. A spatial scan statistic. Commun Stat Theory Methods 1997;26:1481–1496.
15. Chen J, Roth RE, Naito AT, Lengerich EJ, MacEachren AM. Geovisual analytics to enhance spatial scan statistic interpretation: an analysis of U.S. cervical cancer mortality. Int J Health Geogr 2008;7:57.
16. Azage M, Kumie A, Worku A, Bagtzoglou AC. Childhood diarrhea exhibits spatiotemporal variation in Northwest Ethiopia: a SaTScan spatial statistical analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0144690.
17. Park SH, Jegal S, Ahn SK, Jung H, Lee J, Na BK, Hong SJ, Bahk YY, Kim TS. Diagnostic performance of three rapid diagnostic test kits for malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Korean J Parasitol 2020;58:147–152.
18. Organization WH. Synopsis of the world malaria situation, 1979. Wkly Epidem Rec 1981;56:145–149.
19. Iwagami M, Hwang SY, Fukumoto M, Hayakawa T, Tanabe K, Kim SH, Kho WG, Kano S. Geographical origin of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea: haplotype network analysis based on the parasite’s mitochondrial genome. Malar J 2010;9:184.
21. Li P, Zhao Z, Xing H, Li W, Zhu X, Cao Y, Yang Z, Sattabongkot J, Yan G, Fan Q, Cui L. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale infections in the China–Myanmar border area. Malaria J 2016;15:557.
22. Kim G, Hong HL, Kim SY, Lee HR, Kim DG, Park S, Shin HS, Chin BS, Kim Y. Mixed infection with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ovale in a returned traveller: the first case in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2019;34:23–23.
Article information Continued
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Table 1
Population and malaria cases for 2010–2019 according to administrative district
Cluster (code) Cumulated Population Cases
P. falciparum P. vivax P. malariae P. ovale Clicially diagnosed All cases
Seoul (SE) 100,309,373 492 999 37 113 2,617 4,258
Busan (BU) 35,042,646 89 97 4 17 503 710
Daegu (DG) 24,866,860 56 67 1 10 352 486
Incheon (IN) 28,915,035 75 568 9 18 991 1,661
Gwangju (GW) 14,657,097 51 42 4 32 357 486
Daejeon (DJ) 15,108,648 57 53 2 6 217 335
Ulsan (UL) 11,546,517 23 30 0 6 89 148
Gyeonggi-do (GY) 124,839,896 414 2,126 80 141 3,561 6,322
Gangwon-do (GA) 15,426,610 84 114 37 15 425 675
Chungcheongbuk-do (CB) 15,798,992 45 46 9 9 323 432
Chungcheongnam-do (CN) 20,856,616 51 39 12 18 537 657
Jeollabuk-do (JB) 18,605,718 50 69 13 35 880 1,047
Jeollanam-do (JN) 19,016,443 271 43 5 14 608 941
Gyeongsangbuk-do (GB) 26,925,299 73 66 5 31 794 969
Gyeongsangnam-do (GN) 33,458,210 99 66 10 61 653 889
Jeju-do (JE) 6,193,531 4 11 4 4 195 218
Total 511,567,491 1,934 4,436 232 530 13,102 20,234
Adjusted cases*
Seoul (SE) 4.9 9.96 0.37 1.13 26.09 42.45
Busan (BU) 2.54 2.77 0.11 0.49 14.35 20.26
Daegu (DG) 2.25 2.69 0.04 0.40 14.16 19.54
Incheon (IN) 2.59 19.64 0.31 0.62 34.27 57.44
Gwangju (GW) 3.48 2.87 0.27 2.18 24.36 33.16
Daejeon (DJ) 3.77 3.51 0.13 0.4 14.36 22.17
Ulsan (UL) 1.99 2.60 0.00 0.52 7.71 12.82
Gyeonggi-do (GY) 3.32 17.03 0.64 1.13 28.52 50.64
Gangwon-do (GA) 5.45 7.39 2.40 0.97 27.55 43.76
Chungcheongbuk-do (CB) 2.85 2.91 0.57 0.57 20.44 27.34
Chungcheongnam-do (CN) 2.45 1.87 0.58 0.86 25.75 31.50
Jeollabuk-do (JB) 2.69 3.71 0.70 1.88 47.3 56.27
Jeollanam-do (JN) 14.25 2.26 0.26 0.74 31.97 49.48
Gyeongsangbuk-do (GB) 2.71 2.45 0.19 1.15 29.49 35.99
Gyeongsangnam-do (GN) 2.96 1.97 0.30 1.82 19.52 26.57
Jeju-do (JE) 0.65 1.78 0.65 0.65 31.48 35.20
Total 59 85 8 16 397 565
Adjusted cumulated infection rate (cases/1,000,000).
Table 2
Clusters detected malaria
District Cases Expected Relative Risk Log Likelihood Ratio P-value
All cases
2010–2012 Incheon 694 471 1.52 49.274 <0.001
Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do 733 636 1.17 7.674 0.00
Gangwon-do 314 258 1.23 5.914 0.01
2013–2015 Incheon 497 322 1.60 43.556 <0.001
Gyeongsangbuk-do 406 300 1.38 17.984 <0.001
Gwangju 202 164 1.24 4.342 0.04
2016–2019 Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do 823 438 2.02 147.836 <0.001
Jeollabuk-do 438 216 2.11 91.604 <0.001
Jeollanam-do 385 221 1.79 51.661 <0.001
Incheon 470 346 1.39 21.285 <0.001
Total period Incheon 1,661 1,144 1.49 109.579 <0.001
Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do 1,988 1,488 1.37 82.628 <0.001
Jeollabuk-do 1,047 736 1.45 60.557 <0.001
Jeollanam-do 941 752 1.26 22.861 <0.001
P. falciparum
2010–2012 Jeollanam-do 95 35 2.91 37.006 <0.001
Gangwon-do 47 28 1.71 5.52 0.01
2013–2015 Jeollanam-do 65 19 3.81 36.544 <0.001
2016–2019 Jeollanam-do 111 18 7.46 116.334 <0.001
Total period Jeollanam-do 271 72 4.22 171.545 <0.001
Gangwon-do 84 58 1.46 5.146 0.02
P. vivax
2010–2012 Incheon 264 117 2.42 72.733 <0.001
2013–2015 Incheon 169 59 3.22 73.935 <0.001
2016–2019 Incheon 135 73 1.96 22.949 <0.001
Total period Incheon 568 251 2.45 159.54 <0.001
P. malariae
Total period Gangwon-do 37 7 5.96 33.013 <0.001
P. ovale
Total period Gyeongsangnam-do 61 35 1.86 8.853 <0.001
Gwangju 32 15 2.18 7.316 0.00
Jeollabuk-do 35 19 1.87 5.398 0.01
Clinically diagnosed malaria
Total period Jeollabuk-do 880 477 1.91 142.846 <0.001
Incheon 991 741 1.37 40.797 <0.001
Jeju-do, Jeollanam-do 803 646 1.26 18.776 <0.001
Gyeongsangbuk-do 794 690 1.16 7.973 0.00
Decreasing order of Log Likelihood Ratio.
Table 3
Temporal trends of malaria
Malaria Districts Cases Trend inside cluster Trend outside cluster Log Likelihood Ratio P-value
All cases Gwangju 486 8.80 −10.47 73.128 <0.001
Jeju-do, Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do 2,206 −2.57 −10.93 63.799 <0.001
Gyeongsangbuk-do 969 −19.70 −9.56 45.922 <0.001
Ulsan, Busan 858 −15.23 −9.83 11.593 <0.001
Gyeongsangnam-do 889 −6.58 −10.19 5.260 0.03
P. falciparum Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Jeju-do, Daejeon 382 −4.70 −16.47 20.700 <0.001
Gyeongsangbuk-do, Daegu, Chungcheongbuk-do 193 −23.70 −13.15 9.456 0.00
P. vivax Jeollabuk-do, Daejeon, Chungcheongbuk-do 168 −22.86 −12.80 7.965 0.00
Ulsan, Busan 127 −23.66 −12.89 6.925 0.01
Gwangju 42 6.03 −13.33 6.866 0.01
P. malariae Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Jeju-do, Daejeon 24 22.14 −6.27 5.741 0.02
P. ovale Jeollabuk-do 35 0.80 −19.81 6.714 0.01
Clinically diagnosed Gwangju 357 17.25 −8.78 85.97 <0.001
Jeju-do, Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do 1,683 −0.50 −9.25 50.545 <0.001
Gyeongsangbuk-do 794 −18.45 −7.49 42.941 <0.001
Daejeon 217 −21.79 −7.93 19.403 <0.001
Ulsan, Busan 592 −13.11 −7.94 7.191 0.00
Chungcheongbuk-do 323 −1.81 −8.31 6.027 0.01
Trend inside/outside cluster denotes % increase/decrease over the period of 2010–2019.
Decreasing order of Log Likelihood Ratio.
|
The Industry 4.0 Solution to Eliminate Food Waste
Here’s how your business can trace food and avoid large-scale waste in one easy-to-use platform.
With the continuous destruction of forests and depletion of natural resources, there is a possibility that we will run out of food someday. Hunger is now a global problem, and at the speed at which we consume and throw away goods, there might not be enough to feed the growing population worldwide. However, the United Nations World Food Programme (UN WFP) states that global hunger is not about a lack of food. Right now, the world produces enough to feed every person on the planet.
So what is the root cause of global hunger?
Food loss.
While factors vary from region to region, food loss, along with chronic poverty, conflict, and economic shocks, is why people around the world do not have access to food. UN WFP also stated that all the food produced but never eaten is sufficient to feed two billion people—twice the number of undernourished people worldwide.
In developing countries, food waste happens at harvest time. Poor storage facilities and lack of access to technology lead to significant damage to crops. For industrialized countries, more than 40 percent of these losses occur at retail and consumer levels. Wholesale and retail system inefficiencies in planning, management, and labeling lead to food being thrown away.
If that isn’t enough, inefficient supply chains contribute to discarded food and climate change. Food decomposition in landfills in the US results in 23 percent of US methane—80 times more potent than carbon dioxide emissions.
This means that if hunger does not get to us first, then climate change will.
As daunting as this may sound, technology is evolving, and there is now a solution for inefficient food supply chains: Industry 4.0 technology.
World Economic Forum Founder Klaus Schwab coined industry 4.0 or the Fourth Industrial Revolution as the “blurring boundary between the physical and digital world.” Industry 4.0 uses technology that increases the efficiency of human lives.
Smartphones are the first thing that comes to mind when it comes to efficiency, but what about commercial manufacturing? The answer is blockchain—a technological advancement that brings traceability to all aspects of the supply chain, including product lifecycle.
One of the main benefits of enterprise blockchain includes decentralizing trust, meaning it distributes security away from a central point of failure to many different points. There is no single point of failure in the system, so many areas need to be simultaneously hacked to compromise a system. This creates a magnitude of difficulty in tampering with data written to a blockchain.
Real Items provides this enterprise blockchain solution for businesses that want to upgrade their warehouse system. In this upgrade, products will have their own digital identity stored in a single smart label such as a QR code. Think of it as an upgraded Stock Keeping Unit or SKU. Once scanned by a smartphone, each digital identity will provide necessary information such as place of origin, harvest and expiration dates, prices, etc. This digitization ensures a fast, secure, and accurate auditing process, so you won’t have to go through the nightmare of manually managing data.
Real items smart label Consumer Protection 3.0 (CP3)
Warehouse boxes tracked using Real Items smart labels. Simply scan the code with your smart phone to take digital ownership of the product.
The Real Items Industry 4.0 solution also gives proof of origin, which reduces food loss through better waste management. Its track-and-trace technology gives food industries accurate data on its produce. Organic food that is about to spoil can be sold to a third party or another farm that uses organic produce to feed or maintain their livestock’s organic certification. Real Items technology allows raw materials to be better managed, reused, and upcycled instead of thrown away.
Timing is crucial for waste management. Spoilage and expiration dates give products a countdown to how long they will remain usable. Businesses that do not have trusted networks are at a disadvantage because the necessary paperwork takes weeks before third parties can approve it.
For Real Items CEO David Menard, having an interoperable and secure system optimizes waste management in real-time.
“Due diligence takes time and siloed systems are at a disadvantage with regards to spoilage and expiration dates. What we’re doing in Real items is giving businesses the necessary information so they can extend the life of resources. Instead of having only one predetermined use, resources can have a variety of uses at different stages in its product life cycle,” he said.
With Real Items technology, your international supply chain won’t have to worry about trust as all the information is stored on the blockchain. This means your supply chain information can easily sync wherever your products are worldwide. Real Items technology is also fast, accurate, and tamper-proof so that you can trace for accountability every step of the way.
With today’s tools and environment, innovation is accessible to everyone. The innovation that comes with Real Items Industry 4.0 solutions maximizes available resources and provides compounding value. This value can be enjoyed not only by your business and customers but also by the world at large.
Let’s build a responsible world where no food is wasted, no useful resources are discarded, and nature is respected.
BOOK A FREE CALL with our experts if you’d like to see this sustainable technology in your upgraded warehouse or join the conversation with Real Items in our Discord.
Leave a comment
Please note, comments must be approved before they are published
|
Q1 2017: What are different electricity sources worth?
Download PDF
by Dr Iain Staffell – Imperial College London
People often assess the economics of power stations with their Levelised Cost of Electricity, but it also matters how and when the electricity is produced.1
The growing share of weather-dependent renewables means that flexible and controllable capacity is now more valuable to the system. As power prices become more volatile, the range of prices earned by different technologies is widening.
The bar chart below shows the average day-ahead market price, weighted by the half-hourly output of each technology. Rather than showing the cost of production, this shows what electricity from each technology is ‘worth’ to the system.2 Over the last two years, the average wholesale price has barely changed, but the premium for producing electricity when it is most needed is growing, as is the penalty for producing when it is not wanted.
The output-weighted price for different technologies on the spot market in the four quarters to Q1 2015 (left) and to Q1 2017 (right). Percentages show the technology earnings relative to the energy-weighted price.3
The range of prices that technologies command can be explained by the different roles they play. Peaking plants run only when demand (and price) is highest, as they need to cover their start-up and running costs. Mid-merit plants instead run most of the time, flexing up and down in line with demand. Coal recently switched from being mid-merit to peaking as it was undercut by gas, and so their positions change between the two charts.
Baseload plants run day and night regardless of price. Nuclear reactors cannot turn down easily, and while biomass plants are flexible they choose to run baseload because of the support they receive. Wind and solar push down power prices when their output is high, even sending prices negative when they produce too much for the grid to handle. Understandably, they earn less than average once a large capacity is installed.
Prices on the wholesale market price are one thing; but the costs of transmission, balancing and providing peak capacity means the whole system cost of providing the electricity we use is altogether different. The key to restraining this overall cost is having a good balance of technologies to choose from.
Authors: Dr Iain StaffellProfessor Richard GreenDr Rob Gross and Professor Tim Green
1. The Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) divides a station’s total capital and operating costs (discounted over time to reflect interest) by the discounted value of its output to give a single measure of its average cost.
2. This is not what each technology actually earned as only 5% of power is traded on the spot market at these prices. Most power is bought and sold on long term contracts months ahead of delivery (at prices not made public).
3. The time-weighted price (average of all half-hourly prices in a year) is what people see as the average price; but the energy-weighted price (each half-hour’s price multiplied by the amount of electricity consumed) is what they end up paying. The energy-weighted price is 4% higher than time-weighted.
Live Grid Data
|
The Uncanny Resemblance of the Beer Hall Putsch and the January 6 Insurrection
A successful coup in a dictatorship is a risky business. It’s always about the military, and failure usually results in lengthy prison terms or executions. Coup attempts in democratic countries are much rarer, but less dangerous. They rarely involve the military, and it is difficult to punish coup plotters who have allegiances and who may portray themselves as demonstrators rather than traitors. An important point of comparison for America’s January 6th uprising is therefore Adolf Hitler’s attempted coup in 1923, the so-called Bierhalle Putsch, and how this affected his path to absolute power.
It is well known that the burgeoning democratic German government of the early 1920s botched its efforts to curb Hitler after his failed coup, thereby making him more popular. From this point of view, the Biden government understands the tragic German history and is now avoiding legal action against Trump, allowing the US House of Representatives to investigate the coup plan and restrict its punishment to a kind of public shame.
However, if one looks at the events after the failed beer hall putsch, it becomes clear that German institutions successfully sidelined Hitler for almost 10 years and possibly would have kept him out of the mainstream for longer, except for a global economic crisis that increased popular discontent. Additionally, Trump has run ahead of Hitler’s schedule for recovery from an attempted coup, which has brought the United States much closer to a fascist takeover than most Americans are likely to know.
During Hitler’s putsch in the beer hall and Trump’s attempted coup from 6. stunning similarity Regarding the scale of the uprisings and the violence that resulted, the most notable similarity is the type of lies that led to the building of political tension: Hitler’s lies about Germany’s defeat in World War I and Trump’s lies about electoral fraud as the reason for his loss in the 2020 election Both were big lies that undermined trust in government institutions and, through frequent repetition, gained credibility.
In her life immediately after the coup, Hitler had it much more difficult than Trump thanks to less conciliatory rulers. Germany’s post-World War I democratic government aggressively persecuted Hitler and nine of his employees for high treason within months of the 1923 coup attempt. The next year he was sent to prison, where he served nine months before being paroled. An essential condition for Hitler’s probation was that he not speak in public for two years. The classic story of 1960, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, by William Shirer, explains Hitler’s challenge as follows: “A silenced Hitler was a defeated Hitler, as ineffective as a handcuffed pugilist in a ring.”
Hitler, according to Shirer, remained determined in his determination to revive the NSDAP through a two-part strategy: “to attack and undermine the government” and to act as a “state within a state”. But as hard as the Nazis and their paramilitary SS storm troops tried to recruit new members and intimidate opponents, Hitler remained, as a probation officer, a convicted traitor under the control of the government. A couple of times when Hitler ignored the public speaking order, the police intervened and Hitler gave in for fear of being thrown back in prison or exiled to his home country Austria.
Leave a Comment
|
Himachal's Top Institute Live Online.
Ias / Has
Advantages of starting your IAS preparation right from your school days:
• The most obvious is that you are studying from one of the best sources for IAS exams – NCERT books. If you are studying in a CBSE school, you would be having NCERT textbooks as your study material.
• Another benefit of starting at such a young age is that your mind is like a sponge at this age. You can study for more hours than at any later stage in your life. You are most active and energetic in your high school days. You can make the most of this. You can absorb and learn truck loads at this tender age.
Starting preparation for UPSC Exam does not only mean starting seriously reading standard books. IAS /HAS exam requires a continuous development in one’s personality. One can start preparation at any age, by being aware of things happening in society, country and in world and by being aware of our history, culture, government system etc. And one should aim start seriously preparing to achieve their aim of serving society and country by being a civil servant.
Many of the IAS toppers have revealed that it was their childhood dream to become an IAS or IPS officer. They followed their dream from their childhood phase. Some of them were started preparing for IAS Exam from schooldays while some of them started preparing for IAS Exam after completing senior secondary education and bachelor degree courses. However, it is necessary to know what should be the ideal age to start IAS preparation
Many students, who belong to a family of civil servants, are often inspired to become a civil servant like their elder members of the family. Kids of the family having such background start preparing for IAS Exam just after finishing class 10th board exam. The ideal age for appearing in the class 10th board exam is 16 years. Such students find enough time to understand the IAS selection process and the basic requirements needed to become an IAS or IPS officer. Starting IAS preparation at such an early age allows them to construct a much stronger foundation for IAS Exam. In the process, they can study NCERT textbooks which are simultaneously helpful of IAS Exam but there is the possibility of hampering the learning process of a student by doing a UPSC IAS specific study at such an early age. Time to time, UPSC changes its pattern, process and the basic requirement to appear in the UPSC IAS Exam which can alter the understanding of the students preparing for IAS Exam from an early age.
KEY POINT IS THERE ARE MANY DISCUSSION ON IT HOWEVER in future age of selecting into civil services would be lowered so I THINK It always gives edge to start earlier for preparation.
Why to choose nirvana…
|
Strangest Objects Ever Detected In Space
We cannot overlook the fact that space is very weird in nature. There are so many strangest objects that are detected in space. If you want to know about those weirdest and strangest discoveries, you are in the right spot. Here, we will be talking about the strangest objects ever detected in space. So, do not miss the following points:
Weirdo Universe
The universe is itself very weird. If you look outside, you will see self-reproducing and strange flora and fauna. They are crawling on the blue ball. The cosmos is very dynamic in nature and our planet is actually representing a tiny fraction. Every day the astronomers are getting new surprises.
Mysterious Radio Signals
Researchers have been getting ultra-bright and ultra-strong radio signals since 2007. The duration of these signals is only a few seconds or milliseconds. They are calling it FRBs or Fast Radio Bursts. If you are thinking that aliens are sending this, well, you are completely wrong. It cannot be aliens. They are actually coming from the light-years away. If we talk about the recent situation, the scientists have somehow managed to capture the repeating FRB signals. They actually flashed six times continuously. The scientists are of the opinion that this is quite helpful and they are working on it. They would be able to disclose the mystery.
Nuclear Pasta
If we talk about the strongest substance that exists in the universe, well, it is the leftovers of a dead star. According to simulations, neutrons and protons in the shrivelled husk of a star can generate insane gravitational pressure. It can turn them into tangles that look like linguini. However, it requires a lot of pressure to achieve this.
Haumea Has Rings
Haumea is a dwarf planet and it orbits basically in Kuiper Belt. Talking about the shape, it is quite unusual and it is very elongated in nature. The duration of a day is only four hours. It actually makes it the fastest spinning object in space. However, in 2017, the astronomers detected another usual thing. It passed in front of a star and they noticed that there is a thin ring that is orbiting around this dwarf planet.
A Moon With A Moon
Well, this is another strange thing that astronomers are expecting to be discovered very soon. It is not theoretically impossible. They call it grandmoons, submoons, moonettes, and many more. It is like- a moon orbiting another moon.
Well, these are the strangest objects ever detected in space. We hope that you would find interesting information here.
|
Science goals and overview of the radiation belt storm probes (RBSP) energetic particle, composition, and thermal plasma (ECT) suite on NASA’s Van Allen Probes mission
The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)-Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma (ECT) suite contains an innovative complement of particle instruments to ensure the highest quality measurements ever made in the inner magnetosphere and radiation belts. The coordinated RBSP-ECT particle measurements, analyzed in combination with fields and waves observations and state-of-the-art theory and modeling, are necessary for understanding the acceleration, global distribution, and variability of radiation belt electrons and ions, key science objectives of NASA’s Living With a Star program and the Van Allen Probes mission. The RBSP-ECT suite consists of three highly-coordinated instruments: the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS), the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) sensor, and the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT). Collectively they cover, continuously, the full electron and ion spectra from one eV to 10’s of MeV with sufficient energy resolution, pitch angle coverage and resolution, and with composition measurements in the critical energy range up to 50 keV and also from a few to 50 MeV/nucleon. All three instruments are based on measurement techniques proven in the radiation belts. The instruments use those proven techniques along with innovative new designs, optimized for operation in the most extreme conditions in order to provide unambiguous separation of ions and electrons and clean energy responses even in the presence of extreme penetrating background environments. The design, fabrication and operation of ECT spaceflight instrumentation in the harsh radiation belt environment ensure that particle measurements have the fidelity needed for closure in answering key mission science questions. ECT instrument details are provided in companion papers in this same issue. In this paper, we describe the science objectives of the RBSP-ECT instrument suite on the Van Allen Probe spacecraft within the context of the overall mission objectives, indicate how the characteristics of the instruments satisfy the requirements to achieve these objectives, provide information about science data collection and dissemination, and conclude with a description of some early mission results.
Publication status:
Authors: Spence, H.E., Reeves, G.D., Baker, J.N., Blake, J.B., Bolton, M., Bourdarie, S., Chan, A.A., Claudepierre, S.G., Clemmons, H.D., Cravens, J.P., Elkington, S.R., Fennell, J.F., Friedel, R.H.W., Funsten, H.O., Goldstein, J., Green, J.C., Guthrie, A., Henderson, M.G., Horne, R.B. ORCIDORCID record for R.B. Horne, Hudson, M.K., Jahn, J.-M., Jordanova, V.K., Kanekal, S.G., Klatt, B.W., Larsen, B.A., Li, X., MacDonald, E.A., Mann, I.R., Niehof, J., O'Brien, T.P., Onsager, T.G., Salvaggio, D., Skoug, R.M., Smith, S.S., Suther, L.L., Thomsen, M.F., Thorne, R.M.
On this site: Richard Horne
18 October, 2013
Space Science Reviews / 179
Link to published article:
|
Helping Children Identify Their Emotions
Key Takeaways:
• Identifying emotions helps children communicate their feelings and provides them with tools to feel confident expressing themselves.
• Encourage children to notice their physical and behavioral expressions of different emotions.
• When children are aware of their emotions they can practice more effective regulation strategies.
Emotions can be confusing and overwhelming for adults, so just imagine how it must feel for a young child. Children feel a vast array of emotions daily, sometimes experiencing quick shifts between each one. On top of that, children are realizing that they can have multiple feelings at the same time. It’s a lot!
“Big” emotions (e.g. anger, sadness) can be particularly challenging for children who don’t yet know how to communicate and manage their feelings effectively.
Encouraging children to label and describe their feelings, both in everyday moments as well as during times they’re experiencing difficult emotions, can help children build emotion awareness.1 However, it is important to keep in mind that discussions about big and difficult emotions happen best after your child has had time to decompress!
When children have a greater awareness of their emotions and a vocabulary to communicate their feelings, they have the tools to tell you how they are feeling, which allows them to seek help and work on emotion regulation strategies.1
So the next time your child feels upset, they might recognize the sensation of a faster heartbeat, tenderness in the throat, and increased body temperature — and think to themselves, “I’m feeling angry.” This awareness can lead to action, seeking comfort from an adult or taking some time to cool off.
As children build their emotional literacy, they develop confidence in the way they experience their own emotions and learn that feelings can change.2 As children grow older, their understanding of emotions evolves with time.
What does identifying emotions look like at different ages?
3-4 years
• Labeling distinct emotions, like “happy” and “sad.”
• Using language to describe their feelings, “I feel happy when I pet the cat.”
• Exploring that they have different ways to express different feelings, “I stomp my feet when I’m mad and I laugh when I’m happy.”
• Trying out a variety of ways to show their feelings, and noticing how others receive and respond to those feelings.
4-5 years
• With adult support, identifying which regulation strategies work for them, and beginning to practice them independently.
• Understanding that feelings can change or have different levels of stimulation, (e.g., the feeling of frustration as opposed to anger).
• Exploring the idea that you can feel more than one feeling at the same time.
5-6 years
• Beginning to understand more complex emotions like worry and trust
• Expressing that their feelings change throughout the day.
• Identifying appropriate ways to express their changing emotions in different contexts.
• Increased confidence and autonomy in choosing regulation strategies and communicating emotions.
Here are some ways to help your child assess their emotions:
• Model emotion awareness in your own life. 3 When your child sees you experiencing feelings, name them: “I’m feeling really sad that we can’t visit Grandma right now. I really miss her.”
• Help children understand the connection between body language, facial expressions, and emotions by specifically pointing them out. 3 For example, “I can see that you are hiding behind me and covering your face, are you feeling scared?”
• When you’re playing pretend or telling stories, have the characters express a range of emotions and play out different scenarios. 4 Role play and storytelling are excellent ways to learn about and practice emotions!
• Let your child feel their feelings—the good, the bad, and the ugly. 5 Try not to convince them that they’re “fine,” when they’ve expressed (possibly very loudly, and of course in public), that they are not in fact fine. Let them experience and process their emotions. Afterward, have a conversation about appropriate ways to manage their emotions in the future.
May 2, 2021 by Julia Levy 0 Comments
Learning Music Can Grow Your Kid’s Mind AND Heart
Even before babies are born, they are listening to the sounds that surround them and learning music, and by the time they are three years old, their brains have made a thousand, trillion connections, says Dr. Eric Rasmussen, the chairman of the Peabody Preparatory’s Early Childhood Music department at Johns Hopkins University.
“Music does, almost without a doubt, improve cognitive functions — it makes you smarter,” Eric said. “But the bottom line for me is that music just makes us human, makes us the artful, beautiful people we are.”
Eric said being exposed to music and music education in the early years is a powerful tool that can build multiple parts of the brain, all at once. It can help children to develop fine motor skills; memory; problem solving skills; math and literacy skills. It can also boost social and emotional skills, including perseverance, self-esteem, and relationships with other people.
Dr. Rasmussen teaching music to a group of young children.
Eric Rasmussen
For parents, caregivers, and early childhood educators, the good news is that “learning music” doesn’t mean teaching children to count and name the musical notes. Formal instruction like that, Eric said, “gives the brain information and completely bypasses the ear.” Instead, parents, caregivers, and educators should foster “musical interactions” with children that use the ear (and the whole body) to promote meaningful learning.
5 Ways Parents and Caregivers Can Encourage Brain-Boosting Musical Interactions:
Eric shared five ways parents and caregivers can create brain-boosting “musical interactions” with their children:
1. Sing to your baby without words“Turn diapering into a song: ‘Doop-a-doop-a-doop-ba-doopity-doop,’” Eric advised. He said he encourages parents to talk in “Motherese,” a sing-song voice that is naturally musical, and to take away the words to create “songs” to share with babies throughout the day.
2. Sing to your toddler without words“The brain can’t do music and words at the same time,” Eric explained. “You have two competing things going on.” He said most children are better able to focus on the musical elements of songs without the words. So pick your favorite song and sing it without the lyrics to your child.
3. Turn conversations into musical interactions. Turn your regular conversations with your child into musical interactions by focusing on patterns. When you point at a bird flying in the sky and say, “bird, bird, bird,” it’s almost like a song, Eric said: “It’s like feeding your child a little, tiny snippet of a melody.”
4. Play music and sing to your child. Depending on the type of learner you have, listening to instrumental music or music with words might help them focus and learn more! So, turn on the music and play together to learn about music itself, and, later, the meaning of the lyrics.
5. Get out your scarves and shakers to encourage your child to move to the music. “Movement may be more fundamental to music education than everything else put together,” Eric said. “Music gives rise to the understanding of rhythm, and rhythm is more fundamental to music than melody. Every melody has rhythm but not all songs have melody. What gives rise to understanding of rhythm is movement.”
Play the music from Noggin’s Big Heart Beats Album!
May 2, 2021 by Noelle Yoo 0 Comments
How Journaling Can Foster Community During Times of Stress and Uncertainty
As a third grade teacher at an independent school in Boston, I knew that my school was doing all it could to prepare teachers for the 2020-21 school year. But in the summer of 2020, I was constantly feeling stress, anxiety, and frustration. After being remote for several months, I wondered: Will I feel safe going back into our school building? Is it possible to build a community over Zoom? How will we make sure everyone will follow the health and safety guidelines? What about all the kids in schools that won’t be able to reopen?
The beginning of the school year always marks an exciting new journey for students, and I wanted to create the same enthusiasm for the new school year that I always had. I didn’t want to bring my negative emotions into my time with the children. I needed to be there for them so that they could feel a sense of normalcy. Now, I laugh that I thought hiding my emotions would help create normalcy.
There was nothing normal about this year.
In the same way that vulnerability in a time of unpredictability is scary and uncomfortable for adults, I quickly learned that the children in my classroom were experiencing those same feelings of worry, fear, and concern.
What makes children and adults different is that children don’t have the same tools as adults do to process emotions.
The physical distance we had to keep, not being able to see each other’s faces through masks, and the rigidity and time-consuming nature of the health and safety rules while instituting an important level of safety were obstacles for community building.
Journaling together was one way that my students and I combatted the stress of the year and built community in our third grade classroom, against the odds.
Every day, my co-teacher and I set aside 15-20 minutes to play calming music, sit with our journals, and write with the kids.
The purpose of this time was empowering students with strategies for calming their bodies and minds, and showing them how a journal can be used as a mode for expression and reflection. As I wrote, I used a document camera to project my own journal. One day I created a comic strip about what I did over the weekend and the next I wrote a poem about how I miss seeing my grandparents. There were no rules. Want to write a poem? Awesome. Want to draw a picture? Amazing. Need to take the day to just think? Great choice.
How we set up this space for children has been an important element of its success. The factors that have made this time engaging and meaningful are that the children are encouraged to use real life and prompts to inspire their authoring; they are free to create with or without a set structure; the time is passion-oriented and student-directed with teacher support (Bruyère & Pendergrass, 2020).
We closed out our journaling time with a share-circle. Sharing was always optional. Some kids chose to share every day. It took other kids time, watching their peers share for weeks before wanting to share. Share-circles offer children an opportunity to build confidence in their writing, reading and even speaking abilities when sharing orally. They help to establish a sense of community and offer the chance to share important home-school connections as well as learn new things about their peers, developing deeper, more authentic relationships with classmates (Routman 2004; Hall 2014).
This year, the transformation and healing that journaling and share-circles brought to each of us as individuals and to all of us as a community, was empowering. In a time and space that can feel so isolating and uncertain, this became a daily moment of community and unity.
Here are a few steps that you can try to encourage journaling in your classroom or home:
1. Find two journals or make your own (fold and staple several pieces of paper together). If you’d like, spend a day decorating and designing your journal with your child(ren) with whatever materials you have available.
2. Find a calm space you can write (or draw) together with your child(ren).
3. Consistency is important. Set up a consistent time to sit down for 15 minutes and write together. It can be daily, weekly, before bed, at breakfast — whatever works for you.
4. Offer a few minutes at the end to share with each other. Keep it optional and communicate expectations for feedback. It can be helpful at the beginning to model what it looks and sounds like to share something personal.
5. Keep it open and have fun!
May 2, 2021 by Veronica L Tapia 0 Comments
Parenting with a Big Heart
This week, my four-year-old daughter, Abigail Rose, told me that her best friend had punched her at school. I asked if she had told her teacher what happened and she said yes, and that he had gotten in “big trouble” for what he did.
Rather than being pleased her friend had been disciplined, my daughter was sad about it.
“Mom, I asked Ms. Valerie if his time out could be over because he already said he was sorry, and I already forgave him and he’s my friend,” she told me.
My big-hearted baby girl is growing up so quickly and I am so proud of so many of the choices she makes every day:
choices to be kind, gracious, loving, and compassionate. No one is even allowed to kill a bug in her presence because she says that God put her in this world to help care for all creatures, big and small.
So, how did I ever get so lucky? Truly, I don’t think luck has anything to do with it.
Children, from the earliest age, begin to absorb everything around them. The things they see, feel, hear, and experience in their earliest years of life become a part of who they are and who they will one day become. Our children may not remember every moment of their early childhood, but what they will always remember is how we made them feel. How I treat them now is how they will grow up to treat others.
My Abby is incredibly sweet and a wonderful little human, but she is also sassy and spicy and she gives me a run for my money!
I see so much of myself in her and whenever she is giving me a hard time, I try my best to react in love because I know that on my hardest days, I need a little extra love, too.
When she cries because it’s clean up time and the floor is literally covered in toys to the point where you can no longer see the carpet underneath, I validate her feelings and we clean up together because I know how it feels to be overwhelmed. When she is on edge right before her dance recital, I try to remember that she has a tummy full of butterflies and I let her know that it is okay to be nervous and that I’ll be there to support her, no matter what. I live by the golden rule with my children, always keeping in mind how I might feel in their shoes.
My second child, August Rain, was born with a neural tube defect that completely turned our world upside-down. He had a major spinal surgery at four months old, multiple hospitalizations, and a variety of challenges that we faced together as a family in his first two years of life.
There were times I held my daughter as I cried over her baby brother and I would explain that Mommy was feeling sad and scared and that everyone feels those things sometimes but what’s important is that we talk to someone that can help us to feel better, that we cry when we need to and that we don’t try to hide how we feel. I do not hide my heart from my children, I share it with them.
I see now how those experiences have left life-long impressions on my daughter’s heart. Last week, I had a mini meltdown at my computer when August interrupted me for the 500th time while I was busy working and I just couldn’t hold back my tears any longer.
Abby came up and said, “It’s okay, Mommy, I’m here to help you feel better.” Oh, my heart.
Becoming a special needs mom has made me even more passionate about my mission to spread kindness by raising kind kids.
I believe that the best way to raise kids with big hearts is to parent with a big heart. We lead by example and it can be incredibly challenging to be that role model of grace and kindness all the time but when we see our babies growing into these amazing, compassionate little people, it is absolutely worth it.
|
Do you have allergies?
If yes, then you know how difficult they can be to deal with…
Some people need to eliminate certain foods in their diet because of their allergies, while others avoid hobbies like camping or mountain climbing because of allergies like pollen or dust.
Some individuals even have allergies so bad that they need to bring medications with them all the time!
Allergies are stressful and keep you from living your life to the fullest. It’s good to know that there might be a way to live with allergies.
What am I talking about?
Allergy Immunotherapy.
If you do not know anything about allergy immunotherapy then let me educate you because this stuff right here is life-changing.
What is Allergy Immunotherapy?
Allergy immunotherapy is also called allergy desensitization or hyposensitization. It is a method that allows a person to develop a state of tolerance towards the agents that may be causing their allergies or hypersensitivity reactions. (2)
Who discovered Allergy Immunotherapy?
Allergy Immunotherapy 3
In 1911, Leonard Noon and his co-worker John Freeman in 1911 discovered allergen immunotherapy (1) which is the only medicine known to treat not only the symptoms of allergies but also the cause itself.
They tried the prophylactic subcutaneous inoculation of a grass pollen extract and was found to be successful in suppressing immediate conjunctival sensitivity to grass pollen.
Thankfully, because of the findings of these men, the mechanisms of immunotherapy have started to move forward to discover more novel approaches in the management of allergies and of immunotherapy as a whole.
Who Can Benefit From It?
Individuals with respiratory tract disorders like allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, rhinosinusitis, and a lot more.
For instance, ocular allergies or those manifesting as symptoms involving the eyes are allergic conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
Skin and mucous membrane disorders are also fairly common and may be in the form of allergic contact urticaria, acute urticaria, oral allergy syndrome, and atopic eczema. (3)
The more dangerous ones are those that include anaphylaxis, angioedema, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).
Allergy causes can be varied and you can have more than one, which is why if you do not know what causes your allergy, an allergy skin test might be something that you need!
An allergy skin test is important if you have any allergic symptoms and you do not know what is causing them.
It is non-invasive, safe and you get fast results! If you have been suffering from any of the following, then you may need that test, ASAP!
Here are some symptoms that may prompt that you need an allergy skin test:
Allergy Immunotherapy 2
• Sneezing
• Rhinorrhea
• Constant nasal obstruction
• Itching of the nose or throat when exposed to substances or chemicals
• Itching skin with redness, wheals, and rashes
• Difficulty breathing when exposed to substances or chemical
What Can an Allergy Skin Test Tell me?
An allergy skin test or a patch test can screen up to 70 different types of allergens that you may or may not have. Tests come out in 20 minutes and it’s absolutely safe and uses no needles!
In our clinic we use the AllergiEnd® Allergy Testing. It has been proven to be a test with a high sensitivity of 90% meaning the test can accurately tell if you really have the allergies.
The allergy skin test is important because it is one screening tool that we need to do to know what your specific allergies are and how we can find ways to manage it, and most importantly, use allergy immunotherapy to treat it.
What are my Options for my Allergies?
• Avoid the allergens
The simple solution to your allergies is to avoid them BUT this is easy if you have allergies that are easy to avoid. Things like peanut allergy, shrimp allergy, and other food or drug-related allergy are pretty simple to evade but if your allergies are stuff like pollen, animal dander, molds, mites, and other hard to control objects, then avoidance is tough.
• Take or continue oral medications for your allergens
Allergy medicine
People with multiple allergies that they cannot control (especially when it involves the environment you live in) manage their symptoms with medications like cetirizine (Rexall or Reactine), levocetirizine (Xyzal, Zyrtec), loratadine (Claritin), and diphenhydramine (Benadryl).
The problem with these medications is that most of them may cause drowsiness or other side effects like fatigue, dizziness, or even dry mouth. There are options to have medications that cause less sedation but having to worry about your allergens and making sure you have medications with you all the time can be a bother.
• Build the immune system
The best solution is allergy immunotherapy. As mentioned earlier, allergy immunotherapy is simply introducing your allergens in a very small amount so that we can build your immune system to your allergens.
This way your immune system overcomes these allergens!
Early doses of allergy immunotherapy are very small, and just enough to stimulate your immune system. This will not make you ill or illicit an exacerbation of your allergies.
As you continue desensitization, your body will gradually need a higher dose. This will help your body get used to the allergen without it overreacting or causing major symptoms.
There are 2 types of allergy immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) and subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). We will discuss these two later on.
Who needs Allergy Immunotherapy?
Patients with the following manifestations may need immunotherapy if (4):
• They have moderate-to-severe symptoms of allergic rhinitis
• The cause of allergic rhinitis is unavoidable
• They have allergic asthma and symptoms are hard to control
• They have allergic conjunctivitis
• They have allergic rhino-conjunctivitis
• They have atopic dermatitis
• They have immune-mediated and IgE-mediated food allergy
• They have insect allergy that causes significant local reaction and anaphylaxis
What is sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)?
SCIT is a non- invasive way to do allergen immunotherapy. It is a method that makes use of the area under the tongue, which is a fast and effective way for medications to be absorbed by the body because it bypasses the first-pass metabolism (metabolism through a specific organ in the body, mostly the liver (5)).
Medication absorbed through the sublingual route gets distributed in the systemic circulation via the blood vessels which is why it can happen as fast as 10 to 15 minutes.
SCIT can be in the form of a dissolvable tablet or a liquid or aqueous extract. It is preferable than subcutaneous immunotherapy because it does not require injections and has a lower risk for anaphylaxis.
This method is also easy for patients to do at home and does not require multiple visits to the doctor’s clinic!
How is sublingual immunotherapy done?
Sublingual immunotherapy using drops or liquid extract is easier and has better compliance amongst patients.
Here is an easy step by step instruction on how SLIT is done:
1. Patients are usually advised to take the drops twice daily under the tongue, one in the morning and one in the evening.
Pro Tip: For patients to easily remember that it is time to take the drops, we recommend them to place their drops beside their toothbrush and take the drops after brushing their teeth.
1. Once you have the drops under your tongue, make sure to hold it there for at least 2 minutes to allow it to be absorbed into the system before swallowing.
2. Do not take any food or drink 15 minutes after you have taken the drops. This will help your body absorb the drops better.
3. You may need to take your anti-allergy medications especially on the first few days of starting the drops. This will give your body time to gain resistance to the allergens and minimize symptoms or any untoward effects. As patients begin to take the drops longer, the need to take antihistamines will also lessen.
For SLIT to work as it is supposed to, adherence is very important. Try not to miss a single dose of your drops. A follow-up visit will be scheduled by your doctor after a month of taking these drops and if your immune system is responding well, your dose will be increased to a maintenance dose formula.
Is sublingual immunotherapy safe?
Yes. Sublingual immunotherapy is very safe and side effects are uncommon. Unlike subcutaneous immunotherapy, there are no injections given and you can administer the medication by yourself.
Most adverse reactions are tingling or itching or the mouth area which can be improved by using a Benadryl mouthwash. Do not be afraid when this happens because this is a very minor reaction.
Allergy symptoms like swelling or breathing problems are very rare. If you do have them, remember to take your antihistamines and see your doctor immediately. Do not wait for the symptoms to worsen.
These sublingual immunotherapy medications have been used for more than two decades and are very safe. Even children have used this medication with the supervision of an adult and as per the advice of a health care practitioner.
What is Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT)?
Unlike SLIT, SCIT is more invasive because it involves an allergen that is injected into the subcutaneous (fatty) area of the skin. It is effective in treating allergies to trees, pollen, dust and insect stings. (6)
It is given by a healthcare provider in a clinic or a setting where there is access to treatment for anaphylaxis and even resuscitation. Although anaphylaxis is a rare occurrence, patients may still have reactions like redness, itchiness or hives when given SCIT which is why SLIT is more convenient for most patients and doctors.
How is SCIT done?
Subcutaneous immunotherapy is pretty straightforward. Your schedule will depend on your doctor. Some doctors may give multiple injections per visit or a set number of visits per week. This schedule will also change once you have reached your maintenance dose.
The most common practice is one to three injections per week in the build-up phase then the maintenance phase where injections are given every two to four weeks over a period of years. Your schedule will be modified based on the severity of your symptoms, your specific allergen, and the preference of your doctor.
Which Treatment is Right for Me?
Research tells us that both SLIT and SCIT show clinical evidence of disease modification and effective treatment especially in patients who have asthma and allergic rhinitis. (7)
Choosing the immunotherapy that will work best for you will depend on a lot of factors. It is important that you discuss details of your allergy exacerbation to your health care providers.
Keep a record of your symptoms and how bad they have become or any new exposures that may have caused a recurrence.
Between the two immunotherapies, both have been effective in reducing symptoms but sublingual immunotherapy remains to be more convenient than subcutaneous immunotherapy.
Since SLIT can be done at home, patients are also more likely to adhere to the schedule of taking the drops than coming in to the clinic to get shots. Especially nowadays with the current pandemic, SLIT offers fewer risks to patients.
Allergies do not need to be the reason why you limit yourself. If you have found yourself in a never-ending battle with your immune system, then maybe immunotherapy is the answer you have been looking for.
If you have more questions or need more information, do not hesitate to leave a comment or scroll back to what we have discussed so far:
Table of Contents
If you are interested and want to know more about allergy testing and immunotherapy, you can contact us or book an appointment with us here.
1. Durham, S. R., & Nelson, H. (2011). Allergen immunotherapy: a centenary celebration. The World Allergy Organization journal4(6), 104–106.
2. Tanno, L. K., Calderon, M. A., Papadopoulos, N. G., Sanchez-Borges, M., Rosenwasser, L. J., Bousquet, J., Pawankar, R., Sisul, J. C., Cepeda, A. M., Li, J., Muraro, A., Fineman, S., Sublett, J. L., Katelaris, C. H., Chang, Y. S., Moon, H. B., Casale, T., Demoly, P., & Joint Allergy Academies (2016). Revisiting Desensitization and Allergen Immunotherapy Concepts for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice4(4), 643–649.
3. Memon RJ, Persaud Y, Savliwala MN. Allergy Desensitization. [Updated 2020 Aug 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from:
4. Smith C. S. (2004). Allergen immunotherapy practice parameter update. The Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association102(2), 53–56.
5. Herman, T. F., & Santos, C. (2020). First Pass Effect. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
6. Wise, S. K., & Schlosser, R. J. (2012). Subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: what is the evidence?. American journal of rhinology & allergy26(1), 18–22.
7. Nelson H. S. (2014). Subcutaneous immunotherapy versus sublingual immunotherapy: which is more effective?. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice2(2), 144–151.
Leave a Reply
Fill out this field
Fill out this field
Please enter a valid email address.
You need to agree with the terms to proceed
|
The amount of food that ends up wasted is more than enough to feed every American who goes to bed hungry, or wakes up not knowing for sure where his next meal will come from.
That makes the country’s massive and unfortunate hunger problem also largely unnecessary, and requires that habits be changed and incentives introduced to help keep food waste out of landfills, and put it on the plates of those who need it.
According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, about 40 percent of the food produced in the United States is wasted. The U.S. Department of Agriculture puts the number at around 31 percent.
In either case, an extraordinary amount of food is going to waste – canned goods thrown away at their “best-by” date, prepared food that goes untouched into the trash, excess produce that never makes it off the farm – at a cost measured in the tens of billions of dollars annually.
And that is simply the value of the food that is thrown away. Food waste is the single largest component of municipal solid waste, itself one of the greatest costs for communities throughout Maine, and one of the largest sources of methane emissions, a greenhouse gas.
The economic and environmental costs drove the USDA to announce in September a goal of reducing food waste by half by 2030.
U.S. Rep. Chellie Pingree, D-1st District, has proposed federal legislation that would use tax incentives to encourage farms, retailers, restaurants and schools to waste less food, diverting what can still be eaten to food banks and other organizations that help feed the poor, and turning nonedible food scraps into energy or compost to avoid the waste stream.
Programs like this already exist, but not nearly to the scale necessary.
At the University of Maine at Farmington, for example, a student has founded a local chapter of the Food Recovery Network. Aramark, the school’s food service provider, packages and preserves unused food, and volunteers pick it up each week and take it to Western Maine Homeless Outreach.
Many food retailers also donate food that has exceeded its “best-by” date (which don’t truly reflect how long a product is good for, another target of Pingree’s bill).
Shaw’s supermarkets recently ended their donation program in the Brunswick area, until they were scolded into reversing course.
Perhaps better tax incentives would shore up these programs, and allow some retailers to expand them.
As part of this effort, the entire food chain must be examined to see where food is falling off into the waste stream.
Consumers, too, need education on the scope of the issue, and on how to shop smarter, and to properly use food waste. Technology can help, as well, to connect retailers and other suppliers of bulk food to the charity organizations that feed the poor.
Hunger is a massive problem, and solutions, particularly those that transcend political lines, are not easy to come by.
But we know hundreds of millions of pounds of food go wasted each day in the United States, and we know that about 17 million families will have trouble feeding themselves at some point this year.
If we’re looking for answers, let’s start there.
|
A paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites (including the head, neck, thorax and abdomen). Unlike other types of cancer, there is no test that determines benign from malignant tumors; long-term followup is therefore recommended for all individuals with paraganglioma. Approximately 50% of patients with recurrent disease experience distant metastasis. The five-year survival in the setting of metastatic disease is 40% to 45%.[1]
Other nameschemodectoma, paraganglioma, carotid body tumour, glomus cell tumour
Micrograph of a carotid body tumor (a type of paraganglioma).
Signs and symptoms
Most paragangliomas are either asymptomatic or present as a painless mass. While all contain neurosecretory granules, only in 1–3% of cases is secretion of hormones such as catecholamines abundant enough to be clinically significant; in that case manifestations often resemble those of pheochromocytomas (intra-medullary paraganglioma). Anterior triangle of the neck.
About 75% of paragangliomas are sporadic; the remaining 25% are hereditary (and have an increased likelihood of being multiple and of developing at an earlier age). Mutations of the genes for the succinate dehydrogenase, SDHD (previously known as PGL1), SDHA, SDHC (previously PGL3) and SDHB have been identified as causing familial head and neck paragangliomas. Mutations of SDHB play an important role in familial adrenal pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma (of abdomen and thorax), although there is considerable overlap in the types of tumors associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations. Paragangliomas may also occur in MEN type 2A and 2B. Other genes related to familial paraganglioma are SDHAF2[2], VHL, NF1, TMEM127[3], MAX[4] and SLC25A11[5].
On microscopic inspection, the tumor cells are readily recognized. Individual tumor cells are polygonal to oval and are arranged in distinctive cell balls, called Zellballen.[6] These cell balls are separated by fibrovascular stroma and surrounded by sustentacular cells.
By light microscopy, the differential diagnosis includes related neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
With immunohistochemistry, the chief cells located in the cell balls are positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase, serotonin, neurofilament and Neural cell adhesion molecule; they are S-100 protein negative. The sustentacular cells are S-100 positive and focally positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. By histochemistry, the paraganglioma cells are argyrophilic, periodic acid Schiff negative, mucicarmine negative, and argentaffin negative.
Sites of origin
About 85% of paragangliomas develop in the abdomen; only 12% develop in the chest and 3% in the head and neck region (the latter are the most likely to be symptomatic). While most are single, rare multiple cases occur (usually in a hereditary syndrome). Paragangliomas are described by their site of origin and are often given special names:
• Organ of Zuckerkandl: A collection of paraganglia near the bifurcation of the aorta, comprising a small mass of neural crest-derived chromaffin cells. Serves as a common origin of abdominal paragangliomas.
• Glomus tympanicum and Glomus jugulare: Both commonly present as a middle ear mass resulting in tinnitus (in 80%) and hearing loss (in 60%). The cranial nerves of the jugular foramen may be compressed, resulting swallowing difficulty, or ipsilateral weakness of the upper trapezius and sternocleiodomastoid muscles (from compression of the spinal accessory nerve). These patients present with a reddish bulge behind an intact ear drum. This condition is also known as the "Red drum". On application of pressure to the external ear canal with the help of a pneumatic ear speculum the mass could be seen to blanch. This sign is known as "Brown's sign". A deficient bony plate along the tympanic portion of the internal carotid artery (aberrant ICA) is a normal variant and can be mistaken with glomus jugulare.[7]
• Pulmonary paraganglioma: These occur in the lung and may be either single or multiple.[8]
• Other sites: Rare sites of involvement are the larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, thyroid gland, and the thoracic inlet, as well as the bladder in extremely rare cases.
Paragangliomas originate from paraganglia in chromaffin-negative glomus cells derived from the embryonic neural crest, functioning as part of the sympathetic nervous system (a branch of the autonomic nervous system). These cells normally act as special chemoreceptors located along blood vessels, particularly in the carotid bodies (at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in the neck) and in aortic bodies (near the aortic arch).
Accordingly, paragangliomas are categorised as originating from a neural cell line in the World Health Organization classification of neuroendocrine tumors. In the categorization proposed by Wick, paragangliomas belong to group II.[9] Given the fact that they originate from cells of the orthosympathetic system, paragangliomas are closely related to pheochromocytomas, which however are chromaffin-positive.
The main treatment modalities are surgery, embolization[10] and radiotherapy.[11]
Additional images
See also
1. Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute
2. Bayley JP, Kunst HP, Cascon A, Sampietro ML, Gaal J, Korpershoek E, Hinojar-Gutierrez A, Timmers HJ, Hoefsloot LH, Hermsen MA, Suárez C, Hussain AK, Vriends AH, Hes FJ, Jansen JC, Tops CM, Corssmit EP, de Knijff P, Lenders JW, Cremers CW, Devilee P, Dinjens WN, de Krijger RR, Robledo M (April 2010). "SDHAF2 mutations in familial and sporadic paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma". The Lancet. Oncology. 11 (4): 366–72. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70007-3. PMID 20071235.
3. Qin Y, Yao L, King EE, Buddavarapu K, Lenci RE, Chocron ES, Lechleiter JD, Sass M, Aronin N, Schiavi F, Boaretto F, Opocher G, Toledo RA, Toledo SP, Stiles C, Aguiar RC, Dahia PL (March 2010). "Germline mutations in TMEM127 confer susceptibility to pheochromocytoma". Nature Genetics. 42 (3): 229–33. doi:10.1038/ng.533. PMC 2998199. PMID 20154675.
4. Comino-Méndez I, Gracia-Aznárez FJ, Schiavi F, Landa I, Leandro-García LJ, Letón R, Honrado E, Ramos-Medina R, Caronia D, Pita G, Gómez-Graña A, de Cubas AA, Inglada-Pérez L, Maliszewska A, Taschin E, Bobisse S, Pica G, Loli P, Hernández-Lavado R, Díaz JA, Gómez-Morales M, González-Neira A, Roncador G, Rodríguez-Antona C, Benítez J, Mannelli M, Opocher G, Robledo M, Cascón A (June 2011). "Exome sequencing identifies MAX mutations as a cause of hereditary pheochromocytoma". Nature Genetics. 43 (7): 663–7. doi:10.1038/ng.861. PMID 21685915.
5. Buffet A, Morin A, Castro-Vega LJ, Habarou F, Lussey-Lepoutre C, Letouzé E, Lefebvre H, Guilhem I, Magalie H, Raingeard I, Padilla-Girola M, Tran T, Tchara L, Bertherat J, Amar L, Ottolenghi C, Burnichon N, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Favier J (February 2018). "Germline mutations in the mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier SLC25A11 gene confer a predisposition to metastatic paragangliomas". Cancer Research. 78 (8): 1914–1922. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-2463. PMID 29431636.
6. Kairi-Vassilatou E, Argeitis J, Nika H, Grapsa D, Smyrniotis V, Kondi-Pafiti A (2007). "Malignant paraganglioma of the urinary bladder in a 44-year-old female: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of a rare entity and literature review". European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology. 28 (2): 149–51. PMID 17479683.
7. Feky, Mostafa Mahmoud El. "Aberrant internal carotid artery | Radiology Case |". Retrieved 2017-05-02.
8. da Silva RA, Gross JL, Haddad FJ, Toledo CA, Younes RN (February 2006). "Primary pulmonary paraganglioma: case report and literature review". Clinics. 61 (1): 83–6. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322006000100015. PMID 16532231.
9. Wick MR (March 2000). "Neuroendocrine neoplasia. Current concepts". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 113 (3): 331–5. doi:10.1309/ETJ3-QBUK-13QD-J8FP. PMID 10705811.
10. Carlsen CS, Godballe C, Krogdahl AS, Edal AL (December 2003). "Malignant vagal paraganglioma: report of a case treated with embolization and surgery". Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 30 (4): 443–6. doi:10.1016/S0385-8146(03)00066-X. PMID 14656575.
11. Pitiakoudis M, Koukourakis M, Tsaroucha A, Manavis J, Polychronidis A, Simopoulos C (December 2004). "Malignant retroperitoneal paraganglioma treated with concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy". Clinical Oncology. 16 (8): 580–1. doi:10.1016/j.clon.2004.08.002. PMID 15630855.
External resources
|
Holiday Meadow by Edith M. Patch
The Adventures of a Meadow Caterpillar
C TENUCHA had her first adventure while she was young. She was, indeed, so very young that she was still living inside an eggshell when things began to happen.
The eggshell which was her first home was shaped like a ball, except that one side was flat. The flat side was fastened to a blade of grass. The egg was so small that it would have taken more than twenty like it, resting side by side, to make a row an inch long. There were nearly two hundred such eggs in rows on grass blades near the egg in which she lived. Inside of each of these was a brother or sister of Ctenucha's.
After she had lived for ten days in the egg, it changed color. It had been yellow at first, as yellow as honey. On the eleventh day the egg looked gray. The shell itself was not gray. It was really as white as a pearl. It looked gray because something inside had turned dark and was pressing against the shell. The dark thing was Ctenucha's head.
The next day the dark head showed even more plainly through the thin shell. It was about this time that little Ctenucha began to move her jaws in a hungry way. It is not unpleasant to be hungry if there is good food to eat, and the tiny caterpillar liked eggshell. She scraped and scraped against the shell for hours until at last she made a hole in it. There was no reason then why she could not have crept through the hole, except that she was so hungry for eggshell that she ate her way out instead. After a time she was no longer inside the shell but most of the shell was inside of her.
That was Ctenucha's first adventure, eating her way into a world of sunshine. You need not be surprised to learn that a creature who began life so strangely should do other queer things from time to time. That is, they seem odd to us, though all Ctenucha really did was to live a natural caterpillar life. If you wish to see for yourself how she acted, you need only find an egg like hers and watch from the time the baby insect eats its eggshell until its last adventure.
Ctenucha had sixteen feet. Three pairs of them were on jointed legs near her head. These she did not use much in walking. She held them somewhat like hands at each side of her food when she was eating. She crept with the other five pairs, soft clinging feet with which she could hold firmly to the thin edge of grass.
She did not need to learn to creep, and it was well for her that she could travel at once; for, soon after she had finished her breakfast of eggshell, she was ready for dinner. Perhaps it was the smell of growing grass that made her hungry, for as soon as she came to a tender leaf she began to nibble it. From the moment she first tasted grass she seemed contented with that sort of food; and, as long as she was a caterpillar, she sought no other kind. Her journeys to the market took her no farther than from one grass plant to another; and some days she ate so steadily that it would be hard to tell when her breakfast ended and her supper began.
After eating busily for several days, she stopped to rest. She was forced to stop because she had grown so fast that her skin could not hold any more body. When she was in that sort of fix she pulled herself out of her skin, but that took time.
She rested quietly until the tight skin ripped back of her head. Then she crept out of it, leaving the skin—old skull and all—lying on the grass. She did not need it any longer because a new coat of skin had grown to take its place. Now she could again eat grass until this new coat should in its turn become too tight and need to be discarded.
That is the way Ctenucha passed the days until fall—eating, growing, resting, molting. Every time she molted she had a different-looking skin. She changed her coat for a bigger and prettier one each time. Her first little coat had been pale yellow with tiny black dots from each of which grew a few dark hairs. Each new coat had more hairs than the one before. The garment she was wearing when cold weather came had a row of black hairs down the middle of the back and a stripe of yellow hairs on each side.
Ctenucha's home was in Holiday Meadow where, during the cold winter, the grass stops growing and the ground is covered deeply with snow.
Some animals in the north must live all winter without eating. Bats and bears and woodchucks and skunks and frogs and earthworms and many insects can do this. All these animals that live without eating during the winter manage in much the same way. Each seeks a comfortable place and goes to sleep. That is what Ctenucha did. She slept while the weather was cold.
Her winter adventure was a nap. But her sleep was not so sound as that of some of the other dozing animals. When the weather was warm enough, as perhaps during a January thaw, she wakened and went for a walk. Dick and Anne, who were tramping across the fields on their snowshoes one mild day, saw a black-and-yellow creature hurrying over the snow and they called it a "winter caterpillar" and wondered where it was going.
After fasting all winter, Ctenucha was very hungry in the spring. As soon as the grass began to grow she ate greedily. The coat in which she had slept was no longer pretty. The yellow hairs had faded until they were the color of old straw, and the black tufts had become dingy. She could not change this garment for a better one until she was plump enough to molt; but by the middle of April she had eaten so many tender grass blades that she could not swallow another mouthful. It was time for her spring molting to take place at last.
She then crept to a bit of stubble and spun a thin mat of silk upon a dry stem. She tangled the hooks of her ten creeping feet among the threads of the mat and rested quietly with her head down. After a while she pulled her head out of her old skull and she then looked as if she had a swollen neck. The new head inside the old skin pressed so hard that at last the skin tore at the "collar" and Ctenucha's head popped through the hole. She pulled her six jointed legs and her ten creeping feet out of their old stockings and crept forth like a new creature. She left her old coat lying on her molting-mat on the stubble and went in search of fresh grass. She was very hungry again.
The winter coat she had just molted had, as you may remember, a row of black tufts down the middle of the back. There were more than one thousand caterpillars of the same kind in the meadow where she lived; and every one of them wore a winter coat like hers, with black tufts in a row down the back. All these thousand and more caterpillars molted their winter coats in the spring, after they had eaten grass for some time. Some of the new spring coats had black tufts on the back and some of them had white tufts. Of course the caterpillars could not choose which color of tufts they would have. Each one had the kind that grew, just as you have dark hair or light hair without choosing.
Patterns in the coats worn by Ctenucha caterpillars.
Ctenucha's spring coat had a row of white tufts bordered on each side by a soft yellow stripe. Her ten creeping feet were red—not bright red but a soft dark shade. Her head was the same pretty color as her feet, except her face which was black. If, some spring day, you chance to meet a creature like her, with a black and red skin and a yellow and white coat, you will doubtless be glad to see so good-looking a caterpillar.
Fine as the new spring coat was it did not last long; for one day Ctenucha pulled the hair out of it and then she was as queer as a hen, without any feathers.
The day she pulled out her hair was the time of one of her greatest adventures—the day she made her cocoon. I like to remember that day because she wove a basket-like cocoon without making one mistake; although she had never made a cocoon before and there was no one to show her how to do it.
After Ctenucha had taken the last bite of grass she was ever to swallow, she sought a piece of bent stubble and crept to the under side of it. Clinging to the dry stem, back down, she began to spin. Perhaps you know that a caterpillar has silk glands in its body where liquid silk is made. When a caterpillar is ready to spin, the silk drools out of an opening through the lower lip and, when it touches the air, it is stiffened into thread.
Ctenucha had spun silk before. She had made a mat of silk in which to tangle the hooks of her creeping feet while she molted. The molting-mat held her old skin steady while she pulled herself out of it. But to make silk enough to cover her whole body was quite a different task.
First she spun a strip of silk about as long as her body upon the lower edge of the stubble. She clung to this with her creeping feet while she made the rest of her cocoon. When she was spinning she used her jointed feet somewhat like little hands to guide the thread and to help shape the cocoon. She wove the edges down at each side and each end until they nearly met at the middle and then she joined the edges.
Some caterpillars weave their cocoons entirely of silk, but Ctenucha did not. She used hair also, making a kind of haircloth cocoon; and the hair that she used she pulled out of her coat. First she would add some silk to the edge of the cocoon, and then she would reach her head back and grasp a mouthful of hair close to her skin and pull it out. It came out quickly as if it were loose. I do not think the jerk hurt her. She would tuck the mouthful of hair endwise into the silk she had just spun. Then she would spin more silk in which to tuck the next mouthful of hair which she pulled out.
Haircloth cocoons woven by Ctenucha caterpillars, with a pupa, which is the stage between a caterpillar and a moth.
She worked without wasting any time or any motions. When she was spinning the left side of the cocoon, she reached to her left side and pulled hair from that part of her coat. By pulling hair that was nearest the place she was spinning, she saved time and strength. She did not weave in a nervous quick way. She wove slowly and steadily and she did not stop to rest until the cocoon was quite completed.
By the time Ctenucha's cocoon was finished, her body was stripped of its hair. She had just enough hair for the cloth of her cocoon. Do you not think that it is wonderful that she could weave that perfect little basket-like cocoon the first time she tried? No one to show her how! Not stopping until it was finished! Measuring out her hair so that there was enough for the cocoon and none to spare!
It seems fitting that she should have a marvelous cocoon, for remarkable events occurred inside it. In fact, two of her best adventures took place in her cocoon.
When her weaving was over, Ctenucha lay quivering with the changes that were taking place in her body. After a day or so of waiting, her caterpillar skin ripped down the middle of the back far enough so that she could squirm out of it. She looked queer while she was doing this, for she was not a caterpillar any longer. She was, instead, a soft wriggling object with six legs (much longer than any she had had before), four wing-pads that flopped a very little, a long straight quivering tongue, and two feelers. Legs, wing-pads, tongue, and feelers all moved feebly for a minute or two and then they became glued fast to her body by the fluid that had helped loosen the old caterpillar skin. When the air inside the cocoon touched this fluid it hardened it into a sort of glue.
Ctenucha was a caterpillar no longer. She had changed into a pupa. When she first became a pupa, she was bright red with a row of cream-colored spots down her back, but she soon turned dark brown all over and was so shiny that she looked as if she were covered with varnish. At the tail-end of the pupa there were some tiny hooks that caught into the silk of the cocoon.
First she had been an egg, and then a caterpillar, and then a pupa. What next would she be? Next she would be a moth; but not until she had lain waiting, as a pupa, for sixteen days. During that time her little body underwent its last great change.
Then the shiny brown skin cracked open and she came out of it. The hooks on the end of the pupa-case held it steady while she pulled herself free. She pushed her way through one end of the cocoon and waited for her wings to expand and grow strong.
Ctenucha was at last a moth, a full-grown insect with wings; and the adventures that lay ahead of her were quite different from those of her caterpillar days.
Full‑Grown Ctenuchas
I cannot tell you whether she had a better time after she came out of the cocoon than she did before she wove herself inside of it. I can only say that she had acted as if she were a contented caterpillar while she was nibbling her first breakfast of eggshell, while she was munching her many dinners of grass, and while she was weaving her wonderful cocoon. After she became a moth, she still acted as if it gave her pleasure to be alive and in motion.
Most kinds of moths fly only at night, but Ctenucha flew during the sunlight hours. She visited clover, the spreading dogbane, meadow sweet, viburnum, and other flowers. She carried her long tongue coiled tight like a watch-spring while she was flying; but when she reached a flower, she straightened her tongue and put the tip of it into the tube of the blossom and sipped the sweet nectar she found there.
Ctenucha visited the flowers for nectar.
She drank dew, too, feeling along the grass blades with the tip of her tongue and sipping the dewdrops as she did nectar. Sometimes she went to bushes and trees where there were colonies of aphids and drank the sweet liquid, called honeydew, that aphids drop from their bodies.
It was not easy to see her colors when she was flying, but while she was feeding at a flower it was possible to look closely. Her fore wings were queerly colored. Sometimes they looked rusty black or brown and sometimes bronze or purple or green. Like "changeable silk" their colors were different when they were turned in different ways toward the light. Her hind wings were bluish black or blackish blue. All four of her wings were narrowly edged with white. Her body was glistening peacock blue with a dash of bright orange just behind her head. Her head was orange-colored, too, except the middle of her face which was blue, and her feelers and mouth parts which were black.
However pleasant she may have found the flowers, she did not spend all her time among them. She had another adventure of much importance. There were her eggs, nearly two hundred of them, that needed to be glued to grass blades. Even the sweet taste of nectar or honeydew did not tempt her to neglect her eggs. She put them in rows, close together, sometimes more than twenty on a single leaf of grass.
Ctenucha's Eggs. Those on the right, greatly enlarged.
Like the one in which she herself had started life, they were yellow as honey and round except for one flat side. And they were tiny, but not too tiny to hold the promise of many adventures; for inside of each egg was a speck of life that could grow to be a caterpillar, then a pupa, and then a moth.
* * * * *
All the time that I have been telling you about the adventures of Ctenucha, I have been wishing that you might have an adventure of your own. I have been wishing that you might see an egg like one of Ctenucha's hatch; or notice such a caterpillar at molting time; or watch one weave a cocoon; or find a moth whose body is glistening blue trimmed with bright orange, and whose wings have queer changing colors. Perhaps my wish for your adventure may come true. Wishes often do.
|
Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum
Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum idea can not
The chart above illustrates how world population has changed throughout history. View the full tabulated data. At the dawn of agriculture, about 8000 B. ) the 8,000-year period up to 1 A. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolution: whereas it had taken all of human history until around 1800 Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum world Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum to reach one billion, the second billion was (Estradioll in only 130 years (1930), the third billion in 30 years (1960), the Multtum billion in 15 years (1974), and the fifth billion in only 13 years (1987).
Adivan Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum big was the world's population when you were born. Check out this simple wizard or this more elaborated one to find out. Population in the world is currently (2020) growing at a rate of around 1. The current average population increase is estimated at 81 million people per year. Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum rate of increase has nearly (Estradikl since then, and will Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum to decline in the coming years.
World population will therefore continue to grow in the 21st century, but at a much slower rate compared to the recent past. The latest world population projections indicate that world population will reach 10 billion persons in the year 2057. View the complete population historical table View foundation bayer projections for all years (up to 2100) World population is expected doses reach 8 billion people in 2023 according Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum the United Nations (in 2026 according to the U.
The current world population is 7. The term "World Population" refers to the human population (the total number of humans currently living) of the world. Courtesy of Junuxx at en. Others have estimated the number of human beings who have ever lived to be anywhere from Indigo Carmine (Indigotindisulfonate)- FDA billion to 125 billion, with most estimates falling into the range of 90 to 110 billion humans.
The world population counter displayed on Worldometer takes into consideration data from two major sources: the United Nations and the U. The above world population clock is based on the latest estimates released in June of 2019 by the United Nations Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum will show the same number wherever you are in the world and whatever time you set on your PC. Worldometer is the only website to show live counters that are based on U.
Visitors around the world visiting a PC clock based counter, see different numbers depending on where they are located, and in the past have seen other world population bee - such as the one hosted on a United Nations website and on National Geographic - reaching 7 billion whenever their locally set PC clocks reached 4:21:10 AM on October 31, 2011.
But once an estimate is made (based on the best data and analysis available), the world population clock should Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum showing the same (Esrradiol at any given time anywhere around the world. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
Virgin Islands 104,425 -0. Her son first arranged for her Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum to be recorded when Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum was in her 90s. She has just released her sixth album. PARIS Ativan (Lorazepam)- Multum Colette Maze welcomes me Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum into her apartment on the 14th Evamist (Estradiol )- Multum of a building overlooking the Seine River.
From her flowered balcony, she has a view of the Eiffel Tower. Multuum offers me a whiskey or a cognac - along with a hearty laugh as it's 10:30 in the morning. It's that humor, a sense of optimism and her beloved piano that have buttressed and comforted this centenarian through an often difficult life.
13.05.2019 in 00:40 Творимир:
А что в результате..
15.05.2019 in 07:09 Семен:
Счастье - это шар, за которым мы гоняемся, пока он катится, и который мы толкаем ногой, когда он останавливается. - П.
19.05.2019 in 18:35 Валентина:
Пост неплохой, закину сайт в закладки.
|
How does fever do not want to take medicine? What soil methods can reduce the fever quickly?_Sihai network AMP
Sihai network
Everyone has a cold in life. However, the common symptom of a cold is a fever. A high fever of 38.5 degrees needs to be treated in hospital or medicine. Adults with a fever of less than 38.5 can solve it by themselves. Often taking medicine and injection is not good for the body's immune system. It's the third poison of medicine. It's always harmful to the body. Next, we will introduce some methods to fight against fever, only 38.5 below and the fever caused by the cold Oh!
First of all, we need to drink more water when we have a fever. Although it's very hard to have a cold, we just want to lie down and not drink water. But at this time, our immune system is fighting with the virus that invades our body. Only by replenishing energy can we get rid of the virus's body. And if you have a fever, you will feel thirsty and need more water.
Second, after drinking hot water, it's better not to do other things. At this time, you should feel weak and dizzy, so cover up the quilt and go to sleep. When you wake up, you will feel sweating all over your body. This is the performance of a good cold. When your body cools down, the fever will subside naturally.
Third, before you go to bed, soak your feet in hot water and then go to sleep. You need more water. If you have conditions, you can cut a little ginger and put it in. It can make your body heat faster and perspire better. In addition to soaking feet, you can also drink ginger water. The effect is similar to that of soaking feet, which is to dispel the invading cold in the body and make the body sweat and cool down.
Fourth, we can wipe the whole body with a towel moistened with warm water, especially the forehead, arms, armpits, soles of feet and other hot places, or wipe the body with the white wine from home, wipe it every 15 minutes, and the fever will subside in a period of time.
|
Should we mount a massive effort to restore ecosystems that we have degraded even though this will be quite costly? For this weeks environmental controversy we explore this question. Using the textbook and any additional outside resources answer the questions below. Write a 1-2 paragraph response to the questions posed to you. Remember to cite your sources using APA.
Ecological restoration which is discussed in your textbook has a critical role in protecting and understanding the Earth’s environments. Unfortunately even if personnel and financial resources are available many sites are too damaged to be effectively restored. In such cases alternatives to restoration must be pursued including: rehabilitation remediation replacement or the creation of artificial ecosystems. Some individuals worry that large-scale ecological restoration could mislead the public into believing that any amount of environmental damage can be undone. Ultimately a massive and expensive restoration program could be offset by weakened regulations and increased environmental damage in other areas. Furthermore alternatives to ecological restoration may be able to repair more sites at less cost.
Based on what you have read and researched do you believe that the loss of biodiversity is a concern for humans? Should the government not only preserve but restore ecosystems that we have degraded the biodiversity even though this will be quite costly?
Leave a Reply
|
How To Spot a Crime With Your Uniform: What Is the Difference Between An Uniform and a Uniform Histogram?
A Uniform is a group of colors that represent a uniform or look.
Uniforms can be used for any purpose, but the most important thing to know is that a uniform is a set of colors.
A uniform histogram shows the color distribution of all the colors in a set.
If the colors are evenly distributed in a uniform, you have a uniform.
The most important things to know about the color histogram are that the colors of a uniform are different colors and that the same colors are often not in the same range.
This makes it very difficult to spot any crime scene if you have not done your homework.
In this article, we will discuss how to recognize crime scenes with your uniform.
What Are Uniforms?
Uniforms are used to represent a person’s appearance, as opposed to the color they represent.
They are usually worn in the field or in the homes of people who are considered “normal.”
The color of a person is determined by their family and is often a combination of a blue, orange, yellow, red, green, and white.
The color may also be a combination, like orange, purple, yellow and green.
You may also have to think about how your family members are dressed, because many families are not always wearing uniforms.
For example, a father may not be wearing a shirt and pants.
However, he may be wearing something that is very different from what is usually worn.
A Uniform Historist has been trained to determine the color range of a crime scene.
A color is defined as a pattern that changes when light or dark is applied to it.
If you have no idea what the color of your uniform is, you can look at a crime picture and make educated guesses.
For instance, a light green might be a green with blue, yellow or red stripes.
A light blue might be blue with yellow or white stripes.
If a light yellow is used in a picture, it could be a yellow with red stripes, or yellow with blue stripes.
In a photo of the crime scene, there could be lots of yellow and blue.
The uniform histograms of a set or pattern will tell you which color is closest to the colors that make up your uniform and what color that is.
You can also use the color to make sure that a crime victim is wearing the uniform.
If someone has the uniform, he or she has likely been attacked and has probably been killed by someone else.
A crime scene is very difficult for investigators to see unless they know how the crime has been committed.
It is a good idea to keep an eye on the color.
You might want to call the police or your local police department to confirm that the crime is still ongoing.
How Can I Find Out If There Are Crimes on My Property?
You can often spot a crime on your property if you know the location of the property, where the crime took place, and how much money was stolen.
If your property is in a rural area, you may have to call in the police to find out what the crime was.
You also can call the local police station to get an update on what has been reported.
If police are not available to answer your calls, you might have to go to the county sheriff’s office or the police station of a nearby town to report the crime.
If an officer comes to your property, they will probably ask you to come outside to let them know that there is a crime.
You should let them do this.
If there is an active crime scene you want to check, you should call the sheriff’s department.
The sheriff will likely ask you a few questions, like how many times have you been robbed, what kind of weapon was used in the crime, and what the person was wearing when they were killed.
These questions will help to identify the offender.
The crime scene usually consists of a group or area.
This is often where the victims were found and where they were attacked.
You probably will find a crime-scene photo or a crime video on a bulletin board, on the police website, or in some other way that you can easily identify.
You need to find the person who committed the crime to identify them and locate their body.
The police usually have a person at the crime site, but they may have a volunteer who goes to the crime scenes.
This volunteer is called a crime witness.
If they see the crime and the person is dead, they may call the family or the family member to find a DNA sample for identification.
The person who was killed will be identified if they have a match to the person at a nearby crime scene that was the scene of the murder.
The DNA sample is collected and tested for a match.
You will usually get a result in the next couple of days, but there are usually more than one results.
This can mean that a person has been identified in the last
|
What is Social Engineering? Social engineering is a manipulation technique used by cybercriminals to trick people into giving up confidential information. Social engineering relies on the basic human instinct of trust to steal personal and corporate information that can be used to commit further cybercrimes.
What is Social Engineering? Defined and Explored | Forcepoint Social engineering is a type of manipulation that coaxes someone into giving up confidential information such as a social security number or building access codes. Social engineering, in the world of information security, is a type of cyber attack that works to get the better of people through trickery and deception rather than technological exploits. Social engineering (political science) - Wikipedia Social engineering is a discipline in social science that refers to efforts to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale, whether by governments, media or private groups in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population. Social engineering can also be understood philosophically as a deterministic phenomenon where the intentions and goals of the
What is social engineering and how does it work? Social engineering is a technique used by criminals and cyber-crooks to trick users into revealing confidential information. The data obtained is then used to gain access to systems and carry out actions to the detriment of the person or organization whose data has been revealed.
You are affected by social engineering tactics every day. Okay, let me explain. From an information security standpoint, Wikipedia says that social engineering is the psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information.That’s true, but social engineering isn’t limited to information security; it’s something we all experience, every day. Consumer Security | Social Engineering | Visa
Aug 29, 2019 · Hence, social engineering meant the influence of social scientists upon human communities, to the purpose of encouraging social change. It was sometimes also known as cultural engineering . A2.
Hacking the Mind: How & Why Social Engineering Works Mar 06, 2013 What is Social Engineering? Examples and Prevention Tips Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software–that will give them access to your
|
Use the verbs in the brackets in the proper tense forms
Download 14,18 Kb.
Hajmi14,18 Kb.
task 1 622-17-3
Spot-WPS Office, kr dahshat ziyouz com 010319121432, Filologiya fakulteti, G'arbiy Turk xoqonligi, G'arbiy Turk xoqonligi, 1 ON Bilеt EХ 2020, Курс ишини бажариш бўйича услубий, uzunlik olchov birliklari. kilometr, 2 5303232828903786816, Amaliyot uslubiy ko'rsatma 2017, Behzod, Yakuniy Nazorat ishi Dilshodjon, Test, 2 5409182838803138607, 2 5409182838803138607
Use the verbs in the brackets in the proper tense forms.
1. What are you doing here? - I'm waiting for a friend.
2.Does he speak French? - Yes, he speaks French quite fluently.
3. He didn't see me as he was reading when I came into the room.
4. Don’t go into the classroom! The students are writing a dictation there.
5. When he was in his hometown he visited the places where he played as a boy.
7. The man who is smoking a cigarette is our English teacher.
8. He thanked me for what I did for him
9. Listen! The telephone is ringing
10. Where is Peter? He has gone his English lesson. I think that he always has been it at this hour.
11. The manager had left the office before I arrived
12. They are busy now. They are discussing an important question. They have been discussing it since five o’clock.
13. Where is Mr. Stevenson? - He is working in the library. - How long has he been working? - Yes, he has been working since morning.
14. My brother is in hospital. He has been there for ten days.
15. I shouted to him to stop, but he was running too fast and didn't hear.
16. Helen learns German at the Institute. She has been learning German since last autumn.
17. She writes letters to her mother every week.
18. The train could not stop because it was traveling too fast at the time.
19. Listen! Someone is knocking at the door.
20. Let’s go for a walk. It isn't raining outside and the sun is shining now.
21. When I went to the room next day, I coul find the books exactly where left them.
22 Have. you been reading that book yet? - No, I have only just began it.
Download 14,18 Kb.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan © 2022
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
Bosh sahifa
davlat universiteti
axborot texnologiyalari
ta’lim vazirligi
zbekiston respublikasi
maxsus ta’lim
O’zbekiston respublikasi
nomidagi toshkent
guruh talabasi
o’rta maxsus
toshkent axborot
texnologiyalari universiteti
xorazmiy nomidagi
davlat pedagogika
rivojlantirish vazirligi
pedagogika instituti
vazirligi muhammad
haqida tushuncha
kommunikatsiyalarini rivojlantirish
respublikasi axborot
toshkent davlat
O'zbekiston respublikasi
tashkil etish
vazirligi toshkent
bilan ishlash
Toshkent davlat
matematika fakulteti
saqlash vazirligi
Ishdan maqsad
o’rta ta’lim
ta’limi vazirligi
fanining predmeti
pedagogika universiteti
haqida umumiy
uzbekistan coronavirus
sog'liqni saqlash
koronavirus covid
coronavirus covid
qarshi emlanganlik
respublikasi sog'liqni
vazirligi koronavirus
risida sertifikat
vaccination certificate
sertifikat ministry
covid vaccination
moliya instituti
fanidan tayyorlagan
umumiy o’rta
fanlar fakulteti
fanidan mustaqil
ishlab chiqarish
Toshkent axborot
|
1. A regular annual growth-rate cycle is demonstrated in wild and hatchery yearling brown trout; the fish have a high growth rate in the spring and autumn and a low growth rate during the summer and winter of each year.
2. Experimental work with constant-environment aquaria, together with the results of the field work, indicate that the water temperature is the main external environmental factor influencing the growth rate. Maximum growth rate is achieved at 12° C.
3. The reason for the fall in growth rate above 12° C. is discussed and it is suggested that inadequacy of the respiratory system of the fish is the prime cause.
This content is only available via PDF.
|
What have we learned about ADHD comorbidities?
After 5.5 years, the CoCA project has come to an end. In this large-scale European research project, an interdisciplinary group of researchers investigated comorbid conditions of ADHD. They particularly focussed on depression, anxiety, substance use disorder and obesity, as these conditions frequently co-occur with ADHD in adulthood.
What has this extensive study brought us? Experts dr. Catharina Hartman (University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands) and prof. dr. Andreas Reif (University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany) were invited by Jonathan Marx for an interview on the online radio program Go To Health Media. In this program they talk about several aspects of the CoCA project: How often do comorbid conditions co-occur with ADHD? What do the genetics of ADHD comorbidities tell us? What should clinicians do to prevent or reduce these comorbidities in ADHD?
As professor Andreas Reif summarizes at the end of the interview, the main things that we learned from the CoCA project are:
1. Comorbidity in ADHD is a very big problem. Adults with ADHD frequently have co-occuring conditions such as depression, anxiety, obesity and to a bit lesser extent substance use disorder.
2. The type and prevalence of comorbidities differ between men and women.
3. There is considerable genetic overlap between ADHD and comorbid conditions. We think that at least part of the overlap between comorbidities is caused by genetic effects (next to environmental effects that also play a role).
4. The dopamine system plays an important role in comorbidity, through influencing brain processes.
5. Disturbances in the circadian system (i.e. sleep cycle) are unlikely to play a causal role in these comorbidities, but they might be a consequence.
6. Clinicans should look out for comorbidities when they treat ADHD patients, and inform their patients about their increased risk to develop comorbidities so that they can take preventive measures (i.e. be careful with alcohol to avoid substance use disorder). Secondly, clinicians should actively look out for ADHD symptoms when treating conditions such as depression, anxiety, substance use disorder or obesity.
Watch the full interview with both experts by clicking on the image below:
More information about the CoCA project: www.coca-project.eu
Aid for ADHD individuals personal needs, right when it is needed
You might know the tenet of “just in time” from economics. It means bringing goods to a recipient at the right time, exactly when it is needed. But what if we could apply this also to treatments or interventions for mental health problems? Can we provide small interventions at exactly the time when a person needs it? And can this provide us with more insights into what triggers ADHD symptoms?
Just in time economics is possible and required because of dynamic processes in economical markets. Dynamic processes are also present in mental disorders. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that is dynamic by nature. Core symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity, and many individuals also experience emotion dysregulation. In the past, research focused mainly on how patients with ADHD differ from healthy individuals or other disorders. But what about ADHD individuals’ context or other dynamics, that may trigger symptoms? For this we need to look much more closely at the dynamics of an individual’s life.
Ambulatory Assessment: collecting data in real time and in real life
The Ambulatory Assessment method makes use of smartphones, accelerometers, GPS-tracking and geolocation approaches to track how you feel, what you do, where you go, who you meet, what you eat, and how you’re body is doing (i.e. your heartrate) (1). This method has improved a lot over years and technical progress makes it more and more feasible to investigate associations between variables over time and how these variables interact in everyday life. This provides researchers with new insights into many different factors that can influence a person’s symptoms and mental health.
The importance of context
The Ambulatory Assessment method also enables to better differentiate between real and deceptive associations. Imagine, a person is asked for hyperactivity in the morning at 9:00 am, noon and evening and it turns out that the person is very hyperactive in the morning. Your conclusion may be that this individual is more hyperactive in the morning, but you don’t know why. If you know more about this person’s context, it may turn out that every day at 08:30 am the person drinks two cups of coffee which causes the measured hyperactivity at 9:00 am. This gives you much more insight into what triggers his or her symptoms.
Another example: imagine that a symptom always occurs in a special situation, at a special place or with a special person (e.g., after trying to catch the connecting train every morning at the same time). If you always ask for symptoms at the same time of day, you may miss this special occasion because it always occurs at another time. This way, you may miss out on important associations between symptoms and situations, places or persons. It is therefore very important to measure symptoms at random time points, or when they are triggered by certain events. This gives you much more informative data.
Cause or consequence?
However, the Ambulatory Assessment method is not yet perfect. The main limitation is that it’s difficult to determine what causes what (2). For example, do fluctuations in mood in patients with ADHD lead to impulsivity or hyperactivity? Or does mood change as a consequence of impulsivity? Another example: Do I feel better after exercising or do I move more because I feel good? Researchers recently found evidence for both directions (3,4).
Towards developing just in time treatment
Let’s think about the next step. A better understanding of causes and consequences and associations between symptoms and environmental triggers in an individual’s real world, creates the basis for just-in-time interventions (6). The idea is to react on dynamics in how symptoms are experienced or triggered, by timing the interventions exactly when it is needed. This could be realized by smartphones or wearables, which are already implemented in Ambulatory Assessment research. These devices are then not only used to collect data in real-time, but also to give feedback and provide interventions to reduce or prevent symptoms.
Exercise intervention through a smartphone app
The antecedent of just-in-time-adaptive-interventions are ecological momentary interventions (EMIs). One example of such an EMI or electronic diary intervention with a smartphone and an accelerometer for individuals with ADHD is the PROUD trial of the European funded project CoCA (5). In this trial, individuals with ADHD received a smartphone and a kind of sports watch (that measures your movement) that together measured their behavior, activity, daylight exposure, mood and symptoms during the day. The smartphone also provided an intervention, either in the form of sports exercises or in the form of bright light therapy. During the exercise intervention, participants are given instructions to perform exercises via a smartphone app by which they are guided through their training by weekly goals, motivational reminders, and training videos. Every evening, they get feedback on performed intervention parameters from that day in real time. This system was not yet so developed that it also changed the type or timing of the intervention to the data that was collected during the day, but that would be the next step to create a just-in-time intervention.
In conclusion, it is important to investigate the associations between ADHD individuals’ symptoms and their personal everyday lives. This helps researchers to understand the dynamic processes behind ADHD and to create tailor-made interventions that can easily be integrated in the everyday life of these individuals. A physician cannot support a patient throughout every step he/she takes, but there are already devices that can be supportive around the clock and technical innovations will surely pave the way to improve personal just-in-time interventions in the near future.
This blog was written by Elena Koch. She is a PhD student at Karlsruhe Institute for Technology in Germany.
1. Reichert M, Giurgiu M, Koch ED, Wieland LM, Lautenbach S, Neubauer AB, Haaren-Mack B v., Schilling R, Timm I, Notthoff N, Marzi I, Hill H, Brüßler S, Eckert T, Fiedler J, Burchartz A, Anedda B, Wunsch K, Gerber M, Jekauc D, Woll A, Dunton GF, Kanning M, Nigg CR, Ebner-Priemer U, Liao Y. Ambulatory assessment for physical activity research: State of the science, best practices and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2020;50101742. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101742
2. Reichert M, Schlegel S, Jagau F, Timm I, Wieland L, Ebner-Priemer UW, Hartmann A, Zeeck A. Mood and Dysfunctional Cognitions Constitute Within-Subject Antecedents and Consequences of Exercise in Eating Disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89(2):119–21. doi:10.1159/000504061
3. Koch ED, Tost H, Braun U, Gan G, Giurgiu M, Reinhard I, Zipf A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ebner-Priemer UW, Reichert M. Relationships between incidental physical activity, exercise, and sports with subsequent mood in adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(11):2234–50.
4. Koch ED, Tost H, Braun U, Gan G, Giurgiu M, Reinhard I, Zipf A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ebner-Priemer UW, Reichert M. Mood Dimensions Show Distinct Within-Subject Associations With Non-exercise Activity in Adolescents: An Ambulatory Assessment Study. Front Psychol. 2018;9268. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00268
5. Mayer JS, Hees K, Medda J, Grimm O, Asherson P, Bellina M, Colla M, Ibáñez P, Koch E, Martinez-Nicolas A, Muntaner-Mas A, Rommel A, Rommelse N, Ruiter S de, Ebner-Priemer UW, Kieser M, Ortega FB, Thome J, Buitelaar JK, Kuntsi J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Freitag CM. Bright light therapy versus physical exercise to prevent co-morbid depression and obesity in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):140. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2426-1
6. Koch, ED, Moukhtarian, TR, Skirrow, C, Bozhilova, N, Ashersn, P, Ebner-Priemer, UW. Using e-diaries to investigate ADHD – State-of-the-art and the promising feature of just-in-time-adaptive interventions. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.002
Webinar: Does physical activity improve ADHD symptoms?
There is a lot of anecdotal evidence that physical activity reduces ADHD symptoms. Some athletes, like Michael Phelps and Louis Smith, have said that their intenstive training helped them loose excessive energy and gain structure in their lives. But what is the scientific evidence for this?
Researcher dr. Jonna Kuntsi and her team from King’s College London have done a lot of reserach on this topic. They have reviewed the available literature on physical activitiy and ADHD, conducted analyses on twin-data and are conducting several experiments to test this. In this webinar she explains what’s known and what’s not yet known about whether physcial activity can improve ADHD symptoms
We previously wrote blogs about this topic as well:
Beneficial effects of high-intensity exercise on the attentive brain
Living day-to-day with ADHD and experience of the CoCA clinical trial
CoCA-PROUD trial ready to roll
How psychiatric genetics can help to guide diagnostic practice and therapy
1. ADHD is a continuous trait in the population
You can watch the full webinar here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLgqdJWZKIo
Is it safe to use ADHD medications during pregnancy?
“Should I discontinue stimulants when I am pregnant?” “Is it harmful to my developing baby if I take ADHD medications during my pregnancy?” “What are the risks both to me and my baby if my ADHD goes untreated?” “What is the best way to manage my ADHD during pregnancy?” – For women with ADHD who become pregnant, especially those with moderate or severe ADHD symptoms, the next few months are filled with questions. One important decision for the pregnant women and their clinician is whether to remain on or cease their ADHD medication treatment before or during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding. Unfortunately, there is no clear ADHD treatment guidelines for pregnant women, which further complicates these decisions. Therefore, there is a need for high-quality evidence to support guidelines for the use of ADHD medication during pregnancy.
Given that, it is unethical to include pregnant and breastfeeding women in clinical trials, evidence-based guidelines need to rely on findings from naturalistic studies. So, what does the available findings from naturalistic studies tell us?
In our newly published paper in CNS Drugs (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00728-2), we conducted a systematic review to synthesize all available evidence regarding the safety of ADHD medication use while pregnant, with a focus on how these studies have handled the influence of confounding, which may bias the estimates from observational studies.
We identified eight cohort studies that estimated adverse pregnancy-related and offspring outcomes associated with exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy. These studies varied a lot in data sources, type of medications examined, definitions of studied pregnancy-related and offspring outcomes etc. Overall, there was no convincing evidence for an association between maternal ADHD medication use during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes. Some studies suggested a small increased risk of low Apgar scores, preeclampsia, preterm birth, miscarriage, cardiac malformations, admission to a NICU, and central nervous system (CNS)-related disorder, but other available studies failed to detect similar associations. Because of the limited number of studies and inadequate confounding adjustment, it is currently unclear whether these small associations are due to a causal effect of prenatal exposure to ADHD medication or confounding.
In conclusion, the current evidence does not suggest that the use of ADHD medication during pregnancy results in significant adverse consequences for mother or offspring. However, the data are too limited to make an unequivocal recommendation. Therefore, physicians should consider whether the advantages of using ADHD medication outweigh the potential risks for the developing fetus according to each woman’s specific circumstances.
More information here:
Li, L., Sujan, A.C., Butwicka, A. et al. Associations of Prescribed ADHD Medication in Pregnancy with Pregnancy-Related and Offspring Outcomes: A Systematic Review. CNS Drugs (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00728-2
Prevalence and cost of ADHD comorbidity
From genes to driving schools: an Estonian program to reduce traffic accidents
Image by Netto Figueiredo from Pixabay
Driving is dangerous. 1.35 million people die from road accidents every year, according to the World Health Organization [1]. Young people who just obtained their driving license, and especially young men, are at the highest risk for accidents. They are often seeking sensation, are more likely to take risks, and are more prone to take impulsive or thoughtless decisions while driving. To target this specific group, Estonian researchers have developed a training program for driving schools to make people aware of their impulsive tendencies.
Genetic predictors of traffic accidents
Interestingly, this Estonian research group that is led by professor Jaanus Harro specializes in genetics. Next to studying rats, Harro wanted to also investigate impulsive and aggressive behavior in humans. To measure this objectively outside of a laboratory setting they used data on traffic offences and accidents. Harro and his group found that a particular variation in the gene called 5-HTTLPR was associated with the number of speeding offences and traffic accidents [2]. People who have the short version of this variant are less likely to be caught for speeding or be involved in accidents, compared to those with the long variant.
The gene 5-HTTLPR is an important player in the serotonin system in the brain. Serotonin is a messenger molecule with many functions, one of them being the regulation of mood, impulsivity and aggression. Some people are more prone to act without thinking, or without considering the consequences, and this can partly be explained by genetics.
Reducing impulsive driving behavior
So should only people with the short version of 5-HTTLPR be allowed to drive? No, Harro and his team came up with something better: a program to reduce impulsive behavior on the road. They gave this to students who were learning to drive. In the training, students discussed their own impulsive tendencies, and ways to overcome these tendencies. There was also a control group that did not receive this extra lesson. Four years after obtaining their licenses, the group that received the training had been less involved in traffic violations and accidents than the control group. What’s more, those individuals with the long variant of 5-HTTLPR – so the ones who are more likely to be impulsive, based on this gene – benefited from the training the most.
For the driving schools the main implication of this experiment is that it is very beneficial to incorporate awareness training about impulsivity into driving lessons. Already eight driving schools in Estonia are providing the program to their students. The genetic findings however are mainly of interest to the researchers, who are hoping to gain a better understanding of impulsive and aggressive behavior. In addition to the serotonin-gene, they have found that genetic variations in the noradrenaline and dopamine system are also linked to traffic offenses and speeding, and to the effectiveness of the training [3, 4]. And just recently, they found that the neuropeptide orexin is linked to both aggression and to the prevalence of drunk driving and traffic accidents [5].
Beyond genetics
In addition to genes, other factors such as age, intelligence, and stressful life events influence the risk of offences and accidents as well, but we still know very little about how this works. That is why Harro and his team are now investigating the interactions between genes and environment. This research is part of the horizon2020 projects CoCA and Eat2beNICE. Ultimately, through a better understanding of our biology they hope to improve the way that people behave on the road, thereby reducing the number of accidents.
Meanwhile, Jaanus Harro travels to ministries and other governmental organizations in Estonia and Finland, to convince them to implement the training program on a national level, and to provide funds for further research. And in case you wonder about Harro’s own driving habits: although he acknowledges that he is quite impulsive, he assures us that he has learned to keep this under control while driving.
Jaanus Harro was recently interviewed by Science Business about this topic. Parts of this blogpost ar based on this interview. You can read the article here: https://sciencebusiness.net/keeping-drivers-impulses-check
[1] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries (accessed 3 January 2020).
[2] Eensoo, Paaver, Vaht, Loit & Harro (2018). Risky driving and the persistent effect of a randomized intervention focusing on impulsivity: The role of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 113, 19-24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29407665
[3] Paaver, Eenso, Kaasik, Vaht, Mäestu & Harro (2013). Preventing risky driving: A novel and efficient brief intervention focusing on acknowledgement of personal risk factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 50, 430-437. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22694918
[4] Luht, Tokko, Eensoo, Vaht & Harro (2019). Efficacy of intervention at traffic schools reducing impulsive action, and association with candidate gene variants. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 31, 159 – 166. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31182183
[5] Harro, Laas, Eensoo, Kurrikoff, Sakala, Vaht, Parik, Maëstu & Veidebaum (2019). Orexin/hypocretin receptor gene (HCRTR1) variation is associated with aggressive behaviour. Neuropharmacology, 156. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30742846
Mythbusters: artificial food colours and ADHD
When I was a kid, there was a boy in my class called Jeroen. At times I found him friendly and funny, but other times he would drive me insane with his hyperactive behaviour, jumping around and pulling my hair. Then one day, he told us that we wasn’t aloud to eat anything with artificial food colours anymore. This was supposed to reduce his hyperactivity. I was hopeful, but also sceptical if this would work.
Now that I’m involved in an international consortium investigating food and behaviour, I finally had the chance to learn about food colours and ADHD. Turns out, there is some truth to the claim, although it may only be true for some children, and it may not be specific to ADHD.
A shitty story
To better understand the effects of food on behaviour, we need to start at the end. Your poo can actually tell us a lot about the billions of microbes that live in your gut and help to digest the food you eat. For a long time, we didn’t know much about this micro-wildlife, until scientists developed techniques to analyse large amounts of DNA very quickly and cheaply. As every species has unique DNA, researchers can identify all the different species that live in your gut by analysing their DNA from poo. This helps us to better understand the many important roles that the gut bacteria play in your body, including your brain. For instance, certain bacteria produce neurotransmitters from digesting fibres. These neurotransmitters are important for the communication between brain cells.
What does this have to do with ADHD? ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition, which means that the brain develops differently compared to typically developing children. This influences the functioning of the brain and hence people with ADHD have problems focussing their attention, controlling their impulses and regulating their activity. A disruption in the neurotransmitter system is thought to play a key role in this. While the main cause of ADHD is genetic, environmental factors are also known to increase the risk of the condition, such as smoking during pregnancy, toxins in the environment, and food allergies. Since recently, researchers are investigating the gut bacteria (aka the poo) to better understand how food allergies may trigger ADHD [1].
Food allergies
The microbes in the gut interact closely with the immune system. During development the immune system has to learn that many foreign substances in the intestines (i.e. food and bacteria) are good and should not be attacked. In a way, it has to learn not to overreact. And this is what happens with food allergies. The over-reaction of the immune system is harmful for both the gut environment and for the brain, especially if it happens very often. Hence, an allergic reaction to food colourings may trigger small changes in the brain that in turn may trigger behaviour such as hyperactivity. How this works exactly is still unknown.
Based on this theory, clinicians and nutritionists are now investigating if special diets can reduce ADHD symptoms [2]. In such a diet, a child is put on a very restrictive diet that eliminates any potentially allergenic substances. To see which food types trigger the symptoms, specific foods are introduced one by one. For some children, this really seems to work well and they can manage their symptoms by not eating certain foods the rest of their lives. The elegance of this method is that it is based on the individual. While one person may need to eliminate food colourings, for another it could be certain fruits, or cow’s milk.
Myth busted?
Do artificial food colours cause ADHD? This may be the case for some children. In others, other types of food may trigger ADHD symptoms. And in yet another group of children, their ADHD has nothing to do with food allergies. At the moment, the only way to find out is through trial and error. But only try this under supervision of trained nutritionists and clinicians!
Back to Jeroen. I don’t remember him getting less annoying. Perhaps he was not allergic to food colourings at all, and he should have tried the complete elimination diet or different medication. Or perhaps I was just an eight-year old girl allergic to all boys.
1. Dam, S. et al. (2019) The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Gastroenterol Clin N Am, 48, 407–431
2. Ly, V. et al. (2017) Elimination diets’ efficacy and mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 1067-1079.
This blog was written by dr. Jeanette Mostert. She is a neuroscientist and science communicator. She is involved in the CoCA-project and Eat2beNICE project. In the latter she is learning all about the links between food and mental health.
Light therapy and its influence on ADHD: An interview
What is it like to live with ADHD?
Please describe your main symptoms.
How does ADHD influence your life?
Do you think ADHD has any positive influences in your life?
Study and intervention
How did you learn about the study?
What motivated you to participate?
What were your expectations about the study before you started?
What intervention did you participate in? When?
Was the intervention helpful?
Are you planning on continuing the intervention?
Was it difficult/easy to use the App?
|
Why Does Shingles Recur?
by | Jan 16, 2020 | Shingles | 0 comments
Shingles is caused by the chickenpox or herpes zoster virus, which lies dormant in your body after the symptoms of chickenpox have healed. It stays dormant for many years, even decades, and one in five people it can reactivate as shingles. While medical experts do not understand why it can flare up in some people and not in others, or the exact mechanisms that cause it to erupt, there are effective treatment options available to relieve the symptoms, and low cost medical services in Las Vegas can make them available to you at an affordable cost.
When the virus is reactivated in the body it moves along a sensory nerve and causes the shingles rash to erupt on the skin. It usually only affects one side of the body, and the rash generally presents in a band-shape, which is one of the criteria your doctor will use to make a diagnosis. Most people feel a painful, burning or tingling sensation on the affected area one to three days before the rash presents, although in some cases the rash may not show up. The rash is made up of a red patch of skin with bumps and fluid-filled blisters. It can take as long as 10 to 12 days for the rash to scab over.
Shingles occurs most frequently in people over the age of 60, and there are about a million cases reported in the United States every year. People who have had chickenpox can get shingles, and those with HIV, cancer or immune deficiency diseases are also at risk. It can be extremely painful and uncomfortable to the touch, and the person may be so sensitive he or she will need to leave the area unclothed.
In some people, a more severe condition called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) develops, which means the pain stays after the rash has healed. People over the age of 50 are at the greatest risk of developing this complication. You need to have treatment as soon as possible to shorten your illness, ideally within 24 to 72 hours for the antivirals to take effect. It is important that you seek emergency medical treatment in the event that symptoms present in the face or close to the eyes. If the rash appears on more than one part, or opposing sides, on your body, you need to make sure you see your doctor straight away. low cost medical care in Las Vegas offer medical care that is convenient and affordable and will be able to help you relieve your symptoms quickly.
|
A Basic Synthesizer
Describe a basic synthesizer configuration.
Want learn more? Try one of these…
Before this we recommend…
• Oscillators
• Filters
Describe the basic types of filters low-pass, high-pass, band-reject, and band-pass.
• Spatialization
Describe acoustic panning and spatialization.
• Envelopes
Describe how amplitude changes over time.
Learning this gets you ready for…
9 cards in "A Basic Synthesizer"
Help us make some cards
Why learn about A Basic Synthesizer with ?
Learn about A Basic Synthesizer, adapted for you. Free.
Learn about A Basic Synthesizer. Anyone can view, share, create, and edit content. Because anyone can contribute, you can learn anything you want.
Adapted for you. Sagefy optimizes learning about A Basic Synthesizer based on what you already know. Get the most out of your time and effort spent.
|
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an x-ray exam that uses an injection of contrast material to evaluate your kidneys, ureters and bladder and help diagnose blood in the urine or pain in your side or lower back. An IVP may provide enough information to allow your doctor to treat you with medication and avoid surgery.
Inform your doctor if there’s a possibility you are pregnant and discuss any recent illnesses, medical conditions, medications you’re taking and allergies, especially to iodine-based contrast materials. Your doctor may instruct you to take a mild laxative the evening before the exam and to not eat or drink anything after midnight. Wear loose, comfortable clothing and leave jewelry at home. You may be asked to wear a gown.
What is an Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)?
What are some common uses of the procedure?
An intravenous pyelogram examination helps the radiologist assess abnormalities in the urinary system, as well as how quickly and efficiently the patient's system is able to handle fluid waste.The exam is used to help diagnose symptoms such as blood in the urine or pain in the side or lower back.
• kidney stones
• enlarged prostate
• vtumors in the kidney, ureters or urinary bladder
• scarring from urinary tract infection
• surgery on the urinary tract
• congenital anomalies of the urinary tract
|
What Is Medical Burnout?
What Is Medical Burnout?
- in Medical Services
Comments Off on What Is Medical Burnout?
Professionals operating in the health care field face long workdays, a demanding pace, time pressures and emotional impacts that can lead to a risk of burning out. Medical burnout is a long-term reaction to these stresses and is marked by exhaustion (both physical and mental), depersonalization and a reduced sense of accomplishment.
Health providers are increasingly being asked to do more with less resources and the burden has fallen on clinicians to a disproportionate degree. By some estimates over 50% of medical professionals are impacted. This has led to undesirable consequences such as doctors leaving their positions and has resulted in a reduction in the availability and quality of patient care. In some cases physicians also suffer from impaired concentration, memory and the ability to perform their functions effectively. To address this health care systems have focused on improving working conditions for health care professionals.
You may also like
5 ways to help paralysis attack survivors recover faster
If a person gets a paralysis attack, it’s
|
Home » Island Insights » Discover Kauai
Discover Kauai
Island Insights
Air Tours
Discover Kauai
A tropical paradise lying amidst the sparkling blue waters of the Pacific Ocean, Kauai is time-etched mountains, tumbling waterfalls, lush greenery and sun-drenched beaches.
The northernmost of the main Hawaiian Islands, Kauai is just 550 square miles and somewhat circular in shape. Majestic mountain ranges radiate from peaks more than 5,000 feet above sea level in the center of the island. Kauai is known as the Garden Island for is ancient emerald-cloaked mountains, brilliant flowers and greenery of many shades.
Mostly rural with no buildings taller than a coconut tree (by law), Kauai’s distinct micro-climates, include hot sandy plains, lush river valleys, temperate foothills, high mountain rainforests and a swamp. While there is plenty to keep even the most active vacationer busy — golfing, surfing, hiking, snorkeling and more — Kauai is the low-key and laid back Hawaiian Island. Kauai is the island where Hawaiians go on vacation.
Kauai: Essential Facts
Learn these Kauai factoids and you will know more than most on your dream Hawaii vacation:
1. Kauai, known as the “Garden Isle,” is the northernmost and fourth largest of the major Hawaiian Islands.
2. The island has a circular shape and an area of 550 square miles.
3. There are 113 miles of shoreline and 50 of those miles are sand beaches.
4. Ninety-seven percent of the land is used for agriculture and conservation.
5. Seventy percent of the island is inaccessible by foot.
6. Kauai’s weather is near perfect year-round with daytime temperatures ranging from the mid 70’s to the mid 80’s, slightly warmer in the summer.
7. Rain showers usually fall in the evening and early morning hours, predominantely over the mountain ranges. Contrary to popular belief, it DOES NOT rain on Kauai all the time — except on Mt. Waialeale (in the very center and top of the island).
8. Mt. Waialeale (3,000 feet high) is the wettest spot on earth, with over 430 inches of rain per year pouring on its peak and creating wonderful waterfalls on the island below.
9. The temperature of the ocean ranges from 68 to 80 degrees fahrenheit.
10. Kauai is about a half an hour by air from Honolulu.
11. Kauai was “discovered” by Captain James Cook in 1778. Polynesians settled on the island in the fourth or fifth century A.D.
|
• Lisa S. Larsen, PsyD
What Are The Three Stages Of Trauma Recovery?
Updated: Jan 10
Man's silhouette reaching arms out by Zao
Embrace recovery from traumatic incidents
Recovering from a traumatic incident can be difficult, but very rewarding work. According to the work of Dr. Judith Herman, trauma recovery is thought to occur in three main stages: safety and stabilization, remembrance and mourning, and reconnection and integration.
In addition to these stages, it is also possible to grow from tragedies in our lives and from losses we experience. Post-traumatic growth emphasizes how people can transcend traumatic experiences and become stronger in ways that they would not have expected. The field of positive psychology also teaches us that when we focus on our strengths and resources, we feel less damaged, broken, and helpless.
When it first happens, a traumatic incident can shake the core of a person’s life. Depending on the magnitude of the trauma, it disorients a person's sense of safety, and his or her sense of self. Nothing seems the same after that event. It’s hard to imagine getting back to the life and the person they were before. This can lead to emotional instability and a feeling of helplessness. People might become irritable, anxious, hypervigilant, confused, and they might feel out of control.
Let’s look at the first stage of trauma recovery...
The first stage of trauma recovery involves helping a person regulate their feeling states, or affect. The therapist might encourage the person to express the trauma nonverbally through their bodies, movement, or art.
One way that therapy can help is to build resources that the client can use to feel calm, positive, and more empowered. For example, I often start the process of EMDR therapy by helping my client identify in their mind a safe person and a safe place they can imagine being. This person could be a benevolent force in their life, but it is important that they have not done anything to hurt, deceive, or exploit the client.
Woman reclining in hot pink background; by Bruce Christianson
Use your imagination to create a new sense of yourself as safe and peaceful
A safe place can be something as simple as the person’s bedroom, a favorite vacation spot, or a place in nature like the beach or the redwoods. Other resources that can be utilized include times when the person has felt proud of themselves, or has overcome adversity.
The second stage of trauma recovery
Once a person has established some stability and learned skills to manage the physical and emotional after effects of the trauma, the next stage involves exploring the traumatic incident and reintegrating it into the mind’s neural networks. Dr. Janina Fisher describes the need to “metabolize” the memory of the trauma, and suggests EMDR therapy as one way to do that.
Dr. Arielle Schwartz describes beautifully how mind-body therapies like EMDR therapy and somatic experiencing help a client consolidate the memories in an adaptive way, so that it is part of the client’s narrative of themselves, rather than stored in the memory in a haphazard way. Somatic approaches can also release the physical energy that was trapped in a person’s body when they went through the trauma.
Sometimes, the trauma happened during birth or before the person had language to express themselves. Other times, there are no words that we can put to the physical experience, which can make it very hard to work with that therapeutically. However, being able to incrementally feel the body and its response to the trauma can be quite healing and a necessary step in working through the incident.
Caucasian woman dancing in a field; by Craig Chitima
Movement can be therapeutic in trauma recovery
One somatic method to deal with trauma is pendulation. This technique encourages a client to vacillate between focusing on the physical and emotional reaction to the trauma, and then focus on a positive or calming resource, and then back to the reaction. The client does this back and forth until they can tolerate the reaction better. This is just one of many ways to work with the remembrance and mourning stage of trauma recovery.
Another aspect of this stage is to recognize what was lost with the traumatic event. It seems that grief often accompanies trauma, and sometimes it can be difficult to accept the loss. You don’t have to just grieve for a person who died or who left a relationship; you can also grieve losing a sense of innocence or the quality of your relationship to others or to yourself.
Sometimes, having a compassionate person to bear witness to what you went through is much more validating and healing that being told that you’re overreacting, or that you just need to be patient, or that “everything happens for a reason.” While that may be true, often it hurts to hear if you’re not ready to hear it. It also minimizes the grief that you feel.
The final stage of trauma recovery
The last stage of trauma recovery involves integrating the incident into your life story and developing a new sense of self. Trauma survivors sometimes describe themselves as disconnected from themselves and others, which is a way to survive the trauma. But eventually, we have to come home to ourselves and our interconnectedness with others. Reconnecting with others is important because people can become very distrustful and withdrawn when they experience traumas.
Sometimes, this stage can lead to finding meaning and a new sense of purpose. People have experienced trauma and loss throughout the ages, and while it devastates some people, others develop resilience for other traumatic or stressful situations.
For others, the traumatic incident can put things in perspective, and help people realize that they were stronger than they thought. They can also become more compassionate to others, and accept themselves more easily than before.
One example of this is the woman who started Mothers against Drunk Driving, or MADD. She turned the tragedy of losing her 13-year-old daughter to a drunk driver into a national organization dedicated to preventing further tragedy. A person can also do something simpler, such as make a donation to a cause that relates to the trauma, or perform a therapeutic ritual. Some ways to do this are to create artwork, fiction, or some other symbolic representation that allows them to transition from their life with the trauma to a new life.
Helping a person connect to their higher power can also assist them in moving forward with their lives. As Bill O’Hanlon says, “trauma has such a devastating effect because it shatters meaning."
As you can see, there are many ways to help a person regain their sense of strength and even find the silver lining of their trauma, in this stage.
This is just a brief description of the stages of trauma recovery to help you understand what you can expect from trauma therapy. Once a person has become emotionally stable and learns coping skills, they can remember and mourn the tragic event. This process metabolizes it into their neural networks in a way that allows them to be calm and peaceful. After that, the person can work on reconnecting to other people, themselves, and if they choose, their higher power. All of this allows them to see themselves in a new light, as strong and capable once more.
If you are struggling with trauma and seeking trauma recovery in the state of California, I can help. Please call 661-233-6771 for more information and to schedule a confidential consultation with me.
|
Canada Election
Canada’s Election 2021
On September 20, Canadians will vote in an election called by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Since this election is two years early and was not expected, it’s only natural that a lot of people are looking for answers.
Here’s everything you need to know about the early election in Canada in September 2021.
Why are we getting an early election?
On August 15, PM Trudeau decided to seek a new mandate for himself and his party. He dissolved Parliament and triggered a snap election. His hope is to seek a majority in the House of Commons and have the confidence of the Canadian citizens to continue to rule. To understand what a minority or majority means, it’s important to know how Canadian elections work.
In Canada, you elect one member of parliament, also called an MP, to represent your riding. Each riding is led by an elected member of parliament. Most elections are won by the party with the most MPs elected to the House of Commons, and the head of that party becomes Prime Minister.
Normally, elections are held every four years. PM Trudeau initially had a majority in 2015, but he has been ruling without a majority since 2019. He presently has a minority of seats in the House of Commons, making him reliant on third parties to govern. Due to the numbers in Parliament, the Liberals need the support of one other political party in order to pass laws and rule. So far, they’ve been negotiating this on a case-by-case basis. The second-largest party in Parliament right now is the Conservatives. This makes them the official opposition.
While there is a question of if PM Trudeau will resign if his party loses the election, he has not answered this question directly, making the future of the Liberals uncertain. Canada is currently in the midst of a fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some predictions say they will want to continue with the current leadership, while some say they are looking for a change.
Who can vote in this election?
In order to vote in a federal election in Canada, you must meet the following criteria: Be a Canadian citizen (Both temporary and permanent residents are ineligible to vote)
• On election day, you must be 18 years old or older
• A resident of the electoral district; and
• Be on the voter registration list: also known as the list of electors
If you are not on the list of electors, but you know you’re eligible to vote, you must add your name to the list using the online voters’ registration service. You can also submit a Registration Certificate at your local polling station or Elections Canada office. If you are unsure, see Elections Canada for up-to-date information. You can pre-register until September 14 at 6 p.m.
How to Vote — With or Without Voter Card
The “voter card” or voter information card is a way to prove the identity and address of the voter. In order to vote the majority of people show their driver's licence, which will have their address on it. However, not everyone has a licence.
Elections Canada sends customized voter information cards out before election day. The voters that these are sent to are informed that they are enrolled to vote on the card. It also tells people when and where to vote, how to vote, and where they can receive further information.
The card is mailed to electors whose addresses are listed in the National Register of Electors, a database of eligible voters in federal elections in Canada.
The Canada Revenue Agency, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, drivers' license and vital statistics organizations from Canadian provinces and territories are among the sources Elections Canada uses to keep the Register up to date. Even if you have a card, you still have to bring a piece of ID to vote. This can be something like a utility bill, or a student ID.
What do I need to show to vote?
Here’s a checklist of the options you can bring on election day:
Show one of these:
• your driver's licence
• any other card issued by a Canadian government with your photo, name and current address
• Show two pieces of ID. Both must have your name and at least one must have your current address. For example, your voter card and a bank statement.
If you don't have an ID, you can still vote. You must provide written proof of your identification and address, as well as the signature of someone who knows you and is assigned to your polling location. A neighbour, for example. The person vouching must be able to provide proof of identification and address. Only one person can vouch for another (except in long-term care facilities).
The Main Parties, Their Leaders and Platforms
What election promises are the main parties making, who are their leaders, and what are the issues? Here are the answers.
This is PM Trudeau’s party, the current ruling party. The Liberals want to continue the emergency wage subsidy until October. Free vaccine boosters and increased spending on domestic vaccine production are among the other pledges made by the party. Vaccination would be required for federal personnel as well as passengers on trains, airlines, and cruise ships. While initially, PM Trudeau had a slight edge in the polls, as election day comes closer that edge has dropped significantly.
This party is more right-leaning in its politics. Erin O'Toole, the Conservative leader, has accused Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of putting Canadians in danger for selfish reasons. A big issue is the billion-dollar pandemic spending and budget deficits. O'Toole claims that without making cuts, he will be able to balance Canada's finances within a decade. The party opposes compulsory vaccination, claiming that vaccination is a personal decision.
The National Democrat Party has a well-known charismatic leader, Jagmeet Singh. The party is known as a left-leaning one that supports investing in social programs. While it has promised CAD 214 billion in spending, it plans to raise that money by taxing big businesses and wealthy citizens. Healthcare is a big item in that budget. Canada’s residents can expect the NDP to give them universal prescription drug coverage, expand long-term care and home-care options, especially for low-income people.
Green Party
Led by Annamie Paul since October 2020, the Greens promise to provide a guaranteed livable income, abolish post-secondary tuition, implement pharmacare and free dental care, and decriminalize the personal possession of illicit narcotics. They would also enact legislation that encourages green investment and job creation while also imposing sanctions on environmentally detrimental goods and services, such as higher taxes.
|
We all have a “drawer” with everything we gave up in taking any decision. In economics, what you give up is called an “opportunity cost”. How can we know if we came out ahead in the long term?
It’s a Friday evening after a long week of work and we have set aside a little money to do something fun. We have to choose between the cinema or going out for dinner. The option we forgo will be our opportunity cost. If we chose dinner, our opportunity cost would be the price of the meal, plus what we gave up by not going to the cinema.
When we acquire something, we pay two costs: the price we pay for it and the cost of what we have given up to acquire it. With our money, if we choose to invest it, our opportunity cost will be not having saved it; if we decide to save it, our opportunity cost will be not having invested it.
Understanding opportunity cost is useful because we can know what we will no longer gain by making a particular selection. By keeping it in mind we can take better decisions. To better understand opportunity cost in financial decision-making, we must consider two main factors. First, being aware of the opportunity we will forgo leads us to take better informed decisions. Second, it encourages us to compare the different prices, benefits and advantages available to us.
What are our biggest nemeses when we take a decision? Insufficient time to calculate costs and weigh advantages and disadvantages often leads us to take hasty decisions. Other times, we are incapable of feeling or seeing the costs and benefits in the short term. Spending time to get duly informed can help minimise the costs of any decision, including opportunity cost.
You might like
|
Electric hot water systems
Last updated: 15 December 2021
There are 2 types of electric hot water systems:
• Storage – Water is heated and stored in an insulated cylinder for use when needed.
• Instantaneous (continuous flow) – Water is heated only when needed.
Storage hot water systems
How they work
These systems heat water with an electric element and store it in an insulated cylinder, ready for use throughout the day.
The electric element is located near the bottom of the storage cylinder. Some off-peak systems also have a boost element higher up in the cylinder.
They come in a range of cylinder sizes. They’re also available as main pressure systems and gravity fed systems, although these are now much less common.
Use the system efficiently
The storage cylinders are insulated.
All storage systems lose some heat through the walls of the cylinder. This means they use energy even if you don’t use any hot water. The bigger the cylinder is, the more heat is lost. For small households, these heat losses – known as standing losses - can add up to a high proportion of overall hot water energy use.
If you’re going to be away from your house for an extended period, switch the water heater off at the switchboard to save energy.
Large systems (160 – 400 litres)
Large systems can be run on the cheaper off-peak electricity tariff.
The cylinder is often outside but can also be inside if there’s enough room.
The electric element is powered overnight (typically from 11 pm to 7am) so that you have plenty of hot water in the morning.
It’s important to buy the right-sized system so that it meets your daily water needs. Ask your supplier for advice.
Some systems have a boost element, which can be used to re-heat some of the water in the cylinder if you run out. If you have a boost element, you should consult your electricity retailer about the tariff options available to you.
Smaller systems (25 – 125 litres)
These systems can only be run on the peak (or general) electricity tariff. This means they can have high energy costs.
These systems are often located inside in a cupboard and can be found in flats and apartments.
When you use hot water, the electric element switches on under thermostat control and re-heats the cold water that is drawn into the system. Due to their small storage capacity, it’s important that they’re sized to suit the number of people in your home and how you use hot water. Ask your supplier for advice.
Mains pressure systems
These are the most common type of storage system. They provide hot water at a similar pressure and flow rate as cold water. This allows more than one tap to be used at a time without affecting water pressure.
You should have these systems serviced regularly, as this will extend the life of the water heater.
Gravity fed systems
Some older houses have gravity fed hot water systems. These are usually located in the roof-space in a circular tray to catch any water leaks. They’re made of copper so can last for many years.
The water pressure is lower than mains pressure systems. Water pressure is dependent on the height difference between the cylinder and the hot water outlets.
These systems may not be compatible with low flow shower roses. If you change from a gravity fed system to a mains pressure system you should also replace the shower rose, otherwise the water flow rate could be too high.
Instantaneous hot water systems
How they work
These systems use a high-powered electric element to heat the water as it’s used. The higher the flow rate the greater this power consumption is. This needs to be taken into account if you’re replacing an existing storage electric water heater.
These systems don’t need a cylinder to store water.
They use less energy than a storage electric water heater to provide a certain amount of hot water, as, unlike the storage systems, they do not have standing losses through the cylinder wall.
They are run on the more expensive peak (or general) electricity tariff, so the energy costs can be higher than for off-peak electric water heaters.
Running costs
Electric hot water systems are the cheapest to buy but can be the most expensive to run. Systems that operate on the peak (general) electricity tariff rather than the off-peak electricity tariff can be particularly expensive to run.
If you have a rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system to generate electricity, it may be beneficial to operate a storage electric water heater on a peak electricity tariff, and limit the time that the water is heated to the middle part of the day. This will make better use of the electricity generated by the PV system, as it will reduce the amount of electricity that is exported to the grid.
Solar power diverters are now also available, either as add-on kits for off-peak electric storage systems or built in to some models. They divert excess electricity from a rooftop PV system to heat water in the cylinder during the day, reducing the amount of off-peak electricity that is required and reducing water heating costs.
If you have an electric water heater, you can get a discount to replace it with either heat pump, electric boosted solar, high efficiency gas or gas boosted solar systems. Replacing an inefficient water heater with a high efficiency, more environmentally-friendly option can be eligible for a financial incentive under the Victorian Energy Upgrades scheme.
A 50% rebate up to $1,000 can also be available from Solar Victoria if you:
• install a solar or heat pump water heater
• have a household income under $180,000
• meet the other eligibility criteria.
For information on the annual running costs of different water heater types for different sized households, see Compare hot water system running costs.
|
The James Webb Telescope and Infrared technology in renewable energy
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was launched recently in the culmination of many years of development and redesigns starting in 1996. This telescope is the successor to the highly influential Hubble Space Telescope which has been in service since its launch in 1990.
|
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia.
n., v. styled, styl•ing. n.
1. a particular type or sort, with reference to form, appearance, or character.
2. a particular, distinctive, or characteristic mode or manner of acting: to do things in a grand style.
3. prevailing fashion, as in dress, esp. approved fashion; smartness: out of style.
5. a mode of expressing thought in writing or speaking, esp. as characteristic of a group, person, etc.
6. a mode or form of design, construction, or execution in any art or work, esp. as characteristic of a person, group, period, etc.: the baroque style; the Georgian style of architecture.
7. a distinctive quality of originality, elegance, or flair: a person with style.
8. a person's characteristic tastes, attitudes, and mode of behavior: It's not his style to flatter people.
9. a descriptive or distinguishing appellation, esp. a legal, official, or recognized title.
11. the gnomon of a sundial.
12. a method of reckoning time. Compare New Style, old style (def. 2).
13. a narrow, cylindrical extension of the pistil that, when present, bears the stigma at its apex.
14. Zool. a small, pointed process or part.
15. the rules or customs of spelling, punctuation, and the like, observed by a publisher.
16. to call by a given title or appellation; designate; name.
17. to design or arrange in accordance with a given or new style: to style one's hair.
18. to bring into conformity with a specific style: to style a manuscript.
[1250–1300; Middle English (n.) < Latin stylus, sp. variant of stilus tool for writing, hence, written composition, style; see stylus]
styl′er, n.
a combining form of style (defs. 13, 14). Compare stylo- 1.
a combining form with the meanings “column,” “having columns (of the kind specified)”: urostyle. Compare stylo- 2.
adj sufnach … Art, auf (+acc)Art; American-style fried chickenBrathähnchen nach amerikanischer Art; cowboy-styleauf Cowboyart, nach Art der Cowboys; Swedish-style furniture/designMöbel/Design im schwedischen Stil; Western-style democracyDemokratie nach westlichem Vorbild; to dress 1920s-stylesich im Stil der zwanziger Jahre or Zwanzigerjahre kleiden; the old-style cricketerder Cricketspieler der alten Schule
|
Regular exercise can improve brain function by up to 15%: Study
Anastasia Tsirtsakis
12/02/2021 4:23:12 PM
Promising new research around exercise in older people adds to the evidence base on the importance of social prescribing.
An older couple running.
Regular physical activity, even at an older age, has shown to have a positive impact on cognitive function.
‘For older people in the community, their greatest fear used to be cancer – not the economy, not the pollution, not global warming. Now, it’s dementia. People are terrified.’
That is what Scientia Professor Henry Brodaty, co-director of the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, recently told newsGP.
While scientists have yet to find a magic bullet for cognitive decline, what if social prescribing of physical activity could, at the very least, delay its onset?
Those are the conclusions of a recent study by University of Queensland researchers.
The study drew on longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) involving 16,700 people aged 54-75 over the course of 13 years. The data showed a clear link between regular exercise and improved cognitive function – and the effect was particularly evident for women.
Weekly moderate physical activity increased people’s cognitive function on average by 5% for men and 14% for women.
A combination of moderate and vigorous physical activity each week saw the positive effect on cognition increase even further, to 8% for men and 15% for women.
Lead author, PhD candidate Sabrina Lenzen told newsGP that while she expected to see some positive effect, the degree of improvement was surprising.
‘If a person scores 12 out of 20 in their cognitive function test and then started doing regular moderate exercise, we could see scores increase to 12.6 for men and 13.7 for women,’ she said.
‘That was quite surprising, especially because studies so far often see the correlation of physical activity on cognition [as due] to vascular improvement.
‘But we actually see the improvement through physical activity, rather than physical activity improving your vascular health, and that's why your cognition improves.’
Examples of moderate physical activity include going for a brisk walk, while vigorous activity might be running or circuit training.
For healthy adults aged 18-64, the World Health Organization recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity per week. However, just 15% of Australian adults meet the physical activity guidelines.
Ms Lenzen says the research adds to the evidence around addressing modifiable risk factors for dementia, and emphasises the importance of social prescribing.
‘If we can start a broader prevention program [on] prescribing physical activity, that would be really beneficial,’ she said.
‘It's just a question now of how to do it so that people actually will follow that advice, [because] just telling someone to be more active is always a bit tricky.
‘So if we can actually get some more tailored physical activity programs that will be ideal.’
Study co-author and PhD supervisor Professor Brenda Gannon agrees, and says GPs have a critical role to play in getting the message out to patients.
‘Exercise is one of the mechanisms that GPs can use in their social prescribing, alongside other things like, for example, volunteering or even brain training exercises,’ she told newsGP.
‘While our study has these findings, not everybody's going to read it. So it's important that the word gets out there via primary care physicians. We need to go and target those who we might say have an unmet need; they might not even realise they need to exercise more.
‘So that's where the social prescribing could be quite useful.’
Professor Gannon says encouraging people to build movement into their daily lives can be helpful.
‘Some will say “where will I get that hour in the day?” It could be walking, and that can include your walk to the bus or walking up the stairs at work,’ she said.
‘[For] those who may suffer from obesity or diabetes, we're not expecting people to go out and run crazy – we're talking about a brisk walk, regularly, three times a week.’
While the study was limited to people aged 54-75, Professor Gannon says the focus on physical activity should in fact start much earlier.
‘It’s okay to start at 50, but actually, it's a life span issue. I can imagine it must be extremely hard if you were 50 and given a prescription of exercise rather than the prescribing beginning when you're younger,’ she said.
‘If we had done this study using information on people aged 30, 40 plus, I'm sure we would have found similar effects. So it's never too early to start.’
From a policy perspective however, both Ms Lenzen and Professor Gannon agree more needs to be done.
‘It's quite important to have public health campaigns in terms of having the facilities close to people,’ Professor Gannon said.
‘We’ve seen it this year, particularly in the COVID crisis. It's important that we can actually get out and walk within our own areas, not just way off at the beach or a park that could be 20 kilometres away.’
Currently, more than 300,000 Australians live with dementia. That’s expected to rise to 900,000 by 2050, which is estimated to cost an estimated $6 billion in healthcare and lost productivity.
While scientists continue their efforts to find a cure, Professor Gannon says incorporating healthier habits can both improve quality of life and also be cost effective.
‘If we can slow down that cognitive decline for people, it might prevent them from getting dementia. But if it doesn't, at least they've had a longer decline into it and might enjoy a better quality of life,’ she said.
‘Also, it's important in terms of cost efficiency for the healthcare system. People with dementia need a lot of care.
‘If we can slow down the process and have less people needing the high end facilities then I think that will be a benefit not only for the people but also for the economy and the health system.’
Log in below to join the conversation.
cognitive function dementia physical activity social prescribing
Login to comment
Dr Mark Alexander Henschke, OAM 16/02/2021 10:26:46 AM
Medical students are taught to take smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs and dietary history.
Students usually say 'Do you eat a healthy diet?' and invariably the answer is 'Yes!"
I am encouraging students to leave out a dietary history unless it is directly relevant to the provisional diagnosis BUT ask about exercise. Exercise is medicine!
|
There have been periodic droughts in the American southwest for millenia.
DuPont was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency on Thursday to stop selling and recall its Imprelis herbicide, following thousands of complaints that the treatment kills trees.
Carbon absorbation capacity of tree species, particularly pine, seems to have decreased in mid Himalayan zones of Uttrakhand following ban on green felling .
An iconic species of the American West, the whitebark pine, is at risk of extinction from climate change and disease, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said on Tuesday, but no immediate action is planned.
There isn't enough money to list the whitebark pine as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act, with other species taking priority.
The Fish and Wildlife Service said Monday that the whitebark pine, devastated by bark beetles and fungus, deserved to be listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. But it said it could not spare money and staff time to do so and to give the trees the protections that come from a listing.
Forest fires are calamity that causes damage to the forest economy which is considerably greater than all damages caused by the harmful insects and diseases. The study area is prone to fire because of the presence of dominant species of pines which are highly susceptible to fires due to the presence of resins.
|
Care your eyes
Care your eyes think, that
You can get dehydrated when you lose a lot care your eyes fluids because of problems like vomiting or fever. Symptoms of eye can care your eyes from mild to severe. For care your eyes of difficulty breathing can range from mild to severe. For example:Severe trouble breathing means:Moderate trouble breathing means:Severe eyee breathing means:Moderate trouble breathing means:Sudden drooling and trouble swallowing can be signs of a serious problem called epiglottitis.
This problem can happen at any care your eyes. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue at the back of the throat that you can't when your birthday when you look in the mouth. When you swallow, it care your eyes to keep food and fluids out of the tube (trachea) that leads to the lungs. If the epiglottis becomes inflamed or infected, it can swell and quickly block the airway.
This makes syes very hard to breathe. The symptoms start suddenly. A person with epiglottitis is likely to seem very sick, have a fever, drool, and have trouble breathing, swallowing, and making sounds. In the case of a child, you may notice the child trying to sit up and lean forward with his or her jaw forward, because it's easier to breathe in this position. Many prescription and non-prescription medicines can trigger an allergic reaction and cause a fever.
A few examples are:If you're not sure if a fever is high, moderate, or mild, think about these issues:Certain health conditions and medicines weaken the immune system's ability to fight off infection and illness. Some examples in adults oseltamivir varies a little depending on how you measure it.
For adults and children age 12 and older, these are the ranges for high, moderate, and mild, according to how you took the temperature. A forehead (temporal) scanner is usually 0. There are two types. Petechiae (say "puh-TEE-kee-eye"):Purpura (say "PURR-pyuh-ruh" or "PURR-puh-ruh"):Symptoms of serious illness may include:It can be hard Filgrastim-aafi Injection (Nivestym)- FDA tell how much pain a baby or toddler is in.
Fever can be a symptom of almost any care your eyes of infection. Symptoms of a more serious infection may include the following:Shock is a life-threatening condition that may quickly occur after a sudden illness or injury.
Adults and older children often have several symptoms of shock. These include:Shock is a care your eyes condition that may occur Nuedexta Capsules (Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide and Quinidine Sulfate Capsules)- Multum after a sudden illness or injury.
Babies and young children often have several symptoms of shock. These include:Based on your answers, you may need care right away. It's easy to become dehydrated when you have a care your eyes. In the early stages, you may be able to eyee mild to moderate dehydration with home treatment measures. It is important to control fluid losses and replace lost fluids. If you become mildly to moderately dehydrated:Rest and take it easy for 24 hours, and continue care your eyes drink a lot of fluids.
Although you will probably start feeling better within just a few hours, it may take as long as a day and a care your eyes to completely replace the fluid that you lost. Do not try to take a shower if you are dizzy or unsteady on your feet. Increase the water temperature if you start to shiver. Shivering is a sign that your body care your eyes trying to raise its temperature.
Do not use rubbing alcohol, ice, or cold water to cool your body. Dress lightly when you have a fever. Care your eyes will help your body cool down. Wear light pyjamas care your eyes a light undershirt. Do eye care your eyes very warm clothing Lanadelumab-flyo Injection (Takhzyro)- Multum use heavy bed covers. If care your eyes are not able to measure your temperature, you need to look for other symptoms of illness every hour while you have a fever and follow home you measures.
29.06.2019 in 15:41 Morn:
01.07.2019 in 05:44 Voodootilar:
01.07.2019 in 09:23 Tokinos:
Also that we would do without your brilliant idea
|
The Organization of the Solar System: What Would We Like to Know? Many basic textbooks describe each planet in turn, from Mercury through to Pluto, before paying much attention to the properties of the Solar System as a whole. Although it is true that we have to study the individual planets to accumulate the necessary and relevant information, I worry that such an approach tends to swamp the mind with unimportant details and thus to obscure the 'big picture.' Your text does rather better than this, by introducing some very general discussion in Chapter 8 (page 197). Since we want to develop a deep understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system -- at least, that is the theme I want to emphasise in this course -- I would argue that what we really need is exactly this kind of grand overview of the systematic properties displayed by the solar system as a whole. So, what do we want to know? I would say that the crucial points are as follows: We need a complete census of the solar system. What are all its components, and where do we find them? How big is the solar system? Remember from Copernicus that we can easily build a `scale model' of the solar system, but that getting its true size was not historically so straightforward (although it is relatively easy now, using radar). What are the physical properties of its constituents? More importantly, do those properties vary in some systematic way which might give us clues about the origin? (By physical properties, I mean things like mass, size, composition, shape, and so on.) Likewise, what are the dynamical properties? (motions, rotations, shapes of orbits, etc.) Are the properties related in systematic ways? Is there sub-structure, like moons and rings orbiting planets? (When we look at Jupiter and its moons, we find it to be something like a mini-solar system itself. Does this give us any clues about origin and evolution?) Has the passage of time changed any of the relevant evidence? This could happen in some global way, like a general mixing-up of the orbits of the planets, but must also be considered when we try to interpret the detailed properties of individual objects. One example of this is the Earth itself: its oxygen-rich atmosphere tells us nothing about the material from which the planet formed, because the atmosphere was dramatically changed later thanks to the emergence of life. Finally, putting all the pieces together, what was the origin of the solar system? A corollary question, of course, is that of the age of the solar system. How will it look billions of years from now?
A Messy Complication.
Consider two different situations: First, imagine yourself as a policeman called to the scene of a traffic accident. Whether you arrive five minutes after the collision or half a day later, the evidence is much the same: the skid marks, the crumpled fender, etc. Unless people actively mess with the evidence, you have a good chance of deducing what happened, regardless of the lapse of time. (Within reason, of course! Ten years from now, rust, erosion, the repaving of the road, and so on will have completely obliterated the scene.) Now imagine a quite different situation. Most of you will have seen the slowly-swinging Foucault pendulum in the very center of Stirling Hall. Air resistance would gradually slow the swing, and bring it to a halt, except for the fact that there are small electromagnets in the base of the pendulum which give it a little 'tug' every time it swings by. For that reason, and because we want it to display the slow progression of the plane within which it swings -- a phenomenon which confirms that -- we don't want people to tinker with pendulum. Let us suppose, however, that you disobey that injunction, and give the pendulum a healthy sideways push as you walk by. For a brief time, the pendulum will oscillate wildly, swinging in a big loop in irregular fashion. But very soon -- certainly within a minute -- it will have settled down to a regular, quiet swing. Another student coming by a few minutes later will see no evidence whatever of the fact that you have interfered with the pendulum. Which of these analogies best corresponds to the solar system? Does the present structure and dynamical behaviour tell us in plain terms 'how it all happened,' or has the evidence been washed out by the passage of time and the myriad dissipative effects which obscure the original conditions? The answer, in fact, is a bit of both, but unfortunately a lot of the really critical information has been obliterated. As a consequence, much of what we can say about the origin of the solar system is merely inferential. We are simply stuck with problems of the following sort: The planets do not orbit absolutely freely. Instead, they perturb one another with slight gravitational pulls, so that the orbits change over the aeons. The sun is emitting a solar wind of particles, which will blow away any remaining interplanetary gas and leave us wondering about its original composition and density. The passage of relatively nearby stars can perturb the outer parts of the solar system and change the orbits of things out there. What this all means is that the solar system as it looks now may have only a superficial similarity to how it looked originally. We need to have some plausible way of (i) identifying what has remained much the same, or (ii) understanding in what way things might reasonably have changed in the meanwhile. Of course, if we could find other planetary systems in the process of formation, that would be a great help. Think of another analogy: suppose you were an extraterrestrial visitor who wanted to understand how people come into existence. There would be little to be gained by examining a room full of mature humans, whereas actually monitoring a couple who are having a baby, and watching that process, would lead to a deep understanding. The problem, as we will see, is that we have so far identified only a few examples of what might actually be solar systems in formation.
Three Possible Origins.
In the figure on page 11 of the text, you will see a diagram showing the nine planets and the sun to correct relative scale. Not shown are the moons of the planets, the comets and asteroids, and so on. The figure is deceptive because it 'brings everything together' on one page; in reality, of course, the planets are far from the sun and each other, so that the Solar System is mostly empty space. The correct situation is shown on page 199 of the text. Yet another figure, on page 379, contrasts the elongated orbit of a comet to the orbit of the Earth; and on page 370 we are reminded of the enormous numbers of rocky asteroids in the region between Mars and Jupiter. One striking feature of these various representations is the fact that the planetary orbits are very nearly perfect circles. Indeed, a consideration of that, and other aspects, leads one immediately to the recognition of certain simple regularities in the solar system. These regularities, which I will tabulate in a moment, have profound implications which help us to discriminate between three possible models for the origin of the solar system. We will examine these three models critically in the next section of the notes, so for the moment I will simply tell you what they are. The solar system may have come into existence: by haphazard accumulation, with the sun 'collecting' planets one at a time; through some uniquely catastrophic event, like a rare near-collision of two stars; or in an astronomically commonplace way (as in the now-accepted `nebular hypothesis') Of these three possibilities, the first can be immediately ruled out by the considerations I will discuss in the next section of the notes. The second, the hypothesis of catastrophic origin, had adherents in the early part of this century, but has been almost completely discredited by developments since that time, as we will see. The third of these, which envisages the formation of the solar system as a result of the condensation of a cloud of interstellar gas, is the present `best bet.'
Obvious Regularities.
Before we consider the three contending hypotheses in any detail, let us summarise the relevant information by making a careful summary of the regularities in the Solar System. They can be broadly classified into three categories: 1 Dynamical properties (the way things move): the orbits of the planets all lie in (nearly) the same plane. all planets orbit the sun in the same direction. (If you were above the solar system, looking down on the Earth's North Pole, the planets would appear to be orbiting the sun in a counter-clockwise direction.) the sun rotates in this sense. (almost) all the planets rotate in this sense. (Venus is an exception.) the rotation axes are nearly perpendicular to the plane in which the planets orbit. (most of) the moons of the planets orbit in or near the same plane as the planets do. (most of) the moons revolve around the planets in the same sense as the planets orbit the sun. (most of) the moons rotate in that same sense. the orbits of the planets are all nearly circular, rather than very eccentric. By the way, it is no surprise, and no sign of particular organization and order, that all orbiting bodies obey Kepler's Laws. If we were to abruptly introduce some new object into the Solar System tomorrow -- say, by capturing the runaway Planet Xarg as it coasted past -- any orbit it might take up would necessarily obey Kepler's Laws, which are merely a consequence of the laws of gravitation and Newtonian mechanics (Newton's three laws of forces). Noting that all objects in the Solar System obey these laws tells us nothing about their origin. The general similarity of their other dynamical properties presumably does, however. In summary, then, we have a flattened system with things moving in near circles and " spinning " (revolving and/or rotating) in generally the same sense. 2 Physical properties: First, a brief digression. It is certainly worth asking yourself how it is that we know some of the things I am about to tabulate. For instance, you should remind yourself how it is that we determine the mass of a planet. Once you know that, you can use its size (i.e. how big across it is: how do you get that?) to determine its density (i.e. is is like lead; or is it of low density, like water?) Knowing the density, we can draw some plausible conclusions about the composition of the planet, but it must be emphasised that some of the "facts" tabulated in our textbook and in other sources -- facts such as the statement that the planet Mercury has a relatively high abundance of iron -- are not known absolutely for certain. We have never yet been able to directly sample even the surface material of Mercury (nor, for that matter, have we been able to study the material deep in the core of the Earth). Keep in mind, therefore, that the facts tabulated here are of mixed quality. We certainly know the mass and diameter (and hence the average density) of each planet pretty precisely, and something about the general structure; but statements about the composition are correct only to a limited extent. For instance, a dense planet like Mercury cannot be made principally of light elements like hydrogen and helium; but the precise mix of heavier elements within it is not easily judged. There are other lines of evidence, like the presence and strengths of magnetic fields, so we are not working in the complete absence of helpful data, but many of the conclusions are inferential. It would be very helpful to visit more planets! Anyway, to specifics. The regularity in physical properties which we see in the planets is as follows: the inner planets are relatively small (about 1/100 the diameter of the sun), the outer planets are larger (about 1/10 the diameter of the sun) the inner planets are of high density (the Earth is five times as dense as water); the outer planets are of low density (Saturn is in fact less dense than water, so a scale model of it would float in your bathtub) the inner four planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are solid, rocky objects (we call them the terrestrial or rocky planets), with just a thin layer of gaseous atmosphere surrounding them the outer four planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) are called gas giants or Jovian planets: they consist of very thick, dense gas clouds (although there may be small rocky cores deep within the planets). the inner planets have few moons (Mercury: none; Venus: none; Earth: one; Mars: two). The outer planets have tens of moons, typically (although many of these moons are quite small). no inner planet has a system of rings; the outer four all do (but only the ring system of Saturn is conspicuous and impressive) the inner planets consist mainly of the heavy elements we find in abundance on the Earth: silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium, ... The outer planets are mostly hydrogen and helium, so in this respect they resemble the sun (which is roughly two-thirds hydrogen, and one-third helium, with only a little of everything else). in many respects, Pluto is enigmatic, and needs some special consideration. It is not clear whether it should be thought of as a planet like the others, or rather just as one of the larger chunks of comet-like `leftover' material found in large numbers in the outer parts of the solar system. 3 The spacing of the orbits: Bode's Law If you draw the solar system to scale, what you notice is that there is a `regular look' to where the planets are located (see the figure on page 199 of the text, for instance). The gap between each planet and the next is not constant, but increases in size as we move outward from the sun; there does, however, appear to be a predictable regularity to this behaviour. A couple of centuries ago, a man named Bode fiddled around with numbers until, in 1772, he came up with a so-called "law" (which is not really a scientific law at all). He did this at the time that only Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were known, and here is how he reasoned: write down a column of numbers, starting with 0, then 3, then doubling each successive number (giving 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, ...) to each of these, add 4 divide by 10, to turn the third number into exactly 1.0 (this means that we express distances from the sun in ``astronomical units.'' The Earth is, by definition, one astronomical unit from the sun.) It is now apparent that the calculated numbers give a pretty good approximation to the relative distances of the planets from the sun, as shown by the following table. Before examining the numbers, however, let us recognize that this particular piece of numerology is rather like that of Kepler, who tried to explain the spacing of the planets in terms of the `packing' of the five regular solids. But it differs, and is more powerful in principle, in the sense that it has predictive power: Bode believed that the law, once derived from an inspection of the properties of the known planets, could be used to predict the presence and position of planets beyond Saturn. Planet Calculated Value Actual Distance from Sun in A.U. Mercury (0 + 4)/10 = 0.40 0.39 Venus (3 + 4)/10 = 0.70 0.72 Earth (6 + 4)/10 = 1.00 1.00 Mars (12 + 4)/10 = 1.6 1.52 ??? (24 + 4)/10 = 2.8 2.77 (Ceres) Jupiter (48 + 4)/10 = 5.2 5.20 Saturn (96 + 4)/10 = 10.0 9.54 ??? (192 + 4)/10 = 19.6 19.19 (Uranus) Now, what does the table tell us? Well, one immediate problem with Bode's treatment was that he had to skip a step to get Jupiter to fit his law -- he recognized, or assumed, that the gap between Mars and Jupiter was `too big' to be explained by whatever simple law he might concoct. In essence, then, he made a bold prediction made that a "missing planet" would be found in that gap. Remarkably enough, in 1801 a new object was found at just about this distance! This was Ceres, the largest of the countless thousands of asteroids. (Ceres is only about six hundred miles across so had understandably been missed before. It is quite inconspicuous.) Bode's law had also apparently been confirmed by the discovery of Uranus, in 1781, a mere decade after he published his formulation. Since Uranus lies at 19.2 astronomical units from the sun, it seems to fit the law very well, a fact which must have excited Bode. Later on, however, Neptune was found to lie at 30.2 A.U. from the Sun. It does not fit, since the next value produced by Bode's Law is 38.8 A.U. The planet Pluto, at 39.5 A.U., may fit, if we simply ignore Neptune -- but how do we justify that? Moreover, the orbit of Pluto is not nearly as circular as the others; nor is it in the same plane. Should it obey the law or not? The bottom line of all this is that there seems to be some regularity in the spacing of the orbits, and that by fiddling around in imaginative ways with various formulations, Bode was able to reproduce some of the numbers. The physics behind this is elusive, however. Probably it tells us that it is not possible to have a solar system with many planets (say, 1000 of them) in closely-spaced orbits because the gravitational tugs between and among the planets would perturb the orbits. Perhaps the planets would collide and coalesce, or else some of them might escape from the system. This is a theme we come back to when we consider the earliest times in the solar system, when it was filled with a host of small chunks orbiting around -- and they did coalesce. Previous chapter:Next chapter
0: Physics 015: The Course Notes, Fall 2004 1: Opening Remarks: Setting the Scene. 2: The Science of Astronomy: 3: The Importance of Scale: A First Conservation Law. 4: The Dominance of Gravity. 5: Looking Up: 6: The Seasons: 7: The Spin of the Earth: Another Conservation Law. 8: The Earth: Shape, Size, and State of Rotation. 9: The Moon: Shape, Size, Nature. 10: The Relative Distances and Sizes of the Sun and Moon: 11: Further Considerations: Planets and Stars. 12: The Moving Earth: 13: Stellar Parallax: The Astronomical Chicken 14: Greek Cosmology: 15: Stonehenge: 16: The Pyramids: 17: Copernicus Suggests a Heliocentric Cosmology: 18: Tycho Brahe, the Master Observer: 19: Kepler the Mystic. 20: Galileo Provides the Proof: 21: Light: Introductory Remarks. 22: Light as a Wave: 23: Light as Particles. 24: Full Spectrum of Light: 25: Interpreting the Emitted Light: 26: Kirchhoff's Laws and Stellar Spectra. 27: Understanding Kirchhoff's Laws. 28: The Doppler Effect: 29: Astronomical Telescopes: 30: The Great Observatories: 31: Making the Most of Optical Astronomy: 32: Adaptive Optics: Beating the Sky. 33: Radio Astronomy: 34: Observing at Other Wavelengths: 35: Isaac Newton's Physics: 36: Newtonian Gravity Explains It All: 37: Weight: 38: The Success of Newtonian Gravity: 39: The Ultimate Failure of Newtonian Gravity: 40: Tsunamis and Tides: 41: The Organization of the Solar System: 42: Solar System Formation: 43: The Age of the Solar System: 44: Planetary Structure: The Earth. 45: Solar System Leftovers: 46: The Vulnerability of the Earth: 47: Venus: 48: Mars: 49: The Search for Martian Life: 50: Physics 015 - Parallel Readings.
Part 1:Part 2:Part 3:
Mystery destination!
(Friday, 28 January, 2022.)
|
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Agamemnon, His Daughter, and Abraham's Myth
The movie Troy, made in 2004, isn't really fair to Agamemnon of the House of Atreus. True, He really did have a falling out with Achilles, but that doesn't necessarily make Him a bad person or "unheroic." Hollywood has portrayed Him as an old, overweight, over indulgent, and even cowardly tyrannical thief, whose greed for power cannot be satisfied. But the fact of the matter is that we don't even know what He looked like, and the so called Mask Of Agamemnon is speculation at best, as it predates the Trojan War by hundreds of years. What we mostly know about Him comes from Homer. In The Iliad, Agamemnon is a fantastic warrior, whose courage and strength on the battlefield sent many Trojans "down to Haides," as Homer might put it. While Gods like Apollon had to teach Agamemnon a lesson in humility at times, He is hardly disgraced in the eyes of the ancients. While He does have His selfish points, He is considered a Hero, as all of the Homeric warriors are classified as such.
However, one of the most infamous myths about the man is concerning His daughter, Iphigenia. In the story, Agamemnon once again finds Himself at odds with a God, this time Artemis after He kills a deer in an area sacred to the Goddess (I myself have always believed deer to be sacred to Artemis, which is why I will not kill or eat them). Artemis steps in and sends the winds into unfavorable manifestations, literally beaching His fleet. To atone for His offense, Agamemnon decides on a human sacrifice of His own daughter. Only then, He thought, would Artemis allow the Greek navy to even begin sailing for the Trojan coast. In one version, He goes through with the sacrifice and the winds then open their course toward Troy. In another, Artemis replaces Iphigenia with a deer on the altar, thus saving her life and taking the sacrifice of the animal in her place.
One thing that's really interesting is how this framework mirrors the old testament story of Abraham, who was going to sacrifice his own son to God, but at the last minute, an angel sends his attention in the direction of a ram, which is sacrificed in his son's place. It is estimated that Genesis, the part of the bible in which the story occurs, was written around 1450 to 1400 BCE. While Agamemnon would have lived later, around 1260 to 1180 BCE, the Jews do not appear to have had contact with the Greeks until much later, around the 4th century. And, if Moses was indeed the author of Genesis, he is estimated to have lived anywhere from 1550 to 1200 BCE, meaning it's possible that Agamemnon predates him. Of course, there were many versions and oral traditions of the bible and Greek religious stories throughout the ages, so it's not possible to tell really which one of these stories may have been told first, and certainly no evidence that one stole from the other.
Agamemnon is one of those Heroes who comes to us through the good and the bad, meaning that sometimes, human Heroes are made through their triumphs and also their tragedies, especially if their tragedies are something they learn from and can be used to teach people valuable lessons. Agamemnon can teach us how to destroy our enemies, but also the importance of living a life with humility and compassion, as He spent a lot of time learning of the hardships of hubris and selfishness.
In the Goodness of the Gods,
Chris Aldridge.
|
Shifting Baselines: Registering the oceans' plight
When you think Chesapeake Bay, you might think of crabs served up in any number of tasty ways. If you were to travel back in time 200 years, you might have known the region better for its caviar.
That's right: caviar. From the same place that once was home to hammerhead sharks and so many water-cleaning oysters that colonial-era records describe sunken items as much as 30 feet deep being visible from the bay's surface.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography marine ecologist Jeremy Jackson immerses his audience in such perspective in a disturbing presentation he has given several times recently. Jackson has used history lessons to get the public to pay attention to an indisputable fact: The oceans as we know them are dying. Now he, fellow scientists and conservationists are getting help from Hollywood in the form of a public awareness campaign called "Shifting Baselines."
In this campaign, the term describes the gradual erosion of what people believe constitutes a pristine ocean, though the same diminishing standards could be applied to any terrestrial wilderness or way of life among peoples. The concerned parties behind Shifting Baselines -- including movie producer Gail Anne Hurd and marine biologist-turned-filmmaker Randy Olson -- want the reality of the ocean's demise to reach people conditioned to rate its health in terms of the availability of all-you-can-eat shrimp. They want to replace now-too-limited catch phrases like "Save the Whales" and "Dolphin-Safe" with action to stop the demise of entire ecosystems. Their evidence is just plain scary.
For as long as people have sailed the sea in ships, the ocean has languished under the dichotomy that it exists as both a toilet with infinite powers of absorption and as a food basket that never empties. Of the two, the former misconception is at least assailable by good visuals: oil spills that drench and kill seabirds, beaches closed because of sewage spills, chemical dumps that create algal blooms covering vast regions of water and so on.
But when Jackson and colleagues assembled their seminal study, published in the journal Science, they had to piece together scraps of information sometimes spaced hundreds of years apart. They relied in part on historical records and eyewitness accounts to portray the abundance of life in the oceans as it must have been in the past. Early explorers of the New World described seas filled with so many turtles that their numbers interfered with navigation. Old photos of the Southern California coastline show tidepools completely covered by abalone. In one early 20th century photo, an East Coast fisherman holds aloft a four-foot-long cod he just caught. He is obviously proud of the whopper he landed. Woodcuts from two centuries earlier show European fishermen with the cod they caught. Those fishes are taller than the people holding them. Because of overfishing, the average size of cod caught dropped from just over a yard before the Atlantic industry collapsed to between four and eight inches afterward.
Projections of future ecosystems include scenarios in which the dominant living marine creatures are jellyfish and bacteria, the rats and cockroaches of the ocean.
More examples of decline are contained on the group's new Web site, The before/after computer animation sequences you'll see come courtesy of special-effects giants Industrial Light and Magic, and Illusion Arts. The unusual pairing of science and the entertainment industry will use television and even comedy publicity stunts to get the public to think about the problem. A celebrity-judged show will take place in Los Angeles March 30, in which amateur comedians help offset the somber message of Shifting Baselines. With a cash prize at stake, they will riff on how their own baselines shift -- how their own standards lower, in other words.
How successful such tactics are at penetrating the public conscious remains to be seen. Tellingly, the first converts to the campaign's message are those who have already seen dramatic die-offs in their lifetimes: the commercial fishermen who can remember fish twice the size of those they catch now, the divers who remember coral reefs of 30 years ago densely populated with marine life. They grimace when first-time diving companions today marvel at the beauty of what little is left. The younger of them don't know what they're looking at are vestiges of what once was. Diminished experiences lead to diminished standards. This is how baselines shift. It takes the fast-forwarded view presented by Shifting Baselines for the ocean's problems to acquire immediacy.
A message of the campaign is that we can't wait decades to stop the damage from occurring, but another is that the oceans can come back. As farmers leave fields fallow, so too must the rest of us -- catchers and consumers of marine life -- learn to leave the ocean alone to regenerate. Recovery takes forms ranging from establishing no-fish zones to holding off on that swordfish taco. Jackson, Olson, Hurd and the rest have no delusion that such fundamental changes in the way we live will come easily.
It might be tough for the oceans' plight to register more than a blip with war on the horizon and terrorism at the back door. But at least now this problem has a face, a name and a compelling argument for action. Through Shifting Baselines, Jackson and friends have seen to that.
Monroe is senior science writer for UCSD's Scripps Institution of Oceanography Explorations magazine.
User Response
0 UserComments
|
Thursday, February 6, 2020
File Folder Books Revisited
This is just a short post to remind you about this great project.
Grade 1 started their Penguin file folder books yesterday. It occurred to me that these little books are not utilized enough.
The students were so excited to be creating their own book.
Using disk tempera paint we painted the front, back and pockets of the book, using the ideas I posted earlier the books are just adapted to be about Penguins instead of Polar Bears.
The Grade 1 teacher had stockpiled pre cut bookmarks, tabs, info sheets from previous books. This made it so easy to create a new one.
This was the original book that started it all.
This post details how to make a file folder book. With younger grades (K-2) I make the books ahead of time. Older kids can easily follow along and make the basic book.
Disk tempera paint works quite well to paint these books. Just decide on a basic palette of colours (4) that relates to the subject matter.
Inside is where the information goes using bookmarks, pictures, tabs, etc.
I use a clothespin to keep them closed when not in use. They also display quite nicely as they stand up on their own.
This post was about the Aztec file folder book I designed for a summer camp. It has different options.
and this post ( part 1, part 2) is about a Nature file folder book, again with different options.
In the past I have done a Frog life cycle file folder book, a Wetlands file folder book, an Iroquois file folder book, a butterfly life cycle file folder book, an Acadian culture file folder book, the Provinces and territories of Canada book, get the picture. These books are extremely versatile and once you start making them if you stockpile your supplies they come together very easily.
They also make use of all the leftover bits of paper you have from other projects. If you keep a tray box near the paper cutter to collect all 1-3.5 inch wide leftovers you will a stockpile in no time.
So please give these books a try.
|
Think of a world where you don’t need a separate testing environment, where you can test everything in production and capture valuable data that helps you improve along the way. The secret ingredient: feature flags.
What Are Feature Flags?
Features flags is a software engineering technique that lets developers integrate code constantly into the main trunk. It involves shipping incomplete features into production, which remain dormant until ready. Feature flags also take part in software delivery; when the feature is complete, the code can be activated at the flick of a switch.
Source de l’article sur DZONE
|
Jesus said that what goes in the mouth does not defile a man. So, why do some teach that there are unclean meats?
This post is also available in: हिन्दी (Hindi)
As for the clean and unclean meats, the Bible has ample evidence that there were clean and unclean animals from the very beginning of time. Noah lived long before any Jews existed, but he knew of the clean and unclean, because he took into the ark the clean animals by “sevens” and the unclean by “twos” (Genesis 7:1, 2). And after the flood, Noah’s sacrifice of a clean animal (Genesis 8:20) shows that he understood the difference between clean and unclean.
The death of Christ did not change or alter the health laws that were given in the Old Testament. In the New Testament, Revelation 18:2 refers to some birds as being unclean just before the second coming of Christ. Further, the Jew’s stomach and digestive system in no way differs from that of a Gentile. These health laws are for all people for all time.
In His service,
BibleAsk Team
Subscribe to our Weekly Updates:
You May Also Like
Did Jesus cleanse all animals in Acts 10?
This post is also available in: हिन्दी (Hindi)In Acts 10, God gave Peter this vision to show him that the Gentiles were not unclean, as the Jews believed. God had…
|
Cat Flu Symptoms In Kittens
Posted on
In most cases, it is viral in nature and highly contagious. Watching your cat or kitten suffer from flu is a stressful and unpleasant experience.
Cat Colds What Symptoms To Look For Cat cold, Cat
The most obvious signs of the condition are a runny nose, respiratory difficulties, sneezing and swollen and runny eyes.
Cat flu symptoms in kittens. Cat flu is a general term used to describe a common set of symptoms of the upper respiratory tract and is similar to the colds and flu that affects people. Humans cannot catch cat flu, and cats cannot catch human colds or influenza viruses. There are occasional occurrences of a severe form, especially in the us, but thankfully this remains rare.
Infected cats will require intensive nursing and support. Contact the vet right away if your cat has a high fever. Feline herpes virus is quite a fragile virus and luckily it does not live long in the environment, apparently for a maximum of 48 hours.
The illness isn’t all that different to the human variation. Cat flu is a general term used to describe a common set of symptoms of the upper respiratory tract and is similar to the colds and flu that affects people. Cat flu symptoms can vary and depend on which virus has caused the infection.
Cat flu is highly contagious and can spread from one feline friend to another via eye, nasal or mouth discharge. Can kittens survive cat flu? Symptoms of cat flu usually include upper respiratory distress.
Here’s more about this ailment. Here's what you need to know about cat sickness from the flu, and its symptoms. This disease is caused by one or more viruses including feline herpes virus 1 (fhv1) and feline calicivirus (fvc).
Cat flu is most common in young kittens, elderly cats, animals kept in crowded conditions such as a shelter, and stressed or immunocompromised cats. It is seen mostly in young kittens, senior cats, crowded environments such as cat shelters where close proximity to other cats as well as increased levels of stress increases the rate of. However, the feline calicivirus may remain in the environment and be infectious for up to 10 days if the conditions are right.
Both older cats and young kittens generally have weak immune systems. The simptoms just started today, am so worried about her. Causes of cat flu symptoms.
These viruses produces symptoms similar to the common cold in humans. Learn about the causes, signs, and symptoms of fevers in cats and what you need to know about taking your cat’s temperature and caring for a cat with a fever. These symptoms are likely to lead to your cat refusing to eat and drink, creating a very real danger of dehydration.
Kittens are more at risk from cat flu than adult cats. The disease is relatively complex and whilst there are a number of causal organism s, the most common are feline calicivirus (fcv) and feline herpes virus (fhv) or feline rhinotracheitis. It is seen most in young kittens, senior cats, crowded environments such as cat shelters where close proximity to
Cat flu germs spread in saliva, snot, sneezes and on items such as food bowls and bedding. Cat flu is an upper respiratory tract disease which can be caused by a number of different pathogens. Coughing and drooling can also be clear indications of cat flu or cat colds.
Causes of a fever in cats Just like in people, most cats can fight it off; Cat flu is extremely contagious and kittens most commonly catch it from their mother.
However, for more elderly animals, kittens, or cats with an underlying condition, it can be more serious. While cat flu generally doesn't cause death in cats, kittens are more susceptible to serious complications due to their undeveloped immune systems and the dangers of dehydration and weight loss, which can develop quickly. If you’ve ever been hit with the flu, you will have some sympathy for your cat.
Feline respiratory disease (also referred to as cat flu), is a common disease seen in unvaccinated cats. Cat flu is not usually serious in adult cats, however, all cats with symptoms of cat flu should see the vet. Think my eight week old kitten has cat flu, i phoned the vet today and he said that is prob what it is, she has a sore eye and is sneezing.
There is no cure for a viral infection however the cat can be kept as comfortable as possible by keeping it warm and treating the symptoms. However it can be serious, even fatal, in kittens, and in adult cats with other serious underlying illnesses. With cat flu, eye ulcers are often found and, particularly in kittens, can progress to cause serious damage to the eye.
The symptoms will not be exactly the same for all cats, and they do not necessarily show all of the symptoms. Cat flu affects cats of all ages and breeds. All cats with symptoms of cat flu should see the vet.
Drooling can be particularly upsetting for cat owners as your moggy's fur can become completely soaked in saliva. What are the symptoms of cat flu? This subjects them to certain agents that can pose a major threat to their health.
We cannot catch cat flu and they cannot catch our colds since the pathogens are completely different. The age groups that are often most affected for both humans and cats are the very young, the elderly, and those with weak immune systems. Cat flu is not actually caused by an influenza virus, unlike the flu that humans get.
Humans and cats present the same symptoms to the flu, but that is the only resemblance. It can affect cats of all ages but tends to be particularly severe in kittens and purebred cats. Can cats get the flu from humans?
A kitten only needs to catch one of these bugs to develop cat flu, but they will often catch more than one. Although fevers may be helpful in fighting disease, a fever higher than 106º f can damage organs. Cat flu is a severe upper respiratory disease that affects their eyes, ears, throat, mouth, and also causes tonsil infections.
Cat flu is not usually serious in adult cats, although they can be quite ill. The virus that causes cat flu is not fatal in healthy adult cats. The cause of cat flu infection is the virus being passed on from an infected feline, or picked up from the environment.
Cat flu is a general term for a highly contagious upper respiratory disease that affects cats and kittens. Cat flu is seldom fatal in previously healthy cats. If your cat or kitten has a sore looking or partially closed eye, seek immediate veterinary attention.
Feline influenza is similar to a nasty bout of the flu in people, and has similar symptoms and effects. I have to take her to the vet in the morning (going to cost a fortune with it being a sunday). Cat flu can make your cat quite ill, and while healthy adult cats will usually fight off the infection with time and veterinary care, young kittens, elderly cats and cats whose immune system has been weakened by another illness or condition.
Cats and kittens can be infected by either one or a combination of these. There’s nothing worse than seeing your beloved pet enduring the symptoms of nasty flu symptoms while you look on helplessly.
Pin on First Time Cat Owner Tips
Can cats catch a cold? A feline upper respiratory
Can Cats Get Colds? Our Vet Experts Take A Look At Upper
What you Need to Know about Cat Leukemia Feline leukemia
Caring for your sick cat Sick cat symptoms, Sick cat, Cats
Not only a bad whisker day Cats, Cat life, Animals
Distemper in Cats Feline distemper, Cats, Pet care
Cat Colds Explained [Causes, Symptoms, & What You Should
Pin on Herpes Cure
Pin on Health
Pin on Cat Care
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.
|
Readers ask: How Big Is Standard Printer Paper?
8.5 x 11 or letter size paper: 8.5 x 11 is the standard size for most printers. It’s also the size used for a wide range of standard documents, including magazines, catalogs, letters, and forms.
Is A4 regular printer paper?
It is the standard copy paper sheet and can be used in most home and office printers. A4 sheets have a width of 210 mm and a length of 297 mm. The size is printable in most common home and office printers and has become the standard copy paper sheet.
Is A4 the same as 8.5 x11?
A4 Paper is a standardized copy paper size established by the International Standards Organization. The paper dimensions are 210 x 297 mm. Throughout Europe and the world A4 is the close equivalent to U.S. letter size (8.5″ x 11″), but measuring 8.27 x 11.69 inches. These sizes are standard worldwide.
What is standard printer paper called?
A4 paper is the most commonly-used for printing and measures 210mm x 297mm. This paper comes in many different weights and with several different coatings, meaning there is an A4 paper that is suitable for any printing job.
Is A5 the same as 8.5 x11?
A5 Size. Letter size paper is 8.5 x 11 inches (215.9 x 279.4 mm), whereas A5 size paper is 5.8 x 8.3 inches (138 x 210 mm).
You might be interested: Why Wont My Printer Connect?
What are standard printing sizes?
North American Sizes The most popular formats of the traditional sizes are the Letter (8.5 × 11 inches), Legal (8.5 × 14 inches) and Tabloid (11 × 17 inches) formats. You more than likely use these formats in your everyday life. Letter is the standard for business and academic documents.
How much does 8.5 x11 paper weigh?
Some quick math and that works out to a weight of 5 pounds for a ream of 8.5” x 11” size paper.
When did 8.5 x11 become standard?
Until the 1980s, a wide variety of “letter” sizes existed, varying based on the manufacturer and the region where the paper was made. Then in the early 1980s, President Ronald Reagan made 8.5×11″ the official size for U.S. federal forms.
How tall is a standard sheet of printer paper in centimeters?
In centimeters: 21cm x 29.7cm. In inches: 8.27in x 11.69in.
How thick paper can a printer handle?
Generally, home printers can handle 80-pound or 10-dot thick card stock (a little thicker), and the paper may jam. Coatings are added to a variety of card paper to give the paper a smooth, polished appearance.
Leave a Reply
Quick Answer: How Do You Know If You Have An Inkjet Printer?
The simplest way to know what type is your printer is to open your printer’s dialogue box. There should be a maintenance or an options tab in this window. If button labeled as nozzle check, print head alignment or print head cleaning is present, then your printer is an inkjet printer. Contents1 What is considered […]
Readers ask: How Do You Change Printer From Offline To Online?
|
• Uncategorized
Derailed Projects
Constructionof Tellico Dam occurred between the year 1967 and 1978 in Loudon,Tennessee. The project was undertaken by the Tennessee ValleyAuthority and all the funding for the Tellico Dam came from thefederal government. Tellico Dam lies across the Little TennesseeRiver, which begins at the hilltops of Georgia and terminates whereit converges with the Big Tennessee River. The Tellico project aimedat exploiting the river’s resources by converting it into a waterreservoir with a length of about 33 miles and a capacity of 120,000acre-feet. The dam was constructed by the placement of concreteblocks across Little Tennessee River, which were then sealed up withmore concrete. Mainly, the reservoir was initiated as a way ofcontrolling floods, generating hydroelectricity (at Fort LoudonReservoir), creating employment, promoting housing, and supportingrecreational activities.
Theproblems that threatened to halt the construction of Tellico Damemerged even before the project had begun since it affected manypeople living within the vicinity of the river who relied on it andthe surrounding area for their work or livelihood. They includedfarmers, historians, fishers and archaeologists. They were the firstpeople to have a conflict with Tennessee Valley Authority’sproject. Moreover, in 1973, the snail darter fish was discovered inLittle Tennessee. Four months later, the Endangered Species Act of1973 was passed by Congress. Further on in 1975, the US InteriorSecretary added the snail darter fish to the list of animals thatwere endangered and stated that they were at risk of extinctionbecause of the Tellico Dam construction. Also, the EnvironmentalDefense Fund had cited the lack of a thorough environmental impactassessment as a primary concern for the project (Cannon, 2015).
Thefirst opponents of the project had tried to use congressionalhearings to push their agenda to no avail because the politicalsupport for the project was overwhelming. As such, they turned to theEnvironmental Defense Fund to file a suit. They managed to have theproject halted for a year before works resumed. During the period inwhich the project was stopped, Congress kept on funding the project.Next came the suit by Hiram Hill which sought to have the projecthalted because it violated the ESA. According to the plaintiff, theproject could wipe out the entire snail darter fish population.However, the Tennessee Valley Authority refused to halt theconstructions citing the cost implications and stating that theproject’s societal benefits outweighed the fate of a few fish. Thesuit by Hiram resulted in a court injunction that halted the TellicoDam project because it flouted the ESA (Cannon, 2015).
Sincethe project had significant political backing, amendments were madeto the Endangered Species Act of 1978 in the Senate to allow for someexceptions to be made. One of the changes included the institution ofa “God Committee” which was put in charge of developingexceptions for projects that had significant economic implicationsyet were held back by the ESA. Opponents of the project had tried toargue that it was a white elephant and that the government was losingmoney. However, political pressure ensured that the project wasexempted from the ESA. Subsequently, construction was completed in1979 (Cannon, 2015).
TheTennessee Valley Authority (TVA) should have conducted a thoroughenvironmental impact assessment test to determine whether the projectwould have any bearing on the life of flora and fauna found in thearea. The TVA failed to do so and ended up in a lengthy lawsuit.Moreover, environmental impacts should be mandatory and should play avital role during the planning phase of any project. Also, the TVAshould have offered to relocate the snail darter fish to alternativeponds or lakes to save it from extinction. Such a move would havebeen a cheaper option as opposed to litigation.
Cannon,J. Z. (2015). Environmentin the balance: The green movement and the Supreme Court. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
|
Italian students as a political actor. the policy impact of the recent
You get over it.
Political turmoil in Italy weighs on US markets
You carry it with you. It is an introspective and angst-filled admission, somewhat unusual for Italian Americans, who tend to vacillate between voluble romanticism and hardheaded pragmatism. It is a stylish, engaging, and thoughtful documentary of nearly years of history, chronicling the migration of a largely southern Italian population to America, beginning in the late s and following its winding path toward the American mainstream.
Giannini to Chef Boyardee. It plumbs the complexities of immigrant assimilation and American ethnic identity in relatively sophisticated ways. In addition to the discussion of famous Italian Americans and the thoughts of academic talking heads, the documentary tries to include the perspectives of average Italian Americans.
For this is their history, as much as it is the history of the wealthy and the successful. The loss of traditions and a psychic sense of displacement mix with the benefits of becoming a middle-class American.
TOP 65 Greatest Political Essay Topics
There are always two sides to every bargain. Italian immigrants began arriving in large numbers in the late s as relatively unskilled labor that helped fuel a booming industrial economy. These Italian workers seemed unlikely new Americans. Most of those early arrivals were young men leaving a semifeudal Italian South that held little in the way of opportunity.
They brought over their families and created ethnic enclaves in Northern cities and small industrial towns of Pennsylvania and Ohio. Each immigrant group possesses its own strategies for survival and success. For Italians, theirs rested upon two pillars: work and family.
Their work provided them a small economic foothold in American society and allowed them to provide for their families, which stood at the core of Italian-American life. Another paradox is that although Italian Americans tend to respect authority, especially the authority of parents and elders, they also harbor a suspicion of broader authority figures, such as univision houston reporters and the Catholic hierarchy.
This stems from the distrust of such authority in Italy. In America, the family stood as a bulwark against the larger, sometimes hostile, institutions. One finds many Italians becoming naturalized in the years to as war erupted in Europe.
Yet the war would prove to be the third key foundation of Italian-American assimilation. The stereotypical Hollywood wartime platoon usually included the Italian American from Brooklyn. Soldiers like Congressional Medal of Honor winner John Basilone, one of thirteen Italian Americans to win the award, became national heroes. Even in the s and s, however, Italians encountered prejudice and negative stereotypes.
Much of that was related to the Mafia. Often victimized by organized crime, Italian Americans also found their collective reputation tarnished by organized crime, even as they climbed the socioeconomic ladder. The book and the movie also provided a more unfortunate justification for organized crime: The business of Don Corleone and his family seemed to differ very little from the business of American capitalists.
There seems to be no end to mob-themed entertainment, yet there is no denying the greatness of some of the work or its popularity among Italian Americans, as well as the broader public. In the early s, a medical survey found its residents had a lower-than-average incidence of heart disease. Researchers argued that the explanation lay in the social cohesion of a community centered on large Italian families, the local Catholic church, and ethnic associations.
When researchers returned to Roseto years later, however, they found that heart disease rates were no longer exceptionally low, but rather in keeping with other nearby towns.After decades of political passivity, Italian students have massively mobilized in the years and to protest the implementation of two political measures fostering a neoliberal conception of higher education. More notably, the casus belli of these mobilizations concerned the implementation of a financial measure cutting public funding for higher education inaccompanied by a New Public Management NPM reform of university governance in Despite a high rate of participation, none of the two mobilizations managed to alter the political course of events.
The Italian government approved and implemented the two measures and the Italian student movement lost this political battle. In short, recent student mobilizations failed to produce any policy impact on the Italian field of higher education.
Why was this the case?
italian students as a political actor. the policy impact of the recent
My argument is that organizationally and politically fragmented protests are not able to influence policy issues that have a low public relevance, especially in periods of economic crisis and political austerity. I contend that this was precisely the case of the Italian student protests of and Location of Repository. Italian Students as a Political Actor. Topics:Higher education; Italy; policy impact; political salience; student protests.
OAI identifier: oai:siba-ese. Suggested articles.Being a student requires writing a lot of research papers, projects, essays, and assignments, right? So, a political essay itself is an ordinary essay on any kind of topic concerning political context. It means that you can write not only about politics strictlybut also choose a topic related to it. How about covering issues, like international relations, different kinds of political influence on various population groups, a wide range of social and political connections or your own unique topic concerning politics, its effects or consequences?
However, you should keep in mind that writing about any political issue demands accuracy and a lot of research work. A successful political essay requires complete awareness of what you are writing about. What is more, you may need to search for political essay examples to examine specific features of this paper.
Another crucial thing is the topic. Here you may find some helpful political essay topics to choose from or to help you come up with an exceptional idea. Here are some basic topics for your political essay. Loads of students go for writing a political ideology essay. Broader topics, on the other hand, cover connections between politics and other institutions like the church, religion, history, philosophy, etc. Usually, socialization topics cover various aspects of society and life.
These topics can be connected with peoples or particular groups of people regarding the political context. As those topics below are scientific, they most surely would demand reading a decent amount of literature about political history and its development. Argumentative topics are fascinating, right? Usually, there are two options available: for or against, yes or no, one side or the other. If you have strong beliefs about any political topic, you should give it a try.
Political corruption essay would be a good start, but there is no reason to avoid searching for other options…. Do you consider yourself to be a creative person? Do you enjoy dreaming and breaking the existing frames society lives in?Reduced government funding and higher operating costs are driving the need for change at universities.
The mismatch in employer needs and employee skills is leaving over seven million jobs unfilled in the U. These trends are opening the way for new approaches in higher education. Innovations in how post-secondary education are delivered, financed, and recognized are driven by a range of actors—from large public universities like Arizona State University to elite private institutions like MIT to the many relatively new education companies entering the sector like Make School, Courseraand Trilogy Education.
But to understand why these new approaches are emerging, we need to first look at what is driving them. One way students can evaluate whether to invest in higher education is through potential wage premiums—namely if what students would earn with their education is higher than what they would earn without it. An important element in understanding the return on investment of higher education is the cost of the degree.
The average wage premium in the EU and U. In the U. Tuition and fees have increased over 1, percent since the late s and the increase in the cost of food and housing was less than a third of that. Another aspect influencing recent innovations is the increase in tuition and fees, which stems from a mix of factors including reduced government funding and increased spending on amenities to attract students.
Universities are responding with cost cuts and seeking alternative revenue sources. For example, Purdue University has reduced its in-state student intake by approximately 4, over the last ten years—while increasing its out-of-state and international student intake by about 5,—as these students pay higher tuition largely without the need of financial aid.
In addition to reduced funding, rising costs, and decreasing wage premiums in places like the U. This skills mis-match is particularly acute in fields like computer science where real-world practice easily outpaces academic curricula.
Byone million computer science-related jobs will go unfilled, and many computer science programs at universities are outdated. In the words of one Make School college student attending its innovative tech program after taking computer science classes from the elite public university where he received a B.
There are currently seven million job openings and over 6. Of the job openings mentioned, 1. These major shifts in higher education are opening opportunities for new approaches and new actors to help support post-secondary learning and skill development.
There are six trends that are particularly notable.Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
Top 6 trends in higher education
The Renaissance is credited with bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and modern-day civilization. During the Middle Agesa period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in A. Some historians, however, believe that such grim depictions of the Middle Ages were greatly exaggerated, though many agree that there was relatively little regard for ancient Greek and Roman philosophies and learning at the time.
Inthe invention of the Gutenberg printing press allowed for improved communication throughout Europe and for ideas to spread more quickly. As a result of this advance in communication, little-known texts from early humanist authors such as those by Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio, which promoted the renewal of traditional Greek and Roman culture and values, were printed and distributed to the masses.
Additionally, many scholars believe advances in international finance and trade impacted culture in Europe and set the stage for the Renaissance. The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy, a place with a rich cultural history where wealthy citizens could afford to support budding artists.
Members of the powerful Medici familywhich ruled Florence for more than 60 years, were famous backers of the movement. Great Italian writers, artists, politicians and others declared that they were participating in an intellectual and artistic revolution that would be much different from what they experienced during the Dark Ages. Then, during the 15th century, Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to France and then throughout western and northern Europe. Although other European countries experienced their Renaissance later than Italy, the impacts were still revolutionary.
Some of the most famous and groundbreaking Renaissance intellectuals, artists, scientists and writers include the likes of:. Desiderius Erasmus — : Scholar from Holland who defined the humanist movement in Northern Europe. Translator of the New Testament into Greek. Rene Descartes — : French philosopher and mathematician regarded as the father of modern philosophy.
Galileo : Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer whose pioneering work with telescopes enabled him to describes the moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn. Placed under house arrest for his views of a heliocentric universe. Nicolaus Copernicus — : Mathematician and astronomer who made first modern scientific argument for the concept of a heliocentric solar system. Giotto : Italian painter and architect whose more realistic depictions of human emotions influenced generations of artists.
Best known for his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. William Tyndale — : English biblical translator, humanist and scholar burned at the stake for translating the Bible into English. Raphael — : Italian painter who learned from da Vinci and Michelangelo. Art, architecture and science were closely linked during the Renaissance.
In fact, it was a unique time when these fields of study fused together seamlessly. For instance, artists like da Vinci incorporated scientific principles, such as anatomy into their work, so they could recreate the human body with extraordinary precision.A new government led by the League and the Five Stars Movement represents a novelty and an element of unpredictability for Italy and Europe.
Political scientist Luca Tomini underlines a problem the EU might soon be confronted with: a new challenge to liberal democracy, that subscribes to a global and European trend. Published on May 25, in ArticlesCartes blanches. There is something completely new and different that is emerging in the Italian political laboratory. It has already happened, in history, that political formulas took shape and have been tested in Italy before being successfully applied elsewhere.
There is a long-lasting Italian propensity to export political models and solutions which is not always a positive one, we should note. On March 4 legislative election took place in Italy. Despite the fact that results had been predicted by the polls, it was a truly political earthquake. The Democratic party PDwhich had led the government during the past five years, suffered a clear defeat scoring only However, despite the excellent electoral result of two political forces up to that moment in the opposition M5S and the Leagueactually no coalition or single party won sufficient seats to form a government.
The center right was willing to form a government with the 5-star movement. The League did not want to form a government with the Democratic Party. The M5S was not willing to form a government with the entire center right coalition, but just with the League, or alternatively, with the Democratic Party which on turn was not willing to join forces with either the M5S or the League, but just to support a technocratic government.
After more than two months of stalemate and failed negotiations, the direct intervention of the President of the Republic forced the political actors to a compromise. When President Mattarella announced his intention to appoint a Prime minister that would have prepared Italy for new elections, at the last minute, the Five-star movement and the League finally started negotiating to create a new government. Eventually, Giuseppe Conte, a Law Professor without political experience, has been chosen by the two party as Prime Minister of the future coalition government.
For the first time a founding country of the European Union, the third largest economy in the euro area, will be governed by two political forces that do not belong directly or indirectly to the three traditional European political families: Christian Democrats, Socialists or Liberals. Uncertainty is high on what will happen, an much depends on the different compromises that the two political actors will reach in the course of their government activity.
Nevertheless, several critical issues might emerge in the following months: relations with the European Union, the economic policy, foreign policy, as well as decisions on security and migration. However, this carte blanche gives special attention to an underlying political issue that will probably mark the following government. Italy is probably going to open a new front in the battle on the very nature of contemporary democracies in Europe. Afteroptimism on the fate of liberal democracy was spreading out and some even foresaw that this model of political regime would triumph without any competition.
Today, the perspective is completely different: in particular, after the crises that hit Europe, and the growth of the economic and geopolitical power of non-democratic regimes, today the principle of authoritarian governance has gained new momentum all over the world.
We should be aware of the fact that this model is gathering new supporters all around Europe, among governments and political parties. Technically, it is still a democratic system: elections are reasonably free, there is the possibility of participating in the electoral process and the possibility of political change. But in a delegative or illiberal democracy all checks and balances that prevents government from abuses of power, corruption, or misuse of public resources, in terms of judicial independence, respect for the Rule of Law, and media pluralism, are weak and someway controlled by the executive power.
Democracy should never be taken for granted.School legislation includes any federal, state, or local regulation that a school, its administration, teachers, staff, and constituents are required to follow. This legislation is intended to guide administrators and teachers in the daily operations of the school district. School districts sometimes feel inundated by new mandates. Sometimes a well-intended piece of legislation may have unintended negative ramifications.
When this occurs, administrators and teachers should lobby the governing body to make changes or improvements to the legislation. Each of these laws must be adhered to by virtually every school in the United States. Federal laws exist as a common means to address a substantial issue. Many of these issues involve the infringement of student rights and were enacted to protect those rights. State laws on education vary from state to state.
An education-related law in Wyoming may not be an enacted law in South Carolina. State legislation related to education often mirror the controlling parties core philosophies on education. This creates a myriad of varying policies across states. State laws regulate issues such as teacher retirement, teacher evaluations, charter schools, state testing requirements, required learning standards, and much more. At the core of every school district is the local school board. Local school boards have the power to create policies and regulations specifically for their district.
These policies are constantly revised, and new policies may be added yearly. School boards and school administrators must keep track of the revisions and additions so that they are always in compliance.
Legislative Field Placements & Social Work's Impact on Policy
In education, timing does matter. In recent years schools, administrators, and educators have been bombarded with well-intended legislation.
Policymakers must be attentively aware of the volume of education measures allowed to move forward each year. Schools have been overwhelmed with the sheer number of legislative mandates. With so many changes, it has been almost impossible to do any one thing well.
Legislation at any level must be rolled out in a balanced approach. Trying to implement a plethora of legislative mandates makes it almost impossible to give any measure a chance to be successful. School legislation at any level should only be passed if there is comprehensive research to prove that it will work.
A policymaker's first commitment in regards to education legislation is to the children in our education system. Students should benefit from any legislative measure either directly or indirectly.
|
DEV Community
Cover image for CSS the :not() selector
Kars van Iersel
Kars van Iersel
Posted on • Updated on • Originally published at
CSS the :not() selector
In my previous post
I wrote a bit about the :not() selector and I got a lot feedback that people never heard of this element. So I figured I would dedicate a post just to the :not() CSS selector.
What is the :not() selector in CSS?
The :not() is a CSS pseudo-class that targets elements that do not match the selector given. Since it prevents specific items from being selected, it is known as the negation pseudo-class.
In essence you can target anything except what you put in the :not() selector.
Lets look at a quick example:
:not() rules
There are a couple of rules when using the :not() selector. You should keep this in mind when using the :not() selector in your projects, cause they could cause unsual outcomes that have you burn hours trying to figure them out.
• You cannot nest the :not() pseudo-class, which means you cannot do :not(:not(...))
• You cannot use it with pseudo-elements such as ::before and ::after. It will work with :first-child and :last-child since they are simple selectors.
• Using the :not() selector can increase the specificity of a rule. #foo:not(#bar) will match the same element as the simpler #foo but with a higher specificity.
• Using just :not(.class) will match anything that isn't .class including <html> and <body>.
• The :not() selector only applies to one element; you cannot use it to exclude all ancestors. body :not(table) a will still apply to links inside of a table, since <tr> will amtch with the :not()
How to use the :not() selector with multiple classes
It is possible to use the :not() selector with multiple classes.
Normally you would just want to do:
p:not(.foo) {
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode
But maybe you want to avoid multiple classes? There are no real combinators with :not() and you cannot nest them. But you can chain them, which works similar to and.
p:not(.foo):not(.bar):not(.bold):not(.italic) {
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode
Tricks with :first-child, :last-child and :nth-child()
I use the :not() CSS selector most often with the :first-child or :last-child pseudo-class.
Think of having a list that you want to add some spacing to, but you don't want to last item to also have spacing at the bottom right? Well with :not() that is super easy to solve!
li:not(:last-child) {
margin-bottom: 20px;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode
This CSS will be applied to all <li> elements except the last child.
You could also do the reverse with :first-child
li:not(:first-child) {
margin-top: 20px;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode
Or use it with :nth-child()
li:not(:nth-child(2)) {
margin: 20px 0;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode
Here is a quick codepen sample to see it in action:
A lot of handy things can be achieved by using the :not() CSS selector. I know I use it a lot of times, for menus, list items and what not. Even flexbox grids!
I hope you learned something from this post, and hopefully you can enhance your CSS skills with this knowledge.
Let me know how you apply the :not() selector, I'm always eager to new learn tricks with it.
Discussion (1)
alohci profile image
Nicholas Stimpson
You should clarify the point about specificity. :not() is unusual compared to traditional pseudo-classes in having no specificity of its own, using that of its parameter instead. So #foo:not(#bar) has a specificity of 0,2,0,0 rather than 0,1,1,0. The newer :is() and :where() pseudo-classes similarly have specialised specificity rules.
|
Is a greener, faster and more decentralized alternative to Bitcoin possible?
VSRYPTO IS THE key to paradise, especially financial. At least that’s what the fans claim. Greedy intermediaries, like banks, will be replaced by smart contracts (self-executing rules) that run on blockchains (distributed databases). This will give birth to efficient and innovative financial services, collectively referred to as “decentralized finance” (DeFi).
Listen to this story
Enjoy more audio and podcasts on ios Where Android.
The foundations of this building are however fragile. Today’s blockchains may be coding masterpieces, but they’re also wickedly complex, power-hungry, and, perhaps counter-intuitively, centralized. Despite years of work, crypto developers are still trying to fully overcome the compromises inherent in technology.
You can think of banks as maintaining large, opaque databases that contain information about customers’ accounts and the money they contain. Depositors must have confidence that these institutions are acting in their best interests. Sometimes, however, banks may not: they may make bad investments and collapse; or they could freeze depositors’ accounts at the request of a government.
For their supporters, blockchains form the basis of a type of funding that avoids such problems. The account databases would be managed not by a central authority, but by the computers of those who use them. An account can only be frozen if a certain majority of those who maintain the blockchain commit to it.
For the system to work, publicly available blockchains have two special characteristics. One is a “consensus mechanism,” a way for users to agree on how to write new transactions to the database. The other is a set of incentives that keeps the system alive. The rewards must attract enough users to help maintain the blockchain. And the sanctions must deter them from attacking it, for example by impersonating many bogus users in order to overwhelm the system.
In the case of the Bitcoin blockchain, the carrot is a newly minted coin. Every ten minutes or so, hundreds of thousands of specialized computers called “minors” participate in a lottery to solve a mathematical puzzle. The computer that first finds a solution alerts the other miners and if they confirm the result, it updates the blockchain and gets paid (each puzzle solved is rewarded with 6.25 coins, which were worth at the time of writing. this item $ 308,270). Calculating the numbers also acts like a stick: the more chances minors want to win the lottery, the more money they have to invest in hardware and electricity. To rewrite the blockchain in their favor, for example by simulating a transaction, they would have to control more than half of the mining power. Yet designing such an attack would be expensive and likely bring down the system they seek to take advantage of.
This approach, called ‘proof of work’, is straightforward (when it comes to blockchains) and hasn’t really been hacked yet. But it has several big drawbacks. On the one hand, it does not evolve. Bitcoin can only handle seven transactions per second and the fees can be steep. The system has also developed certain forms of centralization. Most puzzle solving is done by a few large “pools”. These allow miners to combine their resources and increase the odds of winning the reward, but also give them the power to influence how the system evolves (as changes are often put to a vote). Plus, proof of work is energy intensive. By some estimates, Bitcoin’s power consumption is approaching that of Italy.
The thirst for power and centralization stem from the increasing returns to the proof-of-work scale. These push the miners to continue to develop. The more computing power they have, the more likely they are to win a reward. The bigger they are, the more they earn and the more they can develop.
Hence the quest for better blockchains. Chia, for example, is a system based on the “proof of space and time”. As with Bitcoin, the carrot is that participating users earn coins. Yet the stick is different: instead of wasting computing power, Chia wastes digital storage. However, it is not yet clear whether Chia will prove to be more sustainable and less centralized than Bitcoin if it becomes widely used.
Smart digital currency is therefore on another approach: proof of stake. Here, decisions about updating the blockchain are not made by a computer arms race, but by a vote among cryptocurrency holders. Voting power as well as the share of rewards depend on how much holders are willing to bet on the outcome. This stake can be destroyed if a participant misbehaves. In this system, the carrot and the stick are the cryptocurrency itself.
Proof of stake consumes much less energy. And its latest incarnations are much faster than Bitcoin: Avalanche, a blockchain that uses the approach, processes thousands of transactions per second. But he still has big problems. Coders have attempted to move Ethereum, the preferred blockchain for DeFi applications, from proof of work to proof of stake. Even Vitalik Buterin, one of the inventors of Ethereum, admits that the proof of stake is “surprisingly complex.” This means that a lot can go wrong, especially when nearly $ 100 billion of capital in DeFi applications has to tip over. After several delays, the coders hope to pass the milestone in 2022.
However, this system would still tend towards centralization. Bigger holders can reap more rewards, further increasing their holdings. This concentrates power among the early buyers of a cryptocurrency and could allow them to take control of the blockchain. Newer projects that use proof of stake try to find ways to avoid this. Hedera Hashgraph is governed by a consortium, much like the one that runs Visa, a credit card network. Avalanche and Tezos seek to ensure decentralization by facilitating the membership of “validators”, the participants who maintain the blockchain.
For critics, centralization is inevitable, even if energy inefficiency and complexity are not. The problem of increasing returns to scale will raise its head for any popular blockchain, predicts David Rosenthal, an early practitioner. “You’re wasting all of those resources to end up with a system controlled by people you have even less reason to trust than those who run mainstream financial institutions,” he says.
For others, a degree of centralization may simply be a price to pay for the other benefits of blockchains. Emin Gün Sirer of Cornell University, who co-founded Ava Labs, which created Avalanche, says the main benefit is that governments will have a harder time influencing blockchains than conventional banks. Kevin Werbach of the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania says the openness of blockchains facilitates the development of innovative financial services. Yet if the quest for better blockchains shows one thing, it’s that even in crypto-paradise, there is no free lunch.
This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the title “Build block better”
Source link
Comments are closed.
|
A drive-through or drive-thru (a sensational spelling of the word through), is a type of service provided by a business that allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars. The format was pioneered in the United States in the 1930s by Jordan Martin, but has since spread to other countries.
Drive-throughs have generally replaced drive-ins in popular culture, and are now found in the vast majority of modern American fast-food chains. Sometimes, a store with a drive-through is referred to as a "drive-through", or the term is attached to the service, such as, "drive-through restaurant". or "drive-through bank".
McDonald’s is the world’s first fast food restaurant chain to have drive-through. Sierra Vista, Arizona, was the first city to have a McDonald's drive-through. The first McDonald's drive-through was created in 1975 near Fort Huachuca, a military installation located adjacent to the city—to serve military members who weren't permitted to get out of their cars off-post while wearing fatigues.
The original McDonald's was closed down and demolished in May 1999 and a new McDonald's replaced it. In the US, drive-throughs account for 70 percent of McDonald's business and the average drive through order is fulfilled in under three and one half minutes.
In 2010, the Casa Linda, Texas, franchise opened a drive-through/walk-up only store with no indoor seating although it has small patio with tables. The same company operates a walk-up only store front next to the West End Station of DART Rail.
According to en.wikipedia
|
Was Leif Erikson a Viking?
Was Leif Erikson a Viking?
Leif was the son of Erik the Red and his wife Thjodhild, and the grandson of Thorvald Ásvaldsson, and distant relative of Naddodd, who discovered Iceland. He was a Viking in the early days. His year of birth is most often given as c. 970 or c. 980.
Did Vikings meet Mongols?
So no, there was no Mongol-Viking encounter. They did meet the Turkic-speaking peoples of Southern Russia, though. The Mongols started their expansion out of Mongolia with Genghis Khan in the early years of the 13th century.
Did Vikings meet Romans?
The Rise of the Vikings Viking warriors and Roman legionnaires (also known as legionaries) never encountered each other in battle. Not only had the Roman Empire steered clear of Scandinavia, but they also lived centuries apart.
Who came first the Vikings or the Mongols?
The rise of the Mongol Empire came long after the Vikings. (1066 is generally given as the last date for the Viking expansion while the Mongol expansion is generally given as starting 1206, long after the Viking era).
Who would win the Mongols or the Vikings?
The Mongols were quite strong on the local steppes of Asia and Europe while the Vikings were Masters of the Sea. But in general, if the terrain would allow horseback fighting then the Mongols would win as they were almost born with a horse between their legs. While Vikings would definitely be ad an advantage at sea.
Were the Vikings more brutal than the Mongols?
the Vikings were gentle compared to the Mongols. the Mongols at that time were worse than the Nazis or Japanese in WW2. the Vikings didn’t murder everyone in the city of York when they took it. the Nazis didn’t murder the entire populations of Warsaw, Rotterdam or Oslo.
Who defeated the Mongols?
Did the Mongols ever fight the Romans?
Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire took place in the spring of 1241 and again in the winter of 1241–42. They were part of the first great Mongol invasion of Europe. The Mongols did not advance far into the Holy Roman Empire and there was no major clash of arms on its territory.
Why didn’t Mongols invade Europe?
They chose not to go any further into Europe, because their conquests there were not as profitable as other potential areas much closer to Mongolia would be. They simply changed their priorities. However, Europe was gripped by paranoia for a long time. Fearing that the Mongols might one day come back.
What if the Romans fought the Mongols?
If the battle occurred in an open area, the Romans get annihilated. If it was hilly, the Mongols can set up ambushes or quietly encircle their enemy. During the conquest of China, it was reported that each Mongol soldier was using at least 3 horses and for some elite troops 6.
Did Genghis Khan conquer Italy?
The Mongols did not invade Italy during their European campaign. Lasting throughout the 1230s and 1240s, the Mongol forces were able to conquer large…
Who defeated Kublai Khan?
Ariq Boke
Why is Mongolia so weak now?
Originally Answered: Why is Mongolia, once the most powerful and feared empire, now very weak and not even a known country? It was mostly due to the division of the empire by Genghis Khans sons. After the mongol empire was divided into four major pieces they all slowly but surely began to fall.
How many direct descendants of Genghis Khan are on the planet today?
Do I have Genghis Khan DNA?
Since a 2003 study found evidence that Genghis Khan’s DNA is present in about 16 million men alive today, the Mongolian ruler’s genetic prowess has stood as an unparalleled accomplishment. The other nine men are currently mysteries.
Are we all descendants of Genghis Khan?
One in every 200 men alive today is a relative of Genghis Khan. An international team of geneticists has made the astonishing discovery that more than 16 million men in central Asia have the same male Y chromosome as the great Mongol leader. ‘Y chromosomes belonging to different men vary slightly.
Why did Genghis Khan have so many descendants?
Is Genghis Khan Chinese?
What person has the most descendants?
1. Eve. According to the Biblical account, Eve is the mother of all humanity, giving her nearly 7 billion living descendants, and well over 100 billion since time began. However, a 1980 study suggests that an actual Mitochondrial Eve lived 100,000-200,000 years ago in Africa.
|
The Where, Why, and How of Data Collection
2 Chapter 1 | The Where, Why, and How of Data Collection
Business Statistics
A collection of procedures and techniques that are used to convert data into meaningful information in a business environment.
Chapter 18 provides an overview of business analytics and introduces you to Microsoft analytics software called Microsoft Power BI. People working in this field are referred to as “data scientists.” Doing an Internet search on data mining will yield a large number of sites that describe the field.
In today’s workplace, you can have an immediate competitive edge over other new employees, and even those with more experience, by applying statistical analysis skills to real-world decision making. The purpose of this text is to assist in your learning and to complement your instructor’s efforts in conveying how to apply a variety of important statistical procedures.
Cell phone companies such as Apple, Samsung, and LG maintain databases with information on production, quality, customer satisfaction, and much more. Amazon collects data on customers’ online purchases and uses the data to suggest additional items the customer may be interested in purchasing. Walmart collects and manages massive amounts of data related to the operation of its stores throughout the world. Its highly sophisticated database systems contain sales data, detailed customer data, employee satisfaction data, and much more. Governmental agencies amass extensive data on such things as unemployment, interest rates, incomes, and education. However, access to data is not limited to large companies. The relatively low cost of computer hard drives with massive data storage capacities makes it possible for small firms and even individuals to store vast amounts of data on desktop computers. But without some way to transform the data into useful information, the data these companies have gathered are of little value.
Transforming data into information is where business statistics comes in—the statistical procedures introduced in this text are those that are used to help transform data into information. This text focuses on the practical application of statistics; we do not develop the theory you would find in a mathematical statistics course. Will you need to use math in this course? Yes, but mainly the concepts covered in your college algebra course.
Statistics does have its own terminology. You will need to learn various terms that have special statistical meaning. You will also learn certain dos and don’ts related to statistics. But most importantly, you will learn specific methods to effectively convert data into information. Don’t try to memorize the concepts; rather, go to the next level of learning called understanding. Once you understand the underlying concepts, you will be able to think statistically.
Because data are the starting point for any statistical analysis, Chapter 1 is devoted to discussing various aspects of data, from how to collect data to the different types of data that you will be analyzing. You need to gain an understanding of the where, why, and how of data and data collection, because the remaining chapters deal with the techniques for transforming data into useful information.
What Is Business Statistics?
Articles in your local newspaper and on the Internet, news stories on television, and national publications such as The Wall Street Journal and Fortune discuss stock prices, crime rates, government-agency budgets, and company sales and profit figures. These values are statistics, but they are just a small part of the discipline called business statistics, which provides a wide variety of methods to assist in data analysis and deci- sion making.
Business statistics can be segmented into two general categories. The first category involves the procedures and techniques designed to describe data, such as charts, graphs, and numerical measures. The second category includes tools and techniques that help decision makers draw inferences from a set of data. Inferential procedures include estimation and hypothesis testing. A brief discussion of these techniques follows.
page30image27156352 page30image11456784
Excel 2016 Instructions:
Open File: Independent Textbook.xlsx.
Independent Textbook Publishing, Inc. Independent Textbook Publishing, Inc. publishes 15 college-level texts in the business and social sciences areas. Figure 1.1 shows an Excel spreadsheet containing data for each of these 15 textbooks. Each column in the spread- sheet corresponds to a different factor for which data were collected. Each row corresponds to a different textbook. Many statistical procedures might help the owners describe these text- book data, including descriptive techniques such as charts, graphs, and numerical measures.
FIGURE 1.1 Excel 2016 Spreadsheet of Independent Textbook Publishing, Inc.
Charts and Graphs Chapter 2 will discuss many different charts and graphs—such as the one shown in Figure 1.2, called a histogram. This graph displays the shape and spread of the distribution of number of copies sold. The bar chart shown in Figure 1.3 shows the total number of textbooks sold broken down by the two markets, business and social sciences.
Bar charts and histograms are only two of the techniques that can be used to graphically analyze the data for the textbook publisher. In Chapter 2, you will learn more about these and other techniques.
Independent Textbook Publishing, Inc. Distribution of Copies Sold
Descriptive Statistics
1.1 What Is Business Statistics? | Chapter 1 3
FIGURE 1.2 Histogram Showing the Copies Sold Distribution
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
page30image5185024 page30image5185216 page30image27169936 page30image27166688 page30image27175648 page30image27176544
Under 50,000
50,000 < 100,000
100,000 < 150,000
150,000 < 200,000
Number of Copies Sold
Number of Books
4 Chapter 1 | The Where, Why, and How of Data Collection
FIGURE 1.3 Bar Chart Showing Copies Sold by Sales Category
Social Sciences
Total Copies Sold by Market Class
100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000
Total Copies Sold
page31image4908224 page31image27119664 page31image27120224
Statistical Inference Procedures
Procedures that allow a decision maker to reach a conclusion about a set of data based on a subset of that data.
In addition to preparing appropriate graphs, you will compute a variety of numerical measures. Chapter 3 introduces the most important measures that are used along with graphs, charts, and tables to describe data.
Inferential Procedures
Advertisers pay for television ads based on the audience level, so knowing how many view- ers watch a particular program is important; millions of dollars are at stake. Clearly, the networks don’t check with everyone in the country to see if they watch a particular program. Instead, they pay a fee to the Nielsen company (, which uses statistical inference procedures to estimate the number of viewers who watch a particular television program.
There are two primary categories of statistical inference procedures: estimation and hypothesis testing. These procedures are closely related but serve very different purposes.
Estimation In situations in which we would like to know about all the data in a large data set but it is impractical to work with all the data, decision makers can use techniques to esti- mate what the larger data set looks like. These techniques arrive at estimates by looking closely at a subset of the larger data set.
For example, energy-boosting drinks such as Red Bull, Rockstar, Monster, and Full Throttle have become very popular among college students and young professionals. But how do the companies that make these products determine whether they will sell enough to warrant the product introduction? A typical approach is to do market research by introduc- ing the product into one or more test markets. People in the targeted age, income, and educational categories (target market) are asked to sample the product and indicate the likelihood that they would purchase the product. The percentage of people who say that they will buy forms the basis for an estimate of the true percentage of all people in the tar- get market who will buy. If that estimate is high enough, the company will introduce the product.
In Chapter 8, we will discuss the estimating techniques that companies use in new prod- uct development and many other applications.
Hypothesis Testing Media advertising is full of product claims. For example, we might hear that “Goodyear tires will last at least 60,000 miles” or that “more doctors rec- ommend Bayer Aspirin than any other brand.” Other claims might include statements like “General Electric light bulbs last longer than any other brand” or “customers prefer McDonald’s over Burger King.” Are these just idle boasts, or are they based on actual data? Probably some of both! However, consumer research organizations such as Consumers Union, publisher of Consumer Reports, regularly test these types of claims. For example, in the hamburger case, Consumer Reports might select a sample of customers who would be asked to blind taste test Burger King’s and McDonald’s hamburgers, under the hypothesis that there is no difference in customer preferences between the two restaurants. If the sam- ple data show a substantial difference in preferences, then the hypothesis of no difference would be rejected. If only a slight difference in preferences was detected, then Consumer Reports could not reject the hypothesis. Chapters 9 and 10 introduce basic hypothesis- testing techniques that are used to test claims about products and services using informa- tion taken from samples.
Market Classification
1.2 Procedures for Collecting Data | Chapter 1
Skill Development
1-1. For the following situation, indicate whether the statistical application is primarily descriptive or inferential.
“The manager of Anna’s Fabric Shop has collected data for 10 years on the quantity of each type of dress fabric that has been sold at the store. She is interested in making a presentation that will illustrate these data effectively.”
1-2. Consider the following graph that appeared in a company annual report. What type of graph is this? Explain.
1-6. Locate a business periodical such as Fortune or Forbes or a business newspaper such as The Wall Street Journal. Find three examples of the use of a graph to display data. For each graph,
a. Give the name, date, and page number of the periodical in which the graph appeared.
b. Describe the main point made by the graph.
c. Analyze the effectiveness of the graphs.
1-7. The human resources manager of an automotive supply
store has collected the following data showing the number of employees in each of five categories by the number of days missed due to illness or injury during the past year.
$45,000 $40,000 $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000
Food Store Sales
page32image4864640 page32image4863488 page32image26909360
Missed Days Employees
0–2 days 159
3–5 days 67
6–8 days 32
8–10 days 10
page32image4865600 page32image26912384 page32image26912496 page32image26912608 page32image4899968 page32image4901696 page32image26912720 page32image4904576 page32image4905152 page32image26912832 page32image26912944 page32image4903232 page32image4902464 page32image4907264
$0 Fruit and page32image4904192Meat and Canned Goods Cereal and page32image4903040Other
Construct the appropriate chart for these data. Be sure
to use labels and to add a title to your chart.
1-8. Suppose Fortune would like to determine the average
age and income of its subscribers. How could statistics
be of use in determining these values?
1-9. Locate an example from a business periodical or
newspaper in which estimation has been used.
What specifically was estimated?
What conclusion was reached using the estimation?
Describe how the data were extracted and how they
were used to produce the estimation.
Keeping in mind the goal of the estimation, discuss
whether you believe that the estimation was
successful and why.
Describe what inferences were drawn as a result of
the estimation.
1-10. Locate one of the online job websites and pick several
job listings. For each job type, discuss one or more situations in which statistical analyses would be used. Base your answer on research (Internet, business periodicals, personal interviews, etc.). Indicate whether the situations you are describing involve descriptive statistics or inferential statistics or a combination of both.
page32image26916192 page32image4912448 page32image4912640 page32image4905344
Poultry Department Dry Goods
1-3. Review Figures 1.2 and 1.3 and discuss any differences you see between the histogram and the bar chart.
1-4. Think of yourself as working for an advertising firm. Provide an example of how hypothesis testing can be used to evaluate a product claim.
Business Applications
1-5. Describe how statistics could be used by a business to determine if the dishwasher parts it produces last longer than a competitor’s brand.
outcome 1
Procedures for Collecting Data
We have defined business statistics as a set of procedures that analysts use to transform data into information. Before you learn how to use statistical procedures, it is important that you become familiar with different types of data collection methods.
Primary Data Collection Methods
Many methods and procedures are available for collecting data. The following are considered some of the most useful and frequently used data collection methods:
●● Experiments
· ●● Telephone surveys
· ●● Written questionnaires and online surveys
· ●● Direct observation and personal interviews
Monthly Sales
6 Chapter 1 | The Where, Why, and How of Data Collection BUSINESS APPLICATION Experiments
A process that produces a single outcome whose result cannot be predicted with certainty.
Experimental Design
A plan for performing an experiment in which the variable of interest is defined. One or more factors are identified to be manipulated, changed, or observed so that the impact (or influence) on the variable of interest can be measured or observed.
FIGURE 1.4 Data Layout for the French Fry Experiment
Food Processing A company often must conduct a specific experiment or set of experi- ments to get the data managers need to make informed decisions. For example, Con-Agra Foods, Inc., McCain Foods from Canada, and the J. R. Simplot Company are the primary suppliers of french fries to McDonald’s in North America. These companies have testing facilities where they conduct experiments on their potato manufacturing processes. McDonald’s has strict standards on the quality of the french fries it buys. One important attribute is the color of the fries after cooking. They should be uniformly “golden brown”— not too light or too dark.
French fries are made from potatoes that are peeled, sliced into strips, blanched, partially cooked, and then freeze-dried—not a simple process. Because potatoes differ in many ways (such as sugar content and moisture), blanching time, cooking temperature, and other factors vary from batch to batch.
Company employees start their experiments by grouping the raw potatoes into batches with similar characteristics. They run some of the potatoes through the line with blanch time and temperature settings at specific levels defined by an experimental design. After measur- ing one or more output variables for that run, employees change the settings and run another batch, again measuring the output variables.
Figure 1.4 shows a typical data collection form. The output variable (for example, per- centage of fries without dark spots) for each combination of potato category, blanch time, and temperature is recorded in the appropriate cell in the table. Chapter 12 introduces the funda- mental concepts related to experimental design and analysis.
Blanch Time
10 minutes
15 minutes
20 minutes
25 minutes
Blanch Temperature
100 110 120
100 110 120
100 110 120
100 110 120
Potato Category
1 2 3 4
page33image27080704 page33image27076896 page33image27072752 page33image27082496 page33image4856960
Public Issues Chances are that you have been on the receiving end of a telephone call that begins something like: “Hello. My name is Mary Jane and I represent the XYZ organization. I am conducting a survey on . . .” Political groups use telephone surveys to poll people about candidates and issues. Marketing research companies use phone surveys to learn likes and dislikes of potential customers.
Telephone surveys are a relatively inexpensive and efficient data collection procedure. Of course, some people will refuse to respond to a survey, others are not home when the calls come, and some people do not have home phones—they only have a cell phone—or cannot be reached by phone for one reason or another. Figure 1.5 shows the major steps in conducting a telephone survey. This example survey was run a number of years ago by a Seattle television station to determine public support for using tax dollars to build a new football stadium for the National Football League’s Seattle Seahawks. The survey was aimed at property tax payers only.
Because most people will not stay on the line very long, the phone survey must be short—usually one to three minutes. The questions are generally what are called
FIGURE 1.5 Major Steps for a Telephone Survey
Define the Issue
Develop Survey Questions
1.2 Procedures for Collecting Data | Chapter 1 7 Do taxpayers favor a special bond to build a new football stadium for
the Seahawks? If so, should the Seahawks’ owners share the cost?
Population is all residential property tax payers in King County, Washington. The survey will be conducted among this group only.
Limit the number of questions to keep the survey short. Ask important questions first. Provide specific response options when possible. Establish eligibility. “Do you own a residence in King County?” Add demographic questions at the end: age, income, etc. Introduction should explain purpose of survey and who is conducting it—stress that answers are anonymous.
Try the survey out on a small group from the population. Check for length, clarity, and ease of conducting. Have we forgotten anything? Make changes if needed.
Sample size is dependent on how confident we want to be of our results, how precise we want the results to be, and how much opinions differ among the population members. Chapter 7 will show how sample sizes are computed. Various sampling methods are available. These are reviewed later in Chapter 1.
Get phone numbers from a computer-generated or “current” list. Develop “callback” rule for no answers. Callers should be trained to ask questions fairly. Do not lead the respondent. Record responses on data sheet.
page34image27105296 page34image27105408
Define the Population of Interest
Pretest the Survey
Closed-End Questions
Questions that require the respondent to select from a short list of defined choices.
Demographic Questions
Questions relating to the respondents’ characteristics, backgrounds, and attributes.
closed-end questions. For example, a closed-end question might be, “To which political party do you belong? Republican? Democrat? Or other?”
The survey instrument should have a short statement at the beginning explaining the pur- pose of the survey and reassuring the respondent that his or her responses will remain confi- dential. The initial section of the survey should contain questions relating to the central issue of the survey. The last part of the survey should contain demographic questions (such as gender, income level, education level) that will allow researchers to break down the responses and look deeper into the survey results.
A researcher must also consider the survey budget. For example, if you have $3,000 to spend on calls and each call costs $10 to make, you obviously are limited to making 300 calls. However, keep in mind that 300 calls may not result in 300 usable responses.
The phone survey should be conducted in a short time period. Typically, the prime call- ing time for a voter survey is between 7:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. However, some people are not home in the evening and will be excluded from the survey unless there is a plan for conduct- ing callbacks.
Telephone surveys are becoming more problematic as more and more households drop their landlines in favor of cell phones, which makes it difficult to reach prospective survey responders. Additionally, many people refuse to answer if the caller ID is not a number they recognize.
Written Questionnaires and Surveys The most frequently used method to collect opinions and factual data from people is a written questionnaire. In some instances, the ques- tionnaires are mailed to the respondents. In others, they are administered directly to the potential respondents. Written questionnaires are generally the least expensive means of col- lecting survey data. If they are mailed, the major costs include postage to and from the respondents, questionnaire development and printing costs, and data analysis. Online surveys are being used more frequently for written surveys now that software packages such as Sur- vey Monkey are readily available. This technology eliminates postage costs and makes it
Determine Sample Size and Sampling Method
Select Sample and Make Calls
8 Chapter 1 | The Where, Why, and How of Data Collection
FIGURE 1.6 Written Survey Steps
Define the Issue
Design the Survey Instrument
Clearly state the purpose of the survey. Define the objectives. What do you want to learn from the survey? Make sure there is agreement before you proceed.
Define the overall group of people to be potentially included in the survey and obtain a list of names and addresses or e-mail addresses of those individuals in this group.
Limit the number of questions to keep the survey short. Ask important questions first. Provide specific response options when possible. Add demographic questions at the end: age, income, etc. Introduction should explain purpose of survey and who is conducting it—stress that answers are anonymous. Layout of the survey must be clear and attractive. Provide location for responses.
Send survey to a subset of the larger group. Include an introductory message explaining the purpose of the survey. If the survey is mailed, include a stamped return envelope for returning the survey.
page35image27027296 page35image27027408 page35image27027520
Pretest the Survey
Open-End Questions
Questions that allow respondents the freedom to respond with any value, words, or statements of their own choosing.
easier to format the data for statistical analysis. Figure 1.6 shows the major steps in conduct- ing a written survey. Note how written surveys are similar to telephone surveys; however, written surveys can be slightly more involved and, therefore, take more time to complete than those used for a telephone survey. You still must be careful to construct a questionnaire that can be easily completed without requiring too much time.
A written survey can contain both closed-end and open-end questions. Open-end ques- tions provide the respondent with greater flexibility in answering a question; however, the responses can be difficult to analyze. Note that telephone surveys can use open-end ques- tions, too. However, the caller may have to transcribe a potentially long response, and there is risk that the interviewees’ comments may be misinterpreted.
Written surveys also should be formatted to make it easy for the respondent to provide accurate and reliable data. This means that proper space must be provided for the responses, and the directions must be clear about how the survey is to be completed. A written survey needs to be pleasing to the eye. How it looks will affect the response rate, so it must look professional.
You also must decide whether to manually enter or scan the data gathered from your written survey. The approach you take will affect the survey design. If you are administering a large number of surveys, scanning is preferred. It cuts down on data entry errors and speeds up the data gathering process. However, you may be limited in the form of responses that are possible if you use scanning.
If the survey is administered directly to the desired respondents, you can expect a high response rate. For example, you probably have been on the receiving end of a written survey many times in your college career, when you were asked to fill out a course evaluation form right in the classroom. In this case, most students will complete the form. On the other hand, if a survey is administered through the mail or online, you can expect a low response rate— typically 5% to 10% for mailed surveys. Although there are mixed findings about online sur- vey response rates, some authors suggest that online response rates tend to be lower than rates for mailed surveys. (See A. Bryman, Social Research Methods, Fifth Edition, Oxford Univer- sity Press, 2015.) Therefore, if you want 200 responses, you might need to distribute as many as 4,000 questionnaires.
Define the Population of Interest
Determine Sample Size and Sampling Method
Select Sample and Send Surveys
1.2 Procedures for Collecting Data | Chapter 1 9
Overall, written surveys can be a low-cost, effective means of collecting data if you can overcome the problems of low response. Be careful to pretest the survey and spend extra time on the format and look of the survey instrument.
Developing a good written questionnaire or telephone survey instrument is a major chal- lenge. Among the potential problems are the following:
· ● Leading questions
Example: “Do you agree with most other reasonably minded people that the city should spend more money on neighborhood parks?” Issue: In this case, the phrase “Do you agree” may suggest that you should agree.
Also, since the question suggests that “most reasonably minded people” already agree, the respondent might be compelled to agree so that he or she can also be considered “reasonably minded.”
Improvement: “In your opinion, should the city increase spending on neighbor- hood parks?”
Example: “To what extent would you support paying a small increase in your prop- erty taxes if it would allow poor and disadvantaged children to have food and shelter?” Issue: The question is ripe with emotional feeling and may imply that if you don’t
support additional taxes, you don’t care about poor children. Improvement: “Should property taxes be increased to provide additional funding
for social services?”
· ● Poorly worded questions
Example: “How much money do you make at your current job?” Issue: The responses are likely to be inconsistent. When answering, does the respondent state the answer as an hourly figure or as a weekly or monthly
total? Also, many people refuse to answer questions regarding their
income. Improvement: “Which of the following categories best reflects your weekly
income from your current job? Under $500 $500–$1,000 _____Over $1,000”
Example: “After trying the new product, please provide a rating from 1 to 10 to indi- cate how you like its taste and freshness.” Issue: First, is a low number or a high number on the rating scale considered a
positive response? Second, the respondent is being asked to rate two factors, taste and freshness, in a single rating. What if the product is fresh but does not taste good?
Improvement: “After trying the new product, please rate its taste on a 1 to 10 scale with 1 being best. Also rate the product’s freshness using the same 1 to 10 scale. _____Taste _____Freshness”
The way a question is worded can influence the responses. Consider an example that occurred in 2008 that resulted from the sub-prime mortgage crisis and bursting of the real estate bubble. The bubble occurred because home prices were driven up due to increased demand by individuals who were lured into buying homes they could not afford. Many financial organizations used low initial interest rates and little or no credit screening to attract customers who later found they could not make the monthly payments. As a result, many buyers defaulted on their loans and the banks were left with abandoned homes and no way of collecting the money they had loaned out. Three surveys were conducted on the same basic issue. The following questions were asked:
“Do you approve or disapprove of the steps the Federal Reserve and Treasury Depart- ment have taken to try to deal with the current situation involving the stock market and major financial institutions?” (Dan Balz and Jon Cohen, “Economic fears give Obama clear lead over McCain in poll,”, Sep. 24, 2008) 44% Approve—42% Disapprove—14% Unsure
10 Chapter 1 | The Where, Why, and How of Data Collection
Structured Interviews
Interviews in which the questions are scripted.
Unstructured Interviews
Interviews that begin with one or more broadly stated questions, with further questions being based on the responses.
“Do you think the government should use taxpayers’ dollars to rescue ailing private financial firms whose collapse could have adverse effects on the economy and market, or is it not the government’s responsibility to bail out private companies with taxpayer dollars?” (Doyle McManus, “Americans reluctant to bail out Wall Street,” Los Angeles Times/Bloomberg Poll, Sep. 24, 2008) 31% Use Tax Payers’ Dollars—55% Not Govern- ment’s Responsibility—14% Unsure
“As you may know, the government is potentially investing billions to try and keep financial institutions and markets secure. Do you think this is the right thing or the wrong thing for the government to be doing?” (PewResearchCenter,, Sep. 23, 2008) 57% Right Thing—30% Wrong Thing—13% Unsure
Note the responses to each of these questions. The way the question is worded can affect the responses.
Direct Observation and Personal Interviews Direct observation is another proce- dure that is often used to collect data. As implied by the name, this technique requires researchers to actually observe the data collection process and then record the data based on what takes place in the process.
Possibly the most basic way to gather data on human behavior is to watch people. If you are trying to decide whether a new method of displaying your product at the supermar- ket will be more pleasing to customers, change a few displays and watch customers’ reac- tions. If, as a member of a state’s transportation department, you want to determine how well motorists are complying with the state’s seat belt laws, place observers at key spots throughout the state to monitor people’s seat belt habits. A movie producer, seeking infor- mation on whether a new movie will be a success, holds a preview showing and observes the reactions and comments of the movie patrons as they exit the screening. The major constraints when collecting observations are the amount of time and money required. For observations to be effective, trained observers must be used, which increases the cost. Per- sonal observation is also time-consuming. Finally, personal perception is subjective. There is no guarantee that different observers will see a situation in the same way, much less report it the same way.
Personal interviews are often used to gather data from people. Interviews can be either structured or unstructured, depending on the objectives, and they can utilize either open- end or closed-end questions.
Regardless of the procedure used for data collection, care must be taken that the data col- lected are accurate and reliable and that they are the right data for the purpose at hand.
Other Data Collection Methods
Data collection methods that take advantage of new technologies are becoming more preva- lent all the time. For example, many people believe that Walmart is one of the best compa- nies in the world at collecting and using data about the buying habits of its customers. Most of the data are collected automatically as checkout clerks scan the UPC bar codes on the products customers purchase. Not only are Walmart’s inventory records automatically updated, but information about the buying habits of customers is also recorded. This allows Walmart to use analytics and data mining to drill deep into the data to help with its decision making about many things, including how to organize its stores to increase sales. For instance, Walmart apparently decided to locate beer and disposable diapers close together when it discovered that many male customers also purchase beer when they go to the store for diapers.
Bar code scanning is used in many different data collection applications. In a DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) wafer fabrication plant, batches of silicon wafers have bar codes. As the batch travels through the plant’s workstations, its progress and quality are tracked through the data that are automatically obtained by scanning.
Every time you use your credit card, data are automatically collected by the retailer and the bank. Computer information systems are developed to store the data and to provide deci- sion makers with procedures to access the data. For example, a number of years ago Target executives wanted to try marketing to pregnant women in their second trimester, which is when most expectant mothers begin buying products like prenatal vitamins and maternity
clothing. (See Charles Duhigg, “How companies learn your secrets,” The New York Times Magazine, Feb. 16, 2012.) If Target could attract women to buy these products, then once the baby was born, the women would be likely to buy many other products as well. But Target needed a way to know when a woman was in her second trimester. Analysts observed that women on their baby registry tended to buy certain products in larger amounts early on in their pregnancy and other products later in the pregnancy. They found that pregnant women also tended to purchase certain types of products such as washcloths closer to their delivery date. By applying statistical analytics to the data they collect on their customers, Target was able to identify about 25 products that, when analyzed together, allowed them to assign each shopper a “pregnancy prediction” score. They could also estimate her due date to within a small window, so Target could send coupons timed to very specific stages of her pregnancy.
In many instances, your data collection method will require you to use physical measure- ment. For example, the Andersen Window Company has quality analysts physically measure the width and height of its windows to assure that they meet customer specifications, and a state Department of Weights and Measures physically tests meat and produce scales to deter- mine that customers are being properly charged for their purchases.
Data Collection Issues
Data Accuracy When you need data to make a decision, we suggest that you first see if appropriate data have already been collected, because it is usually faster and less expensive to use existing data than to collect data yourself. However, before you rely on data that were col- lected by someone else for another purpose, you need to check out the source to make sure that the data were collected and recorded properly.
Such organizations as Bloomberg,Value Line, and Fortune have built their reputations on providing quality data. Although data errors are occasionally encountered, they are few and far between. You really need to be concerned with data that come from sources with which you are not familiar. This is an issue for many sources on the World Wide Web. Any organiza- tion or any individual can post data to the web. Just because the data are there doesn’t mean they are accurate. Be careful.
Interviewer Bias There are other general issues associated with data collection. One of Bias these is the potential for bias in the data collection. There are many types of bias. For exam-
An effect that alters a statistical result by systematically distorting it; different from a random error, which may distort on any one occasion but balances out on the average.
ple, in a personal interview, the interviewer can interject bias (either accidentally or on pur- pose) by the way she asks the questions, by the tone of her voice, or by the way she looks at the subject being interviewed. We recently allowed ourselves to be interviewed at a trade show. The interviewer began by telling us that he would only get credit for the interview if we answered all of the questions. Next, he asked us to indicate our satisfaction with a particular display. He wasn’t satisfied with our less-than-enthusiastic rating and kept asking us if we really meant what we said. He even asked us if we would consider upgrading our rating! How reliable do you think these data will be?
Nonresponse Bias Another type of bias that can be interjected into a survey data collec- tion process is called nonresponse bias. We stated earlier that mail surveys suffer from a high percentage of unreturned surveys. Phone calls don’t always get through, people refuse to answer, or e-mail surveys are deleted. Subjects of personal interviews may refuse to be inter- viewed. There is a potential problem with nonresponse. Those who respond may provide data that are quite different from the data that would be supplied by those who choose not to respond. If you aren’t careful, the responses may be heavily weighted by people who feel strongly one way or another on an issue.
Selection Bias Bias can be interjected through the way subjects are selected for data col- lection. This is referred to as selection bias. A study on the virtues of increasing the student athletic fee at your university might not be best served by collecting data from students attending a football game. Sometimes, the problem is more subtle. If we do a telephone sur- vey during the evening hours, we will miss all of the people who work nights. Do they share the same views, incomes, education levels, and so on as people who work days? If not, the data are biased.
1.2 Procedures for Collecting Data | Chapter 1 11
Briefly explain what is meant by an experiment and an experimental design.
In your capacity as assistant sales manager for a large office products retailer, you have been assigned the task of interviewing purchasing managers for medium and large companies in the San Francisco Bay area. The objective of the interview is to determine the office product buying plans of the company in the coming year. Develop a personal interview form that asks both issue-related questions and demographic questions.
A company has 18,000 employees. The file containing the names is ordered by employee number from 1 to 18,000. If a sample of 100 employees is to be selected from the 18,000 using systematic random sampling, within what range of employee numbers will the first employee selected come from?
Mount Hillsdale Hospital has 4,000 patient files listed alphabetically in its computer system. The office manager wants to survey a statistical sample of these patients to determine how satisfied they were with service provided by the hospital. She plans to use a telephone survey of 100 patients.
Describe how you would attach identification numbers to the patient files; for example, how many digits (and which digits) would you use to indicate the first patient file?
Describe how you would obtain the first random number to begin a simple random sample method.
How many random digits would you need for each random number you selected?
Use Excel to generate the list of patients to be surveyed.
Place your order
(550 words)
Approximate price: $22
Calculate the price of your order
550 words
Total price:
The price is based on these factors:
Academic level
Number of pages
Basic features
• Free title page and bibliography
• Unlimited revisions
• Plagiarism-free guarantee
• Money-back guarantee
• 24/7 support
On-demand options
• Writer’s samples
• Part-by-part delivery
• Overnight delivery
• Copies of used sources
• Expert Proofreading
Paper format
• 275 words per page
• 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman
• Double line spacing
Benefits of our college essay writing service
• 80+ disciplines
• 4-hour deadlines
• Free revision
• 24/7 support
Contact us anytime if you need help with your essay
• Custom formatting
• Plagiarism check
Get a paper that’s fully original and checked for plagiarism
What the numbers say?
• 527
writers active
• 9.5 out of 10
current average quality score
• 98.40%
of orders delivered on time
|
The most common forms of headaches include sinus headache and migraine. Headaches are common complaint for many people, but did you know allergy can be an underlying cause of your headaches?
Sinusitis is the inflammation of the hollow sinus cavities around the cheek bones, found behind the nose and around the eyes.
There are four different sinus cavities found in the human head:
1. Behind the eyes
2. Inside the cheekbones
3. Behind the bridge of the nose
4. Behind the forehead
Typically sinuses drain through the nose. When a sinus cavity becomes blocked, fluid and pressure can build, causing facial pain and/or headaches. If your headaches are accompanied by symptoms such as itchy watery eyes, sneezing or runny nose, they may be allergy-related.
There is evidence, along with our clinical experience, that suggests food allergy, sinusitis and allergic rhinitis may be triggers for recurrent or persistent migraines. Migraine headaches tend to be throbbing, often on one side of the head and can be aggravated by sunlight, noise, and accompanied by nausea. Some migraines can be provoked by food additives or naturally occurring food chemicals in non-allergic individuals.
The mainstay of treatment for migraines consists of medication to control or prevent inflammation or to treat the migraine episodes. However, for those who have allergic rhinitis or sinusitis, controlling allergies with sublingual immunotherapy, or allergy drops, and medication has often led to significant improvement in their allergies as well as their migraines.
Back to Top
|
Sex Discrimination
It is considered illegal when an employee is treated in a different way for the reason of her or his sex, and when the different treatment unconstructively concerns the conditions or terms of employment. The conditions and terms of employment consist of training and advancement opportunities, being fired or hired from a job, title, pay, and position (HG. org, n. d. ). The Civil Rights Act of 1964, particularly Title VII forbids wage discrimination founded on sex, making available a broader statutory protection of the right to equal pay.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has illustrated the following as the kind of evidence that would demonstrate sex-based wage discrimination: 1. The discriminatory use of wage-setting techniques such as market surveys or job evaluations, or application of a wage system or policy (Women’s Bureau, 1997, p. 204). 2. Barriers to equal admission to jobs (Women’s Bureau, 1997, p. 204). 3. The preponderance of circumstantial or direct evidence that wages are deliberately lowered for the reason of sex of occupants of the job (Women’s Bureau, 1997, p. 204).
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
In the spirit of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, and Civil Rights Act of 1964, Americans are open to have children without losing their employment. Under the latter law, employers who are employing no less than 15 workers are not permitted to: reject to employ a woman for the reason of her pregnancy; force a worker to leave or fire for the reason that she is pregnant; take away credit for preceding years, accumulated retirement benefits, or seniority for the reason of maternity leave, and; refuse to hire or fire a woman for the reason that she has undergone abortion (Lectric Law Library, n. d. ).
Religious Discrimination Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibits employers with at least 15 employees, including local and state governments from discriminating against persons for the reason of their religion in firing, hiring, and other conditions and terms of employment (HG. org, n. d. ). Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Employers are currently changing the ways of dealing sexual harassment in their company. No less than 40 percent of all women today report that at some point of their career they experienced being sexually harassed by an equal or superior officer (Emmployer-Employee. com, n. d. ).
Men, on the other hand account for about 11. 6 percent of all sexual harassment cases reported with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Emmployer-Employee. com, n. d. ). Employers can no longer assert that they were not aware regarding the sexual harassment for the reason that the employee did not notify them, nor can the employer assert that they were uninformed of the supervisor’s actions. Retaliation for a Discrimination Claim Several of the federal laws that guard employee rights include provisions that make it illegal for an employer to retaliate against an employee who participates in conduct which the law protects.
|
Often asked: How Big Do Mountain Lions Get?
What is the largest mountain lion on record?
Can a mountain lion kill you?
Are cougars and mountain lions the same?
How big is a big mountain lion?
You might be interested: Often asked: Why Are The Blue Mountains Important?
What state has the largest mountain lions?
Colorado and California have the highest estimated populations of mountain lions in the United States.
What to do if a mountain lion is stalking you?
1. Stop running / don’t run away.
2. Appear larger than you are.
3. Don’t crouch down.
4. Make eye contact.
5. Speak firmly and calmly.
6. Throw things.
7. Fight if there is an attack.
What are mountain lions scared of?
Their diet consists primarily of ungulates, especially deer, but also coyotes, raccoons, and other small to mid-sized mammals. As it goes with most wild animals, mountain lions are more afraid of you than you are of them.
Are mountain lions afraid of dogs?
What time of day do cougars hunt?
Most active at dusk and dawn, cougar can roam and hunt throughout the day or night in all seasons. They have ranges up to 300 sq km and may roam up to 80 km in a single day. During late spring and summer, one to two year old cougar become independent of their mothers.
Do mountain lions purr?
As adults, they growl, hiss and spit when they are displeased. When they are contented, they purr. Of course a full-grown mountain lion purrs about twenty times louder than that friendly puss who sleeps most of the afternoon at the foot of your bed.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What To Do Glass House Mountains?
Can a human fight a mountain lion?
Is a mountain lion a panther?
Mountain lion, puma, cougar, panther—this cat is known by more names than just about any other mammal! But no matter what you call it, it’s still the same cat, Puma concolor, the largest of the small cats. Here in Southern California they are commonly called mountain lions. You may have heard of the Florida panther.
How far can a mountain lion jump?
Leave a Reply
|
Technological Uncertainty & Fear
New technologies scare people. When a new technology comes along, we react to the uncertainties of what the technology will mean. We predict worst case scenarios, fear that some sort of physiological change that we cannot control may take place, and we worry that the new technology could destroy some part of social life. We can look back at many of these technological changes and laugh at the worries and concerns of people at the time, but the truth is that we see this occur over and over in response to technological change and we are guilty, or capable of being guilty, of the same fear.
Technological fear is tied to uncertainty. Thinking about putting computer chips directly into our brains to interface directly with the internet or some type of computer hardware and software is a good example of such a fear today. What will happen if our brains can be hacked? What will happen to media, information, and social connections if we all have chips in our brain. Will we still be human (whatever that means) if we merge our brains with silicon chips?
I am currently reading about the industrial revolution in the 1800’s and early 1900’s and while people were not afraid of computer chips in their brains, they were afraid of new technology and what it would do to people and society. In a previous book I read, Packing for Mars, Mary Roach explains that this same fear and uncertainty took place when people thought about space travel and zero gravity. Space travel required immense speeds and we didn’t know if the body and mind could handle such speeds. On top of that, no one knew what would happen in zero gravity to the human body. Would normal body functions still work without Earth’s gravitational pull?
Regarding our technological uncertainty and fear, specifically with ever increasing transportation speeds, Roach writes, “over the course of history, the same sort of anxiety has appeared every time a newer, faster form of transport has come along.” Scientists feared that trains would be too fast for people, that airplanes would be too foreign from any experience the body was evolved to handle, and that all kinds of other technologies and forms of transport would zoom and shake the body into jelly. When we are uncertain about a new technology fear can take over, and we worry about a range of impacts that could occur. Humans have been doing this since at least the industrial revolution, and with robots, computer chip implants, and other changes on the horizon, we are not likely to stop any time soon.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
Music Essay
345 words - 2 pages
Dramaturgical Analysis is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrcal presentation. An example is movies such as, love, suspense, and action. I believe in this theory for one reason, everyone has been in love so when you see a love movie you can relate to it.
The five examples of Nonverbal Communication are, gestures- when you motion to a person with your body instead of talking. Facial expressions- when someone ...view middle of the document...
Head Movments- when you move your head for example you like a certain type of music you move your head to the beat.Appearances- by the way you look people can tell if your ready to work or play. Deaf mutes talk everyday with there hands.
US Bureaucracy is a formal organization characterized by hierarchical authority, division of labor, explicit procedure, and impersonality. It supplies a rational means of attaining organizational goals because it contributes to coordination and control.
Violent and property crimes- people assult people everyday and cars are stolen about every other day. Prostitution-is more of women then man and it is also a crime. My opinion on the police is simlple, they are doing there job to the best of there abilities and I think they are really trying hard, but sometimes they go over board which means they have to take responsibilies for there action as well as people who are not in authority as the police are.
All I know about Deviance is that it is a kind of behavior that consist with crime and sometimes it is inherited by family members. It can esculate as far as getting in trouble with the law, or even go to jail. That’s all I could think of, if that’s not enough sorry need more help. This answer to this question is number four.
Essay On Medieval Music
492 words - 2 pages Free Medieval music refers to European music written during the Middle Ages. This era begins with the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD) and ends in the middle of the fifteenth century. Music was important in the Medieval time period because it was a major source of entertainment. There were no televisions or radios so people made up fairy tales and made music. Many instruments were created and used in making music. Classical music that was woodwindy
music review
575 words - 3 pages … " is at its same momentum."My Song 5" and "Let Me Go" are more of the darker songs, with a deep grunge feel but picks up toward the end with a different bass line that makes it two very memorable songs. The trio not only swoops the audience with their fun, lively music but in songs like "Go Slow" it contrasts a bit that surprise you pleasantly because of its pretty light and melodic sound. This effortless piece is so different from the rest
Industry Shifts, Music Business - Music 101 - Music Business
1245 words - 5 pages Shianna Moses Due 01/14/2018 Assignment 1, Industry Shifts Music Business 101 Industry Shifts; Compare and Contrast As society changes, our favorite music changes too, and variations in musical memes are passed down through the years. There has been a variety of drastic change throughout music history. Many styles of music have evolved into more aggressive lyrics and/or very explicit and vulgar wording to fit some American cultures. In contrast
Music Appreciation Journal Essay - Music Appreciation - Essay
1114 words - 5 pages Bailey Holtham Mar. 11, 2018 Project One Prof. Gewirtz Music is inevitable in everyday life. Throughout all genres and composers of music each has a different effect on one's mood whether he/she knows it or not. A new survey by Edison research says the average american listens to four hours and five minutes of audio each day. Exactly how that listening breaks down might surprise you sense no previous study has tracked all audio consumption
Advantages Of CLassical Music Assignment
543 words - 3 pages Throughout history there have been several genres of music. It is an important aspect of every culture, helping to define and shape it across the globe. Varieties range from Hip-Hop to R&B, Country, Gospel, and several others. One type of music that has produced countless numbers of classics is, Classical music. Classical music is a great choice for anyone who enjoys a mellower, relaxed sound. It has been known to soothe the soul, help
Censorship Of Music Essay
Music : Pros and Cons
281 words - 2 pages Many issues lie cooncering todays music. Parents complane about song lyrics and the message the song sends out to the youngsters of Americas society. Parents try to stop rappers like Eminem, Jay-z, and Ja Rule from curropting the minds of children. They say its gives them (children) ideas about drugs and crimes being that they are seeing there idols on tv rap about it. But on question i ask myself is are the parents right or are the rappers
678 words - 3 pages piece. The third arrangement “My Swedish Heart” was a Swedish style that combined both minor (sad) and major (happy) keys. It was a hard to define piece, it sounded happy to me. The fourth piece was also a Swedish piece written by Sivelöv, who was a professor at Copenhagen. It was inspired by Argentinean music. It was very rhythmic, especially in the 3rd movement. It made me feel as though I was watching a movie where someone was being chased
Does Music Affect The Brain?
785 words - 4 pages It is surprising that music is not used in more medical treatments, there are many things that we as a public are uninformed of, and one is that music can really improve our heath.Music is wired to the motor areas of the brain. The motor is the same part of the brain that helps us move. When we hear music, part of the signal flows up the motor cortex and creates a connection. Playing music has more of an impact than just listening to it. Levitin
Effects Of Music On Adolescents
2102 words - 9 pages Effects of Music on Adolescent Behavior Music is universal. In every culture, we express ourselves, particularly our thoughts and feelings, through music. It surrounds people and its broad usage closely relates to people's daily lives. Music is especially important in the lives of adolescents. It is influential to their identity and helps them define important social and subcultural boundaries. Music has the power to make someone
Music Effects On The Mind
1397 words - 6 pages Music to my Ears "And here's to you Misses Robinson, Jesus loves you more than you will know, whoa whoa whoa." For those of us who listen to eclectic types of music, you might recognize this catchy tune from one of Simon and Garfunkel's hit's "Ms. Robinson." You might wonder why the brain memorizes certain sections of songs or tunes, or why that chorus is stuck in your head all day long even if you don't like it. Scientist's believe that the
Law And Music Vanderbilt R.J.P
Music assignment analyzing a music piece that was assigned - Triton colllege and music - Assignment
556 words - 3 pages Artur Dzieszuta Music Contemporary Music The contemporary piece that I will be analyzing is Keep Ya Head Up by Tupac. After carefully listening to the piece many times, I was able to pinpoint many different musical elements in the song. The first music element that caught my attention was the tempo of the song. At the very beginning it seems as if the tempo is going to be fast and each note is going to be separated from one another very sharply
Napsters Effect On The Music Industry
Music : The Importance Of Uniqueness In Success
720 words - 3 pages A certain image or style is associated with all types of musical artists. A country singer would be expected to wear a cowboy hat, a rock star might never been seen without a guitar nearby, and a classical musician usually will be wearing a tuxedo during a performance. But, when it comes to music such as rap, one artist has definitely defined a unique style for himself. Lil’ Jon’s image is incomparable and consists of wild clothes, flashy
|
The Rostra is a rostrum located in the forum Romanum in Rome.
By order of Julius Caesar the square was rebuilt and then the rostrum was moved away to the different location but still in the Forum. It was built on a rectangular plan with dimensions of 29 and 30 metres. The base was 5 metre high. On the east side of the rostrum bows of ships were attached during the Lateran war. Later, some more elements of ships taken over after the battle of Actium between Octavian Augustus and Marcus Antonius were incorporated into the fountain.
Today, there are only some fragments of the fountain that remained in situ.
Fuente de la descripción: planerGO
Este objeto pertenece a The Roman Forum
Sitios similares por:
Barrio VIII Forum Romanum (14 regioni di Roma augustea)
Precio definiciones de precios gratuito
Coordenadas geográficas 41.8925582, 12.4841809
Dirección 00184 Roma, Via della Madonna dei Monti
Longitud 29.00
Anchura 30.00
Cómo llegar
|
. .
Population Invasion - A Threat to Ecosystem
1. Considering the case of Asian long horned beetle, do you think species invasion is a critical factor in ecology? Discuss your answer.
2. Farmers of Alapuzzha district in Kerala reported a successive defoliation of coconut leaves followed by a subsequent reduction in the fruit production. The initial investigation reports that, the condition is due to the attack of some new species which feeds on unopened leaf buds of the coconut palm. Being an agricultural ecologist, you are supposed to give awareness to the farmers of Alappuzha about the causative agent, its impact on the fruit production, and the control measures. Discuss
3. “Population invasion is a threat in Ecosystem”. Validate the statement with some examples.
4. Suppose that in an area an invasive species exist whose initial population density is around 150. Minimum number of individuals required for this population to establish a new population is 35. Let us say that this species exist in a habitat area of 400 km. Considering that you are a forest biologist, you would like to know what would be the spread of this species after 7 years in that area provided growth rate of the population to be 9 and dispersal rate to be 0.2?
Cite this Simulator:
..... .....
Copyright @ 2022 Under the NME ICT initiative of MHRD
Powered by AmritaVirtual Lab Collaborative Platform [ Ver 00.13. ]
|
Country Flag
Country Map
Download Country Documents
Locator Map
The islands were first populated by voyagers from either Samoa or Tonga in the first millennium A.D., and Tuvalu provided a steppingstone for various Polynesian communities that subsequently settled in Melanesia and Micronesia. Tuvalu eventually came under Samoan and Tongan spheres of influence although proximity to Micronesia allowed some Micronesian communities to flourish in Tuvalu, in particular on Nui Atoll. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, Tuvalu was visited by a series of American, British, Dutch, and Russian ships. The islands were named the Ellice Islands in 1819. The first Christian missionaries arrived in 1861, eventually converting most of the population, and around the same time, several hundred Tuvaluans were kidnapped by people purporting to be missionaries and sent to work on plantations in Peru and Hawaii.
The UK declared a protectorate over the Ellice Islands in 1892 and merged it with the Micronesian Gilbert Islands. The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate became a colony in 1916. During World War II, the US set up military bases on a few islands, and in 1943, after Japan captured many of the northern Gilbert Islands, the UK transferred administration of the colony southward to Funafuti. After the war, Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands was once again made the colony’s capital and the center of power was firmly in the Gilbert Islands, including the colony’s only secondary school. Amid growing tensions with the Gilbertese, Tuvaluans voted to secede from the colony in 1974, were granted self-rule in 1975, and gained independence in 1978 as Tuvalu. In 1979, the US relinquished its claims to Tuvaluan islands in a treaty of friendship.
The Tuvalu Trust Fund was established in 1987 to provide a longterm economic future for the country. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over a 12-year period. The contract was renewed in 2011 for a ten-year period. Tuvalu’s isolation means it sees few tourists; in 2020, Funafuti International Airport had four weekly flights - three to Suva, Fiji, and one to Tarawa. Tuvalu is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change; in 2018, sea levels in Funafuti were rising twice as fast as global averages.
Geographic coordinates
8 00 S, 178 00 E
total: 26 sq km
land: 26 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative
0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
<p>0.1 times the size of Washington, DC</p>
Land boundaries
total: 0 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
low-lying and narrow coral atolls
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 2 m
Natural resources
fish, coconut (copra)
Land use
agricultural land: 60% (2018 est.)
arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 33.3% (2018 est.)
other: 6.7% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
over half of the population resides on the atoll of Funafuti
Natural hazards
Geography - note
People and Society
11,448 (July 2021 est.)
noun: Tuvaluan(s)
adjective: Tuvaluan
Ethnic groups
Tuvaluan 86.8%, Tuvaluan/I-Kiribati 5.6%, Tuvaluan/other 6.7%, other 0.9% (2012 est.)
Protestant 92.4% (Congregational Christian Church of Tuvalu 85.7%, Brethren 3%, Seventh Day Adventist 2.8%, Assemblies of God .9%), Baha'i 2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, Church of Jesus Christ 1%, other 3.1%, none 0.2% (2012 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 29.42% (male 1,711/female 1,626)
15-24 years: 17.61% (male 1,031/female 966)
25-54 years: 37.17% (male 2,157/female 2,059)
55-64 years: 9.12% (male 427/female 607)
65 years and over: 6.68% (male 289/female 469) (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: NA
youth dependency ratio: NA
elderly dependency ratio: NA
potential support ratio: NA
Median age
total: 26.6 years
male: 25.6 years
female: 27.6 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate
0.85% (2021 est.)
Birth rate
22.97 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Death rate
8.04 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Net migration rate
-6.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Population distribution
over half of the population resides on the atoll of Funafuti
urban population: 64.8% of total population (2021)
rate of urbanization: 2.08% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
7,000 FUNAFUTI (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.7 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate
total: 29.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 68.07 years
male: 65.67 years
female: 70.59 years (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate
2.86 children born/woman (2021 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 98.8% of population
total: 99% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 1.2% of population
total: 1% of population (2017 est.)
Physicians density
0.91 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 91.8% of population
rural: 91% of population
total: 91.5% of population
unimproved: urban: 9.2% of population
rural: 9% of population
total: 8.5% of population (2017 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 20.6%
male: 9.8%
female: 45.9% (2016)
Environment - current issues
water needs met by catchment systems; the use of sand as a building material has led to beachhead erosion; deforestation; damage to coral reefs from increasing ocean temperatures and acidification; rising sea levels threaten water table; in 2000, the government appealed to Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation necessary
Environment - international agreements
signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 11.42 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 0.01 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 0.01 megatons (2020 est.)
Land use
agricultural land: 60% (2018 est.)
arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 33.3% (2018 est.)
other: 6.7% (2018 est.)
urban population: 64.8% of total population (2021)
Revenue from forest resources
forest revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 3,989 tons (2011 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 598 tons (2013 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15% (2013 est.)
Total renewable water resources
0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tuvalu
local long form: none
local short form: Tuvalu
former: Ellice Islands
etymology: "tuvalu" means "group of eight" or "eight standing together" referring to the country's eight traditionally inhabited islands
Government type
parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
name: Funafuti; note - the capital is an atoll of some 29 islets; administrative offices are in Vaiaku Village on Fongafale Islet
geographic coordinates: 8 31 S, 179 13 E
etymology: the atoll is named after a founding ancestor chief, Funa, from the island of Samoa
Administrative divisions
1 October 1978 (from the UK)
National holiday
Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
history: previous 1978 (at independence); latest effective 1 October 1986
amendments: proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the final reading; amended 2007, 2010, 2013; note - in 2016, the United Nations Development Program and the Tuvaluan Government initiated a review of the country's constitution, which was ongoing as of early 2021
Legal system
mixed legal system of English common law and local customary law
International law organization participation
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes; for a child born abroad, at least one parent must be a citizen of Tuvalu
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: na
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Acting Governor General Teniku TALESI Honolulu
(since 19 August 2019)
head of government: Prime Minister Kausea NATANO (since 19 September 2019)
elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from members of House of Assembly following parliamentary elections
election results: Kausea NATANO elected prime minister by House of Assembly; House of Assembly vote count on 19 September 2019 - 10 to 6
Legislative branch
description: unicameral House of Assembly or Fale I Fono (16 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 9 September 2019 (next to be held on September 2023)
election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 16 (9 members reelected)
Judicial branch
highest courts: Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and not less than 3 appeals judges); High Court (consists of the chief justice); appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Cabinet; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; High Court chief justice appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Cabinet; chief justice serves for life; other judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Cabinet after consultation with chief justice; judge tenure set by terms of appointment
subordinate courts: magistrates' courts; island courts; land courts
Political parties and leaders
International organization participation
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: none; the Tuvalu Permanent Mission to the UN serves as the Embassy; it is headed by Samuelu LALONIU (since 21 July 2017); address: 685 Third Avenue, Suite 1104, New York, NY 10017; telephone: [1] (212) 490-0534; FAX: [1] (212) 808-4975; email:
Diplomatic representation from the US
embassy: the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tuvalu
Flag description
National symbol(s)
National anthem
lyrics/music: Afaese MANOA
Economic overview
The public sector dominates economic activity. Tuvalu has few natural resources, except for its fisheries. Earnings from fish exports and fishing licenses for Tuvalu’s territorial waters are a significant source of government revenue. In 2013, revenue from fishing licenses doubled and totaled more than 45% of GDP.
Official aid from foreign development partners has also increased. Tuvalu has substantial assets abroad. The Tuvalu Trust Fund, an international trust fund established in 1987 by development partners, has grown to $104 million (A$141 million) in 2014 and is an important cushion for meeting shortfalls in the government's budget. While remittances are another substantial source of income, the value of remittances has declined since the 2008-09 global financial crisis, but has stabilized at nearly $4 million per year. The financial impact of climate change and the cost of climate related adaptation projects is one of many concerns for the nation.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$50 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)
$50 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)
$50 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate
3.2% (2017 est.)
3% (2016 est.)
9.1% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita
$4,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)
$4,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)
$3,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$40 million (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
4.1% (2017 est.)
3.5% (2016 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 24.5% (2012 est.)
industry: 5.6% (2012 est.)
services: 70% (2012 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
government consumption: 87% (2016 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.3% (2016 est.)
exports of goods and services: 43.7% (2016 est.)
imports of goods and services: -66.1% (2016 est.)
Agricultural products
coconuts, vegetables, tropical fruit, bananas, roots/tubers nes, pork, poultry, eggs, pig fat, pig offals
Labor force
3,615 (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation
note: most people make a living through exploitation of the sea, reefs, and atolls - and through overseas remittances (mostly from workers in the phosphate industry and sailors)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 20.6%
male: 9.8%
female: 45.9% (2016)
revenues: 42.68 million (2013 est.)
expenditures: 32.46 million (2012 est.)
note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
25.6% (of GDP) (2013 est.)
Public debt
37% of GDP (2017 est.)
47.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
106.7% (of GDP) (2013 est.)
note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia
Fiscal year
calendar year
Current account balance
$2 million (2017 est.)
$8 million (2016 est.)
$10 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)
$10 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Exports - partners
Thailand 50%, Indonesia 40% (2019)
Exports - commodities
fish, ships, coins, metal-clad products, electrical power accessories (2019)
$70 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)
$60 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Imports - partners
China 32%, Japan 29%, Fiji 23%, New Zealand 6% (2019)
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, fishing ships, tug boats, other ships, iron structures (2019)
Exchange rates
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -
1.311 (2017 est.)
1.3442 (2016 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - production
11.8 million kWh (2011 est.)
Electricity - exports
0 kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - imports
0 kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels
96% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels
0% of total installed capacity (2014)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants
0% of total installed capacity (2014)
Crude oil - production
0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Crude oil - exports
0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Crude oil - imports
0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Natural gas - production
0 cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - exports
0 cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - imports
0 cu m (2014 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 2,000 (2018)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17.59 (2018 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 8,000 (2018)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 70.36 (2019 est.)
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: internal communications needs met; small global scale of over 11,000 people on 9 inhabited islands; mobile subscriber penetration about 40% and broadband about 10% penetration; govt. owned and sole provider of telecommunications services; 2G widespread; the launch in 2019 of the Kacific-1 satellite will improve the telecommunication sector for the Asia Pacific region (2020)
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands; fixed-line 18 per 100 and mobile-cellular 70 per 100 (2019)
Broadcast media
Internet users
total: 5,849 (2021 est.)
percent of population: 49.32% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 450 (2017 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.96 (2019 est.)
total: 1 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
total: 8 km (2011)
paved: 8 km (2011)
Merchant marine
total: 245
by type: bulk carrier 22, container ship 3, general cargo 32, oil tanker 21, other 167 (2021)
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): Funafuti
Military and Security
Military and security forces
no regular military forces; Tuvalu Police Force (Ministry of Justice, Communications, and Foreign Affairs)
Military - note
Australia provides support to the Tuvalu Police Force, including donations of patrol boats
Transnational Issues
|
Categories Bible
Quick Answer: What Does The Bible Say About Discipline?
How does the Bible say to discipline your child?
What is the rod of discipline?
Why does God discipline those loves?
God disciplines those he loves – Because He is Our Parent
If you are a parent, and your child does something wrong, then it is your responsibility to punish your child. You do not punish your child because you hate them and want to see them suffer. If that is the case for you as a parent then you need Jesus.
You might be interested: Readers ask: What Was Moses Role In The Bible?
What does spiritual discipline mean?
Why do we need to be discipline?
Discipline provides people with rules to live their lives efficiently and effectively. When you have discipline in your life you can make small sacrifices in the present for a better life in the future. Discipline creates habits, habits make routines, and routines become who you are daily.
What does God say about raising a child?
“Train up a child in the way he should go; even when he is old he will not depart from it.” “All your children shall be taught by the Lord, and great shall be the peace of your children.” “Jesus said, ‘Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these. ‘ ”
What does it mean to spare the rod and spoil the child?
old-fashioned saying. said to mean that if you do not punish a child when they do something wrong, they will not learn what is right. SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases. Punishing & punishments. 6 дней назад
What Scripture says spare the rod spoil the child?
Save This Word! Discipline is necessary for good upbringing, as in She lets Richard get away with anything—spare the rod, you know. This adage appears in the Bible (Proverbs 13:24) and made its way into practically every proverb collection.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Were Nephilim In The Bible?
What does Thy rod and thy staff comfort me mean?
It means “with strength.” To comfort means to give strength, to comfort by increasing the power. The psalmist was persuaded that God would strengthen him and stimulate him so as to enable him to do what needed to be done.
Does God punish or discipline?
What is the meaning of discipline?
Discipline is the practice of making people obey rules or standards of behaviour, and punishing them when they do not. Discipline is the quality of being able to behave and work in a controlled way which involves obeying particular rules or standards.
How does the Lord correct us?
What are the 3 types of discipline?
• Preventative Discipline.
• Supportive Discipline.
• Corrective Discipline.
How do you develop discipline?
Developing Discipline
1. Get comfortable being uncomfortable. The definition of discipline is making yourself do something when you could be doing something more pleasant.
2. Start short, simple, and easy. Do the first few-second task.
3. Employ the Pomodoro Technique.
4. Forgive yourself.
5. The takeaway.
You might be interested: Question: What Is The Great Commission In The Bible?
How can Christians improve their life?
21 Ways to Build a Stronger Spiritual Life
1. Be a river, not a swamp. The Bible says: “Rivers of living water will flow from the heart of those who believe in me” (John 7:38, margin).
2. Identify blessings.
3. Be like Moses-speak words of blessing.
4. Nurture a shared prayer life.
5. Take a step of faith.
6. Restore someone’s faith.
7. Be a grateful person.
8. Share the journey.
1 звезда2 звезды3 звезды4 звезды5 звезд (нет голосов)
Leave a Reply
|
Monday, 13 July 2020
Incorrigibly plural
Plurals, more than one of something, are easy in English, aren't they? You don't have to worry about grammatical gender or whether the word is the subject or object in English; you just add "s."
One dog, two dogs, lots of dogs.
Photo credit: Markus Trienke
So far, so straightforward. But what about the women and children?
One woman, one child, two women, lots of children. Why don't we say "two womans" and "lots of childs," as we would in most European languages. Let's take the children first. A plural form in English is made up of two morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language. "S" is pretty small and it carries all the meaning we need = there is more than one of something here.
In "children," the morphemes are "child" and "ren." The only unfamiliar thing is "ren." It's a leftover from Middle English, the language of Chaucer, which uses "en" to make some plurals. We have a few we still use in Modern English, like "brethren" and "oxen," but they have mostly disappeared. Including, regrettably, "been," "toon," and "shoon," replaced by "bees," "toes" and "shoes."
What about the "r," I hear you ask. Ah, well, that is another Middle English way of making plurals and some dialects still use "childer" for children. Is as if at some point we decided there were just so many kids around we need two ways to pluralise them: child + (e)r+en.
Much language usage changes but I don't think we will see "childs" replacing "children" in my lifetime.
And the women? That's another way of making plurals: changing the vowel. "Man>men," "woman>women." These are not the only ones; think of "tooth>teeth," "foot>feet,""goose>geese."
No wonder English is considered a hard language by non-native speakers! Why do parts of the anatomy at different ends of the body pluralise by changing the vowels when pretty much everything in between just adds "s"? Arms, legs, lungs, kidneys, tummies. Imagine if they were "erm," "log," "lang," "kidnay," and "tommy."
Why is it "mouse>mice," "louse>lice" but not "house>hice"?
Anyway, there's another way for words ending in "f" sounds. Of course there is
"Calf>calves,"half>halves,""hoof>hooves." There is some argument about "roof" and "dwarf" with some people preferring "roofs" and "dwarfs" to "rooves" and "dwarves." But it's usually "elves" and "shelves" and "wolves."
An elf on the shelf,looking plural. Credit: A Knight Errant
Some words just give up on plurals altogether and move to a different word. So one person but two people, except in the expression "murder by person or persons unknown."
It's beginning to seem as if English plurals aren't so simple after all.
But now we come to my favourite thing ever in linguistics: the plural of "sheep." There are several words like this which appear not to change whether you have one or more than one. Another is "fish," although you can say "fishes" while nobody says "sheeps."
Remember how I said that plurals are made up of two morphemes? The noun and the morpheme that indicates plurality? Well - hold on to your hats - if you talk about lots of sheep, the word "sheep" is composed of the noun plus a zeromorph! Isn't that wonderful? It appears that there is no plural signifier there but it is provided by the context so that we know there's a hidden one all the time. It's that kind of thing that made me happy as a bee in clover studying Linguistics. Or several been.
Word ending in "o" tend to add an "e" before the pluralising "s." (Though the jury seems to be out on "avocadoes"). This can lead to back formations such as the one that tripped this fellow up.
"On June 15, 1992, Vice-President Dan Quayle altered 12-year-old student William Figueroa's correct spelling of "potato" to "potatoe" at the Muñoz Rivera Elementary School spelling bee in Trenton, New Jersey. He was the subject of widespread ridicule for his error."
What doesn't signify plural is an apostrophe. I almost put the Caps Lock on for that one.
Tomato's, Potato's, GCSE's - it hurts to write them. It's so common with vegetables that this is sometimes known as "the greengrocer's apostrophe."
But apostrophes need a whole Grammar Grandma post to themselves - and that's what you'll get next Monday.
Leslie Wilson said...
German:Frauen und Kinder.(women and children). English is a Germanic language; thus childer in English dialect. You also have Bild, Bilder (picture/s) Some German plurals have just -e at the end, some -en. Then there are dialect forms like ‘Schuach’ for plural of shoes as opposed to Schuhe. I’d be surprised if this wasn’t the case too in other Germanic languages.
LasseNielsen said...
|
Did you know that the Italian Constitution also talks about tourism among the various topics it covers? Let's have a look at its usefulness in practice for travellers.
The Italian Constitution is the result of long work by the "Constituent Fathers". In the aftermath of the Second World War, they faced a country devastated by the conflict. As well as representing the foundations of the country's civilisation and democracy, it recognises a fundamental role for Tourism, conceived in all its forms and from different angles. If you want to know more, just read on.
The Constitution of the Italian Republic - which I hope will be approved by the Assembly, with the most extensive possible suffrage, within the ordinary term provided for by law - will undoubtedly be worthy of our glorious legal traditions. It will ensure future generations a healthy and solid democracy and will draw from the past salutary lessons. Moreover, it will consecrate the fundamental principles of economic and social relations, which ordinary legislation - by attributing to work its rightful place in the production and distribution of national wealth - will subsequently have to develop and rule.
Enrico de Nicola
The Italian Constitution
The legislative body that drew up the text, or Constituent Assembly, consisted of 556 members, of whom only 21 were women. The main task of this special assembly was to create a Charter that would protect Italy from a repetition of horrors similar to those suffered during the world wars. In other words, it was a sort of ideological showcase for the political forces that drew it up in the name of anti-fascist, liberal principles aimed at limiting the king's powers.
Approved on 22 December 1947, Enrico de Nicola (then Provisional Head of State and first President of the Italian Republic) promulgated it on 27 December. It came into force on 1 January 1948. The Constitution is the essential text in Italy, the fundamental law that we can define, without any doubt, as the pillars on which all other regulations are based. It outlines the general principles that rule social life and the organisation of the State itself.
In a nation with a strong vocation for tourism and hospitality like Italy, the Constitution also dedicates space, directly or indirectly, to a fundamental activity to the country's economy: tourism. Let us see below how and why.
5. Protection and promotion of the environment, artistic and cultural heritage
Article 9 of the Constitution reads as follows:
«The Italian Republic promotes the development of culture and scientific and technical research. It safeguards the landscape and the historical and artistic heritage of the nation».
In other words, culture, research, landscape and historical and artistic heritage are indissoluble quadrinomial. The Italian State is actively involved in promoting and protecting the sectors expressly mentioned in the article. Protection is to be understood in the most active and proactive sense of the term, making Italian countless treasures accessible to all citizens and foreign visitors alike. Tourism in Italy is not a product to be sold, but rather an authentic soul made up of history and unique traditions. Wherever you come from, you will be enveloped in unique atmospheres and the warm embrace of welcoming people.
4. Free to travel on Italian territory
According to Article 16, «Every citizen may move and reside freely in any part of the national territory, subject to any restrictions which the law generally lays down for reasons of security. No restriction may be imposed for political reasons. Every citizen is free to leave and re-enter the territory of the Republic, subject to the obligations of the law».
Although this refers to the freedom of movement of Italian citizens to move within the national borders and beyond and then re-enter, it is implicit that the same freedom is also recognised for travellers coming from abroad. By planning your tour of Italy according to your preferences, you can identify the stages of your itinerary by following one themed route rather than another.
Starting from the classic cities of art (Venice, Florence, Rome or Naples), you can then choose religious destinations (Assisi, San Giovanni Rotondo, Montevergine or, again, Rome) or prefer the sea or the mountains for complete relaxation. Tourism sums up the freedom to travel for whatever reason you wish. There are those who take advantage of a business trip to enrich their cultural heritage or those who, in order to follow their team, never miss a chance to visit a city. Any reason is good to pack your suitcase and come to Italy: you will find everything you need and, above all, the freedom to express yourself at 360 degrees.
3. Tourism as wellness and health
Article 32, on the other hand, would appear to have no connection whatsoever with tourism and accommodation in Italy.
It states that «The Republic protects health as a fundamental right of the individual and in the interest of the community, and guarantees free care for the indigent». Health is no longer merely the "absence of disease or infirmity" but is a concept that goes hand in hand with tourism. Health represents a state of well-being, both physical and mental. A trip or holiday can undoubtedly contribute to this state or condition.
However, if we then want to dwell on the healthiness of tourism in Italy, we should mention thermal tourism in Fiuggi (Lazio) or Montecatini (Tuscany), among the most famous. Healthy is also the pure air of Trentino, Valle d'Aosta and many other green regions such as Umbria, not by chance called the green lung of Italy. Or, again, the uncontaminated nature of Sardinia in contact with Mother Earth. Sea or mountains, lake, hills or plains, Italy boasts an infinite number of places to live in total safety and in complete freedom in contact with landscapes unaltered by the hand of man.
The right to rest and holidays
According to Article 36, «A worker has the right to remuneration commensurate with the quantity and quality of his work and in any case sufficient to ensure a free and dignified existence for himself and his family. The maximum length of the working day shall be determined by law. The worker has the right to a weekly rest period and paid annual leave, which he may not waive».
In connection with Article 32 above, this article reiterates the importance of rest for workers. Holidays are nothing more than the condition of those who, not working, devote themselves to "doing nothing", better known as idleness. The latter is to be understood as the Ancient Romans otium, i.e. free time to be used to enrich one's soul and have experiences of a certain depth. Breathtaking landscapes, nature, 5-star food and wine, history, art and culture. What country, if not Italy, contains a concentration capable of ensuring a mens sana in corpore sano
What about stars in Italian hotels?
Before the constitutional reform of 2001, "tourism and the hotel industry" were a matter of shared competence and legislation between the State and the region. Tourism and the hotel industry were in former art. 117 from which the word tourism wholly disappeared. What does this mean for tourists? Concretely, it means that hotel classification standards, i.e. stars, do not follow the same criteria in Italy (apart from, of course, in other countries). Each region sets the minimum requirements for the assignment of the category. It is true in Italy but also in other countries such as Spain.
Therefore, before booking a stay, please read the hotel's website carefully and try to understand which services it offers and which it does not. This can be a very decisive factor when making a choice. Nowadays, however, people rely more on reviews from travellers who have stayed at the hotel than on classic stars.
Did you like this? Let us know
We recommend
We recommend
|
background preloader
The Idler
The Idler
Related: words, linguistics, semantics and semioticshumour
Project Bow's FAQ: Why is it called a lexigram when it looks like a word? At this point in his development, Bow no longer needs lexigrams. He is literate and he spells out his own words. Bow developed literacy at the age of five and half years. But before that, we used lexigrams. And our lexigrams looked kind of like this: Now, you might be thinking: "Hey, that's not a lexigram. So the question is: what is a lexigram and how do we recognize one? A lexigram is a symbol that stands for a word. Is the photo for the English word "banana" that I've posted above a "spelled-out" word or a holistic lexigram? Like beauty, whether or not something is a lexigram is in the eye of the beholder. Some Examples of Bow's Lexigrams in Both Hebrew and English Why use lexigrams? Chimpanzees cannot produce speech that humans can comprehend. In choosing lexigrams for Bow, I was following in the footsteps of Duane Savage-Rumbaugh and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. For this reason, I chose lexigrams in three standard human languages. A Brief History of Lexigrams From Trademarks to Lexigrams
Robert Wright (journalist) I would say so. Now, I don't think that precludes the possibility that as ideas about God have evolved people have moved closer to something that may be the truth about ultimate purpose and ultimate meaning... Very early on, apparently people started imagining sources of causality. 1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. Plot Generator Vice Magazine UK Mais j'ai atteint de nouveaux sommets de détestation lors de ma dernière exposition en date Une aventure incroyable au fond de mon cerveau avec le plus grand sorcier tantrique de l'Univers À la découverte des endroits les plus reculés de la Patagonie chilienne Faustino Barrientos a passé une grande partie de ses quatre-vingt-une années dans la plus complète solitude. Une épopée au cœur du vieux continent avec des clopes et pas de blé Photos par Nico Stinghe, stylisme par Marie Claude-Guay À force de lire le Tumblr de mon collègue Dormez plus tristes, je me demande souvent quel intérêt il y a à se lever le matin lorsque la plus grande joie que l’on puisse attendre de sa journée Le film pour enfants le plus invraisemblable des années 1990 était une putain de blague La Russie du troisième millénaire et les derniers vestiges du réalisme socialiste en images La page de Johnny Ryan Encore des embrouilles d'impôts en Italie - Libérez la gnôle - Plaisirs tantriques unisexes
Free Words Free Words in Free Press Exciting news: Free Words Forever will be the inagural volume of the new Free Press library. This summer and fall you are invited to contribute to the creation of an open-access publishing house, a "Free Press," to be launched at Röda Sten contemporary art center in Göteborg, Sweden. A project of artist Sal Randolph, Free Press will accept all kinds of writing from the public; contributions in any language can be as short as a single word or as long as an encyclopedia and can include manifestos, statements, documentations, studies, stories, recipes, poems and whatever you can imagine. "Even in the age of the internet, book publishing is a walled garden where editors and commercial interests filter out most of what is written," says Randolph. All participating manuscripts will be published as printed books in the Free Press series, available in the project's library and reading room at Röda Sten, where events and discussions will also take place.
Joseph Tainter Joseph A. Tainter (born December 8, 1949) is an American anthropologist and historian. Biography[edit] Joseph Tainter was born on December 8, 1949. Tainter studied anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley and Northwestern University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1975.[1] As of 2012[update] he holds a professorship in the Department of Environment and Society at Utah State University. Tainter has written or edited many articles and monographs. Social complexity[edit] According to Tainter's Collapse of Complex Societies, societies become more complex as they try to solve problems. When a society confronts a "problem," such as a shortage of energy, or difficulty in gaining access to it, it tends to create new layers of bureaucracy, infrastructure, or social class to address the challenge. For example, as Roman agricultural output slowly declined and population increased, per-capita energy availability dropped. Diminishing returns[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit]
Report: Majority Of Time In Pool Spent Urging Others To Enter Pool NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ—Far outstripping the amount of time dedicated to swimming or games, a report released Wednesday by researchers at Rutgers University found that the average person in a pool spends the vast majority of their time urging others to enter as well. “Across demographic groups, we found that an individual will typically spend 80 percent of their time in a pool engaged in various efforts to coax others into joining them in the water,” read the report, noting that roughly half that time is dedicated to making the case that entering the pool will be “fun” or “refreshing” and about a third is allocated toward playful commands or taunts such as “Come on,” “Stop being a baby,” or simply “Just get in already.” “The smallest amount of time is reserved for more aggressive tactics such as splashing people from the pool’s edge or just reaching up and pulling them in if they get close enough.”
New English Review Word Freak: Heartbreak, Triumph, Genius, and Obsession in the World of Competitive ScrabblePlayers There is a great moment in WORD FREAK when the author, Stefan Fatsis, considers his obsession with Scrabble and wonders if it's healthy. In normal literature, such a moment might be devoted to doomed romance or drug addiction. There's something wonderfully nerdy about the fact that in WORD FREAK it involves a board game. Fatsis originally planned to write WORD FREAK as a journalistic account of an odd but harmless subculture. In retrospect, Fatsis' decision was not only incredible, but also inevitable. If this sounds like a typical underdog story, it shouldn't. Fatsis' knowledge of the Scrabble world is hard earned. Fatsis works hard to be seen as a typical Scrabble player, but he never quite blends in with his peers. Fatsis is aware of the extra help he receives from the Scrabble world, and he repays it with an ever more fanatical interest in the game. Early in the book Fatsis decides that WORD FREAK is going to be a personal account rather than a scrupulously fair piece of reporting.
Charles Handy Charles and Elizabeth Handy. Charles Handy (born 1932) is an Irish author/philosopher specialising in organisational behaviour and management. Among the ideas he has advanced are the "portfolio worker" and the "Shamrock Organization" (in which professional core workers, freelance workers and part-time/temporary routine workers each form one leaf of the "Shamrock"). He has been rated among the Thinkers 50, a private list of the most influential living management thinkers. In 2001 he was second on this list, behind Peter Drucker, and in 2005 he was tenth. In July 2006 he was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws by Trinity College, Dublin. Life[edit] Born the son of a Church of Ireland archdeacon in Clane, Co. Handy's business career started in marketing at Shell International. Career[edit] He was Chairman of the Royal Society of Arts 1987–89.[1] Ideas and style[edit] Books[edit] He is the author of the following books: Personal life[edit] External references[edit] References[edit] see also
Humorist Bruce Jay Friedman Is One Lonely Guy—as Anyone Can Plainly See Loneliness is expensive. It takes a lot of money to keep it going. You need throw pillows. You've got to have cookies, liverwurst sandwiches. You have to have a TV set to lull you to sleep. What about your ear-drops bill... So consoles Bruce Jay Friedman in The Lonely Guy's Book of Life, a sort of hot tub of chicken soup for men caught in the cross fire between the women's movement and a sexual revolution that everyone else is enjoying. William Paley, or some Lonely Guy sympathizer at CBS, has paid in the six figures for TV rights. The other question is whether author Friedman, Lonely Guy-wise, is a poseur. The other testimonial to Bruce's popularity is that so many writers like a colleague so comparatively unblocked. It all began in the Bronx, where he was the son of a garment factory manager, trying out his comedy style on dates. The Friedmans separated in 1970 and then finally gave up two years ago in what Ginger calls "the friendliest divorce in history."
Dissent Magazine AMERICAN MUSEUM OF BEAT ART The Daily Mash | It's news to us
|
Effects of Gambling on Adolescents
Gambling has been a popular past-time in the United States, but has been suppressed for nearly as long. In the early 20th century, the U.S. had almost universally outlawed gambling, which led to the growth of organized crime and mafias. Fortunately, attitudes towards gambling have softened and laws against gambling have been relaxed in recent years. Still, there is no shortage of negative consequences related to this addiction.
Gambling is an activity in which people wager money or material value on a hypothetical outcome with the primary intention of winning a prize or money. There is some element of chance, consideration, and prize to gambling, but the results are typically evident within a short period of time. Legal gambling involves betting at gaming houses, which are businesses that offer gambling activities to the public. Such companies are regulated by gaming control boards. The following article discusses the effects of gambling on adolescents.
The main problem with gambling is that it involves uncertainty. People who gamble risk losing something of value and winning nothing. The outcome of these events may be determined by chance or the bettor’s miscalculation. However, in the UK, the legal gambling market was estimated to be at $335 billion in 2009. While the gambling industry is dominated by casinos and poker rooms, a wide variety of other activities can be considered “gambling”. For example, marbles players might bet on marbles instead of coins. Similarly, players of Magic: The Gathering game may place a wager on the value of their collectible game pieces.
|
why doesn;t intersexual selection lead to sexual dimorphism
Body size is further influenced by stabilizing selection. Intrasexual selection (success in gaining access to a territory) and intersexual selection (success in copulation and fertilization) can influence the same or different sexually dimorphic characters.
Why does intersexual selection often lead to sexual dimorphism?
Darwin argued that these dimorphisms evolve because extravagant ornaments and songs are preferred by the opposite sex (intersexual selection), whereas weaponry and large body size confer an advantage in competition with members of the same sex (intrasexual selection).
How is disruptive selection related to sexual dimorphism?
However, disruptive selection could also lead to other forms of evolutionary diversification, including ecological sexual dimorphisms. This is because sexual dimorphism, which can evolve quickly, can eliminate the frequency-dependent disruptive selection that would have provided the impetus for speciation.
What causes sexual dimorphism?
Why is Intra sexual selection stronger in males?
Typically, sexual selection is more intense for the sex that invests the least amount of energy in reproduction. Since sperm is energetically inexpensive to produce, males generally bear the brunt of sexual selection pressures.
What are the 4 types of natural selection?
Stabilizing, Directional, and Diversifying Selection. Stabilizing, directional, and diversifying selection either decrease, shift, or increase the genetic variance of a population.
Is sexual dimorphism stabilizing selection?
These traits have apparently diverged between the sexes as a result of directional sexual selection. Body size is further influenced by stabilizing selection.
What female animal is stronger than the male?
Females hyenas are larger and stronger than males, and direct where the groups go.26-Sep-2018
Are females larger than males?
In most animals, females are larger than males, but in most mammals, males are larger than females. A new analysis published in Mammal Review examines the potential drivers of these differences. In most animals, females are larger than males, but in most mammals, males are larger than females.08-Apr-2020
Why are males taller than females?
Rather, their growth spurt comes at the end of puberty, not the beginning. This delay gives boys the advantage of an extra two years of normal childhood growth before their final growth spurt. This is one of the reasons why adult men are on average 13cm taller than women.
Is natural selection random?
What are the 3 natural selection?
The 3 Types of Natural Selection
Stabilizing Selection.
Directional Selection.
Disruptive Selection.
What are the four basic principles of natural selection?
There are four principles at work in evolution—variation, inheritance, selection and time. These are considered the components of the evolutionary mechanism of natural selection.
Are female frogs bigger than males?
Female frogs are generally bigger than males
What is directional selection?
In population genetics, directional selection, or positive selection is a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype.
Which hypothesis can explain social monogamy in species without Biparental care?
Two hypotheses for the evolution of social monogamy even without parental care were proposed: (i) the territorial cooperation hypothesis; (ii) the extended mate-guarding hypothesis.
What animal is only female?
In some very rare cases, animal species reproduce via parthenogenesis exclusively. One such species is the desert grassland whiptail lizard, all of which are female. In certain insects, salamanders, and flatworms, the presence of sperm serves to trigger parthenogenesis.25-Aug-2020
What is the strongest animal in the world?
The strongest animals in the world are:
Strongest Mammal: Elephant – Can Carry 7 Tons.
Strongest Bird: Eagle – Carries Four Times Its Weight.
Strongest Fish: Goliath Grouper – Can Attack Adult Sharks.
Strongest Animal Relative to Size: Dung Beetle – Lifts 1,141 Times Its Weight.
More items•12-Jul-2020
What animal is the most protective mother?
Elephants may be the most protective moms on the planet. Herds of females and children usually travel together in a circle with the youngest member on the inside, protected from predators. If one child becomes an orphan, the rest of the herd will adopt him. Elephants also mourn their dead.11-May-2019
Why are male species attractive?
Attractive traits in males are indicators of higher testosterone, and attractive traits in females signal higher oestrogen. Both of these hormones are linked to fertility. Both sexes are usually heavily involved in parental care, so it makes sense that both have evolved to be beautiful.11-May-2015
Is being 5’6 tall for a girl?
Worldwide average height for women
What are the two key ingredients to natural selection
Leave a Comment
Your email address will not be published.
Shopping Cart
|
Disney Theme Parks Wiki
Walt Disney
Walt Disney.jpg
December 5, 1901; Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois
December 15, 1966 (age 65); Burbank, California; lung cancer
Film producer, co-founder of the Walt Disney Company
Chicago, Illinois
Political party
Christian (Congregationalist)
Lillian Bounds (1925-1966)
Diane Marie Disney; Sharon Mae Disney
Elias Disney; Flora Call Disney
7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B. DeMille Award
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901--December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as the Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately $36 billion in the 2010 financial year.
1901-1937: Beginnings
Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area, to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent. His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney," the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.
In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States, at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890, hometown of his brother Robert, who helped Elias financially for most of his early life. In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland. In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, who paid him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert. His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train, then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.
The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years before moving to Kansas City in 1911, where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer, who came from a family of theatre aficionados and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long, Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home. As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute, Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.
Teenage Years
In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city, where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute. He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.
After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross. Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory, in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career. After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio, where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks, and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists." However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone. While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator. The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business, and recruited a co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee. Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time, to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams," Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area. Through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram, for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks. Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money, Disney's studio became loaded with debt and wound up bankrupt, whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.
Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood, where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.
Alice Comedies
Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland, and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio, located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.
The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice, with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters, and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald--drawn and created by Iwerks--became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.
Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short, but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng--but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney--under contract, and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and lost most of his animation staff as a result, whereupon he found himself on his own again.
It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character. In 2006, the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.
Mickey Mouse
After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him. This new character was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City. Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate, although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul." Originally named "Mortimer," the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney, who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie--taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.
The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy, was a silent film, like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success, and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons. Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character, and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention. Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.
Silly Symphonies
Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance, was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers, and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty, with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.
Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks. Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.
By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences. Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s, was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons, to be replaced by United Artists. In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera, approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor. Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success, and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color. Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process, a period eventually extended to five years. Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933). The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf."
First Academy Award
In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse," a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937, with Goofy following in 1939. Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.
The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933. Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936--February 16, 1993).
1937-1941: Golden Age of Animation
"Disney's Folly:" Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse. Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity, by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date. When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio, and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly." Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera--a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.
All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937, and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.
Golden Age of Animation
Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio. Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi, as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, and Wind in the Willows. The shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time. Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.
1941-1945: World War II Era
In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities, where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, as well as home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.
In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.
1945-1955: Post-War Period
Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947), and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio. However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's, a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.
Disney and the Second Red Scare
Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare, Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman, and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.
Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.
1955-1966: Theme Parks and Beyond
Planning Disneyland
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951. This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.
As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train." Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Disneyland Grand Opening
Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview. Among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings, and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:
Carolwood Pacific Railroad
During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive (built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie) Lilly Belle in his wife's honor, and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.
Expansion Into New Areas
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country. In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club, debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings. During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp (the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty (the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, 101 Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.
Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956 when Disney shut down the responsible division, although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.
After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC, and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS. Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel, and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley, with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.
Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956. Partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song "The Ballad of Davy Crockett," he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.
Early 1960s Successes
By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s, and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.
Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include the Magic Kingdom, a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.
Mineral King Ski Resort
During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs, and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.
Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children. In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood. On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung. Five days later, a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung. After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years. After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California. On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer. The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.
Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.
The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:
He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, "Keep up the good work, boys." And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.
Hibernation Urban Legend
A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland. In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.
According to "at least one Disney publicist," as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.
Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney: Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science. However, his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."
Legacy: 1967-Present
Continuing Disney Productions
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star," she stepped up to the podium, accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody: what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?" "I think Walt would have approved," she replied. Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.
During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters, which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy, and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.
The Disney Entertainment Empire
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination, and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets, the Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over $35 billion.
Disney Animation
Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller, and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s, in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie". With the rise of computer animated films, a stream of financially unsuccessful traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation, and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.
In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts, which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation. He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km2) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema, and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those whose imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."
Walt Disney Family Museum
In 2009, the Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.
Antisemitism Accusations
Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood. Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:
That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.
Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.
The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College, Jewish Home for the Aged, the American League for a Free Palestine), and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.
Academy Awards
Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.
• 1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
• 1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse
• 1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
• 1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
• 1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
• 1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
• 1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
• 1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
• 1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)
• 1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
• 1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."
• 1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
• 1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
• 1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
• 1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
• 1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
• 1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
• 1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
• 1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
• 1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
• 1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
• 1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
• 1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
• 1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
• 1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
• 1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
Other Honors
Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars, awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935. In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse's award. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964. On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at the California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.
In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned. However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.
Sources & External Links
|
OALibJ Vol.7 No.12 , December 2020
Research on Chinese Text Feature Extraction and Sentiment Analysis Based on Combination Network
Abstract: The complexity of Chinese language system brings great challenge to sentiment analysis. Traditional artificial feature selection is easy to cause the problem of inaccurate segmentation semantics. High quality preprocessing results are of great significance to the subsequent network model learning. In order to effectively extract key features of sentences, retain feature words while removing irrelevant noise and reducing vector dimensions, an algorithm module based on sentiment lexicon combined with Word2vec incremental training is proposed in terms of feature engineering. Firstly, the data set is cleaned, and the sentence is segmented by loading a custom sentiment lexicon with Jieba. Secondly, the results after stopping words are obtained through Skip-gram training algorithm to obtain the word vector model. Secondly, the model is added to a large corpus for incremental training to obtain a more accurate word vector model. Finally, the features are learned and classified by inputting the embedding layer into the neural network model. Through the comparison experiment of multiple models, it is found that the combined model (CNN-BiLSTM-Attention) has better classification effect and better application ability.
1. Introduction
With the advent of the 5G era, more and more devices will be connected to the Internet, and the resulting data such as text, images, video and audio will see explosive growth. In terms of natural language processing, the proliferation of subjective text resources provides sufficient corpus for emotion analysis. According to a statistical report by The China Internet Network Information Center (2020), China had 904 million Internet users by March 2020, including 710 million online shopping users [1] . Now affected by the epidemic, we seem to have entered an era of “national e-commerce”, behind every transaction will be attached to the evaluation of product information, people dig these emotional comments, not only help consumers’ shopping decisions, but also for the operators to collect effective feedback information, the shopping experience for the users, merchants, retain customers and the steady development of the society to build economic environment has a major role.
Sentiment analysis [2] is a task of polarity identification for a given content. The traditional methods of text sentiment analysis mainly include the classification method based on sentiment lexicon and the classification method based on machine learning. The dictionary-based method calculates the sentence score by comparing the emotional words in the document with the lexicon and combining a series of rules according to the found results, and finally determines the emotional polarity according to the score [3] . Although the approach based on sentiment lexicon is easy to understand, due to the need for manual annotation, excessive lexicon construction, slightly mechanization, and limited improvement in the performance of the model, the simple use of the dictionary has become rare.
Using machine learning method widely attention in recent years, Meylon et al. [4] using Naive Bayesian presidential candidate of the positive and negative comments on Twitter is analyzed, and by comparing the Naive Bayes, K Neighbor and Support Vector Machine classifier’s accuracy, drawing a Naive Bayesian classification effect is best, the accuracy is 80.90%. Although shallow machine learning can solve classification problems, compared with deep learning network models, its classification accuracy is limited and cannot achieve good application ability. Therefore, in recent years, various deep learning network models have been widely concerned by researchers.
With the extensive application of deep learning in Natural Language Processing, deep learning algorithms are increasingly used in emotion analysis, and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [5] [6] have become the most commonly used architectural methods. Alayba et al. [7] proposed that the CNN combined with the Long and short time memory network (LSTM) adopts the character-level, word-level and Ch5gram level sentiment classification method in different Arabic data sets, and achieved good results. Hanxue Ji et al. [8] proposed an sentiment analysis framework of semi-supervised Attention mechanism based on LSTM, which is composed of an unsupervised Attention LSTM codec and an additional attention-based LSTM model based on Softmax layer. The ability of this algorithm to the task of sentiment analysis is verified by the experimental study of common data sets.
In the essay classification, the traditional vector space model has the problems of feature sparsity and dimensional disaster, and researchers at home and abroad have given a good solution from the feature extension level. Feature extensions include topic model extensions and external knowledge base extensions such as HowNet, WordNet, and so on. Later, it was not until Tomas Mikolov et al. [9] released the Word2vec algorithm that this successful word embedding scheme began to be widely used.
The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
1) In terms of acquiring feature words and word vectors, this paper adopts jieba custom external knowledge base for word segmentation to ensure the accuracy of word segmentation; the vector representation of words is obtained by means of Word2vec incremental training. By analyzing and comparing the experimental results, it can be concluded that SL-W2V-Plus, a feature selection method based on sentiment lexicon segmentation and Word2vec incremental training, can obtain higher F1 value and accuracy in the classification model.
2) By learning the mainstream neural network, we know that CNN is a feed forward neural network, which has a strong local learning ability, but cannot transmit information from one layer to another. RNN is good at modeling sequences, but simple RNN cannot solve the problem of gradient disappearance or gradient explosion. Considering the advantages of the two models, a network model method of introducing attention mechanism into the CNN combined bidirectional LSTM is proposed. The experimental results show that the combined model has better performance in feature learning and classification than the baseline model.
2. Improved Feature Engineering
2.1. Feature Extraction
In Chinese text sentiment classification, data preprocessing, as the first step of the whole task, is of great significance. High quality preprocessing results can be better used in model training and testing to improve the accuracy of experimental results analysis. This paper deals with the data in the order of data cleaning, text segmentation and stop words.
First of all, in the process of data cleaning, this paper mainly carries out the following processing on the data: 1) English and Numbers in the full Angle form will interfere with the subsequent text information extraction, so it is changed to the half Angle form. 2) Remove non-Chinese characters such as url links, English Numbers, Chinese and English punctuation marks, blank items, special symbols, etc. 3) The comments with obvious emotional tendency less than 5 after the above treatment were removed, and these data were meaningless to model training and evaluation.
Secondly, jieba is adopted in this paper to perform word segmentation on the cleaned data. At this time, custom basic sentiment lexicon and network sentiment lexicon are added to achieve an ideal effect of word segmentation. For the part of basic dictionary, this paper selects HowNet sentiment lexicon and Dalian Institute of Technology sentiment lexicon. Through artificial judgment and selection, the emotional words that are not commonly used in the review text and whose emotional tendency is unclear are removed, and the positive and negative emotional words with positive meaning (3523) and negative meaning (4869) are merged into them. In the online lexicon, through collecting the popular online lexicon provided by Sogou input method and the emotional words of various social networking sites, sorting and marking the part of speech, a total of 236 words were collected, among which 85 were positive words and 151 were negative words.
Finally, proceed to stop the word operation. This paper selects the stop-word list of Harbin Institute of Technology to remove articles, conjunctions, prepositions and other words without functional information in the text.
2.2. Word2vec―Word Vector Model
In NLP, words are the smallest particle size to form sentences, chapters and documents, so to solve the problem of emotional classification of text, we should start with words. Since words are abstract summaries of human beings, we need to convert characters and symbols into numerical forms and embed them in the mathematical space. This embedding method is word embedding. Word2vec is one of the embedding methods, which can reduce the dimension of input data. Word2vec includes two models: CBOW model and Skip-gram model. The model is divided into input layer, hidden layer and output layer. Skip-gram model is selected in this paper, which uses the selected current word to predict the k words around. In this paper, k = 5. The principle is to use the conditional probability value of the intermediate word vector to solve the probability value of the upper and lower window words.
The essence of Word2vec is a neural network language model, based on which distributed word vector training is carried out. It requires a large amount of corpus training to find the relationship between words. After we have trained a word vector model, new corpus will flow into the database, and incremental training will come in handy. Therefore, we increase the scale of the corpus of training word vectors, that is, add SogouCA [10] , so that the model can better understand the semantic relationship between words. We can calculate the similarity of two words, find the word with the highest similarity, and find the least relevant outliers in some words.
2.3. Word2vec―The Incremental Training
In deep learning, the effect of the model depends on the size of the training data set, sample diversity and algorithm design. The larger the data set is, the more suitable it is for deep model learning to improve its generalization ability. In this experiment, the collected 60,000 consumption comments were first used as training data to obtain the word vector model, then the corpus scale was increased, and Sogou whole network news data (SogouCA) was used for incremental training. The SogouCA corpus includes news information from 18 channels including international, domestic, social, sports and entertainment, and is provided in the form of URL and body information. Sogou laboratory provided researchers with data sets of different versions and sizes for downloading. In this experiment, the complete version was downloaded and the news text data with the size of 1.84G was extracted and read. Process for:
3. The Combinatorial Model CNN-BiLSTM-Attention
Firstly, CNN is used to extract phrase features. The CNN model mainly includes convolutional layer, pooling layer, full connection layer and output layer. The main processes are:
1) Input layer: Receives the embedding layer’s text matrix as input. Suppose there are n words in a sentence and the vector dimension is d, d = 150 in this paper. Is a vector of words for each word in the sentence. Is the input word vector matrix, expressed as:
x 1 : n = x 1 x 2 x 3 x n (3.1)
2) Convolutional layer: Feature extraction is completed through one-dimensional convolution operation. In this paper, three different kernels with sliding Windows of [3] [4] [5] are adopted to set 512 filters for each filter operation, and Ci is used to represent the extracted features. Represented by:
C i = f ( ω x i : i + s 1 + b ) (3.2)
where, is the convolution kernel, S is the size of the convolution kernel, x i : i + S 1 is the word vector consisting of i to i + S 1 , b is the bias term, and the characteristic Ci is obtained through the nonlinear function. When the convolution is complete, you get the eigenmatrix C. Represented by:
C = [ C 1 , C 2 , , C n s + 1 ] (3.3)
3) Pooling layer: Pool the obtained feature matrix C to get the local maximum value. MaxPooling method is adopted in this paper. As follows:
P = max ( C 1 , C 2 , C n s + 1 ) = max { C } (3.4)
4) Full connection layer: Since the input of BiLSTM network must be serialized data, it is necessary to connect the Pi after pooling into vector Z. Represented by:
Z = { P 1 , P 2 , , P n } (3.5)
Use Z as input to the BiLSTM network.
Secondly, the matrix Z is taken as the input of BiLSTM. BiLSTM is a neural network composed of positive and negative output state connection layers of forward and backward LSTM. After BiLSTM feature extraction, the relationship between contexts can be fully learned for semantic coding. BiLSTM is designed to solve the problems of long-term dependence and gradient disappearance. The LSTM differs from a simple RNN in that it does not have a single tanh layer inside, but four interacting layers. The LSTM realizes the selective passing of information through the structure of the gate, mainly through a neural layer of sigmoid and a point-by-point multiplication operation. Each LSTM has a forget gate, an update gate and a output gate to implement protection and control information.
Starting at a certain point, input x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , , x i in sequence. The forward propagation layer reads from x0 to xi in turn and obtains the forward vector, while the back propagation layer reads from xi to x0 in turn and obtains the reverse vector. At time t, the forward hidden state and the reverse hidden state are respectively expressed as (3.6) and (3.8):
S t = LSTM ( S t 1 , Z t ) (3.6)
S t = LSTM ( S t 1 , Z t ) (3.7)
S t = W t S t + V t S t 1 + b t (3.8)
where, S t and S t are the hidden states of forward and backward; LSTM is the LSTM function; Zt is the input of BiLSTM at time t; Wt and Vt are weight matrix and bias quantities.
Finally, in order to highlight the importance of different words to the emotional classification of text, the Attention mechanism layer is introduced in the CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model to further extract text features and highlight key information of text. Since adjectives with emotional color are crucial to the classification of emotions, a higher probability weight is assigned to this part of word vectors. This article belongs to Feedforward attention mechanism, which expressed as formula (3.9) to (3.11).
h t = σ ( S t ) (3.9)
St Is the eigenvector output by BiLSTM, σ is the attention learning function, which is determined by St here, so is tanh, ht is the weight of the generated attention calculated.
Attention weight normalization: Softmax function was used for normalization to generate attention probability vector, which can be expressed as:
a t = exp ( h t ) i = 1 m exp ( h t ) (3.10)
The fusion representation is obtained: multiply the attention probability at and the hidden state semantic encoding St, and then the weighted sum is used to allocate the attention weight. Finally, the fusion feature Q is obtained. Represented by:
Q = i = 1 m a t S t (3.11)
The output of Attention is taken as the input of the full connection layer, and sigmoid is used to judge the sentiment of sentences. The attention model allows each word in the sentence to obtain different weights. In the text sentiment analysis, this operation can strengthen the importance of emotion words again, so as to ensure the accuracy of the results.
4. Experiment
4.1. Data Source
Experiment using a data set consists of two parts, part is used for neural network model of sentiment analysis Chinese consumer reviews data set [11] , the data set is by making the user on the e-commerce sites collected, containing more than 60,000 comments data, including positive and negative comment on the article 30,000, including books, 10 categories, such as mobile phone, computer, hotel, etc. In this experiment, after the data were cleaned, the positive and negative comments were randomly divided into 13,000 pieces for the experiment, among which 80% was used as the training set and 20% as the test set. The other part is the SogouCA corpus for incremental training.
4.2 Parameter Setting and Model Evaluation
The training word vector and network model parameters are shown in Table 1.
On the test set, the value of accuracy, precision, recall and F1 is used to evaluate the model. The higher the value is, the better the model classification ability is, as shown in Equations (4.1)-(4.4). For the binary classification problem in this paper, the real value of the test set label is combined with the predicted value of the model, and four conditions can be obtained, as shown in Table 2.
accuracy = ( TP + TN ) / ( TP + TN + FP + FN ) (4.1)
precision = TP / ( TP + FP ) (4.2)
recall = TP / ( TP + FN ) (4.3)
f 1 = 2 × ( precision × recall ) / ( precision + recall ) (4.4)
Table 1. Parameter settings.
Table 2. Four cases of true and predicted values.
Experiment 1:
Three different feature extraction methods were compared: 1) word segmentation based on sentiment lexicon and Word2vec incremental training (SL-W2V-Plus); 2) word segmentation based on sentiment lexicon and Word2vec non-incremental training method (SL-W2V); 3) Word2vec training word vector method (W2V) was used for analysis instead of loading sentiment lexicon. Feature input models are CNN, LSTM and BiLSTM models, and different accuracy, precision, recall rate and F1 values are obtained. As shown in Table 3.
1) The feature engineering method of Word2vec incremental training word vector (SL-W2C-Plus) combined with emotional dictionary auxiliary segmentation is effective. In the CNN model, the method based on SL-W2C-Plus-CNN shows that the four evaluation indexes are the highest in the test data, among which the accuracy is 0.8912, the accuracy is 0.8957, the recall rate is 0.8839, and the F1 value is 0.8842. In addition, the performance of each index in the proposed method is about 0.2% - 0.8% higher than that of SL-W2C-CNN method, and about 0.7% - 1.7% higher than that of W2C-CNN method. In addition, SL-W2C-CNN method is also 0.4% to 0.8% higher than W2C-CNN method. It shows that incremental training can help the vector model to obtain more words representation, and the use of emotion dictionary auxiliary word segmentation can also guarantee the accuracy of word segmentation, and the use of sentiment lexicon auxiliary word segmentation combined with incremental training of word vector model is the best method.
Table 3. Comparison results of three neural network models with different feature engineering methods.
2) Similarly, through observation and calculation results, it is found that the improved feature engineering method is also effective in improving the performance of LSTM and BiLSTM models. In SL-W2C-Plus-LSTM method, F1 value is 0.8905 and recall rate is 0.8961, achieving the highest value, and the performance is improved by 0.5% - 1.0% compared with the other two methods. In SL-W2C-Plus-BiLSTM method, the accuracy value is 0.9034, F1 value is 0.8954, and accuracy value is 0.8989, achieving the highest value, and the performance is improved by 0.3% to 1.7% compared with the other two methods.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 more intuitively show the comparison of three models based on different feature engineering methods under two comprehensive evaluation indexes of accuracy rate and F1 value.
As can be seen from Figure 1, the accuracy of the three models increases successively, among which the increase of CNN’s accuracy is the most obvious, indicating that the addition of sentiment lexicon auxiliary word segmentation and incremental training word vector are of great help to CNN in obtaining and learning features. The LSTM and BiLSTM models work equally well with SL-W2C and SL-W2C-Plus, and from another point of view, they are a significant improvement over the traditional Word2vec only method to obtain word vectors.
As can be seen from Figure 2, the F1 value of BiLSTM has the most obvious improvement effect, achieving the maximum value of the three models. And then LSTM and CNN. In addition, method 2 (SL-W2C) and the addition of sentiment lexicon auxiliary participle are also helpful to improve the classification effect of the three models.
Experiment 2:
The experiment set up a number of comparison experiments, including the traditional machine learning Support Vector Machine algorithm and Neural Network comparison, single neural network and hierarchical neural network comparison. The word vector model trained by Word2vec is used for network input. The comparison results are shown in Table 4.
Figure 1. Comparison of the accuracy of engineering methods with different features.
Figure 2. Comparison of F1 values of engineering methods with different features.
Table 4. Models comparison results.
Table 4 shows the comparison results of six groups of models. In terms of the two comprehensive evaluation indexes F1 and accuracy, the F1 value of CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model reached 91.53% and the accuracy rate reached 91.76%, both of which were better than other models. Although SVM has achieved good classification effect, the other 5 groups of neural network models are obviously better than SVM. Compared with the models in group 2 and group 3, group 4 and group 5 show the advantages of combined network in feature extraction, because the deep learning of CNN on word vectors is conducive to the reprocessing of CNN feature extraction by BiLSTM. By comparing 5 and 6, it can be seen that adding attention mechanism on the basis of the combination model can effectively improve the accuracy of classification, because attention assigns different weights to features and enables the model to learn that there is a distinction between different features, which is helpful for the model to master important features.
5. Conclusions
In this paper, an algorithm (SL-W2V-Plus) module based on sentiment lexicon word segmentation combined with Word2vec incremental training is proposed for feature selection and calculation of word vectors. Experimental results show that the word vectors obtained by the proposed method are input into the neural network model to obtain the F1 value with higher accuracy. It is proved that this method can obtain higher quality preprocessing results, which is of great significance to the subsequent model feature learning and classification.
In this paper, the combined network CNN-BiLSTM-Attention is selected as the text sentiment classification model, which has higher F1 value and accuracy than other baseline models. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It provides an idea for text sentiment analysis based on deep learning.
From a business point of view, sentiment-analysis technology makes a big difference. When people want to buy a new product, choose a restaurant to eat, or plan to see a new movie, they can “plant content” by looking at the comments of “people who have been there before”. In addition, in recent years the birth of Weibo, Zhihu, Douban and other social media because of its diversified content classification is attracting more and more young people to join, the applications of text, great reviews data hidden behind the huge resources, mining the rich text content, and help the government to collect public opinion on hot issues, correctly guide the emergency or the people’s livelihood issues such as the development direction of public opinion. It is also helpful for relevant departments to monitor cyber violence, judge positive and negative comments with the method of sentiment analysis, and strengthen the control over negative comments to reduce the harm caused by improper comments to others.
The deep learning model is still in its infancy in Chinese emotion analysis. Chinese language features such as complex sentence structure, complex system and diverse expression methods, which hinder the development of text emotion analysis to some extent. The quality of feature word vectors has a certain influence on the learning of subsequent network models. The next step is to learn the Bert model pre-trained word vectors proposed by Google. In the selection of the model, the simplified structure network GRU of LSTM should also be tried for experiment and result analysis.
Cite this paper: Xu, H.Y. and Yang, L.H. (2020) Research on Chinese Text Feature Extraction and Sentiment Analysis Based on Combination Network. Open Access Library Journal, 7, 1-12. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1106905.
[1] China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) (2020) 45th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China.
[2] Sonawane, S.L. and Kulkarni, P.V. (2017) Extracting Sentiments from Reviews: A Lexicon-Based Approach. 1st International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Information Management (ICISIM), Aurangabad, 5-6 October 2017, 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIM.2017.8122144
[3] Taj, S., Shaikh, B.B. and Fatemah Meghji, A. (2019) Sentiment Analysis of News Articles: A Lexicon Based Approach. 2019 2nd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET), Sukkur, 30-31 January 2019, 1-5.
[4] Wongkar, M. and Angdresey, A. (2019) Sentiment Analysis Using Naive Bayes Algorithm of the Data Crawler: Twitter. 2019 4th International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), Semarang, 16-17 October 2019, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC47613.2019.8985884
[5] Kim, Y. (2014) Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Doha, Qatar, October 2014, 1746-1751. https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/D14-1181
[6] Kalchbrenner, N., Grefenstette, E. and Blunsom, P. (2014) A Convolutional Neural Network for Modelling Sentences. Proc. of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Baltimore, Maryland, Vol. 1: Long Papers, 655-665.
[7] Alayba, A.M., Palade, V., England, M., et al. (2018) A Combined CNN and LSTM Model for Arabic Sentiment Analysis. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11015, 179-191.
[8] Ji, H., Rong, W., Liu, J., Ouyang, Y. and Xiong, Z. (2019) LSTM Based Semi-Supervised Attention Framework for Sentiment Analysis. 2019 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/
CBDCom/ IOP/SCI), Leicester, 19-23 August 2019, 1170-1177.
[9] Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., et al. (2013) Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and Their Compositionality. Proc of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Curran Associates Inc., USA, 3111-3119.
[10] Sogou Tech-Oriented News Laboratory Data. http://www.sogou.com/labs/resource/ca.php
[11] Sentiment Analysis in Chinese Corpus.
|
Thursday, September 13, 2018
Nuclear Catastrophe Bonds: A Losing Best for Everyone
The Wall Street Journal is reporting that "insurers face unique threat from storm" (Paul Davies Sep 13 2018 p. B12) because Hurricane Florence is anticipated to produce huge storm surges, significant flooding and destructive winds.
The WSJ article is addressing the insurance and re-insurance markets for flooding, which is increasingly financed by catastrophe bonds. Insurance companies sell these bonds to investors, who purchase catastrophe bonds hoping no catastrophe will occur because if it does, they lose their investment, which goes to the insurance or re-insurance company issuing the bond.
I'm guessing that holders of catastrophe bonds are in for losses produced by Hurricane Florence.
I wonder whether any of those catastrophe bonds cover flooding-induced nuclear meltdowns?
This may seem absurd but it turns out that nuclear catastrophe bonds are a "thing" as this article here illustrates:
Ayyub, B., Pantelous, A., and Shao, J. (2016). Toward Resilience to Nuclear Accidents: Financing Nuclear Liabilities via Catastrophe Risk Bonds. ASME J. Risk Uncertainty Part B 2(4), 041005 (Aug 19, 2016) (9 pages)Paper No: RISK-15-1055; doi: 10.1115/1.4033518
I think the article is mis-titled because "resilience" is not something that money is going to be capable of delivering after a nuclear accident when contamination is dispersed in air, soil, and water.
See the detailed comments on the risks from bioaccumulation of radioncuclides in living tissue made by a reader in the comment section of my last blog post (here).
There are at least 9 nuclear power plants at risk from Hurricane Florence and the tropical storms coming up behind it.
Let us hope that emergency generators and pumps are in place and have been tested, as alleged:
Pam Wright (2018, September 13). North Carolina Nuclear Power Plant Shuts Down Ahead of Florence; It's One of 9 in the Path of the Storm
..There are 12 nuclear plants in the Carolinas, nine of which are in the storm's potential path, including Duke Energy's Brunswick nuclear power plant, a 1,870-megawatt facility located about 30 miles south of Wilmington on North Carolina's southern coast.
Brunswick officials announced Thursday the plant was shutting down, per federal law.
Anytime winds are expected to exceed 73 mph, which is equivalent to just shy of a Category 1 hurricane, nuclear plants are required to shut down two hours before the winds arrive....
...Duke spokeswoman Mary Kathryn Green told Reuters the plants installed more safety equipment in the wake of the disaster, including pumps and generators that are needed to cool the reactor core and keep radioactive fuel rods from overheating....
1. Never before, human history, has so much of America been contaminated and saturated with radionuclides. Even the gold ol boy antinucs will not admit it. They have no idea, of the oncoming consequences. The old to1ned down and epidemiological studies, do not even begin to assess the grave situation we are in. Cecalli gave us that ewg stuff. It showed that 170 million drink radioacive water, in amurica. That is only the tip of the iceberg. Staup constantly updating us on reactor malfunctions and near misses. Vital1 says get your geigers out and watch for substantial irradiations this hurricane season. That is especially true, with the orange haired nutso nukeape in charge deregualting the nuclear industry.
2. Enenews is just worthless now. Diversionist pap to steer away from the hurricane dangers. Paid, spook, trolls!!!!! Ukrainian trolls!!!!! for counter propaganda and, propaganda to take the heat off the orange-haired monster
3. Florent Pirot
One can see how the uranium fuel fire in Fukushima lasted for months here, the CCTV records prove it and show it was not over any reactor, that the fuel is in a pool elsewhere closer to ground level
Fukushima : Uranium fire & supercriticalities in the used fuel pool and uranium contamination...
1. From a Green Road Journal and
When the Price Anderson Act was first passed, it was supposed to be only a temporary aide to help the new nuclear industry prosper and grow, while addressing concerns about it’s safety and risk.
According to the pro nuclear ‘experts’, the Price-Anderson Act is what brings nuclear regulation to any nuclear activity. But the net effect of this seemingly ‘good’ law, is that it allows the nuclear industry to get away with pushing all of their liabilities and risks onto the taxpayers, while also getting unlimited corporate welfare (that will go on forever and ever) from taxpayers at the same time. How does this nuclear shell game of hiding risks and transferring costs to you the taxpayer work specifically?
The Price-Anderson limits the liability costs of any manufacturers or operator of any nuclear reactor to a paltry $10 to 12.5 Billion, out of which the utilities and lawyers get paid first, in case of a mega nuclear radiation disaster happening. This fund is paid for by all nuclear plants. Actually, it is the ratepayers who use nuclear power, that pay for this fund, not the nuclear power companies. A full blown nuclear mega disaster such as Fukushima has been estimated to cost between 1 – 10 TRILLION dollars, not a 12.5 Billion. For more on this, follow this link;
Only a small fraction of the risk is being covered, and the public is left naked and exposed to all of the risk that the nuclear industry creates. After Fukushima, the taxpayers picked up the tab and are still paying through the nose to try and handle that mega nuclear disaster. There is no way that TEPCO is ever going to ‘pay back’ the taxpayers.
4. Imagine that you are a passenger on a very large ship. You discover that some people aboard want the ship to sink; another group seem to be ignorant or indifferent. And only a small group of relatively powerless people want it to not sink. Is this a hopeless situation? Perhaps you are having a nighmare. You might try converting the indiffernt or ignorant group to your position, but after how much time do you decide it is in vain. Perhaps several of the save the ship persons can make a little mney via donations. Most just set on the various decks and watch the waves. Or write articles for an underground news letter. You might occasionally hold meeting. You can do these things because the people in power do not see you as a threat. And they deny that there is any real threat to the ship's intergrity. Perhaps you are wrong and the persons seen trying to drill holes in the hull are not really there.
And finally you are way too far from a shore to swim; and the lifeboats are flimsy and unreliable. Fortunately the ship has an excellent library.
Earlier today you had to chose between Moby Dick and Don Quixote (the Spanish edition). Perhap one of these might hold a key to your quanddry.
1. Good metaphor. America is like a sinking battleship picking up passengers from other ships that we have sunk while others become stowaways without the crews knowledge.
On one hand, we have a responsibility to save them. But if we can't stop this ship from sinking, are we really doing them any favors in the long run?
2. I think of all my Ukrainian froends that came here to escape the radiation, and hidden ramifications of Chernobyl. In Seattle and the Bay area. Blasted by Fukushima radiation in 2011. So many, now understand that places like Nevada and Utah are no less contaminated than Chernobyl, or Mayak or Kazakhstan. So many old reactors in the US ready to blow. Incredible amounts of nuclear waste. 170 to 200 million in murica drink the most radioactive water in the world. Poor to no access to medical care for most. Shithole merica now run by the worst fascist assholes
3. It was a sunk ship a long time ago fools! 1000 nuclear bombs exploded openair on its own people1 the analogy is just stupid and demented. FARENHEIT 451 IS an apporopriate book gor now
4. Crickets...
5. That was a good one. Thumbs up
6. It is always crickets, here by the way Dahling
|
A definitive guide on MathWorks Matlab to the students
MATLAB is high-level, interactive computing, visualization, and programming language tool. You can analyze the data, design the algorithms, and construct models and applications by using Mathworks MATLAB. The language, applications, and built-in math functions allow you to explore multiple solutions and find a solution faster than with the table sheets or standard programming languages such as C / C++ or Java.
MATLAB can be used for various applications, including signal processing and communications, image and video processing, control systems, testing and measuring, computer finance, and computational biology. More than a million industry and university engineers and scientists use Mathworks MATLAB, the language of programming techniques. Matlab language helps the student to complete their Matlab assignment easily.
A Guide to MATLAB
This book is a brief, oriented introduction to Mathworks MATLAB, a robust maths and scientific computing software framework. This would be
Be useful for new and advanced users alike. Requires conciseness
Explanations of important MATLAB commands and easy-to-understand instructions to use MATLAB’s programming tools, graphical capabilities, and screen interfaces.
SIMULINK, Mathworks MATLAB partner for system simulation.
Applications of Mathworks MATLAB in mathematics
MATLAB is a computer language of high quality for programming, technical data, and visualization. It incorporates features for the development, simulation, modeling, prototyping of algorithms, data exploration, analysis, and visualization functions, making it one of the best tools for mathematical operations. That said, when it comes to manipulating statistical data, MATLAB used in several different ways. Here our assignment writing experts discuss some of MATLAB’s most popular math applications that you probably don’t know. Read on for more!
1. Linear algebra
MATLAB lets users quickly and easily solve complex linear algebraic problems. Linear algebra is a part of almost every place of work today. For example, to measure a company’s Return on Investment ( ROI), it must have individuals on board who have a thorough knowledge of algebra. The same situation applies to predict the amount of turnover that the company expected to have, to decide how many items must be produced, to make strategic decisions, and to build financial plans. Both these operations require linear algebra knowledge beforehand, and Mathworks MATLAB is a great resource for studying and implementing algebra. To learn how to construct and measure algebraic expressions with MATLAB, contact our experts in helping with the MATLAB assignment.
2. Exploring mathematical theories
MATLAB provides an excellent method to test new hypotheses. This will allow mathematicians and statisticians to employ a “what if” analysis when applied to mathematics and statistics to figure out whether a given theory is viable. If you would like to know more about how Mathworks MATLAB is used to test mathematical hypotheses, contact our MATLAB homework experts.
3. Simulation
Using simulation to test a process or product instead of a real-life alternative is a perfect way to save time, minimize manufacturing costs, and improve the likelihood of coming up with a more successful solution. MATLAB enables the creation of simulations by mathematicians in many ways.
Set the best statistical model for building simulation
Build detailed snapshots that demonstrate how the end product should work based on the simulation
Show the product’s workflow using different animation methods, so that even those who have no idea how to use the technology can understand how it works.
When you have a project that needs you to demonstrate how Mathworks MATLAB is being used in the simulation, contact us for assistance with MATLAB assignments.
4. Understanding mathematical concepts
Many students love learning new maths and playing with numbers. It is the reason why so many mathematical theorems and formulae are available to solve problems today. MATLAB helps math lovers to play with numbers, learn new concepts, and create new theorems to perform mathematical tasks. For more detail about how Mathworks MATLAB used to build theorems and allow people to engage more with mathematics, work with our experts in helping with MATLAB assignments.
MATLAB is, as you can see, an excellent method for mathematicians and one with which students should become seriously acquainted if they intend to succeed in a statistician career. Matlab Assignment Experts offer MATLAB help to students struggling with the projects of the subject and those who want to create more time for extra reading. Support technical academic help with our MATLAB assignment today.
5. Numeric Calculation:
Numeric Computation addresses numerical values and relies on measurements of the vectors and matrices. This also makes heavy use of computer graphics, including computational algorithms in immersive image exposures.
6. Programming and development of the algorithm:
This high-level computer program considered for third-generation languages such as C, C++, and Java. You can use the vectors and matrix operations to write and create faster programs. This will bring immediate results
Matlab is one of the biggest technologies in the market right now because it is easily performs mathematical operations like matrices and linear algebra. For better and faster, algorithm design Mathworks MATLAB is the best option. In this blog, we give you information about the uses of Matlab. We hope all of you understood the uses of Matlab. If you still have any doubts regarding this topic, then you can ask our experts. If you want any help regarding the Matlab assignment, Matlab programming help, Matlab coursework help, Matlab online help, and Matlab project help, then contact us.
Leave a comment
|
What Do Deer Eat In The Winter? How to Feed Deer During the Cold
When it comes to ensuring that you get the best deer for venison, then you shouldn’t only invest in the best hunting blind for concealment. You must feed the deer properly, too. But if it's out of your control, it's still important to learn about what they eat and how they survive. It has always made me wonder how animals, mainly deer, survive in the winter. I mean, what do deer eat in the winter when it's too cold to go out and feed them yourself?
After doing some research, I found out some remarkable facts and learned some tips on what you should feed them during the late season when given a chance. So read on to learn all about it!
While deer would eat the similar things during various seasons, it can also vary depending on its availability.
Food becomes scarcer during the cold months, and as a result, they will eat less because of it. While most deer scavenge food in plots or farms, some would also feed on corn or soybeans and cowpeas that lie on snow. This is preferable to avoid plucking standing stalks.
Some of the most preferred foods deer eat during winter include apples, maples, mountain maple, yew, wintergreen, sassafras, or basswood.
deer eating grass
They also tend to eat berries and various types of wood they see as a second choice. These foods include elderberry, mountain ash, honeysuckle, cucumber trees, wild raisins, and nannyberries. Elm, hickory, oaks, sugar maples, and wild grapes or black walnuts are also other second choices and are readily eaten.
When food is scarce, they choose pines or birches as their last resort. These types of food include scotch, red, or pitch pine, buckthorns, hawthorns, pin cherries, beeches, or sweet ferns.
But this is just a general list, and there may be a difference in palatability or preference, based on what the breed is and what species of deer they are.
Adaptations To Winter
Just like other animals in the wild, deer would adapt to the cold weather. They do not hibernate, but lessen their mobility and go through biological adaptations.
deers look for food
They begin to change their fat storages, preparing for the winter months by storing fat around their organs to insulate their body and providing energy reserves. Their fur also begins to change as well, with its insulating value increasing to trap more air for warmth. Besides that, the sebaceous glands in their soil will produce oil, which coats hair filaments for temperature regulation during the cold months.
As for their behavior, they will start decreasing their movements to lower their metabolic rate, which then reduces their food intake. They will also seek shelter in conifer stands, which have fewer wind speeds and snowpack. They also have a thermal cover, which helps regulate their temperatures.
Read more: Chicory for Deer: The Facts You Need to Know and How to Plant It
Tips On Feeding Deer In The Winter
Now that you're familiar with what deer eat in the winter, how can you feed them efficiently to maintain their weight and body? Here are some tips to follow:
• hand-o-right
I recommend that you feed deer before the winter season comes for them to increase their fat to sustain them during the cold months. Fill your deer feeders with 50 pounds of rice bran, 100 pounds of corn, and 50 pounds of high-quality protein pellets.
• hand-o-right
Check your local hunting area for rules and regulations on feeding deer. You'll be surprised that they may not allow feeding them during winter (or any other season), as improper feeding can lead to dire consequences.
• hand-o-right
When introducing new types of food, make sure to do so in small amounts (such as ten pounds every few days). A deer's gut will require about one to three weeks to adjust to new diets, as doing a fast transition can lead to sickness or death.
• hand-o-right
States recommend that you do not feed deer during the winter. But with that being said, your feeding deer should be based on your knowledge of the herd and the way it eats. Just remember not to overfeed them with grains.
Here is an excellent video on how to feed deer in the winter:
In Conclusion
Knowing what deer eat is crucial when hunting, as it determines their weight and how they survive the harsh winter. And once you know about what they eat during these times, you can also feed them to sustain their weights for hunting in the future.
I hope that this article answers your question: "What do deer eat in the winter?" Now that you are familiar with what they usually eat during the cold seasons begin plotting crops and knowing where to situate your deer feeders today.
If you have any questions or would like to share your tips and experience when feeding deer in the winter, then comment down below. I would love to hear what you have to think.
Click Here to Leave a Comment Below 0 comments
|
Cybersecurity Capstone Project Ideas
Cybersecurity Capstone Project Ideas: Searching for Cyber Security Project Ideas, then you came to the right place.
Cybersecurity Specialization mainly covers the fundamental concepts underlying the construction of secure systems.
If you are studying Cyber Security, one of the outlines in the course is to undertake a project. The Cybersecurity Capstone Project helps to gauge if you have truly understood the subject at hand.
Here we are going to look at cyber security projects or cyber security project ideas. These Cybersecurity Capstone project examples will inspire you to find the right topic.
Cybersecurity Capstone Project Ideas
Cybersecurity and data breach in the military
The importance of cybersecurity awareness
How government information systems can increase safety
Security approaches used in networking
Encryption and cybersecurity
Tips for protection from cyber threats for banks
How to increase end-user security
Main parts of cybersecurity
Can systems be hacked remotely?
Are app store apps safe?
Cyber Security Capstone Project Ideas
Confidentiality of user information and cybersecurity
How to increase end-user security
Business continuity with cybersecurity
The role of cybersecurity in governance transparency
How to remove a computer virus and stop it from infecting other systems
How much security does a firewall provide?
Cybersecurity Capstone Project Examples
How to stop a computer virus from spreading and infecting other computer systems
The role of cyber security for the continuity of business
How to increase the safety of government info systems
Security approaches in networking
Cybersecurity and confidentiality of user info
How much security can a firewall provide?
How important is cyber security awareness?
Cyber Security Projects Ideas
How cybersecurity plays a role in governance transparency?
How can banks protect their business from cyber threats?
Data breach and cybersecurity in the military
How un-hackable is a system?
How safe are App Store apps?
Increasing end-user security
Key components of cybersecurity
Cyber Security Final Year Project Ideas
Intelligence analyzing factors of ethical, privacy, and legal
Detecting or mitigating compromising indicators
Data demonstration, fusion, and semantic modeling
Stalking threats and instance responding
Intelligence in cyber threat
Forecasting models on cyber-attacks and control measures
Models that concern Deception and Improbability in cyber-attack acknowledgment
Cyber security data analytics
Research on relevant Geopolitical Cyber security
Anomaly detection, intrusion, and its prevention
Cybercrime monetization and orchestration and automating security
Visualizing intelligence analysis and investigation techniques
Cyber Security Projects for Students
Bug Bounties and Hackathons
Blocking RFID
Keylogger projects
Packet Sniffing
Caesar Cipher Decoder
Network traffic analysis
Password Strength
Removing and Retrieving Files
SQL Injection
Security Questions
Offline Device Hacking
Build your own encryption software
Image Encryption
Fund Transfers through Online with DES Encryption
Packet Sniffing
Network Traffic Analyzer
Credit Card Fraud Detection
Internet Border Patrol
Hash Function
|
A. Michelle Wargo Rub Noah S. Adams John W. Beeman John H. Eiler Theresa L. Liedtke 2012 <p>Telemetry provides a powerful and flexible tool for studying fish and other aquatic animals, and its use has become increasingly commonplace. However, telemetry is gear intensive and typically requires more specialized knowledge and training than many other field techniques. As with other scientific methods, collecting good data is dependent on an understanding of the underlying principles behind the approach, knowing how to use the equipment and techniques properly, and recognizing what to do with the data collected. This book provides a road map for using telemetry to study aquatic animals, and provides the basic information needed to plan, implement, and conduct a telemetry study under field conditions. Topics include acoustic or radio telemetry study design, tag implantation techniques, radio and acoustic telemetry principles and case studies, and data management and analysis.</p> application/pdf en American Fisheries Society Techniques for telemetry transmitter attachment and evaluation of transmitter effects on fish performance: Chapter 4 chapter
|
Preliminary Incubation Count for Measuring Raw Milk Quality
The Preliminary Incubation (PI) Count for measuring the quality of raw milk has become increasingly popular since the production of quality milk is the number one goal of dairy farmers and cooperatives. The PI test is especially sensitive to psychrotrophic bacteria. These particular bacteria can grow at colder temperatures, which is why dairy processors are encouraging farmers to maintain a low PI count.
Diligence in monitoring raw milk by using inline process sampling and rigorous testing protocols are required for quality assurance. Standard Plate Count (SPC) measures the overall bacterial quality of raw milk and is used extensively for regulation and premium payment programs. Additional raw milk testing is often done to determine eligibility for premium payments or as an added quality assurance tool.
Why is PI count testing a helpful tool?
According to Cornell University’s Dairy Foods Science Notes 9-28-08 and 06-21-10, one additional helpful test is the Preliminary Incubation (PI) count for raw milk. The PI test can detect inadequate hygiene practices on the farm, which the SPC procedure may miss.
How is the PI test done?
The PI test requires a raw milk sample to be held at 55 degrees F (12.8 degrees C) for 18 hours. The sample is then cultured for SPC. The goal is to detect bacteria that grow during the incubation period. Bacteria in the incubated sample are counted with the SPC procedure and then compared to the SPC of the unincubated sample to determine if a significant increase has occurred.
The bacteria most associated with high PI counts are gram-negative psychrotrophs, which can grow under refrigeration temperatures. These microorganisms are indicative of inadequate hygiene practices.
Utmost care must be taken when collecting and handling samples, as poor procedures may influence the results of the PI test, and the results may reflect poorly on the farm.
What are acceptable levels for PI counts?
Even though PI counts are not used for regulatory reasons, they are indicative of milk production practices and are a measure of raw milk quality that may be used for premium payments.
PI counts are generally higher than SPCs, although in some cases, no growth occurs, or counts may even be lower. Counts three to four times higher are often considered significant, but this depends on the initial SPC.
The 15th edition of Standard Methods (1985), the last edition that included the PI test (most recent is the 17th ed., 2004), suggests a maximum allowable PI count of 200,000 colony forming units per /milliliter. However, some milk handlers use 50,000-100,000/ml counts as their limits; some have used even lower limits.
The Cornell study cautions that PI counts should be interpreted and used cautiously and always be compared to the SPC of a fresh, unincubated sample. PI counts are most useful when part of a testing protocol and accompanied by observations and inspections; experience is essential. Within these parameters, PI count testing may be instrumental in helping improve the overall microbial counts of farm raw milk.
Suggested Bacterial Test Standards for Quality Premiums – Cornell University
Testing Procedure Suggested Standard* Regulatory Standard*
Standard Plate Count < 10,000 < 100,000
Preliminary Incubation Count 50,000 – 100,000
and/or Significantly > SPC
* All counts expressed as colony-forming units per milliliter.
What are the potential sources of bacteria when PI counts are high?
Cornell’s guidelines for trouble-shooting high PI counts have focused on most traditional bacteria sources in milk. Mastitis is not considered a likely cause of increases in PI counts over the SPC results, although there may be exceptions. High PI counts suggest that hygiene inadequacies on the farm allow these bacteria to enter the milking equipment and grow somewhere between the milking unit and the bulk tank. General areas that can be the sources of contamination include:
1. Cow cleanliness
2. Equipment cleanliness/adequate procedures/ design
3. Sanitization procedures
4. Milk cooling and bulk tank cleanliness
5. Water quality/use of untreated water
“High PICs are most often associated with a failure to thoroughly clean and sanitize either the milking system or, in some cases, the cows.” (Source: Cornell Notes, 09-28-08).
How can dairy farms lower PI counts and improve hygiene?
Corrective actions to reduce high PI counts and identify contamination sources within the process should include inline sampling and testing as part of the farm’s overall quality assurance program. In addition, it is critical that sampling techniques and equipment be aseptic for the accurate identification of contamination sources.
Learn more about QualiTru’s representative sampling solutions for dairy farms.
“Your test result is only as accurate as your sample”
Helpful resources on applications for dairy farms
The resources listed below provide in-depth descriptions of dairy farms’ most recommended application sites.
Dairy Farm Traditional Farm Loading Application Sites
Dairy Farm Traditional Farm Loading Application Sites
Register to Download PDF
Dairy Farm Direct Load Application Sites
Dairy Farm Direct Load Application Sites
Register to Download PDF
QualiTru’s aseptic and representative sampling system with four components
Make better business decisions with a true aseptic and representative sampling system from QualiTru.
Stainless Steel Ports
QualiTru Septum
Pumps from QualiTru
Have questions about aseptic and representative sampling? Ask Our Experts
|
The journal of Energy Resources Technology is a great way to track energy use by various areas of your life, including your home.
The journal is a great tool to track your energy use.
It’s fun to see how much energy you use to do things in your home. For example, how much electricity does your refrigerator use? How much water has you used in your shower? How much energy did you use to heat your home last summer? How much does your washing machine use? How much energy did your dishwasher use last summer? All these things provide some data on your home’s energy use.
If you’re reading this, you might already be aware of how much energy you use in general. I know I’m aware of it.
The energy use numbers are really interesting (if you look at the chart below). The first number is the power consumption, and the second number is the number of watts. What you see is the actual power consumption (in watts) from your appliances, lights, and any other electronics that you use. That is the amount of energy that you use, not the amount of energy that you put into the environment.
This is a bit more difficult to grasp, but you can actually see the trend in the graph above. That is because a typical electric appliance uses a lot of energy to make it function. You can see this in the case of a fridge which uses a lot of energy to keep it running. The refrigerator is not actually a source of energy for the rest of your home, it’s just another appliance that uses power to keep itself running.
So, if your refrigerator is a source of energy for the rest of your home, why do you keep it running? Of course, it’s a source of energy that you don’t have to use. This is an energy conservation problem. For example, if your furnace runs in your home, then you don’t have to use all of the energy in your homes heating system. By using less power, you can actually save energy.
This is what I would call an energy efficiency problem. If you have a refrigerator that has a lot of refrigerant in it (and that means you have to have the right ratio of refrigerant to gas in your refrigerator), then its not really a good idea to keep your refrigerator on all the time. Doing so wastes both the gas, and the refrigerant. So you should keep your fridge on during off-peak hours to save power.
This is the thing that makes this even trickier, because it’s not really a problem that can be solved with technology. You just have to figure out a way to do it. We have some good ideas for a new refrigerant system, but you don’t want to have to figure out some new technology because it might help our existing technology.
So with two new technologies, we need to figure out how to do it, what it is, and how to do it well. The first thing we need to figure out is what it is that makes it so dangerous. This is where we start to get into the “what the hell is this technology?” phase. For a long time, we thought it was just something that the FDA banned.
Leave A Reply
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here
|
5 Stomach Care Tips You Need to Follow
You will be surprised to know that your stomach health translates to all the organs and systems of your body. Not only it affects your digestion but your overall health and mood too. Your digestive system breaks down the food you eat and provides you energy through it. If it wasn’t for your stomach and all the associated organs, you would have missed out on the yummiest bounty of life; food. Imagine not being able to have your favorite pizza or your much-loved ice cream.
Now that you know how vital your stomach is, you should know that it is quite sensitive and requires special care and treatment to perform optimally. As mentioned before, stomach care is of utmost importance because it cares for your overall health, heart, blood, and mood. Try upsetting your stomach, and it will do the things that will upset you to no end.
Here are some stomach care tips that you need to follow to keep your stomach happy and healthy to ensure your overall health in return.
Stuff On The Fibers
Fibers may seem like complex, indigestible strands in your food, but these are our stomach best friends. If you think that fibers just cure constipation and make you poo, you are wrong. Fibers do a lot more than that. They have the magical power of doing just what you want. If you have been constipated and want to defecate, fibers will help you do that. If you have diarrhea and want your watery stools to stop, fibers will harden your stools and take away the discomfort. Fibers can prevent various diseases like IBS (intestinal bowel disease), diverticulosis, ulcers, and hemorrhoids.
Insoluble fiber acts like a giant toothbrush, helping your digestive tract keep everything moving along. Prebiotics are also a type of fiber that feeds healthy gut bacteria, ensuring optimal gut health. Foods like bran, oatmeal, pulses, vegetables, and most fruits are loaded with fibers. Incorporating these foods into your daily diet can ensure a happy and healthy stomach.
Manage Stress
Just like your stomach health affects how you feel, how you feel can affect your stomach health. Stress can wreak havoc in your digestive system. Unmanaged stress can lead to stomach ulcers, IBS (intestinal bowel syndrome), diarrhea, and constipation. The increased amount of stress hormone in your body induces the body’s fight-or-flight mode. Your body thinks that it doesn’t have time to rest and digest, so it doesn’t provide enough blood and energy to the digestive system for proper digestion.
Research shows that yoga, meditation, and cognitive therapy can improve your digestive system. So for a healthy stomach, incorporate relaxation therapy, yoga, or meditation in your daily routine.
Chew Your Food Well
This is not just an effective weight loss tip but an essential tip for ensuring a healthy stomach too. Not chewing your food properly puts added load on your stomach to do all the work on its own. Digestion starts in your mouth. Your teeth break down the food, and the saliva softens it and starts digesting it. When you don’t chew your food well, it enters the stomach as it is, and your stomach has to do all the work.
Also, chewing produces saliva. Saliva not only aids digestion in your mouth but in your stomach too. It mixes with solid food making it soft and easily passable through all the canals of the digestive system. This prevents the symptoms of heartburn and indigestion. There is one more aspect of chewing that helps your stomach. Chewing has been shown to reduce stress, which further affects digestion positively.
Eat Healthy Fat
Fats are often associated with everything bad. But in reality, they are blamed for more than what they do. No matter how high in calories fats are, they are essential for maintaining optimal health. Fats are essential for proper nutrient absorption. They can keep you full for a long time. Also, omega-3 fatty acids can decrease your risk of developing inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis.
Keep in mind that too many fats can harm your digestive health. So it is better to stick to a moderate amount of healthy fats. Avoid excessive consumption of vegetable oil, basmati ghee, and banaspati oil. Make sure to incorporate healthy fat sources like flaxseeds, chia seeds, nuts (especially walnuts), as well as fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines in your diet.
Hydrate Well
Have you ever been constipated for days? If you have, you must know the pain and discomfort it brings. If you haven’t, believe me it can be torturous. Simply drink plenty of water and never worry about getting constipated again. It is recommended to drink 50-66 ounces (1.5-2 liters) fluids per day to prevent constipation. It is important to make sure that these fluids have to be non-caffeinated.
If you live in hotter environments or exert a lot, you might need to drink more water. Keeping up with good fluid intake is relatively easy. Water is not the only fluid that you can drink. Fruit juices, drinks, and even fruits and vegetables can add fluids to your body.
The Bottom Line
Eating the right food and maintaining a proper lifestyle is usually enough to ensure stomach health. But if this does not help and you still feel something wrong with your stomach, you should seek medical help. Consult the best gastroenterologist in Lahore through Marham.pk to get your gastric canal tested for any possible issue.
Also Read:- Nutrition Mistakes That Makes You Fat
Share With Friend
|
Vaccine Packaging at the Clinical Interface of Vaccine, Healthcare Worker, and Patient
Packaging vaccines using prefilled syringes can increase dosing efficiency, reduce costs, and improve patient safety. This article is part of a special section on vaccines.
Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements in public health. A recent economic analysis indicated that vaccination of each US birth cohort with the current childhood immunization schedule prevents approximately 42,000 deaths and 20 million cases of disease, with net savings of nearly $14 billion in direct costs and $69 billion in total societal costs (1).
Brian Lynch
The success of vaccination, particularly in developed nations, has been based on public recognition of their benefits, access to vaccines, and continuing efforts to promote their use as an integral component of health and preventative care.
Philip Song
Despite these successes, opportunities remain to improve vaccination coverage in the US. In 2010, the National Vaccine Plan was revised and updated, setting vaccination goals and strategies aimed to ensure a stable supply of, access to, and better use of recommended vaccines in the US (2). Thus, any way to enhance or improve the systems to help ensure safe and more efficient vaccination should be pursued.
The vaccination setting in the US is rapidly evolving from its traditional medical home to nontraditional ones, such as retail outlets, schools, and pharmacies. As an example, during the 2010–2011 influenza vaccination campaign, 18.5% of adults received their flu shot in a retail setting (3). Along with the change in the setting is a change in the profile of vaccinators in these new settings, with those individuals possessing different and varying clinical experience and education. Another reality is that the immunization enterprise is facing increasing cost pressures throughout healthcare. Furthermore, all vaccination venues are seeking opportunities to lower the costs of delivering vaccination.
To help ensure consistent, efficient, and cost-effective vaccinations, all means to simplify the vaccination process should be considered. In this light, the vaccine package—which plays an important role at the clinical interface between vaccine, patient, and caregiver—is increasingly viewed as a crucial component of vaccination. Today there are three types of vaccine packages in use: prefills (PFSs), multi-dose vials (MDVs), and single-dose vials (SDVs). Each package has different implications for clinical practice, efficiency and cost, and, potentially, patient outcomes.
A 2010 time-motion study performed by The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health demonstrated the safety and workflow advantages of PFSs (4). Investigators observed more than 1500 vaccine injection preparations, and determined time differences and subsequent cost differences associated with the use of PFSs vs. MDVs. They also observed preparation and handling practices.
Investigators found that preparing a dose using MDVs took 37 seconds longer than with PFSs because of the increased number of steps required to prepare a vaccine packaged in a vial. Assuming standard costs for materials and labor, researchers concluded that administration of vaccines via PFSs could save a clinic approximately $1100 per 1000 doses assuming the same price per vaccine dose.
More significantly, PFSs reduce the risks associated with deviation from best practices as established by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5). For example, researchers observed the following deviations from best practices with MDVs:
• Neglecting to write on a vial the date it was opened
• Not properly sterilizing the rubber stopper before withdrawing vaccine dose
• "Trusting" memory for transcribing lot number
• Predrawing the day before or using leftover predrawn syringes from a previous day
• Predrawn syringes were often left out (not refrigerated) for long periods of time and, in some cases, for a whole day
• Drawing vaccine from multiple vials, especially without checking if the lot numbers were the same (6).
By eliminating the preparation steps required with a vial, a prefilled syringe is simpler and easier to use. Vaccination workflow may be faster and smoother for clinicians and may improve speed of patient throughput.
An additional and important advantage offered by PFSs is that they come from the manufacturer, labeled by the manufacturer. All too often, syringes predrawn from vaccine vials are left unlabeled, or are subject to variable labeling practices, clinic by clinic or perhaps even clinician by clinician. This variability increases the risk of a wrong or improperly stored injectable vaccine being given; dosing errors also increase when vaccine is prepared and labeled by hand (7). Prefilled and prelabeled syringes avoid these errors and omissions, ensure accurate dosing, and offer clinics a ready-to-use, safe, and simple time-saving alternative to predrawing several vaccine syringes in advance.
Variations from clinical best practices can be influenced by many different factors, including experience, education, and "real-life" clinician scenarios (e.g., multi-tasking, distractions, or work-flow pressure). While the vaccine enterprise in the US is considered safe, there have been case studies that show that errors in preparation and administration can occur.
In 2010, Premier Safety Institute conducted a large study with more than 5000 clinicians to understand the "current injection practice patterns to assist with targeting outreach and education." This study was done in response to "increasing reports of outbreaks in the US involving transmission of Hepatitis B and C to patients associated with unsafe injection practices and breakdowns in basic infection control" (8). For example, an outbreak occurred during the 2007–2008 influenza campaign when a New York physician's office engaged in a practice of drawing six 0.5-mL influenza vaccine doses into a 3-mL syringe and subsequently vaccinated six individuals with the same syringe while only changing the needle (9).
The Premier study revealed that this practice may be more widespread than perhaps anticipated: 0.9% of the clinicians in the survey reported that they change the needle but reuse the syringe on multiple patients. In this same study, 6% of the clinicians also reported using single-dose or single-use vials for more than one patient, and 1.1% reused a syringe to enter a multi-dose vial and then saved that vial for use on another patient (8).
CDC guidelines recommend that healthcare workers use single-dose vials, syringes, and needles only once, which precludes their use in more than one patient. The study authors wrote, "Our findings provide evidence that healthcare professionals continue to engage in unsafe injection practices, which represent an ongoing threat to patient safety in the United States and are devastating to all those patients who are impacted." (8)
In a recent article in the American Journal of Infection Control the authors stated, "Although there is a clear need for more education, this may not necessarily eliminate all unsafe practices. Adopting principle from human factors engineering, we must consider redesigning devices, equipment, and processes to reduce or eliminate risk of bloodborne pathogen transmission" (8). This statement is consistent with FDA's increasing requirements around the integration of Human Factors Engineering (HFE) and device design. HFE is "the science and the methods used to make devices easier and safer to use....helping to improve human performance and reduce the risks associated with use" (10).
To better understand the user interface of clinician and various vaccine packages, and the associated potential for errors, a comprehensive study was commissioned by BD and conducted in 2011 by Interface Analysis Associates (11). The researchers outlined the process of vaccine preparation from storage through disposal for the three vaccine package types, and then developed a list of all potential errors associated with each step. The study identified all distinct operations within each risk category for potential contribution to risk.
Table I: The top five potential risk categories and the number of associated potential operations associated with each risk.
The top five potential risk categories and number of associated potential operations that could cause them are shown in Table I. The study concluded that, in general, the more complex the particular workflow and the more risk factors involved, the more apparent were the benefits of PFSs compared with vials. For example, of the 43 distinct operations determined for Contamination, both MDVs and SDVs were subject to 38 of these risk opportunities while PFSs were subject to only 23 of them. Similar differences were seen across the rest of the top five risk categories.
One can also relate the findings of the study to Six Sigma principles. Six Sigma principles are used to help mistake-proof products and/or processes and rely on the following general approaches:
• Eliminating the possibility of error
• Replacing a risky process with one that is more reliable
• Facilitating or making the task easier to perform
• Detecting errors before carrying out further operations
• Mitigating or minimizing the effects of error.
In the user interface study, the number of distinct steps involved in delivering vaccine from the three packaging platforms—up to 50 for multi-dose vials, 45 for single-dose vials, and 28 for PFSs—suggests an advantage to the simpler PFS protocol. By reducing the number of steps, there is less opportunity for error.
For example, PFSs have a demonstrated advantage in contamination control because needle changes and drawing drugs from vials (and all the contamination potential those steps entail) do not occur with prefills. Similarly, replacing a highly variable step like syringe filling by a clinician with highly precise aseptic machine filling can help assure administration of the correct dose, as well as reduce the likelihood of contamination. Finally, opportunities for administering the wrong dose or expired vaccine are minimized by labels being applied on every PFS by the manufacturer. Preapplied labels thereby facilitate the task so it is easier, and provide a means of detection as the PFS reaches the end user and point of use with a label. Readily apparent labels also enable corrective protocols to be followed immediately in the event an incorrect drug or incorrect dosage is injected, thus mitigating further effects of the error.
Being prelabeled, unit-dose, and ready-to-administer, PFSs embody "safety-by-design" because of their inherent simplicity to use, elimination of several error-prone steps in vaccine preparation and administration, reduced opportunity for syringe reuse and cross-contamination, and assurance of the correct dose. Printed peel-off labels on vaccine prefills can facilitate recording of batch numbers and updating immunization records.
The clinical and workflow benefits of PFSs compared with vials rest on the inherent differences required to prepare a dose of a vaccine, or any injectable, packaged in a unit-dose, ready-to-administer format versus a non-ready-to-use format, whether single or multi-dose.
With their inherently simple design, prefilled syringes do not rely on consistently flawless and technique and aseptic practices to reduce injection-related risks—instead, they completely eliminate the need for several of the preparation steps that open the door to avoidable risks and consume additional clinician time. In a sense, they embody safety-by-design principles that are important when considering human factors and the user interface.
The growing recognition of the many advantages of PFSs have fueled a significant shift towards their use for all vaccine types, most significantly influenza, where the percent of flu vaccine packaged in PFSs has grown from approximately 21% during the 2006–2007 campaign to 48% in 2012–2013 (12). In Europe, nearly all of these same vaccines brought to market are packaged in PFSs (13).
Brian Lynch is program lead, Health Science and Technology, Immunization,, and Philip Song is a quality assurance staff engineer,, both at BD Medical–Pharmaceutical Systems.
1. F. Zhou, presention at the 45th National Immunization Conference (Washington, DC, March 2011).
2. US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2010 National Vaccine Plan,, accessed Sept. 10, 2012.
3. Health Industry Distributors Association, 2010–2011 Influenza Vaccine Production and Distribution Market Brief (Sept. 2011).
4. C.C. Pereira and D. Bishai, Expert Reviews 9 (11), 1343–1349 (2010).
5. CDC, The Pink Book—Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, W. Atkinson, S. Wolfe, and J. Hamborsky, eds, (Public Health Foundation, 12th ed., Washington DC, 2011).
6. D. Bishai, presentation at the World Vaccine Congress, (Washington DC, Apr. 2010).
7. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, MMWR 55 (RR15), 1–48 (2006).
8. G. Pugliese et al., Am J Infect Control 38 (10), 789–98 (2010).
9. New York State Department of Health, "Nassau County and State Health Departments Alert 36 Patients to Infection Control Error by Long Island Doctor," Press Release, Albany, NY, Jan. 15, 2008.
10. Experts123, "Why is Human Factors Engineering Important for Medical Devices?", accessed Sept. 24, 2012.
11. Interface Analysis Associates, Vaccine Primary Drug Container: Single-Dose, Multi-Dose, Pre-Filled Syringe Risks Analysis Report. On file at BD (2011).
12. Company Reports, IMS Data, National Influenza Vaccine Summits, BD Market Intelligence (2006–2012).
13. BD Market Intelligence (2009).
|
Fuel Oil - History
About 1847, Pittsburgh resident Samuel Keir devised a way to distill petroleum into a lamp fuel which he called "carbon oil". The invention of the kerosene lamp in the mid 1850's led to the establishment of the first US oil company, the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company. The American oil industry was born near Titusville in northwestern Pennsylvania in 1859. There, Edwin L. Drake drilled the first commercially successful oil well in the United States. However, the first major oil company was the Standard Oil Company founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870. Standard Oil built its first oil refinery in Pennsylvania, then later expanded its extensive operations nationwide.
Since the first introduction of petroleum as an illuminator, and its subsequent abundance and consequent cheapness, various attenipts had been made to use it for fuel as a substitute for coal, especially for the production of steam. The advantages and drawbacks were both easily comprehended. Among the first was the smaller space it occupies, with a lesser weight, and the ease with which it can be manipulated no grates, no ashes, no raking, etc. Instead of fire-men necessary to handle the solid lumps of coal, watch its combustion, and keep the furnace in proper condition by raking the fire, cleaning the ash-pit, etc., the combustion of a liquid fuel, stuch as petroleum, may be simply managed by varying the supply by proper stop-cocks, simply an occasional observation and regulation of the supply being sufficient, bringing nearer to the great desideratum all good inventions lead to: the abolition of all hard mechanical labor by human beings, to all of whom bountiful nature has not given such an abundant amount of brains for nothing, to be wasted while doing the labor that brainless animals or machinery can perform as well, if not better.
The drawbacks of the universal use of petroleum as a fuel, were, first, the trouble and labor connected with its transportation and storage while the solid coal can be loaded in open cars and duniped into heaps, the liquid petroleum must be stored antI transported in air-tight vessels, involving far more expense and investment of capital than is incident to the transportation and storage of coal. Another drawback is its great combustibility and consequent danger connected with having it stored in quantity, while coal is perfectly safe in this respect, so safe, indeed, that a burning match, or even a burning stick or piece of wood may safely be thrown on a heap of coal and will burn up without igniting the coal, while petroleum, and even sometimes its vapors, are so combustible that it is dangerous to come near them with any flame; these vapors, mixed with air, produce an explosive mixture. When once ignited, water will not extinguish petroieum, as it floats on top of it.
Thie first experiment was made about the year 1864 in one of the United States Navy Yards, either Brooklyn or Pidladelphia, where an engineer conceived the idea of placing a large number of kerosene lamps under a steam-boiler. He had observed the great heat given off by a kerosene lamp, and supposed that if only the number were large enough to fill the whole of the fire-room of a boiler furnace, they would raise steam. He overlooked the fact that the great heat produced by such a lamp does not extend farnot much beyond the chimney, and that to raise steam a long stream of burning or heated gases must be passed under the boiler and through the flues, and that only a sufficient mass of coal or other suitable material must be in a state of ignition, and the burning, aided by a draft, project a long stream of heat, which disperses itself where it is needed; while lamps only moderately heat the spot under which they are directly placed. A better idea was to project a continuous spray of petroleum over pieces of brick, and have them ignited and a blast passed between them. This was tried, however with doubtful success.
The next trial was at the Battery, New York, in 1865. The inventor burned a spray of petroleum which proceeded from perforated pipes, while two blasts, one a series of small air blasts and one a series of superheated steam blasts, aided the combustion. This worked far better, as it was able to drive the flames through the return flues. Since that time several trials have been made, but most all of them accepting the same plana fine spray of petroleum and a blast of air and of superheated steam. It was soon found, however, that the steam blast, while it aided to atomize the petroleum (that is, it aided powerfully to subdivide the jet into innumerable small drops like dust), it also reduced the temperature if it was not very highly superheated, so high indeed that it volatitalized the oil when it came in contact with it. It was also found that time amount of air required for perfect combustion was enormous, not less than 50 volumes of air for 1 volume of petroleum vapor. But this is no objectiou, as air costs nothing.
In regard to metallurgy, the problem was pretty well solved; polished sheet-iron and steel had been made with success and economy by means of petroleum as fuel, while for other metallurgical operations this would appear clear; but what was wanted was a good steaum-boiler furnace intended to use petroleum as fuel. It was found, by trying improvements in the methods referred to, that petroleum can be used with great advantage in place of coal for the manufacture of iron, steel, glass, etc., and that even if it costs $10 a barrel and coal $5 per ton, the advantage was altogether on thh side of petroleum to the amount of 50 per cent, while under steam-boilers 1 pound of oil will evaporate very nearly 15, 16 pounds or more of water. This very favorable result is no doubt due to the fact that the combustion of coal is naturally and necessarily more wasteful, while a liquid fuel can be burned with far more economy, provided only the right method has been devised.
In regard to other rival methods, by late 1878 one was at the United States Navy Yard in Brooklyn, and showed the invention to be dreadfully out of joint, as proved by the impractical and crude ideas on which it was based. By 1880 the art of burning petroleum as fuel, so as to obtain the maximum available heat, was still in its infancy.
By 1882 one observer claimed that the Russians were considerably ahead of America in the application of petroleum as fuel. They employed it successfully upon somue of their railways for driving loconlotives, using for this purpose the crude naphtha as it comes from the wells. Most of the steamers time plied the Caspian Sea used the liquid fuel, which was very much cheaper than coal. It was consumed with the injectors, and the combustion was regulated with the greatest ease. A number of advantages were claimed for the liquid fuel. The furnaces last longer on account of the absence of sulphur; there were no cinders, smoke or sparks; the work of the attendammts is greatly simplified, and the heating effect of the fuel considerably greater than that of wood or coal.
The Italian navy led the way in experimenting with oil starting in 1890, and by 1900 most of its torpedo boats were oil burning. By the early 1890s it was clear that naval minds were everywhere hardening on the question of coal-endurance. By 1893 some regarded the advent of liquid fuel to be close at hand, and as ships can be fuelled (Adm. P.H. Colomb of the Royaal Navy claimed to have coined this verb) at sea with liquid fuel when it would be impossible to take in coal, the hastening of that advent was a thing to be calculated on. With coal, the experience of such ships as the HMS Amphion, with a nominal extreme speed of 17 knots and a nominal coal endurance of 11,000 miles at 10 knots, on a displacement of 4,300 tons, appeared to give more satisfaction to the naval mind as a combination than the HMS Blenheim's 21.6-knot speed with 15,000 miles coal-endurance on a displacement of 9,000 tons. An Amphion would not be justified in running away from a Blenheim, so that the extra speed was not so far called for; and while the nominal 4,000 miles greater coal-endurance may be an advantage, it would seem to be much more than balanced by the displacement of the Blenheim. While, therefore, great stress must be laid on coal-endurance so long as coal is the fuel, it may be easy to overdo it in sacrificing other elements.
Oil offered many benefits compared to coal. With twice the thermal content of coal, boilers could be smaller and ships could travel further at greater speed. Oil burned with less smoke, so the location of the fleet would not be so readily compromised. Oil could be stored in tanks anywhere on the ship, allowing more efficient designs. Oil could be transferred through pipes without reliance on stokers, reducing manning. Refueling at sea was feasible, which provided greater operational flexibility. When coal fired boilers are compared with oil fired ones, the biggest differences exist in the combustion equipment. As oil can be combusted in burners of rather simple design, extensive equipment is needed in combustion of coal. In the rest of the boiler, however, there are only a few minor differences in design between boilers fired with solid fuels and those fired with oil. One major difference is that generally more combustion air is needed with solid fuels than with oil, which leads to bigger amounts of flue gases and also to a bigger boiler volume. To turn it the other way round, with a given boiler a bigger output is obtained by oil firing than by coal firing, presuming that combustion of both is possible. The US Navy had conducted significant experiments with oil as fuel almost continuously after 1864. George Wallace Melville, a graduate of Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, worked in the engineering field until July 1861, when he joined the Navy in the rank of Third Assistant Engineer. In August 1887, President Grover Cleveland appointed Commodore Melville as the Navy's First Chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering. He rapidly realized the urgent need for the establishment of a test and evaluation station where naval machinery and components could undergo examination and trial for reliability before being placed aboard Navy ships. Submitting a Congressional request for funds to establish an experiment station and test laboratory, Melville's arguments finally convinced Congress to authorize a modest $400,000 for the buildings and equipment which became the US Naval Engineering Experiment Station when it was completed in 1908.
During his administration of over 16 years, Melville superintended the design of 120 ships of the "New Navy" and introduced such widely acclaimed innovations as the water tube boiler, vertical engines, and the repair ship. Promoted to Rear Admiral (RADM) in 1899, Melville was appointed Engineer in Chief of the Navy in 1900. Melville worked to create an oil-burning fleet.
The mixed-firing method of spraying oil on coal was routine by the early 1900s. By 1900 natural gas still provided a significant amount of illumination and some heating. Coal and fuel oil provided most of the energy for heating of homes and offices in cities. Wood was still the dominant source of heat energy in rural areas.
The Royal Navy laid down [Dec 05], built [Dec 05-Oct 06], and commissioned [Dec 06] the first all big-gun battleship, HMS Dreadnought, which revolutionized naval architecture (in spite of the fact that the US Navy already had the USS South Carolina class approved in 1905, they were not laid down until December 1906, hence, the failure to complete in a timely manner gave Dreadnought the honors). This opened up a frantic naval construction race between all of the great naval powers, since all of their ships were now obsolete. HMS Dreadnought mounted 10x12-inch naval rifles in five dual barbettes, three on the center line and one on each side of the forward structure, giving her an 8-gun broadside; she turned 21-knots max. with a radius of operations of 6600 miles at 10 kts and 5000 at 19 kts; her power plant was a hybrid in as much as she burned both coal and oil. The transition by the Royal Navy from coal to oil was stimulated by First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill and Admiral Sir John (Jacky) Fisher. The Royal Navy had already adopted oil for submarines and destroyers, as had the American Navy. When Churchill went to Whitehall in 1911, coal was still the primary source of power for naval vessels. Ordered in 1912 to outmaneuver and cross the T of the German fleet, the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships were built to burn oil only. Once this decision was made, it followed that the rest of the Royal Navy would turn to oil. This technological change was a great success, and every navy soon switched to oil. An extensive investigation of petroleum as fuel by the Liquid Fuel Board in 1902-03 proved tremendously important to the entire naval and commercial world. The Board recommended using oil as a standalone fuel in 1904. The first oil-burning American destroyer, USS Paulding, was commissioned in 1910. The BB-34 New York Class battleships, laid down in 1911, were the first US Navy battleships armed with 14-inch guns, and the last to be built with more than four main battery turrets, intermediate weight side armor and coal-fired boilers. The BB-36 Nevada Class were the last US Navy battleships to have reciprocating engines, and the last to have two propellers. At the same time they were the first of the ships to carry fourteen-inch guns, and the US Navy's first to have oil as their primary fuel. The US Navy began to establish fuel oil depots in 1910 to supply the needs of submarines and destroyers. Its first fuel oil facilities were located on the East Coast at Key West, Charleston, Norfolk, and Narragansett Bay.
Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list
Page last modified: 07-07-2011 12:56:57 ZULU
|
Caring For Your Lawn In The Fall Brings In The Good Stuff
September 3, 2019
For most homeowners, the lawn is the crown jewel of their homes. After all, it is the first part of the home that would greet them and their guests. A beautiful lawn brings about good vibes to guests. Walking barefoot along the fresh, green grass relieves our stress and worries for the day. The cool winds blowing in your face, the sounds of chirping birds, are all part of the experience. First impressions last, so they say.
Lawns are not just for aesthetics. A thick lawn that is brimming with good health is good for the environment in so many ways. If we are kind to our lawn, it will be kind to us as well. Some people find it hard work, but also find that the investment in time, money, and effort is all worth it.
How Do Lawns Benefit The Environment
The lawn grass helps clean the environment by trapping carbon dioxide in the air and turns it into clean, breathable oxygen. This is very important because too much carbon dioxide leads to environmental dangers like elevated temperatures. Elevated temperatures are high health risks, and may cause higher risks of stroke and worsening of other illnesses. It would also make work outdoors dangerous, especially farmers and construction workers. Carbon dioxide also contributes to the deterioration in air quality. The World Health Organization has declared air pollution as “the world’s largest single environmental health risk”. Reducing air pollution will definitely save the lives of millions. This is not to say one single lawn will eradicate all these problems, but it certainly helps in its own little way, as the grass not only helps trap the harmful gases but the dirt to keep it away from your lungs.
Lawns are helpful in improving the soil structure. Compact soil does not allow water to sink in. Groundwater, thus, does not get refilled even when it rains. Grass also keeps the soil loose, allowing it to absorb more water.
Lawns also reduce noise pollution. Compared to houses without lawns, where most are made up of hard surfaces wherein noise can bounce off, the grass acts as a sound barrier, absorbing the noise coming from other people, vehicles, and animals.
Having a lawn also helps you feel cooler. If you have noticed, urban areas tend to be warmer because of the concrete that tends to turn the area into one big oven. A place with grass and trees cools the environment.
It also contributes to home security. Fewer opportunities for intruders to hide as it allows high visibility zones that can deter potential intruders. Lawns also help reduce fire hazard because it can serve as a firebreak.
Lawns also give you a perfect place to spend your lazy Sunday afternoon in. You can go out to read a book, listen to music, have a picnic, or call your friends for a barbecue party. When you feel stressed out, just go out to the lawn and walk barefoot. You will surely feel refreshed.
And of course, people love houses with beautiful lawns. That increases the value of the property if the homeowner decides to sell it.
The Cons Of Having A Lawn
That being said, not all people are sold on having a lawn. Despite its benefits, naysayers believe lawns are not environment-friendly. We are talking about some of the environmentalists here. Who would have thought, then, that lawns can be so controversial? Let us find out what they have to say.
Some people identified as being environmentalists are worried about the negative effects of the equipment being used to care for lawns. The Environmental Protection Agency says that studies have shown that a lawnmower running for an hour emits the same amount of air pollutants as 40 brand new cars, releases hydrocarbons equivalent to that of an SUV that has run a total of 23,000 miles, and can contribute 90 times more than the smog-forming emissions of a 2006 model automobile.
Lawn care may also put a strain on the water supply. Lawn owners use up plenty of water in caring for it. If you are still just planning to have one, get ready to use up lots of water. To ensure that the grass would be healthy, it would need 1 to 1.5 inches of water every week. Be sure to pray for lots of rain to make up for it.
Gas lawn mowers can also endanger a person’s hearing. It runs at 100 decibels, more than a human can safely tolerate.
Having compared both the pros and cons, I still believe that the benefits of having a healthy lawn far outweigh the cons. It is just a matter of caring for it.
Caring For Your Lawn
Having a beautiful and healthy is like having a pet, you would have to take care of it, and taking care of a lawn takes a lot of hard work and time. All the effort would be well worth it though. Now that summer is almost over and we are well on our way to fall, it is time to go down and dirty. Here is a guide on how you can have a healthy lawn.
Your soil must be healthy. The most important thing is that a lawn needs soil that has a very good texture. Soil that has a good mixture of clay, silt, and sand is the most favorable. Be sure to fertilize the soil by making periodic improvements like adding manure, compost, or grass clippings. Lawns need more phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium than what is found in the soil. During early spring, fertilize twice., then fertilize once in the fall. Checking the soil’s pH is also important; it should have a pH of 6.5 up to 7 so that the grass can absorb nutrients better.
Choose the right type of grass, one that suits the weather in your location and of course your needs. Remember that not all grasses are created the same. They have varying requirements for water, climate, tolerance of pests, and the degree of wear it can withstand. Find out what type of grass you have; is it a cool-season turfgrass or a warm-season turfgrass.
Mow your lawn high and often and ensure that you use sharp blades. This produces stronger and healthier grass. The ideal length would be 2½ to 3½ inches. Longer grass covers up the soil better and will make it retain moisture, making it cooler in the surroundings and preventing weeds to grow. Longer grass can take in more sunlight, allowing it to grow thicker and develop a deeper root system. Using sharp blades will prevent tearing and injuring of the grass. For a more efficient lawn mower, drain old gas that has been stuck in the lawnmower since its last use. When do you stop mowing? When the grass stops growing, then that is when you stop mowing.
Lawns need water. Lawns are always thirsty for water. They need about 1 to 1.5 inches of water each week. Watering the lawn can be either from the rain or from irrigation. Water your lawn weekly. Try as much as possible to avoid water wastage. Properly watering the lawn helps grow deep roots and makes the lawn. If you see the grass starting to wilt, then it is time to water the lawn.
The presence of weeds certainly takes the joy out of the lawn. Watering and fertilizing the grass properly helps to eliminate weeds. In the early spring, put herbicide, plus spot treatments as needed during the summer. This will certainly keep your lawn weed-free. This would only take half an hour.
Be vigilant of the outdoor pests as well. Pests like mosquitoes, flies, rats, cockroaches, wasps, and other animals are not only a nuisance but can also be health risks as well. Make sure your surroundings are clean. Regularly throw garbage and put a lid on your garbage bins. Remove items that can store standing water. Remove dead wood and leaves so that pests like venomous spiders would not have many places to hide.
Why not try Go-Forth Pest Control for your lawn care needs? Go-Forth Pest Control, the pest exterminator, not only gets rid of indoor and outdoor pests, but we also take good care of your lawn.
At Go-Forth, we take care of your lawn pests. We also fertilize, feed, and treat your lawn to make sure your grass is green, happy and lively! We also aerate lawns so that water, air, and other nutrients get into the soil. This, in turn, will help the roots to grow and produce a green lawn.
Go-Forth Pest Control is a family-owned commercial service solutions provider of modern pest control services and techniques, using the latest and most advanced technology in the business, making our service to you more efficient, safer and more convenient. We have a bug exterminator who can provide the best pest control services to residents and business establishments all throughout North and South Carolina.
Previous Next
Request Your Free Quote
go to top
|
Keyword Analysis & Research: ppv definition
Keyword Analysis
Keyword Research: People who searched ppv definition also searched
Frequently Asked Questions
What does PPV stand for?
PPV stands for Price Point Variance (financial management) Suggest new definition. This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Business, finance, etc.
What does PPV mean in accounting?
A positive PPV means the goods cost more than you estimated, which means the cost of goods has increased. A negative PPV means the goods actually cost less than your estimate. ... A positive PPV is entered as a credit, while a negative one is entered as a debit.
What exactly are PPV points?
Finally, pay-per-view, or PPV points, are another way a UFC fighter can make millions. Like endorsement deals, very few people will get PPV points. When a fighter gets PPV points, it just means a small percentage of the money that audiences pay for a PPV will go to the fighter. PPV points are usually reserved for champions and popular fighters.
What is PPV in medicine?
The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV respectively) are the proportions of positive and negative results in statistics and diagnostic tests that are true positive and true negative results, respectively. The PPV and NPV describe the performance of a diagnostic test or other statistical measure.
Search Results related to ppv definition on Search Engine
|
Skip to main contentSkip to navigation
UK’s mild winter puts some butterflies and burrowers at risk
Creatures such as hedgehogs waking without sufficient food as abnormal weather disrupts hibernation
A hedgehog hibernating
A hedgehog hibernating. Creatures including hedgehogs are waking without sufficient food to sustain them until spring. Photograph: Alamy
Butterflies, hedgehogs and bats are at risk as the unseasonably mild weather has disrupted hibernation in the UK and is causing spring flowers to bloom in January.
Climate change is disrupting the seasons, and this year the winter has been especially mild, with trees not dropping their autumn leaves and others bursting into fresh leaf and bloom months early. This New Year’s Eve is expected to be the mildest on record, with temperatures predicted to hit 15C in some parts of the country – double the average temperature for this time of year.
This could have devastating effects for creatures that depend on the rhythm of the seasons for survival.
While a low-pressure system is behind the unseasonal warmth, experts say background temperature rises caused by climate change are exacerbating the issue.
Grahame Madge, a climate spokesperson for the Met Office, said: “The unseasonal warmth that will be a feature of the new year period is caused by a low-pressure system drawing up warm air from further south in the Atlantic. Although this would have always created relatively much warmer conditions compared with average, with around 1C of background warming, it is possible that climate change will bring the event to a point that challenges previously held records.”
He said this could cause butterflies to be killed off as they emerge from hibernation too early before sufficient food is available, especially as a deadly later cold snap could hit.
Madge said: “Abnormal warm spells during winter can encourage species out of hibernation. Butterflies such as red admirals and small tortoiseshells and other insects can be particularly challenged as they can emerge largely without access to life-saving food sources like nectar. If the warm spell is followed by a return to colder conditions, the hibernating individuals will have used up valuable energy reserves without being able to replace them, possibly with disastrous consequences.”
The unseasonably warm weather has been confusing for hibernating mammals, which have been emerging from their slumber early. This could be fatal for creatures including hedgehogs, which are waking without sufficient food to sustain them until spring.
Kathryn Brown, the director for climate action for The Wildlife Trusts, said: “Our climate is changing, which is having an impact on whole ecosystems as well as individual species. The warming climate is affecting breeding cycles, the availability of food, and behaviours including hibernation. Unusually mild temperatures mean that some species can temporarily emerge from hibernation more often in winter, which is problematic if there is insufficient food to make up for the extra energy used. We know that hedgehogs are at increased risk, and we need more research to understand the effects on other hibernating species such as bats and dormice.”
Horticulturalists have noticed that roses have been in bloom all winter, much like in more Mediterranean climes, and colourful spring flowers are already bursting into bloom across British gardens.
Matthew Pottage, the curator of the Royal Horticultural Society’s Wisley garden, said: “There are both pros and cons related to the current mild weather for plants and gardens. Out-of-season plants such as roses will, for example, continue to flower, and spring plants like magnolia will likely begin to bloom earlier than normal, which will bring a welcome bit of colour into gardens from early next year if the mild weather continues.”
Gardeners and farmers have greatly missed the frosts that kill off pests. Certain fungi and insects now thrive all year round.
Pottage said: “The lack of a cold snap will enable exotic plant varieties to continue to flourish but the downside is gardeners will continue to experience some garden pests until significant frosts arrive to kill them off.”
Experts at the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI) are asking gardeners to chronicle unusually early blooms in their garden. This has become a growing phenomenon as the seasons become more muddled.
Louise Marsh, from the BSBI, said: “We have seen reports on social media of plants in bloom at the moment that have raised a few eyebrows … I expect we will see a similar pattern to previous years – hundreds of species in bloom.”
“It isn’t, however, a straightforward story of everything coming into bloom early. We usually find that about half the species in bloom are ‘autumn stragglers’ that have managed to keep on flowering because they haven’t been knocked back by hard frosts; around a quarter are all-year-rounders (typical urban “weeds” such as groundsel, shepherd’s purse, dandelion and daisy) and a few winter specialists such as winter heliotrope; around a quarter are those spring flowers, such as primrose and lesser celandine, blooming early.”
There are concerns about the impacts on pollinators if the flowers bloom before they have a chance to take advantage of the nectar, and on migratory birds that feed on fruit and have not yet arrived.
|
The Blizzard of 1888 in South Central Nebraska
The great blizzard which struck the northern plains on January 12, 1888 has acquired almost legendary status. Over a thousand people are said to have perished, about 100 of them in Nebraska. The blizzard came to be known as the “School Children’s Blizzard” because of the many children and teachers caught in little one-room schoolhouses scattered across the plains. But Adams County was spared, no citizen of the county is known to have died in the storm.
The morning of that fateful day was unseasonably warm and clear. Children had walked to school wearing light-weight clothing and carrying only their lunch. They would later reminisce about playing outside at noon in their shirtsleeves. While the residents of Adams County went about their daily activities unaware, a massive Canadian cold front was descending on them at a speed of 45 miles per hour. The front’s leading edge was a wall of blowing dirt, snow, and ice particles. The temperature behind the front fell by twenty to thirty degrees. By nightfall the temperature was well below zero–in some places by as much as twenty degrees below. Anyone caught out in that mass of howling winds, blinding snow and subzero temperature was in severe trouble.
H. O’Gara collected stories of the blizzard and in 1947 they were printed in a book titled In All Its Fury. The following stories, which illustrate the blizzard’s impact on the rural residents of this area, were excerpted from that book.
Lulu McGaw Cunningham lived on a farm four miles northeast of Hastings and attended school district 15. “During the noon hour, while we were enjoying our lunch, we heard a loud roaring that sounded like a train passing nearby. In a few minutes we knew what caused the noise for the blizzard struck the building and tore a shutter from one of the windows. The wind whirled dirty snow and ice against the panes, completely covering them so that we could not see out anywhere and it became very dark. The storm came with the force of a cyclone.
The temperature began to go down and by two o’clock it had fallen to about twenty below. The wind continued to blow, drifting and blocking the country roads. Our teacher said that unless our fathers came for us we would stay right there all night, as we had plenty of coal in the bin. But very soon our father’s did begin to come, one rode a horse, another had a top buggy, another a sled. My father drove a team of horses hitched to a double-box wagon. We sat in the bottom covered with blankets while father stood in front to drive. It was very hard on us, as we had to face the bitter, cold wind. Ice formed on the horses’ faces and father frosted his ear and face. A willow hedge fence was the only guide he had to keep the horses in the road. We were half an hour driving the short distance home.”
Josephine Bergeron Donnelly, daughter of Jule & Eleanor Bergeron, and a first cousin of Leona Bassett Kline, lived nine miles southeast of Hastings and attended school district 48 in Clay County. “Our teacher was a young man of nineteen and he boarded at our house. His name was Bert Stevens of Ohiowa. There were forty-five children in the school that day and he did not let one leave unless called for. The school board had delivered coal the day before and so he could keep a good fire all night.
About four in the morning the storm began to slacken and some of the parents came to see how we were getting along. Then Mr. Stevens took four dinner-pails over to our house to get food for the little ones. Mother filled all the pails and gave him milk for them too. People all over the country praised him for his kindness and wise care of the children.
When my father came to guide the three of us home he brought warm wraps along. The morning had been just like a spring day and we were lightly dressed. It took us an hour and a half to walk that one mile, for the wind blew so hard and the snow was so fine that we could not see our way. Fortunately we had a wire fence to follow. The snow was so fine and blown with such force that it went right through all our clothing and mother found it on our cold skin.
The next morning the weather was bitter but the sunshine was bright and there was no wind. The snow had drifted into high banks and was packed so hard that horses walked across it without breaking the crust.”
In 1988, Sister Frances Kline retold the story her mother had told her about the blizzard of 1888. “Father had rode a horse to Trumbull and went on the train to Aurora for some business. The two older boys, Tony and George went to country school. In the morning it was all right. Some time around noon this terrible blizzard came up. The two boys and the neighbor boy walked a half mile or so and the neighbors there said they would keep them all night because they had a mile to walk yet. And an older boy, I forget his name, he came by and told Mother where the boys were. Father got back on the train, he had tied his horse out in the yard some place and the people around there saw it and they put the horse in a barn. So Dad got on the horse and rode home from Trumbull. He had to face the wind. Mother said his clothes were just wet”.
Surprisingly a storm of this magnitude received very little mention in the two 1888 Adams County newspapers for which copies still survive On January 18th the weekly Hastings Gazette-Journal, carried stories of death and heroism from other areas of the state, but nothing about the storm’s local impact. On January 25th its Inland column mentioned livestock driven south by the storm and not yet found. That column also penned “We noticed a prairie schooner wending its weary way westward and we thought as we saw them shoveling through snow drifts that the lot of a homesteader is a hard one in midwinter.”
That same issue also carried a notice to local county superintendents from the State School Superintendent saying “Owing to the fact that numerous cases of freezing teachers and pupils of the public schools of this state during the late storm have been reported” it was requested each county report the number of children and teachers that perished, and the number who had limbs amputated from freezing
On January 12, 1943 a Hastings Daily Tribune writer quoted from a now lost issue of the Hastings Gazette-Journal.: “Once the storm struck it was apparent that Hastings was in for a bad time. School teachers quickly bundled their pupils up and sent them home in squads. Citizens hitched up carriages and helped deliver the children to their homes. Street cars were driven off the streets, stores closed early and all public meetings were cancelled. A committee from the county board of supervisors which had set out on an inspection trip to the county poor farm got caught there and had to spend the night at the institution, which probably gave them a better insight into the way the place operated.”
All trains from the east were held up at Lincoln, and the first one did not pull into Hastings until 1:30 p.m. on the 13th. The Hastings Tribune quoted a Gazette Journal writer who extended himself in describing the storm as “a desperate, howling, demoniac conglomeration of atmospherical wrath and fury.”
The Blizzard of 1888 was not notable because of its unusually low temperatures, nor its heavy snowfall, nor its exceptionally high winds. Rather it was a combination of a rapidly moving storm, a sudden drop in temperature from a balmy winter day to well below zero, gale force winds, and blinding snow which caused such hardship and claimed many lives.
Why did Adams County escape the loss of life and limb suffered in other areas of the state? Perhaps the storm was less severe here, although later accounts reported the same swift moving storm that brought howling winds and blinding snow, and the extreme temperature drop to twenty degrees below zero
Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that Adams County had a much denser rural population than many other counties. The number of farmsteads in 1888 is estimated to have been about 3,700 or over six farmsteads per square mile. Adams County people lost in the blizzard were more likely to stumble upon a farmstead than those in more sparsely populated areas. Also by 1888, wire fencing, which served as a life line to many people during the blizzard, was heavily used in Adams County. These two factors probably explain why Adams County lost no lives during the Great Blizzard of 1888.
It is difficult to compare the blizzards of a century or more ago with today because of the changes in technology. In 1888 people were caught unaware by the swiftly approaching storm. Today radio and television warn us well in advance of changing weather conditions. The pioneers had constructed their buildings as quickly and cheaply as possible. Wind and snow blew through the cracks, and the entire roof structure often blew off sod buildings. Our well built, well insulated buildings protect us against winter’s fury. The pioneers had no telephones to communicate with loved ones, causing some to venture out into the teeth of the storm because their family would be worried. Today’s heavy equipment clears the roads quickly; the pioneers had only the muscles of men and beasts, and the sun when it came out, to clear snow.
If the hardships and heartbreak of our Nebraska pioneer ancestors have any influence on us beyond the retelling of interesting stories, like this one, it may be that we inherited a strength and determination not found everywhere.
May 1988 interview of Sister Frances Kline.
Hastings Daily Tribune
Hastings Gazette Journal
Bringing in the Sheaves
In simplest terms, a threshing machine is a device that beats (threshes) ripened kernels of grain from plant stalks and separates them from husks and straw. Because of this process they were also called “separators.” Although the first machines were small and hand operated, they represented a step forward from using hand flails or animals to trample grain on a threshing floor.
The first threshing machines used in the United States were imported from Scotland and England in the 1780s. The first American made thresher was built in 1792 in Philadelphia, and by the 1830s the two processes of threshing and fanning (separating chaff from the grain) were combined. But technological progress in threshing was limited by the means of power, which was primarily horsepower. The two most common ways of converting the linear motion of animals to the circular motion of machines were the treadmill and the sweep horsepower. The treadmill was limited to the power of one or two horses and dissipated much of that power with its many slats, chains, and belts. The sweep horsepower used horizontal beams, the outside ends of which were hooked to a team which walked in an endless circle. The axle transferred power through a series of gears to a tumbling rod which ran to a gear box on the thresher. Some horsepowers were attached to the thresher gear box by a long belt.
History credits “Wild Bill” Kress with planting the first wheat in Adams County on his homestead along the Little Blue River. W. S. Mont marketed the first wheat in Hastings in 1873. The settlers raised spring wheat (planted in the spring, harvested in the fall) which was often taken to a grist mill to be ground into flour with the miller retaining a portion for his pay. About 1888 winter wheat was introduced in this area, and was immediately popular. It is planted in the fall and matures in early summer before winter and spring soil moisture is lost to the heat of a plains summer. Abe Benedict of Ayr is credited with being the first to raise winter wheat in Adams County. Farmers flocked to his place to see and buy the seed.
Before the wheat could be threshed it had to be cut. Obed Hussey and Cyrus McCormick both patented reapers in the 1830s, and by the 1850s reapers began the mechanization of agriculture. Even after the invention of the reaper, harvesting wheat required several people: a man to drive the reaper; another to rake off the cut grain; and several more to bind and shock the grain. By the 1870s reapers which could bind the grain (called binders) came on the market, further reducing labor in the harvest fields.
In 1873, Merritt and Kellog of Battle Creek, Michigan, became the first company to manufacture self-propelled steam traction engines which moved from farm to farm under their own power. The first known steam powered thresher in Adams County was reported by the Central Nebraskan in 1878 as being operated on the C. C. Ingalls farm near Hastings. Two men were kept busy feeding headed wheat into the separator, and six men pitched it to them. It was reported that the machine threshed much faster than the ordinary horsepower resulting in saving the boarding of additional hands and teams. The steam engine required about $2.50 worth of coal per day. From 1900 to the 1930s, steam traction engines were the primary power source for grain threshing. The 1905-1906 tax schedules for Adams County list 55 farmers who owned a steam engine and a threshing machine, and 13 farmers who had only a threshing machine–apparently the old horsepower type.
There were many dangers associated with agricultural machinery. Boys usually stood on a platform in the center of the horsepower and employed a whip to urge the horses to walk faster. Standing on this platform with the exposed gears in the center was very dangerous. Eight year old Anton Trausch, son of Thomas and Anna Trausch, died in 1907 from shock and loss of blood after his foot and lower leg were ground in the gears of a horsepower. He is buried in the Assumption Cemetery.
However, the dangers of the horsepower were replaced by the steam engine’s risk of explosion and scalding by escaping steam. Pressure in the boilers could reach one hundred pounds per square inch and explosions were common. Also the fire under the boiler caused straw fires which could destroy the entire crop and escape to farm buildings. In 1897 William Lipps of Hastings was scalded to death when a steam engine exploded southeast of Pauline. The Hastings Daily Republican reported the gory details: “The rushing steam cooked the very flesh on his bones.” In 1884 J. A. Smith was killed northwest of Juniata when his steam engine exploded. He had owned the machine three years. In the tradition of the times, the Juniata Herald reported that his body was “horribly mangled. The engine was blown to atoms, the only piece of any size left being a portion of the boiler weighing perhaps 600 pounds which was hurled over thirty rods, landing in a neighbors wheat field.” (A rod is 16.5 feet) Because of the lurid newspaper stories and because the machines were huge and very noisy, the public was justifiably afraid of them.
In a 1985 interview Albert J. Trausch reminisced: “In 1925 my Uncle Joe [Trausch] bought a used steamer in Ragan [in Harlan County]. We drove it clear to Roseland; took us two and a half days. I was steering and Vet [Trausch] was shoveling the coal. Tony Seiler was the water jack. When we got west of Norman we couldn’t get any water, so we drove up into a farmyard and Tony went up to the house and asked if we could get water from the horse tank. The woman said “No.” Vet said “You go back and tell her we have to have water or the damned thing will blow up.” “Take all you want.” she replied.” And there were other dangers, in 1914 Emil Johnson of rural Juniata fell from a load of wheat bundles onto a pitch fork and died an agonizing death a few days later. He left a wife of one year and an infant son.
World War I increased demand for food products which resulted in higher grain prices. (The US entered the war in April 1917. The war ended November 11, 1918.) Farmers’ sons and farm hands were drafted resulting in a scarcity of laborers for the wheat harvest. The Council of Defense organized Hastings men to work in the harvest fields, and on June 21, 1918 it was announced that 100 men had registered to shock wheat.
The introduction of winter wheat had resulted in a great increase in wheat acreage. In central Nebraska farmers formed cooperative neighborhood threshing rings which provided the teams, hayracks and labor needed for the harvest. Local contract thresher men provided the machinery and some skilled labor. Each spring neighbors got together to organize their threshing ring, which usually included eight to ten farmers.
There were two types of threshing runs, shock threshing and stack threshing. Shock threshing was done shortly after the grain had been cut by a binder and shocked by hand. A shock is a group of grain bundles stood together to dry. Farmers’ wives and daughters often helped shock grain in the harvest field.
A shock of wheat waiting to be threshed.
Shocks of wheat waiting to be threshed.
Wheat was cut with a binder in July and shocked grain was threshed as soon as it had cured because it was easily damaged or destroyed by rain and hail storms. If the bundles were to be stacked they were thrown onto a wagon and hauled to the stacking area, usually on high ground. The bundles were laid in a circle around a shock, with the wheat heads in and the butts out. Stacks were shaped like a mushroom, bulging a few feet off the ground and tapering to the top. This shape shed water away from the base. Stacks were as high as fifteen feet. Constructing a stack that would shed water and not blow over was considered an art form. Stacks were usually set in groups of four so the separator could be set between them and bundles pitched in from both sides.
On a shock run each member of the ring furnished a man, a team and a hayrack. When your wheat was threshed you furnished one or two grain scoopers and sometimes an extra man for the hayracks. If the grain was scooped into a bin, a man was needed for that. If it was hauled to an elevator, an extra team and wagon–often driven by boys–was needed. If there were only eight farmers with hayracks an extra spike pitcher was needed in the field to help pitch bundles onto the hayracks so the separator could be fed continuously. When a rack was loaded the driver got into line by the separator, pitched the bundles into the separator and then got back out into the field and loaded again. To be fair to all in case of a storm, they threshed one day at each farm and then went on to the next. If someone wasn’t finished they went around again. After a rain the wait was usually two days because the ground was wet and the grain too soft. Neighbors kept the same threshing ring for years; whoever was last to thresh one year was first the next.
Stack threshing required fewer men because the work of picking up the bundles and hauling them to a central location was already done. Grain could remain in the stack several months. Stack threshing usually began after plowing was finished and continued until as late as October.
This Baker steam engine was purchased about 1910 by George and Pete Trausch. Pete is shown in the photo. Their brother, Matt Trausch, purchased the steam engine in 1924 for $250. Matt's son Bert was the engineer on this machine.
This Baker steam engine was purchased about 1910 by George and Pete Trausch. Pete is shown in the photo. Their brother Matt Trausch purchased the steam engine which needed repairs in 1924 for $250. Matt’s son Bert was the engineer on this machine.
In a 1984 interview Bert Trausch told of his experiences as an engineer with a threshing crew. The engineer, because of his technical knowledge of the steam engine, was regarded as the lead man of the crew. “Dad [Matt Trausch] began custom threshing in 1924 with a used Baker steamer and a wood frame Rumley threshing machine. I was eighteen years old. We furnished the engine, the threshing machine, a tank wagon which held eight barrels of water and a team to pull it, and the three man crew to run the outfit–the separator man, the engineer and the water jack. I was the engineer. I drove the engine to the farm pulling the separator, put on the belts, scooped coal into the engine–about a ton a day– kept the steam up, and watched for signals from the separator man. Our threshing runs were all the way from two miles south of Assumption to within a mile of Juniata. I wasn’t paid; I worked to help support our large family. In those days kids were considered assets.” The engineer’s hours were long. He was up early to set the fire which built up the necessary head of steam in the engine before the threshing crew arrived.
In the mid-twenties Albert J. Trausch worked on his Uncle Joe’s threshing crew which served the area around Roseland. “I ran the separator, kept it oiled and adjusted, watched the grain, moved the pipe that throws the straw onto the pile. You start out building the straw pile a little on each side then fill in the center. The separator man had more work than the engineer and a dirtier job. I was paid about three dollars a day.”
Baker threshing machine interior. Matt Trausch purchased this machine new in Hastings about 1923 for $1300. The drawing is from the original owners manual which is in my possession.
Interior of a Baker threshing machine which was also called the separator. Matt Trausch purchased this machine new in Hastings about 1923 for $1300. The drawing is from the original owners manual which is in my possession.
Bert remembered how hard the water jack worked to earn his three dollars a day. “He had to start early to get his mules ready, scoop the coal the farmer had piled in his yard, haul it to the engine and scoop it into the tender. After the engineer had fed it into the firebox that ton of coal had been scooped three times in one day. Our water wagon held eight barrels (a barrel was about 40 gallons). It had a hand pump on the top and a hose on one end. The water jack laid the hose into a horse tank or cistern and then he got on top of the barrel and manually pumped the water. If he was pumping up out of a cistern he had to work a lot harder. Each water tender on the back of the steam engine held four barrels of water. A hose underneath connected the two tanks equalizing the water. When the water was getting low the engineer tooted the whistle for the jack to come with a load. The engineer siphoned water from the tank wagon into the tenders, then turned the injectors on as needed and siphoned it out of the tenders into the boiler.
We charged four or five cents a bushel for threshing wheat. We could thresh 1,500 bushels in a day if there were several stacks together. Oats we threshed for two cents a bushel. It went faster because it only weighs 32 pounds a bushel while wheat weighs 60 pounds. Oats came out twice as fast so we made about the same amount in a day.
When Dad needed extra help he went up to the courthouse lawn in Hastings and picked out the best looking hobo–they rode the rails following the harvest. He picked one that was sunburned and had calloused hands–a guy with white hands would last about two hours scooping coal or pitching bundles. They worked for maybe a dollar a day.”
Edna Kline Trausch remembered how hard the women worked feeding the threshing crews. “Before noon Mom (Leona Bassett Kline) took a bench, a wash basin and some towels out by the windmill– we didn’t have water in the house. The men were so dirty they washed up out there. The women worked like slaves in the house over the hot cook stove fixing dinner for fifteen hungry men. A large platter of fried spring chickens, butchered early that morning, made one round on the table. Fresh picked green beans and of course potatoes and gravy were served. Pies, cakes, and bread had been baked the day before.” After the men left the house the women and children ate and then the tedious job of dishwashing began. There was no electricity on the farm in those days, so all the water had to be carried in by hand and heated on the cook stove. Afterwards the slop was carried out. No electricity meant no modern appliances. No mixers or blenders or grinders. Everything was done the hard way–by hand. If it was going to be a long day of threshing, as soon as the dishes were done preparations for the crew’s evening meal began.
Threshing machines and their large crews were common on the plains for more than 50 years, but the tradition could not withstand the onslaught of the combine, so named because it combined the work of all other harvest equipment in just one machine.
In the 1920s, the internal combustion tractor began to transform American agriculture, and tractor-drawn combines started to replace binders, grain separators, and steam engines. A. P. Murray operated the first combine in Adams County west of Hastings in June 1921. The days of the large, noisy steam engines were numbered and along with them the neighborhood threshing runs.
In less than a hundred years, the nature of grain production in America had changed from intense hand labor to almost total mechanization. The reason was economic. A farmer who hired a contract threshing crew faced costs of between $80 and $100 a day. Even if neighbors worked together to harvest each other’s wheat, that labor had to be repaid in kind. One man with a combine was a lot cheaper than an entire crew with a threshing machine.
After the advent of the combine the term “threshing” gave way to “combining.” Yet combines didn’t take all the risk out of harvesting. While combines dropped less grain in the field and drastically cut labor costs, wheat cut by a combine had to be dead ripe. Timing was critical because the longer wheat stood in the field, the greater the risk from rain and hail storms, diseases, and pests. Consequently, farmers bought their own machines rather than share with neighbors.
The amount of work one farmer could do exploded in the twentieth century due to power machinery. Technology, however, was both a blessing and a curse. New machines and plant varieties yielded more grain through less work. But the value of grain decreased as the supply increased, causing farms to grow larger and forcing many families off the land. Large farms and expensive machinery often led to large debt loads, sometimes resulting in foreclosures and still fewer farms. In 1950 the Farm Equipment Institute called the development of the one-man combine “one of those occasional milestones which upset the old pattern completely and changed the very course of agriculture itself.” The colorful community threshing days had come to an end.
1984 interview of Bert Trausch by the author.
1986 interview of Albert J. Trausch by the author.
Adams County Historical Society newspaper index.
The Showboat
The Showboat service station about 1960.
The Showboat service station about 1960.
Moored on the Nebraska prairie one mile east of Hastings, the Showboat was a familiar site to travelers along the DLD (Detroit-Lincoln-Denver) Highway which became Highway 6. During its forty year history it served as a service station and portions were at times a café and souvenir shop. An auto court (later called a motel) was located directly east and operated in conjunction with the service station.
During the 1920s and 1930s, highways improved and speeds increased. In Nebraska the speed limit was raised to 35 miles per hour in 1921. As the motoring public began traveling cross country on the new highways, auto campgrounds began to appear. During the 1930s the demand for more comfortable lodging was met by the auto court or tourist court, which featured identical cabins often arranged in a semi-circle.
In April 1930, newlyweds Guy and Helena Miller purchased an acre of ground east of Hastings on which to build a gas station and tourist court. The acre was located on the south side of the DLD Highway which had been graveled in 1924 and was the primary highway from Omaha to Denver. During this time service stations were built in whimsical shapes to attract customers. Helena has seen a showboat in a magazine and she chose that shape.
The first Showboat tourist cabins were built in 1931 and rented for two dollars a night. Travelers had to supply their own bedding. Later an office with round port-hole style windows was built next to the highway.
Edgar and Ida Marshall leased the service station in 1936 and purchased the complex in 1944. During World War II the entire motel was rented to married air corpsmen stationed at the Harvard Army Air Base. A café operated in the showboat. In 1952 the Marshalls closed the café and operated a gift and antiques shop there.
This 9 inch Showboat souvenir plate was sold by the Marshalls.
This 9 inch Showboat souvenir plate was sold by the Marshalls.
In September 1960 the Marshalls sold the Showboat complex to Morrison-Quirk Grain Corporation, which owned the surrounding farmland. M. E. “Bud” Renschler was operating Juniata Roofing Company. He needed a winter job so he and Maxine, along with their four children still at home–Penny, Pat, Donis and Mike–moved into the managers cabin to operate the gas station and motel for one winter. They stayed for seven years. Bud ran the “station” as we called it and Maxine the motel. The manager’s residence was located on the north end of the west line of cabins, next to the highway. The rooms were small and the walls were covered with varnished plywood paneling. There were three bedrooms and two very small bathrooms. A cement walk ran from the kitchen door to the station.
The motel operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week, or until the “No Vacancy” sign was turned on. The station was open about twelve hours a day from 7 am to 7 pm, seven days a week. The Renschler children who were still at home helped their parents; Pat in the station and Penny and Donis cleaning motel rooms and doing the laundry. Mike, the youngest, was still attending school. During the 1960s many of the motel’s clients were construction workers who rented rooms by the week. At that time there was a lot of construction in Hastings, including the anhydrous fertilizer plant east of town.
Bill Kindig, a nice old man from Juniata, ran the station during roofing season. He suffered a heart attack and died there. When Pat wasn’t roofing he often operated the station which sold Mobil oil and gas. Those were the days when there was service at service stations. When a customer stopped for gas the attendant pumped the gas, cleaned the windshields, checked the oil and sometimes the radiator and the tire pressure. All of this work for a dollar or two worth of gas.
While we were dating I spent many Saturday afternoons at the station with Pat. This was during the era of professional wrestling matches at the Hastings City Auditorium. The wrestlers were good actors who put on quite a show. During their performances they were bitter enemies, but when they stopped at the Showboat to gas up on the way out of town they were all riding in one car, friendly as could be. I remember one of the villains called Otto von Krup portrayed a big, mean German with a thick accent.
After Pat and I were married in 1964 we lived briefly in Cabin 16 which had a kitchenette. Occasionally I ran the motel and Pat the station so his parents could get away. Often, if there was a vacancy people rang the bell for a room in the middle of the night. There was little rest for a family running a motel and service station.
When Bud and Maxine retired in 1967 and moved back to Juniata, the motel and gas station were closed. Eventually the Showboat was demolished and some of the cabins were moved away for housing. It was the end of the era of Mom and Pop motels and independent gas stations. The Interstate Highway system drew cross-country travelers off the local highways, and large chain motels with their swimming pools and meeting rooms drew the tourist and business trade. Today all that remains of the Showboat is the name of the road which ran along the west side of the station, and memories of days gone by.
|
Effect wiki
Excellent effect wiki final, sorry
Examine satellite imagery and data on a timelapse topic using Google Earth Effect wiki. In this free blended learning course from Applied Digital Skills, students learn how to create a scientific diagram using Google Drawings. Explain a process or decision effect wiki by creating a flowchart in Google Drawings. In "Find the Mean, Median, or Mode of a Data Set", students demonstrate statistical concepts using Google Sheets.
Write appropriate communications for different audiences by customizing language and style. Reflect on past events and look forward to effect wiki future by creating a timeline using Google Drawings. Take orders for your school or community by building a form in Google Forms. Build a mind map to reflect effect wiki a recent local, national, or global event using Google Drawings. Create effect wiki slide that represents what makes you special or unique using Google Slides.
Plan and promote an upcoming event by creating to-do lists and assigning tasks effect wiki others. Analyze spending, research costs, and plan for purchases using a spreadsheet.
Plan a team project, track its progress and costs, and prepare a summary report using digital tools. Find and evaluate online sources that you can use to write a research document.
Learn to communicate more efficiently through emails, internet search, and digital documents. Communicate and collaborate with others in the workplace more effectively using digital tools. Prepare for a salary negotiation at work by gathering facts and organizing information effect wiki digital tools.
Create, promote, and manage an online effect wiki using digital tools. Learn to schedule, prepare for, and run a successful meeting with digital tools. Create an effective resume that highlights your introverted thinking and achievements using a template from Google Docs. Edit your resume to make it stronger and more appealing to an employer.
Research and organize information to prepare to write a business plan. Effect wiki your digital collaboration and communication skills using online tools. Define and organize your business's growth by writing a business plan. Learn how to write professional emails for specific workplace situations. Project expenses, profits, and losses for effect wiki first year in business using a spreadsheet.
Learn the basic components of Gmail to help you send and receive effect wiki. Learn presentation themes, text, and transitions using Google Slides.
Learn how to add photos, images, videos, and shapes to a presentation. Learn how to add tables, diagrams, and charts, and share your presentation. Practice brainstorming ideas and collaborating with others to share information using digital tools. Highlight your military experience on a civilian resume by editing and updating details in Google Docs.
Effect wiki an man and woman sex digital address book using a spreadsheet. Share news about your family by making a family effect wiki in Google Docs.
Organize your photos, make edits, and share albums with others using Google Photos. Plan out activities for the season by organizing a spreadsheet.
Explain your skills and experiences to a potential employer by writing a compelling cover letter in Google Docs. Connect with coworkers, business partners, and contacts from anywhere using Google Meet. Use Google Chat to communicate with your team, customers, or business partners. Plan, build, and launch a digital marketing campaign with Google Ad Grants. Schedule events and reminders in Google Calendar to manage your day.
Analyze how you spend your time and learn time management using Google Sheets. Except as otherwise noted, the contents on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.
There are no comments on this post...
|
The English-Speaking Union
The English-Speaking Union National Shakespeare Competition
How It Works
Fall/early Winter (School level)
The program begins in classrooms nationwide each fall, culminating in school-wide competitions in early winter in which students memorize and perform a monologue.
Winter (Community level)
The school competition winner advances to a community ESU Branch competition, usually held between January and March. Here students perform their monologue and a Shakespearean sonnet. The winner advances to the national competition held in New York City.
Spring (National Level):
At the ESU National Shakespeare Competition (held in late April, near Shakespeare's birthday on April 23), students perform their monologues and sonnets in New York City before a distinguished panel of judges as well as their fellow contestants from across the country. Based on their performances, seven to ten students advance to the final round. Finalists compete for cash prizes and the opportunity to attend a summer drama program.
|
Airway suctioning is necessary in a variety of emergency situations. However, the success of this method is largely dependent on how well your team tailors their suctioning strategies to each patient’s age and health conditions. Learning and practicing the right techniques for working with each patient type will help your team prepare for a range of possible complications that may arise when treating diverse patient populations.
Preparing for suctioning
Before performing any airway suctioning, it’s essential that you first identify the patient’s age, condition and the particles or fluids that need to be cleared from their airway. Proceeding without that information will put your patient at an even greater risk for injury, trauma or death.
To help your team prepare for all possible scenarios, we’ve identified suctioning techniques and equipment that are ideal for each patient type:
For an adult patient with an endotracheal tube
Selecting the right equipment size is vital in any suctioning scenario. When treating an adult patient with an endotracheal tube, you should use a catheter that is no larger in diameter than one-half the diameter of the endotracheal tube.
Additionally, unlike working with non-intubated patients, you should employ shallow suctioning, as this will generally lead to less adverse results. If the patient is receiving high amounts of fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), you should perform closed suctioning to avoid interrupting oxygenation or ventilation. If secretions are present in the airway, you should suction using a sterile technique for less than fifteen seconds.
For a non-intubated adult patient
When treating a non-intubated adult patient, it’s critical that you use a sterile, flexible, multi-eyed catheter that is lubricated with saline or a water-based lubricant. The catheter should then be connected to a sufficient vacuum source, such as an in-wall or portable suction machine. If you need to clear the patient’s oropharynx during resuscitation, try using a wide diameter, rigid suction catheter for removing thick secretion.
For a neonate
Treating the airway of a newborn can be particularly challenging, and if suctioning is not performed correctly, it could pose tremendous danger to any newborn. There are several scenarios that require emergency suctioning for newborns, but the World Health Organization advises against routine suctioning in the minutes shortly after birth.
For a non-intubated neonate
Medical personnel should never perform suctioning on a baby that is born through clear amniotic fluid and is able to breathe on their own after birth. Suctioning should only be performed if a newborn exhibits signs of respiratory distress, including increased CO2, increased oxygen needs, bradycardia and apnea, audible breathing, gasping or wheezing, visible secretions or aspiration.
Unlike the larger sizes used for adult patients, when treating a neonate, you should use a suction catheter with a diameter that is less than 70% of the diameter of the endotracheal tube. It is recommended that you employ a closed suctioning technique and avoid disconnecting from the ventilator at any point during treatment. Overall, medical personnel treating newborns should always opt for more narrow catheters and machines with reliable and easily adjustable suction mechanisms.
The right tools
Safely clearing the airway through suctioning is a necessary treatment in many patient scenarios, but without knowledge of a patient’s unique needs, your suctioning efforts could be unsuccessful and, in some cases, life-threatening.
To begin, medical personnel must be properly equipped, and SSCOR has a wide range of suction products meant for hospital or EMS use. To learn more about the best equipment practices based on different patient factors, check out Clearing the Airway: Choosing the Right Suction Strategy for the Right Patient.
|
How do you document baby milestones?
How do you document these milestones?
How Do You Identify Milestones In A Project?
1. Completing key project deliverables like the first version of your app.
2. The start date or end date of an important project phase like the ‘planning phase’ or ‘designing phase’
3. An important event that green lights the project like project sponsor approval.
How do you record baby milestones?
5 Unique Ways to Record Your Baby’s Milestones and Special Memories
1. Create an email account for your baby.
2. Write milestones and memories on your annual calendar.
3. Write in a journal to your baby.
4. Keep a memory box.
How do I document my baby’s first year?
5 Cool Ways to Document Your Baby’s First Year
1. Create a Visual Timeline. Do more with your videos and photos. …
2. Make a Video of 1 Second Every Day. All it takes is 1 second a day. …
3. Get Everyone Else’s Perspective. Take the time to record the events from everyone else’s perspectives. …
4. Make an Infographic. …
5. Tell Your Story.
How do you define milestones?
A milestone is a specific point within a project’s life cycle used to measure the progress toward the ultimate goal. Milestones in project management are used as signal posts for a project’s start or end date, external reviews or input, budget checks, submission of a major deliverable, etc.
IT IS AMAZING: Can iron pills affect breast milk?
What are examples of milestones?
Examples of Milestones in Life
• Grabs things placed in her hand.
• Follows moving object with her eyes.
• Smiles.
• Makes cooing and gurgling sounds.
• Explores by mouthing and banging objects.
• Opens mouth for spoon.
• Knows familiar faces.
• Says first word.
What do you write in a baby memory book?
Here are 12 ideas you may want to consider including in your baby memory book:
1. Photo Of Your Pregnancy Test. For most, a pregnancy test is the start of your baby journey. …
2. Ultrasound Pictures. …
3. Pregnancy Photos. …
4. Pregnancy Announcement. …
5. The Birth Story. …
6. Family Tree. …
7. Major Milestones. …
8. Photos.
|
Skip to main content
Gordon Willis
Ecological Field Technician
Asked a question 3 months ago
What specific eras and events in our history have caused the most irreversible damage to our planet?
Where am I?
The present time, by far. It is reversible, though, in the long run. If we make a major effort - greater than the US effort in World War II - we can stabilize the climate and government debt in a few decades, and then return to normal in a century or so. If we continue on the present path, we will see the mother of all collapse. Then we will be extinct or living in the stone age again, and the Earth will recover over a few centuries. If there are a lot more extinctions, it will take a few million years for evolution to restore biodiversity.
|
Total 3 questions, about 175 words per question should be fine.
Question 1: Do you believe hip hop was the best genre to highlight the political issues that occurred in Bosnia-Herzegovina? If so, why?
Hip hop in Bosnia was used as a way to critique, protest, and form of resistance against the political system in place in present-day Bosnia-Herzegovinia. They currently have a three-member presidency composed of Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats, which does not allow for a fair representation of the people of Bosnia. It excludes many other ethnicities present in the country and therefore, sparked the popularity of the hip hop genre to promote antiauthoritarianism. The emergence of hip hop began in 1999 in Tuzla, a city known for its adherence to multicultural coexistence. Many local artists capitalized on the political nature of the genre, as it stemmed from European refugees and the historical background of black youth in the united states, and they used this association to dissect and critique the political scene that resulted from the war and the grievances that stemmed from it (xenophobia, nationalism, and corruption). Was hip hop the most appropriate and suitable genre of music to accomplish this? Why was this genre chosen?
Question 2: Is hip hop inherently referential, and if so, how does the removal of sample-based production affect that nature?
Born out of a technique employed by DJs in dance clubs in the 1970s, hip hop has historically used samples from previously recorded records as the foundation of songs’ instrumentals. For decades, producers and DJs would listen to records of all genres for a drum break, bass line, or melody to record and reproduce in a new pattern using samplers.
Because the music of hip hop was fundamentally drawn from other, disparate sources, producers, DJs, and MCs inherently acknowledged the source of each sample and its place in pop culture. Therefore the samples complimented the lyrics of each track.
For example, 1990s Californian DJs sampled funk records to convey the fun, party atmosphere evoked by many g-funk singles of the time. On the other side of the US, producers sampled sparse jazz records for use in East Coast hardcore to compound the raw, gritty nature of the scene. In the South, film samples amplified the extravagance of horror-core.
When listening to the songs from Bosnia included in the presentation, I noticed that the majority sampled reggae, ska, and dub tracks. Though I initially anticipated Bosnian producers to sample punk records, given the genre’s history in the region and similar political statements, the reggae connection makes sense. During the initial punk explosion in Britain, ska and reggae bands performed alongside punks and preached similar messages of political and racial liberty.
Despite the intrinsic referentiality of sampling, modern hip hop has begun disposing of samples entirely. Due to advanced digital audio workstations available at affordable prices and industry legislation punishing sample-based production, many contemporary producers write and record original melodies and instrumentals for hip hop songs.
This new method has produced some incredible music, but without explicitly referential lyrics, has this modern hip hop lost that inherent, historical quality? Is non-referential hip hop as powerful a medium of political and social critique as previously?
Question 3: With both punk and hip hop being political, what differentiated the movements and the audiences?
Music has been utilized as a tool in conveying political messages. The punk music movement in Yugoslavia was recognized for its political and societal rebellion. The function of hip hop music in postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina was developed with much of the shared principles–to critique, protest, and resist. With thematic similarities, what differentiated these movements?
Could a new punk music movement in Bosnia-Herzegovina be as effective as the hip hop movement during this time? To examine this further, one can look at the predominant demographic of the hip hop audience. Would punk music be as appealing to the hip hop audience? Hip hop and rap are noted as having “offered definition, value, understanding, and a shared language and linguistic form to ghetto communities.” Referring back to the punk music movement in comparison to hip hop music, would the shared political agenda be enough to resonate with the different
Leave a Reply
|
Support for LAist comes from
We Explain L.A.
Stay Connected
Share This
Lockheed Martin Polluted LA's Water For Years. Now It's Stepping Up Its Cleanup Efforts
The San Fernando Valley's aquifers account for less than 12 percent of L.A.'s water. But that could change if they're cleaned up. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
LAist relies on your reader support.
The city of Los Angeles gets about 12 percent of its water from underground sources. A big gulp of that groundwater comes from the San Fernando basin.
But for decades, parts of this basin have been polluted with toxic contaminants released by manufacturing industries, including aerospace company Lockheed Martin. It's left the water and its wells unusable.
Now, through a settlement with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Lockheed Martin is going to clean up 1.5 billion gallons of groundwater per year, pumping it in North Hollywood and treating it in Burbank before handing it over to the DWP. So, what will that cleanup operation mean for drought-prone L.A.?
In the short term, not a lot. Currently, the Valley's aquifers account for less than 10 percent of L.A.'s water. But that could change if they're cleaned up. There's about 3 million acre feet of groundwater under the Valley, and about 1 million of it could be usable. But how did our groundwater get so toxic in the first place?
Support for LAist comes from
To put it simply, more people and industry. Back before the San Fernando Valley was a sprawling suburbia, it was sprawling farmland watered by wells and the L.A. Aqueduct.
But as the city's population grew in the last century, it also became the site of industrial operations, some of which started putting cancer-causing solvents like TCE and chemicals like PCE into the groundwater.
It's kind of a tough thing to say, but the industries that helped the U.S. win WWII and defense manufacturing during the Cold War also left a terrible legacy of pollution.
Lockheed Martin was one of many polluters across the Valley and was based at the site of today's Hollywood Burbank Airport from the 1920s on, building planes and later testing aerospace components well into the '90s. It was a source of excellent middle-class jobs and contributed to making the San Fernando Valley a vibrant attractive suburb.
But all the while, the Lockheed plant was polluting, and not enough was done to stop it. They didn't even detect it until 1980, as part of a national testing program for water quality.
Support for LAist comes from
That's when officials discovered they had tainted groundwater. Not just from Lockheed, but one-quarter of the water wells in the San Fernando Valley had levels of these chemicals higher than what the state said was safe.
Lockheed has been working with other jurisdictions whose water was polluted, starting in the cities of Glendale and Burbank, where the company built treatment plants to clean the water. But the underground plume of pollution moved into North Hollywood, which is L.A. city territory, said Paul Liu, a manager for water resources in the DWP.
But the North Hollywood treatment plant was at full capacity, so rather than increase the size of that plant, Lockheed is promising to build a pipeline to take the water to its Burbank treatment plant, where it has the capacity to treat the tainted water and return it to LADWP. That's what the settlement accomplished.
(Courtesy LADWP)
Right now, contaminated water comes out of tainted aquifers, gets treated, then put into local water systems. It's going to be decades before it's removed enough of the tainted water and replaced the water in the aquifer with new storm runoff for us to be able to pull water directly from the aquifer and use it with just the standard water treatment like chlorination.
Support for LAist comes from
Increasing L.A.'s groundwater storage is an important part of the city's conservation efforts. Any water that LADWP can store underground for future use reduces what we have to purchase as imported water from the Colorado River or the State Water Project from Northern California.
L.A sees underground aquifers as a needed place to hold any excess water we can catch as storm runoff or excess water that comes to us on the L.A. Aqueduct in heavy snow or rain years. Meanwhile, L.A. County plans to increase the amount of storm runoff through money raised on the new Measure W parcel Tax.
Mayor Eric Garcetti called the agreement historic, but that might be a stretch.
This settlement takes care of just one piece of the pollution plaguing Valley aquifers. The 1.5 billion gallons of water that comes from this settlement annually is about a year's supply for 7,000 households, roughly 1 percent of LADWP's water customers. The utility says the water supply represents about $170 million in savings on future imported water purchases.
There are other polluters, so despite this deal, it will still be decades before water utilities can pull unpolluted water out of the ground.
Support for LAist comes from
This action is more of a continuation of one company's existing efforts to clean up the water. It's a good thing that Lockheed is working in collaboration with the city to remove pollutants in the underground water, but they were the ones who put it there.
|
Raku Land
Text::Diff - Perform diffs on files and record sets
use Text::Diff;
# or arrays of records; returns diff in a string.
# WARNING: can return B<large> diffs for large files.
my $diff = diff $string1, $string2, output-style => 'Context';
my $diff = diff '/tmp/log1.txt'.IO.open, '/tmp/log2.txt'.IO.open;
my $diff = diff @records1, @records2;
# May also mix input types:
my $diff = diff @records1, $string2;
diff($a, $b, Int :offset-a = 0, Int :offset-b = 0, Str :filename-a = 'A', Str :filename-b = 'B',
Instant :mtime-a, Instant :mtime-b, OutputStyle :output-style = 'Unified',
Int :context-lines = 3 --> Str)
How many lines before and after each diff to display. Defaults to 3.
filename-a, filename-b, mtime-a, mtime-b
The name of the file and the modification time "files"
If a filename is not passed in and filename-a and filename-b are not provided then "A" and "B" will be used as defaults.
offset-a, offset-b
Unified, Context, and Table.
Table presents a left-side/right-side comparison of the file contents. This will not worth with patch but it is very human readable for thin files.
| | * 1|Changes *
| 1|Differences.pm | 2|Differences.pm |
| 2|MANIFEST | 3|MANIFEST |
| | * 4|MANIFEST.SKIP *
| 3|Makefile.PL | 5|Makefile.PL |
| | * 6|t/00escape.t *
| |demo_ws_A.txt |demo_ws_B.txt |
| 1|identical |identical |
* 2| spaced in | also spaced in *
* 3|embedded space |embedded tab *
| 4|identical |identical |
* 5| spaced in |\ttabbed in *
| 7|identical |identical |
* 9|embedded ws |embedded\tws *
Since the module relies on Raku's internal line splitting which processes files as expected but hides the details. Features such as notification about new-line at end-of-file, or differences between \n and \r\n lines are not reported.
This module also does not (yet) provide advanced GNU diff features such as ignoring blank lines or whitespace.
Adam Kennedy [email protected]
Barrie Slaymaker [email protected]
Ported from CPAN5 By: Rod Taylor [email protected]
You can use and distribute this module under the terms of the The Artistic License 2.0. See the LICENSE file included in this distribution for complete details.
|
Best Answer
Major leagues, by plane Minor leagues, Plane or bus, mostly bus in AA, A. Mostly plane in AAA
User Avatar
Wiki User
2008-09-18 02:49:35
This answer is:
User Avatar
Study guides
See all Study Guides
Create a Study Guide
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
Q: How do professional baseball teams travel?
Write your answer...
Related questions
Why cant women play professional softball?
i think it is dumb that they do not have professional softball teams... they have professional baseball teams!!!
How many teams are in professional baseball?
There are currently 30 teams.
Does Mexico have professional football or baseball teams?
Yes, Mexico has professional baseball, but does not have a Major League baseball team.
What are the professional baseball teams of Wyoming?
There are no MLB major league professional baseball teams in Wyoming. There is a minor league baseball team called the Casper Rockies, a Pioneer League team.
How many professional baseball teams does Arkansas have?
How many professional baseball teams are there in japan?
How many professional baseball teams in Pennsylvania?
How many professional baseball teams are in the US?
There are 30 teams in MLB and around 100 or so minor league teams.
What are all of New York's professional sports teams?
New York's professional baseball teams are : the Yankees and mets there football teams are : the jets and giants there hockey teams are : the rangers and the Islanders
How many baseball teams are included in the American Association?
The American Association of Independent Professional Baseball has fifty-four teams/franchises. For example this includes teams from Cleveland and Philadelphia.
Do professional baseball teams play every team in their league?
Have any professional baseball teams ever gone undefeated?
How many innings are in professional baseball?
There are currently 30 teams.
What professional baseball teams are in Canada?
Toronto Blue Jays
How many basebale teams are there?
There are 30 professional Major League Baseball teams. There are 14 teams in the American League, and 16 in the National League.
When did baseball become popular in Japan?
Baseball was introduced to Japan in 1873 and was played mainly by athletic clubs and pickup teams. The first professional league, called 'Nippon Professional Baseball', began play in 1920 with two teams. THAN THEY REALISED IT WAS BAD
How many professional baseball teams are there?
There are thirty MLB teams. ( fourteen American Leauge)(sixteen National League)
What are two professional sport teams in Panama?
There is Baseball & Soccer
Are there foreign players on Japan's professional baseball and soccer teams?
What professional baseball teams has Vladimir Guerrero played for?
Vladimir Guerrero has played for 4 professional baseball teams in the MLB. He made his debut with the Montreal Expos and has also played for the LA Angels, Texas Rangers and Baltimore Orioles.
What are working conditions of a sports manager?
A sports manager usually manages professional or semi professional sports teams. Sometimes they manage college teams. It is a stressful, exciting career that involves travel and competition.
How do college baseball teams travel to away games?
They walk
What American professional sport has the most teams?
Soccer has more than 200 teams. The NFL has 32, Baseball has 30.
Who was the last baseball player to play in the same game for both teams?
No one. Players are not allowed to play for two different teams in the same game in professional baseball.
Is football or baseball older in the US?
In the United States, technically baseball is the older professional sport. By 1856 baseball was considered to be the national past time. In 1857, the first professional baseball teams were established. Professional football did not make its debut until 1892.
People also asked
What insurance companies offer cheaper travel insurance?
View results
What policy options are offered by post office holiday insurance?
View results
What services are offered by Churchill Travel Insurance?
View results
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring from a cross of AAA x AAA?
View results
How can someone in Ireland contact AXA insurance?
View results
|
One man's standard output is another man's standard input.
Standard Output (stdout)
One of the standard streams in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, as well as certain programming language interfaces. These streams are preconnected input and output channels between a computer process and its environment (typically a text terminal) when it begins execution. Standard Output is the stream where a process writes its output data.
My name is Jonas Gorauskas and I write words and code. You can find out more about me elsewhere on the internet, at such places like these fine purveyors of content:
The idea for this site started as an attempt to archive various random bits of information and thoughts that I was sure I would forget, but at some point I started using it to dump links and do other things as well, and occasionally even write what might be considered a blog post. The name comes from something that Miguel de Icaza once wrote on Twitter. It uses Nikola with a bootstrap3 theme.
Thank you for reading and enjoy!
Jonas Gorauskas
|
Back to Basics
When you practice a piece of music, if there’s a tricky part you are not getting, you disassemble it. You break it down into pieces. You work the pieces – just the right hand here, for one measure. Very slowly. Does each note flow one to the next using the fingerings you’re using? No? Try this? OK, that works, but you need to get it in muscle memory. So you practice it slowly using various rhythms until it doesn’t seem weird any more. And you do the same with the left hand and then you put it together.
If you are writing a computer program, or solving a problem, and it seems overwhelming, you break it down into pieces. You split it up, and look at the pieces, and maybe that piece still seems unsolvable, but this other piece over there, well, we know how to deal with that, so we solve that one and then that’s one little bit we don’t have to think about any more. We break it down into smaller and smaller bits until the bits are small enough that they are solveable.
But you need to do that backtracking step.
You have an organizational disagreement. And attempts to solve it are not working. OK, what’s the common goal? Well, it may be that the stated common goal is not actually the common goal. So let’s examine that. One reason for an organization to develop a mission statement is that you can use it to resolve such conflicts. The stated goal of the organization is this, so which action brings us closer to that? Fred over here wants to do something else, but what he wants to do doesn’t support the mission statement. So, sorry, Fred.
Our Declaration of Independence declared that it was self evident that all men are created equal. This isn’t spelled out in the constitution exactly, but the 14th Amendment guarantees “equal protection of the laws”.
So I wish our public figures would back up. Remind us why the policing problems are problems. Something as simple as ‘their charge is to do this and they are doing this instead and that goes against our mission statement’.
Adults need to be self-aware enough to realize that there is definitely something innate in us that says ‘other is bad’, but that’s no more valid than ‘bugs are scary’ or ‘I have to eat that entire cake’. And just because you grew up eating [insert favorite regional dish here] and these new neighbors come from a country you’ve never heard of and eat [some unique cuisine form their culture] doesn’t mean that there’s something inherently bad about what they eat or good about what you eat. No one is forcing you to eat their food, eat what you like.
Anyone who can get past that primal, ‘they look weird, and don’t dress like I do, and maybe smell different, so ick go away’ can open up and see that people are people, no matter where they come from. They want to succeed, take care of their families, have fun. If you look at what’s important to you- power, strength, wisdom, kindness, talent, you will find someone to admire from any race or culture. If you take a look at what’s repugnant to you, whatever that may be, you will find someone to disdain from any race or culture.
But if you cling to the notion that your race or culture makes you inherently better than any member of a certain other race or culture, you’re just an idiot. If you are looking to find pride in yourself, that’s not the way to go. Everyone has things that they do well and things that they do badly. The notion, for instance, so clearly embraced by white supremacists that the ‘lowest white man is higher than the highest black man’ is as nonsensical as claiming that every man is six feet tall. How anyone can look at, oh let’s just say BARACK OBAMA and feel hatred because he’s a black man and how dare he be smart and funny and wise and good and giving and the president… they must spend their days tying themselves into mental knots because their worldview is so askew from reality.
So again, I wish that our public figures would reiterate, over and over again, the basics. We are all the same. We are all people. There is no other.
(arrrgh I want to get into policing specifically, but it feels like that’s too much for right now)
Is anyone going to be surprised when, after a week of protests and uprising, COVID-19 cases spike even further? The virus hasn’t gone away, people.
Yeah, I’ve probably got a bunch of chatter and silly news that I could share. Let’s not do that right now.
2 thoughts on “Back to Basics
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
Friday, May 29, 2009
Tulsa's Greenwood District
Although Oklahoma came into statehood in 1907 and was never a slave state, it was geographically and culturally a Southern state. When I was a boy growing up in the small Oklahoma town of Wagoner in the 1940's and 50's racial segregation was the norm. I remember white and colored drinking fountains and waiting rooms at the train station, and attended an all white school system. The blacks in our town had their own school in "their" part of town. As a kid I felt no animosity towards black people, i just accepted the separation as normal. I was not to know a black person my own age until I was in college in the early 1960s.
The corner of Greenwood and Archer in Tulsa was the center of what at one time was the most prosperous black business district in the United States. Before 1921 it was known nationally and internationally as the "Black Wall Street". I like Tulsa and usually try to show it in a good light. Today I will share a shameful part of Tulsa's history that many would like to forget, even though there are few living today who were part of that history. I would also like to add that the days of racial discrimination thankfully are over.
In June, 1921 the area was the site of the worst race riot in the history of the United States. Many people prefer not to know this particular part of Tulsa's history. It is probably our darkest chapter.
The financial prosperity of this area has never fully recovered. If you are interested in knowing more please see the excellent Wikepedia article HERE.
I found this old photo and another interesting article. Look HERE.
Looking North on Greenwood Ave from Archer Street just north of the old part of downtown Tulsa. Click to enlarge panorama.
Greenwood is a neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma. As one of the most successful and wealthiest African American communities in the United Stated during the early 20th Century, it was popularly known as America's "Black Wall Street" until the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. The riot was one of the most devastating race riots in history and it destroyed the once thriving Greenwood community. Greenwood is still being rebuilt today because of the destruction over 80 years ago.
Elleona said... [Reply to comment]
Je viens de lire pour les émeutes raciales de 1921...
En France, on ne connait pas beaucoup mais nous savions qu'existait la discrémination raciale.
Obama change cela.
Unknown said... [Reply to comment]
M. Obama va changer beaucoup de choses, je l'espère pour le mieux.
Mr. Obama will change many things, hopefully for the better.
Anonymous said... [Reply to comment]
Thank you for this history lesson!
Call me naive, but it is always weird for me to hear and read that racial discrimination existed until the 50s... sounds like yesterday to me. And I understand your statement:
"I felt no animosity towards black people, i just accepted the separation as normal"
On the positive side, when you look back, a lot of things changed in the last 40 years and people who grew up used to racial segregation were quick to adapt to the positive change.
Marc Carlson said... [Reply to comment]
Just an FYI - I know it is usually described as pre-riot, but the middle image was taken after the riot.
The Woods building on the NE corner of Archer and Greenwood was 2 stories, as can be seen at
The Byers building, on the same spot, is 3 stories.
Anonymous said... [Reply to comment]
Please check out this movement.
|
23 11
Is Ash A Jewish Name?
Ash is a Hebrew baby name that means happy in Hebrew. Jacob’s son Asher was one of the sons of Jacob in the old Testament.
What Nationality Is The Name Ash?
Ash is a name that comes from Anglo-Saxon or English. It is thought that the surname derives from the Anglo-Saxon “aesc,” which means “ash” in modern English, which is a reference to trees.
Is Ash A Hebrew Name?
Ash is a Hebrew baby name meaning happy in Hebrew. Jacob’s son Asher was one of the sons of Jacob in the old Testament.
Is Ash A Religious Name?
The name Ash is a unisex name that is popular in Christian religion and is mainly derived from English.
What Kind Of Name Is Ash?
The name Ash is a boy’s name that means “ash tree” in English. The arboreal nature appeal of ash makes it a Southern favorite. Your little boy will also be fascinated by Ash, the hero of the Pokemon cartoons. In addition to Ash, short forms of Asher, Ashton, and any other “Ash” name can also be used.
What Type Of Name Is Ash?
A gender-neutral name of English origin, Ash is derived from the Ash tree, which grows in the United States.
What Is The Name Ash Short For?
A surname and a given name are both present in Ash (commonly shortened to Ash, Ashley, and Ashlyn).
Is Ash A Common Last Name?
Ranking of the surname Ash in the United States According to the US Census Bureau, there are approximately 22,383 people with the name Ash.
What Is Asher In Hebrew?
The Hebrew name Asher means “happy” and “blessed”. The Hebrew word osher, meaning “happiness,” is the source of the term. The Old Testament name Asher is also a biblical name. The name Asher comes from the Hebrew word for happy and blessed.
Is Ash An Islamic Name?
Ash is a Muslim/Arabic name meaning peace for the baby boy. Ash is essentially a word that means peace, which means nothing bad or harmful will happen. Strong and simple, ash is a symbol of strength.
What Does It Mean If Your Name Is Ash?
There’s nothing better than the name “ash tree” in English, which means “ash tree.”. This is a simple to spell and hard to mispronounce name that is good for either a boy or girl, and can be used as a standalone name or as a nickname for Asher, Ashley, or Ashton.
What Is The Origin Of The Name Ash?
A topographic name for someone living by an ash tree or a habitational name from any of the many places in southern and central England named with this word (Derbyshire, Dorset, Hampshire, Herefordshire, etc.).
Is Ash A Boy Or A Girls Name?
A girl’s name named Ash is an English word meaning “ash tree” and comes from the English word ash. As a short form of Ashley, the tree is not charred in the fireplace, but works for girls as well.
Is Ash A French Name?
• ash
→ frêne
Esche — Botanik: Laubbaum der Gattung Fraxinus
Watch is ash a jewish name Video
Add your comment
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.