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T16: Introduction to Usability Testing
Tuesday, 17 July 2018, 08:30 – 12:30
James R. Lewis (short bio)
IBM Corporation, United States
Usability testing is an essential skill for usability practitioners—professionals whose primary goal is to provide guidance to product developers to improve the ease of use of their products. It is by no means the only skill with which usability practitioners must have proficiency, but it is an important one. Surveys of experienced usability practitioners consistently reveal the importance of usability testing.
The goal of this tutorial is to provide an introduction to the practice of usability testing, including some discussion of the concept of usability and the history of usability testing, various goals of usability testing, and running usability tests.
At the end of the course, attendees will know the history of usability testing, different types of usability tests, and how to execute a usability test.
Content and Benefits:
The content of the tutorial is:
1. What is usability?
2. What is usability testing?
1. Where did usability testing come from?
2. Is usability testing effective?
3. Goals of usability testing
1. Problem discovery test
2. Comparison against objectives
3. Comparison of products
4. Variations on a theme
1. Think-aloud
2. Multiple simultaneous participants
3. Remote evaluation
4. Levels of automation
5. Exercise 1: Identify appropriate type of usability test for given situation
5. Usability laboratories
6. Test roles
1. Test administrator
2. Briefer
3. Camera operator
4. Data recorder
5. Help desk operator
6. Product expert
7. Statistician
7. Planning and running the test
1. Purpose of the test
2. Participants
3. Test task scenarios
4. Procedure
5. Pilot testing
6. Number of iterations
7. Ethical treatment of test participants
8. Exercise 2: Prepare quick usability test plan
8. Reporting results
1. Describing usability problems
2. Crafting design recommendations from problem descriptions
3. Prioritizing problems
4. Working with quantitative measurements
5. Exercise 3: Assessing impact
9. Wrapping up
1. Getting more information about usability testing
2. Usability testing: yesterday, today, and tomorrow
Target Audience:
The course will likely be of interest to a wide variety of attendees, but will be especially useful to usability practitioners who conduct or are planning to conduct usability tests.
Bio Sketch of Presenter:
Dr. James R. (Jim) Lewis, Ph.D., CHFP
James R. (Jim) Lewis graduated with an M.A. in Engineering Psychology in 1982 from New Mexico State University, and received his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology (Psycholinguistics) from Florida Atlantic University in 1996. He has worked as a human factors engineer and usability practitioner at IBM since 1981. He has published influential research on the measurement of perceived usability, use of confidence intervals, and sample size estimation for usability studies. He is co-editor in chief of the Journal of Usability Studies, on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction and Voice Interaction Design, and wrote the chapter on usability testing for the 3rd and 4th editions of the Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics (2006/2012). He is the author of "Practical Speech User Interface Design" (2011) and co-author (with Jeff Sauro) of "Quantifying the User Experience" (2012/2016). He is a BCPE Certified Human Factors Professional, an IBM Master Inventor with 91 US patents issued to date, a member of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, and a member and past-president of the Association for Voice Interaction Design.
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A reputable China tour operator & China travel agency from 1987
People and Social Customs
Chinese Language
The Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family, is the language of the Han Chinese, the majority ethnic group in China. It is the official language of China, and the dominant language of East Asia. It has greatly influenced the writing systems and vocabularies of neighboring languages not related to it by origin, such as Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.
Of China's more than 1 billion people, approximately 95 percent speak Mandarin Chinese, also known as Putonghua (or common speech). Nearly all Chinese can speak Mandarin, but in most areas the people also speak their own local dialect. The most widespread of these are Cantonese, in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, in southern Fujian and Taiwan, and Wu, in the Shanghai-Jiangsu-Zhejiang area. Although the Chinese dialects are mutually unintelligible in their spoken forms, they share a common written form.
This linguistic fragmentation, particularly in southeastern China, has provided the basis for strong regional identity and some speaking variation within the larger Han community. Mandarin has basically four tones, high, rising, falling-rising and falling; other sub-languages use different and additional tones.
Written Chinese has existed for more than 3,000 years, and has been standardized for more than 2,000 years. It has served as important social cement, tying together the peoples of northern, central, and southern China. Written Chinese is rendered in pictographs or characters, yet few of them are visual representations of what they express. There are thousands of characters, most of them constructed of a root element or radical, and a phonetic element. Knowledge of 3000 to 4000 characters is needed to read newspapers, and a large dictionary contains more than 35,000 characters. The People's Republic of China uses a system of simplified characters, introduced by the government to make reading and writing easier for China's under-educated populace. However, in Taiwan, Hong Kong and other Chinese communities, the more traditional complex characters are used. In 1958, China adopted the Pinyin system of Romanization, which uses letters to produce the sound of the character.
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Discussion: Muslim Stereotyping
Description of Assignment:
Over the centuries, some people develop negative stereotypes and viewpoints toward religions. If, for example, you search for information on Judaism or Islam, you might find some anti-Semitic and anti-Islamic websites containing a lack of credible information.
Over the past century, some U.S. citizens and the media have perpetuated negative stereotypes of Muslims, Middle Eastern cultures, and the Islamic religion. (Stereotypes of Russians and Germans have continuously perpetuated American films during WWII and the Cold War Era.)
Imagine that you are a Muslim living in a small town in the United States. Because of the importance of acceptance in a democratic country, the mayor has decided to create a town discussion related to the topic of discrimination (mainly because of two recent law suits related to discrimination in the work place against a Muslim woman for refusing to change her dress code and a man who was not promoted and laid off from a company).
As a Muslim, you have been chosen to lead the first lecture series on a deeper understanding of the Islamic faith. So far, 175 men and womenmostly Christianare planning to attend the lecture. When writing the speech, be considerate to your audience as a method of informing or explaining the Islamic religion and work positively to reduce the negative perception of Islam in the small town environment.
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Why do women tend to outlive men?
In the United States, the average life expectancy of a woman is 81 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). For men, it’s 76 years. Around the world, women live longer on average. So why do women tend to live longer than men?
Virginia Zarulli, an associate professor of demography at the University of Southern Denmark, said two of the main causes were biological. The first cause is associated with differences in sex hormones, at least in cisgender people (people whose gender identity matches the biological gender assigned at birth).Cisgender women produce more estrogen Less than testosterone Than a cisgender man.Estrogen provides protection against a variety of illnesses, including: Cardiovascular disease, According to a 2017 study in the journal Gender biology..
Why do women tend to outlive men? Source link Why do women tend to outlive men?
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Holocaust Fighters: Boxers, Resisters, and Avengers
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A remarkable portrait of the heroic people who faced the threat of extermination by the Nazis and resisted by any means possible-whether through boxing, exposing the reality of death camps, armed guerrilla attacks, or deadly acts of vengeance.
In Holocaust Fighters: Boxers, Resisters, and Avengers, Jeffrey Sussman shares the riveting stories of those who fought back against the Nazis. The lives of five boxers who were forced to fight for their lives while imprisoned in concentration camps are explored in depth, followed by the stories of those who managed to escape captivity and reveal the truth about the death camps. Sussman also depicts in fascinating detail the acts of the Avengers, a military unit that hunted down and killed Nazi war criminals. The final portraits are of the prosecutors who brought the Nazi leaders to justice, those same leaders who watched Jewish and Gypsy boxers beat each other for their own personal entertainment.
Holocaust Fighters is an incredible account of the many ways people resisted Nazi rule, providing moving portrayals of the resilience of the human spirit even in the face of incredible horrors.
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1. Forum
2. >
3. Topic: Portuguese
4. >
5. "We have turned to the teache…
"We have turned to the teacher."
Translation:Nós viramos para o professor.
October 22, 2013
The English translation is in the present perfect tense. Why does the Portuguese sentence appear to be present tense?
nós viramos = we turn/we turned/we have turned. Most of the time, the Present Perfect is translated as Simple Past in Portuguese.
All very true, but Duo has a module on the present perfect where they make us use it, so when we get a sentence like this, it's sort of a risk either way! :)
I agree.
Duolingo's "correct" translation should be in agreement between the two languages even if it accepts the "commonly used but technically incorrect" variant translations. I sometimes mis-use the present perfect tense in English, but that does not make it right to teach it. Otherwise it will be mass confusion!
It corrected my "nós" to "nos", the clitic pronoun. Is this a technical error or is the verb supposed to be reflexive?
I see the answer with the accent, but for me "nos" works better here.
So the verb can be reflexive then? Is the meaning changed from "nós viramos" to "nós nos viramos"?
Nós viramos = we turned/we become
Nós nos viramos = we turned "ourselves" (our body) - nós nos viramos em direção ao mar.
why is "nos temos virado para o professor" marked wrong? Is this not the correct translation of "we have turned to the teacher"?
No, this "have" is exclusivity of English language. You don't need this in Portuguese.
But it does exist as a grammatical principle and can properly be used, correct? Even though it is not necessary? Duo has an entire section on it.
Learn Portuguese in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
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How To Tell If Your CPU Is Bad? – Basic Troubleshooting
If you are a tech enthusiast, then you should know that the CPU is the heart of the computer and does every task, which includes all kinds of calculations and necessary operations. So, if your CPU is defective or not working, then it becomes impossible to operate the system. This is why we are going to discuss How to tell if your CPU is bad.
There is a list of symptoms available which indicate if the CPU or Processor is defective or not. For example, whether the system restarts without any reason or the system just randomly turns off at times; this indicates that the CPU of the PC is bad. You can even expect the same issues that you are facing when the other internal components like RAM, motherboard, etc., are damaged. Let’s quickly look at some of the signs or the symptoms about How to tell if your CPU is bad.
What Causes a Processor to Heat Up
It is quite natural for the CPU to heat up while it is doing some task because there are billions of transistors and gates inside the CPU which pass electrons rapidly to perform multiple tasks. This is why a minimum amount of heat is generated as per the law of thermodynamics in physics. But there are certain reasons due to which the CPU or the Processors get overheated which we will discuss here.
When we push some heavy load or CPU intensive task on our system, then to complete that overloaded task, more electrons need to flow inside the CPU to complete that, and we all know that the CPU’s temperature is proportional to the number of electrons passing through the CPU’s transistors itself. So simply, it will heat up. But when we do the normal day-to-day tasks like watching movies, playing music, web browsing, normal Microsoft office work, etc., then it won’t overheat.
To keep the CPU cool, many cooling components work together like CPU cooler fan, CPU case fan. You will even notice more advanced cooling systems in different machines. But if there are some airflow issues due to dust and grimes in the air vents or in the heat sink, then the hot air cannot be removed, and the fresh cool air cannot enter the system, so the whole air circulation gets stuck, and the CPU or the processors start to overheat.
Cooling Components Failure
As we have already said, there are lots of cooling components that work together to keep the CPU and other internal components at optimal temperature. But if there are any common issues in the CPU cooler fan or in the CPU case exhaust fan even if the thermal paste gets dry, then also the entire system and, of course, the CPU or the Processors start to overheat.
Many advanced users do overclocking in their CPU to get more performance than the normal output that they generally receive. While we overclock the CPU, it generates more heat than the normal usage, so if you don’t take care of the heat management system or install the advanced aftermarket cooler, then the overclocked CPU will heat up like crazy and can do hardware failure permanently.
Test If Motherboard Or CPU Is Bad
To test if the problem is with the motherboard or the CPU, you need to detach all the piece of hardware components like CPU or the Processor, RAM or Memory, Video card or Graphics card, etc. After dismantling all of these parts, you have to test the motherboard POST run. POST stands for Power On Self Start. It will check whether all the hardware is working perfectly or not.
When the CPU is not connected to the motherboard CPU socket, then you will notice the Debugging LEDs are flashed, or you will hear the beep code sound with some error message. Nowadays, every mid-range and high-end motherboard by default comes with the beep code speaker. But you might not get any inbuilt beep code speaker in the budget motherboard for that, and you have to buy or arrange a beep code detector speaker separately.
If you hear one beep sound that means, there is a problem with the memory itself. Or, if you hear the two-beep sound, that means there is a problem with the motherboard itself.
Result of this POST Test:
• After pressing, the power button if the motherboard doesn’t power on, then check the power connection, one which you have done from the PSU (Power Supply Unit). Check whether the 24-pin power cable is connected perfectly or not.
• After all the checks, if it still doesn’t power on or the blue screen doesn’t come on, then the only option left for consideration is that it is a bad CPU or due to the Processor failure.
There may be some other reasons also, like the CPU Socket may be damaged or the 8-pin or the 8+4 pin CPU power connector might be damaged. So, you should check the entire motherboard and the components very perfectly. Now you have got the answer to how to tell if your CPU is bad.
Four Common Reasons Why a CPU Goes Bad
Every electronic component has a certain life span. For a computer that is six years old or more than that, the CPU might not work that great as compared to when it was brand new. If you have used this extremely, then the life span might reduce, also more than that.
Heat is the main enemy of every electronic device. If there is any problem with the heat management system of the CPU or the thermal compound, then overheating can damage the CPU health day by day, and you can notice the outcome in your daily usage and still if you do not take any necessary steps, then the CPU can stop working permanently.
Many of us overclock the CPU unnecessarily or don’t know how to do it the right way, and for that, it produces extreme overheating and can do hardware damage.
Electrical Power Surge
If the PSU or the power supply unit goes bad, then the high voltage spikes or the power surge can damage the CPU from that faulty power supply, and your CPU can stop working permanently. Not only the CPU, but it can damage the other electrical hardware component also. That is why it is recommended to use an anti-surge power strip or surge protector or make sure that there is no problem with the power supply connection.
The Simple Approach To Finding The Problem
You can find the problems, I mean the overheating CPU issues, by checking this step.
How to check if the CPU fan is working properly: To check if the CPU fan is working properly or not, you have to first check if the CPU temperature is optimal or not. If you don’t do anything CPU intensive and still it is overheated, then try to open the CPU cabinet and check if the CPU air cooler is moving or not. In this way, you can tell if the CPU fan is working or not.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I know if I need to replace the CPU?
Ans: Generally, if you feel the performance is not that great, like when it was new, or the age of the CPU is now more than five years old, and you’re not satisfied with the raw performance, then you need to buy or replace the CPU.
How do I know if my CPU or motherboard is bad?
Ans: We have already answered the question in detail. It will be better to read the above article for a better explanation.
How can I test if my CPU is bad?
Ans: You have to perform the POST on the motherboard to check if the CPU is running or working absolutely fine or not.
Is 100% CPU usage actually bad?
Ans: Yes, you shouldn’t use your CPU 100%.
We have already discussed the How to tell if your CPU is bad. There is a lot of reasons for CPU overheating, and we have also explained all of this and also told how to test a bad motherboard by performing the POST.
So, after all of this, if you still have some problems, feel free to ask the doubts in the comment sections.
Don’t forget to check out G-Prime every week for updates.
Thomas Pelva
Hey Guys, I am Thomas Pelva from LA. I am currently a final year student and I have a lot of interest in Tech & Gaming . I welcome you all to my blog, here you will get all your PC related queries solved. I have build more 300 gaming gigs therefore I have some amount of knowledge of PC peripherals and components. I will try to solve all your queries under my knowledge about building your Gaming Pc and Gaming Setup.
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Introduction sentence for essay
Writing the Essay Intro and Conclusion
How To Write an Essay Introduction: Structure, Tips | EssayPro Most essays will take on either a narrative, analytical or persuasive perspective. Each one of those has their one introductory styles. The differences are listed below: Narrative Introduction. Narrative essay is a type of writing in which a story is being told by the writer. The hook will usually be a sneak peak of a segment of the story. Quiz & Worksheet - Introduction Sentences for Essays | About This Quiz & Worksheet. Essays need a good introductory sentence to effectively draw in the reader. This quiz explores good ways to start a paper and the reasons why, as well as poor starting ...
In this lesson, let's take a look at some effective ways to write introductory sentences, or the first sentences of an essay. Introductory sentences are really important, because if a reader loses ... How to Write an Essay Introduction (with Sample Intros) Identify your audience. The first sentence or two of your introduction should pull the reader in. You want anyone reading your essay to be fascinated, intrigued, or even outraged. You can't do this if you don't know who your likely readers are. [2] If you're writing a paper for a class, don't ... How to Write an Essay Introduction in 3 Easy Steps - Kibin Blog A killer opening line and catchy introduction are exactly what you want for your essay. You want to write an essay introduction that says, “READ ME!” To learn how to write an essay introduction in 3 easy steps, keep reading! Why You Need a Good Introduction
Organized Steps to Writing a Quality Essay Introduction ...
Critical Essay | PrivateWriting Here is an article on the critical essay. Writing a critical essay doesn't necessarily mean you need to criticize something; it's rather your feedback on an article/book you have read or a movie you have seen.
How can the answer be improved?
How to Write an Essay Introduction for Various Essay Formats
INTRODUCTION: Sentence 1: Introduce the basic topic of the essay. For example, what issue is this essay about or what is the general topic the essay will address? Sentence 2: State your “thesis” for the paper. What is your position on the question that you were asked to answer or on the controversial... IELTS Writing Task 2 Essay Structures – IELTS Advantage Sentence-by-sentence IELTS Writing Task 2 Structures to help you get a higher score. Writing introductions to essays | Sentence construction plan the essay by brainstorming ideas. organize your ideas. write an introduction and conclusion. read your work through and make corrections. Good Essay Introduction Examples The essay introduction examples serve as the essay’s “map.” It outlines to the reader the primary argument and points, which the writer develops in the
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Calamos Supports GreeceCalamos Supports Greece
GreekReporter.comAncient GreeceEos, the Ancient Greek Goddess of the Dawn
Eos, the Ancient Greek Goddess of the Dawn
Eos, the Greek Goddess of the Dawn, with Memnon So-called “Memnon pieta”: Eos is shown lifting the body of her son Memnon. Kalos inscription. Interior from an Attic red-figure cup, ca. 490–480 BC. Signed by Douris (painter) and Kalliades (potter); from Capua, Italy. Credit: Bibi Saint-Pol/Public Domain
Eos, the ancient Greek goddess of the dawn, with her abode the sky, was perhaps the most resplendent of all the beings in the Greek pantheon. With the brilliant dye of saffron as her color, she is also associated with roses, which also embody the glowing hues of the dawn.
Born, according to some Greek myths, from the gods Hyperion and Theia, her siblings were Helios, the god of the sun, and Selene, the goddess of the moon. Her name was spelled in Ionic and Homeric Greek Ἠώς, or Ēṓs, and in Attic Greek Ἕως, or Héōs.
Her children were Anemoi and Astraea, the gods and goddess of the four winds Boreas, Notus, Eurus, and Zephyrus and of five Astra Planeta, or “Wandering Stars”, i.e. planets: Phainon (Saturn), Phaethon (Jupiter), Pyroeis (Mars), Eosphoros/Hesperos (Venus), and Stilbon (Mercury).
Some sources mention one daughter of Eos, Astraea, who is the goddess of innocence and, sometimes, justice.
Her other notable offspring were Memnon and Emathion by the Trojan prince, Tithonus. Sometimes, Hesperus, Phaethon and Tithonus (not the lover) were called the children of Eos by the Athenian prince Cephalus.
“Dawn,” by Romantic painter Willam Adolphe Bougereau. Credit: Public Domain
With her Roman equivalent of “Aurora,” she personified the glory of the new day.
Her consort was Astraeus, the god of the dusk, who was wither a second-generation Titan or one of the Gigantes, descended from Tartarus and Gaia, the god and goddess of the Underworld and the Earth.
Eos was one of the Titans, who rose each morning from her home at the edge of the Oceanus.
Like her Roman identity of Aurora and the Rigvedic Ushas in India, Ēṓs continues the name of an earlier Indo-European dawn goddess known as Hausos.
All four are considered derivatives of the Proto-Indo-European stem *h₂ewsṓs (later *Ausṓs), “dawn”. This root also gave rise to the Proto-Germanic word *Austrō, Old High German *Ōstara and Old English Ēostre / Ēastre.
According to etymological experts, these cognates led to the reconstruction of the name of the Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess, known as Hausos (*H₂éwsōs).
Eos was the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia: Hyperion was known as a bringer of light, the One Above, Who Travels High Above the Earth; Theia was referred to as The Divine, and also called Euryphaessa, “wide-shining” and Aethra, or “bright sky.”
Hesiod, in his work Theogony, stated that Eos was the sister of Helios, the god of the sun, and Selene, one of the goddesses of the moon, “who shine upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless gods who live in the wide heaven.”
Eos as portrayed in the Gigantomachy Frieze, riding sidesaddle on the Pergamon Altar, Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany. Credit: Miguel Hermoso Cuesta/CC BY-SA 4.0
The generation of Titans preceded all the familiar deities of Olympus — who largely supplanted them in the Ancient Greek pantheon of gods and goddesses. In some accounts, Eos’ father was also called Pallas.
Eos, the goddess of the Dawn, was almost always described having “rosy fingers” or “rosy forearms,” as she opened the gates of heaven for the Sun to rise each day.
Rosy-fingered and with golden arms, she is depicted on Attic vases as a beautiful woman, crowned with a tiara or diadem and with the large white-feathered wings of a bird. In Homer’s work the Iliad, her saffron-colored robe is embroidered or woven with flowers.
The Iliad describes her thus: “Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of Oceanus, to bring light to mortals and immortals, Thetis reached the ships with the armor that the god had given her.
Eos Chariot
Eos in her chariot flying over the sea; red-figure krater from South Italy, 430–420 BC. Staatliche Antikensammlungen. Credit: Bibi Saint-Pol/Public Domain
“But soon as early Dawn appeared, the rosy-fingered, then gathered the folk about the pyre of glorious Hector.”
Eos is most often associated with her Homeric epithet “rosy-fingered” Eos Rhododactylos (Ancient Greek: Ἠὼς Ῥοδοδάκτυλος), but Homer also bestows the name of Eos Erigeneia on her in The Odyssey:
Near the end of Homer’s Odyssey, the goddess Athena, wanting to buy Odysseus some time with his wife Penelope after they finally reunited with each other after twenty years, orders Eos not to yoke her two horses, thus delaying the coming of the new day.
“And rose-fingered Dawn would have shone for the weepers had not bright-eyed goddess Athena thought of other things. She checked the long night in its passage, and further, held golden-throned Dawn over Ocean and didn’t let her yoke her swift-footed horses, that bring daylight to men, Lampus and Phaethon, the colts that carry Dawn.”
Hesiod, in Theogony, writes of Eos: “And after these Erigeneia (“Early-born”) bore the star Eosphoros (“Dawn-bringer”), and the gleaming stars with which heaven is crowned.”
Eos, preceded by the Morning Star, is seen as the genetrix of all the stars and planets on the Roman poet Ovid’s monumental work Metamorphoses; her tears are considered to have created the morning dew, personified as Ersa or Herse.
Role of Eos in the Gigantomachy
Eos played a small role in the battle of the giants against the gods in Greek mythology; when the earth goddess Gaia learned of a prophecy that the giants would perish at the hand of a mortal, Gaia sought to find a herb that would protect them.
So Zeus ordered Eos, as well as her siblings Selene (Moon) and Helios (Sun) not to shine, and harvested all of the plant for himself, denying Gaia the chance to make the giants indestructible, according to Apollodorus.
Eos is known in myths as a goddess who fell in love several times. According to the writer known as Pseudo-Apollodorus in his work “Bibliotheca,” it was the jealous Aphrodite who cursed her to be perpetually in love and have an insatiable sexual desire because Eos once had lain with Aphrodite’s sweetheart Ares, the god of war.
This desire caused her to abduct a number of handsome young men.
In Homer’s Odyssey, Calypso complains to Hermes about the male gods taking many mortal women as lovers, but not allowing goddesses to do the same. She brings up as example Eos’s love for the hunter Orion, who was killed by Artemis in Ortygia.
Apollodorus also mentions Eos’ love for Orion, and adds that she brought him to the island of the Greek gods, Delos, where he met Artemis, the Greek goddess of the moon, the hunt, the wilderness and chastity.
The handsome man Cleitus was reportedly kidnapped and made immortal by her, according to Homer’s Odyssey.
The goddess of the Dawn also fell in love with and abducted Tithonus, a handsome prince from Troy. She went with a request to Zeus, asking him to make Tithonus immortal for her sake. Zeus then agreed and granted her wish, but Eos forgot to ask for eternal youth as well for her beloved.
For a while, they two lived happily, until Tithonus’ hair started turning gray, and Eos ceased to visit him in bed. But he kept aging, and was soon unable to even move. In the end, Eos locked him up in a chamber, where he withered away, forever a helpless old man. According to the Homeric Hymn of Aphrodite.
Out of pity, she then turned the unfortunate man into a cicada.
The story of Cephalus, a boy who according to myth was form Athens, had a special appeal for an Athenian audience. His abduction myth element appeared frequently in Attic vase-paintings — and was exported to the wider world outside Greece with them.
In these myths, as related by several writers, including Apollodorus, Pausanias and Ovid, Eos snatched Cephalus against his will when he was hunting and took him to Syria. Although Cephalus was already married to Procris, Eos bore him three sons, including Phaethon and Hesperus, but he then began pining for Procris.
An unhappy Eos then returned him to his wife, but not before sowing the seeds of doubt in his mind, telling him that it was highly unlikely that Procris had stayed faithful to him this entire time.
Cephalus, troubled by her words, asked Eos to change his form into that of a stranger, in order to secretly test Procris’s love for him. Cephalus, disguised, then propositioned Procris, who at first declined but eventually gave in.
He was hurt by her betrayal, and she left him in shame, but eventually they got back together. This time, however it was Procris’ turn to doubt her husband’s fidelity; while hunting, he would often call upon the breeze (‘Aura’ in Latin, sounding similar to Eos’s Roman equivalent Aurora) to refresh the body.
Upon hearing him call “Aura,” Procris followed and spied on him. Cephalus, mistaking her for a wild animal, threw his spear at her, killing her, according to Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The second-century traveller and historian Pausanias knew of the story of Cephalus’ abduction as well, but interestingly by that time he referred to Eos by the name of Hemera, the goddess of day.
Eos figures in Trojan War
According to Hesiod, Eos had two sons, Memnon and Emathion. Memnon fought with the Trojans in the Trojan War, against Achilles. Pausanias mentions images of Thetis, the mother of Achilles, and Eos begging Zeus on behalf of their sons, in his works.
Achilles triumphed, however, and slew Memnon in battle. Mourning deeply over the death of her son, Eos made the light of her brother, Helios the god of the sun, to fade, and begged Nyx, the goddess of the night, to come out earlier, so she could be able to freely steal her son’s body undetected by the armies, according to Philostratus of Lemnos, in his work “Imagines.”
Eos then asked Zeus to make her son immortal, and he granted her wish. Her image with the dead Memnon across her knees, like Thetis with the dead Achilles are icons that some scholars believe may have inspired the Christian Pietà, with Mary cradling Jesus after the crucifixion.
Eos’ divine horses pull her chariot across sky every day
Eos’ team of horses, which pull her chariot across the sky every day, are called “Firebright” and “Daybright” in the Odyssey. Quintus, in his work “Postomerica,” described her exulting in her heart over the radiant horses (Lampus and Phaëton) that drew her chariot, amidst the bright-haired Horae, the feminine Hours, climbing the arc of heaven and scattering sparks of fire.
Oddly, there are no known temples, shrines, or altars to Eos that are known at this time. However, Ovid seems to allude to the existence of at least two shrines dedicated to her, as he describes them in plural, in a line from the Metamorphoses: “Least I may be of all the goddesses the golden heavens hold – in all the world my shrines are rarest.”
Etruscan versions of Eos
The generative dawn-goddess for the Etruscan peoples was known as “Thesan.” Depictions of her with a young lover became popular in Etruria in the fifth century, most likely inspired by imported Greek vase-paintings.
Though Etruscans preferred to show the goddess as a nurturer (Kourotrophos) rather than an abductor of young men, the late Archaic sculptural acroterion from Etruscan Cære, now in Berlin, showing the goddess in archaic running pose adapted from the Greeks, and bearing a boy in her arms, has commonly been identified as Eos and Cephalus.
Thesan is also depicted on an Etruscan mirror carrying off a young man, whose name is inscribed as “Tinthu.”
The later Roman equivalent of Eos, as noted previously, is Aurora, also a cognate showing the characteristic Latin rhotacism, showing the addition of an “r” in her name. Dawn became associated in Roman cults with Matuta, later known as Mater Matuta.
Aurora was also associated with sea harbors and ports, and had a temple dedicated to her on the Forum Boarium. The Matralia was celebrated every June 11 at that temple in honor of Mater Matuta; this festival was only for women during their first marriage.
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It’s rich in an antioxidant called beta carotene, which is very effective at raising blood levels of vitamin A, particularly in children (1, 2, 3, 4).
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In some parts of North America, sweet potatoes are called yams. However, this is a misnomer since yams are a different species.
Sweet potatoes are only distantly related to regular potatoes.
This article tells you everything you need to know about sweet potatoes.
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Nutrition facts
The nutrition facts for 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of raw sweet potatoes are (5):
Calories: 86Water: 77%Protein: 1.6 gramsCarbs: 20.1 gramsSugar: 4.2 gramsFiber: 3 gramsFat: 0.1 grams
A medium-sized sweet potato (boiled without the skin) contains 27 grams of carbs. The main components are starches, which make up 53% of the carb content.
Simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose, comprise 32% of the carb content (2).
Sweet potatoes have a medium to high glycemic index (GI), varying from 44–96. The GI is a measure of how fast your blood sugar levels rise after a meal (6).
Given the relatively high GI of sweet potatoes, large amounts in a single meal may be unsuitable for people with type 2 diabetes. Notably, boiling seems to be associated with lower GI values than baking, frying, or roasting (7).
Starches are often split into three categories based on how well they’re digested. The starch proportions in sweet potatoes are as follows (8, 9, 10, 11):
Rapidly digested starch (80%). This starch is quickly broken down and absorbed, increasing the GI value.Slowly digested starch (9%). This type breaks down more slowly and causes a smaller rise in blood sugar levels.
Cooked sweet potatoes are relatively high in fiber, with a medium-sized sweet potato containing 3.8 grams.
The fibers are both soluble (15–23%) in the form of pectin, and insoluble (77–85%) in the form of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (12, 13, 14).
Soluble fibers, such as pectin, may increase fullness, decrease food intake, and reduce blood sugar spikes by slowing your digestion of sugars and starches (15, 16).
A high intake of insoluble fibers has been associated with health benefits, such as a reduced risk of diabetes and improved gut health (17, 18, 19, 20, 21).
A medium-sized sweet potato holds 2 grams of protein, making it a poor protein source.
Sweet potatoes contain sporamins, unique proteins that account for more than 80% of their total protein content (14).
The sporamins are produced to facilitate healing whenever the plant is subjected to physical damage. Recent research suggests that they may have antioxidant properties (22).
Despite being relatively low in protein, sweet potatoes are an important source of this macronutrient in many developing countries (14, 23).
Sweet potatoes are mainly composed of carbs. Most of the carbs come from starch, followed by fiber. This root vegetable is also relatively low in protein but still an important protein source in many developing countries.
Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of beta carotene, vitamin C, and potassium. The most abundant vitamins and minerals in this vegetable are (24, 25, 26, 27, 28):
Pro-vitamin A. Sweet potatoes are rich in beta carotene, which your body can convert into vitamin A. Just 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of this vegetable provides the recommended daily amount of this vitamin.Potassium. Important for blood pressure control, this mineral may decrease your risk of heart disease.Manganese. This trace mineral is important for growth, development, and metabolism.Vitamin B5. Also known as pantothenic acid, this vitamin is found to some extent in nearly all foods.Vitamin E. This powerful fat-soluble antioxidant may help protect your body against oxidative damage.SUMMARY
Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of beta carotene, vitamin C, and potassium. They are also a decent source of many other vitamins and minerals.
Like other whole plant foods, sweet potatoes contain a number of plant compounds that may affect your health. These include (12, 31, 32):
Chlorogenic acid. This compound is the most abundant polyphenol antioxidant in sweet potatoes.Anthocyanins. Purple sweet potatoes are rich in anthocyanins, which possess strong antioxidant properties.
Notably, the antioxidant activity of sweet potatoes increases with the color intensity of their flesh. Deep-hued varieties, such as purple, deep orange, and red sweet potatoes, score the highest (1, 29, 30).
The absorption of vitamin C and some antioxidants increases in sweet potatoes after cooking, while levels of other plant compounds may decrease slightly (33, 34, 35, 36).
Sweet potatoes are rich in many plant compounds, such as beta carotene, chlorogenic acid, and anthocyanins.
Many people substitute regular potatoes for sweet potatoes, believing sweet potatoes to be the healthier choice.
The two species contain similar amounts of water, carbs, fat, and protein (5).
Notably, sweet potatoes sometimes have a lower GI and boast higher amounts of both sugar and fiber.
Both are good sources of vitamin C and potassium, but sweet potatoes also provide excellent amounts of beta carotene, which your body can transform into vitamin A.
Regular potatoes may be more filling but may also harbor glycoalkaloids, compounds that can be harmful in large amounts (37, 38).
Because of their fiber and vitamin contents, sweet potatoes are often considered the healthier choice between the two.
Sweet potatoes are likely healthier than regular potatoes. They have a lower GI, more fiber, and large amounts of beta carotene.
Sweet potatoes are associated with multiple benefits (39).
Prevention of vitamin A deficiency
As vitamin A plays an important role in your body, deficiency in this essential nutrient is a major public health issue in many developing countries (40).
Deficiency can cause both temporary and permanent damage to your eyes and even lead to blindness. It can also suppress immune function and increase mortality, especially among children and pregnant and lactating women (14, 40).
Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of highly absorbable beta carotene, which your body can convert into vitamin A.
The intensity of the yellow or orange color of the sweet potato is directly linked to its beta carotene content (41).
Orange sweet potatoes have been shown to increase blood levels of vitamin A more than other beta carotene sources, as they contain a highly absorbable variety of this nutrient (42).
This makes eating sweet potatoes an excellent strategy against vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.
Improved blood sugar regulation
Imbalance in blood sugar levels and insulin secretion are the main characteristics of type 2 diabetes.
Caiapo, a type of sweet potato with white skin and flesh, may improve symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes.
This sweet potato may not only decrease fasting blood glucose and LDL (bad) cholesterol levels but also increase insulin sensitivity (43, 44, 45).
However, the current data doesn’t justify the use of sweet potatoes in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Further human research is needed (46).
Reduced oxidative damage and cancer risk
Oxidative damage to cells is often associated with increased risk of cancer, which occurs when cells divide uncontrollably.
Diets rich in antioxidants, such as carotenoids, are associated with a lower risk of stomach, kidney, and breast cancers (47, 48, 49, 50).
See more: Master P Gone In 60 Seconds, Movie Posters, Nicolas Cage, Gone In 60 Seconds (2000 Film)
Studies indicate that sweet potatoes’ potent antioxidants may reduce your risk of cancer. Purple potatoes have the highest antioxidant activity (14, 51).
Sweet potatoes may have a variety of benefits, including improved blood sugar regulation and reduced oxidative damage.
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Download Language of Space PDF
TitleLanguage of Space
PublisherArchitectural Press
ISBN 139780750652469
File Size19.2 MB
Total Pages274
Table of Contents
The Language of Space
Copyright Page
Chapter 1. Space as language
Why a language?
The art of architecture
The social art
The language of space
Reading the language
Behavioural settings
How this book works
Chapter 2. Space and the human dimension
The human basis of the language
The human psyche
Motivation and need
Spatial needs
Behavioural settings
The security of the passage of time
The balance of needs
Chapter 3. Mechanisms of perceiving space
Sensation and perception
Size and distance
Scale of movement
Scale and the social order
Foreground and background
Chapter 4. Ways of perceiving space
The classical rulebook
Perception as an active process
Order, pattern and redundancy
The good and bad side of being redundant!
The expression of romanticism
How buildings can signify
Internal and external meaning
Back to architecture!
The language of modern architecture
Chapter 5. Space and distance
Abstract and meaningful distance
Too close for comfort!
Flight and fight
‘I need my space’
‘Keep in touch’
Human distances
Intimate distance
Personal distance
Social distance
Public distance
Multiple distances in a space
Personality and context variation
Cultural variation
Chapter 6. Proxemics
Non-verbal communication
Spatially defined roles
Spatial roles
Sociofugal and sociopetal space
Non-reciprocal relationships
Waiting spaces
‘Front of house𔃷, ‘back of house’
Movable and fixed furniture
Chapter 7. The territory
Are we really territorial?
The nature and purpose of territory
The national territory
The borders and the heartland
The city territory
The family territory
Trouble with the neighbours!
Defending the territory and beyond
The territory invaded
The collapse of the territory
The territory as social reinforcement
Chapter 8. Space and time
Design strategies for uncertainty
The span of time in space
Identifying levels of uncertainty
‘Designer’ knowledge versus ‘ordinary’ knowledge
One-way prediction
Confidence of prediction and rates of change
Purposeful and non-purposeful behaviour (apparently!)
Learning from children
Individuals, groups and crowds
The tyranny of functionalist space
Invitational space
Patterns of settings
Chapter 9. Recording space
Measuring place
Semantic differentials
Problems with the semantic differential
But what does it mean?
Attention and focus
Measuring geometry
Divide and conquer
Document Text Contents
Page 2
Page 137
intense experience than one is likely to find in most European cities.
Not only do passers by frequently bump into you and move on without
acknowledgement, but traders trying to sell you their wares come well
inside our normally acceptable distances and may even lay hands on
you to guide you further into their premises. Burgoon and Saine go so
far as to describe some countries as having ‘contact cultures’, which
appears to contradict the usual assumption that the whole human race
is a non-contact species. They cite Central America, Arab states and
India as examples of contact cultures (Burgoon and Saine 1978).
Although most work on interpersonal distance has been conducted in
the West, some studies of cultural variations have confirmed what the
experience of travelling tells one more intuitively. Watson and Graves,
for example, studied students at American colleges and found that
ethnically Arab students would interact at closer distances than their
American counterparts (Watson and Graves 1966). Similarly, Aiello
and Jones have shown closer distances for black and Puerto Rican
children compared with indigenous white children (Aiello and Jones
197 1). Sadly, however, little quantitative work has taken place actually
in non-western countries into the variation of interpersonal distance
with culture.
Edward T. Hall learned about the human use of space partly
through his experience of observing different cultures. For a while he
had the unenviable job of training Americans how to behave overseas!
We Europeans sometimes mock Americans for their cultural isolation.
In truth of course the North American continent is as culturally rich
as anywhere else, but so many Americans never leave this continent
that they can often seem rather ignorant and rude when they do. Hall
points out that much of what we have come to accept as a global theory
of interpersonal distance actually enshrines many cultural norms. North
America and north-west European cultures seem to share much in
common in terms of the notions of public and private and how we
relate to both acquaintances and strangers in public space. Hall argues
rightly that the four distances of intimate, personal, social and public
space are to some extent a reflection of those cultural norms. Such a
taxonomy cannot, for example, accommodate behaviour subject to the
caste system in India.
Spatial manners then are ultimately a cultural phenomenon, but
underlying them all are some fundamental issues of the way we
perceive space and sense the presence of others in it. However our story
is not yet complete, since we have really only considered the distance
component of the language of space in any detail. As we have seen,
people will tolerate close proximity even of strangers in public under
certain circumstances such as sitting in the theatre. The story is
spatially and socially much more complex than a consideration solely
of distance would suggest.
Page 138
Aiello, J. R and T. D. C. Jones (1971). Field study of proxemic behaviour of
young schoolchildren in three subcultural groups. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology 19: 351-356.
Burgoon, J. K. and T. Saine (1978). The Unspoken Dialogue. Boston, Houghton
Hall, E. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. London, Bodley Head.
Hediger, H. (1955). Studies of the Psychology and Behaviour of Captive Animals
in Zoos and Circuses. London, Buttenvorth.
Hildreth, A. M., L. R. Derogatis, et al. (1 97 1). Body-buffer zones and violence:
a reassessment and confirmation. American Journal of Psychiaty 127:
164 1-1 645.
Mitchell, W. J. (1995). City of Bits. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
Mitchell, W. J. (1999). E-topia. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
Moms, D. (1969). The Human Zoo. London, Jonathan Cape.
Negroponte, N. (1995). Being Digital. London, Hodder and Stoughton.
Sommer, R. (1969). Personal Space: The Behavioural Basis of Design.
Watson, 0. M. and T. D. Graves (1966). Quantitative research in proxemic
Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.
behaviour. American Anthropologist 68: 97 1-985.
Page 273
Spatial needs, 18
Spatial roles, 131-3, 13340
Stimulation, 18-2 1
and security and identity, 19-20
space contribution to, 37
Stirling, James, Leicester University
Engineering Faculty Building,
Subliminal messages, 129-30
Submission as a biological strategy,
Supermarkets, and community spirit
Sydney Opera House, as a symbol of
Symbolic and iconic representations,
Symbols, 9 1-2
encouragement, 144
Australia, 86, 173
83-5, 172-3
buildings as, 92, 160
flags as, 91-2
Symmetry, 62-3
as at Blenheim Palace, 70
Synaesthesia, 43
Tax inspectors’ office layouts, 150-1
Telephone communication, 1
and lack of non-verbal
communication, 133
Territory and territoriality, 164-93
animal territoriality, 164, 165-6,
borders and the heartland, 172-3
by early humans, 165
children’s territoriality, 165, 167
city territory, 173-5
collapse of the territory, 190-1
communal territories, need for,
defence of territory, 182-3
defensible and indefensible space,
family territory, 175-8, 184-9
and inner-city problems, 165
invasion of territory, 183-90
and land boundaries, 165, 166
national territory, 169-72
nature and purpose, 167-9
neighbour problems, 178-82
186, 188, 191
as a social phenomenon, 168
as social reinforcement, 19 1
and stimulation, identity and
and the survival of the fittest, 168
territorial behaviour, 164-7
Thatcher, Margaret, and her
handbag, 130-1
Thick time concept, 197-8
Throw-away design, 195
Till, Jeremy, on thick time, 197-8
Time and space, 194-228
Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, 21, 22
Too close for comfort, 102
Touch, distance considerations, 1 10
Tourist industry, stimulation and
security requirements, 30-1
Tranquillity, settings for, 30
security, 169
and need for security feeling, 38
and timekeeping, 196
Trespass, invasion of territory,
contamination, 183-4
invasion, 184
violation, 184
Typekoken ratio (TTR), semantic
differentials, 237
Uganda Kob, 173-4
design strategies for, 194-5
identifying levels of, 198
University lecturers’ office layouts,
University reading rooms, 13840
Urban spaces, and space syntax,
2 4 3 4
Van Eyck, Aldo, on place and
Vanbrugh, Sir John:
occasion, 23, 230
Blenheim Palace, 69-71, 78
and redundancy, 76
1 8 3 4
Vargas M.F., on territorial trespass,
Venice, as a collection of patterns,
Page 274
Venturi, Robert:
on mediated references, 85-6
and the National Gallery, 78, 80
Verticality, 62
Video-conferencing, will it offer
Villages in East Africa, layouts,
spatial communication?, 133
Waiting spaces, 145-7
Wartime community spirit, 192
Williams, Owen, factory for Boots,
Wind tower houses of Dubai, 176-7
Windows, to give time awareness, 30
Wittgenstein, on glory and
architecture, 128
Workplace environments, 226-7
Nottingham, 88
Zonal functional planning, 221-2
Zoos, and spatial behaviour of
animals, 104
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I've downloaded the Central England Temperature Data available from Met Office Hadley Centre. On their summary page, it is described thus (emphasis mine):
These daily and monthly temperatures are representative of a roughly triangular area of the United Kingdom enclosed by Lancashire, London and Bristol. The monthly series, which begins in 1659, is the longest available instrumental record of temperature in the world. The daily series begins in 1772. Manley (1953, 1974) compiled most of the monthly series, covering 1659 to 1973. These data were updated to 1991 by Parker et al (1992), who also calculated the daily series. Both series are now kept up to date by the Climate Data Monitoring section of the Hadley Centre, Met Office. Since 1974 the data have been adjusted to allow for urban warming.
The data comes in a nicely compact but not immediately processable format:
Column 1: year
Column 2: day
Columns 3-14: daily CET values expressed in tenths of a degree. There are 12 columns; one for each of the 12 months.
1772 1 32 -15 18 25 87 128 187 177 105 111 78 112
1772 2 20 7 28 38 77 138 154 158 143 150 85 62
1772 3 27 15 36 33 84 170 139 153 113 124 83 60
1772 4 27 -25 61 58 96 90 151 160 173 114 60 47
1772 5 15 -5 68 69 133 146 179 170 173 116 83 50
1772 6 22 -45 51 77 113 105 175 198 160 134 134 42
(The description doesn't to mention that not available / applicable data is encoded as -999.)
I've processed this in to a 3.8 Meg CSV file that provides columns for both unix time and iso8601, then columns for min, mean and max daily temperature. Temperatures are in centigrade. Rows are in time order.
Here's my ruby code for doing that:
require 'time'
def with_time_and_temp(data_file)
File.readlines(data_file).each do |line|
line = line.split
year = line[0]
day = line[1]
1.upto 12 do |month|
miligrade = line[1+month].to_i
unless(miligrade == -999)
time = Time.gm(year, month, day)
temp = miligrade / 10.0
yield(time, temp)
time_to_temps = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = Array.new(ARGV.count)}
(0...ARGV.count()).each do |i|
with_time_and_temp(ARGV[i]) do |time, temp|
time_to_temps[time][i] = temp
puts "unix-time,iso8601,#{ARGV.join(",")}"
time_to_temps.to_a().sort().each do |record|
Here're the first few lines of the output file:
(Note that for the earlier dates the min and max are not available).
I would like to share this data more effectively than sticking it in my drop box. Is there some kind of repository for this sort of thing?
I would also like to process and graph this data. In particular, I would like to try and see how "extreme events" are distributed.
I am a total beginner with visualisation and processing but experienced as a programmer. I'm pretty sure that I could write some scripts, or use SQLite for processing, and get a graphing application from somewhere… but, I wonder if there are some friendly and accessible tools I should be using in this web 2.0 world of 2014?
I'm on a Mac computer, if that's relevant.
• I'm not a climate scientist, but I would think that to define 'extreme event', you'd need to know how it vares from the norm ... which is more complicated when you've got a cyclic value on a yearly scale, possibly with other larger scale trends. So that -4.5°C temp might be normal for January, but extreme if it were in August.
– Joe
Feb 17 '14 at 3:33
• @joe I'm not either, nor much of a statistician (yet) :-) I think one could get very sophisticated, as you say, but my initial take is going to be to simply rank the whole data set in order of temperature, and then look at how the outliers (top & bottom 0.1%, say) distribute through the data. I'd like to see if the distribution seems to deviate statistically from the fairly uniform distribution one would expect. I've no idea if I'll find anything, but it'll surely be a learning experience to try it out.
– Benjohn
Feb 17 '14 at 14:08
Here is my take on it: I use R and its IDE RStudio.
The hard part, cleaning the data, is luckily done. Sharing the CSV via a dropbox link is not bad. The file is well structured. To improve it you could add a licence and provide a bit more information about the source. For more information see our certificates.
If you want to publish in a more "professional" way, you can use a platform such as Socrata or datahub.
Use the power of visualisation to get a sense of the data. For example, three histograms across all years.
Then I would calculate summary statistics for groups such as years or months. That should inform you about outliers.
We can also look at a calendar visualisation.
enter image description here
The winter in 2010 seems to be particularly cold. Winter is coming...
Now that you have a sense of the data, you can explore ideas of how to create an algorithm that finds interesting patterns and outliers.
I have run similar analyses before therefore I have some code that I was able to re-use. We share all of our code on GitHub. The relevant repository is here: https://github.com/theodi/R-playground/tree/master/weather-centuries
This is the syntax file for the graphics. (Note that calendarHeat.R is from Paul Bleicher.)
• 1
Thank you (voted up), that's pretty awesome already! I'll look at your link suggestions. I'm hoping to persuade the Met Office Hadley Centre to host a more accessible version of the file… :-) I would be extremely intrigued if there was a structure visible in the weekdays :-)
– Benjohn
Feb 17 '14 at 14:17
• Oh, I can't vote up your answer – not enough reputation yet!
– Benjohn
Feb 17 '14 at 14:17
• I upvoted for you (and me).
– philshem
Feb 17 '14 at 14:45
• @philshem Thanks. But hey, if you up vote my question, I'll have enough reputation to up vote this answer too ;-)
– Benjohn
Feb 17 '14 at 20:18
There has been a bunch of statistical work in this area (spatio-temporal modeling and extreme value theory); there have been several programs at SAMSI that have generated good peer reviewed papers ( http://www.samsi.info/workshop/birs-extreme-events-climate-and-weather-interdisciplinary-workshop-10w5016-0 )
One statistical approach might go like this:
• Setup a change of support problem to interpolate the values in between the grid (you may have to look at some modern data to get a correlation structure). Then you can make contours/heatmaps that are statistically rigorous
• at that point, you can create gridded temperature estimates by time unit. You can then make a movie by putting the values in time order
• along the bottom, you might want to show the time series for some key points
• there will almost certainly be a decent time series model (in a number of approaches, univariate, multivariate); you might be interested in the values that are the biggest departures from the expected trends. You might be interested in the absolute biggest/smallest values as well
Some references:
you can use heatmap.js with leaflet.js, although you may need to convert the csv, which is probably opposite your question
you could use d3.js to make histograms:
Your Answer
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LED light bulbThe old light bulb that has lit our lives for more than 100 years on its way out. The inefficient incandescent bulb loses most of its energy as heat. It is economically and ecologically inefficient. Soon, U.S. residents will no longer be able to buy incandescent light bulbs.
Your incandescent light bulbs are being replaced with more energy-efficient compact fluorescent, or CFL. There are some people who worry about problems with the CFL, such as the inclusion of mercury in the design and a strange, color that even gives some people headaches.
The LED, or light-emitting diode could be a solution. LEDs have been around for many years, in digital clocks, flashlights and traffic signals.
An LED is a solid-state lighting technology, or SSL. So, instead of emitting light from a vacuum, like the incandescent bulb or a gas, like a CFL, the SSL emits light from a piece of solid matter. In the case of a traditional LED, that piece of matter is a semiconductor.
Advantages of LED Light Bulbs
Currently, you may not find LED light bulbs in very many household lighting fixtures, but here are a few of good reasons their use will increase.
1. They reduce energy use. The LED light loses far less energy to heat than other light bulbs. It’s much more efficient than the vacuum/filament method used in incandescent bulbs — generally up to 85 % more efficient; and it’s even about 5% more efficient than the CFL’s plasma-tube approach [source: Taub].
2. LED Light Bulbs Last Longer. Energy-efficiency is just the beginning. You could go 20 years without having to change an LED light bulb. A typical incandescent bulb lasts about 750 hours; an LED bulb lasts 30,000 hours [source: Sundance]. Some LED bulbs even last up to 50,000 hours [source: Linden].
The Disadvantages of LED Light Bulbs
Despite the advantages of reduced energy use and longer bulb life, the typical 60-watt LED bulb can cost as much as $100, with some lower output bulbs in the range of $40 and $80.
For more information about purchasing the right LED bulb for your home or office.
Contact Providence Electric at (817) 721-0794 or EMAIL us to schedule your electrical service.
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Keyword Analysis & Research: visions in education
Keyword Analysis
Keyword Research: People who searched visions in education also searched
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do I believe in education?
Education is a must if we want to do away with the existing differences between different social classes and genders. It opens a whole world of opportunities for the poor so that they may have an equal shot at well paying jobs. Education also plays a major role in women empowerment 4. Makes you self dependent
What is shared vision in education?
A shared vision serves as the driving force behind a technology implementation plan — but it’s not formulated and disseminated from the top down. Rather, a shared vision arises from the collaborative voices, goals and values of the educators, support staff, students, parents and community members within the system.
What is educational vision statement?
A vision statement, or simply a vision, is a public declaration that schools or other educational organizations use to describe their high-level goals for the future—what they hope to achieve if they successfully fulfill their organizational purpose or mission.
Search Results related to visions in education on Search Engine
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Increasing public awareness of child abuse through media coverage, documentaries, films, study discussion programmes and setting up Child Help lines throughout the world has focused attention on the many children who suffer from the abusive behaviour of some despicable adults.
why havocaWhy HAVOCA
The emphasis has been justly directed towards the children and much of the available resources are being poured into the training of social workers, mental health professionals and police to provide effective intervention when childhood abuse is disclosed or reported.
While the concentration of resources and focus on children is necessary and of fundamental importance, it is sometimes ignored by both professionals and the public that children who are currently, or until relatively recently, being abused, will eventually grow up into adults.
Those children who have benefited from positive therapeutic intervention may have been able to repair much of the damage resulting from child abuse so that they are able to lead healthy and well-adjusted adult lives, but those who were not provided with positive therapeutic intervention, or who never disclosed the secret of the abuse, may remain deeply scarred. The hidden scars of childhood abuse may stay with these victims throughout their lives.
The scars of childhood abuse are often deeply buried, or hidden, and cannot be seen on the surface. They often penetrate deep inside the psyche of the child where they have the propensity to influence and direct behaviour both in the childhood and adulthood. This often results in destructive behaviour patterns and inhibits the survivor from being able to live a free, mentally healthy or satisfying life. Many survivors feel permanently scarred and damaged by the abuse, and believe themselves to be unable ever to heal from the experiences, much less lead a happy or normal life. So this is why HAVOCA wants to challenge these ideas and provide the help, support and guidance necessary to help victims start their healing journey.
HAVOCA believes every Victim of abuse can become a Survivor, and every Survivor has the ability to become a Thriver!
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Nutria population explosion, feeding contributes to escalation of the problem
7. 6. 2021 -
Among the most invasive animals on the planet, nutria is overbreeding in the Czech landscape. However, people generally consider them harmless creatures, and even feed them near large settlements, which makes the problem even more serious. At the same time, nutria displace native species of animals, disrupt river banks by building burrows and carry various diseases.
"In recent years, we have seen an unprecedented increase in nutria in the Czech countryside. The probable cause of the expansion is very mild winters and favourable conditions in the landscape. In these conditions, nutria reproduce several times a year, giving birth to 4-6 cubs in one litter," said Ondřej Mikulka from the Department of Forest Conservation and Wildlife management at MENDELU FFWT. The nutria birth rate is relatively high, while their mortality rate is relatively low. In combination with intensive feeding, the population boom is understandable. "We can already see that, in rivers and water areas in built-up areas, the population density is often higher than in the open landscape," said Mikulka.
Regulation of nutria is a relatively complex issue, but people should stop feeding them in the first place. Hunters can intervene on hunting grounds, either by direct hunting or capture. "However, this comes into conflict with the public, who take the regulation of these animals with great reluctance and are not well-informed on the issue. Of course, hunters will not voluntarily expose themselves to a public lynch-mob," said the scientist. Outside hunting grounds, where the nutria has a similar status to other wild animals and can be hunted without restriction, the person is authorized by the locally competent state administration. "Not only in the case of nutria, but also other invasive species of mammals, there is a lack of sufficient ecological education and enlightenment. The first step is therefore to explain the need for regulation, and a motivational reward for hunters also works well," Mikulka added.
Contact person for more information: RNDr. Ondřej Mikulka, Department of Forest Protection and Hunting, FFWT MENDELU, tel .: 739 465 167,
Welcome to Brno and study in English
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New World oriole
Definitions of New World oriole
1. noun
American songbird; male is black and orange or yellow
synonyms: American oriole, oriole
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Icterus galbula, northern oriole
a kind of New World oriole
Icterus spurius, orchard oriole
the male is chestnut-and-black
lark, meadowlark
North American songbirds having a yellow breast
cacique, cazique
black-and-red or black-and-yellow orioles of the American tropics
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, bobolink, reedbird, ricebird
migratory American songbird
New World blackbird, blackbird
any bird of the family Icteridae whose male is black or predominantly black
Baltimore bird, Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula galbula, firebird, hangbird
eastern subspecies of northern oriole
Bullock's oriole, Icterus galbula bullockii
western subspecies of northern oriole
Sturnella magna, eastern meadowlark
a meadowlark of eastern North America
Sturnella neglecta, western meadowlark
a meadowlark of western North America
crow blackbird, grackle
long-tailed American blackbird having iridescent black plumage
Euphagus carilonus, rusty blackbird, rusty grackle
North American blackbird whose bluish-black plumage is rusty-edged in the fall
North American blackbird that follows cattle and lays eggs in other birds' nests
Agelaius phoeniceus, red-winged blackbird, redwing
North American blackbird with scarlet patches on the wings
type of:
oscine, oscine bird
passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus
Word Family
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Roman chamomile is a plant. The flowerheads are used to make medicine.
Some people take Roman chamomile by mouth for various digestive disorders including upset stomach (indigestion), nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and intestinal gas (flatulence). It is also commonly applied to the skin for pain and swelling (inflammation) and included as a germ-killer in ointments, creams, and gels used to treat cracked nipples, sore gums, and irritation of the skin. Some people put Roman chamomile in a steam bath and inhale it for sinusinflammation, hay fever, and sore throat. But there is limited scientific evidence to support any of these uses.
In foods and beverages, the essential oil and extract are used for flavoring.
In manufacturing, the volatile oil of Roman chamomile is used as a fragrance in soaps, cosmetics, and perfumes; and to flavor cigarette tobacco. The extract is also used in cosmetics and soaps. Teas have been used as a hair tint and conditioner, and to treat parasitic worm infections.
How does it work ?
Roman chamomile contains chemicals that may help to fight cancer and diabetes. But more information is needed.
View References
© Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020.
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Keyword Analysis & Research: a1c test why is it important to a diabetic
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Keyword Research: People who searched a1c test why is it important to a diabetic also searched
Frequently Asked Questions
How often should people with diabetes check their A1C?
Typically, diabetics need the A1c test every 3 months. If test results are good and the condition is under control, some people with diabetes may be able to get the test done less frequently. However, standard recommendations say that diabetics should get the test no less than twice per year.
What is a good A1C score for a diabetic?
For people without diabetes, the normal A1C range is 4-6%. For people with diabetes, the lower the A1C value, the better the diabetes control and the lower the risk of developing complications such as eye, heart, and kidney disease. Your goal should be to have A1C values less than 7%.
What not to eat before A1c test?
You should not eat food, drink coffee or take some medications for eight to 12 hours before a fasting blood test, but most physicians agree that you can drink water.
Do you have to fast before taking an A1c test?
The blood test -- known as the A1C test -- has several important advantages over traditional blood glucose testing. Patients do not need to fast before the test is given, and it is far less likely to identify clinically irrelevant fluctuations in blood sugar because it measures average blood glucose levels over several months.
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What Would Inky Think: Is It OK to Cage an Octopus?
If octopuses are smart enough to run away, should you be locking them up in the first place?
This image may contain Animal Invertebrate Octopus Sea Life Reptile and Snake
A common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) at the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.Alamy
So, you've got this pet octopus. Let me guess, she keeps trying to escape. Opening the lid to her tank, pushing the lid, creeping across the floor. You always manage to catch her before she squeezes herself down the bathtub drain. Sounds like you need a quick lesson in octopus husbandry.
By the way, you are not alone. Several months ago, an octopus named Inky escaped from the National Aquarium in New Zealand (he was eventually found at a nearby offshore reef and brought back). In that case, someone had accidentally left the tank's lid ajar, so Inky made a break for it. But wait, if octopi—pardon, I mean octopuses—are smart enough to make like Andy Dufresne, should you be locking them up in the first place?
Well, before getting into all the hand-wringing about animal intelligence and stuff—which we will get to, don't worry—know this: "Every animal tries to get out of its tank, that’s normal," says Christine Huffard, research technician and octopus expert at Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.
What makes octopi—ugh, octopuses—different is they are actively good at escaping, because they are intelligent. "In the wild, octopuses use coconuts to hide in, save and use them again, showing active tool use. They solve puzzles, open jars, and guard their dens in a way that shows a pretty high level of perceiving the world and responding to stimuli in a very directed manner," says Annie Lindgren, a cephalopod biologist from Portland State University. So, while some people might interpret an octopus escape as a sad cry for help, it's probably more likely the animal is bored, curious, and just plain hungry.
"Separate from intelligence and curiosity, these are animals that need to eat a lot of food," says Huffard. In the wild, they usually roam territories ranging in the tens to hundreds of yards looking for something to munch on. But the largest aquarium tanks are just a fraction of that volume.
So. Care and feeding of your octopus, step one: Feed it often.
Step two, give it plenty of stimuli. That means rock formations to lurk around in, moving water, maybe some bubbles. Also, give it some challenges. "I do things like put food in a jar, or stuff the food in a wiffle ball, or, because I'm a glassblower, I make these big, long glass tubes they have to crawl through to get their food," says Richard Ross, head aquarist at California Academy of Science in San Francisco.
Ross says the jars and food puzzles keep the octopus on the bottom of the tank. "When you feed them from the top of the tank, they get habituated to food that comes from the sky, and you're like, training them to escape," he says. "I try not to give them much interaction at the surface at all, even though it is fun to have them crawl on you." O-Kay.
Step three, make sure it has enough space. But not too much. "People with direct experience housing octopuses know that if you put them in too large a tank, they will jet around too much and injure themselves," says Huffard.
Also, be thoughtful about what other creatures you add to the tank. And not just because you've heard stories about octopi—ugh, last time I swear, octopuses—killing sharks at the Seattle Aquarium. Octopuses are solitary creatures, and consummate hunters. So eventually, they are probably going to go after whatever you put in the tank with them, or that thing will go after them.
The real problem with keeping an octopus, says Lindgren, is that caretakers don't have standardized rules for doing so. Those who keep vertebrates have the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, which contains food, shelter, and handling guidelines for anything with a spine—from lab mice to elephants. This 2007 paper outlines some ethical considerations for using invertebrates for science experiments. Which could be useful for would-be octopus-keepers, so long as they don't try to vivisect the animal.
And now, the handwringing. Should you be keeping this octopus at all? On one hand, animals kept in captivity serve educational and conservational purposes: People are more likely to advocate for saving animals they have encountered in a zoo or aquarium. On the other hand, not always. Also, what if octopuses are smart enough to know they are being kept? Doesn't this break some kind of moral code, that humans have a duty to treat any creature that has crossed a certain intellectual threshold as equal?
Maybe. But probably not. Despite the compelling nature of a story about an active octopus escaping to the wild, octopus behavior isn't complex enough to suggest that they are cognizant animals. "They aren't cooperatively hunting, they aren't communicating complex ideas," says Huffard. "They may say, 'I will fight you, I will mate with you, I will eat you,' but that is nothing compared to, say, the complex ways that spiders interact while mating." Coming soon: WIRED's guide to spider care.
Oh and finally, the best way to keep your octopus from escaping its tank. Close the lid. Cover it with a brick. Or, you know, just don't own an octopus.
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What does ameiotic mean?
Adjective. ameiotic (not comparable) (biology) Not undergoing meiosis; relating to ameiosis.
What does Lyard mean?
adjective Chiefly Scot. streaked or spotted with gray or white. Also ly·art [lahy-ert].
What does congenitally mean?
Medical Definition of congenital 1 : existing at or dating from birth congenital deafness congenital heart disease. 2 : acquired during development in the uterus and not through heredity Our study primarily aimed to find out the birth prevalence of congenital toxoplasma infection in live neonates …—
What does Cissed mean?
: the gathering of a wet film (as of varnish) into drops or streaks leaving parts of the surface bare or imperfectly covered.
Does congenital mean inherited?
The term “congenital” means that the condition is present at birth but implies it is a developmental abnormality that occurred during the growth of the foetus while in the uterus, rather than a hereditary defect or abnormality.
Are congenital defects genetic?
The most common, severe congenital anomalies are heart defects, neural tube defects and Down syndrome. Although congenital anomalies may be the result of one or more genetic, infectious, nutritional or environmental factors, it is often difficult to identify the exact causes. Some congenital anomalies can be prevented.
What are congenital diseases with examples?
Some common congenital disorders are:
• cleft lip and cleft palate — usually diagnosed during routine scans in pregnancy.
• congenital heart disease — including a hole in the heart, a valve problem or a problem with the blood vessels.
• cerebral palsy — usually diagnosed in the first few years of life.
What is another word for cussing?
What is another word for cussing?
swearing profanity
cuss word epithet
vulgarism swear
vulgarity sacrilege
insult denunciation
What does curse you out mean?
US, informal. : to say angry and offensive words to (someone) My boss cursed me out.
Who is called cousin?
/ (ˈkʌzən) / noun. Also called: first cousin, cousin-german, full cousin the child of one’s aunt or uncle. a relative who has descended from one of one’s common ancestors. A person’s second cousin is the child of one of his parents’ first cousins.
Is DM type 1 congenital?
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) itself is not inherited , but a predisposition to developing the condition can run in families. While some people with a family history of DM1 may be at an increased risk, most will not have the condition. While the exact cause is not known, some genetic risk factors have been found.
What causes congenital malformations?
Approximately 50% of congenital anomalies cannot be linked to a specific cause. However, known causes include single gene defects, chromosomal disorders, multifactorial inheritance, environmental teratogens and micronutrient deficiencies. Genetic causes can be traced to inherited genes or from mutations.
What is the difference between acquired and congenital?
A congenital disorder is a medical condition that is present at the time of birth. The acquired diseases are acquired during the lifetime of an individual and also are not present from birth.
What are the worst birth defects?
But, these are some disorders which generally starts even before they are born.
• Here is a list of some really horrifying genetic abnormalities and reasons behind them:
• Ectrodactyly.
• Proteus Syndrome.
• Polymelia.
• Neurofibromatosis.
• Diprosopus.
• Anencephaly.
• Feet facing backwards.
What are 4 common congenital anomalies of a child with Down syndrome?
Fourteen (2%) of the cases with DS had an obstructive anomaly of the renal pelvis, including hydronephrosis. The other most common anomalies associated with cases with DS were syndactyly, club foot, polydactyly, limb reduction, cataract, hydrocephaly, cleft palate, hypospadias and diaphragmatic hernia.
What are the 4 categories of birth defects?
What are the types of birth defects?
• Cleft lip or cleft palate.
• Heart defects, such as missing or misshaped valves.
• Abnormal limbs, such as a clubfoot.
What are the 5 most common birth defects?
CDC Lists Top 6 Types of Birth Defects
• Genetic defects (Down syndrome and other conditions): 6,916 babies per year.
• Heart defects: 6,527 babies per year.
• Musculoskeletal defects (including arm/leg defects): 5,799 babies per year.
What is the most common congenital defect?
Congenital heart defects are conditions present at birth that can affect the way the heart works. They can cause lifelong disability or death. They are the most common type of birth defect, affecting nearly 40,000 births in the United States each year.
Is swearing a profanity?
Profanity is a socially offensive use of language, which may also be called cursing, swearing, or expletives. Accordingly, profanity is language use that is sometimes deemed impolite, rude, or culturally offensive.
Is cussing and cursing the same thing?
Cursing vs. cussing. Placing a curse obviously isn’t the same as uttering curse words, but both concepts start with the Christian Church. Cuss is simply an American alteration of curse, and its meaning “to say bad words” was first recorded in 1815.
How do you say bad words in a nice way?
Bad Words: Things to Say Instead of Cursing
1. Shnookerdookies!
2. Fudge nuggets!
3. Cheese and rice!
4. Sugar!
5. God bless America!
6. Poo!
7. Snickerdoodle!
8. Banana shenanigans!
What does cussing at you mean?
: to say angry and offensive words to (someone) He cussed me out for crashing his pickup truck.
What is the opposite of a curse?
Opposite of a cause of great distress or misfortune. blessing. boon. godsend.
What is a female cousin called?
A: English does have a word for a female cousin, “cousiness,” but it’s quite rare. We’ve found only two modern standard dictionaries with entries for it—the subscription-based Merriam Webster Unabridged and its more accessible cousin, the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
Can we marry our cousin?
What is another word for cousins?
What is another word for cousin?
relation relative
kin kinsman
kinswoman colleague
companion counterpart
coz friend
Is type 1 diabetes avoidable?
What is the life expectancy of someone with type 1 diabetes?
Can you avoid diabetes if it runs in your family?
Even if you have a family health history of diabetes, you can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes by eating healthier, being physically active, and maintaining or reaching a healthy weight. This is especially important if you have prediabetes, and taking these steps can reverse prediabetes.
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One of Our Own
The legacy of Edgar Allan Poe
By Tony Magistrale
From Gadfly October 1998
Romanticism is untidy and imprecise. The concept is almost as difficult to define as the exact dates of its history. Because it was attracted to subjectivity and the unconscious, mystery and the imagination, the Romantic sensibility tended to embrace the contradictions and complications of human nature. Under the Romantic rubric we find art that embodies spiritual tranquillity and inner poetic beauty while also containing elements of distortion and restlessness, a tortured awareness that the quest for tranquillity and beauty was ultimately futile or perhaps forever lost.
It's helpful to keep these dualisms in mind when considering the life and work of Edgar Allan Poe. For while he often yearned to dwell in an ideal sphere, particularly in his poetry, he also understood that, untainted by dream or drug, the world we normally inhabit was a decidedly unpoetic one. Perhaps this explains the nineteenth-century French Symbolist adoration of Poe, the way they rescued him from literary obscurity and defended him against the lies of his first biographer Rufus Griswold. The Symbolists saw in Poe a kindred spirit, a sensitive artist struggling to survive in a merciless, mercantile environment that valued neither art nor the artist. For Poe, art was always connected to the "infinite, pleasurable sadness" he described in "The Poetic Principle," that of a lost or dead love. Poe may have claimed poetry as a vehicle for transcendence to a better place, but in most of his poems this quest was frequently interrupted, leaving the poet-narrator in a state of even greater spiritual torment.
Yet it isn't Baudelaire's Poe or even Poe the poet who has so thoroughly captured the world's imagination for the past century and a half. Ultimately, it's Poe the master of the short story, the genre he helped define and perfect, who continues to exert such a profound influence over both serious readers of literature and nonreaders alike. When we turn to Poe's tales of terror, it isn't merely the sadness of lost love or the abrupt transition from or to a visionary landscape that inspires his deepest contemplation, but the complex spectrum of aberrant psychological motivation which ranges from sadomasochistic representations ("The Pit and the Pendulum" and "Cask of Amontillado") and object fixations ("Berenice," "Ligeia" and "The Black Cat") to delusions of grandeur ("The Tell-Tale Heart") and the perversity of self-loathing ("The Imp of the Perverse").
Poe's dates (1809-1849) place him at a point where he became a direct descendant of the Gothic/Romantic movement which emerged as a dominant literary form in the last two decades of the eighteenth century. But in addition to recycling the paraphernalia of haunted mansions, mysterious ghosts and vampires, chaste maidens and psychosexually obsessed males, how did Poe reconfigure the Gothic for his own purposes? In other words, how did Poe actually advance the form by pushing horror to a higher plane? When the Gothic crossed to American shores in the hands of Poe, it took on a psychological, cerebral slant. Typically, very little action takes place in a Poe story; the real energies are mental: the self-tearing at the self. By depicting unstable minds unable to discipline their darkest urges, his horror tales thrust even the reluctant reader into the demented psyches of his characters. Poe was the first to tell the tale of terror from the monster's perspective, to shift the point of view from victim to victimizer.
Such a significant alteration of narrative perspective forces the reader into an uncomfortable intimacy with his characters that's analogous to the role occupied by the viewer of the modern horror film. Like the horror film, Poe's tales of mystery and suspense inspire contradictory tensions: namely, the desire to watch and participate in unspeakable acts versus the wish to be free from monstrous drives. Aided by his propensity to employ first-person narration, Poe was the first writer to press the relationship between criminal and reader to the point where it became simultaneously unbearable and pleasurable. Maybe this explains why generations of readers continue to react to Poe's characters and their situations with mixed revulsion and secret identification.
One of the most important elements that Poe inherited from his Gothic forefathers, and went on to sharpen to the point of near suffocating exactitude, was an emphasis on the biology of place. Poe's tales and many of his poems are set in architecture that's invigorated with an infernal energy of its own. But in Poe, the machinery of the haunted castle or mansion always becomes a semiotic parallel to the tortured psyche of the main character; place, in other words, becomes personality. The male narrators in many of Poe's stories can't and don't subsist outside the sequestered and perfumed spheres in which they dwell. Cut off from all external reality and menaced by his enclosing mansion, Roderick Usher's psychological deterioration, as well as the dissolution of the Usher lineage, is mirrored by the decaying physical structure of the house itself. When sister falls atop brother at the story's climax, the House of Usher appears to respond directly to their unholy union as its walls crumble and collapse.
In almost every case, these isolatos are in rebellion against the restrictive moral or physical laws, which deny them their high poetic place in the universe. Hence, their rebellions are often concentrated upon a person or object associated with personalized restriction: a black cat, white teeth, a vulture-like eye, a blonde, blue-eyed wife. These icons of propriety must be destroyed if the narrator is to attain the sort of freedom he craves. And midnight is the time at which most acts of criminality occur in Poe's microcosm. It's at the midnight moment, when time itself is literally suspended, that Poe's murderers shelve their own moral prohibitions. They're momentarily free to indulge their darkest instincts, to act as though they were agents ungoverned by forces outside themselves: society, ethics, even time itself.
Poe is America's Shakespeare of the lunatic asylum. He writes of a compressed world populated by psyches out of control. His unprecedented success at evoking conditions of intense psychological obsessiveness yielded a body of fiction that still manages to disconcert modern audiences thoroughly acclimated to audiovisual violence and gore. Most of us come to Poe early in adolescence through a high school assignment or the bedtime reading choice of a warped relative. And this is appropriate. For as scholar Leslie Fiedler reminds us, "adolescence is Poe's true homeland, the imaginary country out of space and in time of which he was, throughout his short life, a secret but loyal citizen." Perhaps the adolescent reader is immediately drawn to Poe because so many of his tales and poems concern themes of lost or unrequited love, a subject that is of immediate relevance to those experiencing such complex and ambivalent emotions for the first time. Bedeviled by questions of authority and identity, anxiety over social acceptance and sexual confusion, young adults can also relate to the violent propensities of such antiheroes as William Wilson or the narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Tell-Tale Heart." The release of repressed energies in the form of antisocial acts underscores the tempestuous nature of adolescence in a high-achievement culture. Deep personal suffering is a trait which all of Poe's protagonists share; as outcasts, they painfully embody the adolescent's nightmare of alienation from a social fabric he simultaneously scorns and desperately yearns to join.
One of the more impressive aspects of Poe's literary legacy is its enormous breadth of influence on the generations of writers, filmmakers, musicians and visual artists that followed him. Poe's art created a profound effect, for example, upon musical composers as diverse as Claude Debussy, who wrote two operas based on Poe's stories, and Alan Parsons, who, with the assistance of two hundred musicians and the rock group called "the Alan Parsons Project," produced an album entitled Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1975) which consisted of instrumental renditions of several Poe narratives. Within the tormented psyches of Poe's protagonists, Romanticism's emphasis on a contradictory and divided self is omnipresent. Many of the writers who followed Poe were drawn to his portraits of the split self. Dostoevski, for example, who translated Poe into Russian, studied Poe's artful and artless murderers to the degree that his most memorable characters, such as Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment, are Poe-esque portrayals of divided and self-disintegrating personalities. In our own century, Stephen King and Joyce Carol Oates, to name two of the most obvious of Poe's children, acknowledge a strong fascination with Poe's major themes of perversity, revenge, tormented guilt and psychosexual violence. Both King and Oates often consciously superimpose Poe's plot-lines upon their own material (most notably in King's The Shining and "Dolan's Cadillac," and Oates' tales "The Dungeon," "The White Cat" and "The Premonition").
No other American writer, with the notable exception of Mark Twain, managed to bridge the gap between popular culture and high-brow literature to this degree. Poe was the first American writer profound and gifted enough to impress literary Europe. He stands simultaneously as a figure at the center of Modernism—the line that stretches from Baudelaire and the Symbolist movement to T.S. Eliot and the rise of New Criticism—and as the inventor or innovator of several popular genres, including science fiction, the detective tale (Poe created the world's first literary detective C. August Dupin) and the psychological horror thriller.
Poe remains one of the few artists whose fame somehow managed to transcend the realm of art itself. His melancholic physiognomy is immediately recognizable when it stares out from T-shirts and ceramic coffee mugs available at suburban malls across America. He seems to be one of the few members of the American literati whose name is familiar to people who don't consider themselves serious readers. Even "The Raven," still a perennial favorite for many school children forced to memorize a poem for class recitation, has now been fully immortalized by popular culture in an unforgettable episode of The Simpsons.
All of this posthumous appreciation is highly ironic, of course, given the fact that in his lifetime Poe knew mostly poverty and neglect. Economic desperation, exploitive editors, incessant and inflexible deadlines compounded by domestic crises, the dissipations of alcohol, and intellectual fatigue were among the daily demons that contributed to Poe's early demise. During his lifetime, he achieved only a modicum of the literary fame he so resented in writers such as Longfellow and the Concord transcendentalists whom Poe derisively referred to as "Frogpondians." Writing in an age where America's literary and national voices were shaped by Emersonian transcendentalism and its faith in nature, self-reliance and an expansionist philosophy, Poe offered a constant rebuttal by asserting that we inhabit a universe unfavorably disposed toward humankind, that human nature itself was simply untrustworthy. As the America of the 1840s looked brightly into a future of limitless possibilities, Poe's work counterpointed the general spirit of American optimism by revealing the human propensity to seek pain rather than tranquillity. In the end, his personal torments and aesthetic sacrifices may have made Poe the quintessential nineteenth-century Romantic, but his insight into human nature and its infinite capacity for evil suggest that he's also one of our own.
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Closet Test Questions and Answers
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Home > Verbal Tests > Closet Test > Closet Test Questions
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Fill in the empty spaces that are numbered with one of the alternatives numbered below with the same number. E.g. in Question 1 only A, B, C, D or E fits in space (1)
Watermelons ...(1)... to India by the 4th century AD. Sushruta, the great Indian physician ...(2)... wrote Sushruta Samhita mentions that watermelons were grown ...(3)... the banks of the river Indus ...(4)... are also mentioned in ancient books. Sushruta calls it as Kalinda or Kalinga (hence Kalingad in Marathi). It was ...(5)... to China in the 10th or 11th century and ...(6)... it is grown throughput the tropics. Wild watermelons are ...(7)... compared to cultivated ones; some of which weigh up to 25 kg. The heaviest fruit weighing 118 kg was produced at Hope, Arkansas, USA the state to which President Clinton ...(8)...
1. (solve as per the direction given above)
A. came
B. go
C. arrived
D. grew
E. grow
Answer & Explanation:
Answer: Option A
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2. (solve as per the direction given above)
A. did
B. when
C. certainly
D. who
E. whom
Answer & Explanation:
Answer: Option D
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3. (solve as per the direction given above)
A. above
B. outside
C. from
D. ahead
E. along
Answer & Explanation:
Answer: Option E
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4. (solve as per the direction given above)
A. It
B. They
C. Some
D. That
E. Those
Answer & Explanation:
Answer: Option B
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5. (solve as per the direction given above)
A. took
B. gave
C. taken
D. take
E. taking
Answer & Explanation:
Answer: Option C
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More educational and fun tests below.
Questions or comments? Please discuss below.
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Technology development in the world
Sharing is caring!
When the world becomes, civilized human people want to be a change all the way. For example, lifestyle, using the things in their daily routine, at work also. So these changes are the main and the fundamental changes for the people. In that way, the world becomes very modernized in the present day. Peoples are getting very high-quality items, and also the new development becomes very useful, that is the internet and their technology. It becomes indispensable in our daily life routine, and it is used in all the needs in our everyday life. These technologies are nothing but the application that we use in our daily life with the help of the apps that are made for it. Then the internet came into existence. Then the websites went to the industry; these jasa website are beneficial in the internet browsers. These websites play a critical role in society and the modern world.
Web development Structure!
jasa website
These websites are made up of web pages, and these sites consist of information that we needed. It all stored in the same domain name we search. These websites are developed by web developers and also by web designers. This web development is the process to make the website highly efficient and in use to make it comfortable. Web design is the process to make the website a unique one and to make a good look at it. These two are the main things to make the website as a perfect one. First, web development is the structure of the website. It makes the websites inside the firm and makes them in the process. It is the primary source of the website. It will give the website to make them search for the activity that we are searching for or commanding. Likewise, it is the structure of the website behind the screen. These web developers are significant to the modern world, so they have a high demand in the computerized world. They are paid in a high amount of salary.
Web design?
These websites are want to look good because it doesn’t look good people don’t like to use the websites and the web designers are hired for this. These web designers are making the websites into an art. They will make the websites into a virtual treat for the users, and they are the artist of the websites. Web design has a high demand in the modern world. A person with a creative mind and innovative thinking can be used in this field, and they are paid in a very high salary. Nowadays, people think that web development and web design are very complicated. But it is straightforward and effortless to learn.
Career choice!
In this modern age, youngsters are becoming web developers and web designers because they choose this platform for their profession, and the software companies are also expecting that. In this age, the computer, internet, and information is wealth. Because the world is changed into the information age, the information that we are searching for is essential to survive in this world. In the old age, they said knowledge is power, but nowadays, the saying has changed into the information is power.
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Take Pictures Of The Moon With Smartphone, When you hear the term astrophotography, most of you probably think of capturing the starry sky perfectly in a single photo. However, most people usually do not notice the absence of the moon when looking at such images.
This is because the moon shines like the sun compared to the brightness of the stars. Currently, no camera has such a high dynamic range that can capture the moon and stars at the same time, let alone smartphone cameras.
However, this does not mean that people are not interested in capturing the moon. On the contrary, actually. In fact, the full moon is such a beauty that most photographers love to capture.
If you’re a budding photographer but don’t have the right camera or photographic equipment to take photos of, don’t worry. In today’s tutorial, we’re going to cover how to capture the full moon using just your smartphone. Fix everything and you can end up with a picture like this:
To photograph the moon: plan your appearance
Let’s start with the bad news: Your chances of stumbling upon a beautiful moon and seeing it on your smartphone are slim. In fact, you’ll probably end up with something like this mess.
Difficult isn’t it? That’s because your smartphone — at least by itself — isn’t built to take such a picture. The lens is too wide, the sensor generates a lot of digital noise, and the lens is often smeared with blobs from pockets brushing the frame. This is not good.
So it pays to visualize the shot you want and this will help you determine the equipment and technique you want to use.
Sites like in-the-sky.org are a good reference for planning lunar events or tracking regular lunar activity.
Take Pictures Of The Moon With Smartphone
Take Pictures Of The Moon With Smartphone
The moon is brighter than you think, so turn the brightness down
A camera sees things differently than you do, even though a lens was created to replicate how the eye works. While your own eye is in control and the camera has some understanding of how to balance the light, it may not be as good as your eye in all scenes.
An example of this is the moon. From a distance, it is a bright object, but if you give your eyes a few seconds to adjust, you will very easily see depressions on the surface.
A camera doesn’t always achieve this, and if you train a camera on the moon it can deal with glare by placing it on top while you remember the details that sit on top.
For the phone or camera to work, you should reduce the brightness and exposure of the scene. On a phone, this usually pushes the brightness slider down and makes the scene less bright, but on a real camera, you’ll want to increase the shutter speed.
Ultimately, you’ll want to play around, but most photos of the moon don’t require much depth as they tend to get stuck in the distance. The moon is high in the sky and we’re taking it there, but it doesn’t have to be.
With DSLR cameras
To make the moon the focal point of the image and capture surface details, you’ll need a DSLR or other camera with a zoom of 200mm or more.
• To decide. Place your camera on a tripod or other stable surfaces such as a fence or the ground. Use your timer, wired lock, or remote control to reduce the camera speed.
• Use a low ISO. Keep your ISO setting between 100 and 200 as the full moon is bright.
• manual exposure. Underexpose of the moon instead of overexposing it. The middle aperture of f / 5.6 to 11 works well.
• Lightning highlights. A flash can be used to light your subject. Set the exposure for the moon and sky.
• high resolution. In order to capture as many details and details as possible, set your camera to the highest resolution (jpeg) or take uncompressed images (Tiff or Raw).
• Keep shooting! Play around with different apertures and shutter speeds and you will get the perfect shot.
• Edit your pictures. You can also use photo-editing software to edit your pictures by cropping them, adding contrast, adding colors, layers, and more.
You can also take incredibly detailed pictures of the moon with your phone. Capturing Earth’s natural satellite with a telescope from your iPhone or Android smartphone is often the first step into the world of astrophotography.
Many photographers start this hobby with a smartphone as it is often the best camera they have.
This is known as eye projection astrophotography and can be effective in photographing objects of the solar system like the moon or even planets like Jupiter and Saturn. In this post, I’ll cover several different ways to photograph the moon, including this method.
Take Pictures Of The Moon With Smartphone
Take Pictures Of The Moon With Smartphone
Here’s How to Center the Moon for Sharp Images
If you want to get sharp pictures of the Moon, your focus needs to be precise. Unfortunately, there is a possibility that autofocus will have problems in this darkness. So switch to manual focus.
Do not rely on the infinity mark on your lens or the hard stop on the focus ring because it is not reliable. Although this is standard on all lenses, the positioning is often not accurate.
In fact, the infinity field is somewhere between your lens’ infinity mark and the maximum focal length mark.
Take Pictures Of The Moon With Smartphone
Take Pictures Of The Moon With Smartphone
So instead of the infinity mark, use all of your camera’s advanced features to focus on the moon. Functions like Live View, magnification, and focus peaking help here.
Using the camera on a tripod, frame a region on the Moon with the opposite crater. Now try to make their edges as sharp as possible by focusing back and forth until you find the sweet spot. Good focus can take some time.
Whenever possible, use a white marker to mark the true infinity on your lens. This will speed up your future photo sessions.
Amazingly, the Moon is the easiest celestial body to photograph. So don’t be afraid to take it.
Remember that when taking pictures of the moon, unlike taking pictures of stars, you don’t need a long exposure. In addition to supporting your telephoto lens, you don’t even need a tripod to get a good picture.
So take the time to study this article and start preparing. When the moon is shining and the weather is clear, try our tips. You will find that it does not take much time to take amazing pictures of the moon.
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The genetics of Covid-19: what we know so far
Nick Lench, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer, Congenica
The world has passed the sobering milestone of over 10 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and in excess of half a million deaths1. Despite successful containment measures in many countries, the worldwide infection rate continues to rise.
However, clinical and scientific communities have mobilized rapidly to generate and share data to understand how the virus is spread, what symptoms patients display, their response to infection and clinical outcomes. Moreover, the race to develop new vaccines and find effective treatments is gathering pace.
Watch as Dr Nick Lench reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the genetics of COVID-19 and the potential application of pharmacogenetics to patient management and clinical trials. What have we learnt over the last 6-7 months since the COVID-19 outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China? Additionally, are there specific genetic and genomic factors that influence susceptibility and response to infection?
Initial observations have remained consistent: the key risk factors include age (> 55 years), gender (men > women) and co-morbidities (cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes). Recent studies in the UK suggest that South Asian men have a significantly higher mortality rate than their white counterparts2.
Another reported risk factor is blood group, with type “O” appearing to have a protective effect and type “A” a susceptibility factor3,4. Much of the current literature is published freely as part of international open access and data sharing policies (rightly and with good intentions); however, the pace of data generation and manuscript submission means that the majority of such published articles are awaiting peer-review. Therefore, results should be treated with scrutiny and conclusions subjected to independent replication and validation.
Understanding the biology of COVID-19
Of particular interest to understanding the biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progression are seemingly healthy individuals who experience increased mortality and morbidity. Such outliers may have an underlying genetic pre-disposition that influences how the virus enters human epithelial cells and replicates and interacts with the host. One can hypothesize that genetic variation in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor (ACE2 gene) may result in a range of protein structures that binds the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with different levels of affinity.
Similarly, genetic variation in the TMPRSS2 gene may produce proteins that proteolyze the virus-receptor complex with different levels of efficiency. Such variation should be a consideration when designing vaccines to the viral spike protein. We now know that a new strain of SARS-CoV-2 has evolved with an altered spike protein that enhances viral infectivity and is the predominate strain in Europe5,6.
We can also learn from genetic disorders that mimic the cytokine storm observed in many of the most severely affected patients. Familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is one of a group of macrophage activation syndromes characterized by high fever, an over-active immune response, lymphocytopenia and evidence for intravascular coagulation activation. Mutations in over 20 different genes can cause FHLH.
Another class of disorders, the primary immunodeficiency syndromes, represent over 400 distinct chronic single gene disorders that are categorized by recurrent infections and compromised or absent immune response.
Progress being made in COVID-19 genetic research
Identifying novel genetic markers associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression and outcomes requires large cohort and population studies. The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative is coordinating the analysis of data from over 200 independent (international) registered studies including UK Biobank, UK100KGP (Genomics England) and UK Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care (GenOMICC).
Preliminary findings from some of these studies have already been released showing some interesting suggestive genome-wide associations between respiratory failure and genes involved in the inflammatory cascade4.
Finally, rapid progress is being made towards vaccine production and the identification of novel therapies. Early success has been reported recently for the use of dexamethasone, a well-established anti-inflammatory (gluco-corticosteroid) that has been shown to reduce mortality by approximately one third in critically ill patients7. This represents a significant breakthrough and is the first step in our progress to controlling the symptoms of this devastating disease.
Discover the new Congenica COVID-19 module
For researchers investigating COVID-19, the Congenica COVID-19 module enables you to target the genomic factors related to host response with a high-degree of confidence, while saving hundreds of hours of literature review and gene analysis.
View Congenica COVID-19
2. medRxiv 2020.04.23.20076042
3. medRxiv 2020.03.11.20031096
4. medRxiv 2020.05.31.20114991
6. bioRxiv 2020.06.14.151357
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What does the Bible say about Mary’s assumption?
How do we know Mary was assumed into heaven?
On the Catholic calendar, Assumption Day observes the day Mary died and rose — body and soul— into heaven. The Catholic Church professes that when Mary’s time on earth came to an end, her body was placed in a tomb but her body didn’t decay on earth. Instead, her son, Jesus Christ, assumed her bodily into heaven.
What does the Assumption of Mary signify?
Why do Protestants not believe in Mary?
Who was present at the Assumption of Mary?
What are the four symbols of the Assumption of Mary?
One uniquely heavenly symbol is that of the downwardly inclined flowers of the daffodil, “Mary looking down to us from heaven.” Other uniquely heavenly symbols are those such as corn flower, “Mary’s Crown“, and the bleeding heart, begonia (buds) and caladium (leaves), all symbolizing the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
How old was Mary when Jesus was born?
All About Mary
How was Mary sinless?
The Catholic Church teaches the Immaculate Conception, that Mary was conceived without original sin. … Two special factors rendered Mary impeccable or unable to sin. The first was her constant awareness of God, living always in His presence, and the second was her reception of special and extraordinary graces.
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What happened to the Catholic Church after the French Revolution?
Was the Church restored after the French Revolution?
The Concordat of 1801 was signed in Paris. It sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored.
When did France stop being Catholic?
For most of the nineteenth century, France was officially a Catholic country; but in 1905 the landmark law was passed, establishing the Separation of the State and the Church.
How was religion affected during the French Revolution?
How did the Catholic Church respond to the French Revolution?
Is France still Catholic?
THIS IS IMPORTANT: What shall I do for you Bible verse?
How did France become Catholic?
Foundation of Christendom in France
On Christmas Day 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, forming the political and religious foundations of Christendom and establishing in earnest the French government’s longstanding historical association with the Roman Catholic Church.
What happened to the Catholic Church in 1798?
Papal election.
Papal styles of Pope Pius VI
Religious style Holy Father
Posthumous style None
Why was the Catholic Church targeted for reform in the French Revolution?
The National Assembly completed a new constitution, the Constitution of 1791, which set up a limited monarchy. Explain why the Catholic Church was targeted for reform. Because the Catholic Church was seen as an important pillar of the old order, it, too, was reformed.
What was the impact of French Revolution on Church?
How did the position of the church in France change after the French Revolution?
How did the position of the Church in France change after the French Revolution? … The Civil Constitution of the Clergy subordinated the Church in France to the French government. As a result of the CCC, the number of dioceses in France was reduced by about 40 percent, with dioceses redrawn to match civil boundaries.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Is Glasgow mostly Catholic?
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Why NVMe SSD Has More Speed
When it comes to storage devices, NVMe vs SATA is more than just a question of speed. It also means a better overall user experience. Here are the pros and cons of both, and what you should take into consideration when choosing your data storage device.
First, let's look at what is NVMe and how it works. As the name suggests, NVMe stands for nonvolatile memory and it is a form of data storage that has the ability to store data in an atomic state. That means that when the device is turned on, it immediately begins to store all data to a buffer.
What makes this type of data storage so unique is that it allows the device to store data directly into the drive's host controller. This allows for faster access times and more efficient use of the device. When compared to other forms of storage, is able to read data almost instantaneously, which is why it is often referred to as "Flash" memory.
Now let's take a look at what NVMe versus SATA provide. When compared to traditional storage devices, such as SATA, NVM offers many benefits. Because it offers faster access times, it can be used in combination with other forms of data storage, allowing for maximum efficiency and less interference from the host.
In addition to being faster, also able to handle data transfers much more efficiently than SATA. If a device is running slower than expected, NVM can help out by speeding up the transfer process. This can be particularly useful if you need to do a lot of transfers or work with a high amount of data and do not want the host device to bog down.
In addition to the speed advantages of NVMe, it also has several other advantages. For one, it is easier to install, meaning less time spent setting up the server. In addition to that, NVMe has been shown to have a lower power consumption than SATA, and this is important because in many cases there are applications that require multiple drives or that will not run if they are using too much power.
Finally, while SATA can offer the same speeds as other forms of storage devices, it can also be prone to compatibility problems. {such as formatting errors or corruption. {depending on the device. Since this type of device is more portable, the device can be easily moved from one place to another. {without causing any compatibility issues. {depending on the hardware that is being used). For instance, if you have an external drive that you frequently transfer files to, and information to, then you can easily move the device around to another location without any issues. {depending on the operating system that you use. In contrast, if you use a laptop that will run on a specific operating system, then the data can become corrupt or fragmented if the data is being read directly from the hard drive itself.
Overall, NVMe offers several advantages over SATA. From its faster access times to its better performance, this type of storage device provides a better overall user experience. {especially when compared to traditional storage devices like SATA. With the right choice, you can get the best of both worlds - better overall performance and a more seamless experience, depending on what you use it for. When looking for a device for your home network, make sure to do some research and find the device that best meets your needs.
The major differences between the NVMe and SATA storage devices are simply the way in which they are created. The difference between the types of NVMe ssd is also the way in which they can be managed by the operating system. When choosing the right device, you will want to make sure that it meets the right needs and is compatible with the operating system and software that you use.
When comparing NVMe vs SATA, it is important to look at the difference between performance, compatibility and cost. Because both devices are able to perform the same functions, but are designed differently, the performance differences are not nearly as significant as the cost differences. When compared to other devices such as USB 3.0, the performance benefits of NVMe are fairly minor, but still enough to suggest that it may be a better option than SATA for many home users.
Because there is a large disparity in performance and cost between the two types of NVMe, SATA is often the cheaper option when it comes to storage devices. When used on a laptop or a desktop computer, the USB ports can be a major expense, which may outweigh the cost of using a faster device.
One inner user SSD using the NVMe port is your Intel SSD 600p Series (1.0TB, M.two 2280 80mm NVMe PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D1, TLC).SATA includes a throughput ceiling of 6.0 gigabits per second (Gbps), whereas SAS includes a ceiling of 12 Gbps. NVMe is a port protocol which uses PCIe technologies to transfer data between the CPU and the SSD. PCIe is well-established, well-supported as a norm, and has steadily increased faster over the last ten years. PCIe can also be scalable. In 16 lanes, PCIe 3.0 returns 16 Gbps duplex. PCIe 4.0 was declared in 2017 and is anticipated to double the throughput of PCIe 3.0. Together with NVMe and PCIe, SSD throughput will continue to grow in rate Together with PCIe. Besides PCI Express, NVMe additionally supports Fibre Channel and RDMA
NVMe SSD Available on the Marketplace
SSDs have a definite advantage with quicker access through the PCIe serial bus standard. NVMe was constructed from scratch as a fresh means to effectively access storage devices which are specifically constructed with non-volatile (flash) memory -- SSDs. NVMe enables a quicker interface for leveraging the rates that SSDs are capable of. Since SSDs started to replace slower Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in computers as primary storage, a new interface has been required to use the faster rate capacity. Nonetheless, in the transition into SSD, several PCs are equipped with an SSD that's obtained through ports historically utilized with lesser HDDs, including Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) and Serial ATA (SATA). It makes more sense to utilize NVMe having an SSD.
How can NVMe work?
For customer use, Intel's SSD 600p series SSDs using all the NVMe interface weighs only 40 g. Ability for the series begins at 128 GB and extends all of the way up to 1 TB. The 600p utilizes the M.two form variable with PCIe 3.0 on 4 Baths. The energy consumption is 100 mW if busy and 40 mW when idle. On Amazon, the 1 TB edition of this Intel SSD 600p is $250 for the writing. Micron is another significant producer of NVMe SSDs and flash memory.
Intel asserts"breakthrough" performance using the Intel Solid-State Drive Data Center Family for PCIe up to 6 times faster data transfer rate than 6 Gbps SAS/SATA SSDs. The Intel® Solid-State Drive Data Center P3700 Series can replace the operation of SATA SSDs aggregated via a host bus adapter NVMe started using use in the venture, or the server marketplace, however is percolating down to the consumer marketplace.
Officially, NVMe is an optimized"scalable server control interface designed to cover the demands of Enterprise, Data Center and Client systems which use PCI Express (PCIe) based solid state drives"
The specification for your NVMe benchmark can be found in nvmexpress.org. (For PCIe, an inner PCIe port may be utilized if the SSD were on a circuit board which could be plugged in the PCIe slot on a motherboard.) functions with PCI Express (PCIe) to transport information to and out of SSDs. It empowers rapid storage in pc SSDs and is an improvement over elderly Hard Disk Drive (HDD) related ports like SATA and SAS. Flash memory was used in mobile devices like tablets tablet computers, USB drives and SD cards. (SSDs are flash memory) The Queue's host software controls and manages SSD information stream, creates and deletes different lists, aborts controls, etc. A pc with four cores may possess four queue pairs to make certain the data structures are stored in the corresponding center's cache (see Figure 1). NVMe supports many profound, independent queues.
NVMe-based SSDs utilize PCIe to make reduced latency over SSDs. The form m.2 factors the NVMe protocol utilizes has to connect in some way to PCIe inside the computer. So far, relations for NVMe can be drawn up via a PCIe expansion card, a 2.5-inch U.2 connector, or a M.2 little form element.
SSD is currently the principal source of storage for tablets and smartphones. SSDs are now more expensive than HDDs and frequently utilized as a memory cache in combination with HDDs to accelerate computer systems. SSDs aren't any moving parts and in many ways are more rocky than HDDs.
Samsung 970 Evo - A Modern Computer Card
If you are in the market for a NVMe solid state drive, you will want to consider the Samsung 970 Evo. This is one of the newest SSDs from Samsung that is aimed at the enterprise market. At just over one terabyte it is definitely a mainstream offering for the desktop PC market. Let us take a look at how it performs compared to other leading offerings from other manufacturers.
samsung 970 evo
Read and Write speed is good but not the best when it comes to random access performance. Random Access Performance is what drives your data to the computer and how quickly it performs that task. In most cases it is a good specification but it is not where the Samsung 970 Evo Plus Internal SSD comes into its own. With a sequential write speed of about 550MB/s it is far superior to other drives in its class that can reach over a million MB/s. While others disks also allow for full write speeds when needed, the difference is that these drives are capable of doing so in less than a second.
Sequential read speeds also suffer on the side of performance with the 970 Evo being about equal to the others in class. Once again, though this is not really very impressive. The other top offerings by other manufacturers are all in the upper echelon with their known brands like Crucial, Intel and Micron. It is at the bottom end of the spectrum here. So if you need a good performing write speed you may be better off purchasing a Crucial or other high spec disk. Sequential write speeds are what make the difference though and as Samsung has designed its drives to make full use of the intelligent turbowrite technology, these tend to be at the top end of the range.
Samsung's newest creation features the same all-aluminium frame design as the older versions but with better power delivery and cooler temperatures. The all aluminium construction means heat is kept well away from the delicate parts where it can do damage quickly. The read performance of the Samsung 970 Plus is great, although it does feel a little light in weight and some users will find that its weight makes operation more difficult (especially with the oversized keys). Overall this is a good product and one we highly recommend.
Now we move on to random read performance and we are impressed! The read speeds on the new Samsung model are well above the competition. The best amongst other brands is the Crucial and Asus models but the 960 pro comes close behind. Although it is not the fastest, for random read the Samsung 970 Plus outperforms all of the others by a large margin. The highest rating of all of the tests is 5.5k Read Write speeds and the Crucial to quad-core performed very poorly in comparison, probably because of the software issues that have also seen many reviews state.
Sequential performance is where the differences really show with the newer generation cards; the Samsung 970 Evo out performs the old cards by several hundred per inch. This is especially evident when installing Windows on the system as it is very noticeable when running this application. If you need more storage then the additional slot for the nvme 500GB is probably a must-have feature.
Whilst the throughput is very good, it is not quite as great when it comes to random transfer. The other major complaint against the Evo is that it lacks the NVME driver which means it does not work as well with any older firmware on your computer. Due to the random transfer speed, this feature may well be very useful for gaming on your CPU, however if you use your PC for work then the lack of NVME support means that the card is worthless to you. If you are on the lookout for a cheap Samsung gaming laptop then don't bother with the lower spec models as they will most likely be lacking in one or both of these areas.
Whilst the Samsung 970 Evo is a very fast laptop, it does have some drawbacks that we have noticed during our testing. The biggest being that whilst it has an excellent specification it lacks in terms of storage, which hurts the gaming ability. Luckily the speed increase that it brings about is very minor when trying to compare it to other similar laptops, however it is still a disappointment to many consumers. If you were expecting to get more out of your Samsung gaming laptop then you will be disappointed as the speed is just not there.
Western Digital XPERIA 250GB - Ultimate Mobile Data Recovery and Power Save
Western Digital has announced plans to release a new high-performance mobile computing device. It will be using a modified version of the SD-Card interface that is already present on many mobile devices. This new mobile computer is the SD-Box, and it will run on a combination of ARM CPU and a quad-core PowerPC.
Even though there are many competing products on the market, Western Digital has managed to create a high-performance product with a user-friendly price tag. The major advantage of this new model is the use of the SATA interface, which provides high read and write speeds and ample storage space. Other advantages include access to 100GB hard drive and eight-slot USB card readers. The major disadvantages of the Western DigitalVDC Superraid 250GB Mobile with Sata Interface are the low read and write speeds, bad durability, short battery life, heat dissipation, slow performance, and poor video output.
The Western DigitalVDC Superraid 250GB with Sata interface uses a PCIE X4 slot for slot loading a SATA hard disk. This PCIE X4 slot is readily available on many new motherboards. Although this PCIE X4 slot is easily adapted to most motherboards, this particular slot is best fitted on the Sata interface for optimum performance. The failure of the PCIE X4 slot on the Sata interface to work with a particular hard disk can cause major problems with a PC, including frequent lockups and system crashes.
The Western Digital VAIO 250GB with m.2ds is also compatible with most other PC's including; Dell, Toshiba, HP, Sony and many others. The use of a PC to drive this set of drives is ideal for those who need high performance, sequential performance, and high storage space. These drives have four lanes of PCI Express transfer rate, giving them excellent speed performance. In addition, they have been specifically designed to meet demanding needs of the multimedia industry.
Another popular choice is the new model of the Western Digital VAIO 250GB with m.2 SSDs. The new model, the Western Digital VAIO 250GB with m.2ssd has been equipped with a single lane of PCI Express design. This single lane of PCI Express enables the PC to utilize the double capacity of the main memory to increase storage space without having to sacrifice the high performance needed. The new model of the Western Digital VAIO also utilizes a new high speed data recovery system for speedy data retrieval when the power is lost. This PCIA bus based storage system comes with various components such as the PCMCIA slot, PC speaker, PC board, PC frame, redundant wiring, and a user-friendly software interface with the Windows interface.
For those who want the maximum storage possible without having to sacrifice performance, the new Western Digital XPERIA 250GB with m.2 ssd has the capacity to hold more than five hundred gigabytes of information. This PC board is compatible with several systems including; IBM, Dell, HP, Sony, etc. The PCMCIA slot is compatible with other brands such as; Toshiba, MAILGRID, and DELL. When purchasing a PC, one should always check whether it is compatible with the computer. Some systems do not plug and play with other brands.
The newest models from Western Digital are built to deliver powerful performance. The new Western Digital XPERIA series features cutting edge technology such as the Super Charger II, Super Turbo USB 2.0 and Cool Mint USB for instant power boost. The new gadgets also feature high performance desktop size batteries. This ensures that power, speed and performance are never compromised even when the computer is used for heavy work. The m.2 SSDs of the new gadgets are designed in a manner so that the card can handle random reading and write speeds of at least 500 MB/sec. These SSDs also feature 2 port USB ports that make it easy to attach and transfer data from external sources.
The most vital factor which determines the read speeds of a gadget is the type of PCMCIA cards that are present in it. Most gadgets available in the market are upgradable and when it comes to the kind of memory present in them, the newer the gadget the faster it operates. The newer versions of the Western Digital XPERIA 250GB come with the latest and the best technology like the Super Xpert and Smart Speed III. The latter ensures super-fast read speeds with minimal loss of data.
How to install an NVMe SSD on a Laptop (with the m.2 slot).
If your old laptop is slowing down, you can remove the HDD and install an NVMe SSD. It's a simple way to increase your laptop's speed. This guide will show you how to install NVMe SSDs in your Laptop. If your laptop doesn't have an m.2 slot, then you should upgrade your HDD to NVMe.
The new NVMe SSD will improve your laptop's performance. It will work faster than it did when it had a traditional HDD. People these days want an SSD-equipped laptop. However, if your laptop does not have an SSD slot, you can still use the guide to install an NVMe SSD using an m.2 SSD to 2.5inch SATA adapter. If you don't want to remove your HDD drive, you can also use an SSD 2nd HDD caddy.
NVMe SSDs: Why? Why not a traditional SSD?
Non-Volatile Memory Express uses the optimized protocol, which is superior to AHCI and complements PCIe technology. It acts as a layer between the device driver (PCIe device) and the device driver (PCIe device). The rules are systematized with an emphasis on security and low latency. The NVMe m.2 SATA SSD is a different type of SSD. It connects to a different slot from the regular SSD.
NVme SSDs can read and copy data faster than traditional SSDs. It is also faster than traditional SSDs.
An NVme SSD is a much faster storage device than a traditional HDD. It has no moving parts and can store data up to 10 times faster than an HDD.
An M.2 slot in a laptop makes it easy to install an NVMe SSD. If your laptop has an M.2 slot, you can simply open the back cover and place the NVMe SSD there. Then close the back-cover and insert a battery if necessary. You'll see the NVMe device working properly. If you don't have an NVMe slot in your laptop, I have detailed step-by-step instructions below.
How to Upgrade Your Laptop HDD To NVMe M.2 SSD
This method is the best, but you can't use your HDD. You will need to replace it with an NVMe SSD. These steps will perform an HDD-to-M.2 SSD Upgrade on the laptop. You must need verify that your internal m.2 SSD slots are compatible with PCIe NVMe interfaces on your laptop. Otherwise, the NVMe-m.2 SSD won't provide the performance as expected.you may do it using HWiNFO Software or other way..
Navigate to Bus from your PC name. Next, open the HWiNFO Software and Navigate To Bus. Select PCI express Root. If it is 3.0 or greater than that, you can proceed with the installation. Otherwise, you might want to use the m.2 Caddy method to install the NVMe SATA in a laptop.
These steps are required to install NVMe with the m.2 adaptor technique:
• You can purchase an NVMe SSD drive and an adaptor of your choice from any offline or online retailer.
• Unbox the NVMe SSD drive m.2 SSD and the adaptor m.2
• Now, insert the NVme.2 SSD into your m.2 adaptor. Close the cover.
• Your Laptop should be turned off
• To access your HDD, remove the battery cover and open the laptop's back cover.
• Disconnect your laptop and take out the Hard Drive.
• Now, insert and connect your SSD NVme.2 SSD.
• Cover the back and place the battery in your laptop.
Start your laptop and install an operating software.
Load all programs from the previous operating system after installing it. Compare the loading speed and performance.
This is my favourite method, as you can use both your old HDD or the NVMe M.2 drive simultaneously. You can also set the NVme drive to be the primary drive and install the operating system.
These steps are required to install NVMe with m.2 caddy.
• Buy an NVMe M.2 SSD drive with an m.2 caddy.
• Unbox NVMe M.2 SSD drive and an M.2 caddy.
• Now, insert the NVme.2 SSD in the m.2 caddy. Close the cover.
• Shut down the Laptop
• Take out the back cover and battery from your laptop.
• After inserting the m.2 Caddy, open the DVD drive and secure all screws.
• Put the battery in the laptop's compartment and close the back cover.
Open Computer Management in Windows 10. Navigate to Storage. Double click on Disk Management. You will now see your M.2 NVMe device. You can now format it, make it your primary boot device, and install the operating system to speed up your laptop's performance.
SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card - Ultra Pro Card Review
If you're looking for a high-quality mobile phone with a convenient format then you'll probably be interested in getting a SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card. The company has built up a reputation for producing some of the most durable cards on the market and their Extreme PRO series is no exception.
The SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card is compatible with all of the smartphones available in the Play, Max, and Passport ranges. The size of this type of card is such that it doesn't make it difficult to use - you can use it with practically any kind of handset with a SIM card slot. This makes it easy to make full use of your smart phone's various features without having to worry about running out of power.
The SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card has a low transfer rate. This means that if you're going to be transferring large files from your smartphone to your PC or laptop, you will need to use a faster memory card or use the microSD slot of your handset rather than the Ultra PRO SD Card. On the other hand, if you're just copying the data to another storage device such as an external hard drive, the low speed isn't going to matter.
In fact, the SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card is so fast that it won't be long before every smartphone manufacturer starts using a similar style card. Manufacturers will use the new technology to build top quality products, as they are used to having a feature in their phones that can transfer files at very high speeds.
This is especially useful because not everyone has access to a super speedy computer. If you're not able to copy large files to your computer in a few seconds, you're not going to want to use a card that can take the process up to several minutes.
The SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card is compatible with mostAndroid phones, and it is the same type of card used by Nokia and Motorola. It's also compatible with the iPhone, but you might find that you'll be needing a USB cable in order to get it to work.
If you're interested in getting a SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card, you can buy them at most mobile phone retailers. Check out the internet, as well, as there are many sites selling them. If you don't find anything local, you can use one of the sites described here to get one.
If you're looking for the best deals possible on a SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card, you can find them online. However, you may have to do a little bit of research to find what you want.
One reason you might not find the card you want online is that it's been discontinued, or the price has dropped down to a low price. Although the price may be a little bit lower than it would be at your local store, the quality may be compromised, so you want to make sure that you're getting a high quality product.
If you're looking for the SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card for only a few dollars, you can always try a site called eBay. There are many great deals to be found online, but you might have to go through a few before you find what you're looking for.
One way to help reduce the search time is to try to use a tool called Google Earth. You'll need to use a PC and a browser, but it will allow you to check out many different locations and find exactly what you're looking for.
When it comes to using a SanDisk Extreme PRO SD Card, you'll probably find yourself using it quite often. It offers some of the best quality available, and you'll be amazed at how much you can get done with one card.
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Listen To Your Gut: It Could Save Your Liver
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Do you know what’s swimming around in your gut? Bacteria.
What else is in there? Antibiotics. And no, not prescription meds like doctors give you for an infection. Your body actually produces natural antibiotics that kill the bacteria roaming through your intestines. This is the natural order of things.
What messes up this natural balance is alcohol. A recent study reveals our consumption of alcohol affects gut bacteria, which in turn ruins our liver.
Breaking Down the “Knowns” and “Unknowns”
We’ve known for a long time that alcohol abuse causes liver damage. In fact, liver disease (called cirrhosis) is the number ten killer in the U.S., and half of the cases are due to alcohol. As the liver processes alcohol, it creates by-products toxic to the liver and causes harmful inflammation. The result? Over time, alcohol consumption morphs into liver disease.
The study revealed another way alcohol damages the liver, involving our intestines. Basically, the alcohol sets bacteria loose in the human system. Those rampant bacterial germs make their way to the liver…and attack it with full force.
Remember that bacteria we mentioned living in your gut? A couple of natural antibiotics, REG3B and REG3G, are produced by your intestinal wall. When we repeatedly expose our digestive system to alcohol, we hinder the production of these protective proteins. Without these, the bacteria replicate freely and can more easily move through your intestinal wall.
Once outside your gut, the bacteria are then in the bloodstream. Since all blood passes through the liver, the bacteria eventually end up there, too, and increase the damage the liver is already suffering as it breaks down the alcohol.
The Results
Researchers examined this effect by manipulating the REG3G levels in mice. The mice that were missing REG3G had extra bacteria in their guts and more liver damage. Those with increased levels of REG3G had less bacteria and less liver disease.
Researchers also checked the levels of gut bacteria in humans with alcohol dependency. They found elevated levels of bacteria.
Based on these results, it appears gut bacteria is a significant factor in liver disease.
Putting This Knowledge to Work
The results of this study may have produced a new tool to treat liver disease. If we can boost the production of REG3G in our intestines, we could help decrease liver damage. This could be used as a treatment for those with alcoholic liver disease.
These results also encourage future studies of bacteria. Researchers note it would be helpful to know what specific bacteria increase liver disease and if any other natural “good guys” in our system are negatively affected by alcohol abuse.
Image Source: Shutterstock/iStock
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How do you prevent ankle injuries in basketball?
Players can prevent this ankle injury by wearing the proper athletic shoes that provide support and will help to avoid slipping on the court. An ankle brace is also a great way for players to support the joint and prevent a sprained ankle. Talk with your doctor or physical therapist about what is best for you.
How do you prevent foot and ankle injuries in basketball?
Podiatric physicians recommend stretching exercises and gradual warm-up before beginning vigorous play. A separate weight-lifting regimen of both upper and lower body muscles helps minimize the impact of chronic injuries before they happen. Another means of preventing injuries while playing basketball is a proper shoe.
How can ankle injuries be prevented?
Tips for Preventing Foot and Ankle Injuries
1. Warm up prior to any sports activity. …
2. Condition your muscles for the sport. …
3. Choose athletic shoes specifically for your foot type. …
4. Replace athletic shoes when the tread wears out or the heels wear down. …
5. Avoid running or stepping on uneven surfaces.
What are 5 ways to prevent ankle injuries?
5 Ways to Reduce Your Chance of an Ankle Sprain
1. Balance Training. By improving your ability to balance, you’re honing your body’s proprioception or ability to control itself in all types of positions. …
2. Ankle Strengthening. …
3. Flexibility. …
4. Taping and Bracing. …
5. Adequate Preparation for Activity.
THIS IS INTERESTING: Best answer: Who is the youngest NBA player to score 10000?
Why are ankle injuries so common in basketball?
Basketball players put a lot of stress on their feet, which can often lead to injuries. One of the most commonly injured areas in the foot is the plantar fascia, a long, thin ligament that runs along the bottom of the foot, connecting the heel to the front of the foot.
What are the most common basketball injuries?
Common Basketball Injuries
• Ankle sprains.
• Achilles tendonitis.
• Knee tendonitis.
• Osgood-Schlatter disease.
Do ankle sprains ever fully heal?
They can take longer to heal and sometimes require longer than three months to resolve with treatments like splinting, wearing a boot or a walking cast, and physical therapy. With the proper treatment, however, your high ankle sprain can heal completely.
Does ankle taping prevent injury?
The general consensus is that taping does help prevent re-injury. There are two most likely explanations for this. First, tape gives the joint mechanical support. The tape keeps the ankle joint from moving too far in any one direction.
How can I strengthen my ankle?
Sitting in a chair, raise your foot off the floor, and place a resistance band under the ball of your foot, holding the ends of the band with your hands. Slowly flex your ankle down as far as you can. Then slowly return your foot back to the starting position. Repeat 10 times on each foot.
Does spraining your ankle make it weaker?
When the ankle doesn’t heal properly, you’re more vulnerable to spraining it again. Each sprain can weaken the structure of the ankle, causing chronic instability. Patients with chronic ankle instability experience: Pain or tenderness.
How can I prevent my ankles from rolling?
Try the following simple range-of-motion exercises:
Playing basketball
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title%20Hidden%20Food web-Final-manu-edited
HIDDEN FOODS will develop a suite of methodological and experimental approaches in order to identify archaeological evidence of plant foods in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic societies of Southeastern Europe. HIDDEN FOODS analytical appproahes include:
1. Study of use wear and residues on artefacts
2. Identification of macro-botanical remains with particular focus on the analysis of plant parenchyma tissue
3. Study of dental pathologies on ancient human remains
4. Analysis of micro-fossils and disease-associated oral microbiota in ancient dental calculus
WP - 1 Improving methodological framework
Creating an experimental reference collection of utilised groundstone and wild edible plants in order to understand use wear traces development, starch granules preservation and changes in starch visibility due to the physical state of processed plants and multiple uses of the same tool in different activities.
WP - 2 Functional analysis on ground stone tools
Identifying which species of plants were exploited using ground stone tools during the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in Italy and the Balkans.
WP - 3 Recovering of macro- botanical remains during fieldwork
Organising floatation and sampling for recovering paleobotanical remains from archaeological excavations, sampling starch granules from sediments and selecting samples for radiocarbon dating.
WP - 4 Identification and interpretaion of archaeological plant remains
Recognising macro-botanical remains and micro-fossils related to plant food processsing and consumption in archaeological sediments and human dental calculus.
WP - 5 Analysis of dental pathologies, masticatory wear and health status
Investigating the impact of plant foods on ancient hunter-gatherers’ health through the analysis of dentla pathologies and the disease-assoicated oral microbiota caused by the consumption of plant rich in carbohydrates.
WP- 6 Defining the social preferences in dietary strategies
Indentifying the social basis of specific dietary strategies and the possible existence of preferences in foragers’ diet established on a gender and/or age basis.
WP - 7 Chronology
Estimating when plant foods started being used in foragers’ diet and understanding the tempo of Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic technological innovations related to plant processing.
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What’s the real impact?
When comparing in-person conferences to virtual conferences, it’s easy to see the difference in carbon emissions just by looking at the numbers:
• An in-person conference/event that hosts 1000 participants results in 1,252,920 lbs. of CO2 emissions whereas a virtual or hybrid event would result in as little as 7,699 lbs. of CO2 emissions. (These numbers account for air travel, land transportation, commute, and food waste.)
• For smaller in-person events and meetings of only fifty people, there is still a total of 62,645 lbs. of CO2 emissions, whereas virtual and hybrid meetings bring that number down to 385 lbs. of CO2 emissions.
However, recent studies have made the argument that virtual conferencing practices are also yielding a significant amount of CO2 (see How Do Virtual Meetings Impact the Environment blog). With air travel, hotels, and commutes out of the equation, where are these carbon emissions coming from?
According to researcher Grant Faber’s case study on a virtual conference held in May 2020, network data transfer is the main culprit. He broke down the CO2 emissions of the virtual conference as follows:
Network data transfer emissions measures the CO2 generated from data centers transmitting information to the user and vice versa. According to the Federal Environmental Agency, the amount of CO2 generated varies depending on the internet connection (bmu.de).
Although Faber’s virtual conference left a carbon footprint, he notes that if this were an in-person conference, the cost of flights alone would have produced 66 times the emissions as the entire virtual conference.
With the lower carbon emissions from conferencing and optimized internet connections, research shows that virtual meetings are still the better option when considering carbon emissions. Furthermore, video streaming practices may not be as dire as previously suggested. According to Dirk Messner, President of the Federal Environmental Agency, the solution is the expansion of fiber optic networks, 5G networks, and climate friendly transmission channels (bmu.de).
For more information on how remote work tech habits are affecting the environment along with other tips on how to lower your carbon emissions, download our newest white paper below.
Are you ready to make your next virtual meeting more inclusive and accessible than ever? Request a demo with KUDO and see what the future of virtual meetings is all about.
Video Conferencing and Your Carbon Footprint
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Words: Sports dietitian Renee McGregor
While still a relatively new area of nutrition, numerous studies have demonstrated that there’s no denying a link between the status of our gut microbiome and both our mental and physical health.
The gut microbiome includes all the different type of bacteria that reside in our gut. Collectively they have a number of functions, ranging from synthesising some vitamins, short-chain fatty acids and even neurotransmitters, which are all necessary for optimal health.
One thing that is often overlooked is the fact that no two individuals will have the same gut microbiome, but that doesn’t necessarily mean one person is healthier than another.
So, what makes for an optimal microbiome?
If no one size fits all, what do we need to do to ensure the benefits of having one?
The research is clear. The more enriched microbial diversity an individual has, the more likely they are to benefit from the positive associations to health.
These include a strong immune system, improved mental health and, more recently, there seems to be links with improvements to sports performance.
The environment in the gut is an ecosystem that is constantly changing and evolving. There are numerous factors that can influence its stability. These include individual physiology and genetics, lifestyle, exercise, and dietary composition.
Indeed, in some illnesses, particularly mental health the question that is being asked is which comes first: the mental illness and associated behaviours that cause dysbiosis (changes to the gut biome), or is it changes to the gut that result in deterioration to mental health?
This example shows just how sensitive the gut microbiome is, but also how if you take care and are mindful with your approach, you can ensure an optimal environment for your gut but also your health.
3 Ways To Improve Your Gut Microbiome | Men's Fitness UK
A balanced, nutrient-rich diet is the best way to ensure a healthy gut
How to improve your microbiome
1. Diet
Our diet is integral to so many aspects of life, from providing us with sufficient energy to allow for all the biological processes that keep us alive, to supporting our adventures and physical activity preferences.
When looking at gut health specifically, there are several key nutrients and food types that have been identified, which result in the increased microbial diversity that is recommended.
A high-fibre diet rich in colourful fruits, vegetables, legumes and wholegrains is central to increasing the bacterial diversity in our gut. While our body can’t digest a high-fibre diet, there are certain bacteria in our gut that can, and this stimulates their growth, resulting in an improved environment.
Another type of food group that can be beneficial to include is fermented foods. These include yogurt, sauerkraut, kombucha, kefir and tempeh. It has been found that including more of these foods enhances the function of the microbiome, by reducing the abundance of disease-causing bacteria in the intestines.
2. Exercise
We know there are many benefits to being more physical active, but that doesn’t mean you need to kill yourself in the gym.
In fact, when it comes to our gut biome, science shows that regular low-intensity exercise like walking, yoga or Pilates is more beneficial, as it decreases transient stool time, which offers protective properties against some diseases.
While hugely popular, endurance exercise may not be as beneficial, and this is particularly true if the individual restricts their energy availability alongside. There is a strong association between food restriction and exercise resulting in a decrease of beneficial bacteria.
The key is ensuring some regular moderate activity through the week, with good nutritional choices that not only support your training but also your gut health.
3. Probiotics
These are live micro-organisms, usually bacteria, that provides a specific health benefit when consumed. They work on the principle of colonising the gut and benefit health by changing the overall composition of the microbiome and supporting metabolism.
While they can be consumed daily, probiotics have been found to be most effective in restoring the microbiome to a healthy state after it has been compromised.
Care needs to be taken when using probiotic supplements, as most are destroyed by stomach acid and don’t make it as far as the gut. That said, one example of a food supplement that does work is Symprove. This live culture is water-based, which means it can pass through the stomach unaffected and be transported into the gut, where it can then go on to colonise and benefit its host.
3 Ways To Improve Your Gut Microbiome | Men's Fitness UK
To kickstart your Symprove journey, order a 12-week (£158) or 4-week (£79) course online at symprove.com
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As immigration emerges as a campaign issue in elections around the globe, not least America’s current debate, people are becoming more aware of how international migration is changing the face of the world. Without migration the population of many countries is declining or will soon do so. This means that a large proportion of population growth is coming from migration, which will inevitably change the face of culture.
The United Nations’ long term projections paint a very bleak picture of Europe’s future in particular if its fertility rates don’t rise above current levels. It projects that about half the countries of Europe would lose 95 per cent or more of their population by the year 2300, and the Russian Federation and Italy would have only 1 per cent of their population left. In other words, many countries will soon virtually cease to exist without migration if their fertility rates don’t rise above current levels.
The following table, taken from a recent article published by Yale Global, shows how migration significantly affects the shape of future population growth. On the flipside some, largely African, countries will not grow as fast because of large migration to other countries:
However Joseph Chamie, the recently appointed director of research at the Center for Migration Studies in New York, thinks these United Nations sourced figures don’t go far enough (previously, he was the director of the United Nations Population Division). He believes that by ignoring the likelihood of much larger future migration patterns, governments are failing to ready themselves for a new global reality. Growing numbers of migrants seem determined to find a new home, and he urges countries to engage in thorough planning to provide adequate education, health care, security as well as food and water supplies:
Assumptions based on the recent past likely underestimate future migration because they fail to sufficiently capture the powerful demographic, economic, and sociopolitical forces increasingly driving international migration flows in the years ahead.
…Ignoring the likelihood of large-scale international migration flows in years ahead may be politically expedient, especially for those advocating tightened borders and restrictions for migrant admissions. Doing so, however, is shortsighted, misguided, and ill advised—and will undermine policy development, responsible planning, and program readiness for the international migration exodus in the 21st century.
Do we have our heads in the sand? Countries experiencing drastic population decline also need to address the reality of a societal structure and culture which is not replacing itself without migration. Better realising the importance of the family unit and parental roles within it would be a good place to start.
Shannon Roberts
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Dinoflagellate Gene Transformation
Did you catch that? If not check it out in slow motion:
These videos were taken three months after transformation using electroporation. The green fluorescence protein (GFP) was introduced using our DinoExpression vector (DinoIII-gfp). GFP is a protein that shows bright green fluorescence in the dark under UV and blue light wavelengths and is used in transformation techniques to serve as reporters, indicating visually that the introduced foreign DNA is being used. The GFP expressing Oxyhrris marina was swimming when taking this video.
Here is a still image of a GFP expressing Oxyhrris marina
What are Dinoflagellates?
Dinoflagellates are a group of unicellular organisms (known as protists) living in aquatic environments. They have two flagella and many have theca (overlapping cellulose plates) as a cell wall. They are distributed widely, from polar to tropical waters. Their closest relatives are parasites such as Plasmodium (pathogens of malaria) and Perkinsus (pathogens of bivalves). Dinoflagellates include photosynthetic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and parasitic species. Photosynthetic species use sunlight and the green-house gas CO2 to make organic matter and latter becomes food for animals. Some of the photosynthetic species of dinoflagellates (in the genus of Symbiodinium) are essential endosymbionts of corals, and indispensable for coral reefs. Dinoflagellates also possess proteorhodopsin homologs suspected to supplement chloroplasts in harnessing solar energy. Dinoflagellates are particularly capable of utilizing dissolved organic phosphorus for phosphorus nutrient. Some species can emit light at night (bioluminescence). One manifestation of ecological success of dinoflagellates is their ability to grow to such a high abundance that changes the color of the water (commonly known as Red Tides), often inflicting devastating impacts on the coastal ecosystem, economy, and public health concerns (hence why they this phenomenon is named harmful algal blooms). Dinoflagellates are different in many ways from other organisms. They harbor many genes that we know nothing about their functions, and many “unusual” characteristics for which we have no clue what genes regulate. An effective tool of transformation will open a way to address this gap of knowledge.
What is Transformation?
It is a process to introduce a gene into a cell so that it will be expressed under the control of the host cell. If the expression of this “foreign” gene will cause changes in physiology or morphology that can be documented, the function of this gene can be revealed (forward genetics). By design, the expression of the introduced gene cassette can lead to editing of the host genome by disrupting a gene (commonly known as gene knockout or knockdown). If the knockout/knockdown of the gene will lead to a documentable change in physiology or morphology, the function of a an unknown gene can be unraveled (reverse genetics).
Requirements for Gene Transformation:
First, a proper vector is required to carry the gene. Typically a plasmid is used. The plasmid carries the target gene, regulatory elements to drive the expression of the gene, and genes that will facilitate selection of the transformed cells (selectable marker) from non-transformed cells (needed because transformation efficiency is usually low), and a reporter gene that allows researchers to determine that transformation is successful.
Second, the vector needs to be delivered into the target cell. There is a range of methods, mainly electroporation, biolistic, and bacterium-mediated (infection, conjugation, or otherwise co-incubation).
Third, selection of the transformed cells require a chemical agent. One kind of selection agent would kill the non-transformed cells, but not the the transformed cells because the vector carries a resistance gene. Another kind of selection is by a source of essential nutrient (e.g. N) that can be utilized only by the transformed cells because they express an enzyme (e.g. nitrate reductase) metabolizing the source compound.
Our Work:
Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation-Marine Microbiology Initiative (MMI), the over goal of this endeavor is to develop a transformation tool that is suited to transform dinoflagellates. This include two major objectives:
1. Screen strains of dinoflagellates for one or more tractable candidates for stable transformation and genomic manipulation.
2. Develop a protocol that can be applied to the dinoflagellate strain(s) identified.
This takes advantage of the fact that some dinoflagellates (especially heterotrophic and mixotrophic species) can take up bacteria.
Protocol: https://www.protocols.io/view/co-incubation-protocol-for-transforming-heterotrop-7pphmmn
Finding the right medium (low-salt) and suitable voltage is critical for success.
Protocols: https://www.protocols.io/view/dinoflagellate-transformation-7prhmm6
This requires that the species can grow on a solid (agar) medium.
Protocol: https://www.protocols.io/view/introducing-dinoflagellate-gene-into-diatom-using-hm2b48e
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
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Hello friends! We all knew that we should warm up and down before and after sport, but how do we do so properly actually? So before you start your workout routine or hit the running trails, it is important that you do brief warmup first. Not to forget that it is also important to ensure you also do some cooling down after your workout session. Here are some of the reasons why warming up and cooling down is important:
Warming up dilates blood vessels to ensure our muscles are supplied with enough oxygen. Besides raising muscle temperature, this also helps raise our heartbeat rate slowly in order to minimize stress on our heart. Overall, warming up is an important step in prepping our body to prevent any injuries.
A sudden stop right after our routine would cause light-headedness because of a rapid drop of heart rate and blood pressure. Cooling down will keep blood flowing throughout the body and some stretching may also help reduce the buildup of lactic acid which may lead to muscle stiffness and cramping.
Next, let us guide you on some tips on warming up and cooling down:
Warm up
Depending on the intensity of the activity, you should warm up for about 5-10 minutes.
Begin by doing a dynamic warmup where you do your planned activity at a low, slow pace and then gradually increase in speed and intensity.
Use your entire body. Doing some bent-knee push-ups or walking may suffice.
Cooling down
Similar to warming up, you generally continue your activity for about 5 minutes or so but at a reduced pace and intensity. Walking for a few minutes is a great example to help slow down your heartbeat rate (below 120 beats per minute).
Stretching on both sides of your body is important. Hold each stretch for 10 to 30 seconds and yes, the stretch should be strong but not painful.
Slow breathing is also important. While stretching, inhale slow and steadily as you stretch and hold your breath while holding the stretch. And then exhale slowly as you loosen your stretch.
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FAQ: When Girls Slide In Softball?
Do girls slide in softball?
Sliding is a skill that needs to be taught because it does not come natural to all young women to be able to do this. When you are teaching to slide in baserunning, you first need to make sure the athletes know WHY they are sliding.
Can you slide in softball?
What does sliding mean in softball?
What do you do at a softball tryout?
Each prospective player will stand in the batter’s box and take swings. For multi-day tryouts, each day will involve plenty of time hitting, with balls soft-tossed from a coach and balls launched from a pitching machine. Coaches will look for mechanics, footwork, experience and execution.
You might be interested: Often asked: How Many Hits To Break In A Softball Bat?
How is a good slide into base performed?
A head first slide puts you in a vulnerable position where it is easy to injure your hands, shoulders, and head. A good bent leg slide straight into the base is the best and safest way to get to the bag, protect yourself, and break up a double play. Get in the habit of sliding with your hands up.
Do you have to slide into home plate in softball?
Many rec coaches tell their players that ‘the rules’ require them to slide into home plate if there’s a play on. “If you don’t slide, the umpire is going to call you out!” In ASA, sliding is not mandated. Players are not allowed to deliberately cause collisions, so that’s what they’re required to avoid.
Should you never slide into first base?
Sliding into first base can help the runner avoid a tag if the first baseman gets pulled off the bag. Sliding into first base can confuse or disrupt the umpire’s ability to make an accurate call; often this will not impact the result, but it can potentially cause an out to become a runner.
Do runners have to slide on a double play?
Why are there two first bases in softball?
You might be interested: How Are Run Rules Applied When A Softball Game Does Not Reach The Last Inning?
Should you slide head first or feet first?
What do you wear for sliding in softball?
In sports like baseball and softball, compression shorts are commonly known as sliding shorts. Some specialized shorts even have additional thin padding along this hips. Although not required by sport rules, these shorts can help protect players’ hips from injuries due to sliding and are therefore recommended.
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War and Hell
Francis LedwidgeToday is the centenary of one of the worst battles–which is saying a lot–of WWI, the Battle of Passchendaele. In some quarters it is known as the Third Battle of Ypres, and you know it’s bad when a battle has multiple identities. According to Paul Fussell in The Great War and Modern Memory, the geniuses of the British High Command pulverized No-Man’s-Land with two solid weeks of day and night shelling, and then it bucketed rain for three days. When the British soldiers went over the top, men and horses drowned in the mud.
Among those who died on day one was the Anglo-Irish poet Francis Ledwidge, who was then anticipating a second volume of poetry. He was on a road-building detail, actually on a tea break from work, when an enemy shell landed in the trench he and five others were sitting in, and all were instantly killed. Ledwidge has become a favorite touchstone for Irish poets attempting to work out a tricky relationship with English and Irish influences. In “In Memory of Francis Ledwidge,” Seamus Heaney quotes the earlier poet’s lines, “To be called a British soldier while my country / Has no place among nations,” noting that he was killed six weeks later. He had already been at the Battle of Gallipoli where he suffered from rheumatism, then injured his back during a hard march through Serbia, was busted down from Lance Corporal and restored to rank more than once. His military career proved that war is no picnic, a mix of horrors and absurdity. How else could it have ended other than being blown to bits while drinking tea?
Our Strangest Poet?
Hart Crane
I’m skipping Hemingway, who doesn’t need my help, and John Gardner, less well known now but still remembered, to give some love to the third birthday boy, Hart Crane. He may be best remembered now for jumping off a steamer to drown in the Gulf of Mexico and/or for being the son of the man who invented Lifesavers candy (no, not making that up), but he is also the author of the wonderful, brilliant, occasionally odd, outrageously ambitious poem sequence, The Bridge. He wanted to write a modern epic like Eliot’s The Waste Land but minus its famous pessimism. It is an attempt to use the Brooklyn Bridge as a lens on the entire country, following bridges and rivers all over the place, just the sort of manic endeavor that fitted its creator. He was inspired to begin the poem when he took up residence at 110 Columbia Heights in Brooklyn Heights. It not only overlooked the bridge but had been the residence of the incapacitated Washington Roebling while he oversaw its construction. The Bridge came out in 1930, but two years later Crane had taken his own life, probably during one of his violent bi-polar swings. Here’s a link to the opening of the sequence, which he called “Proem: To Brooklyn Bridge”:
Sonnet, Anyone?
Whether you loved sonnets when you made their acquaintance in school or hated them, this is your day. Francesco Petrarca, the man we know as Petrarch, was born on July 20, 1304. That was a big century for literature: also Boccaccio, Dante, and Chaucer, among others. Petrarch set out to be a writer of epic poems, and he succeeded. Only after his death was the Canzoniere, his book of “little songs.” All his other poems were in Latin, but these were in Italian and everyone could read them. While other poets had already written sonnets, Dante and Cavalcanti among them, Petrarch’s were more popular and he became the name brand. Most scholars now think he never met “Laura,” the beauty who inspired the poems. Most of what we know about sonnets–fourteen lines, two movements of slightly uneven lengths, specific rhyme scheme–was there in 1374 when the book was published. Had he only known what he started!
John Montague (1929-2016)
John MontagueI only just learned of the death in December of the wonderful Irish poet John Montague. He was born in Brooklyn but sent back during the Depression to live in Co. Tyrone in Northern Ireland. He seems to have known everyone (living a few doors down from Brendan Behan, drinking with Samuel Beckett, schoolmate of Thomas Kinsella, student or colleague or friend of Saul Bellow, Robert Penn Warren, W. K. Wimsatt, Rene Wellek). His early long poem, The Rough Field, went through many editions over the years, and his first book of stories, The Death of a Chieftain, gave a bunch of up-and-coming Trad musicians the name of their group, The Chieftains. And, as you can see, he looks exactly the way you would have an Irish poet look if you made him up.
Iris Murdoch
Today is the anniversary of Iris Murdoch’s birth (1919). I have inflicted more than one of her novels on students down the years. For the second half of her career, one never had to wonder when her next book would come out; it would appear on the front page of the New York Times Book Review. It is not true, as one of my waggish friends claims, that she succeeded with Under the Net and then wrote it twenty-five more times. It is true that she wanted certain effects from fiction and knew how to get them. To get a sense of her range, I recommend four books: The Unicorn (1964), The Black Prince (1973), The Sea, The Sea (1978), and The Green Knight (1993). In that last one, she has her protagonist reading A Glastonbury Romance more or less every time we see her. The novel takes place over several months. The John Cowper Powys book in question is in excess of 1,000 pages. I know the feeling. Sly, that Iris.
A Different Sort of Writer
Romantic Stuff
I’ve been remiss! Yesterday was important for two writers of the Romantic/early Victorian walking poetry club. July 13 is the anniversary of William Wordsworth’s visit to the ruined Tintern Abbey in 1798 during a walking tour of the Lake District. By the time he had walked on to Bristol several days later, he had, he claimed, composed the entire 1200 line poem in his head. Upon arrival, he wrote it all down with, he always maintained, not a line changed. You can just about hear the rhythm of walking in all those unrhymed lines of iambs, but you have to listen very closely.
The other famous walker was John Clare, born in 1793. He was a peasant poet, and he merited both words. He really was a peasant who not only could have set Wordsworth straight on some of his fantasies of the rustic life but also found sudden celebrity with the publication of his first book. Alas, he was also mad, being first treated at High Beach private asylum from 1837 till 1841, when he slipped away and walked 90 miles home from Essex to Northampton. Among his other delusions, he believed that he was married to his first love, a girl named Mary Joyce, as well as his real wife, Martha, and that he was Lord Byron and Shakespeare. When pressed, he would say that he had been those writers in a previous life, a good trick since Byron was still alive for the first quarter-century of Clare’s life. He was free but increasingly difficult for five months at home, at which time he was committed to a public asylum, where he would spend the final twenty-three years of his life. One of his doctors said that in life and in prose he was utterly deranged but in his poetry he was completely sane. In any event, the poems poured out of him, over three thousand during his lifetime. Adam Foulds has a wonderful novel about Clare’s days at High Beach, The Quickening Maze. Here is his poem “Autumn”:
The thistledown’s flying, though the winds are all still,
On the green grass now lying, now mounting the hill,
The spring from the fountain now boils like a pot;
Through stones past the counting it bubbles red-hot.
The ground parched and cracked is like overbaked bread,
The greensward all wracked is, bents dried up and dead.
The fallow fields glitter like water indeed,
And gossamers twitter, flung from weed unto weed.
Hill-tops like hot iron glitter bright in the sun,
And the rivers we’re eying burn to gold as they run;
Burning hot is the ground, liquid gold is the air;
Whoever looks round sees Eternity there.
An Approximate Celebration
Astrakhan Cloak
I can find no birthdate for Nuala ni Dhomhnaill aside from being born in 1952 (a birth year of which I’m inordinately fond), so I’m choosing a mid-year day at random to celebrate her. Yes, that is spelled correctly, minus a “fada” or acute accent on the “i” in “ni.” Mary O’Malley told me it was pronounced NOla nee Goo-nal, and if you can’t trust a Gaelic-speaking Irish poet, what’s the world coming to? Nuala was raised in the Dingle gaeltacht, or area where Gaelic is spoken (in this case, on the Dingle peninsula), and that’s the language in which she writes her poems. She does not translate them. Luckily for us, some really great poets also speak Gaelic, including Seamus Heaney, Medbh McGuckian, and Paul Muldoon, and they do translate them. Which is good, because they are wonderful poems. Better, Wake Forest University Press has been publishing her–in translation–for years and years, so we can find said wonders. As you can judge for yourself in the link below.
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Fouchier “SARS-COV-1” Paper (2003): Koch’s Postulates Fulfilled?
“It is obvious that Koch’s Postulates have not been satisfied in viral diseases.”
-Thomas Rivers 1937
During the 2003 SARS “epidemic,” the WHO regularly announced updates about their search for the causative agent of what was claimed to be a new disease. On March 27th, 2003, they admitted that the criteria that needed to be fulfilled in order to prove that there was a new “virus” causing a new disease was Koch’s Postulates: four logic based rules proposed by Robert Koch that have been the burden of proof since the late 1800’s:
-WHO 2003
Original link that seemingly no longer works:
Archived link:
Screenshot in case they attempt to delete this information for any reason.
On April 15th, 2003, the WHO stated that the experiments were done and that the criteria for satisfying Koch’s Postulates had been met, thus proving that the “new” disease “SARS’ was caused by a new “Coronavirus:”
Scientists Confirm Virus As Cause of SARS
“Scientists had been almost certain the new form of coronavirus first isolated from sick patients March 21 by the University of Hong Kong was the cause of SARS. But they could not say for sure until they had satisfied what is known as Koch’s postulates _ four scientific tests that verify whether a virus causes a certain disease.
The Koch’s postulates have been fulfilled, so we can now say for certain that the new coronavirus is the cause of SARS,” said Dr. Klaus Stohr, a World Health Organization virologist who is coordinating the scientists’ work.
The first test requires that the virus be found in all the sick people, but not in healthy people. The second isolates the virus from a sick patient and shows that it multiplies in a lab dish.
The third step uses the virus from the petri dish to make a lab animal sick with the same disease as that seen in humans. The final step requires isolating the SARS virus from the sick lab animal and showing it can grow in a petri dish.”
“Experts said it is reasonable to imagine that the SARS virus came from animals, although its genetic code does not give any clear leads as to exactly where it came from. The genetic makeup is not very close to any of the known animal or human coronaviruses, they say.
Koch’s Postulates
From the above article written by the AP medical writer, we can see that the WHO set out to fulfill FOUR Koch’s Postulates. It is also said that this new “Coronavirus” was genetically not close to any human or animal “Coronavirus,” which raises the question, why did they believe “SARS-COV-1” was a “Coronavirus” to begin with?
From a Genome Biology article, it is also claimed that the WHO set out to fulfill FOUR Koch’s Postulates and it lays out the criteria. It also makes the claim that “SARS-COV-1” genetically is not close to any other “viruses” and the genome sequence doesn’t tell them anything about its origin:
The organization claimed that its collaborating laboratories have concluded the coronavirus meets all four of “Koch’s postulates” for a causative agent: it must be found in all cases of the disease, it must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture, it must reproduce the original disease when introduced into a susceptible host, and it must be found in the experimental host so infected.”
“According to Gerberding, apart from providing more stringent diagnostic tests for the virus, and potential long-term goals for antivirals and vaccines, the new sequence is otherwise not very helpful in determining the origins of the virus. Unfortunately the clues from comparing it to the animal viruses have not given us any real leads… We can’t say it’s a mouse virus or a pig virus, or any other animal virus, necessarily, because it just isn’t similar enough to the known species to be able to draw those conclusions,” said Gerberding at a press conference.”
Ron Fouchier apparently doesn’t understand the difference between Koch’s and Rivers Postulates.
In 2012, Ron Fouchier, the lead researcher for the 2003 “SARS” paper claiming fulfillment of Koch’s Postulates, reiterated that it was KOCH’S Postulates that were fulfilled for “SARS” while speaking about the need to once again fulfill them for MERS:
Ron Fouchier on the New Coronavirus: We Need to Fulfill Koch’s Postulates
It is clear to see that according to the WHO and lead researcher Ron Fouchier, all four of Koch’s Postulates had been met and a newly identified “SARS-COV-1,” which was not genetically close to any other “Coronavirus,” was the true cause of “SARS.” However, did they really satisfy all FOUR of KOCH’S Postulates for “SARS”as claimed? Below is the full paper by Fouchier et al:
Koch’s postulates fulfilled for SARS virus
According to Koch’s postulates, as modified by Rivers for viral diseases, six criteria are required to establish a virus as the cause of a disease1. The first three criteriaisolation of virus from diseased hosts, cultivation in host cells, and proof of filterability — have been met for SCV by several groups2,3,4,5. Moreover, of 96 individuals complying with the World Health Organization’s definition of SARS6 in Hong Kong, 86 (90%) yielded laboratory evidence of SCV infection.
We have tested for the three remaining criteria: production of comparable disease in the original host species or a related one, re-isolation of the virus, and detection of a specific immune response to the virus. We inoculated two macaques with Vero-cell-cultured SCV isolated from a fatal SARS case, and monitored their clinical signs, virus excretion and antibody response. The animals were killed six days post-inoculation (d.p.i.), and we then carried out gross and histopathological examinations of them.
Both SCV-inoculated macaques became lethargic from 3 d.p.i. onwards and developed a temporary skin rash, and one suffered respiratory distress from 4 d.p.i. onwards. The macaques excreted virus from the nose and throat at 2–6 d.p.i., as shown by polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-PCR) and by virus isolation (see supplementary information). The isolated virus was identical to that inoculated, as shown by negative-contrast electron microscopy (Fig. 1a) and RT-PCR analysis. Seroconversion to SCV, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay using infected Vero cells, was demonstrated in two other SCV-infected macaques at 16 d.p.i.. The virus was also isolated from the faeces of one of these animals (see supplementary information).
At gross necropsy, one macaque had severe multifocal pulmonary consolidation, and SCV infection was detected in lung tissue by RT-PCR and virus isolation. Histologically, both macaques had interstitial pneumonia of differing severity. The one with gross lesions had diffuse alveolar damage, marked by necrosis of alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium and flooding of alveolar lumina with proteinaceous fluid, admixed with fibrin, erythrocytes, alveolar macrophages and neutrophils (Fig. 1b). Occasional multinucleated cells (syncytia) were present in the lumen of bronchioles and alveoli (Fig. 1c). These lesions are indistinguishable from those in biopsied lung tissue and in autopsy material from SARS patients5, including the presence of syncytia in alveolar lumina4.
SCV thus fulfils all of Koch’s postulates as the primary aetiological agent of SARS. This does not exclude the possibility that other pathogens, including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Chlamydia pneumoniae, may have exacerbated the disease in some SARS patients. However, these were not present in SCV-inoculated macaques (results not shown), were not found consistently in SARS patients, and do not usually cause the lesions associated with SARS. Moreover, lesions in macaques infected experimentally with hMPV isolated from a non-SARS individual7 were limited to mild suppurative rhinitis and minimal erosion in conducting airways, and disease was not exacerbated in two SCV-infected macaques subsequently inoculated with hMPV (results not shown).
In Summary:
• Fouchier et al did not attempt to satisfy Koch’s Postulates but instead Rivers modified and watered-down version of them
• For a breakdown of the differences between Koch’s and Rivers Postulates, see this link:
Thomas Rivers Revision of Koch’s Postulates (1937)
• From the very first sentence, they invalidate their own fulfillment claim as Rivers 6 Postulates are admittedly different from Koch’s 4 Postulates
• They then state that the first 3 RIVERS criteria were met by other reseachers and referenced the four papers below:
J.S.M. Peiris “SARS-COV-1” Paper (2003)
Drosten “SARS-COV-1” Paper (2003)
Poutanen “SARS-COV-1” Paper (2003)
Ksiazek “SARS-COV-1” Paper (2003)
• However, not a single one of these papers could meet the first requirement of Koch’s Postulates as they could not find their new “Coronavirus” in every case of the disease.
• None of the papers properly purified/isolated any “virus” directly from a sick patient but instead took samples and cultured them in foreign animal cells likely containing added fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, chemicals, nutrients, etc.
• Not a single paper gave detailed methods on how they cultured their “viruses” nor attempted to purify and separate the assumed “virus” particles by ultracentrifugation nor filtration even from their cell culture soup.
• Every one of the papers admitted to other potential pathogens isolated from “SARS” cases that could possibly be the causative agent for disease or act as a cofactor in disease progression
• Fouchier et al then state that they satisfied the last 3 RIVERS criteria themselves
• They used unpurified Vero cell culture supernatant and inoculated two macaques while only observing them for 6 days
• Only one of the macaques developed respiratory distress
• The two macaques had different levels of lung damage at autopsy with one severe and the other one not severe
• Both macaques were lethargic and developed a temporary skin rash, neither of which are symptoms of “SARS:”
Symptoms of SARS
There can be no claim by Fouchier et al nor the WHO as to the fulfillment of Koch’s Postulates as the researchers did not even attempt to fulfill them. Instead, as stated in the very first sentence of the paper, Fouchier et al attempted to satisfy Rivers criteria which are admitted by Rivers himself to be different from Koch’s as:
1. He allows for the “virus” not to be found in every case of disease
2. He introduces the concept of “virus” carriers
3. He states that “viruses” do not need to be grown in culture
The WHO, Ron Fouchier, and the other researchers blatantly lied.
Sadly but not shockingly, Fouchier et al even failed at fulfilling Rivers watered-down version as they:
1. Did not isolate a “virus” from a diseased host
2. Did not cultivate a “virus” in host cells but instead used monkey kidney cells
3. Did not provide any proof of filterability
4. Did not produce the same disease in an animal host
5. Did not re-isolate a “virus” from the diseased animals
6. Did not prove that the immune response was specific
This paper and the disease associated with it are the shining example of the fraud currently being perpetrated on us by virology today.
For further excellent insight into the ridiculous claims made in this paper, I highly recommend taking 30 minutes out of your day to watch Dr. Andrew Kaufman’s “The Rooster in the River of Rats” linked below:
1. It’s strange. To see them claim that a set of criteria are fulfilled and then through the course of the report not fulfil the requirements, it’s very odd. I mean, yes, it’s a lie, but it seems something more strange than a lie. And nobody picks up these utter failures or nobody wanted to??? If it’s not a lie, it’s rank incompetence that is accepted to perpetuate a belief system. Shocking.
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1. Definitely a combination of a lie and something akin to a religious belief system. My guess is the people at the top (heads of journals/institutions, labs, lead researchers, etc.) know it’s a lie while those below them have been indoctrinated and can’t see the forest from the trees.
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1.Were the books of Ezra and Nehemiah named after real people? Who were they? What did they do for God? Ezra was a priest who helped the Israelites learn God’s law. Nehemiah was a good leader who became governor of Israelites.
2.Ezra talks about the rebuilding of the temple which took 20 years and Nehemiah talks about building the temple wall in Jerusalem, which took 52 days! What do you think it would have been like to be an Israelite working for 20 years to build a temple? Are there things in your life that seem to take a long time? How can you be patient?
3. Review the story of Queen Esther as a family. Isn’t it amazing how Esther stood up to Haman to save Mordecai and all of the Jewish people? Where do you think Esther got her courage? How did she show courage? What are some times in your life that you need to be brave and stand up for what you believe in?
4. Phil reminds us that throughout the Old Testament God keeps His promises! What are some promises you know from God’s Word?
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Esports is a growing trend within the world of competitive gaming, so much so that it may be on its way to becoming a professional Olympic sport much sooner than you would think. Esports is basically when video games are played on a competitive level with teams battling each other across a variety of different games and genres. Some games involving VR and sports simulation are more active with players actually required to move, and others are much more simple in terms of being an actual video game that is played sitting down with a controller.
The argument around whether or not video games and Esports should be considered actual sports has sparked a significant amount of debate from influential figures in the professional sporting world. Some argue that it has a place within the Olympic games as the technological influence around the world is also growing to make it relevant to the modern-day, but others say that physical sports are completely different and that Esports should get their own event that is kept separate from the traditional nature of the games.
This article will look at reasons why Esports should be considered on the same level as other Olympic sports and whether or not it would be more suitable to keep these very different activities separated from each other.
One way that Esports and the Olympic games could be considered to be similar would be the training and the intensity of said training which is required for both. Although it depends upon the game with how active you will need to be the level of practice and testing of new techniques that you will have to do to be successful is on par with that of the Olympic level. Professional Esports players have to ensure that they are putting the work into their training so that they can come out on top and get the win.
If you are a beginner to the gaming world but think that a career or hobby in Esports is something that you would enjoy then you should start looking at some of the games that are played and start practicing immediately. With time and skill, you should be able to hone your playing level to that of a professional in no time. One way to boost this process would be to use some of the many hacks that are available, sometimes it is just enough to see how you get past certain levels for you to pick it up. You can find apex legends hacks and other goodies to give you a better idea of game progression and help you come up with new game strategies to knock out your opponents.
High Stakes
As Esports grows in popularity the stakes of the competitions that are held have also increased, with prizes and audiences only getting larger more and more people are trying their luck and entering these professional competitions. Although the activities are very different the stakes within the Olympic games are also very high, with the pressure of the situation being very similar this could be another argument in favor of adding Esport events to the Olympics.
Preparation Similarities
A final way that I would consider Esports and the Olympics on the same level is the physical and mental strength it takes to compete, the training and preparation process alone for each activity is very intense. This intensity and how seriously the competitors take their competitive roles within their preparation is another reason why each of the games could come together under a single event, as the world of Esports grows we could see this happening much sooner than you would think.
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Greenfield Parks
© 2021 Parks Maintenance & Recreation Management
Parks Maintenance & Recreation Management in the Peace River Country of Alberta
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Bears are curious, WILD and potentially dangerous animals, but not understanding bears can be a danger both to bears and people. Most bears tend to avoid people. Remember when encountering a wild animal in the wilderness, you are in their living room, respond appropriately.
Bears are much like people, some bears are more tolerant than others, but like people every bear has a “personal space” which is the distance within which a bear feels threatened. If you stray within that zone, (too close) a bear may react aggressively.
Don’t teach bears that human food or garbage is an easy meal. It is both foolish and illegal to feed bears, either on purpose or simply leaving food or garbage that attracts them. When camping, hang food out of reach of bears if possible. A bear will destroy a cooler or even tear the door off of a camper to get food. Pets and their food may also attract bears. Wearing perfume or perfumed hair spray in the woods can attract a bear.
Keep pets tied up. A dog may run after a bear and then come howling back after being smacked and bring the bear right into camp.
Keep a clean camp. Wash your dishes. Food and garbage are equally attractive to a bear so treat them with equal care. Burn and bury your garbage deep.
If you see a bear, avoid it if you can. Give the bear every opportunity to avoid you, such as making noise. If you do encounter a bear at close distance, remain calm. Attacks are rare. Chances are, you are not in danger. Most bears are interested only in protecting food, cubs or their “personal space.” Once the threat is removed, they will move on. Let the bear know you are human. Talk to the bear in a normal voice, back away, don't stare at him. Help the bear recognize you. If a bear cannot tell what you are, it may come closer or stand on its hind legs to get a better look or smell. A standing bear is usually curious, not threatening. You may try to back away slowly but if the bear follows, stop and hold your ground.
NEVER run! YOU CANNOT OUT RUN A BEAR. They can move 30 ft. per second and like dogs, they will chase fleeing animals. Bears often make bluff charges, sometimes within 10 feet of their adversary without making contact. Hold your coat over your head and stand on a mound or a log to make yourself look bigger. Talk to the bear. If the bear gets too close, raise your voice and be more aggressive. Bang pots and pans. Use noisemakers. Never imitate bear sounds or make a high-pitched squeal. Look for a weapon, a good solid stick works good.
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Fight Back!
If a bear actually makes contact, initially use the stick as hard as you can on his nose as many time as possible all the while making lots and lots of noise. If the bear won't back down and continues to attack, surrender! Fall to the ground and play dead. Lie flat on your stomach, or curl up in a ball with your hands behind your neck. Typically, a bear will break off its attack once it feels the threat has been eliminated. Remain motionless for as long as possible. If you move, and the bear sees or hears you, it may return and renew its attack. In rare instances, particularly with black bears, an attacking bear may perceive a person as food. If the bear continues biting you long after you assume a defensive posture, it likely is a predatory attack. Fight back vigorously. Punch it in the nose, or use a knife to stab its nose.
Be prepared, carry a weapon - there are literally hundreds of thousands of bears in Canada, if you are in the back country you will see a bear.
When in the forest always be prepared. Always carry a good knife. Pepper spray works well or a can of quick start engine spray for starting diesel engines. If you prepare the can so that it is quickly accessible, you can spray that in the bear's face and if he is very aggressive and persistent, strike a windproof lighter and spray over top of the flame. With this, you may start the forest on fire but you have an effective weapon against bears or any other animal. A can of quick start works well against any kind of predatory animal.
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Cougars are great stalkers. Try your best to avoid them or startle them. This means making lots of noise as you hike along. Again, like a bear, if you encounter one, back away and don't intimidate it. Make sure you don't corner the animal. A cougar often hunts from above so keep your eyes on the trees ahead of you as you hike. They may let you pass and then drop down behind you and stalk you so quietly you can't hear them coming. When I'm hiking I glance back regularly for this purpose.
If you encounter a cougar, stay calm, don't run, walk away backward keeping your eyes on the animal. If it show signs of aggression make your self look as large as possible, pull your jacket up over your head to appear taller and stand on something to look bigger. Make lots of noise.
Look for a weapon. Again, bear spray may work well or a can of ether quick start and a wind proof lighter to deter the threat. (Not many animals will stand up to a blast of flame!) A walking stick can make a good weapon. Always aim for the eyes and nose. Many people have survived a cougar attack by fighting back, even with a jack knife or a stick.
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Agressive Moose
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(Image credits:
We all know that a Bear or Cougar can be dangerous but most people don't see a plant eating moose as a threat. According to authorities (and Wikipedia) moose do attack and injure humans more often than any other animal. With a moose there is no safe side to approach, they can kick forward, backward and sideways.
The number one rule to avoid a conflict with a moose
is to maintain a safe distance
Yes, a moose can be a real threat, in fact every year there are disastrous altercations between moose and people. This usually happens when the animals are trying to protect their young or are cornered and afraid.
A moose is fully capable of fending off bears and wolves!
A moose can attack with their teeth, feet and antlers, they will charge you and have been known to rip the door right off of a pick up truck when angry. They are not normally aggressive but can be when they are harassed by people or dogs. They can also be irritable when suffering with ticks or are hungry and tired. Highway traffic can make them irritable and are easily upset when humans bother them.
Much like humans, moose have a personal space that they don't want you to invade and a personal tolerance level depending on the situation and that particular moose.
Moose often charge but most charges are bluffs. This is a warning to stay away. In the event that they do charge don't wait around to see if it really might be a bluff, take cover, run for a building, a vehicle or get under something safe. Even a moose calf can weigh 3 - 400 pounds so an altercation could kill you.
Stay back from wild animals don't put them in a situation where they become agitated or aggressive. A moose generally won't chase you very far but if they can catch you they'll decimate you with their front feet and their antlers.
Bull moose are not usually intimidated like the cow moose is, however, during rut they can be aggressive toward humans. Spring and summer are the critical time for a cow that may have a calf or two. They will defend their calfs so stay far away. If you see a calf on its own don't go near, mom will not be far away.
These are not zoo animals. Animals in the wild are inherently dangerous. Remember, if you come across one in the wild, you are in their living room, as far as they are concerned you don't belong there.
Never attempt to feed a moose or any other wild creature. This can end up in a real bad situation for both you and the animal. A moose or any other animal that walks toward you is not looking for companionship, they maybe looking for a handout but this is usually a sign of danger. Animals can become aggressive if they come to you and don't get what they want. At this point retreat is your best option, get under cover, in a vehicle, a building up a tree wherever.
(image credits:
Signs of Attack!
When observing a moose watch for signs of agitation that would indicate they are upset or are preparing to attack. The long hairs on its hump will raise up, their ears will lay back and they may begin to lick their snout. If a moose maintains eye contact with you it is a sign of aggression.
A moose with its hackles raised is a thing to fear!
Remember, the number one rule to avoid a conflict with a moose is to maintain a safe distance:
Some of the most dangerous attacks by a moose are triggered by dogs. A moose sees a dog (like a coyote or a wolf) as an enemy.
Authorities tell us that if you're knocked down by a moose, just roll up in a ball and don't fight back. They say fighting back will cause the moose to continue to strike with its front feet. As for me, I still carry my can of quick start ether, (you might have bear spray with you) I believe I would employ that before I would lay down and take a beating.
(Photo credits: Pinterest)
The moose population In Canada is over 1,000,000 so there is a very good chance you will encounter one of these in the out doors.
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What's a Box Turtle?
Learn about box turtles from veterinarian Alix Wilson in this Howcast video.
There are many different species of box turtles. They're called box turtles because they have a hinge, and they're able to actually completely retract and close up into their shell by using the hinge on their lower shell, or their plastron. We have several species of box turtles here in North America.
We don't really find them too often in the pet trade anymore, because they're protected by state laws. The clients that I have with box turtles have had them for a very long time before some of those regulations were in place.
The box turtles we have in North America do require a higher protein content in their diet, so in addition to your leafy green vegetables, you're also going to be feeding some protein sources, such as insects.
They require a basking area and the typical setup with heat and ultraviolet light. There are also some species of Asian box turtles that are becoming more popular in the pet trade here in the U. S.
It's very important that you figure out what type of Asian box turtle you have, because some of them actually come from aquatic environments. So you'd be setting up an aquatic type of enclosure instead of the typical land enclosure that we would expect for a North American box turtle.
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One of the most controversial topics in the last decade has been that of physician assisted suicide. Physician assisted suicide occurs when a physician or other medical professional assists a terminally ill or disabled person to take their own life, either by giving the physical means (e.g. prescription drugs) to commit suicide with or instructions on what method to use to commit suicide with. There are many moral and ethical arguments surrounding physician assisted suicide, some are based on religious beliefs while others are based on the rules of medical ethics. It can be argued that the terminally ill and the disabled should not be criminalized for taking their own lives however; it goes against all commonly accepted laws of medical ethics for a doctor to assist in the suicide of a patient.
Some argue that it is acceptable for physicians to assist their patients in committing suicide. One of the main reasons for this argument is that patients who are terminally or disabled often experience a lot of pain and suffering. This argument is based on the idea that it is the physician’s moral responsibility to help patients avoid pain and suffering no matter what it takes to help them do so. The second argument in favor of physician assisted suicide is that the right to commit suicide should be considered a basic human right. Third, by assisting a patient to leave the world peacefully and with dignity the physician can relieve the patient of watching their lives and bodies decay as they become sicker and their families of having to watch them suffer. Fourth, allowing physicians to assist terminally ill or disabled patients would reduce health care costs both to the family and the medical system. (Balanced Politics.Org)
Others approach the argument from a more practical point of view by claiming that helping terminally ill or disabled patients will allow doctors and nurses to focus more on patients that have a better chance of recovery. A sixth argument is that preventing suicide violates a person’s religious freedom. Seventh, it is argued that laws can be written which will protect both the physicians and the patients while maintaining the value of human life that physicians promise to uphold when they take the Hippocratic Oath. The final argument is that allowing physicians the help patients to take their own lives will prevent patients from committing suicide in horrific ways that will result in possible failure and further trauma to the patient and their family. (Balanced Politics.Org)
There are of course opposing arguments to the idea that physicians should legally be allowed to assist patients in committing suicide. The first major argument is that helping patients to commit suicide would be asking doctors to violate the Hippocratic Oath that every doctor is required to take before being licensed to practice. This oath essentially is a vow that states that the goal of a doctor should be to preserve lives and that that the doctor will make every effort to do so. The second argument is that encouraging the terminally ill and disabled to commit suicide and allowing doctors to assist them reduces the value of human life. Third, allowing physicians to assist patients to commit suicide could encourage abuse of the system such as, helping the chronically ill to commit ill to commit suicide, or in encouraging rather than discouraging patients from committing suicide.
Fourth, allowing physician assisted suicide may cause religious issues since several religions disallow suicide and term it to be a sin. Fifth, the legalization of physician assisted suicide may encourage doctors to give up on patients even when there is a chance of a cure after all sometimes patients have been cured at the last minute.. Sixth, political organizations or insurance companies may increase the pressure on doctors and other medical professionals to refuse to perform heroic measures and to encourage physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill in order to save money. Finally, those that oppose physician assisted suicide argue that allowing physician assisted suicide would place too much control in the hands of doctors and politicians. (Balanced Politics.Org)
In my opinion the terminally ill and disabled should not be criminalized for attempting to take their own lives. Those with terminal illnesses and disabilities often experience a great deal of pain, physically and emotionally. Unless one is suffering a terminal illness or disability no one can claim to understand what the terminally ill or disabled person and their families are going through. While there may be certain religions prohibitions against suicide terminal illness and disability should be considered as special circumstances due to the pain and trauma experienced by the patient and their family.
However; doctors should not assist patients to commit suicide. The Hippocratic Oath is a serious moral vow to preserve life. Doctors may also be unduly influenced to encourage the terminally ill or disabled to commit suicide by insurance companies wishing to save money, or pharmaceutical companies wishing to try new suicide drugs. Doctors are also far to influenced by politics and by looking at what happened with the terminally ill and disabled in Nazi Germany it is fairly easy to see that it is a fine line between helping patients to take their own lives in order to prevent further suffering and forcing them to take their own lives because they are no worthy of life. This places doctors on a very slippery moral slope because they may be faced with immense political pressure and financial pressure to encourage the terminally ill and the disabled to commit suicide. Finally, doctors should not be allowed to assist patients to commit suicide because the public trusts doctors to save rather than take lives.
There would be many who would criticize this argument. Those with strong religious beliefs specifically regarding suicide would criticize this argument because it argues that suicide should not be criminalized. They would also critique this argument because on the one hand it claims that suicide should not be criminalized while on the other hand it argues that physicians should not assist patients in committing suicide. This argument would also be criticized by supporters of physician assisted suicide because, as I have stated I am against medical involvement in suicide specifically because that people will not trust doctors who do not uphold the oaths they must take in order to be licensed.
In the end I support my argument because it is middle of the road. It neither condemns people for committing suicide when they are not terminally ill or disabled nor does it ask medical professionals to place themselves in a situation whereby their morals and ethics will be called into question by the public. In taking this stance I have effectively declared myself neutral in this argument. I understand the claims of both sides and have tried to create a middle ground where none of the parties involved are criticized for their beliefs of or their opinions. While neutrality can be viewed as more acceptable than supporting extremes in the physician assisted suicide debate, it can also create problems in that both parties can find fault with you claims. In conclusion, while suicide should not be encouraged amongst the terminally ill or disabled it should not be criminalized either. However, doctors and other medical professionals should remain on the sidelines as assisting a person to commit suicide could place someone on morally shaky ground.
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By Medicover Hospitals / 10 Oct 2021
Home | Blog | Workouts To Strengthen Your Knees
Article Context:
1. Overview
2. Benefits
3. Exercise & Knee Pain
4. Knee Strenghting Exercises
5. Conclusion
6. Frequently Asked Questions
• The knee is the largest joint that provides stable support to the whole body. Also, knees provide flexibility and stability in legs so that one can stand, walk, run, crouch, jump and turn around with ease. So, it is essential to keep your knees strong and healthy. Generally, old people get Knee problems, but people can have knee problems at any age. Weak knees affect mobility and make it difficult to carry out daily activities, like lifting heavy weights or walking downhill. Weak knees may occur as a result of an injury or strain on the knees, nutritional deficiency, lifestyle activities, and heavy intake of sodium, smoking, or drinking. Also, knee problems may be due to osteoarthritis in the knee, which results from wear and tear on its parts.
• Benefits
• The Arthritis Foundation states that exercise may be the most effective way to treat osteoarthritis without surgery, while the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons notes that strong and flexible muscles can help you keep your knees healthy and injury-free. Knee strengthening exercises do not directly affect the knee joint, but they do strengthen the muscles around it. Strong leg muscles can help support your knees. This support can relieve pressure and tension on these joints, which can ease pain and help a person be more active. The following exercises can help strengthen the muscles around the knee. If a person feels discomfort while doing these exercises, they should stop and consult a doctor. Anyone with severe knee pain should see a doctor before trying to exercise. It is best to warm up with light exercise before beginning any knee strengthening exercise. Examples of gentle exercise include walking, biking, and using an elliptical machine, all of which put minimal stress on your knees. This activity will help increase blood flow to your muscles and allow them to be more flexible.
• Exercise & Knee Pain
• If your knee pain is due to injury, surgery, or arthritis, gentle stretching and strengthening exercises can help relieve pain while improving your flexibility and range of motion. Exercising an injured or arthritic knee may seem counterintuitive, but in fact, exercise is better for the knee than keeping it still. Not moving your knee can make it stiff, and this can make the pain worse and make daily activities difficult. Gentle stretching and strengthening exercises can strengthen the muscles that support the knee joint. Having stronger muscles can reduce the impact and strain on the knee and help the knee joint move more easily. Before starting an exercise program for knee pain, be sure to talk with your doctor or physical therapist to make sure the exercises are safe for you. They may suggest certain changes depending on your scenario. Some lifestyle and dietary changes are helpful to strengthen the weak knees
• Knee-Strengthening Exercises
• Some exercises target weak knees. Those exercises help strengthen the muscles around joints, keep the joints properly aligned and positioned as well as strengthen the bones in the knees. Some exercises that are good for your knees are step-ups, lunges, and single-leg squats, hamstring stretches with thigh contraction, straight-leg raises, knee bends, and squats with a Swiss ball. Aim for 30 minutes of knee-strengthening exercises at least 4 to 5 times a week. If exercises aggravate your knee pain or stiffness, stop doing them and immediately consult your doctor. It is better to take proper guidance with your doctor for suitable exercises.
• Massage
• Massage therapy is another beneficial change adding strength to your knees and resolves your knee pain. Regular massage helps improve circulation so that more nutrients reach the weak muscles and joints to make them stronger. Rub some warm olive, coconut, or mustard oil on your knees. Using gentle strokes, massage the knees in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions for 10 to 15 minutes. Do this twice daily as required.- If you have chronic knee pain, seek the help of an experienced massage therapist.
• Swimming
• Swimming is the best exercise for weak knees. Swimming allows exercising knees with less pressure on joints; it is also a great option for people suffering from knee pain or arthritis. It can reduce knee stiffness, strengthen the muscles around knee joints and strengthen bones. Also, it improves overall fitness. Aim for half an hour of swimming 5 days a week. Strokes like front crawl, backstroke, and butterfly are beneficial for knee joints. It’s better to avoid breaststroke, as it places the most pressure on the knee joints.
• Calcium
• Calcium is essential for bone health and deficiency of calcium can leads to thinning and weakening of the bones and osteoporosis. The human body cannot produce calcium naturally; dietary sources and supplements are the best options to prevent calcium deficiency.
• Natural sources are dark leafy greens, milk, almond milk, cheese, almonds, edamame, calcium-fortified cereals, orange juice, and blackstrap molasses.
• Choose supplements that also contain vitamin D to help your body absorb calcium. Consult your doctor for the correct dosage.
Vitamin D
• For bone and joint health, vitamin D is considered a threshold nutrient. The deficiency of vitamin D can cause bone loss and an increased risk of minimal trauma fractures. The human body cannot absorb enough calcium without adequate amounts of vitamin D.
• The human body manufactures vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight, so expose your knees to early morning sunlight for 15 minutes daily.
• Get vitamin D from dietary sources: fish, cod liver oil, egg yolks, and fortified cereals and dairy products.
• Knee pain is a common ailment that affects over 18 million adults each year. Performing stretching and strengthening exercises that target the muscles that support your knees may help ease pain, improve range of motion and flexibility, and reduce the risk of future injuries. With any type of joint pain, it’s best to talk to your doctor or physical therapist before starting an exercise program. They can help you select the exercises that are safest for you. They can also recommend modifications based on your knee pain and the underlying cause.
• Frequently Asked Questions:
5 great exercises to strengthen your knees:
• Exercise 1: Knee Extension.
• Exercise 2: Knee bend (standing)
• Exercise 3: Heel and Calf Raises.
• Exercise 4: Squats against the wall.
• Exercise 5: Swimming.
Walking up and downstairs is particularly difficult for people with knee arthritis. Arthritis causes degeneration of the cartilage that cushions the knee joint. Without protective padding, the act of climbing stairs becomes uncomfortable.
Squatting also helps strengthen your legs and hips, and stronger muscles mean more stable joints. But if you don't squat properly, your knees may hurt.
Avoid any type of exercise that involves jumping if you have knee pain, recommends Stuchin. Walk. Moderate walking is recommended for people with knee pain because it is a low-impact activity. If your joints are sore and stiff, start slowly and work up to 20 minutes of walking a day.
Bananas and plantains are high in magnesium and potassium which can increase bone density. Magnesium can also relieve arthritis symptoms. Blueberries are packed with antioxidants that protect your body against inflammation and free radicals, molecules that can damage cells and organs.
Walking can help with some types of knee pain, but in others, it can make the injury worse. For example, if you've had a fall and hurt your knee, you'd better be in bed giving your joint complete rest, so the swelling doesn't get worse.
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PE Timeline
• First Modern Physical Education Teacher
Johann Friedrich was claimed to be the first modern physical education teacher, He taught in Dessau, Germany at a experiemental school where a lot of the curriculum at the school included physical training such as ball games, dancing, and fencing.
• First PE Teacher in America
Charles Beck was the first physical education teacher in America. He taught at the school at Round Hill. As sports became more popular, so did physical education. The first thing he tried implement into the program was gymnastics.
• First College Gymnasium
Havard, where Charles Beck eventually ended up teaching at created the first college gymnasium. Shortly after that, Yale followed the suit of Harvard and created a gymnasium in the same year.
• Physical Education in California
It's great to see that our own California was the first to create and pass a law that required all elementary and secondary schools to have a physical exercise program.
• Olympic Games
The first modern Olympic games were in 1896. In 1900, there were nineteen women that competed in the modern Olympic games.
• National Collegiate Athletic Association
The NCAA was created as an outcome of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States. The presidents of five major institutions like Army (West Point), Navy, Harvard, Princeton,and Yale Army gathered to decide how to make college athletics safer, and as a result of that...
• Title XI
One of the biggest acts that still plays a key role in today's society, Title XI. "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This was most benefical to women as they are now allowed to participate in sports at any level.
• No Child Left Behind Act
This act was one of the causes from the Brown vs. Board of Education case. It was a significant revising of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Former President George W. Bush required states to develp an annual test in basic skills to be given to all students from grades 3-8 if those states are to get any type of funding for education. Things are still in the works to help improve physical education programs to help prevent the obesity rate.
• Brown vs. Board of Education
A very significant turning points where all forms of segregation and discrimination, whether it was based on ethnicity, sex, religion, or even physical abilities were abolished. The great thing about this was since no students were able to be discriminated due to their physical abilities, schools had to change their curriculum so everyone would be able to participate. This was only the beginning of various acts that helped humans rights around not only the U.S. but the world as well.
• Obesity in America
It's clear that obesity is a major issue in America. Over 30% of U.S. adults and children are obese. Studies have shown that African-Americans are most prevelant to becoming obese followed by Hispanics. Asians aren't as prone to becoming obese.
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Girish Mahajan (Editor)
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Kingdom Animalia
Order Artiodactyla
Superfamily Balaenopteroidea
Higher classification Baleen whale
Phylum Chordata
Infraorder Cetacea
Scientific name Balaenopteridae
Rorqual whaleopediaorganimalfundwpcontentuploads2013
Family Balaenopteridae Gray 1864
Mass Blue whale: 140,000 kg, Humpback whale: 30,000 kg
Lifespan Blue whale: 80 – 110 years, Humpback whale: 45 – 50 years
Length Blue whale: 25 m, Humpback whale: 13 m
Gestation period Blue whale: 11 months, Humpback whale: 11 months
Lower classifications Blue whale, Humpback whale, Fin whale, Balaenoptera, Common minke whale
Le rorqual commun
Rorquals /ˈrɔːrkwəl/ (Balaenopteridae) are the largest group of baleen whales, a family with nine extant species in two genera. They include what is believed to be the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale, which can reach 180 tonnes (200 short tons), and the fin whale, which reaches 120 tonnes (130 short tons); even the smallest of the group, the northern minke whale, reaches 9 tonnes (9.9 short tons).
Rorqual Petit rorqual Baleines en direct
Rorquals take their name from French rorqual, which derives from the Norwegian word røyrkval, meaning "furrow whale".
Baleine bleue et petits rorquals tadoussac
Rorqual 1000 ideas about Rorqual on Pinterest
All members of the family have a series of longitudinal folds of skin running from below the mouth back to the navel (except the sei whale and common minke whale, which have shorter grooves). These are understood to allow the mouth to expand immensely when feeding, "permitting them to engorge great mouthfuls of food and water in a single gulp". These "pleated throat grooves" distinguish balaenopterids from other whales.
Rorqual Rorqual UniWiki
Rorquals are slender and streamlined in shape, compared with their relatives the right whales, and most have narrow, elongated flippers. They have a dorsal fin, situated about two-thirds the way back. Rorquals feed by gulping in water, and then pushing it out through the baleen plates with their tongue. They feed on crustaceans, such as krill, but also on various fish, such as herrings and sardines.
Rorqual Rorqual in Warp Trot Line
Gestation in rorquals lasts 11–12 months, so that both mating and birthing occur at the same time of year. Cows give birth to a single calf, which is weaned after 6–12 months, depending on species. Of some species, adults live in small groups, or "pods" of two to five individuals. For example, humpback whales have a fluid social structure, often engaging behavioral practices in a pod, other times being solitary.
Rorqual Rorqual EVEWiki
The "minke" whale is allegedly named after a Norwegian whaler named Meincke, who mistook a northern minke whale for a blue whale.
Distribution and habitat
Rorqual Rorqual Whale Chart A5 card Camilla Seddon Art Originals Prints
Distribution is worldwide: the blue, fin, humpback, and the sei whales are found in all major oceans; the common (northern) and Antarctic (southern) minke whale species are found in all the oceans of their respective hemispheres; and either of Bryde's whale and Eden's whale occur in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, being absent only from the cold waters of the Arctic and Antarctic.
Most rorquals are strictly oceanic: the exceptions are Bryde's whale and Eden's whale (which are usually found close to shore all year round) and the humpback whale (which is oceanic but passes close to shore when migrating). It is the largest and the smallest types — the blue whale and Antarctic minke whale — that occupy the coldest waters in the extreme south; the fin whale tends not to approach so close to the ice shelf; the sei whale tends to stay further north again. (In the northern hemisphere, where the continents distort weather patterns and ocean currents, these movements are less obvious, although still present.) Within each species, the largest individuals tend to approach the poles more closely, while the youngest and fittest ones tend to stay in warmer waters before leaving on their annual migration.
Most rorquals breed in tropical waters during the winter, then migrate back to the polar feeding grounds rich in plankton and krill for the short polar summer.
Feeding habits
As well as other methods, rorqual whales obtain prey by lunge feeding on bait balls. Lunge feeding is an extreme feeding method, where the whale accelerates to a high velocity and then opens its mouth to a large gape angle. This generates the water pressure required to expand its mouth and engulf and filter a huge amount of water and fish.
Rorquals have a number of anatomical features that enable them to do this, including bilaterally separate mandibles, throat pleats that can expand to huge size, and a unique sensory organ consisting of a bundle of mechanoreceptors that helps their brains to coordinate the engulfment action. Furthermore, their large nerves are flexible so that they can stretch and recoil. In fact, they give rorquals the ability to open their mouths so wide that they would be capable of taking in water at volumes greater than their own sizes. These nerves are packed into a central core area that is surrounded by elastin fibers. Opening the mouth causes the nerves to unfold, and they snap back after the mouth is closed. According to Potvin and Goldbogen, lunge feeding in rorqual whales represents the largest biomechanical event on Earth.
Formerly, the rorqual family Balaenopteridae was split into two subfamilies, the Balaenopterinae and the Megapterinae, with each subfamily contained one genus, Balaenoptera and Megaptera, respectively. However, the phylogeny of the various rorqual species shows the current division is paraphyletic, and in 2005, the division into subfamilies was dropped. The discovery of a new species of balaenopterid, Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai), was announced in November 2003, which looks similar to, but smaller than, the fin whale; individuals of this species were found in Indo-Pacific waters.
• Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
• Archaebalaenoptera
• Balaenoptera
• Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
• Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis
• Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera brydei
• Eden's whale, Balaenoptera edeni
• Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
• Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata
• Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis
• Omura's whale, Balaenoptera omurai
• Cetotheriophanes
• Diunatans
• Incakujira
• Megaptera
• Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
• Parabalaenoptera
• Plesiobalaenoptera
• Plesiocetus
• Praemegaptera
• Protororqualus
• Balaenoptera
• Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
• Megaptera
• Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
• Pterobalaena
• Common minke whale, Pterobalaena acutorostrata
• Antarctic minke whale, Pterobalaena bonaerensis
• Rorqualus
• Sei whale, Rorqualus borealis
• Bryde's whale, Rorqualus brydei
• Eden's whale, Rorqualus edeni
• Blue whale, Rorqualus musculus
• Omura's whale, Rorqualus omurai
• References
Rorqual Wikipedia
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EXPLAINER: U.S. kids and the COVID-19 vaccine
Is my child too young for the COVID-19 vaccine?
Is it safe, does it work?
As the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers authorizing the Pfizer vaccine for 5-11 year olds,
here is what you need to know about the vaccine for children.
EXPLAINER: The COVID-19 vaccine for children
When will they roll out?
The Pfizer vaccine has been available in the U.S. to kids aged 12 to 15 since May.
The shots for 5 to 11-year-olds are likely to be available early November.
Where will the shots be available?
Depending on the state - it could be in pediatricians' offices, pharmacies and schools.
Is it the same vaccine as the adult one?
Yes, but at a lower dose.
Pfizer and BioNTech have asked for authorization of a 10-microgram dose of the vaccine.
That's a third of the dose size given to people 12 and older.
The vaccine is still a two-shot vaccine, with doses given around three weeks apart.
Can you still use the children's dose on a small 5-year-old, or a big 11-year-old?
The dose is based on age and not weight, according to Brittany Kmush, who is an epidemiologist and professor at Syracuse University.
She says the vaccine dosing strategy has more to do with the maturity of the immune system rather than weight or metabolism.
Is it safe?
Safety data from more than 3,000 children who received the vaccine
in Pfizer's 4,500 participant clinical trial was generally comparable to that for 16- to 25-year-olds.
The most common side effects for children included
- fever
- headaches
- chills
which were generally reported less frequently and milder than for 12- to 15-year-olds.
Both the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines have been linked to rare cases of heart inflammation called myocarditis, especially in young men.
Still, Pfizer suggests that the rate of myocarditis in the age group is likely to be lower than observed in vaccinated 12- to 15-year-olds due in part to the lower dose.
Does it work?
Pfizer and BioNTech said in September that their COVID-19 vaccine induced a robust immune response in the 5- to 11-year-olds in its clinical trial.
And that for this age group the vaccine showed 90.7% efficacy against the disease.
Why bother?
If children are less likely to get seriously ill from COVID, why bother vaccinating them?
Pediatric vaccination is a public health tool to prevent infectious diseases,
even ones that do not have high rates of mortality or hospitalization in children.
Children in the U.S. already receive vaccines for illnesses that have similar or lower levels of related mortality in kids
like hepatitis A, chickenpox, rubella and rotavirus.
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I would like to ask which of the sentences or questions above is correct or what could be the best correction? The message that I would like to convey is that to improve a behavior as a result of gaining greater experience or knowledge of something.
• My option, "You never learn, do you?" Jul 2 '17 at 16:19
The first is grammatically correct. The second has a problem in that the tense of the tag question doesn't match the main sentence. It should be "You never learn, do you?"
Then the only difference is one of tense: The first is past tense. It concerns a matter in the past:
(on discovering a poor man from a slum can't read) "I understand why you can't read. You never learned, did you? You never went to school?"
The second is present tense, and concerns facts that are unchanging:
(Mother, on finding her son is playing games instead of studying) "I tell you everyday that you need to study, but you never learn, do you? You never listen to what anybody tells you."
The second sentence implies criticism.
You must log in to answer this question.
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How Nasa Inspired Paul George's New Nikes
Since 1958, NASA has been responsible for some of the greatest scientific feats in modern history - the 1969 Apollo 11 mission that landed the first people on the moon in and the STS-95 mission that sent 77-year-old John Glenn back into space come to mind. NASA's major contributions to humankind are without question, but it's also important to remember the little things.NASA recently teamed up with Nike to create the PG 3 X NASA. The shoe was inspired by NBA All-Star Paul George's love for NASA. The material and colors on the shoe are some of the very same featured on space suits. The kicks retailed for $120 before selling out almost instantly.The PG 3 isn't NASA's first foray into footwear. While the famed 1969 Apollo 11 mission served as an inspiration for an entire generation to dream of reaching the stars, one person had dreams of filling sneakers with air. That man was former NASA engineerFrank Rudy. After Apollo 11, the agency used a process called "blow rubber molding" to create hollow shoe soles that could be filled with shock absorbing material. This technology was originally used to produce safer flight helmets, but Rudy knew it could be used to help runners. In 1971 Rudy contacted Nike and pitched them the idea of putting shock absorbing air cells in the soles of its running shoes - and the Nike Air was born.Here's a look at other ways NASA tech and engineers have helped humankind take some giant everyday steps. And no, despite popular opinion NASA had no hand in creating Tang or Teflon.Memory foamIf you enter the sandman's sweet nightly embrace on a memory foam mattress, you have NASA to thank. That's right, the same folks that put the first human on the moon also puts millions to sleep every night. The material was first created to help keep test pilotswell cushionedduring flights, but soon went on to cushion everything from theater seats, football helmets and of course beds.Precision GPS navigationGlobal positioning system was implemented in the late 1970s after decades of work by scientists such asRoger L. EastonandDr. Gladys West. The technology that was initially designed for military pursuits would later be used by motorists across the world. Uncorrected GPS can be off by as much as15 meters. During the 1990s NASA, introduced Precision GPS, which is accurate within 5 centimeters.LASIKYears ago, wearing glasses seemed to be the resigned fate of everyone of a certain age. Now LASIK surgery uses laser pulses to reshape a patient's cornea. Involuntary eye movements are known as saccadic movements. For a LASIK procedure to be successful, those saccadic movements, which can occur over 100 times per second, must be tracked. In the 1980s, NASA helped develop a military tracking system calledLADAR. Later that same technology was turned into a LADARVision which is a USDA approved system used during LASIK eye surgery to help correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.DustbusterThat's right, NASA had a hand creating dust's mortal enemy - the Dustbuster. Black & Decker (SWK) refined a portable, self-contained drill developed by NASA and refined it until the cordless mini vacuum known as the Dustbuster came to be in 1979.Invisible Bracesif you have a sharp smile because of invisible braces, you have NASA to thank. In the mid-1980s dental companies were searching for a material that was strong yet transparent material as an alternative to traditional metal braces. Years earlier NASA research led to the creation of atransparent ceramic material that was stronger than steel and smooth to the touch. This technology would later be used to create invisible braces.Enhanced camera techEver taken a picture with a GoPro, DSLR or cell phone? If the answer is yes, then you have been the beneficiary of NASA technology. NASA invented theCMOSactive pixel sensor which resides in most digital camera-enabled devices. The same tech is also used at your local dentist office to take X-rays of your pearly invisible-braces-straightened whites.Reggie Wade is a writer for Yahoo Finance.
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Memory Foam Pillows
Memory Foam Pillows
What is memory foam? It is visco-elastic polyurethane foam that is resilient. It's so soft and light, but it can be firm under your head and extremely durable. It is dense, yet yielding. And it feels so right when it's under your head as a pillow. From being created for use in outer space to becoming the popular choice for mattresses, pillows, and coverings, this material sure has come a long way!What does memory foam do for you? For starters, it improves the quality of your sleep. It does this by taking away the points of pressure that the weight of your body exerts. It conforms to your body shape and gives you just the right support to make you comfortable. No wonder it's a favorite with doctors and chiropractors all over the country. are great for neck and back problems, for chronic snorers, for those who can never find a comfortable position to sleep in and for the ones who just love a feeling of soft, luxurious, snuggly comfort. So never mind if you sleep on your back, your side, or your tummy; this pillow allows a perfect neck-and-spine alignment, gently cradling your head. And the cervical memory foam pillow is a boon to snorers, aligning the head and neck to just the right degree so their snoring is minimized. It all adds up to a great night's sleep.The memory foam pillow is temperature-sensitive and jumps back to its original form like a jack-in-the-box as soon as you lift your head from it. No other pillow, be it down, feather, synthetic, or conventional foam, can beat its advantage of being so soft and yet so supportive.More and more people have started to swear by memory foam technology. Once you've experienced it, it could be hard to resist!
How Long Should I Let My Memory Foam Expand?
Frebreeze will help. The smell will eventually leave. I suspect your friend got a defective topper. We have one, and it is shorter and narrower than it is supposed to be. stretch it to fit your mattress before putting your sheet on. Memory only means if you stay off of it long enough, it will go back to close it's original size1. des anyone know what brand of Memory Foam Mattress I should get?ALWAYS buy from Costco. They have the most liberal return policy in the world. Save your receipt, and if you are ever dissatisfied for any reason at any time, you can return your purchase for a full refund. Furthermore, I've known people who've bought those memory foam mattresses and then regretted it. They really retain heat. So unless you are usually chilly when you sleep, you may not enjoy it.2. Stocking up on my period supplies?always infinity pads are seriously like memory foam. So comfortable !! U by Kotex sleek tampons are great. Also U by Kotex has those mini tampon things that you pull up to make normal size. Those are great to fit in your pocket when you can not have a purse with you! Also U by Kotex has little panty liners that are super tiny to keep in your pocket just in case you get your period unexpectedly or you are spotting. Always has great wipes for leaks. I do not use menstrual cups so sorry I can not help you there. I would not buy too many of each in case for some reason you do not like them! That would be wasting your money. Also, I do not know how old you are, but if you are planning to get pregnant soon then I would not buy too much because then they would not be getting used for almost a year! I do not see the reason to stalk up that much but it's your personal preference!3. What is the best mattress to choose if you have chronic neck and back pain?Before u buy a new bed try getting memory foam. i love. and maybe a memory foam pillow4. Does anyone own a sleep number bed?or memory foam mattress?My parents own a sleep number, that bed is AMAZING. The only problem is it slumps in the middle where the mattresses meet. But they got the cheapest one(I guess if you get the higher grade they do not do that. ) They found a cheap way to fix the slumping though by just putting a piece of plywood between the mattress and box5. How I Modded the Silicone Tips of AirPods Pro with a Memory Foam LayerI love my AirPods Pro and, ever since I bought them last October, I've been taking advantage of their noise cancellation technology to use them in more contexts than the original AirPods. They sound better than any other wireless earbuds I've tested (obviously, they sound much worse than my Sony IER-Z1R, but that's to be expected) and they cancel almost as much noise as my Sony WH-1000XM3, which is pretty remarkable for such tiny earbuds. AirPods Pro retain all the magic of the non-Pro line, but they bring the additional freedom granted by noise cancellation and transparency mode. There's one thing I do not particularly like about them, though: the default silicone tips. Unlike others (e.g. my girlfriend), I can use in-ear silicone tips without getting a headache after 20 minutes. It's not my favorite method of listening to music, however, because I know that memory foam tips are a better fit for my ears since they can better adapt to the shape of my ear canal and, as a result, provide better isolation and a more bass-y response. Over the years, I've developed an appreciation for Comply's popular foam tips (right now, I am testing their Audio Pro and Comfort tips with my IER-Z1R) and was hoping they would release AirPods Pro-compatible tip replacements made of memory foam. Much to my disappointment, the only foam tips designed for AirPods Pro I've found so far are these no-brand tips from Amazon US that I can not purchase from Italy (and which do not inspire a lot of confidence). I am assuming that since AirPods Pro require tips to have a special clip attachment that secures them onto the earbuds themselves, it's taking a while for third-party manufacturers to come up with a compatible design. I really wanted to figure out a way to use foam tips with my AirPods Pro though, so I kept looking for ideas or recommendations on how to make it happen. The solution I've adopted is not ideal since I still have not found complete foam replacements made specifically for AirPods Pro, but, at least for me, what I am using today is better than using Apple's default silicone tips. As I shared on Twitter a few days ago, I've modded the AirPods Pro's silicone tips with an extra memory foam layer, which helps the tips fit better in my ears, resulting in a warmer sound and overall more comfortable feel. The best part: I did not have to cut the memory foam layer myself - I simply took the foam layer from a pair of Symbio W eartips and fitted it inside the AirPods Pro's tips. The final result looks like this: Allow me to offer some context around how I discovered this method and how you can perform this mod yourself with relative ease. I was looking around for discussions related to AirPods Pro and memory foam tips a few weeks back, and I came across this discussion thread on the MacRumors forums where a few users reached the following consensus: until third-party manufacturers come up with a compatible clip that attaches to AirPods Pro and lets you use alternative tips, for now the best DIY mod involves taking a memory foam insert and sliding Apple's silicone tips inside it so that the foam layer ends up sitting between the central plastic "stem" of the tip and its outer layer. This is what I mean: Based on the aforementioned MacRumors thread, I purchased a set of Symbio W eartips from Amazon Japan (Symbio also has an official website with worldwide shipping, but I have not tried it myself). Symbio's in-ear tips are well suited for this kind of mod for a couple reasons. First, they are hybrid tips that feature a silicone membrane with an inner memory foam layer; if you pull out the silicone part, you can access the memory foam "ring" contained inside it and remove it so you can use it elsewhere. And second, the Symbio W's foam layer is thin and short enough that it can fit in the gap between the plastic stem and silicone layer in Apple's tips, while matching their height in all three sizes as well (just like AirPods Pro, the Symbio W eartips come in small, medium, and large sizes). This means that, unlike other mods, applying the Symbio W's foam parts to AirPods Pro's silicone tips will let the AirPods Pro case close just fine. Now, if you want to replicate this setup yourself, here's how you can do it in less than a minute for each AirPod. Grab one of the Symbio eartips (if you are using the medium tips for your AirPods Pro, use the medium Symbio tip too) and pull out the silicone exterior so that the memory foam portion is clearly visible: Next, gently remove the memory foam ring from the eartip: Grab the tip of your AirPods Pro and pull out the soft silicone part - again, do not apply too much pressure because you do not want to break it - so that it looks like this: Slide the plastic base of the AirPods' tip into the foam ring, then carefully adjust it so that it does not cover the vents (which help relieve pressure in your inner ear), as pictured below: Lastly, pull down the outer silicone layer of the AirPods' tip so it covers the newly inserted foam part, adjust the foam again so it does not cover the vents, and voila: Now, obviously this is a DIY modification and it's by no means an absolutely perfect match for Apple's design - but it's a close approximation that has helped me enjoy some of the benefits of memory foam tips despite the fact that I still have to use Apple's official tips. I've been rocking this setup for the past week, and not only do I find my AirPods Pro more comfortable to wear for prolonged listening sessions because the tips fit better in my ears and do not wobble as much as before, but sound isolation is also better (as confirmed by Apple's fit test in Settings). Thanks to the extra foam layer, the modded tips "fill" my ears, creating a better seal and ensuring the AirPods stay in place. As a result of the superior fit, I've also noticed a slightly warmer sound with a bit more bass than before, which I believe is a pleasant addition. Best of all, my right AirPod always stays in place now (which was not the case before the mod) and the additional foam layer has not been an issue for the case, which still closes perfectly. I recognize that after spending $249 on AirPods Pro, I should not have to invest roughly $18 (plus shipping) on a mod that only sort-of lets me use foam tips with them. Apple should provide users with more choice in terms of the materials used in the default tips: ideally, for $249 the company should offer a selection of silicone and memory foam tips in the box. But I also like my AirPods Pro a lot, and I use them for several hours every day, and I wanted to make them fit my ears better today. I am pretty happy with this temporary mod; until a better solution comes along, Symbio's W eartips have proven to be good companions to Apple's silicone tips, and I recommend them.
Find Back Pain Relief with the Right Mattress
Back aches and pains cannot be relieved by just a trip to the massaging parlor or taking pain relievers. No siree. Getting rid of this excruciating pain is much more possible if you choose the right mattress.If you have absolutely no idea about mattress technologies and mattress brands, this is the best time to educate yourself on what technology is specifically used to relieve back aches.Memory Foam Mattress This mattress type has one primary goal-that is to get rid of pressure points, stiff muscles, and back aches. Numerous mattress companies have already followed the trend for memory foam mattresses as a response to the demand of many consumers.What memory foam does is it pushes against your body. It conforms to the temperature of your body and supports every part. Even when you switch sleep position, a memory foam mattress immediately follows your body's contours.To maximize the potential of memory foam mattress, choose one with a good density. Sleep experts say those that are already suffering from back aches and those with angled figures (with bones sticking out) need more support, therefore 5 pounds of mattress density is advised. If you are more on the rounder side, a little less than 5 pounds is sufficient.Latex Mattress Latex mattresses are your next bet when it comes to a firm support. It is less firm but it is just right to conform well to your body angles. The open cell structure inside the mattress absorbs most of your weight and pushes back to prevent sore muscles.Using latex mattress has more advantages than just a mattress that can get rid of pressure points. It is also beneficial to your health. Since it is made from natural rubber tree sap, it is resistant to mold, mildew, bacteria and other mattress horrors.Hybrid Mattress Some people just could not get used to the firm support of memory foam. You can start by getting a hybrid mattress or those mattresses that use two technologies. Just make sure that the dominating technology is either latex or memory foam so the support to your whole body is still ensured. You can also choose the combination of latex and memory foam if the features of each mattress appeal to you.These types of mattresses work well in getting rid of back pains. Start looking for your own mattress now and start having restful sleep and wake up every morning without the usual bodily pains.
6 Unique Tips for Guaranteed Sweet Dreams
On your third cup of coffee and it's not even noon There are far too many of us worrying ourselves awake about getting a good night's rest, and the truth is it's affecting our physical and mental well-being. If you're tired of tossing and turning every night, the good news is there are more than a few ways to guarantee sweeter dreams. Whether that means finding the perfect mattress or designing a zen-er zone, here are a few simple tips for getting a happier sleep, in partnership with IKEA.A bedroom shouldn't just be the place you rest your head, it should be a sanctuary. If you're looking for some calm-inducing (and aesthetically pleasing) tricks to secure your zees, try implementing elements of feng shui design into your layout. For instance, avoid sleeping beneath a window, which is believed to be bad for your personal energy. A bed that's approachable from both sides, with nightstands on each, is also considered to be helpful. Stick to a warm neutral decor palette and make sure you have multiple light-level options to put your room on the good-vibes track.From laptops to kitchen appliances to regular ol' alarm clocks, time is literally staring us down every minute of the day. And if you're stuck with a nasty bout of insomnia, there's nothing more stressful than seeing the hours tick by. You can fix this by putting time out of sight, out of mind. Keep your phone outside of the bedroom, for instance, and you're less likely to keep yourself awake by checking the clock...or frantically refreshing your social feeds.If you're not getting a good sleep, there's a chance your mattress is the problem. Old and lumpy Not soft enough There are potentially dozens of reasons for your discomfort. Invest in a good rest by putting some (horizontal) time into picking out a new one. Head into the store and actually test out the wide array of body-contouring memory foam options, pressure-relieving latex mattresses, or airy spring and coil mattresses. You'll never know which is best if you don't give them all a lay-down dry run.From sleep disorders to general anxiety, many people have turned to weighted blankets and deep pressure therapy for rest and relaxation. Using the same principles as swaddling a baby, lying beneath a custom-weighted blanket—which should roughly be 10 per cent of your weight—has proven to be incredibly calming, often increasing production of serotonin and melatonin. The right pillow situation is equally key. Whether you're a side-sleeper, back-sleeper, or all-over-the-bed sleeper, don't worry, there's a pillow for that!Believe it or not, there's an entire YouTube community ready to lull you to sleep—on purpose! ASMR (which stands for Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response) is most easily defined as the pleasurable, tingly feeling you experience after hearing certain audio triggers, like gentle whispering, the strike of a match, or the rustle of leaves. If you're having trouble sleeping, cue up a playlist of ASMRtists, plug in your headphones, sit back, and soak in a world of soothing soundscapes.If you're feeling extra stressed in the evening, take a deep breath: Certain scents can help you unwind. Aromatherapy has long been used to trigger sleep, with essential oils of lemon, sage and jasmine, among others, believed to be especially calming. Lavender may be the most praised of the bunch, with studies suggesting the floral scent is especially effective with curing insomnia, and has the ability to affect our neuro-receptors, the same as anti-anxiety medication.Why not make every night a dreamy night (quite literally) with custom linens, lighting and bedroom decor from IKEA. Bountiful zees await!
Holiday Gifts to Fuel That Wanderlust
A pop-up book and a smartphone prop. A pretty little poncho and a sturdy, stylish tripod. A comfy new pillow and a little lamb that lulls you to sleep. These are some of the finds that just might wind up on your wish list — or your shopping list for the traveler in your life. Here are ideas curated by staff writers An Amlotte, Chris Erskine, Catharine Hamm, Anne Harnagel and Christopher Reynolds. Happy shopping.LuggageKnow when to fold 'emI lust after luggage the way many women lust after handbags. Can you really have too many suitcases? You can, especially if storage space is an issue, as it is for me. That's what I love about this Biaggi Contempo four-wheeler: You can collapse it so it fits under a bed. Useful for a cruise, useful for a cramped home, this 20-incher has another great aspect. It weighs only 7 pounds, thanks to its nylon exterior and aluminum frame. So far, I've taken it only on a weekend trip; if you're a Scrooge-like packer, you can probably pack it for a much longer stay. Or you could buy a larger size; you can find foldables up to 30 inches and several sizes in between. Comes in several colors too.Info: About $150, — C.H.Packing it inMore and more, our work travels with us. We're not saying that's a good thing; it's just a thing. And here's a nifty way to take along all the things that let you get the job done. Genius Pack's High Altitude Flight Bag is a contemporary take on an old-fashioned briefcase. It wraps around the upright tray table in front of you so that your papers, magazines and electronics are within reach during your flight. For cyclists, it wraps around the bike's center bar, out of the way for commuting but still safe. It also hooks nicely on your carry-on luggage. In sky blue, coral red, plum and mint. Just think of it as a stylish pocket protector.Info: $58 — C.E.Wild weekenderIt's time to ditch that frumpy old black backpack in favor of this colorful Allende weekender bag by Stela 9. Handmade in Guatemala, it features a finely embroidered exterior and rolled handles, with an optional pebbled leather shoulder strap. There's a convenient zip pocket in back, and the zip top opens wide to a lined interior roomy enough to store all the essentials for your getaway.Info: $282, — A.H.TechYou're getting sleeeeepyIt was love at first sight for me and Cirrus, SleepPhones' super-cute aid for people who have trouble sleeping when they're away from home. Although the plush sheep is a storage accessory for the company's comfy headphones, the soothing power of a soft, cuddly toy is not to be underestimated, even for grown-ups. The SleepPhones headband is home to two felt-covered speakers that deliver a warm sound for their size. Bluetooth pairing is a breeze, and the headphones are a dream to sleep with. The volume can be turned up high enough for air travel, but don't expect it to drown out that pesky chatterbox in the row behind you or silence snoring roomies. Be sure to order the correct size for the most comfortable fit.Info: $99.95, — A.A.3-2-1, chill!If you're the type of traveler who's always being reminded to chill, HeartMath's iOS Sensor is for you. It clips to your earlobe and feeds information about your pulse to the accompanying Inner Balance app, which in turn guides you through a training session that is designed to improve well-being and clarity of thought. Although we can't vouch for the science behind the technology, we did find that the app was effective at keeping our scatterbrained self focused on relaxation for a few minutes. The sensor has a 30-pin connector, so if your device uses a lightning connector, you'll need an adapter.Info: $99, — A.A.Getting an earfulReady to tune into "Song for a Winter's Night"? British speaker manufacturer KEF enters the headphone market with the M500 over-the-ear headphones, so warm and comfortable you could use them for earmuffs. Even better, the soundscape ranges from deep and warm to high and clear. The handsome headphones offer sweat-resistant and breathable memory foam ear pads that rotate easily to adapt to different-sized heads. They fold up into a stylish carrying case, ideal for travel. High fidelity, low fuss. Works with most computers, smartphones and other mobile devices.Info: $299, — C.E.Sound ideaYou have a fine set of earbuds or headphones that you love, but now you need a mike (for Skype or other VOIP uses or gaming). The MoovMic by Headset Buddy can step into the breach. This lightweight boom mike can attach to a spot on your buds or phones using a small adhesive-backed plate. Then plug the mike part into the appropriate receptacle on your PC and Skype away. The sound on my test call was crisp and clear, superior to the sound on my smartphone earbuds.Info: $24.95, — C.H.Steady thereOne key to great travel photos and videos — often underappreciated by amateurs — is a steady lens. Menotti tripods can give you that, with portability and a dash of style. Most of its products come in eight colors (handy for spotting your sticks when it's time to move on). The Day Trip tripod ($119 and up) is the most compact — just 9.4 inches long when collapsed. The top-of-the-line Globe Trotter can support up to 26.4 pounds, converts into a monopode and can be ordered in aluminum ($209) or lighter, pricier carbon fiber. The company also make $59 monopodes.Info: $59-$369, — C.R.Props for youIt's small, it's smartly designed and it makes life easier. What's not to love about an item like that, which is what Keyprop is. It's a smartphone stand shaped like a key that you attach to your key ring. Why do you need a stand? If you're watching a movie on an airplane tray tabletop or you're shooting a selfie or you're doing video Skype. One prong of the Keyprop fits in the earphone jack, which means it works in non-iPhone products. Another prong fits into the lightning connector on an iPhone5 and above, which means it can work two ways on the Apple of your eye. It will not work if your phone's case is big and bulky. On an Otterbox-encased phone, it worked only with the earphone plug. Your world won't end if you don't have a Keyprop, but it may revolve a little more smoothly if you do.Info: About $13, — C.H.Neat, neat, neatWant to be the most popular kid in the class (or attendee at the conference)? Carry a power strip — one whose size is manageable as it is in the Pack and Plug, from GUS (Great Useful Stuff). When outlets are limited, you'll have star power. That's just one of the functions of the Pack and Plug, a roll-up home for that power strip and the other assorted lightning connectors and mini- or micro-chargers as well as a mesh pocket for that thumb drive, batteries and other assorted gear. It also keeps those various connectors neat and tidy; you plug them into the power strip and the power strip into your hotel outlet. No more snarls. Its blue protective case makes it easy to find in the recesses of your bag. Its sibling, the Cotton Cord Roll, does the same thing, minus the power strip. But this organizer, which is coated cotton, is lighter (no power strip) and has labels for the tablet, phone and computer cords. My bag no longer looks like Charlotte's web, which takes some of the bite out of travel.Info: Pack and Plug and Cotton Cord Roll, $19.99 each, — C.H.Zap those identity thievesWard off the unseen enemy with these protective passport sleeves, one of the most-interesting — and telling — stocking-stuffers of the season. These lightweight radio frequency-blocking sleeves purport to keep your information safe from cyber pickpockets. The simple cover, known as an RFID-blocking sleeve, looks just like another paper envelope, yet it's water-resistant and tough to tear. And something special for those with a James Bond complex.Info: $5, credit card; $6, passport; — C.E.Travel clothing, accessories and comfortFanny pack, reduxTo call Trabeca's sash a fanny pack is a bit of a cheap shot. It's a more fashionable alternative to the accessory that has room for everything but your dignity. With three styles to choose from, the sash is ideal for those who don't like to carry a purse. A zippered pocket at the small of the back holds a smartphone, and a front pocket with a Velcro closure has room for cash, cards or a key. Travelers no longer have to fumble with money belts that tuck under clothes; this sash keeps everything close at hand yet hidden from prying eyes.Info: $46-$68, — A.A.Slim slippersIf you need to make every centimeter of suitcase space count, consider the One Piece Camp Slipper Shoe, which lies flat in your luggage and weighs about 3 ounces. This slipper is what you want if you're staying in a dive hotel with a grimy shower floor or anywhere you don't want your tootsies to touch the ground (or anywhere where the owner of said ground doesn't want your feet scuffing up their lovely parquet, for example). To slip them on, you stick your foot through and flip them over. You don't have to worry about width if your dogs are wider than usual; there's enough neoprene to keep them covered. If you need arch support, these slippers aren't for you; if that's not an issue, these may be minimalist nirvana. In black, green, blue and red.Info: $11.95, — C.H.As right as rainThis cheery polka-dot poncho by Reisenthel could brighten even the rainiest day in London. Made of tough, lightweight polyester, it has a drawstring hood and a zipper at the neckline, making it easy to pull on and off. Snap closures on the sleeves keep out the wet weather. And when the sun does shine, the poncho folds into its own pouch. Also in black-and-white houndstooth.Info: $25, — A.H.Chill chaserIs it a wrap? Or is it a blanket? Either way, it means you have one less item to pack. The multipurpose Wrapper Blanket by Chilly Jilly can be worn as a sarong-like beach coverup or as a wrap in a drafty opera house. Impromptu picnic? It's a ground cover too. But I like it best as a blanket to ward off the arctic chill of a long-distance plane trip. The brushed microfiber and spandex fabric is warm, lightweight and washable. In brown, slate and navy.Info: $40, — A.H.Snuggle inEven the sturdiest road warrior could use some TLC — totally luxurious cashmere. This travel set from Ralph Lauren features a warm cashmere blanket and eye mask in a coordinating zippered bag that doubles as a pillow. Wrapping yourself in the blanket, which measures 32 by 55 inches, is like snuggling in your fave cable-knit sweater. In navy, gray, camel, black, red, Champagne and cream.Info: $395, — A.H.You snooze, you cruiseYou know those travel pillows that fit you like a collar? They're a pain in my neck. I fall asleep, my chin sags and the next thing I know, I've tipped forward and drooled on myself or tipped to the side and drooled on my seatmate. Not a pretty picture. The J-Pillow stops that from happening. It can be used several ways, but I used it like a mini-collar around my neck and the abbreviated elephant trunk cradling my chin. On a recent flight, it kept me from bonking my head on the plane window; when I switched to the right side, it kept me from becoming too familiar with my neighbor. It weighs in at about half a pound, but it squashes down to a packable size. Worth the weight for no crick in the neck.Info: $30.95 with free shipping, — C.H.Help's at handThere's no excuse for a droopy hemline or spinach in your teeth with this teeny-tiny (3-by-2-by-2-inch) tool bag. The Transportation Security Administration-compliant Minimergency Survival Kit is packed with 17 items — double-sided tape, dental floss, stain remover, mending kit and more — to help you cope with fashion, beauty or personal predicaments while away from home. The zip-touch pouch comes in glittery pewter or fuchsia, making it easy to find in your carry-on or tote bag.Info: $15, — A.H.Man upMen can keep their travel odds and ends organized with a lightweight pouch, detailed with playful graphics such as Man Things. The 8-inch-long pouch, from Flight 001, can handle most of your travel-related vitals — passports, cell chargers, keys, breath mints. In fact, they would make perfect cigar pouches for your next Vegas trip. Durable canvas topped by a heavy-duty zipper for travelers who are looking for a simple pouch that just gets the job done.Info: $18, — C.E.Get the message?Sometimes, the best thing you can do for a friend is to push them toward the paradise they might not otherwise explore. Use the power of suggestion to get them on the road with this luggage tag from Jonathan Adler. Also sold as a passport cover, the Take a Trip message gets the point across in a hurry. Both items are made of leather, with bold and colorful graphics. While you're at it, maybe you can get them to take a friend along as well?Info: $38 each, — C.E.Good to giftArt of the matterMaybe you don't have that killer photo that shows the glories of San Francisco or the beauties of San Diego, but you can have a representation of these and other destinations beautifully framed. And they may evoke more oohs and aahs than your photos. offers prints that evoke the heyday of the picture postcard and can be framed to your liking. If you're more literal-minded, check out's Associated Press collection, which can also be framed. For the traveler in your life — and maybe that's you — these are fitting reminders of the roads you've traveled and the memories you've brought home.Info: From $7.99, — C.H.Honk, honkNew York fans will appreciate this handmade 100% wool needlepoint pillow, velvet backed with a hidden zipper. Emblazoned with one of the city's ubiquitous taxicabs, this colorful pillow will elicit a smile from even the toughest cabby — just don't forget to tip.Info: $98, — A.H.Take a passHere's a cool tool for the beaten path. If you know somebody headed to New York or another major U.S. city, a Citypass booklet can save substantial money on major tourist attractions. With New York, for example, $106 buys adult admission to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, MoMA, the Guggenheim and several other major attractions, which otherwise would cost you $185 (and you'd spend more time standing in line). The booklets are typically good for nine days from your first use. Also covered by Citypass: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Hollywood, Houston, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, Southern California and Toronto.Info: Price varies by city, — C.R.BOOKSPop goes the parkNothing better than feeling like a kid again, especially during the holidays. The 3-D "America's National Parks — A Pop-Up Book" evokes that feeling when you turn a page and up pops the Grand Canyon in all in its blazing-red-hued glory. Five other parks (yes, Yosemite is one of them) are given the pop-up treatment, and a dozen other parks are highlighted as well. The National Parks Conservation Assn. receives $8 from the sale of each book. From the signed, numbered, limited deluxe edition, $80 goes to the organization.Info: $34.95, $105 for the deluxe edition; — C.H.Not for women only"Earth's crammed with heaven," poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote in "Aurora Leigh," her poem/novel published in 1856. Those who have been to Yosemite know that's true; those who pick up "Yosemite Meditations for Women" can see it in the photographs that illustrate the quotes (of which Browning's is one) and vice versa. This small book with photos by Michael Frye and edited by Claudia Welsh is short and sweet. My only quibble: It's suitable for men too. Don't believe it? Look for the Mae West quote. Yes, Mae West in the same book as Mother Teresa and Edna St. Vincent Millay. If that doesn't make a smile pass your lips, you need Scrooge therapy.Info: $9.95, — C.H.Time, stampedFor some, stamp collecting is about as exciting as watching paint dry, so you might be tempted to skip "A History of Britain in Thirty-Six Postage Stamps," by Chris West. Don't do it. West uses stamps as a way to explain societal and economic (and, of course, postal) changes in the United Kingdom. It's an unusual portal that, for instance, explains why the stamp commemorating King Edward VII, issued two days before his death in 1910, was so somber (coincidence because, as he notes, the king was anything but). The author uses the Diana commemorative stamp, issued in 1998, to say that the stiff-upper-lipped British let down their guard when she died, noting that the outpouring of love and grief represented "the tears of people who had spent their lives being told to bury their emotions and were now suddenly allowed to let them out. It was a substantial shift in national sensibility." A million times more interesting than watching robin's egg blue adhere to the walls.Info: $28, — C.H.Boston, belovedThis collection of essays is as Boston as a bowl of clam chowder. In fact, one of the essays deals with just that — the communal experience of making the beloved soup. But whether you're a true chowderhead, a Red Sox lover or just a fan of fine writing, you'll love "Our Boston," a celebration of the city by dozens of writers assembled in the wake of this year's marathon attacks. Eighty percent of the essays are original, but the book also includes classic Boston odes such as John Updike's "Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu," on Ted Williams' last game at Fenway, as fine a piece of baseball writing as you'll find. Also featured: Mike Barnicle, Susan Orlean, Pico Iyer.Info: $16, — C.E.L.A. as it never wasHere's a strange and wonderful city you're never going to see in person, so you might as well buy this new coffee table book. "Never Built Los Angeles," by Sam Lubell and Greg Goldin, is an exploration of about 100 grand L.A. ideas that never got built. Some of these phantoms you may vaguely know, such as Walt Disney's rejected plan for a theme park in Burbank (before he moved the idea to Anaheim); or the Olmsted brothers' failed 1930 proposal for a series of parks along the L.A. River (before the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers entombed it in concrete). But mostly, these assiduously illustrated schemes and dreams will be revelations to you — sometimes cruel news, sometimes welcome relief.Info: $55, — C.R.Eye on Ireland"Ireland is a prism between the sun and the Irish Sea." With these telling words, photographer Jay Ben Adlersberg begins a book full of stunning images and lyric salutes to the Emerald Isle. Think you've already seen every kind of Irish steeple and saloon? Perhaps. But Adlersberg's eye for texture and detail brings familiar subjects alive in new ways. "Ireland: In Word and Image" is as wide and long as a dinner tray, making the 160 photos even more stunning. Passages by wordsmiths such as Thackeray and Yeats also grace the pages.Info: $60, — C.E.Fresh and breezyIf "Four Seasons of Travel" doesn't give you wanderlust, see a doctor immediately; you're probably half dead. National Geographic's look at destinations worldwide is a symphony in four parts: winter, spring, summer and fall. Christmas in London is fairly obvious. But how about a sleigh ride across Russia's icy Lake Baikal or the northern lights over Norway? Even the most experienced travelers will find fresh travel ideas in this vivid exploration of the best destinations on the planet.Info: $40, — C.E.Hitting the high notesOpera lovers and world travelers will want to treat themselves to the just published "The Most Beautiful Opera Houses of the World," with 200 color photographs by Guillaume de Laubier, text by Antoine Pecqueur and foreword by James Levine, musical director of the Metropolitan Opera in New York. This armchair tour of more than 30 of the world's most distinguished opera houses is filled with discussions of their history and architectural, design and acoustical features. Hundreds of photographs showcase the facades and often opulent auditoriums of these landmarks and take the reader behind the scenes for a look at dressing rooms, rehearsal halls and workshops.Info: $60, — A.H.Well-sited"Art & Place: Site Specific Art of the Americas" celebrates art created for a specific space, whether it be an urban environment, a far-flung island or a distant mountain peak. The handsome volume, edited by Amanda Renshaw, is illustrated with 800 color photos arranged geographically from Canada to Argentina, a road trip of sorts through 15 countries and some 60 cities to visit more than 500 artworks. Artists range from members of ancient civilizations such as the Anasazi and Inca to modern artists such as Claes Oldenburg and Anish Kapoor. "Art & Place" also includes a section on works no longer with us — either lost, destroyed or ephemeral.Info: $79.95, —
Find the Best Mattresses and Pillows for Side Sleepers Today
During my process of selection, I noticed the vast amount of time it took to research which mattresses provide the most comfort and support to side sleepers like myself. With literally several hundred different types of mattresses to pick from, I was overwhelmed. I ended up doing extensive research on the best mattresses for side sleepers by noting down the features, pros and cons of each product. Only then, I was able to finally narrow down my choices and purchase the right mattress for myself. I have learnt a lot during this process and I've decided to create this website to share with you what I knowledge I have gained. I do not work in the mattress or pillow industry, nor do I get paid by any of the manufacturers to promote their products. I am just like you, a side sleeper thriving to continuously improve the quality of sleep I get every night. I want to provide my fellow side sleepers with honest, objective and informative reviews on the best mattresses and pillows out there for a side sleeper. My Top Picks for the Best Mattresses in 2016 The following are the top 3 mattresses based on the extensive research that I've been collecting for this website for the past several months. More specifically, I've been keeping track of which mattresses people are most interested in, the mattresses that are viewed the most times, have been purchased a good number of times as well as the mattresses which have the best reviews based on my findings. From all my research, I've found that the best mattresses for side sleepers are... This Turf & Needle (T&N) foam mattress is one of the best-selling mattresses for a good reason. Its proprietary T&N adaptive foam layer provides the mattress with a unique characteristic, in that it has a more responsive surface when compared to most memory foam mattresses. The mattress also incorporates cooling gel and graphite to provide better airflow and reduce heat buildup between you and the mattress. You can not go wrong with the T&N mattress if you are a side sleeper as this is a mattress that provides maximum comfort and support. >>Click here to buy the T&N 10-inch Mattress >Click here to buy the DreamFoam Ultimate Dreams Mattress >Click here to buy the Brentwood Home 13-Inch Gel HD Memory Foam Mattress 1. how can i go to sleep faster ?Having trouble getting to sleep? Try these tips to help you go to sleep faster. Difficulty: Easy Instructions Things You will Need cozy bed and pillows Memory foam mattress or topper complete darkness silence 1 Lay down and clear your mind. Do not think about your tasks or problems of the day or the issues that you may face tomorrow. 2 Focus on your breathing. Inhale for 3 seconds (count one-one thousand...) Exhale for 3 seconds. Continue this with your eyes closed and mind clear. 3 Start releasing the stress in your body. Begin with your head. Tighten your face muscles, squint your eyes, hold for a second and then release. Next tighten the muscles in your neck. Hold and release. Work your way down to your shoulders. Tighten and release. Continue this process down your body all the way to your toes. Continue to focus on your breathing pattern while tightening and releasing your muscles. 4 Continue this pattern of breathing and stress release until you find your body fall into a complete state of relaxation. You will then be asleep. Tips & Warnings If you try this and still have problems falling asleep, then you probably are not clearing your mind. If you are having trouble clearing your mind, think of a tranquil scene. Sometimes I imagine I am laying on a sailboat or small yacht with a warm breeze and smooth waves rocking me back and forth. Repeat the above tips nightly and your body will soon recognize when it's sleep time and automatically put you to sleep. Update If you are feeling discomfort from your bed; springs, hardness etc. maybe you should purchase a new mattress or a memory foam topper. I highly recommend the memory foam topper because it's inexpensive and feels great to lay on. Also feel free to upgrade your pillows when they become flat and un-cozy.2. How can I stop my memory foam mattress from slipping off the foundation?Get a large sheet of rubberized mats they sell for putting under area rugs to keep them from slipping. Sold anywhere area rugs are sold. Lift the mattress off the box spring, lay the anti slip mat down and put the mattress back. No more slipping3. What is the best way you can prevent back pain without spending a lot of money?I suffered from horrible back pain until I did the following:1.) Yoga at least once a week 2.) Standing desk 3.) Memory foam mattress
Buy a Memory Foam Topper Or a New Mattres.. Big Dip in Current Mattress?
Toppers are not for use with sagging mattresses. They are to make a firm bed softer1. Buy a memory foam topper or a new mattres.. big dip in current mattress?Based on your description "hammock" it sounds like the dip is too deep to fix with a topper. The foam toppers are made to conform to the shape of the supporting base; so you would have a hammock styled topper if you tried that. You obviously want to save money so my suggestion is to look into the Component Bed so that in the future you can just buy parts which is what you are trying to do now anyways.2. Are Tempur-Pedic mattresses worth the investment?When Tempur-pedic first came out there were no other memory foam options and for several years after that the other options that were available were not very good. This allowed them to build a reputation as THE memory foam company. This is no longer the case today. There are many many foam manufacturers who are now making memory foam that IMO is at least as good quality and in some cases better than TP at much lower prices. Many of these are also more breathable than TP and do not sleep as hot. Each of them has their own similar but unique feel. There is also unfortunately some very poor quality memory foam being imported from Asia and other places that will not last very long and does not have nearly the same properties as better quality memory foam. There is an organization that tests memory foam both for offgassing and durability in the US called "Certi-Pur" and its European counterpart called Europur and it is a good idea to both know the source of the memory foam in any mattress you are considering and to make sure the source is a member of one of these (there are others as well). Beware of anyone telling you that memory foam is in any way "green" ... even if some of the polyols (an ingredient used in manufacture) have been replaced with soy or other so called "natural" polyols. They are still 80% petrochemical in nature and memory foam itself is in no way green or natural. This is all a marketing gimmick based on half truths. A good US "brand" of memory foam IMO is either Sensus or Aerus made by a company called Foamex however there are also several other high quality memory foams manufactured in the US and Europe. The best quality memory foams are 5 lbs / cu ft or more and I would certainly avoid any memory foam with a density less than 4.0 lbs / cu ft in a lower price mattress and higher if your budget warrants it. Tempurpedic is a good quality memory foam and is a "known quantity" which makes them safer than buying unknown foam. Unfortunately they also take advantage of their position and the lack of consumer information and knowledge about memory foam in general to charge prices that I believe can no longer be justified in today's much more competitive market. More information here ...3. How can I clean cat pee out of a memory foam mattress?Go to the pet store and purchase "Natures Miracle" It comes in a red and white bottle. When you apply it, put it on heavy! Cat urine is extremely concentrated (desert animals you know they do not drink much water) and needs to be flushed out. The Natures Miracle has enzymes in it that dissolve the urine compounds that cause the odor.4. Families coated in tiny glass fibers after removing cover on memory foam mattressesMichelle Cantrell, of Austin, Texas, unzipped the cover on her daughter's 7-year-old memory foam mattress to wash it and noticed a tear in the cover. She did not think anything of it until several days later when she started itching after putting on a shirt that had been washed with the cover. She turned the shirt inside out and shined a light on the fabric, "just to see if I could see anything," she told Texoma's Homepage. "You could see all the shards of fiberglass just sticking up like knives." She realized it came from the mattress pad. The Cantrells bought their mattress from Canada-based DHP Furniture through Amazon. "In order for us to meet U.S. federal mattress flammability standards, many memory foam mattresses are constructed with a fire retardant knit fabric barrier that includes glass fiber threads," a company spokesperson said. The fibers are concealed under the quilting of the mattress cover on memory foam mattresses and serve as a fire barrier. The Cantrells hired a decontamination team to clean up the prickly fibers that had settled throughout their house. After six visits, the family still spots a fiber sparkling in the light, causing them to itch or cough. Cantrell also had to throw out all the pillows and blankets and nearly half of her clothes because she just could not get the fibers out of the fabric. What Cantrell cannot understand is why there was no warning label on the mattress. Oddly, Cantrell is not the only person who has been pricked by glass fibers after removing the covering of a memory foam mattress. Brittney Rodriguez of San Antonio said she followed the care instructions on her 7-year-old mattress, which said, "To Clean Mattress Outer Cover: Machine wash cold in mild detergent. Gentle spin cycle. Dry on gentle air cycle. DO NOT BLEACH, DO NOT DRY CLEAN." But after following the instructions, glass fibers suddenly coated her entire apartment. "This stuff gets up your nose, your eyes, and everywhere and it's hard," said Brittney's mother, Maria Astolfo. She called for an estimate to clean up the near-invisible mess and was told it would cost more than $4,000. Like Cantrell, many of Astolfo and Rodriguez's possessions were unsalvageable. "I am frustrated at this point, I am exhausted," Rodriguez told KUTV. Astolfo purchased her daughter's mattress from Walmart and got the name of the mattress manufacturer. The company agreed to refund the full $309 purchase price and are awaiting a separate estimate for cleaning the family's apartment. According to Texoma's, the Consumer Product Safety Commission is not aware of any health risks associated with fiberglass in memory foam mattresses or mattress covers. But Amazon reviews show that the problem is not an isolated incident. Beasley Allen is not currently accepting claims related to this consumer product.
Memory Foam Pillows Good for the Back .........?
I have found them great help. JC Penneys has a great cheap one1. Guide for choosing the best carpet cleaning company | Moussy Home NetworkWhen choosing a carpet cleaning company, here are three items to keep in mind to help you find the best carpet cleaning company for your needs. What cleaning method does the company use? Most companies utilize a hot water extraction method while others use shampoo or dry foam. To be sure you are using the best method for your type of carpeting, speak to a company representative or your carpet manufacturer for recommendations. It is also good to research the type of cleaning agents the company uses. If you have small children or pets, you might need a special type of cleaning solution that offers an extra level of safety. You might also want to ask about what other services are included with the carpet cleaning. For example, does the company offer spot treatment for old or difficult stains? Will company representatives move your furniture and replace it for you? Will your carpet be treated with a stain guard product after it is cleaned? Find out if a company representative will come to asses your carpet before cleaning to ensure the right cleaning method is used for your particular needs. How does the company select its employees? Is the carpet cleaning company concerned about the quality of its workforce? Are employees licensed, bonded and insured? Make a mental note about how you are treated when calling the company. Is the person assisting you professional, courteous and helpful? Ask for references to find out about timeliness, work quality and if the company's services are recommended. Visit the company's website to see what information it offers about the company's employees and what promises/guarantees they are expected to honor. Specifically, know what is included in each price quote you are given. Does the company charge per room or is a flat rate price given for all carpet to be cleaned? Will you be charged more if your carpet is more difficult to clean, or if you no longer have a warranty? Be wary of a price that sounds too good - the company may be new and inexperienced, or it may not offer the cleaning services you need. Check the company's website to see if you can get an online quote. This will allow you to compare prices before you sign on the dotted line. To get the most from your home carpet cleaning company, try Chem-Dry of Franklin, ask questions, and do your homework too. The more you know about what cleaning method is best for your carpet and what price you are willing to pay, the better off you will be. Ideally, the company will exceed your expectations and will leave you with clean, beautiful carpet.2. What is one helmet that would be adequate (not perfect, of course) for skating, biking, rock climbing, and skydiving?To answer your question, I need to first warn you that no single helmet fits all your activity. I tried to get one to save money before then I learned that the activities mentioned have different impact characteristics. I am here informing you of the risk. It might be cheaper to get two kinds of helmet for its intended purposes. Is it safe to use bike or skateboard helmet while climbing?Generally foam helmets break on impact so as to disperse the energy, preventing it from jarring your noggin. Cycling helmets are usually made of hard foam. Some higher tiered climbing helmets are foam constructed as well and these are lighter than their polycarbonate cousins. Hard helmets with sponge/harness inside works a different mechanic. Sports or water sports helmets tend to be these types including climbing where you might face repeated bashing or missile drops.With the above said, here's what I can recommend. Vapor Helmet - Black Diamond Climbing GearWall Rider | MammutBoth of the above are rated for single use climbing. Meaning that if a 5lb rock falls on it or if you bashed your head on the wall, it is as good as compromised. Many bicycle helmets are similarly constructed this way. There's also this link here: Multi-Sport HelmetsI can't find the Petzl model on the web. You might be able to get it on Amazon if they still have stock. The helmets in the page are certified for a range of activities you might be interested in. However, if you'd want to save a little more cash, I'd recommend the Protec Classic like the other answer. Although it gets hot in there during summer cycles, it lasts through repeated knocks.Right below is another kind made by Protec purely for a US DOD contract. Known as bump helmets. Don't skip this without giving it consideration. It is rated like a hard hat that is a lot more comfortable. It has a semi-hard polymer shell that flexes upon impact, and a close-cell sponge that encapsulates your skull to give it a two tier shock absorption protection. Protec Helmets:What is one helmet that would be adequate (not perfect, of course) for skating, biking, rock climbing, and skydiving?3. Memory Foam For A Hard College Bed...?HELL YA!!!!! For 20 dollars im going tomorrow!!! I love memory foam beds , I just brought a king size one from overstock ( 14") it rocks!!! you will get hooked on memory foam!
7 Top Picks - Best Cooling Mattress Toppers (Pads) UK | [UPDATED 2021 ]
If you are like many of the population and suffer from extremely hot sweaty nights under the covers, then this guide is for you. We know that a memory foam mattress is great for both comfort and support, but they are renowned for retaining heat...which, if you suffer from night sweats, much harder to get a good night's sleep. The goal of this article is to find the best cooling mattress topper for your needs and budget. The Panda topper is our best overall mattress topper for most people thanks to its suitability for most mattress types. It's corner straps mean it fits nice and snug to your existing mattress and the anti-slip layer prevents it from sliding around as your turn-over at night. Made up of "3rd generation memory foam", which was introduced to the market in 2006 and is essentially a gel memory foam, which is made up of gel particles and visco foam - a combination that is designed to reduce trapped body heat and allow body heat to escape. There is also a removable bamboo cover, making it easy to keep your topper clean and fresh and last for many years to come. With 8 sizes to choose from, you can find the exact fit you need, from single to super-king and all sizes in between. All Panda toppers, regardless of size, are 5cm thick (2 inches), and when your topper arrives it will be rolled into a nice neat and eco-friendly box with minimal packaging to throw away as most can be recycled. All in all, we highly recommend the Panda gel topper if you suffer from sleepless nights due to being too warm. The Dreamzie Orthopaedic topper is designed for all types of sleeper and has a focus on comfort no matter your preferred sleep position be it front, back or side. With 5cm of memory foam, it is built to relieve pressure points whilst you sleep, reducing those aches and pains many of us feel first thing in the morning. Thousands of people have tried this topper and it's reviews and ratings show just how good this product actually is, even if you've not heard of the brand before when it comes to cooling mattress toppers, Dreamzie know what they are doing. With a machine washable cover and all UK/EU sizes available, it is a great choice for those that run a little warm at night and would like a topper that increases the comfort of their existing mattress and provide some cooling properties. They do recommend allowing the topper ti 'air' for 24-hours after opening from its vacuum-packed box in order to allow it to get back to its pre-packaged state and any odors to dissipate. RECCI decided to take a different route with this product when compared to most cooling mattress pads on the market, in that they decided NOT to use gel, aloe or any other infused materials. They've kept this topper 100% memory foam, so if you have an existing foam mattress and love it, then this would pare nicely. They stand out feature of this topper is it's ability to form to your bodys contours and releve any stress placed on your joints as a result and since the do not use any gel infusion, they have a special weave that encourages airflow across and around the body, allowing for a cooler sleep. If you are looking for something a little different from the others and want a 100% memory foam topper, that uses a hypoallergenic bamboo cover then the RECCI could be for you. Especially if you suffer from any type of upper or lower back pain, as this product has been proven to reduce soreness and is also certified by the ISPA (International Sleep Products Association). The Millard memory foam topper is infused with PCM cooling gel, which provides a more consistent cool night's sleep thanks to the improved airflow around the body. This product uses high-density memory foam and is very durable, so it should last a long time. If you suffer from Asthma or have any other allergies, then the anti-microbial properties of the materials used in the Millard mattress pad will certainly help with those snuffles, itchy eyes and scratchy through many of us suffer from. This topper has proven to keep you cool on those warm nights and prevent night sweats that can give us a terrible broken night's sleep. the Millars's price point is also very attractive and it is the second cheapest cooling topper in our list, so if budget is the most important to you then give this a try. You make think of down as an insulative material and that it has no place in a cooling mattress topper, and I did too until I researched more about this product and the materials used. First of all, Rayon is made from bamboo, which is in most if not all toppers that help to reduce body heat, then there's the down-alternative, which is primarily used to provide the comfort layer that you lie on, providing a cloud-like padded feel. This is what you would call a pillow top mattress pad, where the top layer is like what you would find on a down duvet, for example, small squares of 'puffed-up' sections to provide support for your hips, legs, shoulders, and back. Having sold over 1-million mattress pads, it's easy to see that this is a product worth looking into. The Silentnight Airmax Mattress Topper is the budget option on our top 7 cooler toppers list, which may surprise you considering it's arguably the most recognised brand featured here today. If you've got a budget of less than 50, then the Airmax could be the best option for you. This product is slightly thinner than the others at 3cm thick, however, it does boast a cooling pillow top that allows air to flow freely and the Airmesh sidewalls allow the product to breathe, meaning no trapped hot air and a cooler nights sleep for you. Designed for mattress depths of up to 30cm, this topper has 4 corner straps which allow for each fixing to your existing mattress and also prevent the pad from sliding around. If you have allergies, the hypoallergenic materials used will certainly help to alleviate any symptoms you suffer from at night. Last but by no means least is this gel memory foam mattress topper from Inofia, which offers the thickest topper on this least at 3 inches (7.5cm). The 2cm of gel beaded infused memory foam provides ample cooling properties for any style of sleeper, combined with the 5.5cm of "Biogrey Reliefom" which is designed to relieve pressure on the body and is actually infused with charcoal, which helps to release negative ions to help with the bodies circulation, reduce fatigue and relieve stress. We really like how thick and sturdy this product feels and for the price is a real steal when compared to other products on the market that are higher-priced and offer far less than you get with the Inofia topper. In summary, a great option for those looking for a mix of quality, comfort and a reasonable price. What Are The Benefits of Mattress Toppers? If you are unsure of why you need a mattress topper or if you even need one at all, let me run through some of the key benefits they bring when it comes to getting a better nights sleep and I will let you decide if it's enough to make you try one. Of course, top of this list must be the fact that they help to keep your body cool whilst you sleep. This is not to be confused with 'cold', but 'cool' is the aim as you sleep much better in a cooler state, rather than being too hot, sweating and overheating, which causes you to wake up and kick the covers off whilst tossing and turning. Of course, you should look for those toppers that offer cooling features, such as the 7 products listed above. If you suffer from any kind of joint pain in bed then toppers have been known to really take the edge of and even remove the pain altogether. The pillow-top style of these pads provides more support, comfort and cushioning that you mattress perhaps does not , allowing your joints to take a break for being under stress all day/night. If you have asthma or any other allergies related to dust and fumes/odours etc, then a topper can be a cheaper alternative to getting a new mattress. The materials used are key here, so be on the lookout for anything that states 'Hypoallergenic' and 'Anti-microbial'. In bed, you give off moisture, sweat and perhaps smells that can ruin a mattress since so few of them have removable covers that can be washed. Toppers, on the other hand, are much smaller and easier to clean with most providing a remember (often made of Bamboo) zipped cover that can be washed at 30 or 40 degrees depending on the materials used. In addition, many of the toppers come with dust-mite resistant material, which again, is great for allergy sufferers and just general cleanliness and hygiene. They also keep your mattress super clean which will lengthen the life span, which is a bonus since mattresses are much more expensive to replace than a mattress pad/topper. Will a cooling mattress topper make me feel cold at night? In short, no. The cooling properties come from the materials used, which help to draw excess heat and moisture away from the body and improve airflow around you. They do not make you feel cold, however, most offer a 30-day trial at a minimum so if it's not for you you should be able to return it. If your product comes with a cover, then yes you can typically was the 'cover only' at 30 or 40 degrees. You cannot wash the actual topper itself in a machine, however, a sponge clean ann a quick-dry would work for stains. This refers to the top sleeping surface of the mattress pad and is the filled portion, which is often separated into diamonds or squares to kee the material in place. The materials used are usually down or a down-alternative, or some other man-made hybrid material that provides added comfort. How thick should my topper be? Generally, you will find most toppers come in 3cm, 5cm and 7-8cm thickness and how thick your topper is, is really down to personal preference. For example, if you have an older, thinner or cheaper mattress, then a thicker mattress pad would be the way to go to increase the comfort of your existing sleep setup. However, if you already have a thick mattress, then a 3cm would do just fine. If you are unsure then most will come in at 5cm which is a nice happy-medium and suitable for most. We've covered the 7 best cooling toppers and what to look for when choosing the one that fits your needs. If you are still on the fence, I encourage you to try the one you feel ticks the most boxes for you and take advantage of the money-back guarantee and sleep-trials available. With so many products on the market when it comes to improving sleep quality, companies are taking note that buying these products online can be difficult and you may not always be 100% happy with your choice. So buy it - try it is my motto and rest comfortably in the knowledge that you can always try a different product if needed.1. Homosexuals, please vote in this poll:?I am a bisexual woman...but I've been known to bite my fair share (and your fair share, and his fair share) of pillows. Synthetic is best. Down gets stuck in your teeth, and memory foam is too easy to bite through.2. How do i fix my sagging memory foam mattress?Yeah that will help temporarily
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More Information on Climate Change and MPAs
MPA News
Last month, MPA News examined the scientific understanding of climate change in the marine environment, and what global ocean warming could entail for the planning and management of MPAs. Following publication, we spoke with three more scientists, who lent further insight to the issues involved.
Pristine reefs and the impact of warming
Susie Westmacott of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) has studied the impact of the great bleaching event of 1998 on Indian Ocean coral reefs. (The event corresponded with higher sea temperatures, which caused many corals to lose their colorful symbiotic algae and, in some cases, die.) In a paper she co-wrote for the report Coral Bleaching: Causes, Consequences,and Response (see box at end of article), Westmacott stated that the reefs least at risk from human activity -- and potentially in pristine condition -- seemed to suffer the greatest bleaching and loss of coral cover.
On its surface, her finding might seem to contradict the belief of many coral reef researchers that undamaged reefs are generally more resilient to climate-related stressors. However, Westmacott has an explanation.
"The more vulnerable species of coral still exist in [pristine] locations," said Westmacott, "and the coral cover is generally far higher than in those areas which have already been impacted [by other stressors] -- where only the more resilient species remain."
The good news, she says, is that these more vulnerable species are often the fast-growing species, and thus might regenerate most quickly. "The important point to note is that these areas -- either protected or simply remote from human activity -- have the greatest chance of recovery," she said. "Whereas, those areas impacted and with a high level of pressure are less likely to recover. It is important, therefore, to protect the [pristine] areas even though at first glance -- and initially in the short term -- it may seem that they are impacted the most."
Response to bleaching on Great Barrier Reef
Areas of the Great Barrier Reef -- particularly inshore reefs -- suffered severe damage from the 1998 bleaching event. Now, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) is collaborating with the Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS) and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to assess the causes and consequences of coral bleaching and develop a climate-change risk assessment. The results could have long-term implications for management of the Great Barrier Reef.
For the reef areas at greatest risk from climate change (i.e., inshore reefs), GBRMPA may consider decreasing other pressures on those reefs, says Alison Green, director of GBRMPA's Information Support Group. Such pressures primarily include fishing and poor water quality due to land-based pollution, she says. GBRMPA has already taken a step in this direction, instituting a program aimed at reducing the runoff of land-based pollutants into Great Barrier Reef waters.
"GBRMPA and AIMS also support a network of automatic weather stations which provide an early warning system for coral bleaching conditions on the Great Barrier Reef," said Green. "This monitoring program provides real time alerts for water temperatures and other environmental conditions that may lead to coral bleaching." When an alert is triggered, GBRMPA can respond with aerial and sea-level surveys, documenting the patterns of bleaching and recovery.
In outreach work for GBRMPA, Green provides coral research advice to MPA managers in Pacific island nations. Although it is still rare for local managers to incorporate climate change or coral bleaching into their planning processes, she says, they welcome advice on how to do so. She suggests they conduct research and monitoring surveys of the same type as GBRMPA, but on a smaller scale. "I recommend that they do a simple survey to determine the extent and severity of the bleaching event, and whether the affected colonies recover or not," she said.
Tropical vs. temperate response to warming
In the tropics, a change in sea surface temperature of 1-2 degrees Celsius can spell the difference between a bleached and unbleached reef, severely altering the ecosystem if the corals die. In temperate waters, however, a change of 1-2 degrees Celsius -- in and of itself -- can yield little direct effect on species survival.
"In tropical marine systems, species have a narrower range of temperatures that they're adapted to, and a lot of species are living at the upper edge of their temperature range," said Sue Sogard, a biologist with the US National Marine Fisheries Service. "In temperate regions, though, there is more flexibility in terms of the range of temperatures that species can tolerate."
Sogard has studied the response to temperature change of two commercially fished species: sablefish and walleye pollock. She found they were able to grow effectively at temperatures much higher than they would normally experience. The limiting factor was food availability. Higher water temperatures led to higher metabolic rates and greater consumption in the fish; if food levels didn't rise in parallel, fish growth potential was limited. When food levels were low, the fish moved to colder water.
Rising ocean temperatures could have a critical effect on food availability. Most notably, if global warming were to shift or slow ocean thermohaline circulation or modify local current patterns -- as theorized by some scientists (MPA News 3:1) -- primary production would be fundamentally altered. Any existing efforts to protect species or ecosystems, such as with fishery closures, would be affected by shifts in species distribution and habitats. "There's not enough physical information yet to know what's going to happen," said Sogard.
For more information
Susie Westmacott, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom. E-mail: s.westmacott [at]
Alison Green, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1379, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia. Tel: +61 7 4750 0700; E-mail: alison [at]
Sue Sogard, National Marine Fisheries Service, Hatfield Marine Science Center, 2030 Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365, USA. Tel: +1 541 867 0222; E-mail: susan.sogard [at]
Box: Coral bleaching report available
The report Coral Bleaching: Causes, Consequences and Response, published by the University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center, is available online:
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Common questions
What does consistency in work mean?
What does consistency in work mean?
Consistency usually implies a positive sense of dependability. If you show consistency at the work place, your manager can depend on you. Definitions of consistency. a harmonious uniformity or agreement among things or parts.
Why is consistency important at work?
Consistency brings order to your organization, which helps both leadership and employees regularly achieve company objectives. It improves overall company performance. Customers notice this and are more likely to be satisfied with a company that delivers a consistent result.
Is it good to be consistent at work?
By making things consistent, you can allow employees to dedicate more of their time to the completion of their actual job duties, likely leading to an increase in productivity.
How do you maintain a consistent performance?
7 ways to achieve consistently high performance
1. Get physical for productivity. Let’s start with your physical well-being.
2. Achieve a balanced life. Being a workaholic won’t help you perform at the highest level.
3. Massage your mindset.
4. Form the productivity habit.
5. Plan for success.
6. Be motivated.
7. Don’t settle.
How do you show consistency at work?
To be consistent, you have to replicate positive behavior or performance day after day, until it defines you. Ready to be more consistent?…Here are a few best practices:
1. Isolate one goal. Developing consistency goes against human nature.
2. Focus on incremental improvement.
3. Fight your emotions.
4. Forgive your failures.
Why do I struggle with consistency?
It’s hard to be consistent because we tend to focus on the outcome more than the process. Put another way, we’re more drawn to the positive feelings of outcomes rather than the struggle of the journey. Most of us quit during the struggle before we can experience the rewards of staying the course.
Why is being consistent so hard?
What is the key to consistency?
The key to consistency is setting and achieving specific goals. Start by determining how you want to be more consistent in your life, and aim for these small goals. Over time, as you become more consistent, keep yourself motivated and accountable.
Is job performance consistent over time?
Although research has shown that individual job performance changes over time, the extent of such changes is unknown.
How do you deal with consistency?
If that’s the case, then try these things:
1. Exercise. A Lot!
2. Follow Your Curiosity. You already jump from thing to thing naturally.
3. Never Rely on Motivation. Motivation is something you feel in the moment.
4. Consistency is a Practice.
5. Find What’s Easy, For Now.
6. Be OK With Being an Amateur.
7. More Output, Less Input.
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why the name speak english gym?
You can increase muscle size by doing resistance exercises. Resistance exercise involves using your muscles to move an extremely heavy load. This type of exercise forces your muscles to contract as hard as they can, which leads to an increase in the number of contractile filaments within your muscle cells. This makes your muscle cells enlarge and, as a result, it makes your muscles bigger.
Eric R. Kandal received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2000 for his pioneering work related to physical changes in the brain, "Our brains are constantly changing anatomically as we learn."
Bodybuilding with Physical Exercises Brain Building with Learning
It is found that learning a new skill (or acquiring a new knowledge) is a physical activity for the brain. When we learn new skills, new neural pathways are built and strengthened and interconnected. Like muscle, the brain grows!
How Does the English Skills Acquisition Done in the Brain?
Repeated behaviour (skill application) stimulates the dendrites of neurons (brain cells) to grow and connect with other neurons.
Eventually an efficient pathway forms that enables the spoken English skill. This process requires Noticeable, Meaningful English Lessons & Many months of consistent reinforcement.
Learning happens only if you can associate the new information to an information that already exists in the brain. If you can’t associate, it will remain an orphan data. Brain ejects orphan data. That is the reason, mugged-up data is always forgotten.
When you learn English through a passionate theme, the association happens quickly. Similarly, Spoken English Simulator ensures repetition of the skill in a highly focused environment.
Why the Name ‘Speak English Gym’?
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Best Answer
A decathlon is a ten event sport at the Olympics.
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2015-07-11 07:46:21
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Q: What is a ten event Olympics sport called?
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Related questions
What is a ten event sport?
a decathalon in the Olympics
What is a ten event olympic sport?
What will be the newest event this year in the 2008 Olympics?
BMX will be the newest event at the 2008 Olympics. If you want to see it, you're going to need one of those "Olympics All Access" tv packages...if it's anything like the OTHER sports in the Summer Games, it'll be "let us show you ten minutes of this sport and we'll get right back to another nine straight hours of gymnastics."
What is the name for a ten event sport?
The Too-Much-Free-Timeathalon
What is the popular indoor sport which is also called 'ten pins'?
Ten-pin bowling.
What is a ten event sportsperson called?
What is a contest with ten events called?
A decathlon is a 10 event competition.
When was Ten Sport created?
Ten Sport was created in 1965.
What is the athletic event consisting of ten track and field events called?
Where were the Olympics held for the past 10 years?
where the Olympics held in the past ten years where the Olympics held in the past ten years
Why is an event called a decathlon?
Derived from the Greek words deka (meaning ten) and athlos (meaning contest) [Decathlon is a contest of ten events]
What were the top ten teams in the 1999 winter Olympics?
There were no Winter Olympics in 1999.
Why is the word tennis called Tennis and not nines?
A board of ten people met in Wisconsin in 1928 and invented the sport. When they could not agree on a name, one suggested Ten's. Over the years, in order to make the name less complicated, it has evolved to be called tennis.
Is there a minimum age to enter the Olympics?
You have to be ten.
What does Ten in ten stands for in sports?
It dependes on the sport but if it is basketball then it means that out of the ten shots you took you made all ten. So they say your ten for ten.
Which sport has ten players on each term?
Where will the next ten Olympics be held?
pallet town
Is ten pin bowling a commonnwealth sport?
Ten Pin Bowling is an approved Commonwealth Games sport, althogh it has only appeared once- at the 1998 games in Kuala Lumpur
Which sport has ten players on a team?
Which sport has ten players on each team?
slowpitch softball
How many medals has Pakistan won in the Olympics?
Since the inception of the Olympics to the present (October 2016), Pakistani athletes have won a total of ten medals, eight of those from men's field hockey. Mohammad Bashir won an individual Bronze medal in Men's freestyle welterweight wrestling. Syed Hussain Shah won an individual Bronze medal in Men's middleweight boxing in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. In the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics, Pakistan's Syed Hadi Haider Naqvi did pick up a Bronze Medal in the demonstration sport of Tae-Kwon-Do, but as the sport was not given full status the medal was not recognized in the official tally.
Why are there ten bowling pins?
There are ten pins in ten pin bowling as that is the nature of that sport. In 5 pin bowling, there are 5 pins.
How many event's are there in a decathlon?
10 spanish athletes who got gold in the 2008 Olympics?
What are the ten spanish athltes that won gold medals in the 2008 Olympics?
What is the best winter sport?
well my favorite winter sport is snowboarding. if i were to ask ten strangers eight out of ten of them would say snowboarding. some would say skiing or ice skating
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Giving encouragement, prompts and feedback
As much as possible, the teacher should avoid giving specific feedback to students during the subtests because this may influence their behaviour in an undesirable fashion. There is a risk of feedback differentially affecting students, so that some are encouraged and others discouraged. LASS 8–11 itself provides limited feedback (e.g. ‘good’) where appropriate. Nevertheless, some students will try to elicit additional feedback from the teacher about their performance. This may take the form of verbal and non-verbal behaviours. For example, the student may ask directly if they were correct. Many students will look for the teacher’s facial and bodily reactions to their responses. Some students may even try to evaluate the teacher’s reaction by observing the teacher’s reflection in the monitor screen. For these reasons it is usually preferable that the teacher sits to the side and slightly behind the student to minimise any feedback to the students which may bias the results.
Rather than specific feedback, general encouragement should be given to the student. This encouragement should be referenced to task completion rather than task accuracy and ideally should be delivered equitably to all students. However, it is inevitable that some students will require more encouragement than others, and where this is the case the teacher should be mindful of the possibility of influencing results unduly. Differential encouragement between students is likely to have an influence on the results obtained, and therefore should be avoided where possible. Some key phrases and general incentive prompts which may be used to aid the administration of the subtests include: ‘well done’; ‘you were good at that game, now try the next one’; ‘you will like this game’; ‘now concentrate on this’; ‘try hard’; ‘listen very carefully’; ‘have a go at this one’; ‘have a try’; ‘just do your best’. Unless it is felt to be absolutely necessary, prompting during the actual test items should be kept to a minimum. For the most part any necessary prompting should occur between the subtests.
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To Create a Hyperlink in a Note
You can associate a hyperlink and screen tip with a model note during note creation, or attach them to an existing note in your model.
1. When creating or modifying a note, select the note, right-click and click Add Link. The Edit Hyperlink dialog box opens.
2. In the text box, type a URL or internal link that you wish to associate with the Note.
3. (Optional) To create a screen tip:
Click Screen Tip. The Set Hyperlink ScreenTip dialog box opens.
Type your text in the text box. Click OK.
4. Click OK in the Edit Hyperlink dialog box. The note color changes to indicate there is a hyperlink associated with it. By default, it turns blue and underlined. The actual color and style depend on your Browser Options, available under Commands Not in the Ribbon in the Creo Parametric Options dialog box.
If a note has a hyperlink associated with it, you can edit or remove the hyperlink by selecting the note on the screen or in the Model Tree, right-clicking on it, and selecting Edit Link or Remove Link, respectively, from the shortcut menu.
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5 things to know about the Moon Festival
Article content
TORONTO -- The Moon Festival this Sunday is the second more important event on the Chinese calendar.
"The moon has a lot to do with farming. In Asia, there are so many people who rely on farming, which is why it is so important," says Stephanie Yuen, a recipe developer and food writer from Vancouver.
Also known as the Mid-Autumn Festival, it has become widespread globally due to many countries having communities of people of Chinese descent.
"In cities like Vancouver and Toronto where multiculturalism is so nicely embraced you can find everything you need to throw a moon party," such as moon cakes, paper lanterns, candies, nuts and harvest foods, says Yuen, author of "East Meets West -- Traditional and Contemporary Asian Dishes from Acclaimed Vancouver Restaurants."
Here are five things to know about the Moon Festival:
1. The Moon Festival falls on the 15th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar, usually around late September and early to mid-October. This year it is Sept. 27.
"If it happens to fall right on Thanksgiving, that is double happiness for me," says Yuen.
2. Like Thanksgiving, the festival marks harvest's end and is a chance for families and friends to gather to savour its bounty and the beauty of the moon.
"In the farming era, especially, the male kids of the family were expected to help out with the harvest so they would come home and help out. And then after all the busy work, the sweat, all would sit down and have fun, enjoy some of the harvest," says Yuen.
3. Moon cakes are the most well known food of the autumn festival.
The treats typically contain bean paste or lotus seed paste, though some are savoury.
Elegantly enrobed in pastry, they're a work of art. They are usually round -- symbolizing the moon -- and packaged in beautiful boxes suitable for gift giving.
There is also an egg yolk inside.
"When you cut it and take a look at it, it actually looks like a moon hanging in the beautiful sky," says Yuen, a spokesperson for Loblaw.
"The beauty of the moon cakes is astounding."
4. The food is hearty and rustic rather than extravagant, as with the Lunar New Year.
Hosts set out dishes representative of the harvest using ingredients such as root vegetables, yams, gourds, eggplant and melons. The green-skinned pomelo, which resembles a plump grapefruit, is a staple.
Nuts and candies are also served.
5. The evening culminates in watching the moon.
"It's very relaxing, unlike some of the other festivals where you always have to do something. I take it over Lunar New Year because Lunar New Year there's always something happening. As a mother it's non-stop. There are so many rituals and traditions that you have to follow," says Yuen.
"With the Moon Festival it's easier.... People just get together and chit-chat, gossip. It's very casual."
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Can you run for president at 34
Unlock Excel VBA and Excel Macro
Someone quite a bit younger than 35 could run for president. It's true that a president-elect must be 35 in order to be inaugurated, but that doesn't mean that he couldn't be elected. It simply means that the vice president-elect would act as president until the president-elect turned 35 You must be 35 in order to run for the office of president. That means, before you can initiate all [any] of the necessary paperwork, you must have already attained the age of 35 So according to your example the vice-president would act as president for three days. Well, this example wouldn't happen. The Federal Election Commission won't allow someone to run if they're not eligible for the office, and you have to be 35 on or before the inauguration day to be eligible. 1 The Constitution clearly spells out three age requirements for public office. First, the President and Vice President must be 35 years of age or older when assuming office; a Senator must be 30 years of age, and a member of the House must be 25 years of age. There are no age requirements for Supreme Court Justices
Could a presidential candidate win the election at 34
1. The Constitution of the United States provides several basic requirements for eligibility to be elected to the office of President.Individual states did not introduce significant relevant legislation until Barack Obama was elected in 2008. The controversy generated by various conspiracy theorists who asserted during the 2008 presidential election campaign that Obama was not a natural-born U.S.
2. In order to actually take the office, you have to be a natural born citizen of the country, and you must have lived in the States for at least the last 14 years. You also have to be no less than 35 years old
3. ated as their party's candidate, and even be elected to the presidency at 34 years old — as long as they'll be 35 by the date they take office
4. imum age of 35 for serving as president, compared to 30 for senators and 25 for representatives, the framers of the Constitution implemented their belief that the person holding the nation's highest elected office should be a person of maturity and experience
5. Someone could absolutely run for President if their birthday would be before the election. They could even run for President if they'd still be 34 after the election, but turn 35 before the inauguration
Can you run for president at age 34? - Answer
Age is obviously no guarantee of good judgment for a politician — see New Yorkers Anthony Weiner (48) and Eliott Spitzer (54). But the idea that age brings wisdom and maturity is what the Founding.. Qualifications for presidential candidates have remained the same since the year Washington accepted the presidency. As directed by the Constitution, a presidential candidate must be a natural born citizen of the United States, a resident for 14 years, and 35 years of age or older As you see at the top of the post, the requirements for president are quite minimal. The idea being that regardless of the qualification of the candidate, the more informed, cooler heads of the electoral college (as opposed to, say, the easily swayed passions of the hoi polloi) would never approve someone spectacularly unfit for the office However, Ocasio-Cortez would be eligible to serve as president or vice president in the 2024 campaign cycle, narrowly making the age cutoff. She will have turned 35 by Inauguration Day on January. Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 and won a second term in 1956. He therefore became the first President not allowed to run again because of the amendment. Lyndon B. Johnson is the only president so far who could have served more than 8 years under this amendment. He became President in 1963 after John F. Kennedy was.
In the United States a person must be at least 35 to be President or Vice President, 30 to be a Senator, or 25 to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S... The president's age was of great debate in the 1700s. In the constitution, the rules for future presidents were outlined, including a natural citizenship requirement and an age requirement. The age requirement to run for president of the United States starts at 35 If someone serves more than two years as president who was not elected, such as Lyndon B. Johnson, then he or she can only be re-elected once. Johnson became president after John F. Kennedy was shot in 1963. He was allowed to run once, the following year, winning by a landslide with 61% of the vote Being a retired President can also be a job in and of itself. In fact, the government gives former Presidents an office, a staff, and a pension. At this point, former Presidents can actually make a lot of money writing books and giving speeches. Some, like Bill Clinton, will also do charity work Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States, under clause 5 (emphasis added): . No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to.
The Many Reasons to Run for President When You Probably Don't Stand a Chance Representative Eric Swalwell, who announced his presidential campaign last week, at an event in Sunrise, Fla. Credit. Joseph I. Lieberman, who ran in 2000 both for re-election to the Senate and as the Democratic candidate for vice president, took a lot of flak for running for both offices, Gardner said Candidates run to stay relevant, to build their brands, to get an instant megaphone for pet issues, and to be in the running for other positions — like vice president, or even a cabinet post. He launched the Invasion of Normandy on D-day and oversaw the final defeat of Germany on May 8, 1945. After the war, Eisenhower served as President of Columbia University (1948-50), while remaining a military advisor. He rejected pleas of the Democratic Party to run for President in 1948
Indeed, you can run for president, but you most likely won't get out of the driveway if you don't know all the regulations. Despite all the regulations that seem to hinder the average citizen from getting a real chance at the presidency, the times are changing to allow for the odds to increase towards the so called small candidates Since 1789, 19 Members of the House have served as President of the United States. Four Members — John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Gerald Ford — were never elected to the Presidency, having succeeded a President who died or resigned. Only Gerald Ford was never successfully elected as either President or Vice President, though he served in both positions. Floor plaques in. And, as more people have taken notice, the president must be at least 35 years old. Beyond these conditions, there really are no stipulations preventing just about anyone from becoming president (for better or for worse). There was a great debate about the United States president's ag
The mayor of South Bend, Indiana, who at 37 is just scraping the requirement to run for president (you have to be at least 35). How do I know him? Before his run, you probably didn't—he's deeply. Actually, the Constitution does NOT place any restrictions on who may RUN for President. The Constitution does, however, place restrictions on who may SERVE as President. A person who is 33 years.. The Twenty-fifth Amendment (Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution says that if the President becomes unable to do his job, the Vice President becomes the President (Section 1) or Acting President (Sections 3 or 4). This can happen for a short period of time, if the President is just sick or disabled for a short time. It could also happen until the end of the President's term (the. No, they may hold the seat, run a higher campaign and if it is unsuccessful they do not return to Congress but have never left. They serve throughout the election. Some positions may be counter intuitive to being President, effective person for in.. With vice president Kamala Harris focussed on settling a 50-50 Senate, Rice will have the opportunity to assert herself in Biden's inner circle, Grenell said
Long before The Donald officially kicked off his polarizing 2016 run and became the Republican frontrunner, Oprah asked the business tycoon about his political aspirations on a 1988 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show. Trump had originally appeared on the show to promote a new book and discuss his life as a businessman, but the conversation soon turned toward foreign policy and how Trump would. Given by the people selected to run for president and vice president at the end of a national convention Every four years on election day, the American public elects the president of the United States. the first set of election results tallies the ______, a count of every vote cast If you're already supporting the President on social media, that's great. But you can do even more. You also deserve a seat at the Republican Party table. The GOP is the main vehicle President Trump must rely on to implement his agenda - and for his 2020 re-election.
Could a 34 year-old run for president if their 35th
1. The president can do nothing, and in ten days, if Congress is still in session the bill becomes law without his or her signature. The president can do nothing, and if Congress goes out of session, the bill does not become law. The president can sign it, and it becomes law. The president can veto it
2. You can easily cancel your account online in two clicks. There are no cancellation fees - start or stop your account anytime. What can I watch on Netflix? Netflix has an extensive library of feature films, documentaries, TV shows, anime, award-winning Netflix originals, and more. Watch as much as you want, anytime you want
3. Running for President Independent Candidates. An independent candidate for president is someone who is running on a line other than an official party line. Petitions for independent candidates must include the names of the presidential and vice-presidential candidates, as well as the names of person(s) running for the electoral college
4. ded residents in your development manage your community and have a say in how land is used around your home
5. To put it in the simplest terms, the support of either 34 senators or 145 members of the House would be sufficient to restore power to an allegedly disabled president. the president can (and.
Becoming President of a Nonprofit. The laws of most states require nonprofits to elect at least three officers—president, secretary, and treasurer—and the organization defines their duties in its bylaws. Although the same person may hold two of the three positions, holding the role of president and another office is not the norm 34 have been genetic descendants from just one person, Charlemagne, the brutal eighth century King of the Franks. as is claimed, anyone really can become the president, you would fairly expect that the 43 presidents from George Washington to George W. Bush would express that genetic diversity. You're having a laugh. We have never run. This article examines the evidence concerning the former U.S. President Barack Obama's religion.. Evidence in favor of Obama being a Muslim. Opinion polls taken in 2010 and 2012 showed that one in five Americans conclude that Barack Hussein Obama is a Muslim. The following is a partial list of examples suggesting that Obama is a Muslim Ronald Reagan served two terms as President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. He was also the oldest person ever elected President, which was an issue during both elections. Known as the Great Communicator, Reagan is often remembered for his quick wit and storytelling
Boehner said the Capitol riot was 'one of the saddest days' of his life and he would rather set himself 'on fire than run for office again' Taylor Ardrey 2021-04-18T15:34:10 President Richard Nixon had won the 1972 election with Spiro Agnew as his running mate, but in 1973 Agnew resigned and Ford was appointed as vice president via the 25th Amendment.When Nixon resigned in 1974 in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Ford ascended to the presidency, becoming the first president to take office without having been elected as either president or vice president The former mayor is spending at least $34 million on the ad, which will run through December 3. He has toyed with running for president as an independent or Democrat since 2008
Why does a presidential candidate need to be 35 years old
1. How exactly do you run for president in 2019? What are the rules, and what should you say and who is even listening? At their unruly best, campaigns can be sprawling idea labs
2. Given her national profile, Warren seems likely to run for president at some point, but if she doesn't run soon, she might decide she's too old for the job. Age on Election Day 2020: 71
3. ee and is the party's only candidate to win a.
4. ation in 1988 and 2008. He also sought the Democratic no
5. William Howard Taft was elected the 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) and later became the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930), the only person to have served in.
6. The Elections division has many roles in assuring that Mississippians' voices are heard clearly through the election process. These roles include training elections officials, collecting campaign finance and lobbying reports, managing the statewide vot er registry, collecting election returns, and assisting local election officials in carrying out their election related responsibilities
Mike Pence was born Michael Richard Pence on June 7, 1959 in Columbus, Indiana, one of six children of Ann Jane Nancy (née Cawley) and Edward Joseph Pence Jr., who ran a group of gas stations. His father served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and received the Bronze Star in 1953, which Pence displays in his office along with its commendation letter and a reception photograph Although you may not be seeking the office of U.S. president, establishing your political brand and messaging can be vital to your campaign success. The branding of a candidate for local office can take on many different shapes and sizes President Joe Biden has promised the American people a third, but there may be some limitations that come with it. In fact, new stipulations might mean you no longer qualify for the next stimulus. o if you can't hear, safety reasons, comfort, etc. -question of privilege o if you see a breach of the rules -point of order o if you disagree with the president of the board's ruling -appeal o if you disagree with a call for Unanimous Consent -object Quick Reference Vote Must Be Seconded M Open for Discussion Can be Amended Coun Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884-December 26, 1972) became the 33rd president of the United States following the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945. Not well known when he took office, Truman gained respect for his role in the development of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan and for his leadership during the Berlin Airlift and the Korean War
United States presidential eligibility legislation - Wikipedi
40 Stars Who Spoke Out Against Donald Trump. He is a demagogue, who seems to appeal to the lowest common denominator, Stephen Hawking said of Donald Trump in May.The famed scientist then went on. John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American politician and diplomat, currently serving as the 1st United States Special Presidential Envoy for Climate.He previously served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. An attorney and former naval officer, Kerry first drew public attention as a decorated Vietnam veteran turned anti-war activist
On March 28, 1834, President Andrew Jackson is censured by Congress for refusing to turn over documents. Jackson was the first president to suffer this formal disapproval from Congress Tom Steyer Will Run for President and Plans to Spend $100 Million on His Bid. Tom Steyer, appearing in Des Moines in January, has focused on pushing for the impeachment of President Trump Who Is Andrew Yang and Why Is He Running for President? by Eli Sanders • Feb 20, 2019 at 4:22 pm Tweet Yang, the humanity first candidate, wants to guarantee every American a basic income of. Democrats now control a 50-50 Senate via the casting vote of Vice-President Kamala Harris. Greitens, a former Navy Seal, resigned as governor in 2018, less than two years into his first term, over. But there's also the fact that Trump has received only 34 percent of the Republican vote, aggregated across all primaries and caucuses to have voted so far. He did not really improve on that.
President Cleveland, WHERE ARE YOU? by Robert Cormier 1 President Cleveland , WHERE ARE YOU? By Robert Cormier THAT WAS THE AUTUMN OF THE COWBOY CARDS—Buck Jones and Tom Tyler and Hoot Gibson and especially Ken Maynard. The cards were available in those five-cent packages of gum: pink sticks, three together, covered with a sweet white powder Only the President may commute federal sentences; in most states, only the governor can commute a sentence. Commuted sentences are usually a reward for good behavior, but they can also have other purposes, such as to reduce an unreasonably harsh sentence or to address a judge's refusal to give a prisoner credit for time served Donald Trump was the only billionaire president in American history. The bulk of his fortune remains tied up in New York City real estate. Trump also owns golf courses and a winery, and he has.
Should the U.S. Let People Younger Than 35 Run for President
AOC couldn't run for president in 2020 but could in 2024
I think there will be enough support on it to show there's no chance they can impeach the president, Paul told reporters before the vote. If 34 people support my resolution that this is. On Monday night, former President Donald Trump announced the launch of the official website of the 45th president of the United States, 45Office.com. The Office of Donald J. Trump is committed..
The President, meanwhile, derives the power to direct the military at all times, whether or not there is a formal declaration of war, from Article II, Section 2, which names the President Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President's constitutional powers are quite broad in the context of limited military action Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain communist expansion Answered 2010-11-29 13:50:34. The US Constitution places these qualifications on a candidate for President: 1. Must be at least 35 years of age. Yes. Al Gore can still run for president of the.
If you have any questions, please contact the Elections Division of the Office of the Secretary of State or by calling 1-800-252-VOTE (8683) or (512) 463-5650. 2020 Candidate's Guide. Offices Up for Election in 2020; Qualifications required to run for office; Important dates for the party conventions, primary election and general electio To all those of you who voted for President Trump, I understand the disappointment tonight. I've lost a couple of times myself. But now, let's give each other a chance
There has often been speculation about why more Speakers don't run for, or become, president. The best explanation I've seen is this: By nature, the role of Speaker of the House labels you as one. While the 76-year-old former occupant of Gracie Mansion won't be returning to his old job, his 34-year-old son Andrew is taking a hard look at running for mayor in 2021. I am certainly. Late in 1967 he said observantly of the sitting President: He seemed to be running away fromhis policies in public and failing to generate support. So observed the master politician Obama pursued a foreign policy toward the Arab world that was so pro-Muslim that only a Muslim commander-in-chief could have authorized it. President Obama even sent an unprecedented $1.7 billion in actual cash to Iran.; Obama addressed the United Nations on September 25, 2012 to affirm support for freedom for religious worship Being a president is not an easy job - you have to enforce laws, develop federal policies, take care of the national budget. You also Quincey 02/10/2020 AFRICAN PRESIDENTS. The Reign of Idi Amin. Although he was in power for only 8 years, from 1971 to 1979, Idi Amin is a leader none of us can forget. Because of.
Detroit — Toson Knight, a dean of students for the city's public school district and youth mentor, is the latest high-profile name to declare his plans to run for a City Council seat. You can register online through the Louisiana Secretary of State's website or in person at the Registrar of Voter's Office or Louisiana Office of Motor Who is Running for President in 2020 The Green Party of the United States is a grassroots national party. We're the party for We The People, the health of our planet, and future generations instead of the One Percent. We welcome all those who refuse to accept a choice limited to the Two Parties of War and Wall Street. The Green Party supports livable wages, universal health care (Medicare For All), repeal of Citizens United. #11 Trump can run for president Trump can run for president with no political experience but I need a masters and 5 years experience for an entry level job. by Thajokes 4 November 2018, 11 h 26 min. #34 In the latest outburst In the latest outburst, Donald Trump has labelled Hillary Clinto President Obama wants students to focus on education like he did so they will have the knowledge they need to run the country one day. By getting a good education, students can avoid repeating the smae mistakes their parents made that prevented them from meeting their potential
Requirements to Become President of the U
The Great Depression was a period of severe worldwide disintegration highlighted in the United States by the Stock Market Crash on what is known as Black Thursday. The factors leading to the Depression were many and varied, but the effect was felt across all sectors of the economy. Herbert Hoover was president at the time of the Great Depression Why can you run for precinct committeeman and another position on the ballot? Since the precinct committeeman is a political position like the Chair of the Republican Party or Chair of the. Republicans can be expected to challenge freshmen Democrats in all 12 House seats they lost last year - meaning as many as 34 of the chamber's 150 seats could be up for grabs Joe Biden is running for president again. The former U.S. Vice President has run for the highest office in the land two other times: 1988 and 2008 The 37-year-old Navy veteran is the first openly-gay Democrat to run for President and received high praise for robust economic growth in South Bend under his watch. Julian Castro (D) Castro is the former Housing and Urban Development secretary, serving under President Barack Obama from 2014 to 2017. He previously served as mayor of San Antonio.
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution is intended to provide a brief and accurate explanation of each clause of the Constitution You can see the seeds in rising poll numbers, with one Rasmussen poll last year placing the president's approval rating among black Americans at 36 percent. she may even run for president.
The Washington Examiner notes today that President Trump has been invited to attend the annual CPAC convention (Conservative Political Action Conference). However, as long-term CTH readers will note, we hold no positive opinion on CPAC.. I would question if the time has come to conclude CPAC is a gathering of the same institutional political types that got us into this mess I am running for mayor because I see a crisis — and I believe I can help. We need to launch the largest basic income program in history, invest in a human-centered economy, return to fact-based governance, and create an accessible healthcare system. We need to do all this while enacting accountable and smart policing, building affordable.
Video: At what point do you have to have turned 35 to run for
rememberlessfool: No self, no freewill, permanent
Friday February 26, 2021 · 6:34 AM PST. So when Baier first asked McConnell about 2024, he said I've got at least four members that I think are planning on running for president, plus. Just over half (52%) of Republicans think their party should look for a fresh face to run for president in 2024. Thirty-three percent (33%) disagree and say the GOP should promote a candidate who. Chat away! But if you have to yell so people who are nearby can hear you, watch out — the noise around you is probably too loud. Lawn mower. 80 to 100 dB. Embedded audio file with an example of a lawnmower in operation. This level of noise can make you lose some of your hearing, so be sure to wear hearing protection President Biden plans to move the White House onto the Acela and run the executive branch like a sequel to Snowpiercer. Send sequel ideas to [email protected] . My email alerts long for the.
4 Ways to Run for President of the United States - wikiHo
Jared Spataro, Microsoft's corporate vice president for Office and Windows group, comes right out and says that Office 2019's applications are frozen in time A new political party can form starting March 4. Groups collect signatures from voters as a show of support among the community. The petition must be filed with the Office by February 24, 2022, with 832 valid signatures of registered #hawaii voters. Qualified political parties can field candidates to appear on the 2022 Election ballot The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their.
Similar concerns led George Wallace of Alabama to run for president in 1968 under the banner of the American Independent party. Farmer-labor parties. The Populist party (also known as the People's party) was formed by unhappy farmers, Western mining interests, and Southerners. It won a number of seats in Congress and won electoral votes in 1892 President Biden has not completed his first week in office, but already there is much to celebrate. Let's count the ways: 1. You can ignore Twitter. 34. Real cable news.
That same man then runs for president riding an image of children roasting on flames of debt, choosing as his running mate perhaps the only politician in America more pompous and self-righteous on. Yes, as you can tell from the points above, McConnell (and the Republican-led Senate) voting at some point soon to remove Trump from office would be a largely symbolic gesture. But in politics as. Desir, Seahawks reach 1-year deal, agency says. CB Pierre Desir, who played for the Jets and Ravens last season and had three interceptions, has reached a one-year deal with Seattle, his agency said Can you believe that,with all of the problems and difficulties facing the U.S., President Obama spent the day playing golf.Worse than Carter — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) October 14, 2014. Bloomberg delivers business and markets news, data, analysis, and video to the world, featuring stories from Businessweek and Bloomberg New
But the statute's generous grace period—210 days—can be extended, perhaps indefinitely, so long as the president nominates someone to hold that office on a permanent basis, even if the. The Rasmussen Reports daily Presidential Tracking Poll for Tuesday shows that 49% of Likely U.S. Voters approve of President Biden's job performance. 35 1611723600,41,34 1611810000,40,35. N.J. Stat. Ann. §19:34-11 §19:34-12. Prohibits voting twice in the same election. 19:34-11. Every person who votes more than once at any one election, or knowingly hands in two or more ballots folded together shall be guilty of a crime of the third degree. 19:34-12 This may be my last campaign speech, other than for president, he guards the best every night. I mean, Donovan Mitchell, if you just look at the 33 points he was 12-for-34. No one does that to him, and Ben does it and he does it every night to everyone, so he's been amazing The President's Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition (PCSFN) is a federal advisory committee that aims to promote healthy eating and physical activity for all Americans, regardless of background or ability
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History and Origin of Bitcoin
The history of bitcoin is an interesting one indeed, but what most people do not realize is that its conception was not really planned nor led by any kind of mastermind. In fact, it was the brainchild of a hidden Internet. He wanted to create a virtual currency, which led him to the conclusion that a new system of currency would be needed in order to combat these problems. Thus, he created a new form of money that was free from any government control and operated with no taxes, interest, or any form of intervention. This is the history of bitcoins. Now, you can easily purchase this coin everywhere in the world. In Uzbekistan, you will find it at Today, nearly years after its formation, the system is still in operation. It is actually a peer-to-peer system that operates on the Internet. Rather than being controlled by a central authority, all transactions are made between individuals within the network itself. Through this, it is possible for anyone to create their own account with a maximum of two hundred fifty participants. However, the birth of bitcoins is rather uncertain. There has been a lot of speculations as to how this system of currency got its start. The only problem is that this theory does not really explain how bitcoins came into being in the first place. However, there is one thing that is certain about the system - it was created by some secretive group; rather, it was conceived by someone with a need to secure his own transaction details against fraud and theft. The system was first used as a sort of experiment by a person called Satoshi Nakamoto. Some time passed, after which he tried to launch a test network. This did not go well because there were a lot of bugs that were resistant to his efforts. However, he kept working on the project and eventually launched it as a peer-to-peer currency using the Internet. The most significant event about the system came when it was featured in an article in Wired. It was then popularized, and people began to understand more about it. There are two theories that attribute to its rise in popularity. The first one states that it was really the news of the technological breakthrough that attracted the attention of the public. Regardless of what the reason is, there is no denying the fact that it has become a very popular form of payment across the world.
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It is hard to understand why several Scott County magistrates are so determined to keep the low-head dam at Great Crossing. So determined, there have been discussions for the county to purchase the dam from the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife.
The future of the dam reached a fevered pitch following a drowning last May. A kayaker got caught in high, rapid water and first responders were unable to pull him from the fast-moving waters.
At the county’s request the state examined the dam and found it was deteriorating. Low-head dams are considered dangerous because water cycles from top to bottom, so someone caught in the current will either be pushed towards the surface or pulled below. Debris gathers at the base of the dam, so if someone is pulled downward, they are also likely to get caught and held underwater.
There have been several public hearings on the topic, and state officials have indicated there are only three options: remove the dam at the state’s cost; repair the dam or leave it alone. State fish and wildlife officials have indicated there is no funding for repairing the dam, and if the county wants to leave it alone, it can be bought from the state and then the county would assume full responsibility.
Many locals are concerned about irrigation if the dam is removed, especially during drought conditions, and many fear other local dams will soon be removed as well. Many people also feel the dam is a landmark that should be protected.
Nationally, there is a movement to remove dams, such as the one at Great Crossing. The reasons for removal offered by fish and wildlife experts is the cost of maintaining the dams, and the dams are no longer providing appropriate benefits such as hydropower, flood control, and irrigation when compared to the costs. There are also inherent dangers near dams.
The Great Crossing dam is deteriorating, and at some point it will either fail or repairs will be needed. The cost for such repairs will be expensive. The dam could remain as is for a few months, a few years or even a few decades, but there is now proof the dam is not in good condition and needs repairs. If the county “purchases” the dam from the state, it assumes full responsibility for its repair, its upkeep and if another tragedy occurs.
Leaving the dam as is may be a dangerous gamble.
The waterway is not going away, and state officials say the recreation element will improve and irrigation remains even with the dam removed.
There is some local suspicion of the state officials, but several of those officials who have spoken about this project live in Scott County and have no obvious ulterior motive other than suggesting what is best for the community.
At some point we have to begin trusting the science again, and the experts we have working on our behalf.
If the county moves ahead with the purchase of the dam at Great Crossing, it could prove to be a grave and costly error in judgement.
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Are the News Media Responsible for the Disaster Myths? A Content Analysis of Emergency Response Imagery
November 1984 (VOL. 2, NO. 3)
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Disaster research scholars and emergency planners have often contended that the news media play a major role in creating and perpetuating various myths of natural disaster response. These myths include widespread panic flight, psychological dependency and vicious competition for necessities on the part of victims and physical convergence for the purpose of looting by non-victims. The evidence which ties the news media to these myths of community breakdown is largely indirect. Survey data reveal a generalized belief among members of the public that the above enumerated behaviors are typical reactions of peopel faced with a sudden crisis. These data also indicate that the news media are the principal source of information about disasters for most people. Lacking are detailed analyses which document that extent to which the myths of community breakdown actually appear in news coverage o natural disaster events. The present study, which focuses on the reporting of four earthquake events by two Southern California newspapers, attempts to address this issue. The results, though preliminary, suggest that some caution is warranted in making the generalization that natural disaster coverage disproportionately conveys a breakdown imagery of communities facing a major natural catastrophe.
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8 Crazy Facts About Octopuses
The amazing octopus
Everyone knows that octopuses have eight sucker-covered arms. And if you're a linguistic know-it-all, you're probably well aware that they're called octopuses and not octopi. But did you know that all octopuses have venom? Or than some have been seen using tools? Here are eight awesome things we learned about the cephalopods from reading Katherine Harmon Courage's book "Octopus! The Most Mysterious Creature In the Sea" (Current 2013).
They eat their arms when bored
Stewards of captive octopuses take heed: Compared with octopuses living in tanks full of interesting decor like shells and flowerpots, octopuses living in more spartan conditions become pretty stressed out, one study found. Some even turn to a disturbing behavior known as autophagy, or eating their own appendages, in such non-stimulating environments.
They pack poison
All octopuses are thought to have some venom that comes from bacteria living inside the animals. Most don't have enough poison to harm people. But a bite from a small blue-ringed octopus can paralyze a human adult in minutes.
Yes, like chimpanzees, dolphins and crows, octopuses are among the special set of intelligent animals that have been observed using tools. In 2009, scientists reported they had watched veined octopuses (Amphioctopus marginatus) picking up discarded coconut shells and using them like mobile homes.
"While I have observed and videoed octopuses hiding in shells many times, I never expected to find an octopus that stacks multiple coconut shells and jogs across the seafloor carrying them," said researcher Julian Finn, a marine biologist at the Museum Victoria in Australia, at the time. [Read full story on the mobile home-building octopus]
They can open childproof pill bottles
Well, at least a female giant Pacific octopus named Billye can. Biologists at the Seattle Aquarium put Billye's strength and smarts to the test with a bottle-opening challenge. The clever cephalopod was able to unlock the top and access her snack in five minutes. Perhaps that's unsurprising for a creature known to open clam shells and other stubborn-shelled mollusks without a shucking knife. [The 5 Smartest Non-Primates on the Planet]
They're masters of camouflage
An octopuses can change the color of its entire body in just three-tenths of a second. But the creature doesn't simply take on the general pattern of its surroundings. Instead, it often mimics specific undersea objects, like plants or rocks, to disappear into the underwater scenery.
They live fast and die young
For all of their amazing abilities, octopuses have short lives that typically last only a few years. Some species drop dead after just six months.
Their suckers are the strong but sensitive type
Man-made suction cups pale in comparison to natural ones that cover the undersides of octopus arms. A common octopus has about 240 suckers on each limb, and a particularly large sucker can hold up to 35 lbs. The suckers are also extremely sensitive; they can pick up subtle chemical signals and move individually, even folding in half in a pinching gesture.
They're playful
True, humans are prone to projecting their own qualities on the rest of the animal world. But anecdotes from aquariums and biology labs suggest octopuses are very curious and need stimulation. They might even engage in what humans would call "play." A scientist quoted in "Octopus!" tells a tale of one specimen pushing a plastic bottle over and over again at a stream of water flowing into its tank — almost like it was bouncing a ball underwater.
To learn more about these amazing creatures, read our Q&A with Katherine Harmon Courage, or check out her book .
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Do Environmentalists Need Nuclear Power? An Argument For “Yes”
Avoiding the worst consequences of climate change—the raison d’être of modern environmentalism—requires a rapid worldwide reduction in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving that reduction demands that we clean up the energy sector, the world’s largest single source of emissions. And cleaning up electricity means transitioning away from coal—which is particularly dirty and ubiquitous—toward less emissions-intensive sources like natural gas, wind, solar, hydro, and—perhaps—nuclear power.
It isn’t an easy transition to make. Coal has the luxury of being abundant, reliable, and if you don’t factor in health and climate-related costs (which you should), extremely cheap. Potential alternatives like wind and solar are unproven at large scales and offer unique technical challenges1. And while natural gas is in some ways a like-for-like replacement that’s cleaner than coal, it’s still a fossil fuel, and it still produces significant greenhouse gas emissions (it also has profound over-reliance issues).
Enter nuclear power. In terms of carbon-free energy output, there’s no comparison: nuclear fuel contains an order of magnitude more energy than other sources. In the United States, about 20 percent of all electricity is generated by only 62 plants, which operate day and night, rain or shine. Aside from the relatively few emissions associated with plant construction, operation, and uranium mining, nuclear power produces no greenhouse gases.
Critics cite the accidents at Fukushima, Chernobyl, and Three-Mile Island as proof that nuclear energy isn’t safe. Yet various back-of-the-envelope estimates2 suggest that, on a kilowatt hours basis, nuclear power has caused fewer deaths globally than any other established energy source, including wind and solar (this is due to a number of factors, including nuclear power’s gargantuan energy output, the relative infrequency of nuclear accidents, and the difficult task of attributing deaths to radiation exposure). And while nuclear reactors do generate waste, some of which may have proliferation risks, safe and secure long-term storage is more a question of political will than technical limitations.
So why don’t more environmentalists support nuclear power? One reason is historical (and tautological)—environmentalists have never supported nuclear energy. A better reason involves risk assessment: why support nuclear power when other carbon-free energy sources carry less risk? This is justified: renewable sources like wind and solar are safe, emission-free, and increasingly cost-competitive. A turbine and sun-powered future offends very few.
But renewables may not be enough. Avoiding the worst consequences of global warming will require limiting further carbon emissions to between 370-540 gigatons worldwide. Globally, we produce around 9.5 gigatons of carbon every year, increasing about 3 percent annually. If nothing changes, we’ll pass the critical threshold within 50 years.
We’ve never faced something this large or this important before. Climate change irreversibly affects every square inch of the planet, threatens one in six species with extinction, and carries profound human impacts that we’re only beginning to understand.
We all agree that we need more renewables. But if climate change is our first and overarching priority, then we may need nuclear. It’s not a silver bullet solution—not by any stretch—but it’s a proven method of generating massive amounts of power emissions-free. It enjoys political support from the right—an untraditional but all-important climate ally—and it may help solve some of the technical limitations of a renewables-dominated grid. Actively promoting its safe and secure expansion—or at the very least, not taking it off the table—should be a policy that more environmentalists seriously consider.
Next in this series: An Argument For “No”
Show 2 footnotes
1. The challenges of a renewables-dominated grid shouldn’t be overstated, and are likely manageable without a nuclear-powered baseload.
2. Is there a rigorous peer-reviewed comparative analysis of deaths per kilowatt hour per electricity source? Google suggests not.
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1. So many reasons. If the main argument is that renewable’s might not be enough, then a better argument is needed, especially considering the rate of improvement of renewable’s. No investment fund in the world thinks that solar or wind will be more expensive than nuclear in 20 years.
Nuclear is the lazy option, as it doesn’t require a rethink of how energy is used today. More economic gains can be had by having this rethink.
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The main issue with going fully to non-hydro renewables is one of reliability. A power source is needed for when the is a lack of sun or wind. These issues may be resolved with energy storage solutions one day but we are not nearly there yet. Lacking the energy storage solutions a situation will occur globally similar to the one in Germany where after sitting down their reactors they had to switch to coal and gas for power when renewables were insufficient.
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Gum Treatment
Periodontal (Gum) disease is bacterial infections that destroy the attachment fibers and supporting bone that hold your teeth in your mouth. The main cause of these diseases is bacterial plaque that constantly forms on your teeth. Retained plaque mineralizes to a hard substance called calculus. Retained calculus extends from above the gum line towards the base of the gum resulting in gum diseases. Aggravating Factors for Gum Disease includes; Smoking / tobacco use, Systemic disease like diabetes, hormonal imbalance, Puberty and Pregnancy, Stress, Prolong Medication, Abnormal oral habits, Nutritional deficiency and Genetics. Symptoms of Gum disease includes; Bleeding gums, mobile teeth, Appearance of gaps in between teeth, Painful gums, sensitivity, fluid discharge in between the teeth and gums. Treatment includes deep scaling, root planning and curettage, flap surgery, bone grafting, repair gum recession and augmentation.
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Nacirema and Its Sociological Effects
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In Horace Miner’s “Body Ritual among the Nacirema,” the reader is introduced to an interesting group called the Nacirema, whose culture is then described and dissected in very tribal and primitive terms. At first, it is unclear as to where or how this culture exists under the guidelines and practices and beliefs its society maintains; but, the reader soon discovers, with contextual clues and a bit of pondering, that Nacirema is actually American culture. Miner uses creative contextual clues and diction to confuse the reader, letting the discovery and satire push his purpose, as well as allow reflection on how certain societies tend to inaccurately perceive foreign countries similar to Nacirema. The purpose of Nacirema is to describe and present unusual aspects of American culture “as an example of the extremes to which human behavior can go.” Applying Nacirema to sociological purposes, Nacirema applies these over-exaggerated cultural customs with tribal diction to allow the audience to experience American culture from a foreign viewpoint.
To start off, Miner’s article is incredibly elusive, from the “rituals” to their specific details. Had the audience not caught on from the backwards “American” to form Nacirema and tried to solve each practice as it was discussed, they were in for quite a confusing, yet intriguing story (being essentially the entire objective!). His amplified examples of simple American practices, from hospital visits to shaving, all seems extremely bizarre and unusual due to the tribal diction and exaggeration. For example, Miner describes the act of brushing one’s teeth as “a ritual consisting of inserting a small bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powders, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures” (p. 504). Miner also confuses the reader by twisting the statements and behaviors of the Nacirema culture; for example, he writes “They [Nacirema] also believe that a strong relationship exists between oral and moral characteristics. For example, there is a ritual ablution of the mouth for children which is supposed to improve their moral fiber” (p. 504). How could the reader possibly guess that Miner was talking about washing out a child’s mouth to prevent them from saying bad words, with no prior analysis?
Continuing discussion of the examples, Miner likes to focus on manipulation of different careers within a society, such as doctors, nurses, dentists, and even psychiatrists. He writes “This witch-doctor has the power to exorcise the devils that lodge in the heads of people who have been bewitched… The counter-magic of the witch-doctor is unusual in its lack of ritual. The patient simply tells the “listener” all his troubles and fears, beginning with the earliest difficulties he can remember… It is not uncommon for the patient to bemoan the rejection he felt upon being weaned as a babe, and a few individuals even see their troubles going back to the traumatic effects of their own birth” (p. 506). How could this not cause the reader to reevaluate a common practice as some sort of irrelevant, tribal nonsense? And finally, to create Nacirema’s sense of mystery and a story-like tone, Miner tells of the backstory in discovering and analyzing Nacirema using Professor Linton as a character and giving a vague location of the Nacirema culture through a qualitative research perspective.
The purpose of Nacirema was to show how common American behaviors and beliefs can seem magical and silly by describing them as if they were tribal behaviors. Miner tactfully does so through his satire, although it may not seem as evident at first glance. For example, he states “The fundamental belief underlying the whole system appears to be that the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is to debility and disease” (p. 503), when it’s really just saying Americans spend too much time and money on their bodies. Another example is when he talk of this “magical shrine” in which each family of Nacirema has, where they keep magical charms and curative potions that allow them to live. “As these magical materials are specific for certain ills, and the real or imagined maladies of the people are many, the charm-box is usually full to overflowing. The magical packets are so numerous that people forget what their purposes were and fear to use them again” (p. 504). People stockpile old medicines, typically forgetting what they were even for, but hoard them in the case they might need them again. All that to tell Americans they have too much medicine! The point of satire is to makes fun of people’s weaknesses, mistakes, foolishness, and wrong behaviors. The effect of satire is social criticism; in other words, a satire criticizes the way people do things. Satire is trying to make society better by pointing out where it is wrong in a funny way.
Basically, Miner pokes fun at common American practices. Why is this useful? Why is this studied? Well, the way Miner describes Nacirema, making it out to be some tribal society that believes in magic and weird rituals, is unfortunately how many people view foreign cultures they don’t exactly understand, specifically American culture. The point in showing how Professor Linton described brushing teeth as a ritual of moving around a bundle of hog hair in the mouth is to show how easy it is for one society to misperceive a common practice in another culture. This shows that just because qualitative research is obtained, doesn’t mean it directly and accurately interprets behaviors and beliefs. Another misperception is that because the other culture’s practices are not the norm of the reader’s society, that the reader’s culture is the normal one, or even superior to the “tribe.” This example of ethnocentrism only leads to global discrimination and misconceived perceptions of other cultures. By providing the opportunity for Americans to reflect upon their own cultural relativism, Miner allows them, as well as all cultures, to see how to maintain an open mind when learning and accepting new and unknown cultures, as they can just as easily view other societies as tribes that ritualistically swish hog hair in their mouths.
Works Cited
Horace Miner. “Body Ritual among the Nacirema,” American Anthropologist 58 (1956): 503-507.
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Tell me about India's caste system.
Are there stereotypes based on caste?
Is there job discrimination based on caste? Do people with low-caste names have a harder time getting jobs than an equally qualified person with a high-caste name would, the way people with stereotypically black first names have problems getting jobs in the US? Is it legal to discriminate on the basis of caste when hiring or firing?
Is this common?
Is there reverse prejudice, where a member of a high caste is considered “too good” for certain jobs, or does that prejudice work on socioeconomic lines the way it does in the US (wealthy parents getting upset that their child is interested in a low-status job)?
Do neighborhoods tend to be well-mixed in terms of caste, or do people of a caste tend to live together, the way there are ethnic neighborhoods in the US? Is there (or did there used to be) housing discrimination against people of certain castes, the way there used to be housing discrimination against blacks and Jews in the US? Is it legal or socially acceptable to refuse to sell or rent a house to someone because of their caste?
Are there different religious obligations for people of different castes? Are there religious ceremonies that are open only to people of a certain caste?
Is marrying within your gotra becoming more acceptable as intercaste marriage does, or is that still taboo?
Can anyone recommend a good book on modern-day life in India, especially how things like caste influence it? I find this fascinating, and would love to read more about it. Something sort of like “Indian Society for American Dummies”, that kind of thing.
If a non-Indian were to convert to Hinduism, what (if any) caste would they have?
I read in an account of the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 that a Hindu sepoy was afraid he would lose his caste if he shared his canteen with a low-caste laborer. The laborer then told him that he would lose his caste anyway when he bit bullets that had been greased with beef tallow (and the rest is history). How did losing your caste work? Was there any way to get it back if you did lose it? Does anyone worry about losing their caste now, or can people no longer lose their caste?
Would they have been equally opposed to any other interfaith marriage for you, or just one with a Muslim?
They were opposed to any interfaith marriage on sensible, if dated ideas, such as “The differences are too extreme;” “You are very much committed to your religion/culture;” “His parents will give trouble”. They were fairly hysterical when it came to Muslim men (as well as black men but that’s a different kettle of fish).
Muslim men were whole different level. And on some level I kind of understand that, too. I mean my parents were kids during the Partition. They fled across the border. They were refugees! They heard stories of my grandparents’ ordeals. Everyone knew someone who had family members murdered or raped by Muslims*. This was real to them, it wasn’t something that happened a thousand years ago, it was in their lifetime.
*I’m sure a lot of Western Pakistani people told the same stories to their kids & grandkids from the opposite perspective.
You can’t really “convert” to Hinduism.
Caste is something you’re born with. You can’t acquire it. The only way it could conceivably work is if your entire identity group joined Hindu society en masse. Then all of you would collectively become a new caste, at the bottom of the heap.
But that would require all of you to live in India for generations. Hinduism is really more geographical than it is doctrinal. All the people living in a particular area got absorbed into Hindu/Indian culture along with thei customs and beliefs just by bring there when Hindu/ Indian culture reached them.
I do not claim to be an expert on India at ALL. Anecdotally, I spent last summer in India, and I never once heard any of my coworkers refer to caste. Religion seemed to be a bigger deal.
I was interested to realize how common arranged marriages are. My young, female coworkers were surprised to know that I was 30 and unmarried, and asked me if I didn’t find a husband soon, would my parents help me find one. Another time, I was in Mumbai for work, and everyone in the group had to find out some random stuff about the person sitting next to them and then introduce them to the rest of the group; typical icebreaker game. One of the facts about one of my coworkers was that his marriage was a love match. All of the women in the room went “awwwwww!”. How romantic!
I was in Hyderabad, btw, which is in South India, but a lot of my coworkers were from North India, so I think I got a muddled view and I’m not sure what foods I ate were local and what weren’t, that sort of thing. (Except I know that biryani is local! Hyderabadis are very proud of their biryani.)
You don’t need to convert to Hinduism anyway. All paths lead to God eventually, or so Hinduism says. Eventually, you are going to be reborn as a Hindu.
It is illegal to discriminate on the basis of caste. But other than that, this question is too complicated for me to answer off the top of my head.
Basically speaking, Indian society is not a society of individuals, it’s a society of identity groups and families and extended families and corporations and other kinds of group structures. Nobody is judged on their individual merit. People don’t get jobs from their own resumes. It’s all about whom you know. No, actually, it’s about whom your dad knows or his dad or his uncle or his boss or his former college buddy. That’s what gets you into a job or whatever.
So it might not be very easy to isolate exactly what role caste-based discrimination plays in these things. There’s every other kind of discrimination as well: gender, religion, skin color, socioeconomic level, ethnic, linguistic, etc., it’s all there.
Parents often have a very narrow set of ideas of what kinds of subjects their kids can study - Boys have to study medicine, or engineering, or I.T., or law, or whatever. Girls can become doctor or a schoolteacher. That’s it. (The specifics depend on the individual circumstances of course.)
If you’re having an arranged marriage, you’re going to follow as many rules as you can, including gotra. If you’re not, then you’re not going to worry about any of it, including gotra. Gotra essentially tells you whom you’re related to through male lineage. It’s not a basis for discrimination or anything.
Arranged marriages are the default, but not necessarily in the way you might think.
I’m not sure how common it is. I’ve heard people say that people can always figure it out, so changing your name isn’t going to work in the long run.
And in a society in which your family is the key to your progress, it’s not necessarily going to be very helpful to cut yourself off from your background.
As acsenray said most of them have migrated to israel /western nations.
There are some jews still in Mumbai / Cochin/Kolkata.
Lt General JFR Jacob, a bagdadi jew , is known as the jew who beat pakistan. He is still alive and active.
I think this is an exaggeration. It might be true of some of the old family-run sector but it's not true of most of the modern corporate sector. If you graduate from a top business school with good marks you are pretty much guaranteed a decent job even if you have no connections. Obviously networking and connections can play a role but it's not nearly as dominant as you seem to think it is.
I’m sure ascenray could write one for you :p. His answers are very good - I find most of my observations matches his. Anyway - in my very first thread on the dope I made a list of several novels from and about India. I would say that most of them address the caste system in one way or another. It’s not exactly what you are asking for, but I can’t really think of anything other than the (very outdated) classical sociological work Homo Hierarchicus by Louis Dumont. I’m sure that there are better and more recent works available.
Can you elaborate? I know nothing at all about this, and I find it fascinating.
I’ve actually read most of the fiction you list in your thread. But I’ll check out the ones I haven’t! Thanks!
**Arranged marriages : **Takes place within same caste . These are arranged by a relative or a well wisher of the bride or groom , who happen to know the family on the otherside also. A known person will always try to match the social standing of both families . Eg They will mostly not bring a proposal for the son of 2 doctors from the daughter of a railway clerk. ( Things are of course changing in urban india ).
The horoscope has to match for bride and groom , in hindu families. If they do not match ,the process stops immediately. If you have the planets in certain positions in your horoscope (manglik), then you wait till you get a matching manglik horoscope. I learnt just last week that my friend from 20 years ago is still unmarried, since his elder sister is yet to marry due to a horoscope issue .
In some hindu families marriages between same subsect ( gotra) of your caste is also prohibited. It is considered incest and has lead to honour killings .This happens mostly in northern India.
Since arranged marraiges have the blessings of both sets of families, the support system is very good . You are assured of a share in your ancestaral property also. If you elope with a girl /boy of your choice , you are disowned by your families.
marriage agencies also play matchmakers ,who keeps a database of eligible grooms and brides . Upon payment of a fees, they give you access to their database and and you can choose nearest matching profiles. Web based portals have classified the data by caste,religion,job,demography etc. to make the process easier .
In big cities this has changed a lot , with youngsters (especially in IT field ) doing their own matchmaking and marrying against family wishes.
Of course it’s an exaggeration but it also isn’t. As I said when I started India is too diverse - paraphrasing Sashi Tharoor, every statement is simultaneously true and false.
It’s also an exaggeration that the right degree “guarantees” you the job you want. Nothing is simple in India.
No, what I said is not an exaggeration. I didn’t say that people with the right degrees were guaranteed the job they want. Obviously they tend to have high expectations so they may be disappointed. But they are pretty much guaranteed good jobs regardless of their family connections. If you graduate from an IIM with decent marks you will get a good job. It really is that simple.
There are really too many individual stories out there for you to say it is that simple. There is always the possibility of complication. Look a little further, and you will find the anecdotes of careers derailed for the strangest of reasons. It’s not a mechanical society.
Indian newspapers often have a classified section for matrimonial ads, especially prevalent on Sundays. They may run for several pages, and are divided into those seeking brides, grooms, various ethnicities, religions, and caste. Other qualifications such as height, skin colour, height, income, and Green Card status are not in the classification headings but are mentioned in the text. Here’s a link to a site on the Times of India website. Link.. Note: this is mostly for urban educated professionals seeking their own mate rather than having it imposed by the family.
The perception that arranged marriages are “imposed” is not necessarily valid. Modern, young, educated Indians these days often choose to engage their extended families in helping them find a mate. The family in this case is often used as a type of introduction service, one that is more likely to produce someone compatible with the whole family.
About half of my relatives of my generation have opted for a “love match,” but the ones who haven’t have done it by choice. I was talking to one of my cousins who had dated several different women while he was in college. He said that by the time it came to thinking about settling down, one of his prime concerns was this was someone who was going to move into his parents’ tiny little two-bedroom, two-bath apartment (real estate in Bombay is very expensive). And he didn’t think that any of his college girlfriends were likely to fit in to that scenario. So he went the “arranged” route. That meant he got to meet with several different candidates and meet them on a one-to-one basis before anyone made any decisions. Of course, there was sort of an expectation that he couldn’t keep just “dating” them forever. They were looking to get married as well, so there was sort of a vaguely defined unspoken limitation on the number of times he could meet with any one person before he would have to give a thumbs up or thumbs down. It seems to have worked out very well for him and as far as fitting in with the family, she seems to have done very well also. Now, things don’t always work out perfectly, of course, but what people now generally believe is that the ultimate success of a relationship isn’t really dependent on whether the match was arranged or not. There seems to be about an equal level of success and failure on both levels.
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Thursday, September 22, 2011
Chicago and Detroit: comparing interurban rail
Recently metropolitan Detroit proposed a plan to create an interurban rail system in the region. The two proposed lines would essentially restore routes that closed in the mid-80s. This plan is interesting from a comparative as well as a historic perspective. While Detroit sometimes makes an interesting comparison to Chicago, the unique history of the city can also shed some light on why things may be different between the two cities.
Comparing Detroit to Chicago is in some ways an apt comparison. The city of Detroit was, at the beginning of the 20th century, a rapidly growing city. Between 1900 and 1910 the city nearly doubled in size. Chicago had experienced similarly meteoric growth, expanding by 54% that decade, and having doubled in size in the decade prior. Both cities had a large industrial economy. And both cities had an interurban rail system, bringing commuters in from the suburbs into the city core. Finally, the two cities are less than 300 miles apart.
In Chicago the interurban lines fell on hard times and the metropolitan region created the Metra to consolidate and continue to provide passenger rail service. The first consolidation was in 1974 with the creation of the Regional Transit Authority. Today the Metra is the second busiest commuter rail system in America.
In Detroit the interurban lines fell on hard times as well. The commuter rail line from Pontiac to Detroit was administered by the Grand Trunk Railroad from 1931 until 1974 when SEMTA took it over. However by 1984 the last two commuter rail lines in metro Detroit ceased operation (Ann Arbor to Detroit in 1984 and Pontiac to Detroit in 1983).
Map of Detroit's streetcar and interurban lines from 1904
As you can see the seeds of a regional rail network similar to Chicago's Metra were spread early on, but ultimately failed to germinate. It is interesting that commuter rail service from the freight carriers folded by 1974 in both cities and administration turned to local governments. As we have seen previously good governance is important. It is also interesting that now, with the city population smaller than it was in the 1930s and less densely populated, an attempt is being made to revitalize the interurban rail network.
Chicago, for its part, has perhaps been more successful at maintaining the rail lines because of a more dense downtown. Downtown Chicago has a worker population density of 160,000 people per square mile. With downtown composed of just over 3 square miles, that gives it a worker population of almost 550,000.
Detroit, on the other hand, has a downtown worker density of 55,000 and a total worker population less than 80,000 downtown. That is less than half the density, meaning issues like traffic congestion and parking spaces aren't as large a concern. Since commuting times and parking are two important variables for deciding transit methods what may be most surprising is not that Detroit abandoned interurban rails, but that it is trying to rebuild them.
I hope to continue to explore the issue of transit in Chicago and compare it across the country in future posts, but I want to caution readers not to misconstrue my comparison between Chicago and Detroit. I wish Detroit the best of luck concerning its interurban endeavors, but I am skeptical that, due to the density of downtown Detroit, this will be successful.
1 comment:
chicago by rail
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There certainly is an argument to be made that no debt is good debt. But borrowing money and taking on debt is the only way many people can afford to purchase important big-ticket items like a home. While those kinds of loans are usually justifiable and provide value to the person taking on the debt, there is another end of the spectrum that involves debt that’s taken on carelessly. While it’s easy to differentiate between these two extremes, some other debts are harder to judge.
• Good debt has the potential to increase your net worth or enhance your life in an important way.
• Bad debt involves borrowing money to purchase rapidly depreciating assets or only for the purpose of consumption.
• Determining whether a debt is good or bad sometimes depends on an individual’s financial situation, including how much they can afford to lose.
What Is Good Debt?
Good debt is often exemplified in the old adage “it takes money to make money.” If the debt you take on helps you generate income and build your net worth, that can be considered positive. So can debt that improves your and your family’s life in other significant ways. Among the things that are often worth going into debt for:
• Education. In general, the more education an individual has, the greater their earning potential. Education also has a positive correlation with the ability to find employment. Better educated workers are more likely to be employed in good-paying jobs and tend to have an easier time finding new ones should the need arise. An investment in a college or technical degree can often pay for itself within a few years of entering the workforce. However, not all degrees are of equal value, so it’s worth considering both the short- and long-term prospects for any field of study that appeals to you.
• Your own business. Money you borrow to start your own business can also come under the heading of good debt. Being your own boss is often both financially and psychologically rewarding. It can also be very hard work. Like paying for education, starting your own business comes with risks. Many ventures fail, but your chances for success are greater if you choose a field you are passionate and knowledgeable about.
• Your home or other real estate. There are a variety of ways to make money in real estate. On the residential front, the simplest often involves taking out a mortgage to buy a home, living in the home for a few decades, and then selling the home at a profit. In the meantime, you also enjoy the freedom of having your own home, plus an assortment of potential tax breaks not available to renters. Residential real estate also can be used to generate income by renting it out, and commercial real estate can be a source of cash flow and eventual capital gain, if you know what you’re doing.
What Is Bad Debt?
It’s generally considered to be bad debt if you are borrowing to purchase a depreciating asset. In other words, if it won’t go up in value or generate income, you shouldn’t go into debt to buy it. For example:
• Cars. While you may find it impossible to live without a car, borrowing money to buy one isn’t a great idea from a financial perspective. By the time you leave the car lot, the vehicle already is worth less than it was when you bought it. If you need to borrow to buy a car, look for a loan with low or no interest. While you’ll still be investing a large amount of money in a depreciating asset, at least you won’t be paying interest on it.
• Clothes and consumables. It’s often said that clothes are worth less than half of what consumers pay for them. If you look around a used clothing store, you’ll see that “half” is being generous. Of course you need clothes—and food and furniture and all kinds of other things—but borrowing to buy them by using a high-interest credit card isn’t a good use of debt. Use a credit card for convenience, but make sure you’ll be able pay off your full balance at the end of the month to avoid interest charges. Otherwise, try to pay cash.
Credit card reward programs give cardholders an extra incentive to spend. But bear in mind that unless you pay your balance in full every month, the interest charges may more than offset the value of your rewards.
Special Considerations
Not all debt can be classified as good or bad so easily. Often it depends on your own financial situation or other factors. Certain types of debt may be good for some people but bad for others:
• Borrowing to pay off debt. For consumers who are already in debt, taking out a debt consolidation loan from a bank or other reputable lender can be beneficial. Debt consolidation loans typically have a lower interest rate than most credit cards, so they allow you to pay off existing debts and save money on future interest payments. The key, however, is making sure you use the cash to pay off debts and not for other spending. Investopedia publishes regularly updated ratings of the best debt consolidation loans.
• Borrowing to invest. If you have an account with a brokerage firm, you may have access to a margin account, which allows you to borrow money from the brokerage to purchase securities. Buying on margin, as it’s called, can make you money (if the security goes up in value before you have to pay back the loan) or cost you money (if the security loses value). Obviously, this kind of borrowing isn’t for inexperienced investors or those who can’t afford to lose some money.
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How was the French society organized before the revolution of 1789 state the role of the Third Estate in it?
How was French society before the revolution of 1789?
Before the French Revolution, French society was structured on the relics of feudalism, in a system known as the Estates System. … In contrast, the clergy and the nobility controlled the majority of the land in France and held all of the important positions in the government, military and church.
How was the French society organized before 1789 what privileges did the upper classes of the society enjoy discuss?
1-Clergy – It included the church and its officials . It had various powers in order to collect tax from the third estate . Together the clergy and nobility enjoyed certain privileges . … 3- 3rd estate – It comprised of workers , labourers , lawyers etc.
How was the French society before the French Revolution Class 9?
France divided society into three estates under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution):-the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered not to be part of any estate.
THIS IS FUNNING: Your question: How do you know when a verb is reflexive in French?
What was the social structure of France before the Revolution of 1789 Class 9?
How was French society organized?
The French society was divided into 3 estates. The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility, enjoyed certain privileges by birth. The most important of these was exemption from paying taxes to the state. Peasants, belonging to the 3rd estate made up of 90 per cent of the population.
How was the French society Organised during 18th century?
The French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates. The first estate consisted of the clergymen, the second estate consisted of the nobles and the third estate consisted of the common people most of whom were peasants.
How was society Organised in Europe before the eighteenth century?
Answer: French society in the eighteen century was divided into three estates, only the members of third estate paid taxes. … The term Old Regime is usually used to describe the society and institutions of France before 1789. Peasants came under the third estate.
What were the social causes of French Revolution?
Social causes of French revolution:
The first two estates, the clergy and the nobles were the most privileged sections in French society. They were not required to pay any state taxes. – Weak economic policies, poor leadership, and exploitative political and social systems all contributed to the French revolution.
THIS IS FUNNING: Quick Answer: How many hours train from Paris to Austria?
What were the three classes of French society?
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Historic Patuxet
The first outdoor living history exhibit you will encounter on your visit is the Wampanoag Homesite, located in Historic Patuxet along the banks of the Eel River. Here you'll discover how the 17th-century Wampanoag people would have lived along the coast during the growing season; planting their crops, fishing and hunting, gathering wild herbs and berries for food, and reeds for making mats and baskets. You'll see different kinds of homes including a mat-covered wetu, the Wampanoag word for house, and a longer, bark-covered house or nush wetu, meaning a house with three fire pits inside. Food is cooked over an open fire using only the ingredients that were available in the 1600s. At the riverside you may see men making a mishoon - the Wampanoag word for boat - using fire as a tool to hollow out a tree.
Erinn sewing homesite
Please No Costumes
We ask that our guests do not wear "Indian" costumes while visiting the Museum. In the Wampanoag Homesite, the staff are Native People who wear traditional Wampanoag clothing authentic to the 17th century and meaningful to their culture. Guests in costume cause confusion for people who may not be able to distinguish costumed guests from the Museum staff. Therefore, we kindly ask everyone not to wear historical costume when visiting us. The Guest Services staff may ask you to remove or cover up any "Indian" costume while visiting Plimoth Plantation. Thank you for your help on this culturally sensitive issue!
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Saint of the Month: St. Adalbert of Prague
Saint Adalbert of Prague, given the name Vojtech at birth, was born in the year 956 to an affluent family line of Bohemian princes, which is modern day Czech Republic. In Magdeburg, Germany, he studied theology, and he was baptized with the name Adalbert after his catechist.
After the death of his mentor in 981, Adalbert developed ideas for missionary work and clerical reform, so he returned to Prague to carry out his vision.
In 982, Adalbert was elected bishop and showed support for the political views of the prince of Bohemia, Boleslav II. His visions highlighted broadening the reach of the church outside the Czech kingdom to better mold the standards of church life, unfortunately without much understanding and comprehension from his people. Tension began to develop between the bishop and the prince, so Adalbert left for Rome in 990 to become a monk.
Two years later, John XV commanded the return of Adalbert to Prague but he was stripped of his episcopal responsibilities in 995, which was decided after the massacre of his family ordered by Prince Boleslav II. While back in Prague, Adalbert founded the abbey of Brevnov.
Then, Adalbert was invited by the duke of Poland to evangelize the Prussians of Pomerania and later was was martyred April 23, 997, near Gdansk, Poland, after being suspected of being a Polish spy.
Adalbert was canonized in 999, as the first bishop of Prague with Czech heritage. In 1039, Adalbert’s body was transferred from Poland to Prague.
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3 Words To Describe Any Spot On Earth
For quite a long while now, latitude and longitude has been the way humankind has navigated the globe. This is a perfectly workable system, but it’s a little overwrought for daily use by the layperson. What3Words seeks to provide a simpler solution.
The system is based on splitting the surface of the globe into a grid of 3 m x 3 m sections. This includes oceans and bodies of water. With the grid layed out, each section is given a name consisting of three English words strung together. For example, ///eggs.form.breakfast denotes a spot in the outskirts of Chengdu, China, while ///crops.cards.gifts is a good approximation of that spot where the Naked Cowboy hangs out in Times Square, New York.
Addresses in this format are written with three leading forward slashes, along with a dot between each word. An attempt has been made to only use uncontroversial words, as well as to make sure no crude addresses are created by awkward combinations. Don’t worry, we checked – but if you do find anything good, drop it in the comments below.
It’s a tool that’s been around for a while, but an interesting one nonetheless. It’s something that needs a wider societal acceptance to become truly useful; we imagine it could be good in a small social circle once everyone is familiar with it. It may yet catch on – only time will tell!
118 thoughts on “3 Words To Describe Any Spot On Earth
1. Problem is that the algorithm is not open, and there is no promise of what happens when the company folds, or get bought, or anything else. you need to use their api, with no promises as to how the data is stored and used and sold. does not work offline either.
1. It also doesn’t seem to allow approximation or projection. And how do you do arithmetic?
I.e. you can’t describe all local regions as around “pizza” or describe a slew of countries as all being on the “doughnut” lat or long.
1. But why is it useful?
If anything, that’s a problem because you might remember the address wrong, and you can’t even guess what the correct one should be because it’s pointing to somewhere in Timbuktu, instead of to the neighboring shop.
1. It is useful because if you receive an address that is supposed to be in one part of the world but it resolves to another then you know that there’s an error. Whereas if the address is only off by a few km then you will be less likely to detect the error.
2. You don’t know how far away the wrong address is. It might be at the south pole, or it might be in the next county.
If the address is off by a few kilometers, the ambulance is still in the right neighborhood, rather than going 200 miles off in the wrong direction.
2. umm, with out extra information then how can you know if there is even an error. say that you call up emergency services and in a panic you mess up one of the words, that could send emergency services to the next street over, the next county over or just disconnect you because you are telling them that you are on the other side of the world. None of that is obvious without that extra piece of information like where they are expecting you to be calling from. So yeah its obvious if the location you give is from another country, but what if it is nearby? like within range of the same cell towers (information that emergency services is likely to have) which raises the question, with a closed algorithm, how can you be sure that any type of mix-up (word order, mispronunciation, heavy accents) will be entirely obvious?
Can’t really call it a feature if there is no way to verify that any potential error would be obvious given the limited extra data available. ABC, Always be critical, especially of anyone trying to make a profit as their motivations are only to liberate the money from your pocket, providing a benefit to you is a nice side bonus but not always necessary.
1. They will probably drown in lawsuits from landowners who find the choice of words inappropriate. Because there seems to be no way to repair it, one court order could be enough to drive them out of business.
2. W3W has the major drawback that each phrase provides no information, just uniqueness. You have no way to tell how far apart two addresses are, or where in a general sense a location is. This makes it difficult to imagine common cases where this address system is preferable to anything already in use.
1. This! Lat/lon has only a few degrees of arbitrariness: where you place the prime meridian, whether you call the poles 0 and 180 or -90 and 90, etc. I guess add DMS vs decimal degrees to the list. Still, very few choices to completely describe the system.
I’m not sure how many squares there are on the earth, but _every single one_ is arbitrary in this system. It’s the maximally unsystematic system.
And for that, it’s beautiful in a way. Shame about it not being open. An enterprising hacker could script their API and pull the whole database fairly easily and serve it up for free. I wonder how they’re trying to prevent this.
1. Nice.
Of course, since the naming is entirely arbitrary, you could make a near-infinity of competing systems. One where “small.potato.vacuum” pointed to square 1, one where it pointed to square 2, …
What “plus codes” misses out on is simplicity, though. I can’t parse G24N88828+Z24 without any special training, and it would be awkward to read out. I think they’re missing the important part of the gimmick here.
1. That wouold be a good way to destory W3W before they destory existing methods.
Seems W3W is all about dumbing down. And making money. Obviously this is not altruism.
So they will push like crazy for adoption, they are already embedded with emergency services and then the facebook generation.
Meanwhile we have GPS
Before that in the UK we have the OS grid system.
Lets reinvent hte wheels because of stupid people that CBA to learn something mildy complex.
But will call 999 demanding help because they are on top of a mountain wearing a pair of shorts and flip flops when the weather comes in….
2. > I can’t parse G24N88828+Z24 without any special training
Well, from what I understood of the system, the G24N part could actually be replaced by any nearby town or city that resolves to the same square, and the 88828 is your approximate location, and the +724 is just extra precision.
So you could say “Lazytown 88828” and people could find you to within 30 meters was it?
That’s the power of the system.
1. What’s also missing is the point that addresses don’t always refer to physical locations, but end-points.
For example, my mail does not always come to my physical address – for the point that you can’t fit a microwave oven through a mail slot in a door. Hence, if I give the delivery address as a geographical location, the company has to jump through extra hoops to figure out where they should actually be delivering the parcel.
Equally, if I give the geographical location of my apartment, the taxi driver has no idea where they should be picking me up. Which side of the block should they wait at? Closest to my apartment, or to the building door?
2. It is a hash code in some ways. Hash’s don’t tell you anything without the table, yet everyone uses them. Doesn’t this ideas assume you are using an interactive map? Shouldn’t that make it obvious if there is an error? And isn’t it likely to be much more obvious than a small numerical error in lat/long or a house number? This reminds me of the useabilty and error detection built into imperial/ANSI versus metric for noisy environments. Imperial is all one syllable names that sound nothing like each other. Metric is 4 syllable names that are nearly indistinguishable. I hate those eight dates I ate.
3. 1. it relies on a language. //some.funnny.square is not translatable to //manche.lustig.quadrat I would not even think of other languages where the order of words or syllables denotes the meaning.
2. it is only useful with a possibiliy to georeference it (location on a map, address), whileas traditional addresses or place descriptions have an intrinsic geolocation
3. it is not possible to give approximate locations. An “I live in Berlin” or “in Post area DE-10557” is not possible.
4. it is a typical vendor-lock-in
5. what is its relation to HaD?
1. Which is besides the point. Should HaD be a marketing channel for proprietary technology, or a blog/newsfeed about hacks related interests relevant to its community like it says on the box?
Some times the editors get it wrong.
4. Smart, but it’s like someone inventing something that wasn’t really asked for, and probably will never be used. See, even if I today invented yet another alternative to – as example – entering phone numbers, it would never be used. Simply because devices and standards everywhere are not made for it.
Think about it: we still today largely live with ASCII which was developed like 50 years back.
5. I think this company is astroturfing… I remember a story a few weeks ago about this same app. They claimed a 9-1-1 operator (or equivalent) told a person to download the app so they could “find them”. I found out about this app a while ago and it’s interesting, but ultimately useless.
1. Came to say this. Hams (and many others, I’m sure) have been using the Maidenhead grid system for many years to good effect. It’s easy to use, easy to translate to a map, easy to write, and easy to say. Greetings and 73 from central New Hampshire, FN43gm.
6. UK emergency services will already accept these to help locate an accident / victim. They have tied it into the call handler systems. Much easier for lay people than grid reference and pretty accurate.
7. Here on ad-a-day… is a nice astrofurfing piece on another garbage company. Tune in next week for an article about how the Amazon© Ring™ doorbell helps stop crime – complete with testimony from the local police!
1. It’s hard to see an advantage. It has an obvious application for someone remembering a static location, give a vulnerable person three words to describe their home location in case they need to contact the emergency services from a non-landline. In any other case, Lat and Long is much more useful and accessible.
The BBC report mentions people calling for help then being sent an app to get three words, it would be just as easy for the app to send a lat/long etc.
1. But the emergency services cannot respond to an Ordnance Survey Grid Reference, much less a global coordinate system. (For those outside the UK the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain is a UK-wide reference system tied into the detailed maps available in this country. OSGB coordinates are an option on many satellite navigation systems).
8. Not sure why there’s so much negativity for this. It’s a simple little app that requires no internet connectivity (GPS signal only) and is brilliant in emergencies.
My 18yr old daughter’s car broke down in the middle of nowhere and she was in a panic. Pulled up the w3w and we could find her within a 3m square in seconds – all whilst she had no data on her phone, only a poor voice signal. An hour later we were with her and she was safe. Car was knackered though, but I guess no app can fix that :)
Even the emergency services in the UK are recommending it be installed for emergencies.
1. So why didn’t she had an app which gave GPS coordinates then?
I guess that didn’t come up on her facebook feed being pushed to her.
That’s the problem with this app.
It’s trying to replace something that already works and is free, with the end goal of monetising it.
The UK emergency serivces are reccommending it because they are also being lobbied AND because stupid people cannot do simple tasks like OS grid or gps coordinates. Part of our ever increasing culture of lack of responsibility.
1. I just checked mine; there’s a “Share my location” button right in the app, where you can send the information along with any of the messaging apps on my phone, email, SMS, or post it on my facebook.
If I’m on the phone, talking into it, I have at least SMS available, probably Edge (GPRS), and most likely 3G, so there are multiple means for me to send the information without a special app that translates GPS coordinates to three arbitrary words.
The problem with the emergency services however is that they’re so much being the curve that they can’t even receive text messages. In that situation, I would send the message to someone else on my contact list with the words HELP included.
2. >”Right, because that’s always an option.”
If you are able to download an app, turn on your GPS, and then read out the resulting three words to the emergency services operator, you are able to do the other thing which you could have done in the first place.
1. no you are right, its way easier to use the phone that you are using to communicate with emergency services to copy a link from them, download an app and then over the phone relate 3 words via voice when the data channel exists? But i mean i guess thats what i should expect from someone who is willing to degenerate a group of people they have never met by insulting their facial hair or implying that they have special needs. GTFOH, its people like you who ruin sites with your lack of critical thinking skills:
Sure it may be easier to tell someone three words vs a GPS coordinate, but look at the steps required to get those three words and all the ways that the GPS coordinates could have been communicated before that translation. You know, like text, email, built in location services (which most emergency services should be able to pull up on cellphones that dial in)
The perfect solution is actually letting the emergency services poll the gps coordinates on any cellphone that dials into them, through both the phone hardware itself as well as the network hardware. there is no need for a third party company which is not a non profit to seek to make money off of others misfortune. plain and simple, no matter how easy it is to say three words over a voice protocol when other protocols exist and before you reply; if there is no data communications available to their phone then how will they download the app? and equally as likely: if there is no gps signal then how will the phone know what three words to translate their position to?
W3W is a solution to a problem that no one has other than laziness.
1. I’m going to bed that you are a paid shill. whenever you call emergency services, your phone already sends your location.also, SMS uses the same exact signal as normal cell phone calls do. Not data. So sending your location from something like Google maps or Apple maps over SMS would have worked as well. In conclusion, I hope you got well paid for your comment.
9. I sent this in on the HAD tip line – it’s not an sneaky placement ad, and I have no affiliation with the company. As an former HAD writer, it’s comical to see that people think there are ads on here. Ads equal money, and there are no piles of money to be found at HAD. :)
Anyways….I think some of you are missing the point and this just one of them: “The system is designed to solve the an often-ignored problem of 75% of the earth’s population, an estimated 4 billion people, who have no address for mailing purposes, making it difficult to open a bank account, get a delivery, or be reached in an emergency.” “Mongolia will become a global pioneer next month, when its national post office starts referring to locations by a series of three-word phrases instead of house numbers and street names.” Link: https://qz.com/705273/mongolia-is-changing-all-its-addresses-to-three-word-phrases/
Not to mention search and rescue. Plus, now you can get a pizza delivered to places that don’t have a physical address. :)
1. I think *you* are missing the point. This company provides zero value over an open standard (lat/long, northing/westing, maidenheads, whatfreewords, etc, etc) and their primary presence is carefully tailored ads to promote people being locked into their service so that they can extract their toll.
It is a clever idea, and there is no law against them trying to make money, but there really is no reason to support then, let alone play into their astroturf campaign and promote their services over open/free alternatives
2. so, how do the Mongolians who don’t know English use the system, or are you implying that there is a direct translation for every single word in the English language to every other language in a 1 to 1 relationship (hot tip: there isn’t)
This is just flash, its a monetization of hype because the problem was already solved. It translates GPS coordinates into three English words, guess what, the GPS coordinates would have been enough in most cases and numbers are pretty universal as no language that i know of has multiple words for the same number. All of the benefits that you have mentioned were possible with GPS coordinates and this system just translates those coordinates into three English words…. not so good for non English speaking people is it now? shoddy translations are going to cause more problems than this “solution” is going to solve!
How many of those 4 billion people (which is no way near 75% of 7.7 billion) speak English, need junk-mail, need a bank account etc etc. This will fail just like Facebook trying to bring the internet to rural India or Africa, its a first world solution to a first world problem: people cant be bothered to learn how to locate themselves on a map given the existing tools that have been around for centuries (sextants were used before satellites)! That is why everyone thinks that this is an advertisement on hack a day! because the majority of us see how stupid this entire idea is and how it just furthers the dumbing down of society into becoming reliant on some third party company who may or may not exist in 5 years.
3. Maybe Mongolia can step up then and do it. With rampant homelessness and mental health problems here in the USA, I really don’t have any concern that some sheepherder 10,000 miles away is not in the Silicon Valley ecosystem and cannot be ‘found’. Maybe he likes it that way.
1. And they have a PR division doing an incredible work of seeding these stories in the press, flying around to convince device-makers they’d be fools for not implementing it, etc.
Google’s competing “plus codes” (later standardized as Open Location Code) isn’t going to catch on without a similar push to displace the evil moneygrubbing W3W.
1. Can you tell me how they can have an offline API to their databases and word lists.
This only work by the application uploading a GPS longitude and latitude and returning a three word string.
I’ll stick to the Maidenhead Locator System which can easily be calculated offline, and is not closed source.
You could even add a Fourth(~1km), Fifth(~100m), Sixth(~10m) or Seventh (~1m) pair to increase the precision.
1. It requires licensing a database from them (large), using their code as provided (messy) and paying $$$ (licensing model is unclear, but some users state per user, others state lump sum).
Since those terms are a non-starter for anyone with a brain, i summarized as “not available” sorry.
1. You replied to me and I was talking about the Maidenhead Locator System. So I just to be clear to anyone else that is reading this that it is none of the above. If you can calculate your Maidenhead Location with a only a pencil and paper it does not require any database. And you can easily roll back from a Maidenhead Location to a latitude and longitude and then use the standard Vincenty’s formulae to calculate the distance between any two points on our local spheroid.
But the three word API is everything that you said.
1. Nope, it’s worse than that; DNS values are hierarchical so if two DNS locations differ in only the last set of digits, ther are more likely to be part of the same organisation – not so with W3W which is more like allocating DNS for every single node from a random number generator.
1. Which is of no practical use. If you enter the address and you end up in Mongolia, you still don’t know where you actually should be going, and you can’t even guess because it’s nowhere near the real location.
2. Besides, don’t assume that obvious errors are obvious.
If you enter a three-word address wrong and it sends you France, how long will it take you before you start questioning your car’s satnav? 50 miles down the A10? When you’re at the ferry across the canal? People follow car navigators through wheat fields and into rivers, completely disregarding the fact that the road ahead doesn’t look anything like a road.
Likewise, if you say the three words to the emergency services operator, and they hear “fee” instead of “feed”, the ambulance may go to the next county. You don’t know how far away the wrong address is – it might still be in the same country.
1. I’m known as someone who usually supports the HackaDay writers to a fault, but I feel you might be being a bit harsh to the folks in this thread, as they were just doing what was asked in the article. Quote from the article: “…but if you do find anything good, drop it in the comments below.”
10. Thats stupid crap. Just educate people to understand/use standard coordinates that every GPS/Galileo/…-receiver spits out and that are understood by Openstreetmap, Google Map, … No need for yet another commercial thing with proprietary stuff and that is probably logging and selling some data to $somebody.
1. I worked 10 years for a company making navigation devices. But I still can’t remember even the coordinates of my company’s headquarters. Even though I saw them almost every day in those 10 years.
11. Got to be one of the stupidest ideas I’ve seen this month.
English-centrism makes it a non-starter.
The words have no meaning. Give me latitude and longitude and I know roughly on the globe where you’re talking about, without recourse to some database. Give me three words and I have no idea.
And the claimed rationale — “it’s a little overwrought for daily use by the layperson” — is hardly specific or obvious, nor is it obvious that if so, this silly system addresses the alleged problem.
12. Ok, this is a point, coordinates might be harder to remember than three words. But still, you can just write them down, put them into your smartphone or some other device, invent some mnemonic to not forget them, use another system like the one radio operators use and so on. No need for proprietary stuff. And btw, for somebody speaking some african language for example remembering three english words might be hard.
13. OR, we could use a system that defines points on the globe precisely… numerically. Without the mish-mash disorder of random words that cannot convey relative position information when comparing two points.
Oh, wait! We already have ten versions of that.
14. The instant problem I see with this method of localization is that it doesn’t provide any relative information…
How far away is pizza.dog.house from tree.glass.yoghurt?
While the current longitude latitude system gives a rough idea of the direction at least…
Not to mention that the current long.lat system also can show you your progress.
As an example: 54.911 by 3.138 is more north west of 54.852 by 3.223
Though, anyone saying that this is in the middle of the North sea is also correct.
But the idea of the long.lat system is though not to find your way around a city. But the long.lat system is generally the backbone for maps to use for localization.
And to be fully honest, W3W is nothing but a abhorrent cipher of the long.lat system, also with lower precision, since the long.lat system has infinite precision not some arbitrary 3 meters, it is just up to you how accurately you can measure it.
Though, I can fully see from where the W3W came from, likely from the statement, “Using the Earth’s axis and an arbitrary point in England is so hard to relate to when being thousands of miles away from it.”
But at least I know where it is. W3W doesn’t tell me anything with its three words, since it doesn’t give you relative, nor absolute position. Unless you ask them, and that is a stupid system…. It is literally as useful as assigning a randomly generated ID number to each 3 meter square on the Earth’s surface. But the words W3W uses can have some logical relationship with absolute position. But the use of 3 words for a 2D map makes less sense, since surely they don’t take elevation into consideration?
In the end, W3W is a tame looking, but useless positioning system that frankly would have no useful meaning when actually navigating. Unlike the long.lat system that one can know that the 5th decimal place is roughly in meters. (Or the 6th decimal place is roughly a third of a foot.) But in the end, one can just ask any of the modern map services about where something is, and how far it is there, or even get directions too…
15. Absolutely shameful to see this PR fluff piece on Hackaday. W3W is a scourge to open information, suing the pants off anyone who tries to make an open implementation, and paying automakers and others to implement their system at the exclusivity of open options.
I would expect a piece about alternatives to the evil empire, not how great the emperor himself is.
16. How about you change to a decimal based lat/long. Two 7 digit values gives you 3m accuracy. Might as well change to decimal time so the upper two digits of longitude gives you your local time offset.
17. Why not lat-long in Radix 60? I’m guessing they will be short enough to work with. Lets see 47.3293° N, 122.5801° W is the same as l.Jj , 22.yM. Hmm. The upper/lower is a pain. Base 36 is 1B.2JH , 3E.4H5 where I’m converting the whole number and fractional part separately to aoid repeating decimals (36imales?).
18. Want to see what xkcd does with this.
I am thinking some combination of
geohashing https://xkcd.com/426/
with password generation passwords (correct horse battery staple)
Central Nunavut
East of Kawawachikamach in Quibec
The what3words web site is lame in that it takes a lot of messing about to figure out
where it is showing you if you type in an arbitrary location.
(Have to scroll out a lot. Should start at a scale where there are some readily identifiable nearby features. Which for most of the earth is a very large scale.)
19. I note that there is some debate in the comments over whether this is awesome or awful. I side with the awful, and I also note that what3words is being advertised heavily in the UK right now as being of great help to the emergency services. That use case makes no sense to me, so I started to put a proof of concept of something I felt would be more useful to that use case together. I haven’t done any work on it for a while, and it certainly needs more polish but https://www.craig-james-stewart.co.uk/blog/tags/location-finder/ is the updates on what I have.
In that example the person you want to locate would need a smartphone with location services enabled, and access to the internet, but that’s no worse than the requirements for what3words, and they don’t need a specific app to determine their location, or to read it out over the phone.
20. Can’t believe no-one has mentioned homophones, or near-homophones. My current location contains a past-tense word ending with d; taking off the ‘d’ I get a location on another continent. That means to give my location verbally and especially anytime sound is unclear, I’d have to spell it out, making 23 characters including the dots.
Hey, I’ve got an idea that’ll work for a lot of places: 3 words and a number! e.g.
Rural addressing works too, with 10ths of km from the start of the road forming the number.
21. I’ve been using this for the past few years when I visit Thailand. I can’t read Thai but I can find stuff on map with satelite overlay. Using what3words addresses in the NAV Mii android GPS app makes it much easier to get taxi’s to where you need to be with out been able to speake the local language.
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University of Freiburg professor honored for groundbreaking results on the brain’s immune system
The blood-brain barrier is an impenetrable barrier between the circulating blood and the brain established before birth that prevents immune cells from entering the brain from the body's immune system. Thus, the brain has its own immune system with a key actor called microglia.
As wardens and housekeepers, the microglia play a central role in both monitoring and defending the brain and maintaining its normal functions. At the start of his career, German professor Marco Prinz became fascinated by these cells, which were at that time primarily thought to be the brain's garbage collectors.
Most people found them boring, because they were thought to simply remove waste during illness. Our research has shown that their function extends far beyond this role and that the development of microglia dates back to a remarkably short period during fetal development. Microglia are key in maintaining the normal function of the brain, and their failure can therefore also lead to several very serious brain disorders."
Dr Marco Prinz, Professor and Director, Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg
Early alarm clock in the brain
In brains affected by multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease, microglia become activated, expand in numbers and respond rapidly to reduce damage by gobbling up dying cell parts and characteristic protein build-ups. However, after a few weeks of cleaning unwanted material, they get exhausted and aged, eventually contributing to developing severe brain disorders.
"I think we are now starting to understand how these police officers in the brain work. Based on what we and other groups find in terms of signatures, of function, this can be used for patients, because the microglia seem to be the first to respond during almost any brain disease. So if we can identify some molecules, genes or markers that are really typical for microglia-specific disease, we could possibly develop better diagnostics and treatments," says Marco Prinz.
For his unique efforts, Marco Prinz is receiving the Novo Nordisk Prize, which is accompanied by DKK 5 million. The Novo Nordisk Foundation awards the Prize to honour an active scientist who has provided outstanding contributions to advance medical science to benefit people's lives.
"Marco Prinz is an exceptional clinician scientist who exemplifies how basic and clinical research can come together to generate paradigm-shifting new knowledge. He has contributed to drawing a novel picture of the role of the innate immune system in the central nervous system, elucidating the function and origin of the brain's microglia and their functional connection to the intestinal tract and the microbiome. With the 2021 Novo Nordisk Prize, we celebrate bridging the gap between basic and applied research in neuroimmunology," says Jørgen Frøkiær, Chair of the committee that awards the Prize.
Marco Prinz is delighted to receive the Prize and says:
"It was hard to imagine 25 years ago that I would receive these honours and distinctions, because at that time not many paid attention, so I accept the Prize with great humility and pride. Predicting how this field might develop during the next 10 years is difficult, but it is exploding currently, with interest and potential possibilities for curing some of these disabling and deadly brain diseases, and this is still the driving force in my daily work."
Future treatment
Marco Prinz imagines that it might be possible in the future to identify some of the microglia-specific molecules using magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography in living patients and thus diagnose the disease even before symptoms appear.
"This is like an early alarm clock in the brain that can tell us things that are not possible to tell us today. Brain disease today is usually diagnosed based on the symptoms or even small biopsies from the human brain. If the microglia in a specific region are activated, we can then tell that the patient seems to be developing a specific brain disease," explains Marco Prinz.
Today most brain diseases are diagnosed when the disease has already progressed and the patients have difficulties. With early diagnosis, the patients can potentially get more specific treatment that might be-microglia-based in the future.
"We consider microglia to be obvious targets for treating people with central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's. We call these neuromodulatory therapies. They can be pharmaceutical interventions or brain stimulation to remedy and cure the diseases," says Marco Prinz.
University of Freiburg
Posted in: Medical Research News | Medical Condition News
Tags: Alzheimer's Disease, Blood, Brain, Brain Disease, Brain Stimulation, Cell, Central Nervous System, Diabetes, Diagnostic, Diagnostics, Doctor, Genes, Imaging, Immune System, Inflammation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Medical School, Medicine, Microbiome, Microglia, Multiple Sclerosis, Nervous System, Neurodegeneration, Neuroimmunology, Neurology, Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Positron Emission Tomography, Protein, Research, Sclerosis, Tomography
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Looking Back
“Number, please?” No longer
By Mary Ellen Shaw
Having grown up with party lines and phones without a dial, I am truly amazed by the way communication has changed. Dial phones were probably as welcome to my parents’ generation as cell phones are to mine.
But what is the history of the telephone?
Going back to 1900, there were 600,000 phones in the Bell Telephone system. Five years later, in 1905, there were 2.2 million. Go forward another five years to 1910, and there were 5.8 million. AT&T – “Ma Bell” – had a monopoly on phone service as it grew.
Who placed the first phone call? Why, it was Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, of course. This happened on March 10, 1867, when he called his assistant, Thomas Watson, and said, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you!” Notice the formality … no first name basis between the “boss” and his assistant.
My life was never lived without access to a phone but it was a “shared experience” in the beginning. We were on a “party line.” That meant you were either on a “one ring” or “2 ring” side of the line. When you heard the ring you were assigned, you picked up the phone to receive the call.
If you were on the nosey side, you could listen in on the calls that occurred on your party line. I don’t think most people actually did that, but I often picked up the phone to place a call and heard another party talking. The other party could tell you had picked up the phone and also could hear the click as you hung up. If you did that enough times, they finally decided they might as well hang up!
According to statistics, dial phones were introduced in the 1920s but it took about 20 years to perfect them. Apparently either Rutland or my parents were somewhat behind the times, as operators were still placing calls I made from home to my friends back in the early to mid 50s.
TouchTone® phones came out in the 1960s, but our home still had a rotary dial for quite awhile after that. You didn’t own your phones back then. You paid for them as part of your monthly bill. The installer arrived at your house with the phone you ordered and it was picked up when service was discontinued. I had the “privilege” of finding a pink telephone under our Christmas tree when I was 16. A relative, who worked for New England Telephone, was able to convince a “higher-up” to let her take the pink phone so my parents could wrap it up and surprise me.
The style of phones probably had the biggest change in the 50s and 60s when the Trimline® and Princess® phones became popular. Both styles came in a variety of colors and had a lighted dial. They fit nicely on a nightstand and if you needed to make a call without turning on a light, these were the answer!
I worked in the business office of New England Telephone when I was in my 20s and by the 1970s our office had a “Phone Store.” It was strategically located in the front of the building so everyone walked by it when they came in to place an order or pay a bill. Good marketing strategy! There were several model phones available for purchase. A popular choice was the candlestick phone, resembling a style that had been popular in homes until the 40s. If you wanted a phone that was a little quirky and unique you could choose the Mickey Mouse phone.
Back “in the day” if you weren’t home, you missed phone calls, as nobody had answering machines. Although the first answering machine appeared in the late 1800s, they did not become a fixture in most homes until the 1970s. They had a cassette tape that recorded messages.
Did you know who was calling you in the early days? Absolutely not! Every call was a surprise until Caller ID became a feature on landline phones in the 1980s.
During my Ma Bell days in the 70s, I remember businesses were anxious for Rutland to be included in the mobile phone network. It was available in the Burlington area and down as far as Middlebury. Eventually Rutland had this option. Modern day businesses would not want to give up their cell phones for that setup!
Fast forward to current days and just about everyone has a cell phone and is in constant contact with one another. I have a Tracfone® from 2003 that my husband and I carry with us when we travel. It has limited minutes and doesn’t do any of the things that can be done on our friends’ phones. We can’t take pictures, email, text, or browse the internet. We don’t feel the need to do those things when we leave our house. Call us “old school” but being able to reach 911 if needed is sufficient for us at the moment.
If we ever “look forward” and update our phone, there could be a column devoted to my frustration as I try to figure out the darn thing. Stay tuned!
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Aodh Ua hEidhin
King of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne
date of death
Wikipedia creation date
Wikipedia incoming links count
Wikipedia opening text
Aodh Ua hEidhin (died 1121) was King of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne. According to the Annals of the Four Masters, sub anno 1121: A hosting by Toirdhealbhach son of Ruaidhrí into Munster, and he burned Ciarraighe Luachra and went from there eastwards through Munster, and burned Ua Caoimh's house on the bank of the Abha Mhór, and his scouts came to Magh Ceithniuil and Druim Fínghin. On that day were killed Muireadhach Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iarthar Connacht, and Aodh Ua hEidhin, king of Uí Fhiachrach Aidhne, to avenge the profanation of Mo-Chuda, although Toirdhealbhach made compensation for the plundering. An encampment by Toirdhealbhach son of Ruaidhrí at Magh Biorra during the winter, and he made a settlement between Clann Charthaigh and Síol Briain, and they both submitted to him.
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what is the difference between dvd and cd
what is the difference between dvd and cd
CD vs DVDThe CD and DVD are the variations of an optical disk which primarily differ in measurement and manufacturing technique. Usually, a DVD can retailer extra information than a CD, its one of many cause is that CD include the polycarbonate substrate on solely a single aspect whereas in DVDs it current on each of the perimeters. We now have already mentioned the development and dealing precept of the optical disk in our earlier article distinction between Magnetic Disk and Optical disk.
The CD and DVD work on optical expertise the place the info retrieved through the use of mild particularly lasers. A laser beam is concentrated into the CD or DVD with the intention to learn the content material (information) saved within the disc within the type of the bits and to put in writing the content material.
You're reading: what is the difference between dvd and cd
Content material: CD Vs DVD
1. Comparability Chart
2. Definition
3. Key Variations
4. Conclusion
Comparability Chart
Foundation for comparisonCDDVD Expands toCompact diskDigital Versatile Disk Acquired size700 MB4.7 to 17 GB UsageLess as in comparison with newurbanhabitat.com Steel layer (recording layer) place on the diskTopMiddle of the disk. Layers of the pitsSingleDouble (two-sided) Spacing between the loops of the spiral1.6 micrometre0.74 micrometre Spacing between the pits0.834 micrometre0.4 micrometre Error correction codesCIRC and EFMPRS-PC and EFMplus Elimination of the adhesive labelsResult in harm of metallic newurbanhabitat.com trigger an imbalance in spin.
Definition of CD
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The CD (Compact Disc) was step one in the direction of the thought of digital encoding of the info. It makes use of a novel technique of encoding through which a 14-bit code signifies a byte and this encoding method additionally helps in error detection. It was an acceptable substitute for the magnetic disk because it supplied the low-cost answer for storing a big quantity of knowledge.
The CDs first layer is constructed by the polycarbonate plastic which shops the info within the indented pits. This layer additionally supplies a transparent glass base. The flat or unindented space is called the land. The skinny aluminium materials covers the programmed disk, and a protecting acrylic then coats this aluminium layer. Within the final half, the disk is stamped by a label. The pits are organised into the spiral observe, within the outward path from the center of the disk, although lowering the chance of injury by storing the index data at first of the disk. , and the size and width of the pit are 0.8-3 and 0.5 microns respectively.layers of a CD
The saved bits are learn by way of targetting the laser mild on to the polycarbonate a part of the spinning disk. Indented portion of the disk displays again the sunshine which is detected by the photodetector. There are a number of variations of the compact disc corresponding to CD-R, CD-ROM, CD-RW.
Definition of DVD
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The arrival of DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) supplied an alternate for the videotape utilized in VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) and CD-ROM utilized in PC because the DVD can purchase 7 occasions bigger quantity of the info relative to CD. It renders movies with wonderful image high quality and random entry. A DVD is constructed from the identical materials because the CD however the course of and the layers are completely different, it’s used from each of the perimeters corresponding to two CDs are sticking collectively. It implements completely different strategies for the error correction i.e., RS-PC and recording code EFMPlus.
The the explanation why it supplies larger measurement than a CD are – dense packing of the bits, use of shorter wavelength laser and technology of the two-sided disc (information will be learn from write to each the perimeters). To acquire the smaller spacing about 0.74 microns between the spiral tracks and the minimal distance of 0.4 microns between the pits a brief wavelength laser is used. layers of a dvdIt additionally employs a twin layer of pits and lands on the usual layer and a semi-reflective layer on the highest of the reflective layer. To learn the content material of the layers individually in a DVD the laser should be rigorously centered. Much like CD, DVD additionally has variants corresponding to DVD-R, DVD-RW, etcetera.
Key Variations Between CD and DVD
1. A compact disk can maintain as much as 700 MB of knowledge whereas a digital versatile disk can maintain a most 17 GB of knowledge.
2. Because the DVD can purchase a bigger measurement, it’s extra prevalently used than a CD.
3. The metallic layer used for recording is positioned beneath the labelling aspect within the CD. In distinction, in DVD this metallic layer is located within the centre of the disk.
4. The layers of pits and land on a CD will be just one whereas in DVD it may be two.
5. A CD comprises the spacing of 1.6 micrometres between spiral tracks and 0.834 micrometres between the pits on the disc. Then again, the spiral loops in DVD are 0.74 micrometres aside and the space between the pits is 0.4 micrometres.
6. The error correcting codes utilized in CD are CIRC and EFMP. As in opposition to, DVD makes use of distinct error correction strategies which entails RS-PC and EFMPlus.
7. The elimination of the adhesive label of a CD could cause the extreme harm to the CD. Quite the opposite, when the adhesive label of the DVD is eliminated, the imbalance in spin is induced.
The CD and DVD are the optical recording medium the place CD was devised as an audio storage format whereas DVD is used because the common storage format. The latter expertise DVD can maintain information about 7 occasions greater than CD and its format effectivity can also be 32% larger than a CD.
Read: what is the name of the rooster in looney tunes
Associated Variations:
1. Distinction Between Blu-ray and DVD
2. Distinction Between Magnetic disk and Optical disk
3. Distinction Between Optical Fibre and Coaxial Cable
4. Distinction Between Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk
5. Distinction Between RAID 0 and RAID 1
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Storm Damage
Most property damage during a storm occurs when limbs or trees fall. High winds and saturated soil conditions can cause a tree's roots to fail and its branches to weaken. During winter, the weight of ice and snow can be equally damaging causing branches to break or entire tree failure. None of which is an easy experience for a homeowner. This is why it is recommended to have a Certified Arborist or Tree Risk Assessment Qualified person identify potentially hazardous conditions and help reduce the risk of damage before bad weather occurs.
Hazards are not always obvious to the untrained eye. While it is impossible to guarantee protection of your trees and property from severe storms, a Certified Arborist knows what issues to look for to try to prevent tree failure.
Based on what is found, appropriate treatment would help trees to better endure bad weather.
Never utilize the services of a company that proposes topping as a solution. Topping leads to other problems later in the tree's life and is a prohibited industry standard.
Additionally, climbing spikes should never be worn when performing maintenance to a tree as they create wounds that can lead to insect and disease infestations.
Be wary of a tree service that recommends removal of a tree without reason. Trees provide beauty and add value to a property so removal should only be done where there are high-risk conditions that cannot be effectively mitigated.
Whenever a severe storm hits be sure to have a Certified Arborist assess your property for any issues resulting from the weather, even if you routinely care for your trees.
Once the storm has passed and damage has been done, call an expert to provide emergency services including removing trees from houses, clearing roads and driveways, and pruning or removing trees that could lead to personal injury or further property damage.
Once emergency services are complete, crews can begin the process of clean up and repairing any storm damaged plants. Even if there is no obvious damage, it is important to have your trees and plants inspected by a Certified Arborist. They may detect symptoms and conditions that could pose a problem later.
Treatment recommendations will depend on the type and extent of damage. When pruning is recommended to restructure the crown (Crown Restoration) the plant will often require a series of pruning over a period of years to restore the desired form and a strong structure.
Trees that are leaning following a storm could indicate significant root damage. Small plants could be successfully straightened with proper procedures, but larger trees could be at risk of failure. These would require a thorough evaluation to determine whether removal or treatment if needed.
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Working Memory Model
by Baddeley and Hitch
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by Baddeley and Hitch
The working memory model was proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974. They had studied the 1968 Atkinson-Shiffrin model in 1968 and believed that the model’s short term memory (STM) store lacked detail.
Their model consisted of three main sections with a fourth added in 2000 by Baddeley:
Supervisory System:
• Central Executive
Slave Systems:
• The Phonological Loop (e.g. language)
• The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (visual semantics)
• Episodic Buffer (2000) (short term episodic memory)
Central Executive
According to their working memory model, the central executive was the most important part of the working memory because it was in complete control of the actions of the other components. The central executive has the ability to store information but its capacity is limited. It is deemed to be something of a supervisory system that becomes involved when cognitive processes go astray.
The Phonological Loop
This contains the articulatory control system (inner voice) and the phonological store (inner ear) - (not the physical ear canals). The articulatory control system revives memory traces with all auditory information believed to directly enter the phonological store. This stores information via a code based on sound but it decays within two seconds. This store’s input comes from long-term memory (LTM) or the ears. An example of this involves people who hear their favorite music in their mind.
The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
This is believed to hold visual information. The eyes are used to store and manipulate visual and spatial information such as remembering colors or shapes.
Episodic Buffer
26 years after the original working memory model, Baddeley added this third slave system. The point of the episodic buffer is to link together every piece of information from all other elements of working memory with further information relating to time and order. This process enables memories to be prepared for episodic LTM storage.
This working memory model seems perfectly realistic because it ties in with the manipulation of information when problems are encountered and solved. It seems more plausible than the Atkinson-Shiffrin model which claims STM is a static store. Baddeley and Hitch’s model shows STM to be a dynamic process. In a 1997 piece, Baddeley stated that mentally counting the windows on a house is an example of the working memory model in action.
This process begins with a visualization of every window which corresponds with the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad of the model. The counting of each window brings the Phonological Loop into play while the Central Executive coordinates all of this activity.
The primary part of the working memory model is the Central Executive which is still not clearly explained nor understood. Its functions are unclear and extremely difficult to test. Baddeley states that the Central Executive only has a limited capacity but at present, there seems to be no way to separate it to find out conclusively. He also claims that it is possible to divide the Central Executive into smaller systems but has thus far failed to positively do so.
The Episodic Buffer which was brought into the equation remains a mystery to researchers in terms of how it binds together information from the model’s other parts and LTM.
Full reference: (Jun 20, 2011). Working Memory Model. Hentet Dec 08, 2021 fra Assistert Selvhjelp - Få bedre psykisk helse via internett:
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Why Is My Bermuda Grass Turning Brown? 4 Possible Reasons
Why is my Bermuda Grass turning brown smaller
Do you find yourself asking: Why is my Bermuda grass turning brown? That’s quite a bummer considering it’s not that easy to grow a lawn.
There could be a variety of reasons for the browning of your Bermuda grass. Let’s discuss these reasons one by one.
About Bermuda Grass
Before we talk about why your Bermuda grass is turning brown, let’s talk a bit about this type of grass.
It has many names. Scientifically, it is known as Cynodon dactylon. It’s most popular name is Bermuda but it is also called by the following names:
• Bahama grass
• Couch grass
• Devil’s grass
• Indian doab
• Scutch grass
• South grass
• Wiregrass
This type of grass came from Africa, Australia, Europe, and some parts of Asia. It is not a native of Bermuda or even the Americas.
However, it does exist in abundance in Bermuda. According to history records, it was the Spanish who brought Bermuda grass to Bermuda.
The blades of Bermuda grass are grey-green in color and grow between two and 15 centimeters long. They have rough edges, too.
On the other hand, the stems can grow between one and 30 centimeters.
Bermuda has a deep root system, which is great in terms of maintenance. This means that Bermuda will survive drought and heavy flooding.
Want to know more?
This type of grass is a popular lawn grass.
Not only that, it is also popular in pastures while also used on sports fields and golf courses. You may also see Bermuda grass in parks.
Full length of fit young woman jogging in park
It is a warm-season grass that is cold-tolerant. That characteristic really makes this an attractive grass. That’s why you could see this used in various places.
Also, Bermuda grass is not fussy. It can grow in most soil types. While it certainly thrives under the sun, it could also grow in partial shade.
It grows really quickly. When it is thriving, it’s almost hard to get rid of it.
This begs the question: Why would you get rid of it? Everybody needs a lawn at home where people could hang out, play games, host barbecues and parties, among other things.
A lawn will also upgrade the look of your home.
But but but
When you see parts of the Bermuda grass browning, the lawn may not look as beautiful as you intend it to look.
That could also affect how it would complement your home.
Why Is My Bermuda Grass Turning Brown?
Here are a few reasons why your lawn may be changing color. Usually, the issue is that it turns brown. Sometimes, it also turns yellow.
View of road on meadow
1. Cold season
Bermuda grass is a warm-season grass. It is tolerant of the cold but it could go brown when temperature goes down.
You see
The grass thrives when the temperature is 65℉ / 13℃. When the temperature goes below 55℉ / 12.8℃, Bermuda grass goes dormant. As a result, it will turn brown.
There’s no need to worry, though, as the grass would go back to its normal green color at the start of spring.
2. Soil compaction
No plant enjoys soil compaction and Bermuda grass is no different. You need to aerate the soil so that oxygen and water can easily pass through.
The lack of possible air passage could suffocate the roots of the Bermuda grass and could also drown them because of inadequate drainage.
Here’s what you need to do:
You need to aerate your lawn. If not, brown patches would start appearing.
Aerating your lawn will also help remove thatches, which are also reasons why water cannot penetrate the soil.
But how do you know that the reason for the browning is soil compaction?
If the temperature is not cold and your lawn is starting to brown anyway, then soil compaction could be the reason.
To confirm that, look for puddles after you just watered your lawn. That’s definitely an indication that the lawn doesn’t have adequate drainage.
3. Growing in shade
While your Bermuda grass is perfectly capable of growing healthy under partial shade, it still needs sunlight. All plants need light!
If you are growing the grass in partial shade, you have to maintain the grass at a higher height.
Here’s the deal
Since the grass will need sunlight, it will do whatever it takes to get sunlight. This means that the blades will stretch themselves out in order to get a dose of sunlight.
Pretty smart, eh?
However, that action will cause the blades to grow thin and weak. On the other hand, as it becomes taller, it will shade the lower portion of the lawn.
Then the lower part starts to brown.
The solution?
When you mow the grass, keep them long. But not too long that they would also cover the lower bits.
Your mowing height should be 2.25 to 2.5 inches.
By the way
Regular mowing of the grass will keep it from turning brown. That’s one of the more important lawn care tips to remember.
If you are growing your Bermuda grass under the shade, mow as regularly as you can to keep it to its ideal height.
Older man mowing lawn
4. Disease(s)
Yes, your grass could have a disease as well.
Think about this
If your problem is soil compaction, then the browning only occurs in patches. However, if the brown parts are easily spread out, that usually means the problem is a disease.
There are a few diseases that could make your lawn turn brown. Here are some of them:
Brown patch disease
This is some sort of fungal infection caused by the pathogen Rhizoctonia. This is usually caused when the nighttime temperature spikes, somewhere around 70℉ / 21℃, then Rhizoctonia fungus could wreak havoc in your lawn.
Bermuda grass prefers nighttime temperature to be around 60℉ / 15.5℃. You know that it’s brown patch disease because it starts as a small brown patch or circle that would then enlarge.
What to do:
You would need a liquid fungicide to treat the brown patch. You want to treat it as soon as possible before it spreads even farther.
Dollar spots
This is a soil-borne fungus that causes your Bermuda spots to have brown spots. Don’t worry though, even if the fungus is from the soil, it only affects the grass blades and not the roots.
This happens because of dry soil. The roots will stay dry but since you have the morning dew, the blades start to rot, hence, it starts turning brown.
What to do:
They say that prevention is better than the cure, and that holds true in this situation. Use high-nitrogen fertilizer to prevent dollar spots.
In terms of treatment, you would need fungicide to stop the disease from spreading.
Tractor spraying vineyard with fungicide, Yarra Valley, Victoria, Australia.
Leaf spot
This looks exactly how it sounds. There will be brown spots on your grass blades. If left untreated, especially since they are not easy to spot, your grass will wilt, which will result in browning.
It is caused by the fungus Helminthosporium, which usually comes out when you are experiencing a wet spring. That’s a problem especially when the grass is just coming out of dormancy.
What to do:
You can prevent this by always dethatching in late fall or early spring. It’s always better to prevent this type of disease than to treat it.
But there is always fungicide to treat this problem.
Spring dead spot
This is quite an irritating disease because it comes out when you properly take care of your lawn. It’s like you are being punished for keeping a well-manicured lawn.
The fungus that causes this disease attacks adequately fertilized Bermuda grass. It will cause the grass to have brown circles as if bleach was thrown into some parts of the lawn.
What to do:
You have to be more careful when you apply fertilizer. You have to know how much is just right to prevent the fungus from attacking.
Again, this can be treated with fungicide. But to prevent it, you need to balance fertilizer application during spring or summer and fungicide when the grass is dormant.
Why is my Bermuda grass turning brown? There are several reasons why this is happening. Sometimes, it’s just as easy as the grass is starting to go dormant because it’s getting colder.
There are also times when it is as difficult as the grass having a disease. There are also several fungi that could cause diseases that result in the browning of the lawn. You have to treat the grass with fungicide as soon as possible to prevent it from spreading out.
In some cases, it’s just a matter of maintenance. The soil may just need aeration and dethatching to keep the grass from turning brown. A well-maintained lawn is usually good prevention of browning.
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Travel Through Portraiture
309 Words2 Pages
l Throughout history people have sought to produce images either of themselves or of others. However, skills required to make portraits were in short supply, and therefore expensive. Until the eighteenth century, therefore, portraits were generally regarded as the privilege of the wealthy. In any case, artists were able, through this medium, not only to depict what they see, but what they believe or prefer to portray. The eighteenth century saw a demand for portraits which were less expensive, and this resulted in two developments. One was the use of miniature portraits, which were relatively much less expensive; the other was the popularity of profile pictures, usually traces from the shadow cast by a lamp, sometimes cut freehand from paper. This technique was named after Etienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), who made profiles, and such silhouettes, often embellished with gold, became very popular. Throughout history, portraiture has evolved a great deal.
Medieval Portraiture
During the medieval period, many of the portraits were done theatrically, with an overemphasized sense of grandness.
Renaissance Portraiture
The renaissance period marked an important period in the history of portraiture. Two of the big influences on portraiture in this time include: The invention of oil painting and the move to more realistic portraiture.
19th Century Portraiture
One big shift in the 19th century was the invention of the camera. This forced artists to differentiate themselves. Photography took much of the lower-end business from portrait artists. Higher end artists had to expand their techniques in order to compete with the realness of photography.
20th Century
Many artists in the 20th century took portraiture in directions it had never been before. Many artists diverted completed from painting realistic art and instead focused on creating art the exuded a certain
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Otto von Bismarck Flashcards Preview
MH BIS > Otto von Bismarck > Flashcards
Flashcards in Otto von Bismarck Deck (8)
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Who was he?
a Prussian aristocrat who was the architect of unification and used power of the Prussian state and war to achieve his goals, using the 'Blood and Iron' nationalism.
When and where was he born?
1815 (same year as Congress of Vienna), in Prussian province of Brandenburg.
when did he enter politics and was his reputation?
he entered politics and in 1847 ad his reputation was of ambitious, ruthless and gifted politician as Prussian patriot.
What happened in 1861?
Wilhelm I became king of Prussia.
What was Wilhelm I determined to do?
determined to bring Prussia leadership under unified Germany and so began strengthening military power.
WHy did the Prussian liberals in the Reichstag oppose this?
opposed military expenditure as believed should unite through nationalism and patriotism. But also feared military use as used to crush Revolutions of 1848 and liberal Frankfurt Assembly.
What did Wilhelm do in response to opposition from Prussian liberals?
called support of Bismarck, appointing him as Prime Minister - President of Prussia in 1862 to oppose liberalism and fight for unification.
What did Bismarck do following 27s years of authoritarian leadership?
Prussian power grew and the German states came to dominate Europe.
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Understanding Project Feasibility
This article discusses briefly the importance of feasibility studies before you embark on a large scale project. Project feasibility can be split in two parts: commercial viability and technical viability. The focus of this article is around commercial viability and in particular, the use of discounted cash flows to make a decision on a project.
The benefits of this exercise include:
1. Confidence that you have made the right decision to continue with the project.
2. A decision making tool to evaluate one project against another.
3. An understanding of the profitability.
4. Once complete, there will be a good understanding of market conditions and trends.
5. A prediction when the project will pay back it’s investment.
At DBC, we advice our clients using three key variables to help decide if the project should be attain final investment decision or not. These are:
1. Net Present Value
Present Value is defines as the value in the present of a sum of money, in contrast to some future value it will have when it has been invested at compound interest. By converting all future cash flows to present values, we can start to compare apples to apples. The sum of these converted cash flows gives the net present value or NPV. From this one can conclude the feasibility of the project. As a general rule: NPV positive means the project is feasible.
2. Internal Rate of Return
As defined by wikipedia:
“The internal rate of return (IRR) on an investment or project is the “annualised effective compounded return rate
rate of return that sets the net present value of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from the investment equal to zero. Equivalently, it is the discount rate at which the net present value of future cash flows is equal to the initial investment, and it is also the discount rate at which the total present value of costs (negative cash flows) equals the total present value of the benefits (positive cash flows).”
3. Profitability Index
As defined in Wikipedia:
Below is an example of the three variables completed for a client project which gave the following calculations:
NPV $75,233.36
IRR 27.27%
Payback Period 3.5 years
Profitability Index 1.45
Decision Accept the Project
Besides looking at the commercial viability of the project, it is advisable to understand the technical feasibility. This may include aspects like:
1. Development of Technology used
2. Production Technique
3. Complexity of the project
4. Location of the project
5. Ability for the system to solve the problem.
If you are interested in having your new project or investment opportunity analysed to asses feasibility, please reach out to us at [email protected]
Reality of Stock Outs in Business
This article briefly discusses the impact of stock outs in your business and how you can start to manage them based on the service level you want to offer your customers.
For any sales and marketing department within an organisation, stock outs are seen as a disaster. And there is good cause for that. Not only in terms of revenue loss but stock outs give loyal customers a chance to experience a competitor product. This may eventually cause them to switch away from their earlier choice.
However, moving back down the value chain, the supply chain department has to set it’s inventory levels to balance held up working capital, production output and storage space. And to do this, they must look to reduce costs and make the product price competitive. This almost always ends up in a heated discussion between production and sales blaming the other for stock outs.
To resolve this, you need to define the correct service level for which you will supply the product. A 99% service level means that there is a 1% chance of stock out. But this comes at a cost. Inventory costs will rise as you strive to meet that service level. However, depending on market conditions, most companies strive for a 97% service level i.e. 3% chance of stock out.
Once the service level is defined, we can work backwards looking at the variation of both delivery lead time and the customer demand. This allows production to set the following quantities:
1. Maximum Stock Level
2. Re-order Level/Point
3. Safety Stock Level
4. Minimum Stock Level
The benefits of this analysis include:
1. Optimising your inventory levels.
2. Confidence that your re-order point is correctly set.
3. Ensure a good understanding between the trade-offs i.e. inventory costs vs. revenue loss
4. Reduced friction between sales and production.
Are you interested in understanding more about this topic and how we can help you set the right inventory levels?
Drop us an email: [email protected]
Facility Layout using Lean
This articles discusses the benefits of warehouse design using simple lean tools and techniques. It is important before you have built your facility to have thought through the process and potential areas of cost increase.
The example below is taken from a facility in Holland. It shows several cross-over points and a disconnect between the different spaces. This leads to confusion, an increase in costs, inability to deliver the product on time and poor expansion planning.
Applying lean tools and techniques during the design process can help get the most out of the space available. In recent weeks, we have been doing just that for a facility in Nairobi. By breaking down the manufacturing processes, we were able to identify process requirements, storage requirements, uncover organisational constraints and reduce non-value adding activities (waste).
Here are some of the benefits of doing this:
1. Good understanding of dependencies in production process
2. Most efficient use of space.
3. Better planning to allow for expansion
4. Cost effective layout of the facility by reduction of operating costs.
5. Easy access and protection of materials and equipment.
6. Improved production floor safety.
7. Improved Ergonomics of the workplace.
The typical forms of waste to look out for include:
Transportation of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods costs money. Cost of the forklift, the driver’s salary and maintenance costs are just some of the savings when transportation is reduced. Furthermore, reducing excessive transportation reduces safety risks which could have led to a higher costs.
Inventory Build-Up
Inventory of materials is another waste generating form commonly seen in factories. Many factories because of poor layouts have to ensure that large piles of raw materials or work-in-progress are placed close to the machines to account for forklift breakdowns or shared resources. Subsequently, this leads to large piles of finished goods at the machine output. Therefore, when planning a facility look to reduce material build up given the constraints like night shift, security issues etc.
Excessive motion of your staff or machines is another form of waste. This could be excessive walking, bending or stretching. It also creates room for error during handling of either work in progress or finished goods. In some cases, this may have a direct impact in the defect rate at your facility. Limiting motion in the factory will also influence how you resource your production and manage the communication between operators.
Long waiting times for work-in-progress or finished goods has a direct impact on the ability for your facility to meet customer delivery times. For example, having only one lift to serve different floors creates waiting as it take time to load, lift and off-load. By introducing a continuous flow system in the facility, this will drastically reduce waiting time.
These are just a few of the examples of how you can improve layouts.
If you are looking to save costs, plan for expansion and get it right before you have set everything in stone? Drop us an email at [email protected]
Creating Capacity for Growth
When challenged with growth, some organisations tend to find themselves in a situation where they don’t really have the capacity to deliver. This articles discusses some of the few things an organisation can start to think about to create the space to grow.
Reducing the Product Options
This may sound strange but to a certain extent it may be applicable to your organisation. Many products these days are packed with features and options that manufacturers believe really differentiate their product. These features are additional to the core features of the product. Understanding what your customer really wants and removing some additional features creates space in the organisation.
Take a look at this world famous example, where World Foods was selling peeled oranges in plastic containers. Neglecting the fact that oranges already come with a natural container that keeps them fresh and juicy.
Image link
Secondly, you may want to reduce producing things that don’t deliver a business outcome or don’t align to your business strategy. These could be products or services that may have created you profit in the past but are just not applicable to current day demand.
Improve the Way You Do Things
From a lean perspective, this is really about focusing on value adding activities and reducing non-value adding processes. We have seen organisations that have several processes that are duplicated in different ways but still create the same result. You must spend time to identify these and immediately put a stop to them.
We have also seen organisations that have several different ways of doing the same processes in a business. This is where standardisation and operating procedures must be used.
Secondly, think about reducing the number of unnecessary sign-offs and controls in your business. There are many managers that throw unnecessary checks on a process to ensure accountability.
For example: an invoice check in an organisation we reviewed had to undergo six different checks before payout. When we interviewed the people checking the invoice, 4 out of 6 had no data to verify the goods and the amounts. They relied purely on the last person to have done his/her work properly.
Improve Efficiency in the Business
Work levelling is an important to creating capacity in your business. In lean production, Heijunka, removal of fluctuations in the production can be directly applied to your business process. To ensure this, everybody must maintain a good tempo of work within the business. Having people too busy while others are not, is a clear sign that you must address this. Sometimes this may be down to skills gap but smaller tasks can still be undertaken by junior staff.
Secondly, you want to limit very high peaks of work during some period and not having anything to do during the next. This is a big waste in the organisation. Resourcing correctly for the peak period also reduces stress on your staff. Thereafter maintaining other avenues of work during the low periods allows full utilisation of your resources.
Having a structured approach to these three key points is vital to you being able to create capacity for growth within your business. By mapping your processes in the organisation, assigning process owners and setting KPIs for each process allows you to have insight in where the capacity lies and when you can take advantage of it.
If you would like to hear more or continue this conversation, please send an email to [email protected]
Riding the Wave
This articles focuses on implementing four major changes to your organisation in order to enjoy long term growth.
Improve Accountability by Setting Proper Reporting Lines
An important element in a company when it begins to see growth prospects is transitioning the decision making from the founder to the relevant function heads. With this transition, comes an element of delegation and trust. It also allows people to take accountability of the decisions they make. In order to do this, an organisation must structure itself with the correct reporting lines.
In successful organisations, structure is given by dividing the organisations into different functions i.e. marketing, operations, sales, human resources, R&D etc. Depending on the size of the company the greater the number of different functions. Each function needs to be driven by a capable person. He/She will be accountable for the performance both within the function and the company as an entity. This is usually done by setting the right key performance indicators against a set of possible results.
For example, KPI: Profitability and the result is PBDIT of $100,000 after Year 1.
Driving the Strategy within the Organisation
An organisation’s strategy is realised by setting strategic goals and targets to ensure sustainable competitive advantage over the long term. Many companies which are beginning to see high growth patterns need to analyse both micro and macro business environment trends. Micro-environment being factors that you can influence: production, distribution, operations etc. Macro-environment being the factors that you cannot influence i.e. demographics, competition, social factors etc. By aligning the two environment trends, an organisation can create it’s strategy.
Driving the strategic goals in each business process allows them to be attained effectively. It also allows the company staff to align their daily work to these goals. A good lean tool that uses strategic business objectives to drive improvement is lean routines or KATA. These improvement routines can be implemented by:
1. Identifying the Current Situation
2. Determining the future state and
3. Carrying out a series of experiments to reach the future state.
Below is an example of Coaching Cycle Demonstration
Restructuring Processes to be Lean and Efficient
Lean implementation allows you to view and improve processes by breaking them down into smaller steps. It allows a real change in mindset using a few very simple tools like quality in station, gold standard, KANBAN production, work levelling etc, to really drive continuous improvement.
A great example of Lean Implementation is given below:
Setting Priorities and End-to-end Thinking
This is one of the most important aspects to consider when encountering growth in the organisation. End-to-end thinking means that all decisions are based on a collective benefit to the company. For instance, if a company defines the priority to be profitability, then profitability must be viewed across the value chain from the supplier to customer.
In many organisation with an annual threshold turnover of $1 million, tend to have different functions with profit and loss accountability. Each function will compete to have the highest profitability. But this would end up over-pricing the product effectively becoming less competitive.
Setting priorities is also key to growth. Defining the priority and making sure every decision/task is aligned to this will ensure growth. A great example is the return of Steve Jobs to Apple in 1997 to save the company. At the time, Apple was creating a large range of computers. The priorities in the company were not defined or focused. By drawing a two by two matrix, he labelled the columns ‘consumer’ and ‘pro.’ And the rows he labelled ‘desktop’ and ‘portable.’ His aim was to focus the team on creating a great product for each quadrant. You can read more about it here.
Implementing these simple points in your business are valuable growth enablers. Define your growth strategy: restructure, redefine and prioritise your organisation and be set for long term growth.
For more information or if you would like to continue this conversation, please reach out to us at [email protected]
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TDD vs BDD vs ATDD: What's the difference?
Want to learn the differences and advantages between TDD, BDD and ATDD? One of our best QA engineers tells you everything about it.
There are a bunch of practices for test writing techniques. Let’s take a look at them to find what are the advantages of each one of them.
by Daniel Guidi, QA Engineer --
Unit Testing Concept
Let’s remember the Unit Testing concept in the first place.
Roy Osherove has elaborated a definition that says: “A unit test is an automated piece of code that invokes a unit of work in the system and then checks a single assumption about the behavior of that unit of work.”
As it stands out from the definition, “a unit test is an automated piece of code.” So a unit test is not more than a program that runs testing your program.
Moving on along the definition, we find that the “piece of code invokes a unit of work”, this clearly means that no human intervention is needed here. Continuing with the definition it says that “checks the single assumption about the behavior”.
Again, this means that the test script code acts alone without human intervention for checking the results.
Consider the fact that a “unit” is just the smallest testable piece of code.
Shortly we can get the following from the definition:
• A Unit test invokes some piece of code
• It compares the result of of the tested code with an expected result
• All the processing is done with the minimum human intervention
So the developers write their unit tests just for making sure that everything does what it was supposed to.
In this way developers write their code and then they write the unit tests but, What if these steps are inverted?
We are talking about writing the tests in the first place and later writing the code that makes those tests to achieve the expected results.
This technique leads us to:
TDD: Test Driven Development
Test Driven Development is a method of programming implemented from the developer's point of view. It starts with the QA Engineer writing test cases for every single app feature. This practice tries to get the answer to the question: “Is the code valid?”
The goal of this technique is to produce new code or update it only when a test fails and as a result it ends minimizing the number of duplicated test scripts.
This method is widely used in agile software development environments.
In TDD the automated test scripts are written just before the code to be tested itself by following this steps:
1. Based on the documentation, the developer writes a test case for each requirement.
2. Then those test cases are executed. At this point the test cases will fail because the testing subject is not developed yet. If tests pass, that means that those functions were already developed in the project and a research is needed on how they can be reused.
3. Write the feature’s code
4. Test the new code by running again the tests written at step 1. If they pass, the requirements are met and the development is completed.
5. Then refactor. Do not forget to optimize the code following the best practices.
6. Repeat the steps if needed until the whole development is done and the test are successful.
As it is clear this technique gets the development done with the test execution result in mind so the chance to get an error is lowered drastically.
Some of the benefits of implementing this methodology are:
• In TDD the required rework time is reduced
• Bugs and errors can be found really fast
• Feedback is fast too
• TDD helps to get tidier designs
• TDD raises the development productivity
• By collaborating with each other, everyone can start developing the code without falling in the need of the code owner being present
• Makes the big architectural changes easier
• TDD produces an easy to maintain code
BDD: Behavior Driven Development (or how the feature behaves)
By defining the features reach and the requirements several players got involved other than only developers. It is common to get the requirements done by a Product Manager or even other business experts. So due to the team members interaction could be a good idea to develop the features behavior together.
There are some languages that were specifically designed to do this like Gherkin.
Gherkin language follows a specific syntax that consists of Given-When-Then to show what should happen or how the application should behave. This produces a really easy to understand set of specifications.
A great advantage of this approach is for developers. They do not need to write new test scripts each time the code is modified. This is due to the fact that BDD is not focused on the code itself but on the application behavior.
Here are some of the BDD advantages:
• Every team member can understand the test cases because they are not written in a programming language.
• Business experts can ensure that the application behavior was correctly transmitted
• Requirement discussion and team collaboration becomes easier and everyone can work actively in a common goal.
Regarding the fact of including business experts to be involved in the development process, we can ask the following question:
What if the user or client gets involved in the process?
Here is where ATDD enters the scene.
ATDD: Acceptance Test Driven Development
The ATDD is a technique where an acceptance test is written from the user or client’s perspective.
By focusing on satisfying the functional behavior of the application, ATDD tries to answer the question: “Is the code working as expected?”
At first glance BDD and ATDD are similar, but there is a difference between them. While BDD is focused on the feature’s behavior, ATDD is focused on accurately capturing the features requirements.
Some of the main ATDD principles are:
• Work with real world scenarios and cases
• Accurately define those cases acceptance criteria
• Automate the cases
ATDD brings a higher collaboration among cross team members. As the requirements are clearly defined using several different points of view, they are correctly defined and also the acceptance test acts as a guide for the whole development process.
Several techniques and methodologies but.. Which one is the best?
As you already know, for achieving a strong and high quality product a multi level testing is needed. So as TDD needs unit tests and ATDD works with acceptance tests when those methodologies are combined a low level and high level application test is performed.
So, as ATDD and BDD are very close and the BDD’s star characteristic is the information around the the application’s requirements and as ATDD is closer to development than BDD is (so as TDD), to achieve the goal of getting an improved and heavily tested application that brings a strong quality to the user, the three main actors should be in the same page: Business, Development and Testing.
As A Conclusion
If the company can combine these techniques together, test scripts would not be written as a small part of the development but with a really wider scope and coverage by getting more actors actively involved in the process.
Then the result is that the application will satisfy the requirements and development cycle will become more efficient.
The code will also carry fewer errors and all this allows the QA team to focus and move forward to more complex test cases.
If you require aditional help with software testing and QA for your product or application, feel free to reach Devlane.
Thanks for reading!
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Home > For beginners > Trading examples > Trading examples (part 2)
Forex Trading Examples (part 2)
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Example 7
Example 8
Prices of foreign exchange are indicated by FOREX quotes in pairs of currencies. The first currency is the 'base' and the second is the 'quote' currency. In this example:
USD/EUR = 0.8419
...the currency pair is US dollars and European euros. The base currency (USD) is always at '1' and the quote currency shows how much it costs to buy one unit of the base currency. In this example, 1 US dollar costs 0.8419 euros.
EUR/USD = 1.1882
...tells us that it costs 1.1882 US dollars to buy 1 euro.
Example 9
Example OCO Transaction:
Buy: 1 standard lot EUR/USD @ 1.3228 = $132,280
Pip Value: 1 pip = $10
Stop-Loss: 1.3203
Limit: 1.3328
This is an order to buy US dollars at 1.3328 and to sell them if they fall to 1.3203 (resulting in a loss of 25 pips or $250) or to sell them if they rise to 1.3328 (resulting in a profit of 100 pips or $1,000).
Example 10
Here's another example:
The current bid/ask price for US dollars and Canadian dollars is
USD/CDN 1.2152/57
...meaning you can buy $1 US for 1.2152 CDN or sell 1.2157 CDN for $1 US.
If you think that the US dollar (USD) is undervalued against the Canadian dollar (CDN) you would buy USD (simultaneously selling CDN) and wait for the US dollar to rise.
This is the transaction:
Buy USD: 1 standard lot USD/CDN @ 1.2157 = $121,570 CDN
Pip Value: 1 pip = $10
Stop-Loss: 1.2147
Margin: $1,000 (1%)
You are buying US$100,000 and selling CDN$121,570. Your stop loss order will be executed if the dollar falls below 1.2147, in which case you will lose $100.
However, USD/CDN rises to 1.2192/87. You can now sell $1 US for 1.2192 CDN or sell 1.2187 CDN for $1 US.
Because you entered the transaction by buying US dollars (buying long), you must now sell US dollars and buy back CDN dollars to realize your profit.
You sell US$100,000 at the current USD/CDN rate of 1.2192, and receive 121,920 CDN for which you originally paid CDN$121,570. Your profit is $350 Canadian dollars or US$287.19 (350 divided by the current exchange rate of 1.2187).
Example 11
The US dollar is normally considered the 'base' currency for Forex quotes. In the major pairs, this includes USD/JPY, USD/CHF and USD/CAD. For these currencies and many others, quotes are expressed as a unit of $1 USD per the second currency quoted in the pair. For example, a quote of USD/CAD 1.193 means that one U.S. dollar is equal to 1.193 Canadian dollars.
When the U.S. dollar is the base unit and a currency quote goes up, it means the dollar has appreciated in value and the other currency has weakened. If the USD/CAD quote increases to 1.231, the dollar is stronger because it will now buy more Canadian dollars than before.
The three exceptions to this rule are the British pound (GBP), the Australian dollar (AUD) and the Euro (EUR). In these cases, you might see a quote such as EUR/USD 1.3027, meaning that one Euro equal 1.3027 U.S. dollars.
Example 12
The initial margin to enter into a forex currency pair at Terra Nova is 3%. For example, an account is funded with $100,000 USD. A Forex currency trader feels that the US dollar is undervalued compared to the Canadian dollar. To capitalize on this strategy, the trader buys US dollars and simultaneously sells Canadian dollars. The current bid/ask for USD/CAD is 1.1835/1.1843 (purchase $1 US for $1.1843 CAD or sell $1 US for $1.1835 CAD).
The available leverage is 100:3 or 3%. To purchase a one lot, this trader buys $100,000 USD and sells $118,430 CAD. Using the above leverage, the initial margin is $3000 ($100,000 x 3%).
Example 13
Trading on margin means that you can buy and sell assets that represent more value than the capital in your account. Forex trading is usually done with relatively little margin since currency exchange rate fluctuations tend to be less than one or two percent on any given day. To take an example, a margin of 2.0% means you can trade up to $500,000 even though you only have $10,000 in your account.
In terms of leverage this corresponds to 50:1, because 50 times $10,000 is $500,000, or put another way, $10,000 is 2.0% of $500.000. Using this much leverage gives you the possibility to make profits very quickly, but there is also a greater risk of incurring large losses and even being completely wiped out. Therefore, it is inadvisable to maximise your leveraging as the risks can be very high.
Example 14
A pip is the smallest unit by which a cross price quote changes. When trading forex you will often hear that there is a 5-pip spread when you trade the majors. This spread is revealed when you compare the bid and the ask price, for example EURUSD is quoted at a bid price of 0.9875 and an ask price of 0.9880. The difference is USD 0.0005, which is equal to 5 "pips". On a contract or position, the value of a pip can easily be calculated. You know that the EURUSD is quoted with four decimals, so all you have to do is the cancel-out the four zeros on the amount you trade and you will have one pip. Thus, on a EURUSD 100,000 contract, one pip is USD 10. On a USDJPY 100,000 contract, one pip is equal to 1000 yen, because USDJPY is quoted with only two decimals.
Example 15
A very common mistake made by novice forex traders is that they do not use a positive Risk/Reward ratio. By positive Risk/Reward ratio we mean the difference between the take-profit trade and the level of trade entry is greater than the difference between the stop-loss trade and the level of trade entry. In other words it means that you should not be willing to lose more than you want to make on a single trade.
Here is an example of a positive Risk/Reward ratio:
Buy EUR/USD 100,000 at 1.1500
T/P Sell EUR/USD 100,000 at 1.1600
S/L Sell EUR/USD 100,000 at 1.1440
In the above example the take-profit is 100 pips higher than the level at which the position was entered, and the stop-loss is 60 pips lower than the level at which the position was entered. The Risk/Reward ratio is 1:1.66.
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• Forex trading examples (page 1 2 3 4)
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When you drive from the airport into Nuku'alofa, the nation's capital, you can see why the country's main island is named Tongatapu (Sacred Garden). Every bit of it not occupied by a building or by the road is under cultivation with bananas, tapioca, taro, yams, watermelons, tomatoes, squash, and a plethora of other fruits and vegetables. The Tongans might be generally poor in terms of material wealth, but they own some of the South Pacific's most fertile and productive land. There just isn't much of it.
The kingdom consists of 170 islands, 36 of them inhabited, scattered over an area of about 259,000 sq. km (100,000 sq. miles). The amount of dry land, however, is only 697 sq. km (269 sq. miles). That's smaller than New York City.
Tonga has three major island groups. Tongatapu and its neighbor, the smaller 'Eua, comprise the southernmost group. About 155km (96 miles) north are the islands of Ha'apai, where Fletcher Christian led the mutiny on the Bounty. About 108km (67 miles) beyond Ha'apai, beautiful Vava'u reigns as the kingdom's sailing heaven. Even farther north are the remote Niuas Islands, but you won't be going there.
The largest island in the kingdom, Tongatapu, has about a third of the country's land area and about two-thirds of its population. It's a flat island about 65km (40 miles) across from east to west and 32km (20 miles) across from north to south at its longest and widest points. In the center a lakelike lagoon is now void of most sea life.
Tongatapu and most of the islands here are raised coral atolls. The exceptions are the Niuas and, in Ha'apai, the active volcano Tofua and its sister volcanic cone, Kao. Geologists say that the weight of the Ha'apai volcanoes has caused the Indo-Australian Plate to sag like a hammock, raising Tongatapu and 'Eua on the south end of the Tongan chain and Vava'u on the north end. As a result, the sides of Tongatapu and Vava'u facing Ha'apai slope gently to the sea, and the sides facing away end in cliffs.
It would be an understatement to say that Tonga's royal family has a hand in every important decision made here; in fact, very little gets done without the royal family's outright or tacit approval or involvement. Tonga technically is a constitutional monarchy, although in many respects the king is head of a system of hereditary Polynesian chiefs who happen to have titles derived from England. The king picks his own Privy Council of advisors and appoints nine cabinet members and the governors of Ha'apai and Vava'u. With a few exceptions they are nobles. The cabinet members and the governors hold 11 of the 30 seats in the Legislative Assembly. Of the 19 other members of the assembly, the nobles choose 10 from among their ranks, leaving 9 to be elected by the taxpaying commoners.
With more Tongans living abroad, and those at home being exposed more and more to news of the world, Tonga now has an active pro-democracy movement. It suffered a serious setback in November 2006, when one of its demonstrations turned into a riot which left eight people dead and several square blocks burned in Nuku'alofa. King George Topou V, who succeeded to the throne when his father, King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, passed away earlier that year, has appointed a commission to move toward a parliament with a popular-elected majority. What happens next is anyone's guess.
Tourism is an important component of Tonga's economy but is minuscule when compared to Fiji and French Polynesia. Tonga has few natural resources other than its fertile soil and the fish in the sea within its exclusive economic zone. The world markets for its exports -- fresh fish, vanilla, kava, bananas, coconut oil, pineapples, watermelons, tomatoes, squash, and other vegetables -- have been unstable and depressed at times in recent years. Money sent home by Tongans living overseas is a major source of foreign exchange.
What Day Is It?
Theoretically, the international date line should run for its entire length along the 180th meridian, halfway around the world from the prime meridian, the starting point for measuring international time. If it followed the 180th meridian precisely, however, most of the Aleutian Islands would be a day ahead of the rest of Alaska, and Fiji would be split into 2 days. To solve these problems, the date line swings west around the Aleutians, leaving them in the same day as Alaska. In the South Pacific, it swerves east between Fiji and Samoa, leaving all of Fiji a day ahead of the Samoas.
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Building the Bible
1558: Enter Queen Elizabeth I
Why was the King James Version so popular?
The translators who worked on the King James Version were scholars. Striving for accuracy, they examined minutely the original Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible. Striving for beauty, they fashioned the original texts into English that was filled with lyricism and elegance yet was still written so that people who were not scholars could understand it.
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The Nordic Countries 1
The Nordic Model – a Way out of Disability? Part I
Many countries in the global north are experiencing their worst economic crisis since the 1930s. Millions have plunged into unemployment, homelessness and general hopelessness. The annual deficits in government budgets and thus the total government debt are formidable in a number of countries in the EU and in the USA, and in several countries value creation (GDP) is declining . On top of that, the same countries face solid challenges related to global climate change and the coming “aging wave”.
• What is the Nordic model about?
• Why is there so much buzz about the Nordic model right now?
• How can we explain the Nordic region’s strong position in the global society?
• What challenges does the Nordic model face?
The situation creates great challenges and a lot of confusion about what is the right way to move forward. From several quarters – politicians, experts, researchers, commentators – the “Nordic model” is referred to as a possible way out of disability. Even the annual elite meeting in Davos ( World Economic Forum ) has begun to take an interest in what the open economies in the Nordic region have achieved.
So far, these countries (with the exception of Iceland) have benefited from the economic headwinds. They have also coped with important restructuring in production life better than most countries. Do the Nordic countries, which score high on very many «good statistics », have anything to offer other countries? If so, what?
2: Background – the emergence of the model
According to, the industrialization of Norway took place quickly, and the number of industrial workers almost tripled – from 60,000 to 160,000 – in the period 1895−1915. The rapid pace of industrialization contributed to making Norwegian workers more politically radical than in neighboring countries. The extent, intensity and contradictions in the conflicts in the labor market were strong, and somewhat stronger in Norway than in Sweden and Denmark.
In several of the Nordic countries, the contradictions between the classes – ie workers and business owners – were dampened in the first half of the 20th century by the conclusion of so-called main agreements between the organizations in working life. In Norway, this happened in 1935, with the conclusion of the Main Agreement between the National Organization in Norway (LO) and the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (NHO), an agreement which is also called the «Constitution of working life». These agreements created a basis for resolving conflicts, and in this way one could reduce the use of weapons such as strikes and lockouts (when the employer excludes employees from work).
In the political sphere, democracy in Europe was threatened in the interwar period. Communist, fascist and Nazi dictatorships were established in many countries. In the Nordic Council’s (established in 1952) review of history, it is emphasized that both communist and Nazi movements had limited influence in the Nordic countries.
In 1933, the Danish Social Democrats and the bourgeois Liberal Party entered into an agreement, the “Kanslergade settlement”, which guaranteed parliamentary stability and state support measures for the economy. Within a few years, all the Nordic countries had entered into such crisis agreements between the Social Democrats and especially the fringe-based part of the bourgeoisie. In Finland, on the other hand, the contradictions between right and left led to civil war in 1918, where the bourgeois “white” side won over the “red”. The Finnish Civil War is an exception to the peaceful development in the Nordic countries, but the wounds healed quickly. As early as 1926, the Social Democrats, who had been on the red side, could form a government, writes the Nordic Council.
The spirit of co-operation led to the development of comprehensive welfare states and a working life characterized by strong organizations and close co-operation between these organizations – also called party co-operation – after World War II. The co-operation between the parties often also includes the authorities at the state, and is then often referred to as tripartite co-operation. These basic features have existed under governments of changing color and are the reason why it is meaningful to use “the Nordic model” as a common term, even though there are differences between the countries.
All the Nordic countries have an open economy to the outside world, with large foreign trade, large public investments and competitive industry – industry that is dependent on having its goods sold on an international market.
3: Characteristics of the Nordic model
The parties’ willingness to see the context of wage policy, the welfare state and the general economic policy – tax policy, interest rate policy and business policy – is an important explanation for and a prerequisite for the Nordic model. The social safety net and the role of the parties in wage formation and productivity development have made it possible to pursue an economic policy that promotes growth, adjustment and fair distribution.
Labor market policy in the Nordic region is characterized by the Swedish Rehn-Meidner model, which aimed to have low unemployment, low inflation, high growth and an even income distribution. The market forces in interaction with contractual wages at the national level mean that unprofitable and unproductive companies (which cannot pay the agreed wage level) are outcompeted. At the same time, an active labor market policy must ensure that vacant labor is moved to more productive enterprises.
The Nordic Countries 1
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Five things to know about Armistice Day in France
Five things to know about Armistice Day in France
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris. Photo: AFP
November 11th marks the day when the treaty ending World War One came into effect and the guns fell silent. Here's how the day is marked in France.
Originally commemorating the end of World War One, Armistice Day is now marked around the world as a day of remembrance for those who lost their lives in all wars. Here’s how the day is marked in France.
1. It’s a public holiday
Although a lot of countries mark November 11th in some way, not many have declared it as a public holiday. But in France employees get the day off work and public buildings, post offices, banks and a lot of shops close.
This year the 11th falls on a Thursday, creating one of the few opportunities in 2021 to faire le pont.
2. There are parades
Most town have their own parade and wreaths are laid at the war memorials. If you live near a town centre there may well be road closures for the parade. Virtually every commune in France has a war memorial listing the men from the local area who died for their country (mort pour le patrie).
In Paris, the French president lays a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown soldier at the Arc de Triomphe.
There is also a minute’s silence at 11am.
(article continues below)
See also on The Local:
3. People wear a bleuet
The red poppy synonymous with Remembrance Day in the UK is not used, instead the symbol of remembrance in France is the bleuet, or cornflower.
It was chosen because cornflowers have traditionally symbolised “pure and delicate” sentiments, while blue is one of the colours of the French flag, and was also the colour of many soldiers’ uniforms in the First World War.
Profits from bleuet sales go to veterans’ charities but the flower is less ubiquitous in France than the poppy is in the UK.
4 Its full name is Armistice de la Première Guerre mondiale (Armistice of the First World War)
The day was originally adopted to mark the moment – 11am on November 11th, 1918 – when the armistice treaty came into effect and soldiers fighting in World War I laid down their arms.
As time went on, the day came to mark the victims of all wars and several countries changed the name – in the UK it is now Remembrance Day and in the US it is Veterans Day – but France has stuck with Armistice Day.
5. Some villages stand as permanent memorials
As well as millions of people losing their lives, France also suffered major structural damage during World War I, as large parts of the north of the country became battlefields.
Among the villages razed to the ground during the four years of fighting were Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Bezonvaux, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme, Fleury-devant-Douaumont; Haumont-près-Samogneux and Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre, all of which are located in the départment of Meuse.
In 1919, the land was bought by the government and it was decided that the six villages would not be rebuilt or inhabited, but would remain as memorials, each with a mayor and an annual budget to take care of the land.
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How does assisted reproduction technology affect your baby's genes?
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How does assisted reproduction technology affect your baby's genes?
According to recent studies, assisted reproduction technologies leave genetic marks on the future baby, but only temporarily.
The Murdoch Children's Research Institute led the research in 2016 and 2017. It showed that the events occurring during ovarian stimulation, the manipulation of the embryo, and all the hormones used for the treatment could impact the baby's epigenetics. According to the Cambridge dictionary, epigenetics is a branch of genetics that studies the chemical reactions that turn genes on and off.
However, these effects are temporary and disappear in adulthood. Other factors such as diet can impact the epigenetics of the future baby.
What was the purpose of the study?
The study took place to see if assisted reproduction technology could somehow affect babies born from it. Luckily, scientists' results are not alarming because the genetic marks disappear once the baby has grown up.
How was the study conducted?
The researchers created two groups. The first one was composed of 158 people born from assisted procreation technology and aged between 22 and 35 years old. The second group consisted of 75 people conceived naturally. This study was specific for being conducted at birth and once in adulthood on the same individuals. This information is essential because older studies have shown some genetic changes in babies but have never studied them again once they were older.
Why is this study important?
The study shows that assisted reproductive technology is almost harmless to the genetics of the baby. Scientists underline the fact that environmental conditions have a more significant impact on the baby's health. That is why parents need to take care of their bodies while using assisted procreation technology.
At Unica, our team is always present to help you and guide you in any phase of your treatment to fulfil your dream of having a baby!
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What To Know About Breakthrough Covid
What to know about breakthrough Covid infections is the same as what one needs to know about all forms of the infectious disease. This disease is caused by a group of bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is part of the Streptococcus family. The bacteria causes a sore throat, pain in the joints and swelling of the lymph nodes, and fever. The sore throat is caused by the virus getting in the airway and causing damage to the tissue.
Because of this, people with weak immune systems are more susceptible to the Staphylococcus aureus viruses. As the name indicates, Staphylococcus aureus cannot be destroyed by the ordinary antibiotics that most hospitals use. Most doctors prescribe the regular courses of antibiotics that they prescribe for all kinds of infections. Unfortunately, the antibiotics work well for the majority of patients, but the Staphylococcus aureus virus has a way of triggering an immune response.
This triggers the part of the immune system that fights off the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. When this happens, the person starts to get very ill. The majority of the people who suffer from this illness end up hospitalized and under strict isolation so that they can fight off the infection.
The most common antibiotics used to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections are tetracycline, doxycycline, or erythromycin. People with weak immune systems may not respond well to these drugs, so another option is to use a natural antibiotic treatment instead. Natural antibiotics like tea tree oil can work just as well as the antibiotics and is also more affordable than the prescription medications.
Some people do prefer to go with the prescription medications even though they find them uncomfortable. If you feel that antibiotics are your only choice, then make sure that you are educated on the side effects and the long term health risks associated with them. You should also take into consideration that some of the antibiotics have been found to cause birth defects in unborn babies. So, if you are planning on getting pregnant, talk to your doctor about this. Birth defects can be life threatening for you and your baby, so do not overlook this possibility.
What to know about breakthrough Covid is the role that emotional stress can play in creating Staph infections. Stress can increase the risk of infections because the bacteria grow more easily, and this can happen even when the antibiotics are not being used. It is also important to know that antibiotics are not the only way to get rid of Staph infections. If you want to clear up the infection, then you need to look to other options such as homeopathic cures. Homeopathic cures are proven to work and are affordable, making them the best answer for what to know about breakthrough Covid.
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There is something different about this house. From the outside it looks the same as all the other houses, but as you come closer, you are welcomed by thick, lush greenery.
Among this tiny thicket of life, there is a tiny tin-roofed house right in the middle, barely visible through the vines. It is as if you have walked into a tiny oasis inside a village of bricks.
A kitchen garden
A smiling woman is walking around the courtyard.
Meherjan picks one ripe pumpkin and places it into her basket and points to three others, “Give those two more weeks and they will be gold!”.
She climbs a ladder to the roof and points towards a variety of gourds and green leafy vegetables. There is something growing on every surface visible.
These vegetables are worth more than gold. They ensure that everyone in the family has fresh food every day, and the surplus brings in a steady income.
A basket of health
Research from the FAO in Bangladesh shows that households with kitchen gardens meet the minimum intake of vegetable consumption and their Vitamin A intake is significantly higher than households without gardens.
Participants of the Ultra-Poor Graduation programme receive training and support and every household is expected to have a kitchen garden on their premise.
Kitchen gardens have immense contribution in addressing food insecurity, particularly during periods of stress such as the pre-harvest lean season or agricultural and economic disruption.
The papaya and sajna trees swing cheerfully with the gentle afternoon breeze. Meherjan sits in her little oasis and looks in her basket. It is full today. Her own basket of health.
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AT the foot of the Alps commences the region now known as Italy. The ancients by Italy merely understood Œnotria, which reached from the Strait of Sicily to the Gulf of Taranto, and the region about Posidonium,1 but the name has extended even to the foot of the Alps; comprehending on one side that portion of Liguria situated by the sea, from the confines of Tyrrhenia to the Var; and on the other, that portion of Istria which extends as far as Pola. It seems probable that the first inhabitants were named Italians, and, being successful, they communicated their name to the neighbouring tribes, and this propagation [of name] continued until the Romans obtained dominion. Afterwards, when the Romans conferred on the Italians the privileges of equal citizenship, and thought fit to extend the same honour to the Cisalpine Galatæ and Heneti,2 they comprised the whole under the general denomination of Italians and Romans; they likewise founded amongst them numerous colonies, some earlier, some later, of which it would be difficult to say which are the most considerable. [2]
It is not easy to describe the whole of Italy under any one geometrical figure; although some say that it is a promontory of triangular form, extending towards the south and winter rising, with its apex towards the Strait of Sicily, and its base formed by the Alps. . . . . . [No one can allow this definition either for the base or one of the sides,] although it is correct for the other side which terminates at the Strait, and is washed by the Tyrrhenian Sea. But a triangle, properly so called, is a rectilinear figure, whereas in this instance both the base and the sides are curved. So that, if I agree, I must add that the base and the sides are of a curved figure, and it must be conceded to me that the eastern side deviates, as well; otherwise they have not been sufficiently exact in describing as one side that which extends from the head of the Adriatic to the Strait [of Sicily]. For we designate as a side a line without any angle; now a line without any angle is one which does not incline to either side, or but very little; whereas the line from Ariminum3 to the Iapygian promontory,4 and that from the Strait [of Sicily] to the same promontory, incline very considerably. The same I consider to be the case with regard to the lines drawn from the head of the Adriatic and Iapygia, for meeting about the neighbourhood of Ariminum and Ravenna, they form an angle, or if not an angle, at least a strongly defined curve. Consequently, if the coast from the head [of the Adriatic] to Iapygia be considered as one side, it cannot be described as a right line; neither can the remainder of the line from hence to the Strait [of Sicily], though it may be considered another side, be said to form a right line. Thus the figure [of Italy] may be said to be rather quadrilateral than trilateral, and can never without impropriety be called a triangle. It is better to confess that you cannot define exactly ungeometrical figures. [3]
[Italy], however, may be described in the following manner. The roots of the Alps are curved, and in the form of a gulf, the head turned towards Italy; the middle of the gulf in the country of the Salassi, and its extremities turned, the one towards Ocra and the head of the Adriatic, the other towards the coast of Liguria as far as Genoa, a mercantile city of the Ligurians, where the Apennines fall in with the Alps. Immediately under [the Alps] there is a considerable plain, of about an equal extent of 2100 stadia both in breadth and length; its southern side is closed by the coast of the Heneti5 and the Apennines, which extend to Ariminum and Ancona; for these mountains, commencing at Liguria, enter Tyrrhenia, leaving but a narrow sea-coast; they afterwards retire by degrees into the interior, and having reached the territory of Pisa, turn towards the east in the direction of the Adriatic as far as the country about Ariminum and Ancona, where they approach the sea-coast of the Heneti at right angles. Cisalpine Keltica is enclosed within these limits, and the length of the coast joined to that of the mountains is 6300 stadia; its breadth rather less than 2000. The remainder of Italy is long and narrow, and terminates in two promontories, one6 extending to the Strait of Sicily, the other7 to Iapygia. It is embraced on one side by the Adriatic,8 on the other by the Tyrrhenian Sea.9 The form and size of the Adriatic resembles that portion of Italy bounded by the Apennines and the two seas, and extending as far as Iapygia and the isthmus which separates the Gulf of Taranto from that of Posidonium.10 The greatest breadth of both is about 1300 stadia, and the length not much less than 6000. The remainder of the country is possessed by the Bruttii, and certain of the Leucani. Polybius tells us, that traversing the sea-coast on foot from Iapygia11 to the Strait [of Sicily] there are 3000 stadia, the coast being washed by the Sea of Sicily; but that going by water it is 500 stadia less. The Apennines, after approaching the country about Ariminum and Ancona, and determining the breadth of Italy at this point from sea to sea, change their direction and divide the whole country throughout its length. As far as the Peucetii and Leucani they do not recede much from the Adriatic, but on arriving at the Leucani they decline considerably towards the other sea,12 and traversing the remainder of the distance through the Leucani and Bruttii, terminate at Leucopetra,13 in Reggio. Such is a general description of the whole of present Italy. We will now endeavour to undertake a description of its various parts. And, first, of those situated below the Alps. [4]
This is a superb plain variegated with fruitful hills. The Po divides it almost through its midst, one side being denominated Cispadana, and the other Transpadana. Cispadana comprehends that part next the Apennines and Liguria, and Transpadana the remainder. The former [division] is inhabited by Ligurian and Keltic nations, the former inhabiting the mountains and the latter the plains; and the latter [division] by Kelts and Heneti. These Kelts are of the same race as the Transalpine Kelts. Concerning the Heneti there are two traditions, some saying that they are a colony of those Kelts of the same name who dwell by the ocean.14 Others say that they are descended from the Veneti of Paphlagonia, who took refuge here with Antenor after the Trojan war; and they give as a proof of this the attention these people bestow on rearing horses; which, though now entirely abandoned, was formerly in great esteem among them, resulting from the ancient rage for breeding mules, which Homer thus mentions:
“ From the Eneti for forest mules renowned.15
Iliad ii. 857.
It was here that Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, kept his stud of race-horses. And, in consequence, the Henetian horses were much esteemed in Greece, and their breed in great repute for a long period. [5]
The whole of this country16 is full of rivers and marshes, especially the district of the Heneti, which likewise experiences the tides of the sea. This is almost the only part of our sea17 which is influenced in the same manner as the ocean, and, like it, has ebb and flood tides. In consequence most of the plain is covered with lagoons.18 The inhabitants have dug canals and dikes, after the manner of Lower Egypt, so that part of the country is drained and cultivated, and the rest is navigable. Some of their cities stand in the midst of water like islands, others are only partially surrounded. Such as lie above the marshes in the interior are situated on rivers navigable for a surprising distance, the Po in particular, which is both a large river, and also continually swelled by the rains and snows. As it expands into numerous outlets, its mouth is not easily perceptible and is difficult to enter. But experience surmounts even the greatest difficulties. [6]
Formerly, as we have said, the district next this river was chiefly inhabited by Kelts. The principal nations of these Kelts were the Boii, the Insubri, and the Senones and Gæsatæ, who in one of their incursions took possession of Rome. The Romans afterwards entirely extirpated these latter, and expelled the Boii from their country, who then migrated to the land about the Danube, where they dwelt with the Taurisci, and warred against the Dacians until the whole nation was destroyed; and they left to the surrounding tribes this sheep-pasturing district of Illyria. The Insubri still exist; their metropolis is Mediolanum,19 which formerly was a village, (for they all dwelt in villages,) but is now a considerable city, beyond the Po, and almost touching the Alps. Near to it is Verona, a large city, and the smaller towns Brescia, Mantua, Reggio, and Como. This latter was but a very indifferent colony, having been seriously impaired by the Rhæti who dwelt higher up, but it was repeopled by Pompey Strabo, father of Pompey the Great. Afterwards Caius Scipio20 transferred thither 3000 men, and finally divus Cæsar peopled it with 5000 men, the most distinguished of whom were 500 Greeks. He conferred on these the privileges of citizens, and enrolled them amongst the inhabitants. They not only took up their abode here, but left their name to the colony itself; for all the inhabitants taking the name of νεοκωμῖται, this was translated [into Latin], and the place called Novum-Comum. Near to this place is Lake Larius,21 which is filled by the river Adda, and afterwards flows out into the Po. The sources of this river, as well as those of the Rhine, rise in Mount Adulas.22 [7]
These cities are situated high above the marshes; near to them is Patavium,23 the finest of all the cities in this district, and which at the time of the late census24 was said to contain 500 equites. Anciently it could muster an army of 120,000 men. The population and skill of this city is evinced by the vast amount of manufactured goods it sends to the Roman market, especially clothing of all kinds. It communicates with the sea by a river navigable from a large harbour [at its mouth], the river runs across the marshes for a distance of 250 stadia. This harbour,25 as well as the river,26 is named Medoacus. Situated in the marshes is the great [city of] Ravenna, built entirely on piles,27 and traversed by canals, which you cross by bridges or ferry-boats. At the full tides it is washed by a considerable quantity of sea-water, as well as by the river, and thus the sewage is carried off, and the air purified; in fact, the district is considered so salubrious that the [Roman] governors have selected it as a spot to bring up and exercise the gladiators in. It is a remarkable peculiarity of this place, that, though situated in the midst of a marsh, the air is perfectly innocuous; the same is the case with respect to Alexandria in Egypt, where the malignity of the lake during summer is entirely removed by the rising of the river which covers over the mud. Another remarkable peculiarity is that of its vines, which, though growing in the marshes, make very quickly and yield a large amount of fruit, but perish in four or five years. Altinum28 stands likewise in the marshes, its situation being very similar to that of Ravenna. Between them is Butrium,29 a small city of Ravenna, and Spina,30 which is now a village, but was anciently a celebrated Grecian city. In fact, the treasures of the Spinitæ are shown at Delphi, and it is, besides, reported in history that they had dominion over the sea. They say that it formerly stood on the sea; now, however, the district is inland about 90 stadia from the sea. Ravenna is reported to have been founded by Thessalians, who not being able to sustain the violence of the Tyrrheni, welcomed into their city some of the Ombrici, who still possess it, while they themselves returned home. These cities for the most part are surrounded, and, as it were, washed by the marshes. [8]
Opitergium,31 Concordia, Atria,32 Vicetia,33 as well as some smaller cities, are less annoyed by the marshes: they communicate by small navigable canals with the sea. They say that Atria was formerly a famous city, from which the Adriatic Gulf, with a slight variation, received its name. Aquileia, which is the nearest to the head [of the gulf], was founded by the Romans,34 to keep in check the barbarians dwelling higher up. You may navigate transport ships to it up the river Natisone for more than sixty stadia. This is the trading city with the nations of Illyrians who dwell round the Danube. Some deal in marine merchandise, and carry in waggons wine in wooden casks and oil, and others exchange slaves, cattle, and hides. Aquileia is without the limits of the Heneti, their country being bounded by a river which flows from the mountains of the Alps, and is navigable for a distance of 1200 stadia, as far as the city of Noreia,35 near to where Cnæus Carbo was defeated in his attack upon the Kimbrians.36 This place contains fine stations for gold washing and iron-works. At the very head of the Adriatic is the Timavum,37 a temple consecrated to Diomede, worthy of notice. For it contains a harbour and a fine grove, with seven springs of fresh water, which fall into the sea in a broad, deep river.38 Polybius, however, says that, with the exception of one, they are all salt springs, and that it is on this account the place is called by the inhabitants—the source and mother of the sea. Posidonius, on the other hand, tells us that the river Timavo, after flowing from the mountains, precipitates itself into a chasm, and after flowing under ground about 130 stadia, discharges itself into the sea. [9]
That Diomedes did hold sovereignty over the country around this sea,39 is proved both by the Diomedean islands,40 and the traditions concerning the Daunii and Argos-Hippium.41 Of these we shall narrate as much as may be serviceable to history, and shall leave alone the numerous falsehoods and myths; such, for instance, as those concerning Phaethon and the Heliades42 changed into alders near the [river] Eridanus, which exists no where, although said to be near the Po;43 of the islands Electrides, opposite the mouths of the Po, and the Meleagrides,44 found in them; none of which things exist in these localities.45 However, some have narrated that honours are paid to Diomedes amongst the Heneti, and that they sacrifice to him a white horse; two groves are likewise pointed out, one [sacred] to the Argian Juno, and the other to the Ætolian Diana. They have too, as we might expect, fictions concerning these groves; for instance, that the wild beasts in them grow tame, that the deer herd with wolves, and they suffer men to approach and stroke them; and that when pursued by dogs, as soon as they have reached these groves, the dogs no longer pursue them. They say, too, that a certain person, well known for the facility with which he offered himself as a pledge for others, being bantered on this subject by some hunters who came up with him having a wolf in leash, they said in jest, that if he would become pledge for the wolf and pay for the damage he might do, they would loose the bonds. To this the man consented, and they let loose the wolf, who gave chase to a herd of horses unbranded, and drove them into the stable of the person who had become pledge for him. The man accepted the gift, branded the horses with [the representation of] a wolf, and named them Lucophori. They were distinguished rather for their swiftness than gracefulness. His heirs kept the same brand and the same name for this race of horses, and made it a rule never to part with a single mare, in order that they might remain sole possessors of the race, which became famous. At the present day, however, as we have before remarked, this [rage for] horse-breeding has entirely ceased.
After the Timavum46 comes the sea-coast of Istria as far as Pola, which appertains to Italy. Between [the two] is the fortress of Tergeste, distant from Aquileia 180 stadia. Pola is situated in a gulf forming a kind of port, and containing some small islands,47 fruitful, and with good harbours. This city was anciently founded by the Colchians sent after Medea, who not being able to fulfil their mission, condemned themselves to exile. As Callimachus says, “ It a Greek would call
The town of Fugitives, but in their tongue
'Tis Pola named.
” The different parts of Transpadana are inhabited by the Heneti and the Istrii as far as Pola; above the Heneti, by the Carni, the Cenomani, the Medoaci, and the Symbri.48 These nations were formerly at enmity with the Romans, but the Cenomani and Heneti allied themselves with that nation, both prior to the expedition of Hannibal, when they waged war with the Boii and Symbrii,49 and also after that time. [10]
Cispadana comprehends all that country enclosed be- tween the Apennines and the Alps as far as Genoa and the Vada-Sabbatorum.50 The greater part was inhabited by the Boii, the Ligurians, the Senones, and Gæsatæ; but after the depopulation of the Boii, and the destruction of the Gæsatæ and Senones, the Ligurian tribes and the Roman colonies alone remained. The nation of the Ombrici51 and certain of the Tyrrheni are also mixed amongst the Romans. These two nations, before the aggrandizement of the Romans, had some disputes with each other concerning precedence. Having only the river Tiber between, it was easy to commence war upon each other; and if the one sent out an expedition against any nation, it was the ambition of the other to enter the same country with an equal force. Thus, the Tyrrheni, having organized a successful expedition against the barbarians [dwelling in the countries] about the Po, but having speedily lost again through their luxury [all they had acquired], the Ombrici made war upon those who had driven them out. Disputes arose between the Tyrrheni and Ombrici concerning the right of possessing these places, and both nations founded many colonies; those, however, of the Ombrici were most numerous, as they were nearest to the spot. When the Romans gained the dominion, they sent out colonies to different parts, but preserved those which had been formerly planted by their predecessors. And although now they are all Romans, they are not the less distinguished, some by the names of Ombri and Tyrrheni, others by those of Heneti, Ligurians, and Insubri. [11]
Both in Cispadana and around the Po there are some fine cities. Placentia52 and Cremona, situated about the middle of the country, are close to each other. Between these and Ariminum,53 are Parma, Mutina,54 and Bononia,55 which is near to Ravenna; amongst these are smaller cities on the route to Rome, as Acara,56 Rhegium-Lepidum,57 Macri-Campi,58 where a public festival is held every year, Claterna,59 Forum- Cornelium;60 while Faventia61 and Cæsena, situated near to the river Savio62 and the Rubicon,63 are adjacent to Ariminum. Ariminum, like Ravenna, is an ancient colony of the Ombri. but both of them have received also Roman colonies. An- minum has a port and a river64 of the same name as itself. From Placentia to Ariminum there are 1300 stadia. About 36 miles above Placentia, towards the boundaries of the kingdom of Cottius, is the city of Ticinum,65 by which flows a river66 bearing the same name, which falls into the Po, while a little out of the route are Clastidium,67 Derthon,68 and Aquæ-Statiellæ.69 But the direct route as far as Ocelum,70 along the Po and the Doria Riparia,71 is full of precipices, intersected by numerous other rivers, one of which is the Durance,72 and is about 160 miles long. Here commence the Alpine mountains and Keltica.73 Near to the mountains above Luna is the city of Lucca. Some [of the people of this part of Italy] dwell in villages, nevertheless it is well populated, and furnishes the greater part of the military force, and of equites, of whom the senate is partly composed. Derthon is a considerable city, situated about half way on the road from Genoa to Placentia, which are distant 400 stadia from each other. Aquæ-Statiellæ is on the same route. That from Placentia to Ariminum we have already described, but the sail to Ravenna down the Po requires two days and nights. A74 great part of Cispadana likewise was covered by marshes, through which Hannibal passed with difficulty on his march into Tyrrhenia.75 But Scaurus drained the plains by navigable canals from the Po76 to the country of the Parmesans. For the Trebia meeting the Po near Placentia, and having previously received many other rivers, is over-swollen near this place. I allude to the Scaurus77 who also made the Æmilian road through Pisa and Luna as far as Sabbatorum, and thence through Derthon. There is another Æmilian road, which continues the Flaminian. For Marcus Lepidus and Caius Flaminius being colleagues in the consulship, and having vanquished the Ligurians, the one made the Via Flaminia from Rome across Tyrrhenia and Ombrica as far as the territory of Ariminum,78 the other, the road as far as Bononia,79 and thence to Aquileia80 by the roots of the Alps, and encircling the marshes. The boundaries which separate from the rest of Italy this country, which we designate Citerior Keltica,81 were marked by the Apennine mountains above Tyrrhenia and the river Esino,82 and afterwards by the Rubicon.83 Both these rivers fall into the Adriatic. [12]
The fertility of this country is proved by its population, the size of its cities, and its wealth, in all of which the Romans of this country surpass the rest of Italy. The cultivated land produces fruits in abundance and of every kind, and the woods contain such abundance of mast, that Rome is principally supplied from the swine fed there. Being well supplied with water, millet grows there in perfection. This affords the greatest security against famine, inasmuch as millet resists any inclemency of the atmosphere, and never fails, even when there is scarcity of other kinds of grain. Their pitch-works are amazing, and their casks give evidence of the abundance of wine: these are made of wood, and are larger than houses, and the great supply of pitch allows them to be sold cheap. The soft wool and by far the best is produced in the country round Mutina84 and the river Panaro;85 while the coarse wool, which forms the main article of clothing amongst the slaves in Italy, is produced in Liguria and the country of the Symbri. There is a middling kind grown about Patavium,86 of which the finer carpets, gausapi,87 and every thing else of the same sort, whether with the wool on one or on both sides, are made. The mines are not worked now so diligently, because not equally profitable with those of Transalpine Keltica and Iberia; but formerly they must have been, since there were gold-diggings even in Vercelli, near to Ictimuli,88 both which villages are near to Placentia.89 Here we finish our description of the first part of Italy, and pass on to the second.
1 The Gulf of Salerno.
2 Venetians.
3 Rimini.
4 Capo di Leuca.
5 Venetians.
6 The peninsula occupied by the people named Brettii, or Bruttii.
7 The peninsula now designated Terra di Lecce, and called by the ancients sometimes Iapygia, at others Messapia, Calabria, and Salentina. The isthmus of this peninsula was supposed to be formed by a line drawn from Brindisi to Taranto.
8 The Gulf of Venice.
9 The Sea of Tuscany.
10 The Gulf of Salerno.
11 Capo di Leuca.
12 The Mediterranean.
13 Capo dell' Armi.
14 Of Vannes.
15 From the Heneti, whence is the race of wild mules. Iliad ii. 857.
16 Transpadana.
17 The Mediterranean.
18 The whole of the coast from Ravenna to Aquileia at the bottom of the Gulf of Venice is still covered with marshes and lagoons, as it was in the time of Strabo. The largest of these lagoons are at the mouths of the Po, the others at the mouths of the torrents which descend from the Alps.
19 Milan.
20 Apparently a mistake for Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; we are unacquainted with any Caius Scipio.
21 The Lake of Como.
22 The source of the Adda is at the foot of Mount Braulio; the three sources of the Rhine issue from Mounts St. Bernardin, St. Barnabé, and Crispalt, at a considerable distance from the source of the Adda.
23 Padua.
24 This appears to have been the last census of the three taken under the reign of Augustus. The first occurred in the year of Rome 726, twenty-eight years before the Christian era; the number of citizens then amounted to 4,064,000, or, according to Eusebius, 4,011,017. The second was in the year of Rome 746, eight years before the Christian era; the number of citizens was then found to be 4,163,000. The third census was in the year of Rome 767, in the fourteenth year of the Christian era; the number of citizens at this time was 4,037,000, according to the monument of Ancyra, but according to Eusebius, 9,070,000.
25 Chioggia.
26 The Bacchiglione.
27 ξυλοπαγὴς ὅλη. We have followed the rendering of the French translators; however, Guarini, Buonaccivoli, Xylander, Siebenkees, and Bréquigny, all understand Strabo to mean that the city was built entirely of wood.
28 Altino.
29 Butrio.
30 Spinazino.
31 Oderzo.
32 Adria.
33 Vicenza.
34 About the year 186 before the Christian era.
35 Friesach in Steiermark.
36 113 years before the Christian era.
37 Giovanni del Carso.
38 The present Timavo.
39 The Adriatic.
40 The three islands of Tremiti, namely Domenico, Nicola, and Caprara, opposite Monte Gargano.
41 Arpino.
42 Phaethusa, Lampetie, and Lampethusa. See Virg. cel. vi. 62; Æn. x. 190; Ovid Met. ii.
43 Either this passage has undergone alteration, or else Strabo is the only writer who informs us that certain mythological traditions distinguished the Eridanus from the Po, placing the former of these rivers in the vicinity of the latter. The père Bardetti thinks the Greeks originally confounded the Eretenus, a tributary of the Po, with the name Eridanus.
44 Probably Guinea-hens.
45 Strabo seems here to doubt that the Electrides islands ever existed, but the French translators, in a very judicious note, have explained that the geographical features of the country about the mouths of the Po had undergone very considerable changes on account of the immense alluvial deposit brought down from the mountains by that river, and suggest that these islands had been united to the main-land long before Strabo's time, for which reason he would not be able to verify the ancient traditions. Even at the present day the Cavalier Negrelli is employing his celebrated engineering science in making the communication between the Po and the Adriatic navigable, and so rendering the countries bordering on the Ticino, Adda, Mincio, Trebbia, Panono, and the adjacent lakes ac- cessible to steam-boats from the Adriatic.
46 The Timavum, or temple consecrated to Diomede.
47 The Isola di Brioni, Conversara, and S. Nicolo. Pliny calls them Insulæ Pullarie.
48 This name is probably corrupt; Coray proposes to read Insubri.
49 This name is probably corrupt; Coray proposes to read Insubri.
50 Vadi.
51 The Umbrians, or Umbri, of Roman History.
52 Piacenza
53 Rimini.
54 Modena.
55 Bologna.
56 Probably corrupt.
57 Reggio in Modena.
58 Between Parma and Modena, the Val di Montirone and Orte Ma.
59 Quaderna.
60 Imola.
61 Faenza.
62 Ancient Sapis.
63 Probably Pisatello.
64 The Marecchia.
65 Pavia.
66 The Ticino.
67 Castezzio.
68 Tortona.
69 Acqui, on the left bank of the Bormia.
70 Ucello.
71 δουοͅίας.
72 The ancient Druentia.
73 Transalpine Gaul.
74 From here to the word Derthon the text appears to be corrupt.
75 Tuscany.
77 M. Æmilius Scaurus.
79 Bologna.
80 Maffei proposes to substitute Placentia for Aquilena.
81 Cisalpine Gaul.
82 The ancient Æsis, now Esino, named also Fiumesino.
83 Probably the Pisatello.
84 Modena.
85 The Scultanua of antiquity.
86 Padua.
87 A kind of cassock with long hair.
88 Probably Victimolo.
89 Piacenza.
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For every challenge a small business owner faces, you either have to hire someone to help or figure out how to deal with it yourself. Taxes can be a significant challenge for small businesses, especially for new owners just getting started.
So if you’re going to handle the bookkeeping and finances, you need to understand how they work. If you plan on hiring an accountant or tax professional to help with filing, you won’t have to become an expert yourself, but it will still help to understand how tax liability works.
Here’s a guide to understanding the basics of small business taxes and how to calculate what you’re going to owe.
What Are Small Business Taxes?
Small business taxes include many different kinds of taxes that a small business is responsible for paying. These are various payments that your business must make to the federal, state, or local government.
Small business taxes can vary depending on your business entity and business location. Not every entity will have to pay taxes the same way, and certain states and counties or municipalities will have different taxes on small businesses.
How Are Small Businesses Taxed?
Small businesses can be taxed in various ways. The primary tax to deal with is the income tax. Some business structures must pay taxes as a business entity, whereas others allow business owners to pay income tax as individual taxpayers.
Your income determines your tax liability for federal and state income taxes, and you must make quarterly estimated tax payments throughout the year to keep up with your obligations.
Small business taxes include many other possible tax obligations beyond income tax, however. But before you concern yourself with those, you need to be sure you understand your business entity and the specific tax rates and concerns that come with that specific structure.
Business Entity Income Tax Rates
Tax rates will vary depending on your business entity. How is your small business organized, and what kind of legal entity is it?
The critical factor here is whether or not the government recognizes your business as a pass-through entity. A pass-through entity is a business in which all business income passes through to be taxed only on the individual business owner’s personal tax return.
Other companies must make tax payments on behalf of the business instead of letting the income pass through directly to the shareholders.
C-corporations must file and pay taxes on all of their business income according to the corporate tax rate. Then any shareholders who receive dividends will pay taxes on that money again when they file their own personal returns. The corporate tax rate at the federal level in the United States is 21 percent of net income in 2021.
Small C-corporations can file paperwork with the IRS and elect to be recognized as an S-corporation if they meet certain requirements. The main difference between an S-corp and a C-corp is that an S-corp is a pass-through entity, so the S-corporation’s income will pass through the company directly to its shareholders, who will pay taxes on that income as individuals.
Shareholders will divide the corporation’s net income and pay taxes for their portion according to their individual income tax rates. At the federal level, these income tax rates will range from 10% to 37%.
Partnerships are also a pass-through entity, much like the S-corporation. Therefore, each partner will pay taxes for their portion of the net business income at individual tax rates that range from 10% to 37%.
Unlike shareholders in an S-corporation, however, general partners are subject to self-employment taxes as business owners. Find more detailed information about self-employment taxes below.
Sole Proprietorships
Sole proprietorships are the most common small business entity. Sole proprietors are not legally distinct from the business itself, so they will pay taxes for all of their business income.
Their income tax rate will depend on their particular tax brackets but range from 10% to 37%. Because they’re self-employed, they will also be required to pay self-employment taxes.
Sole proprietors must also pay estimated taxes on their own individual returns on income throughout the year. Every business and a self-employed individual must make these estimated quarterly payments.
Limited liability companies, also known as LLCs, are taxed according to how they file with the government. LLCs can file to be taxed as an S-corporation or a C-corporation, but that’s not the most common practice.
Generally speaking, single-member LLCs will pay taxes as a sole proprietorship. In contrast, multi-member LLCs will pay taxes as a partnership, both of which mean paying income taxes according to the individual’s personal income tax bracket. Partnerships are pass-through entities, while sole proprietorships don’t exist as an entity separate from the individual.
Other Business Tax Factors
As a small business owner, your net income is the primary information you’ll need for calculating your tax liability. Then there are two more main factors you’ll want to consider to figure out how much you owe in income tax.
You’ll pay more than you’re supposed to if you don’t claim the proper tax credits and deductions on your tax returns.
Tax Credits
Tax credits are a valuable way to reduce taxes for small businesses. Using tax credits simply reduces your tax liability, as they effectively serve as a payment from the government to cover part of the tax you owe for the previous year. There are over a dozen tax credits available for businesses, so be sure to take advantage.
Tax Deductions
On the other hand, tax deductions lower your taxable income before calculating the total tax you owe. This means that deductions can even bring you down into a lower tax bracket if your income is right on the threshold.
You can deduct many or all of your regular and necessary business expenses from your income if you run a business. This can reduce your taxable income considerably if you make sure to keep your receipts and record all of your eligible business expenses. Some deductions even let business owners deduct the costs of new or depreciated assets.
Business Taxes Beyond Federal Income Tax
When you think about small business taxes, federal income tax may be the first thing you think about, but that doesn’t mean it’s the only tax you need to worry about. When it comes to tax calculation and planning for your company, there is a lot you need to keep on your radar.
State Income Taxes
Most states have an additional income tax for individuals and businesses within their borders, but the rates and differing policies for businesses and individuals will vary widely. Seven states don’t charge income tax, and two states only charge tax on investment income.
You will need to look into your own state’s policies to see what taxes you may be subject to. Your state might use a progressive tax rate like the federal government, or they might use a flat tax rate. You’re also likely to need a state tax ID no matter the shape of your particular state income taxes.
Gross Receipts Tax
There are ten states with a gross receipt tax, which is a flat-rate tax on businesses. It taxes businesses at a flat percentage of all income they receive. Because it is calculated according to gross income, not net income, this doesn’t include any deductions for business expenses.
This tax functions like a sales tax, except that the business is expected to pay for it, not the customer. The rate for this tax is generally lower than the normal income tax rate, but it applies to all sales made by that business.
Payroll Taxes
Payroll taxes are taxes imposed as a percentage of employee’s pay. There are federal and state payroll taxes, and some are paid by employers directly, whereas employers pay some with money withheld from employee wages.
Businesses must submit payroll taxes as contributions on employees’ behalf to support Medicare and Social Security at the federal level. The total federal payroll tax is 15.3% of gross employee wages. Half of that is paid by the employer, while the other half is paid through employee withholding.
Payroll taxes at the state level can pay for various other programs, often including unemployment. Employers pay into unemployment regularly so that employees can later apply for those resources if they lose their job.
Self-Employment Taxes
If you’re not an employee on someone else’s payroll, you still have to pay many of those same taxes, including Social Security and Medicare taxes. This is what’s also called a self-employment tax.
Whereas your employer would withhold a portion of your wages and then pay another portion of these FICA taxes on your behalf, self-employed individuals are responsible for the full amount on their own.
You’ll pay self-employment taxes by filing IRS form Schedule SE, self-employment tax, which is affixed to either form 1040 or form 1040-SR. You must file as long as your net earnings from self-employment are $400 or more.
Excise Taxes
Excise taxes are extra charges imposed by the government on certain specific products or services. It will only apply if you manufacture or sell certain products or use various equipment or facilities subject to one of these taxes.
IRS form 720, the Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return, includes most federal excise taxes and instructions for calculating the amount owed. For excise taxes due quarterly, you can use form 720, but you will use IRS form 2290, Heavy Highway Vehicle Use Return, to calculate and pay annual taxes due for using heavy trucks on public highways.
Sales Taxes
Sales taxes are imposed directly on the sales of goods or services. There is no federal sales tax, but many states and municipalities set a sales tax at varying rates.
You will need to know how your state handles sales taxes. If you need to collect a sales tax determined by your state or municipality, you’ll then need to remit those taxes to the proper authorities regularly.
If you make many sales online, you might also be subject to other states’ sales taxes. If you have a nexus in a state, which means that you do a significant amount of business with customers there, you may be required to remit sales tax for those qualifying purchases. This will depend on laws in each state and the kind of good or service you provide.
Some states may also impose a use tax. This is a tax on a good used by a business if sales tax was not paid initially at its time of purchase.
Property Taxes
Property taxes are exactly what the name suggests. They are taxes imposed on property you own, usually determined by the size and value of that property. This varies widely by location, but it can represent a high cost for businesses that own real estate.
Beyond real estate, some states collect property tax levied on valuable business assets, equipment, and vehicles as well. If your company is likely to be subject to this tax, then properly managing your business property tax is going to be an important and significant task.
Get Advice from an Expert
There’s no simple solution or easy equation for calculating the entirety of your small business taxes. A lot will depend on your location, business structure, and the nature of your business. However, taking care of your tax obligations and planning carefully for the money you owe may be a time-consuming and essential task.
Invest in the stability and efficiency of your business by working with a tax accounting expert who knows the specific laws that apply to your business and your location. Working with a professional with knowledge of your context and situation is the only way to get real and reliable information on what you should expect.
Written by Mike Savage
Mike Savage, CEO and Founder of 1-800Accountant, has revolutionized the tax service industry. After working as an accountant for PwC, Mike r...
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Protecting Art Heritage: The need for the protection of UNESCO heritage sites
In 2017, the UN Security Council unanimously voted in Resolution 2347, which condemned the destruction of cultural/religious heritage sites and the looting, smuggling, and sail of cultural and religious artifacts, making such actions a, literal, war crime. The importance behind it, as UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova stated, is that “the deliberate destruction of heritage is a war crime, it has become a tactic of war to tear societies over the long term, in a strategy of cultural cleansing.” The focus has come upon this topic after the Battle of Gao, in Mali, resulted in the damage, and eventual purposeful destruction of multiple sites within Timbuktu by Ansar Dine, an Islamic terrorist group fighting for domination of Mali.
This damage to Timbuktu, however, is not even the near the first time cultural-heritage sites have come under attack by opposing ethnic and religious groups. Since time immemorial, cultural conflict has been practiced through the killing of lives and the destruction of culture. Looking from the burning of the Library of Alexandria to the detonation of the Buddhas of Bamiyan, the destruction of cultural sites are emblematic of a deeper attempt to destroy entire cultures by an aggressor. There have been numerous instances of international conflict resulting in either the purposeful destruction, or the coincidental neglect of cultural artifacts and locations. Recently, the US invasion of Iraq that resulted in the abandonment and looting of the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, and the destruction of the Vijećnica Library in Bosnia, are two instances of the loss of immense amounts of cultural and ethnic heritage due to the practice of war. And as war has become increasingly destructive, it is imperative that the international community work to protect pieces of heritage that are symbolic of an entire community and hold those who seek the damage, destruction, sale, or tarnishing of such items and architecture, accountable.
This is why, in this growing age of globalism and interdependence, to focus on the preservation and display of beauty, culture, and art reflecting cultural heritage should be something celebrated and defended.
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What if…and the “Solar-Powered Soldier”
As discussed here, Australia is experimenting with light-weight solar panels to replace batteries carried by soldiers. The goal is to reduce the weight soldiers carry. The panels can be stuck to clothing, helmets, or tents, and they can be rolled up and stored when not in use. Similar studies are underway in Britain, and a U.S. Marine Corps battalion already uses solar panels to reduce battery weight.
The article mentions that the average soldier carries half a kilogram, or about one pound, in batteries. While this may seem like a small amount, any reduction in weight would be appreciated, I’m sure.
Nevertheless, what if these cells can be networked? Wouldn’t that lead to a big logistics advantage, if instead of carting in batteries and fuel for generators, solar panels can be networked and used to provide power for multiple soldiers? Now, obviously, such power would require the development of a few more generations of solar power cells, but it’s an interesting idea.
What if solar power allowed for a greater number of forward operating bases (FOBs) or for increased deployment of Special Forces? Might this be part and parcel of a more diffuse, but networked future military force? This might prove particularly useful in a counter-insurgency setting or a planetary colonization effort, where forces should deploy widely.
Might solar panels help reduce a heat signature? I don’t know much about whether or to what extent solar panels give off ambient heat, but I would guess it would be less than a generator, making it easier to conceal troops (further assuming the panels don’t give off a glare).
What if you are a soldier at an isolated FOB, dependent on solar panels, and they get destroyed? Might the switch to solar power produce a change in tactics by the enemy? Almost assuredly, so what sort of redundancy will be built into this system? Spare panels? Panels that can be repaired?
What do you think of solar-powered soldiers? How do you think it would affect combat operations or logistics? What do you think of the military pushing the envelope with respect to green technology?
6 thoughts on “What if…and the “Solar-Powered Soldier”
1. Eric,
Different advances in solar tech will find their way into different applications. Thin-film, or transparent arrays could coat windscreens on vehicles, so that, when stationary, soldiers could rely on some passive generation without running the engine (current practice).
But current solar tech is woefully inadequate for charging anything larger than a cell phone. The SINCGARS radio chews through monster batteries daily, the best a solar array could do in most cases (I believe) is add about 4 hours to a 20-hour lifespan.
You seem to be envisioning self-sustaining man-portable units, and although you’re not the only one, I don’t think we’re anywhere near this yet. Back in the late 90’s, Special Forces were trying out rollable arrays but with dismal results. Part of that may have been the testing environments (e.g. Panama) and the tech has progressed, but… Yes, in the desert environment you get plenty of sun, but panel efficiency is deplorable, especially on flexible array material.
I just fancied I check out your site on a lark. Hope you’re doing well.
2. Thanks for the post, Tim. These “what if” posts are basically short form fiction–using the article to generate story ideas. So it’s good to have an accurate baseline if I’m going to speculate about the technology.
Thanks for checking out the site; I hope I can get you to return a few more times. As for me, things are going well, nothing new to report. I hope you are doing well too.
3. Eric,
The concept of solar charging our soldiers (and vehicles) holds some promise, but I’m skeptical it can make a meaningful impact. First solar has to become an efficient power source in less-demanding applications, then it can be hardened to mil-spec, made mobile, etc…
For another take on how to defeat the military’s (oil) drinking habit, check out this flight of fancy:
There’s money in this year’s defense approps bill to study and lay the ground for possible future mini-reactor installations. Maybe they can be made more idiot-proof this time, but the Army has a frightening history with mini-reactors (during the 60s),
I think a re-telling of the SL-1 accident (or a future parallel) would make for a fantastic sci-fi story. People are naturally inclined to fear nuclear technology; here is an example of it’s fearsome lethality (because of woefully absent safeguards).
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Red wine and/or exercise – your choice
Deteriorating brain function is the bane of getting old. The most severe and debilitating form of cognitive decline is the development of dementia, a collective term used to describe various symptoms of cognitive decline, such as forgetfulness. The estimated proportion of the general population aged 60 and over with dementia at a given time is between 5-8%.
Dementia is not a single disease in itself, but a general term to describe symptoms of impairment in memory, communication, and thinking. Although it mostly affects older people, it is not necessarily a normal part of ageing as it can be influenced by lifestyle factors.
Boosting brain function
Sure, a regular glass of red wine has been shown to have the ability to improve cognitive function as we age. We covered this in detail in a previous blog. But so does regular exercise. Exercise has a broad range of beneficial healthful effects.
A new study published on 9 July 2020 tested the hypothesis that it might be possible to reverse brain ageing through systemic interventions such as exercise. The scientists from the University of California tested whether the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition in aged mice could be transferred in plasma from one mouse to another. Indeed, plasma from young or old mice that had exercised when transferred to other aged mice showed beneficial effects in their brains even if they had not exercised.
How is this possible?
To discover what specific biological factors in the blood might be behind these effects, the amounts of different soluble proteins in the blood of active versus sedentary mice were measured. After some intensive search, the scientists identified the enzyme glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D1 (Gpld1) as a factor in plasma that might mediate this favourable effect.
Gpld1 is produced by the liver. The team found that Gpld1 increases in the blood circulation of mice following exercise, and that Gpld1 levels correlate closely with improvements in the animals’ cognitive performance.
And not only in rats!
Analysis of previously collected human data showed that Gpld1 is also elevated in the blood of healthy, active elderly adults compared to less active elders.
To test whether Gpld1 itself could drive the observed benefits of exercise, the researchers used genetic engineering to coax the livers of aged mice to produce extra Gpld1, and measured various aspects of cognition and memory. They found that three weeks of the treatment produced similar beneficial cognitive effects as six weeks of regular exercise.
The scientists are now working to better understand precisely how Gpld1 interacts with other biochemical signalling systems to produce its brain-boosting effects (as it doesn’t pass the blood/brain barrier). The hope is to be able to identify specific targets for a future food supplement with Gpld1 that could one day confer many of the protective benefits of exercise for the frail.
So what’s your choice?
So now there is a choice, red wine or exercise or maybe both to retain good cognitive function.
But the question is how much exercise is needed to get the optimal benefit. Would the recommended 10,000 steps a day be sufficient and would a glass of red wine add to the benefit?
Or, horror, would the liver be too busy to metabolise the alcohol from the red wine to have time to also produce the Gpld1?
I want to know more!
Dark chocolate or red wine?
Of course I would like to believe the scientists who claim that eating dark chocolate positively affects our wellbeing and that drinking moderate amounts of red wine improve our health. I like both dark chocolate and red wine and sometimes together to get a double wellness whammy. What’s not to like?
Question is are the scientists actually right? We have written numerous posts about claimed superfoods doing wonders to our health when it is actually the overall diet that is most important, not the individual components as such. Sure we have also fallen into the trap of praising some individual foods as the popular press did this time for fashionable dark chocolate and red wine. Even scientists want to get some attention.
Dark chocolate and health
Let’s start with reviewing the dark chocolate findings. Scientists from the University College London, the University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services Canada assessed data from 13,626 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Daily chocolate consumption and type of chocolate was assessed against scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire, which assesses depressive symptoms.
As usual, a range of other factors including height, weight, marital status, ethnicity, education, household income, physical activity, smoking and chronic health problems were taken into account to ensure the study only measured chocolate’s effect on depressive symptoms. Overall, 11.1% of the population reported any chocolate consumption, with 1.4% reporting dark chocolate consumption.
The scientists found that eating dark chocolate positively affected mood and relieved depressive symptoms. As a matter of fact, individuals eating any amount of dark chocolate had 70% lower odds of reporting clinically relevant depressive symptoms than those who reported not eating chocolate at all.
So far so good!
Woman smile
To be believable it is important to find a biological mechanism that can explain the results. And there are several. Chocolate contains a number of psychoactive ingredients which produce a feeling of euphoria and phenylethylamine which is believed to be important for regulating people’s moods. Also, dark chocolate in particular has a higher concentration of flavonoids, antioxidant polyphenols that have been shown to improve inflammation and play a role in the onset of depression.
Another strength of the study is that daily chocolate consumption was derived from two 24‐hour dietary recalls and not from much more dubious food frequency questionnaires that are so common.
And the bad!
Although the study included a large overall sample, there were less than 200 individuals that reported dark chocolate consumption. There could also be other confounding factors not taken into account.
There is some caution expressed by the scientists themselves claiming that further research is required to clarify causation. It could be the case that depression causes people to lose their interest in eating chocolate, or there could be other factors that make people both less likely to eat dark chocolate and to be depressed.
What about red wine and health?
Scientists at King’s College, London have reported that red wine consumption could be linked to better gut health. The study included a group of 916 female twins and tested the effects of consuming beer, cider, red wine, white wine and spirits on the gut microbiome, the micro-organisms found in the digestive tract.
And compared to other alcoholic drinks they found that the gut microbiome of red wine drinkers was more diverse – a sign of better gut health. The researchers speculated that the positive effect of red wine could be due to its higher amount of chemicals called polyphenols that act as antioxidants.
So what to say!
Well, this could be a big thing.
We know that our gut microbiota can affect multiple aspects of our general health and play a role in many illnesses. As a matter of fact, gut microbes are responsible for producing thousands of chemical metabolites affecting our overall metabolism, our immune system and our brain.
We have long known of the unexplained benefits of red wine on heart health. The study findings that moderate red wine consumption is associated with greater diversity and a healthier gut microbiome could at least partly explain its beneficial effects on heart health.
And there is more
As a check on possible genetic or family biases, the scientists found that the twin who drank red wine more often than the related twin had a more diverse gut flora. White wine drinkers who should be socially and culturally similar, had no significant differences in diversity.
Also, in further support of the findings they were shown to be consistent with results from two other studies of similar size in the US (the American Gut project) and Belgium (Flemish Gut Project) basing the conclusions on a total of about 3000 twins.
And in a previous experimental Spanish study from 2012, admittedly involving only ten healthy middle-aged males, the volunteers were given one of three different beverages to drink each day in each of three 20-day periods: normal strength red wine, low alcoholic red wine and gin. Drinking any type of red wine resulted in a larger percent of certain beneficial gut bacteria, but consuming gin had no effect on the gut flora.
So all good?
Not so fast.
Note that again the main study was observational and not experimental and the previous experimental study was very small. The study subjects in the observational study self-reported their food and drink intake with the usual associated bias. The scientists then prospectively tried to statistically link the reported alcoholic drink consumption with test results from the gut microbial analysis. Using twins strengthens the findings but doesn’t conclusively show causality.
There are the usual professional warning that the positives should still be weighed up against the negative impacts of alcohol. Any potential benefits of red wine polyphenols should be considered alongside alcohol’s links to over 200 health conditions, including heart disease and cancers.
But the beneficial effects were achieved by a very moderate glass of red wine a week or even a fortnight.
The moral of the story
If you’re going to eat chocolate pick the dark variety and you will not only have an enjoyable time but you might also be happier.
And the same goes for alcohol consumption. Drink in moderation and pick red wine and the resulting happiness might also be associated with improved health.
Also remember that the beneficial polyphenols found in dark chocolate and red wine can also be found in a range of other foods.
A glimmer of hope for red wine connoisseurs
1024x1024 mobile phone wallpapers download - www.wallpaper-mobile.comIt is not easy to be balanced when you have just seen some good news you want to believe of beneficial health effects. As on the other hand there are already plenty of incontroversial harmful health effects documented. What to do?
Let’s start with the negative side. And it is clear that you should take it easy on alcoholic drink consumption, as alcohol can be harmful to health. In the liver, enzymes convert alcohol into acetaldehyde, a known carcinogen. Competing with its use to metabolise fat, a molecule called NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is reduced to NADH during the conversion. Unfortunately, in people who drink daily, the body might not be able to detoxify acetaldehyde fast enough to counteract the negative effects. To make matters worse, heavy drinking can exhaust the levels of NAD, which can lead to accumulation of fat in the liver and often liver cirrhosis over time.
And that’s not all. The energy content of alcohol can lead to obesity in those who drink excessively. Being obese, in turn, carries a lot of health risks, including heart disease and diabetes.
So the alcohol itself in alcoholic beverages can clearly be damaging to health.
The other side
But just so you know there is not all doom and gloom.
We have written about beneficial compounds found in a range of alcoholic beverages before. There are a number of antioxidants like resveratrol in wine, ellagic acid in oak barrel aged whisky and xanthohumol in beer.
As antioxidants can help prevent the initiation of cancer they might at least partly counter the effects of acetaldehyde. Problem is that to ingest sufficient amounts of such compounds the alcohol you consume might negate the benefits.
But there is a further brighter side.
Alcohol consumed in moderation can actually be beneficial in itself. It has long been known that consumption of small amounts of alcohol may lower the risk of illnesses such as cardiovascular disease.
old_coupleWhile a couple of glasses of wine can help you relax after a busy day, new research shows that it may actually help clean the mind as well. The new study shows that low levels of alcohol consumption reduce brain inflammation and helps the brain remove waste, including the proteins beta amyloid and tau that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.
Thus the new study showed for the first time that low doses of alcohol are potentially beneficial to brain health.
These finding adds to a growing body of research that point to the health benefits of low doses of alcohol. While excessive consumption of alcohol is a well-documented health hazard, many studies have linked lower levels of drinking equivalent to approximately two to three drinks per day with improved overall brain health and a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases as well as a number of cancers.
Adding to doom and gloom
As we enjoyed the good news linked to having a couple of glasses of red wine on a weekly basis further bad news on the impact of heavy alcohol consumption was published.
According to a nationwide observational study of over one million adults diagnosed with dementia in France, more than half of 57,000 cases of early-onset dementia before the age of 65 were related to chronic heavy drinking of more than 60g of pure alcohol on average per day for men and 40g per day for women.
So what can we learn from science?
Say that a normal size bottle of red wine contains about 80-85g of pure alcohol and that is true for a typical alcohol content varying between 13.5% and 14.5%.
Therefore, enjoying a bit more than half a bottle of a good red wine a few times a week for men and a little less than half a bottle for women might be beneficial to both body and soul.
More and that balance might be damaged as there is a further guide indicating that the weekly consumption should not exceed 170g of pure alcohol for men and 110g for women.
So dare I say again that as usual the adage “everything in moderation” holds true.
Drink responsibly!
I’d love to believe
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Red wine benefits?
I’d love to believe that the resveratrol in red wine possesses a range of health benefits including anti-cancer effects, anti-inflammatory effects, cardiovascular benefits, anti-diabetes potential and protection against Alzheimer’s. Thus good for all adult ages. A glass of wine a day might keep the doctor away.
But it might be wishful thinking. It is true that resveratrol can inhibit growth of cancer cells in a culture and in some animal models, but it is not known whether it can prevent cancer in humans. It has increased the lifespans of yeast, worms, fruit flies, fish, and mice fed a high-calorie diet, but again this has not been shown in humans. So the brutal truth is probably that the amount of resveratrol in red wine is too small to have any measurable beneficial effects in humans.
But we can still believe!
Whisky benefits?
I’d love to believe that the ellagic acid content of whisky actually can reduce oxidative stress. Ellagic acid has been shown to have antiproliferative and antioxidant properties in a number of in vitro and small-animal models. It may directly inhibit the DNA binding of certain carcinogens, and it has a chemoprotective effect in cellular models.
But again it might be too good to be true. Ellagic acid has been marketed as a dietary supplement with a range of claimed benefits against cancer, heart disease, and other medical problems. In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration called it a fake cancer ‘cure’ consumers should avoid. So not much luck there.
But we can still believe!
It might actually be premature to give up red wine and whisky completely. As antioxidants, like resveratrol and ellagic acid, are additive any contribution is useful. Complement the spirits with plenty of berries, dark green vegetables and nuts and you will not go wrong. Red wine and whisky will be outdone on the health front, but so what.
But there is more…
Red chilli pepper benefits?
I’d also very much love to believe the latest reports that consumption of hot red chilli peppers can reduce deaths due to heart disease or stroke. Going back for centuries, peppers and spices have been thought to be beneficial in the treatment of many diseases. A new study using National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) III data collected from more than 16,000 Americans who were followed for up to 23 years, found that hot red chilli pepper consumption decreased mortality by 13%.
But unfortunately the findings, widely published by the popular press, are based solely on epidemiological data. Exploring epidemiological data, even if prospective in nature, is fraught with obstacles. The authors themselves point out that given the observational nature of the investigation, causality can only be suggested, not confirmed.
However, on the bright side there is some support for the findings in a theory that capsaicin in chilli peppers can influence cellular and molecular mechanisms that prevent obesity and modulate coronary blood flow, and also possesses antimicrobial properties that may alter the gut microbiota.
In a sign of our desperate need to find some beneficial news the popular press was inundated by citations of the positive findings. Some examples:
• “Can eating spicy food lead to a longer life? Chili peppers could be the secret” says National Post.
• “Spicy food could be the secret to a healthy heart and a longer life, says new study” says The Telegraph.
• “This Is Your Body On Spicy Foods” says The Huffington Post.
• “Eat Peppers, Live Longer?” says New York Times.
• “Red hot chilli peppers: the way to a longer life?” says The Sydney Morning Herald.
If you’re on to a good thing the press will pick it up. Doesn’t mean it’s true though. But we can still believe!
A good red wine – can it be good for you!
Red wine is claimed to be beneficial to health (Photo: boo_licious)
If you like a drop of red wine surely you would like the heading of this blog to be true. If you’re more for white wine or not a wine drinker at all maybe not so much. Fortunately we have something for both camps.
The story started with an initial paradox related to French red wine drinkers. Despite a relatively high fat intake and considerable consumption of red wine, unexpectedly this population had a low incidence of heart disease and obesity. In 1992, a researcher at the Bordeaux University in the middle of the famous wine district even coined the phrase “the French Paradox” to describe the anomaly.
In searching for compounds that could explain the paradox, scientists gradually honed in on a substance called resveratrol. Resveratrol is a powerful polyphenol compound found in the skins of grapes. Research now suggest that this compound may possess a range of health benefits including anti-cancer effects, anti-inflammatory effects, cardiovascular benefits, anti-diabetes potential, energy endurance enhancement, and protection against Alzheimer’s. You couldn’t wish for more. Good for the young and good for the old and even for the athlete.
Red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/l of resveratrol, depending on the grape variety, while white wine has much less. This is because red wine is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to extract the resveratrol, while white wine is fermented after the skin has been removed. The composition of wine is different from that of grapes since the extraction of resveratrol from grapes depends on the duration of the skin contact. The skin itself contains 50-100 µg/g.
So that’s the good news for red wine consumers.
The question would then be if we all should start drinking red wine? And the answer is maybe not just yet and here come the caveats.
Although moderate alcohol consumption has been consistently associated with 20-30% reductions in coronary heart disease risk, it is not yet clear whether red wine resveratrol provide any further risk reduction. It is true that resveratrol can inhibit growth of cancer cells in a culture and in some animal models, but it is not known whether it can prevent cancer in humans. It might even promote breast cancer. Resveratrol administration has increased the lifespans of yeast, worms, fruit flies, fish, and mice fed a high-calorie diet, but again this has not been shown in humans. So the brutal truth is that, at present, relatively little is known about the actual effects of resveratrol in humans.
Peanuts might equal red wine in health benefits (Photo: EuroMagic)
Thus, if you prefer white wine, maybe you can still outlive the red wine connoisseur. At least if you eat some peanuts on the side. Because resveratrol can also be found in other food at varied levels. One of the most promising sources is peanuts, especially sprouted peanuts where the content rivals that in grapes. Before sprouting, it is in the range of 2.3 to 4.5 μg/g, and after sprouting, in the range of 11.7 to 25.7 μg/g depending upon peanut cultivar. Other food with appreciable resveratrol levels include red and purple grape juice, mulberries, cocoa powder, baking chocolate, and dark chocolate.
As usual scientists don’t stop there. To destroy some of the fun, they have isolated the compound primarily from Japanese knotweed and made it into a nutritional supplement – a pill or a liquid.
So if you believe in the good resveratrol story you can enjoy your red wine, eat your chocolate or skip all that and just take a pill. While taking resveratrol pills is certainly safer than heavy wine consumption, supplementing with unproven substances is generally unwise. At this point, occasional use of red wine seems far more prudent. However, there is no assurance that you will be any healthier. At the present time, research on resveratrol is in its infancy and the long-term effects of supplementation in humans are not known. But more information might be on its way. As I am writing this the 2nd International Scientific Conference on Resveratrol and Health has just finished. Help might be at hand soon.
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Quick Answer: What is the use of index HTML in angular?
Angular is a framework which allows us to create “Single Page Applications”, and here the index. html is the single page which was provided by the server.
What is index HTML in angular?
html file. Remember that Angular is a framework which allows us to create “Single Page Applications”, and it (index. html) is the single page which was provided by the server. In index.
What is the purpose of index HTML?
The index. html page is the most common name used for the default page shown on a website if no other page is specified when a visitor requests the site. In other words, index. html is the name used for the homepage of the website.
Does angular use HTML?
What is the use of main TS in angular?
main. ts file is the entry point of our web-app.It compiles the web-app and bootstraps the AppModule to run in the browser. It starts with importing the basic module which we need.
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What is entrypoint in angular?
An entry component is any component that Angular loads imperatively, (which means you’re not referencing it in the template), by type. You specify an entry component by bootstrapping it in an NgModule, or including it in a routing definition.
What is Webpack in angular?
Create Angular applications with a Webpack based tooling. Webpack is a popular module bundler, a tool for bundling application source code in convenient chunks and for loading that code from a server into a browser.
What does index mean in HTML?
The default file name for a website’s home page (INDEX. HTM is also used). Appropriately named, the home page serves as an index to the main pages on the site, each of which can link to any number of other pages and so on.
Is index HTML necessary?
No, it isn’t strictly necessary to have any particular files on a web server, including any “default” index pages (the ones you listed). … The server will generally do one of five things: dump a directory list of the files that are available (assuming a default index page does not exist or isn’t configured).
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AngularJS: AngularJs is a JavaScript open-source front-end framework that is mainly used to develop single-page web applications(SPAs). It is a continuously growing and expanding framework which provides better ways for developing web applications. It changes the static HTML to dynamic HTML.
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Snowblowers 101 Mystery Revealed
Did you know that the term “snowblower” is a misnomer?
These machines push snow through them instead of blowing it out using air.
Unfortunately, some believe snowblowers are a pain to use, but the alternatives of either manually moving snow with a shovel or simply ignoring it will get you nowhere.
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What is a Snowblower?
A snow blower is designed to help you remove snow from a specific area, usually a driveway or a sidewalk.
The blower works by using an auger to move the snow through the machine and propel it off to the side, effectively clearing the space you need.
While they are not helpful for areas with little to no snowfall, anyone who has had to break out a snow shovel understands how much work goes into moving snow and how beneficial a snowblower would be.
Types of Snowblowers – Single-stage, Two-stage, Three-Stage
Different types of snow blowers are equipped to handle different situations, specific hazards and have cost considerations.
When you go to purchase a snowblower, you will find that the blower will fit into one of the following categories:
• Single-stage
• Two-stage
• Three-stage
The single-stage, two-stage, and three-stage categories will help identify the blower’s unique abilities and features to help you quickly narrow down your purchasing choice.
Single Stage Blower Features
Single-stage blowers use a high-speed auger to scrape snow off the ground and propel it into the snowblower’s discharge chute.
A single-stage blower is not usually self-propelled, so it is harder to use on a steep incline.
While they are certainly more effective than a shovel and a bit of willpower, single-stage blowers are best used to tackle light situations, such as:
• Shallow snow depth; up to four inches
• Freshly plowed or fallen snow that has yet to freeze
• “Clean” snow that is free of debris
Two-Stage Blower Features
Snowblowers with more power are usually two-stage blowers.
These have an auger resembling a corkscrew and slowly turns to gather snow, moving it to the housing center.
From there, an impeller blows the snow into the air, clearing a wider path.
Unlike single-stage snowblowers, two-stage snow blowers tend to be self-propelled and have multiple speeds.
A two-stage blower is larger and heavier than a single-stage blower; it is self-propelled and has various speeds.
Therefore, it would be difficult to manually push a two-stage blower along, especially in cold weather conditions, but it would be beneficial to clear an incline.
While two-stage snowblowers can tackle the workload of a single-stage snowblower and then some, they are not necessary unless you have:
• A larger area to cover
• Heavier snowfall
• A steeper grade
• Gravel or debris
• If you get heavy snowfall regularly, every other day.
Three Stage Blower Features
Three-stage snow blowers are nowhere near as standard as two-stage snowblowers, but they do exist.
They generally feature a slow-turning auger, and a three-stage snowblower removes heavy snow almost 20 percent faster than a two-stage snowblower of the same size.
Three-stage blowers are the ones brought in when snowfall reaches a depth of more than two feet.
They are also great at chopping through thicker snow and even ice and would be useful if you have:
• A very large area to cover
• If you get wet or very deep and heavy snowfall regularly
Snowblower Power Sources – Gas, Electricity, Battery
Each source of power a snowblower utilizes will get the job done, however a gas powered snowblower is the most powerful of all the power sources but they do all have pros and cons.
Gas Pros and Cons
Snowblowers powered by gasoline can be any of the three stages, but two-stage and three-stage will always be gas.
Any commercial-grade snowblowers are likely gas-powered to ensure proper strength when dealing with demanding jobs.
Gas-powered snow blowers are more powerful than other fuel types, and they can be easier to perform maintenance on without needing to go to a professional if you have skills in this area.
These heavier machines are more difficult to maneuver, and they do require regular maintenance.
Having to rush to your local gas station may also prove to be an issue, especially when you are faced with a situation and need your snowblower, so plan and ensure you have the gas required and remember to store your gas safely.
Good luck getting on the road when your driveway is snowed in.
Electric Pros and Cons
If you do not need much power, you should consider an electric snowblower.
These are corded machines that work well for most homeowners.
They start quickly and are friendlier to the environment.
In addition, electric snowblowers require less maintenance than their gas-powered cousins, making them more economical and better for anyone who is not mechanically inclined.
They are also lighter in weight and easier to move around.
This ease all comes at a cost.
Corded snowblowers require a cold weather extension cord and access to an outlet.
If the power grid fails or you are in the middle of a blackout, then you are out of luck.
Corded snowblowers are also less powerful than gas blowers and therefore limited to patios, walkways, smaller driveways, and lighter snowfall.
Battery Pros and Cons
Battery-powered snow blowers, also known as cordless snowblowers, are comparable to electric motors, but you can freely move around and are not tethered to an outlet.
Instead, they are a lightweight and portable option for tackling lighter snow.
They do fall into the same issues as their corded counterparts.
Battery-powered blowers are less powerful, so you should only count on them for light snowfall or smaller areas.
However, it would be best to keep the batteries charged, and failing to do so puts you in a tough spot when you need them.
Depth of Snow
The different blower types and fuels have various pros and cons, so no one size fits all situations, and they are equipped to handle different snow loads.
If your snowfall depth is less than 12 inches, then a single-stage blower would have no problem, regardless of its fuel type.
The difference in performance would be speed, and gas would likely win.
After that first foot of snow, you should stick to two-stage or higher snowblowers.
The single-stage blowers struggle to process deeper snowfall, and you run the risk of damaging your blower, injuring yourself, and washing your time.
After two feet of snowfall, you should stick to a three-stage snowblower or wait it out.
The three-stage blower is the strongest of the three, and it can handle over 20 inches of wet, heavy snow or even two feet of slush.
Potential Hazards
Despite their many benefits, there are common hazards to watch out for when operating your snowblower, the most prevalent being:
• Projectiles
• Auger pulling in clothing
• Burns
• Carbon Monoxide
• Traumatic hand and finger amputation
Regardless of the conditions outside, keeping children and pets in the home is a good practice while operating a snowblower.
There are too many opportunities for error or injury for them to roam around unaware.
If a snowblower picks something up, then you should expect it to come out the other side.
For the most part, this should be snow, but things like rocks and sticks are ejected at dangerous speeds.
These projectiles will break windows easily, but they can also strike a child, neighbor, you, or other property.
So pay attention to the direction your chute is aimed.
Auger Pulling in Clothing
Unfortunately, snowblower augers are known to pull in any loose clothing they come in contact with.
The apparel most likely to cause problems to include:
• Scarves
• Jackets
• Pants
• Shoelaces
• Long hair
Do your best to wear clothing that keeps you warm and is not loose or baggy, and pay attention to what comes close to that auger.
Burns are less common with single-stage mowers that have hidden mufflers.
However, two-stage mowers have exposed mufflers that are a burn hazard, even with additional guards.
Please pay attention to your body while operating a snowblower; it can be easy to lose track of the heat of the machine when dealing with the cold.
Carbon Monoxide
You should never start a gas-powered blower inside, even if you have an electric start system.
It is too easy for carbon monoxide to build up before you get the chance to step outside.
Carbon Monoxide is not a problem for electric-powered snowblowers, both corded and cordless.
Traumatic Hand and Finger Amputations
Snowblowers happen to be the leading cause of traumatic hand and finger amputations, and a lot of these instances come from an individual trying to unjam the auger manually.
If you need to unjam your auger, you should always ensure the motor has been completely turned off, and you are on a flat surface.
Try to unblock it using an object such as a long stick, not your hand.
The auger can return to its normal state instantly, turning quickly, possibly injuring any body parts in its vicinity.
Standard Parts of a Snowblower
ID of Parts of a snowblower
Snowblowers are not deeply intricate machines, but they have a fair share of unique parts.
1. Auger: moves snow through the blower
2. Auger Housing: the structure at the front of the machines where snow is collected and processed
3. Chute: the piece extending from the auger housing that discharges the snow
4. Deflector: an adjustable extension at the top of the chute; directs the angle the snow “blow” out at
5. Drift Cutters: bars installed on both sides of the auger housing to cut through high drifts and effectively direct snow to the augers
6. Engine: the part that powers the snowblower
7. Gear Case: houses gears that rotate the auger shaft
8. Impeller: a spinning mechanism that resembles a fan and discharges snow from the chute; behind augers
9. Joystick Controls: the operator’s tools used to control the parts of the snowblower, including the chute, deflector, and auger
10. Lights: provide light in times there is none or little; for example, at night
11. Scraper Blade: bottom of auger housing that scrapes the surface of the left behind snow
12. Shear Pins/Bolts: designed to break when auger casing is being over-torqued
13. Skid Shoes: metal or polymer skits that attach to each side of the auger and prevent damage
These are the standard parts of a snowblower, but you can also purchase additional accessories like caps and snowblower covers.
Snowblower Cost
The average cost sits around $400, but the price fluctuates depending on your needs. The cost and function required are essential to do proper research before settling on a snowblower.
Consider the following to help with your decision:
• Your average snowfall
• The presence of debris in your snow
• The area you need to work on
These factors tend to be the same for similar locations, and they influence what fuel and stage you need to look for in a snowblower.
Cost Depending on Location
If you live where snow is expected but not heavy, you can get away with a cheaper snowblower.
These usually sit at $400 to $600, but you can find certain corded and cordless varieties at a lower price.
In the U.S.A., places where snow is expected but not heavy are most common in the lower northeast, parts of the pacific northwest, and Northern California.
In Canada, snow is expected, but not heavy, is most common in provinces with mid to heavy snowfalls, including Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario, and Manitoba, where 40 to 200 cm of snowfall annually, or 15 inches to 87 inches.
The mildest locations in Canada have also been known to receive the white stuff occasionally, and the coastal areas of B.C. may receive 0 cm to 40 cm or 0 inches to 15 inches annually.
Remember that even these areas can get hit by harsher weather like those in the midwest, New England, and the mountainous west.
In that case, you need a heavier duty snowblower, usually two-stage or three-stage.
In that situation, you can settle for one at $400 to $600, but you will get more benefits by spending more.
Cost Depending on Fuel Type
As a general rule, you should expect gas machines to be more expensive than their electric counterparts.
Gas snowblowers tend to cost about 20 percent more than the others, but they are also larger and more powerful.
Electric snowblowers, both corded and cordless, will cost less than their gas-powered counterparts.
They are great for light work or needing to buy one in a pinch, but you are not saving, financially speaking, if you buy an electric snowblower when you need a gas-powered one.
Cost Depending on Stage
As the design of a single-stage snowblower is for lighter work, expect them to cost less.
The single-stage is also the only stage encompassing electric snowblowers, and we already know that those tend to be cheaper.
Two and three-stage blowers are generally limited to gas, so they cost more right off the bat.
These are larger, more powerful machines, and they also require more upkeep.
So even if you find a great deal on one, expect to keep putting money into it to keep it running.
Upkeep is not a bad thing, but it is something that you should consider.
Are Snowblowers Worth It?
Well, unless you live somewhere where it never snows, snowblowers are a worthwhile investment.
They limit the amount of time and effort you need to spend to clear pathways to navigate your yard and roadways safely, keep your home and other structures on your property safe, and that sense of security is priceless.
Taking the time to research specific snowblowers and ensure they meet your needs properly will go a long way.
I know from experience that nothing is worse than investing in a tool only to discover it will not get the job done.
People who think that snowblowers are a waste of money maybe purchased one without proper research or probably were not realistic with their situation and their snow blower’s capabilities.
When in doubt, buy one that can handle more.
You never know when the extra features will come in handy.
Are you wondering what snowblower to get? In our guide How to Find The Right Snowblower For You, we drill down further into the best type for location and suggest a few purchasing choices for your consideration.
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Summer 2020, Clinical Pathology
Ear Cytology: Sampling, Processing, and Microscopic Evaluation
When to perform ear cytology, how to collect and stain samples, and some of the common findings veterinary nurses encounter in dogs and cats.
Barbie PapajeskiMS, LVT, RLATG, VTS
Barbie teaches clinical pathology and laboratory animal courses in the veterinary technology program at Murray State University and is a continuing education instructor for the Veterinary Support Personnel Network. Before full-time teaching, she worked at the Breathitt Veterinary Center diagnostic laboratory. She currently serves as secretary of the Academy of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Technicians and the Kentucky Veterinary Technician Association. She resides in western Kentucky, near Land Between the Lakes, where she loves to hike with her 2 sons and husband. She shares her home with 3 dogs, 4 cats, and an assortment of feathered and scaled animals.
Ear Cytology: Sampling, Processing, and Microscopic Evaluation
Ermolaev Alexander/shutterstock.com
Collecting, processing, and evaluating ear cytology samples are skills all credentialed veterinary technicians and nurses learn in credentialing programs.¹ Ear cytology is a simple tool to evaluate pruritic ears and is relatively inexpensive. This article discusses the rationale for performing ear cytology and covers the step-by-step process of collecting, staining, and evaluating samples.
Evaluation of clinical signs related to otitis externa (Box 1) is one of the most common reasons animals present to the clinic.2 Ear cytology is a simple, quick, routine procedure that can be used to rule out or identify microbial otic infection in any animal that presents with these signs.3 With antimicrobial resistance on the rise, selective treatment options are critical in combating infectious organisms. A skilled veterinary nurse can enhance the veterinarian’s diagnosis by performing ear cytology and correctly identifying microorganisms by group. This, in turn, helps guide the veterinarian’s choice of the most effective therapy or further tests, such as culture and sensitivity.3,4 Ear cytology is also an invaluable tool in monitoring therapy, with rechecks performed weekly or biweekly as treatment progresses until there is no evidence of infection on cytology samples.2,3
BOX 1 Common Signs of Otitis Externa
• Head shaking
• Ear scratching
• Erythema of the ear
• Pain when ears are massaged or manipulated
• Foul odor
• Discharge within the ear canal
A classification system known as PSPP is used to describe causes of otitis externa. PSPP stands for primary, secondary, predisposing, and perpetuating factors.2 Ear cytology plays an important role in identifying primary, secondary, and perpetuating factors.
Primary factors are those that cause infections in healthy ears. Specific primary causes detectable by ear sampling include parasites such as Otodectes cynotis (ear mite of dogs and cats), Psoroptes cuniculi (ear mite of rabbits and goats), and Otobius megnini (spinose ear tick of dogs). Less common but documented parasitic primary causes of otitis externa include Demodex species, Notoedres cati, Sarcoptes scabiei, Cheyletiella species, Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, and Neotrombicula autumnalis.2-5
Secondary factors include opportunistic bacteria and yeast overgrowth, most commonly by Malassezia pachydermatis. These organisms are often detected by ear sampling and culture and sensitivity.2-5
Predisposing factors for otitis externa include ear conformation and anatomy conducive to infection, such as pendulous pinnae, hypertrichosis, and stenotic ear canals. Environmental predisposing factors include humid, moist environments from frequent swimming, bathing, or excessive ear cleaning. Other predisposing factors include systemic conditions such as immunosuppression or hypoadrenocorticism and obstructions (e.g., polyps, neoplastic growths).2,3,5
Perpetuating factors continue the disease and include opportunistic bacteria, yeast overgrowth, otitis media, cellular hyperplasia, ear canal edema, calcification, and excessive fluid or debris within the middle ear and ear canal.2-5
Specimens from the external ear canal are collected during physical examination and otoscopic examination of the ear. Ideally, samples are collected before the addition of any aural cleansers or medications.2-5 In some cases of otitis media with intact tympanic membranes, a skilled veterinarian may perform a myringotomy to collect a culture for bacterial analysis.5,6 Supplies needed for sample collection and analysis are listed in Box 2.
BOX 2 Supplies Needed for Ear Cytology
• Otoscope
• Cotton-tipped swabs
• Microscope slides (frosted edge preferred for clear and quick labeling)
• Mineral oil for mite identification
• Romanowsky-type cytology stains (a dedicated cytology stain set is preferred to avoid contamination of stain solutions used for blood and fine-needle aspirate slides with yeast and bacteria)3
• Microscope with 100× objective
Step 1
An otoscope is used to examine the ear to note physical characteristics such as exudate accumulation, presence of mites or ticks, and the condition of the tympanic membrane (intact or ruptured).
Step 2
Each ear is sampled with a separate swab to determine if infections are bilateral or unilateral.3,4 A dry swab is inserted into the ear deep enough to reach the junction between the horizontal and vertical ear canals and rotated several times (Figure 1).3 Samples are more diagnostic if taken from the horizontal ear canal; however, take care not to pull the ear. Pulling the ear straightens it, allowing iatrogenic damage to the tympanic membrane during the collection process.3,6
If otitis media is present, the animal’s ears may be too painful for collection without sedation. In general, the deeper an infection goes, the more painful it is.6 If the tympanic membrane has ruptured, a sterile sample from the middle ear may be needed to compare against samples from the horizontal ear canal on culture.2
Step 3
The swabs are gently rolled on a clean slide, with complete revolutions of the swab tip (Figure 2).4 Material must not be painted on the slide, but gently transferred during the rolling process. If swabs are allowed to slide or pressed too hard, any cells present are more likely to rupture, making their identification and the detection of any bacteriophagy difficult.
The author prefers to start with the right ear and roll the swab in a single line across the top of the slide, beginning at the side next to the frosted edge. The left ear is sampled in the same manner with a clean swab and rolled in a single line across the same slide below the first line. Placing the exudate in one line on the slide allows for more thorough evaluation by limiting the stage movement necessary to evaluate the entire sample thoroughly and ensures a thin area of evaluation for easier cellular and microorganism identification. Lines are labeled using “L” for left and “R” for right. Patient name, owner information, and date are also added to the label.
Step 4
Samples are allowed to air dry before staining with quick stains according to the stain manufacturer’s instructions. Fixation of cells to the slide by heat is unnecessary.3,4,7 Using methanol as a fixative is sufficient to fix any microorganisms to the slide before staining. Unnecessary heat causes dehydration of cells and may impede their identification and microorganisms within them.
Step 5
Once slides are stained and air dried, they are carefully scanned under the 40× objective for cells and larger structures. Bacteria are further evaluated using the 100× objective.3
If mites are suspected, a second swab with mineral oil applied is used to collect exudate. This material is mixed into a drop of mineral oil on a separate slide. Mite evaluation slides are not stained. Instead, the slide is cover-slipped and examined under the 10× objective for the presence of mites or mite ova.3 The most common mites observed in ear samples are O. cynotis in dogs, cats, and ferrets and P. cuniculi in rabbits and goats (Figure 3).2
A deep skin scraping of the pinna may be necessary to recover other suspected mites such as Demodex species, S. scabiei, or N. cati. The pinna is pinched, scraped with a scalpel blade coated with mineral oil, released, pinched again, and scraped until capillary blood oozes from the site. This material is mixed with a drop of mineral oil on a slide, cover-slipped, and examined under the 10× objective for mites and/or mite ova.7
Bacteria in ear cytology samples are often described based on morphology (rods versus cocci) and arrangement (e.g., clusters, pairs, chains, tetrads).3 Bacterial numbers may be reported as average number per 40× objective; as occasional, mild, moderate, or marked; or by using a scale of 1+, 2+, 3+, etc. to denote increasing numbers. These classifications may depend on patient species. For example, in dogs, an average of >25 bacteria per 40× field may be reported as “marked;” in cats, a “marked” number may be >15 bacteria per 40× field.3
An alternative reporting scheme grades ear cytology samples based on the presence of bacteria, yeast, and inflammatory cells by semi-quantitative methods:8
0 — No bacteria, yeast, or inflammatory cells are observed.
1 — Occasional bacteria, yeast, or inflammatory cells are present but only found through careful screening.
2 — Low numbers of bacteria, yeast, or inflammatory cells are present and easily found without difficulty.
3 — Larger numbers of bacteria, yeast, or inflammatory cells are present and easily found without difficulty.
4 — Massive amounts of bacteria, yeast, or inflammatory cells are present and easily found without difficulty.
Specific reporting schemes should be documented in standard operating procedures developed by each clinic. These criteria must be consistent for reporting numbers of microorganisms found in cytology samples so that each slide is evaluated similarly.
With common quick stains used for hematology and cytology, bacteria stain dark purple (Figures 4 and 5).9 Gram staining can be used to definitively identify gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.3 Cocci are usually gram positive. Staphylococcus species are most common, although Streptococcus and Enterococcus species may also be found in ear cultures.2-5
Bacterial rods are most likely gram negative, and their presence in canine or feline ear cytology samples is considered abnormal, signaling the need for culture and sensitivity testing (Figure 4).3,5,6,9 Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common rod-shaped bacteria found during ear cytology, with Proteus mirabilis and coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli occasionally cultured.2,4-6,9 Pseudomonas species produce endotoxins and are surrounded by a glycolipid matrix that protects against the animal’s immune system and topical antimicrobials.6
Yeast and Fungi
Malassezia pachydermatis appears as a peanut-, snowman-, or shoeprint-shaped, budding yeast that usually stains intensely purple with Romanowsky stains (Figure 4).3,9 Malassezia may be reported similarly to bacteria, with average numbers per 40× objective recorded. Fewer than 2 Malassezia organisms per 40× field is considered typical.3 To report a marked number of Malassezia present, there should be >5 organisms per 40× objective field in dogs and >12 per 40× objective field in cats.3
Less common fungi found in ear cytology samples include Candida and Microsporum species.3 Fungal culture is used to further identify any yeast or hyphae that cannot readily be identified microscopically.3
Inflammatory cells include neutrophils and macrophages, neither of which is typically present in healthy ears.3 Neutrophils are described as nondegenerate or degenerate. Nondegenerate neutrophils have the typical morphology of a mature segmented neutrophil found in peripheral blood.10 Degenerate neutrophils indicate that neutrophils have been damaged by their environment, most often by endotoxin-producing bacteria.10 Degenerate neutrophils resemble large band cells due to an inability to control water homeostasis.10 These cells swell, especially nuclei, and their cytoplasm may appear foamy or vacuolated.10 Most neutrophils found in ear cytology slides are degenerate and associated with Pseudomonas infections.6,9 If macrophages are present, it is important to examine them closely for bacteriophagy, which may indicate pathogenicity of any bacteria present.3 Inflammatory cells are often accompanied by the presence of proteinaceous material, which appears as a pale pink to purple in the background of the slide (Figures 4 and 5).5
Neoplastic cells can develop within the ear canal as they do in skin samples.3 Additional samples may be taken by fine-needle aspiration, laser biopsy, or skin scraping to identify specific cells. Polyps may be removed by traction for histologic identification.5 These samples are often evaluated by pathologists at specialty clinics or reference laboratories to determine whether hyperplasia, adenoma, or adenosarcoma is present.3
Keratinocytes are another common finding on ear cytology slides.3 Dogs typically have up to 4 per 40× objective field on average; cats, 8 per 40× objective field.3 These cells are often anucleated and stain faintly purple (Figure 6; more densely purple when rolled up).4
Nucleated epithelial cells may indicate inflammation. Acantholytic epithelial cells appear rounded with a densely stained cytoplasm and are often associated with chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as pemphigus.3,10
Melanin may be confused with bacteria and is a common finding on ear cytology slides. It appears golden-yellow to brown on Romanowsky stains, whereas bacteria appear dark purple. Melanin granules are randomly arranged within cells, as opposed to bacteria, which are more organized. Melanin granules also appear highly refractive as the microscope focus is adjusted.9
Cerumen is a fat-laden exudate secreted by ceruminous glands of the external ear canal and is a common finding in ear cytology samples.3 Because of its high fatty content, it resists staining and appears as a brownish material in stained ear cytology slides.3
Ear sampling and cytologic evaluation is a rapid, inexpensive test that a skilled veterinary nurse can perform in house to identify parasites, cocci and rod bacteria, inflammatory cells, and yeast organisms, which are common in otitis externa. This evaluation process is invaluable in guiding the veterinarian in his or her initial choice of treatment and ongoing evaluation of treatment effectiveness. As the point person for client education, the veterinary nurse must relay the importance of initial and follow-up ear cytology testing to pet owners to facilitate their acceptance and compliance. It is also another way veterinary nurses can use their skills to add value to the role they play in patient health and practice productivity.
1. AVMA Committee on Veterinary Technician Education and Activities. Veterinary Technology Student Essential and Recommended Skills List. avma.org/ProfessionalDevelopment/Education/Accreditation/Programs/Pages/cvtea-pp-appendix-i.aspx. Accessed December 2019.
2. Moriello KA. Overview of otitis externa. merckvetmanual.com/ear-disorders/otitis-externa/overview-of-otitis-externa. Accessed December 2019.
3. Wallace KA, DeHeer HL, Patel RT. The external ear canal. In: Valenciano AC, Cowell RL, eds. Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2013:171-179.
4. Bosznay J. Ear cytology in otitis externa: when, why, how? Vet Nurse 2014;5(2):70-75.
5. Paterson S. Diagnostic approach to otitis in dogs. Todays Vet Pract 2011;1(2):27-32.
6. Paterson S. Pseudomonas otitis infection. Clinicians Brief 2012:59-64.
7. Bellwood B, Andrasik-Catton M. Veterinary Technician’s Handbook of Laboratory Procedures. Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell; 2014:144-145.
8. Budach SC, Mueller RS. Reproducibility of a semiquantitative method to assess cutaneous cytology. Vet Dermatol 2012;23(5):426-e80.
9. May ER. Image gallery: ear cytology. cliniciansbrief.com/article/image-gallery-ear-cytology. Accessed December 2019.
10. Raskin RE. General categories of cytologic interpretation. In: Raskin RE, Meyer DJ, eds. Canine and Feline Cytology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2016:16-33.
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