Split (1)

train · ~97.7M rows (showing the first 849k)

text stringlengths 144 682k
December 2021 « Aug Making Printing Ink 1: Boiling Linseed Oil I have been planning for a while to make my own boiled linseed oil to make printers ink, and I have finally gotten around to it. Over the weekend, my wonderful husband and two fantastic friends (Thank you Andrew, Laura, and Karl!) and I got together to have a picnic, boil some linseed, and generally see how much trouble we could get into. Unlike ink used for calligraphy, printers ink needs to be very thick so it sits on top of the type rather than running down into cracks. It also needs to transfer cleanly from the type to the paper. Early printers looked to painters rather than calligraphers for inspiration for ink. There was a varnish used by painters made from boiled linseed oil from the 14th century that is described in “Il Libro dell’ Arte (The Craftsman’s Handbook) by Cennino D’ Andrea Cennini’s. You ought to know how to make this oil, since it is one of the useful things which you need to understand; for it is used for mordants, and for many purposes. And therefore take one pound, or two, or three, or four, of linseed oil, and put it into a new casserole; and if it is a glazed one, so much the better. Make a little stove; and make a round opening so that this casserole will fit into it exactly, so that the flame cannot come up past it; because the flame would be glad to get to it, and you would jeopardize the oil, and also risk burning down the house. When you have made your stove, start up a moderate fire: for the more gently you make it boil, the better and more perfect it will be. And make it boil down to a half, and it will do. But to make mordants, when it is reduced to a half, put into it one ounce of liquid varnish which is bright and clear for each pound of oil; and this sort of oil is good for mordants. Boiling linseed oil is tricky and very dangerous. The boiling point of linseed oil is 316 oC and the auto-ignition point (the temperature at which the oil can combust without an ignition source) is only 343 oC. This means that if the temperature is not carefully regulated, it can lead to a fire, as I found out. The vapors coming off hot linseed oil will ignite at 222 oC, so you also have to be very careful to keep the flames far away from the pot. Early printers would make their own ink. They would travel out into the countryside with their families, assistants, and apprentices and have a picnic while boiling the oil. I believe that as the demand for ink and printing grew, there wasn’t time for the process to take up an entire day away from the cities, so the process became more dangerous. Moxon talks about ink making in his, Mechanick Exercises published 1683. Although this is post-period, I believe the the sentiments are very period. The providing of good inck, or rather a good varnish for inck, is none of the least incumbent cares upon our master printers, though custom has made it so here in England; for the process of making inck being as both laborious to the body and, as noysom and ungrateful to the sense, and by several odd accidents, dangerous of firing the place it is made in, our English master printers do generally discharge themselves of that trouble; and instead of having good inck, content themselves that they pay an inck maker for good inck, which may yet be better or worse according to the conscience of the inck maker. I knew that this was a fairly dangerous experiment, so I took precautions and only attempted to boil a small amount of oil at a time. I also did the project at a friend’s house which is also used as our shire’s archery range. I used an above ground metal firepit for the fire and hung the small cauldron containing the oil from a ladder, which gave some extra flexibility with height and the ability to easily raise and lower the cauldron. For the oil I used food grade Flaxseed Oil (which is what food grade linseed oil is called in the USA). This product is cold pressed and available at health food stores. I figured that this would be as close to period linseed oil as I would be able to purchase. Raw linseed oil available from the hardware store has undergone a very high pressure extraction that destroys some of the components of the oil. Here is my first attempt to make linseed oil. First I hung the pot over the fire. At this point the fire was going pretty well and had not burned down to coals yet. Additionally, the pot is hanging fairly low. Linseed Oil Trial 1 Setup Setup for the first trial of boiling linseed oil After not too much time, the oil pot started smoking. Initially, I thought this was possibly water being removed from the oil. I did not think it had reached the boiling temperature that quickly. Smoking Linseed Oil - trial 1 The linseed oil quickly started smoking Moments after it started smoking, the oil caught on fire. I do not know if the temperature reached the auto-ignition point, if the flames actually got into the pot, or if the vapors ignited and brought the flamed into the pot, but either way the oil was on fire. Linseed Oil on Fire - trial 1 The oil in the cauldron caught on fire. Soon after the oil caught fire, it began to foam up and overflowed the cauldron. This led to an impressive fireball. Fireball Linseed Oil - trial 1 Once oil foamed over the sides of the cauldron, there was an impressive fireball. Foaming Linseed Oil - trial 1 A close up of the foaming linseed oi. I only had a small amount of linseed oil, about a cup, in the cauldron, so it the large flames died down pretty quickly. The rest of the oil in the cauldron burned off after I had removed the cauldron from the fire. Linseed Oil Finishing Burning - trial 1 After being removed from the fire, the last of the linseed in the cauldron burned off. I let the cauldron cool for trial 2. I learned a lot from this trial. Of most interest to me was how the linseed oil catching on fire led to a large fireball. I knew from the literature that making boiled linseed oil was dangerous and could cause the place it was made in to burn down, but I wasn’t sure why it would be worse than just the oil burning. Now I know that once the oil catches, it can quickly lead to a huge fireball. For the second test, I waiting until I had a good batch of coals and very little flames, and I used an infrared thermometer to check the temperature constantly. I was also much more careful about the height of the cauldron. Boiling Linseed Oil - trial 2 The linseed oil was suspended over hot coals, with few flames. I checked the temperature often and moved the coals around to right underneath the cauldron unless it was boiling vigorously with a high temperature, and then moved the coals away. Thermometer reading - trial 2 Checking the temperature of the oil (the boiling point is 316 oC) To pass the time, we toasted some marshmallows around the fire. We had a second firepit setup, because I knew that there was a chance for problems with the linseed oil, so we had a separate fire for warmth and to cook on, but the linseed oil needed constant checking, so we had to stay close to it. Roasting Marshmallows Roasting marshmallows while the linseed oil got up to temperature Eventually it started boiling. Boiling Linseed Oil - trial 2 The linseed oil, once it started boiling. At intervals, I inserted a metal stick into the oil to qualitatively check the viscosity. It took about 45 minutes once it started boiling to reach the desired viscosity, at which point I removed the cauldron from the fire and let it cool. At the point that that I decided the oil was done, there was a color change noticeable in the bubbles on the surface. They had changed from white to yellow. Final Boiled Linseed Oil - trial 2 The final boiled linseed oil. At this point it was fairly dark out, so I needed to use the flash. Note the yellowish color to the bubbles. The final boiled linseed oil was a dark nearly opaque yellow/brown. Before boiling, it had transparent and a light yellow color. The color change may be in part from leftover carbon in the pot from the first trial. I wiped it out, but carbon black is hard to completely remove. Eventually, I will be adding lamp black to the linseed oil to make printers ink. I am hoping to make my own lamp black as well. Final Boiled Linseed Oil in Jar - Trial 2 The final boiled linseed oil. This jar had been put on its side and then put right side up, and you can see that the oil has not returned to level. It is very viscous stuff. 2 comments to Making Printing Ink 1: Boiling Linseed Oil Leave a Reply You can use these HTML tags
December 8, 2021 Complete News World The end of charging: future 6G devices will draw energy from the environment Ericsson designs IoT devices for 6G – the next generation of mobile communication – that will draw power from the environment and launch a new concept within mobile radio devices and networks: zero energy devices. Imagine a future where batteries will never be charged or replaced Ericsson and MIT have teamed up to develop zero-energy devices, that is, technology that absorbs energy from the environment. Ericsson cites examples of use: Packages can be tracked in the warehouse with energy-neutral devices that can be printed directly onto the boxes even if the box is behind other boxes, and optical barcodes can be avoided. The unit can also report, for example, moisture in the box, which is not possible with a negative barcode. Environmental monitoring is another scenario in which miniature, inexpensive, and energy-neutral devices can play a role. In the store, the exact inventory can be updated at any time, it can tell you which items ended up on the wrong shelf, and the customer can find where the product they are looking for. Other examples are monitoring of pollution, weather conditions, occurrence of diseases, etc. low speeds NarrowBand Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and LTE for Machines (LTE-M) are two closely related technologies that are designed for data speeds of only a few hundred kilobits per second. The second is in commercial 4G and 5G networks to handle applications such as remote meter reading. Although the battery life of NB-IoT/LTE-M devices can in some cases be up to ten years, replacing or recharging the batteries limits the applicability of these devices, especially in areas with massive installations of tens of thousands of devices. In addition, battery life depends on the transmitting and receiving cycle. It is greatly reduced if an NB-IoT/LTE-M device sends or receives data at short intervals. See also Visa offers 1.3 million NOK for digital photo Energy from vibrations, light, temperature changes, etc. Ericsson describes the challenges faced by low-power devices that can do without a battery. They get the energy they need from the environment – from vibrations, light, temperature changes or high-frequency waves, for example, television transmitters and cell phone base stations. Previous methods of harvesting energy from the environment were only able to draw a few microwatts from the environment, far below the requirements of even the most economical devices nowadays. Even the most economical wireless transmitter/receiver requires power in the milliwatt range. New Specifications The lower power level provides an upper limit on the amount of data that can be transferred. It depends on the conditions and conditions of the radio, and is usually just a few bytes. The trick to dealing with a limited supply of power is to transmit less frequently. However, because the availability and quality of power for the transmission channels varies during the day and/or year, the devices are in principle only available intermittently. Therefore, a completely new specification for the physical transport layer is needed. Energy-saving safety mechanisms Other major challenges are authentication and encryption. According to Ericsson, the power required to encode device identity is significant in current NB-IoT devices as current energy harvesting technologies accumulate over the course of days. This is why Ericsson and MIT are researching new, more energy-efficient safety mechanisms. New circuits that can handle lower amounts of power are also needed.
Looking for a superstitious mind Added: Maricarmen Malley - Date: 20.10.2021 16:52 - Views: 24272 - Clicks: 2123 Superstitions are long-held beliefs that appear to be rooted in coincidence or cultural tradition rather than logic or facts. Superstitions are often connected to pagan beliefs or religious practices that were widespread in the past. Superstitions offered a way to feel more in control, the same way they do now. Most superstitions are fun and harmless, whether you sincerely believe in them or not. But some superstitions can play into mental health conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD. At some point, black cats became associated with evil forces and shape-shifting witches. When ladders are in use, they create a triangle shape. Cultures such as the ancient Egyptians found triangles to be sacred, and walking under a ladder disrupts the perfect triangle shape. Looking into a broken mirror would result in a distorted reflection, which would indicate tragedy or bad luck ahead. The that comes after 12 would be regarded as imperfect or defiled. In early Christian and Nordic traditions, the 13th guest at a table is the one who will bring the whole group down. Presumably, a four-leaf clover would be an anomaly found in a patch of three-leaf clover, and finding one is a rare occurrence. Crows are scavenger birds and many believe they can sense death before it happens. For this reason, some people believe seeing a lone crow means calamity is eminent. This tradition may date Looking for a superstitious mind to arranged marriages, where spouses would encounter each other for the first time moments before speaking their vows. Keeping the bride and groom apart even right before the wedding was believed to keep both parties from backing out. This superstition is more about tradition than it is about luck. Marriage was, after all, the only institutional protection women were seen to have access to after a certain age. The bouquet was seen as a lucky object to the person who could catch it. Particularly in Russian Looking for a superstitious mind, single women are encouraged not to sit at the corner during a dinner party. This superstition might just be a matter of practicality, as sitting in the middle of a lively dinner party is a much better way to meet people than sitting at the corner or the end. Of course, it can also mean dry skin or another skin condition. Salt has long been thought to carry a spiritual energy. Salt, which used to be extremely hard to procure and the only way to safely preserve meat, was so valuable it could be used as a currency. Spilling salt was seen to be so irresponsible, it was an invitation to catastrophe. Throwing salt over your left shoulder, however, was thought to undo the bad luck of spilling it and restore the balance of things. Bringing an old broom into a new home was thought to transfer bad energy from one place to the next. Using a new broom upon moving to a new place was meant to be a cleansing act that purified the residence. In some cultures, boiling milk and rice is a way to christen a new home. Milk and rice symbolize fullness, prosperity, and wealth being welcomed into the new space. If you grew up steeped in the superstitions of a particular culture or religion, you may carry these beliefs forward, even subconsciously. These behaviors are simply ways to soothe anxiety or prepare your brain to concentrate. According to the American Psychological Associationmany people know that their superstitious rituals or beliefs are disconnected from reality. For most people, superstitions are harmless. But there are times when superstitions can become an obstacle in your everyday life. For people with OCD, superstitions can manifest as fixations. People with OCD may feel unable to be dismissive of superstitious behaviors or beliefs. dating a female ceo This can trigger obsessive thoughts or anxiety, among other OCD symptoms. People who have other mental health conditions, such as generalized anxiety disordercan also be negatively impacted by superstitions. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, fear, and avoidance behavior are all s you may need help. You can contact a mental health professional or seek counsel from the hotline s listed below. Treatment options include cognitive behavioral therapyexposure therapyand habit reversal training. For some people, medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIsbeta-blockersor rarely, sedatives may be prescribed to help relieve anxiety. In most cases, superstitions are harmless. In those cases, treatment from a mental health professional may help. Don't face mental health challenges alone. Instead, learn how to get the support you need to thrive. Finding a therapist is a huge step in taking charge of your mental health. If you find yourself dealing with intrusive thoughts or becoming overly attached to certain rituals, these could be s of OCD. Learn about the…. Rational emotive behavior therapy is a type of therapy that helps to reframe irrational thought patterns. mormon dating rules guys It can help with a variety of conditions…. When you stand, you burn anywhere from to calories an hour. It all depends on your sex, age, height, and weight. halo effect online dating We have tips for understanding how to find the right words. Breaking up is hard to do — and harder still when you live with someone. organizing a speed dating event Here are 15 expert tips for talking it out, moving out, and moving on. Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, Ph. Common Superstitions. Bad omens and good luck:. Luck in love:. Wealth, health, and prosperity:. What causes superstitions? When superstitions affect mental health. Is there a treatment when superstitions become a problem? The takeaway. catholic dating agency uk Read this next. Mental Health Resources. Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Medically reviewed by Janet Brito, Ph. Looking for a superstitious mind email: [email protected] - phone:(667) 633-4625 x 2172 How do superstitions affect our psychology and well-being?
What are religious head coverings called? A form of headscarf, known as the hijab, is commonly seen in Muslim countries and is born out of qur’anic tradition. It is worn primarily by Muslim women for religious purposes, and its style varies by culture. In Eastern Orthodox culture, headscarves are worn by women while attending the church. What religions wear head coverings? The practice of people wearing head covers and veils for religious purposes is an integral part of all three monotheistic religions: Christianity, Judaism and Islam. What are head coverings called? The word khimar refers to a piece of cloth that covers the head, or headscarf. While the term “hijab” was originally anything that was used to conceal, it became used to refer to concealing garments worn by women outside the house, specifically the headscarf or khimar. What is a religious head cover? Hijab means “modesty.” Hijabs are scarves that conceal the head and neck area. The face and lower body are exposed. A Chadar (the word for tent in Farsi) covers a woman completely from the head down, revealing only her face. IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: What does the mark of the church one mean? What do religious men wear on their head? United States: Kippah The yarmulke, traditionally known as kippah in Hebrew, is a type of headwear worn by Jewish men, who either wear it daily, on special occasions, or in the temple. Today, it is conventionally worn by men to visibly signify their religious belief and cultural affiliation. Is wearing a burka a religious thing? The burqa and other types of face veils have been attested since pre-Islamic times. Face veiling has not been regarded as a religious requirement by most Islamic scholars, past or present. … Women may wear the burqa for a number of reasons, including compulsion, as was the case in Afghanistan during Taliban rule. What does the Bible says about dressing? Should a woman cover her head to pray? What does jilbab mean? The term jilbāb or jilbaab (Arabic: جِلْبَاب‎) refers to any long and loose-fit coat or outer garment worn by some Muslim women. Wearers believe that this definition of jilbab fulfills the Quranic choice for a hijab. Jilbab, jubbah or jilaabah is also known as chador by Persian speakers in Iran and Afghanistan. IT IS INTERESTING: Who fought in the religious wars? Is the hijab banned in France? In April 2011, France became the first European country to impose a ban on full-face veils in public areas. … As of 11 April 2011, it was illegal to wear a face covering veil or other masks in public spaces. Veils, scarves and other headwear that do not cover the face are unaffected by this law. What religion doesn’t let you cut your hair? In Sikhism, hair is traditionally not cut or trimmed in any way. Sikhs believe that hair is a gift from God, and therefore they should not alter that gift. Why do ladies wear veils to church? What religion wears a black cap? How does a kippah stay on the head? If the wearer chooses a suede kippah, bald heads happily have the advantage of a high coefficient of friction. Should all else fail, the ultimate kippah secret is double-sided fashion tape or a dot of one-sided velcro. Please note: stick the velcro to the kippah, not to your head. IT IS INTERESTING: Why is a pastor called a shepherd? Why do nuns wear black? Sacred Tradition
Talk:Paper - Major features in the developmental history of the human stapes (1940) From Embryology Revision as of 09:47, 23 January 2020 by Z8600021 (talk \| contribs) (Created page with "Major Features in the Developmental History of the Human Stapes BARRY J. ANSON, Ph.D. (Med. Sci.) 1 OST of the bones of the human body arise through the gradual replacemen...") Major Features in the Developmental History of the Human Stapes OST of the bones of the human body arise through the gradual replacement of cartilaginous models by bony material; all the bones of the upper and lower extremities, those of the vertebral column and thorax, the hyoid bone, and the greater part of the bones of the base of the skull belong in this category. Regularly, too, authors include the auditory ossicles. But the stapes, at least, departs very early from the conventional developmental plan: It begins as a ring—not as a column or a plate—and becomes stirrup-shaped; its full size is attained, by dramatically rapid growth, in the midterm fetus; with the appearance of its single center of ossification, the stapes has already attained its adult dimensions; while still a fetal bone, a longitudinal half of each of its subdivisions is absorbed, marrow and cancellous bone concurrently removed; the ossicle lacks epiphyses, its periosteum is unosteogenic. These features will now be discussed in connection with a description of histological series of human stapes from prenatal and postnatal stages. The stapes, when first discernible in the embryo of 17.5 mm., is a complete cartilaginous ring (see Anson, Karabin and Martin, 1938),? thus differing in 1Contribution No. 327 from the Anatomical Laboratory of Northwestern University Medical School. An investigation conducted under the auspices of the Central Bureau of Research of the American Otological Society. Received for publication, Sept. 29, 1940. 2See ‘References Cited’’ in the following article by L. E. Beaton and B. J. Anson. shape from the cartilaginous predecessor of any long bone—clavicle, femur or phalanx. In the embryos of 40, 43 and 50 mm. the primordial annular shape has been altered to such an extent that basal flattening and capital elongation are evident. In the 100-mm. stage the cartilage is definitely stirrupshaped; the base is broadened and lipped marginally, the head is lengthened and foveate on the articular surface, the column-like crura convergent at the capital extremity. The 115-mm., the 120-mm. and the 126-mm. stages are, except for size, like the preceding;® they exhibit progressive increase in length and width, and in thickness of their several parts; in all of them—as an evidence of chondral growth—the perichondrium is thick and poorly delimited. In the 135-mm. fetus the stapes has already attained its full dimensions (reconstruction, figs. 7, 24 and 25 in Anson, Karabin and Martin, 1938); it is still entirely cartilaginous, and remains so in the 147-mm. fetus. The stapes now resembles an embryonic long bone which has been divided longitudinally in its middle two fourths (fig. 1; cf. fig. la); the capital end retains the typical cylindrical form, but the basal end is flattened (fig. 1). In the stapes of the 150-mm. and 161 8For the opportunity of studying the fetal series herein described, the author is indebted to Professor T. H. Bast of the University of Wisconsin. While a guest in the latter’s laboratory the author was graciously permitted to study the numerous otological series, upon the results of which investigation the present article is an introductory report. mm. fetuses osteogenesis has just begun (fig. 4).4 The ossification center is oval in outline, basal in position (loc. cit., figs. 9, 28 and 29). The more advanced changes are occurring near the center; marginally in the plaque calcification is the only mark of change, the perichondrial wall being still intact, i.e., unbroken by osteogenetic buds. Centrally, vascular buds, entering the cartilage from the surrounding tissue, produce shallow excavations. So far, the crura and the head are unaltered in fabric, being simple hyaline cartilage. Ossification, then, occurs through spread from a single center situated on the tympanic aspect of the base. Whereas in long bones ossification begins at or near the middle of the ‘‘bone,’”’ in the stapes it is initiated in the flattened, basal, part of what was originally a ring of cartilage. Since the primordial form will be retained in the subsequent stages, the ossification center develops at what might be considered an “extremity”? of the stapes. It is important, at this point, to recall the regular features in the development of a long bone; with some of them the stapes conforms, from others it differs profoundly. Ossification begins in a localized area, the center of ossification, which is usually situated near the middle of the cartilage of the future long bone. The first center in the human skeleton appears during the second month of intrauterine life, the last in the third decade of postnatal life. Ossification begins as a deposition of calcareous salts; in this calcifying tissue cartilage is converted into true bone, first through destruction of 4The photomicrographs in figs. 4 to 9 were prepared from the following series: Fig. 4, 150 mm., no. 39 (slide 22, section 8); fig. 5, 205 mm., no. 129 (20, 3); fig. 6, 210 mm., no. 51 (38, 5); fig. 7, 180 mm., no. 45 B (15, 5); fig. 8, 180 mm., no. 45 B (17, 9); fig. 9, 290 mm., no. 59 (36, 5). The original magnifications are as follows: fig. 4, 23 diameters; figs. 5 and 6, 18; figs. 7, 8 and 9, 130. All have been reduced in reproduction. Abbreviations used in figs. 4 to 9: A.c., anterior crus, A.l., annular ligament, B., -base., C., cartilage, E.b., endochondral bone, H., head, I., incus., Is.j., incudo-stapedial joint, M., marrow, N., neck, O.c., ossification center, P.b., perichondrial bone, P.c., posterior crus, T.c., tympanic cavity, V., vestibule. In fig. 5 the circle indicates the approximate area photomicrographed in fig. 8 (older stage). the calcified cartilage by osteoclasts, second through production of bone by osteoblasts. Secondary (epiphyseal) centers appear during infancy or early childhood, only one later than the ninth month. Within the core of cartilage endochondral bone formation occurs; the chondral matrix, first calcified, disintegrates through the activity of vascular buds derived from the perichondrium; upon the persisting spicules of cartilage the osteoblasts deposit bone matrix. This process goes on until the original cartilage is entirely replaced by bone. On the outside the perichondrium is converted into an osteogenic layer; as it deposits bone matrix, central resorption concurrently destroys the endochondral tissue. As a result, in the middle region of a long bone an extensive open cavity develops, cancellous bone remaining only at the extremities. The cartilage at either end grows rapidly and progressively ossifies; usually between birth and puberty, osteogenic tissue invades these terminal cartilages and secondary ossification centers (epiphyses) are established; on both surfaces of the cartilaginous plate which intervenes between epiphysis and diaphysis new cartilage develops as long as the bone lengthens, and is in turn steadily replaced by bone matrix. When the adult length is attained, proliferation ceases, the epiphyses becoming united with the diaphysis. In the stapes, as has been shown, secondary centers do not occur; stapedial development, therefore, resembles that obtaining within the diaphyseal portion of a long bone: both endochondral and perichondrial plates are formed; marrow tissue is produced within excavations in the cartilage. But as soon as these ‘“‘diaphyseal”’ features are established, the ensuing formative stages become specialized, are of a unique type; these will now be discussed. In the 163-mm. fetus the basal portion of the stapes is in the stage preparatory for perichondrial ossification: the surface is broken by osteogenic buds, perichondrial bone is not yet formed; the production of endochondral bone, however, has just been initiated, cartilage remaining in the crypts in the form of elongate, eroded, spicules. In each of these cartilage remnants the same series of changes is occurring: the cartilage is excavated, the lacunae opened; their original cells are in part removed, the latter being replaced by those derived from the mesenchyma. Externally, the mesenchymal tissue is gradually modified to form a peri252 chondrium; internally, along certain of the persisting spicules, the tissue is definitely osteoblastic, the cells being arranged in lines. Calcification is spreading along the inner surface of each crus at the basal end; but in the capital portions of the crura, and in the head, cartilage is as yet unaltered. In skeletal elements generally, at this stage in fetal development, cartilage is extremely active. But in the stapes multiplication of cartilage cells is scarcely perceptible after bone formation has begun. Cartilage is as inactive in the fetal stapes as it is in a long bone after puberty has been reached. In the 146-mm. fetus excavation of the stapedial base and crura is pronounced, as is concurrent formation of periosteal bone;® the periosteal bony plate is foraminous, osteogenic tissue passing through the openings from the perichondrium. The tissue within the excavated crypt, being a primitive marrow, is already distinguishable from the surrounding mesenchyma. In the 160-mm. fetus ossification is even further advanced. Excavation of the stapedial base is deep and has progressed peripherally to the point of junction of base and crus. With the formation of a perichondrial shell of bone around an excavated cartilaginous core within which endochondral spicules are being laid down, the mechanism is set in operation by which a solid chondral “‘ossicle,’’ of stapedial shape, is converted into a hollowed osseous element of similar size and outline. The endochondral bone, as will be shown, is transitory, being later removed entirely; a portion of the perichondrial bone is likewise destined to be destroyed; the bone of the completed ossicle is totally of 5The recorded crown-rump length is not an index to stapedial morphogenesis; actually, the devolopmental series is as follows: 126 mm. (no. 11); 135 mm. (no. 5.); 147 mm. (no. 38); 161 mm. (no. 13); 146 mm. (no. 30); 160 mm. (no. 41). the compact variety, and is persistent along what would correspond to a longitudinal half of a long bone. Complete destruction of cartilage, save as terminal cylinders, characterizes stapedial anatomy in the 183-mm. embryo (fig. 2);° progressive invasion has resulted in the destruction of all but basal and capital cartilages. But in this same stage a further step in erosion is observed which does occur in long bones: the surfaces of the entire stapes which face the obturator foramen are being gradually destroyed by osteoclasts, leaving a foraminous inner wall (see following article, fig. 2). The crura, base, and neck of the stapes now constitute continuous parts of a tubular bone, the capital and basal openings in the latter being occupied by cartilage —of cylindrical and of plate-like form, respectively (depicted as separated in fig. 2). The stapes may now be likened to a hypothetical long bone double through its middle two-fourths (fig. 2, cf. fig. 2 a); it resembles a long bone which is incompletely bifid, diaphyseal in character (since it lacks epiphyses), flattened at one extremity into a basal portion. Unlike a long bone, its growth ceases just as soon as it is formed in osseous tissue. In the stage just described destruction of bone on the inner walls of the crura is a slow process; osteoclasts, in many sections in a series, are not to be found. Their absence is not, however, astonishing, since they are also wanting in portions of the otic capsule which are, simultaneously, undergoing remodeling. The crura are columns of periosteal bone, extensively fenestrated on the facing aspects; within them is a marrow tissue; endochondral bone occurs only at the head (fig. 7) and at the base (fig. 8). Both 6See figs. 1 to 4 in the following article by L. E. Beaton and B. J. Anson; the latter illustrations trace major stages in stapedial morphogenesis (161 mm. fetus to adult of 57 years). ANSON—DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF HUMAN STAPES 253 3 OSSEOUS (channelled) cartilage ----- ts “A- Cartilage, unepiphyseogenic -==--- B -Bone, channelled = and lackin marrow ---C — Periosteom, unosteogenic Figures 1 to 3. Diagrammatic representations of stages in the development of the stapes. Figures 1a, 2a, 3a. Comparable stages in the formation of a hypothetical long bone. the foraminous wall and the contained spicules will subsequently be destroyed; this is a curious developmental fact, since, unlike conditions in the developing long bones, the permanent parts of the crura are already present (being the externally placed longitudinal half of each crus); it is as if the crura, in the process of remodelling, passed through developmental stages which were not requisite to their ultimate structure — governed by unalterable laws of construction, serviceable in bones generally, but a vestigial succession of architectural changes in the case of the ossicle. The cartilage of the base is excavated in such a way that an oval crypt is formed; upon this excavated surface bone has not yet been deposited—in fact, deposition of 254 bone does not begin until erosion of cartilage has progressed so far that the original base remains merely as a thin plate. In the fetus of 205-mm. the internal foraminous wall of each crus is largely removed; the cartilaginous part of the base is characteristically lipped marginally (fig. 5). On the tympanic surface of the cartilaginous basal lamina bone is now being deposited. The space within the base and crura still contains marrow. Developmental change is slower in the head than in the base; the head resembles a short solid cylinder; its outer surface is smooth (for articulation), its inner one is still undergoing excavation. In the 210 mm. fetus the stapes resembles more closely the ossicle in the child (fig. 6). The crura are thin; their facing (internal) walls are entirely removed.’ In the base the earlier hollowed character is represented by the persistence of a ledge; between it and the basal plate marrow is still present. New bone has crept along the floor of the excavated crypt to form an osseous lamina. The bone of the newly formed lamina is not everywhere contiguous with the old cartilage, space, at several points, existing between the two; it is possible that this represents the space —haversian in function if not in character and mode of formation—which is seen in the stapes of some early postnatal specimens (Anson, Karabin and Martin, 1939, fig. 41). The head is deep TWithin the stapes, then, all of the original endochondral, some of the early perichondrial, bone is removed to produce an ossicle whose form suggests that of a deeply guttered diaphysis. But within the otic capsule both types of bone persist (figs. 5, 6 and 7); by their progressive spread the capsule is rendered solid, or ‘‘petrous.” Yet, just as cartilage remains throughout adult life in certain areas of the stapes, so it does also in fissular tracts situated in the otic capsule in front of and behind the vestibular window; these are respectively, the fissula ante fenestram (figs. 5 and 6) and the fossula post fenestram. These structures have been described in recent articles by Bast (1930, 1933, 1936, 1938), Anson and Martin (1935), Anson, Karabin and Martin (1938, 1939), Anson and Wilson (1939). ly excavated, yet removal of cartilage is not complete; bone has not covered its internal aspect. All phases of the process which is here operative in the neck and head were observed in the remodelling of the base, but at an appreciably earlier stage. The process by which a foraminous inner wall of the stapedial ‘‘ring’’ is gradually removed is an interesting one; in a sense it is comparable to that through which marrow tissue in the young temporal bone is replaced by pneumatic spaces. In the case of the ossicle, however, the erosion produces a continuous trough, not a series of intercommunicating air-cells. The separate foramina which are present along the base, crura and neck in the stapes of the 193-mm. fetus become coalescent as the intervening bone is absorbed. The hollow thus produced faces the obturator foramen; it is continuous, being gutter-like along the crura, a lozenge-shaped excavation on the base, a deep cup-like recess in the neck and head (cf. fig. 3). Concurrently primitive marrow is replaced by connective tissue, the latter becoming a submucosal tissue as the lining membrane of the tympanic cavity is draped over the ossicle. Cartilage persists on the two extremities, laterally forming an articular surface for the incus, medially being articular on the circumference of base, merely covered by an extension of the annular ligament on the vestibular surface. Internal to each cartilaginous lamina bone spreads across the gap as it does in closing the extremities of a diaphysis. The gradual extension of the bone across the pre-existent cartilaginous lamina, and the concurrent removal of the fenestrated internal layer of periosteal bone, are then, the two principal features marking the second stage in the development of the osseous stapes. These alterations are accomplished without over-all increase in ANSON—DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF HUMAN STAPES 255 ‘Ae YNEat . Bb: 7210 mm. Figures 4 to 9. Photomicrographs of sections of fetal stapes (see footnote 4). Fig. 4, x 16; figs. 5 and 6, x 12; figs. 7 to 9, x 88. For abbreviations see footnote 4. size; once bone has formed a complete ring—i.e., a continuous annulet from the head through the crura across the base—no appreciable increase in dimensions occurs; unlike a long bone, the stapes possesses no epiphyseal areas which would permit of growth. The changes observed are in the nature of reshaping, not of enlargement. The persistent cartilage occurs as stratum to which bone is applied, not as an area of epiphyseal character. From a modified osseous ring whose basal and capital openings (externally situated) are 256 QUARTERLY BULLETIN, N. U. M. S. covered over by cartilage (fig. 2; cf. fig. 2 a), the ossicle is thus converted into a truly stapedial element whose open portion (now internally placed) is continuous along its inner circumference (fig. 3; cf. fig. 3 a). In its major features the stapes is now an adult ossicle. In the 260-mm., 275-mm. and 290-mm. fetuses the base consists of two complete layers, the vestibular lamina being the remnant of the primordial cartilage, the tympanic being new bone of periosteal form; between the two there is seemingly no space (fig. 9). The head is deeply excavated; the articular portion is thin and bilaminar, bone has invested the internal surface. The crura are thin and of the simple channelled form. In the fetus of 310 mm. the stapes could be mistaken for the ossicle in a postnatal stage. The vestibular surface of the base is smooth, the tympanic surface is irregular, the irregularities in the cartilage layer fitting into corresponding ones on the contiguous bony layer. In the 345-mm. and 370-mm. fetuses the stapes resembles, in every respect, that of an adult; the base is bilaminar, in thickness being three-fourths cartilage, one-fourth bone. The crura are channelled, their cavities being continuous with the excavations in the head and neck and the base. The base, in undergoing final remodelling, comes to resemble, in certain respects, the extremity of a long bone; it is cartilaginous on its outer, osseous on its inner, surface; it is terminal; marginally it fits into a space—i.e., is in part articular. But it differs profoundly from an extremity of a long bone in being open to the tissues in which it is lodged, in being composed of a compact type of bone only, and finally, in being immediately invested by a liga ment, and not associated with a synovial cavity. The ossicle as a whole is remarkable in its retention of fetal dimensions. While in a typical long bone increase in breadth is accomplished through the deposition of matrix in the deeper layer of the perichondrium, in the stapes periosteal bone formation is minimal. Whereas in a femur the diameter increases by ten times between midfetal life and puberty, the corresponding dimension of a stapedial does not increase at all; the persistence of cancellous bone and associated marrow, so characteristic of long bones generally, is never a feature in the anatomy of the fully formed stapes; both marrowtissue and endochondrial bone are removed when the parts of the stapes are converted from tubular into channelled members. While long bones lack osteogenic periosteum on their articular surfaces, the stapes lacks it on all surfaces. And while, through the possession of an adaptive mechanism—the secondary center of ossification—the long bones increase in length, the stapes loses all potentialities for elongation in the want to epiphyseal areas of growth. Some bones retain epiphyses through the twenty-fifth year of life; the stapes, on the contrary, does not possess secondary centers at any stage in its development, develops from a single primary center situated in its base. The stapes, having no means of lengthening, is as long in the midterm fetus as it will ever be. Instead of having to fuse with epiphyseal ossification center, the crura, etc.,—which are modified diaphyses—merely close over terminally, the bony laminae of head and base lying internal to thin cartilaginous plates. Only the lateral (tympanic) extremity of the stapes is of true articular type; the medial (vestibular) extremity is articular marginally, the flattened surface closANSON—DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF HUMAN STAPES 257 ing a fenestral orifice in the otic Anson, B. J., Karabin, J. E., and Martin, J.: Stapes, Fissula Ante Fenestram and Associated Structures in Man: I. From the Embryo 2 of Seven Weeks to That of Twenty-One Weeks, Arch. Otolaryng., 1938, 28;676-697. Anson, B. J., Karabin, J. E., and Martin, J.: Stapes, Fissula Ante Fenestram and Associated Structures in Man: II. From the Fetus at Term to the Adult of Seventy, Arch. Otolarying., 1939, 28;939,973. Anson, B. J., and Martin, J: Fissula Ante Fenestram: Its Form and Contents in Early Life, Arch. Otolarying., 1935, 21; 303-323. Anson, B. J. and Wilson, J. G.: Structure of the Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone with Special Reference to the Tissues in the Fissular Region, Arch. Otolaryng., 1939, 30;922-942. Bast, T. H.: Ossification of the Otic Capsule: in Human Fetuses, Contrib. Embryol., 1939 (no 121) 21;52-93. Bast, T. H.: Development of the Otic Capsule: II. The Origin, Development and Significance of the Fissula Ante Fenestram and Its Relation to Otoscerotic Foci, Arch. Otolaryng., 1939, 18;1-20. Bast, T. H.: Development of the Otic Capsule: III. Fetal and Infantile Changes in the Fissular Region and Their Probable Relationship to the Formation of Otosclerotic Foci, Arch. Otolaryng., 1936, 23 ;509-525. Bast, T. H.: Development of the Otic Capsule: IV. Fossula Post Fenestram, Arch. Otolaryng., 1938, 27;402-412.
What is the capital of Guinea \| \| Conakry is the capital of Guinea Conakry is the national capital of Guinea, and the main Atlantic port, connected to the mainland by a bridge, which is the administrative, media and economic center of it, and its economy mainly revolves around the port that includes modern facilities for storing goods, through which the main exports of Guinea are shipped, and in general the city It is famous for its vegetable gardens. Site and population of Guinea Conakry is located on Tombo Island and the Kalum Peninsula. Astronomically, it is located at latitude 9.54 and longitude 13.68, and rises 13 m above sea level, with a population of about 1767200 people, which makes it the second largest city in the region. Guinea’s industry Conakry became famous for the industry in the 1950s, due to the development of iron mining on the Calum Peninsula, the exploitation of bauxite in the nearby Los Islands, and its local institutions became famous for canning fruits, packing fish, printing, assembling cars, and manufacturing aluminum and plastic utensils, as well as its textile-related industrial stations in the north East in Sanouya, Wassawassa is known for tobacco and matches, Sofoniya for furniture, Kobala for bricks, Simbala for metallic explosives, and Alpha Yaya camp for shoes and mill a B C. Places and landmarks in Guinea The city of Conakry contains the Polytechnic Institute which includes a college for teachers, the Conakry Museum, a national library and archives, in addition to a group of prominent buildings, such as the National Assembly Building, the sports stadium, the anti-colonial monument, and the Roman Catholic Cathedral. And an important mall. Guinea culture The city of Conakry is considered one of the important cultural places due to the establishment of exhibitions and festivals in it. Among the most important cultural events that are celebrated in the city are the following: • Kenny Africa or Des Arts de Conte Festival: It is a vibrant show, which runs for 7 days in a row, takes place in the last week of April. • The Marco Art Festival: It takes place in March and April, and is based on the traditions of an ancient legend in which a hunter searches for a monkey. Information about Europe What is the capital of South Korea Leave a Comment
Brambox Device Brambox is a device that provides offline access to online learning contents. It was designed specifically for children living in remote communities and have limited access to the internet. The device uses preloaded ready-to-use content and technology to facilitate learning. How Does it Work? We curated high quality open-source learning contents in this device. Content sources include Khan Academy, Core Knowledge, African Stories and more. Learning can be further customized based on each community or individual need. How can it be Implemented? Brambox can be used in community learning spaces, homeschooling, and existing school structures. It is very efficient for self-learning, peer learning or coordinated by trained educators. We work with passionate and talented rural educators to deploy this technology in various communities. Want to know more about Brambox? Send us an email at
North American Bison \| View Cart ⇗ \| Info The American Bison (Bison bison) is a bovine mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. ‘Buffalo’ is something of a misnomer for this animal as it is only distantly related to either of the two “true buffaloes", the water buffalo and the African Buffalo. The bison once inhabited the Grasslands of the United States and Asia in massive herds, ranging from the Great Slave Lake in Canada’s far north to Mexico in the south, and from eastern Oregon almost to the Atlantic Ocean, taking its subspecies into account. Its two subspecies are the Plains Bison (Bison bison bison), distinguished by its smaller size and more rounded hump, and the Wood Bison (Bison bison athabascae), distinguished by its larger size and taller square hump. Wood Bison are one of the largest species of cattle in the world, surpassed in size only by the massive Asian gaur and Wild Asian Water Buffalo, both of which are found mainly in India and Southeast Asia. Mammals: B Frederick Converse Beach Encyclopedia Americana (New York, NY: Americana Company, 1903) TIFF (full resolution) 2400×2195, 3.5 MiB Large GIF 1024×936, 408.9 KiB Medium GIF 640×585, 177.5 KiB Small GIF 320×292, 45.9 KiB
Cultural Monosophy And A Plant In Eastern Iowa By Kwame P. Dean Posted January 2, 2021 I was hired to fulfill a court order to work as a management level generalist in Human Resources. I was there to satisfy the settlement of a successful hostile environment lawsuit brought by long-suffering black employees, all of whom were hourly workers. I didn’t know about the law suit until after I was hired as a complete outsider. It never came up in the rounds of interviews, surprise, surprise. My job, was to act as a management liaison for black employees and keep them happy with a willing ear, diversity initiatives, investigations of racist acts, and teaching the settlement mandated “get-a-long” school, as zero tolerance racial harassment policy training was known. I wondered how a plant in relatively tolerant and integrated Eastern Iowa could be such a hot bed of racism that even a traditionally conservative, pro-business US District Court would force them to change? Built in the late 1940’s, the plant grew into one of the largest aluminum rolling plants in the world. A mile long under roof, the plant needed lots of workers quickly to satisfy the growing post WWII airline industry in a competitive local job market. One of management’s staffing answers was to look to the South for employees in places like Alcoa, Tennessee. Alcoa, TN was a segregated company town in every sense in 1948. It seems that opening an operation in the Sough meant following local customs and paying lower wages rather than bringing any enlightened Northern thinking. Much like the carpetbaggers of the post civil rights era, making money led to northern support of social divisions rather than seeking to change them for any greater good. Incorporated by a closed door act of the Tennessee state legislature, organizing the town of Alcoa deprived the next closest town, Maryville, of tax revenue. Alcoa, TN was designed, built, and run by company leadership. The city manager was an Alcoa manager from its beginning in 1919 until 1956. The police of Alcoa, TN acted as plant security and protected strike breakers when necessary. A violent confrontation in 1937 resulted in the death of a police officer and striker when management broke a strike by busing strike breakers through a picket line. Alcoa, Inc’s economic hold on the town wouldn’t break until the ‘60’s. Alcoa is today one of the most violent cities in Tennessee. Why would a plant in Iowa go so far to recruit workers instead of just competing for them closer to home? The answer became more obvious when I visited other plants across the country and noticed their commonalities. From Pennsylvania to Texas and beyond, these plants were near cheap sources of electricity and were in the middle of nowhere. The company obviously liked being the only game in town. Monopsony is a market condition of one buyer and many sellers. It is the hallmark of a company town. Plant management succeeded in creating a cultural monopsony in Iowa by recruiting southern and local segregationists to a place in the North where labor unions had been desegregated for over 40 years. Plant management didn’t seem to care what people thought about others as long as they did the often back breaking work when demanded. Plant management used an overtime, slow growth, and nepotism approach to create a stable work force. It also protected itself from the unwanted complications of the differences between the local culture outside of the plant and the one inside. Long before people thought about work-life balance, plant employees were encouraged to work overtime whenever possible, and there was a lot of overtime to be had. 80 hour work weeks were not unheard of in the 24/7 plant. I asked an old timer how that was possible and he said there was a difference between being at work and working. The management culture in the plant was one of surveillance, control and appeasement. By the time I arrived, management and union leadership had learned to play nice as long as it wasn’t contract negotiation time. The social culture inside the plant had to be appeased since management preferred new workers who were family members and friends of those already there. With long hours and familiarity, the plant became a petri dish of marriages, divorces, cliques, grudges and restraining orders. The plant, as a federal contractor, was forced to hire black workers in the 70’s by Nixon Administration Equal Employment Opportunity laws. Plant management was unconcerned with or unprepared for the social backlash within the plant. It left black workers exposed to open acts of racism from management and their union brothers. Nooses in lockers, KKK graffiti, aluminum shavings in safety shoes as well as the trump card of the “N” word in conversation were just some of the examples of things that happened there. Plant medical staff were accused of giving substandard care to black workers and were specifically noted in the settlement. If you’ve ever received treatment from someone who didn’t want to touch you, you’ll know the feeling black employees said they felt when seeking medical attention. Management’s answer was to keep blacks separated by shift and department and as few as possible. Results of tests for promotion were manipulated and ignored. Getting ahead while black had more to do with being tolerable to the toxic culture than anything else. Despite the hardships, the overtime pay meant the money was good so many black workers kept their heads down and endured for the sake of their families and their hard won middle class lifestyles. They petitioned management. They petitioned the unions. They took all they could until they couldn’t take it anymore and started a class action suit. The historical, cultural monopsony in a plant community of 2,500 people made tolerance of intolerance the rule. Equity across racial, ethnic and gender lines didn’t seem to even occur to people who should know better until they were forced to recognize it with the threat of fines and public embarrassment. It was like going back in time to the civil rights battles of the 50’s when I joined the plant in 1998. I talked to a friend who was part of the class action recently. She said going through the 4 years of Trump in the White House reminded her of what they had to endure over 20 years ago in the plant. Management gaslighting and union downplaying of the significance of racists acts in the past felt all too familiar with the same things happening locally and nationally today. Some traumas run deep and the more things change… Crime in Alcoa, TN History of Local 309, United Steelworkers of America, Alcoa, TennesseeSammy E. PinkstonUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville John P. Cooper, et. al. v. Aluminum Company of AmericaCIVIL NO. 3-95-CV-10074 Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
The short name "Asse" is a salt mine in Lower Saxony that was used for decades to store radioactive waste until it was finally closed in 2007. In 2010, in view of the risk of radioactive material being released, it was decided to retrieve the waste. Various studies have shown that the brine in the aces was already radioactive. For a long time, there were suspicions that increased cancer rates were occurring in the area of the aces, but a last examination in 2012 came to the conclusion that there is no connection here. (fp) (Image 1: dkimages / Author and source information Video: Suzy Bogguss, Aces (December 2021).
Shopping Cart Your Cart is Empty There was an error with PayPalClick here to try again Grandma's Place A Natural Learning Center Grandma's Place of Natural Learning Center Is The Best Place for Learning 1st continuation of summer classes Dear folks; 1864 of Richard Strauss, German composer 1880 Jeannette Rankin, American legislator and the first woman elected to the U.S. Congress 1910 Jacques-Yves Cousteau, French oceanographer As a teenager Horseshoe Crab: Circle the nouns. Carpet Shark: Circle the verbs. Dead Man's Fingers: Underline the plural words. Back to Book (57): "Fish "Tails" and Other Tales of the Sea Mermaid Tales Whale of a Tale your findings. Baleen Whales: Bowhead--80 feet; Artic Ocean Right Whale--55 feet; North and South Sulfer Bottom)--111 feet; all oceans except Arctic Humpback--55 feet:all oceans • They have the usuaal liver of a land animal. • Whales are warms-blooded mammals. • Their stomachs are compartmented much like the cow's. 5. List the general characteristics of whales. • Have lungs and breathe air. 6. How do whales swim? 7. Find out about whale spouts. 8 How are whale oil and whale meat used? adventurers, and whalers seeking blubber and meat. • To seek warmer waters where they mate and give birth. Summer Introduction Dear Folks: Day 167 Posted on May 22, 2014 at 1:05 AM Comments comments (11) Hello Folks! Grandma has two last books on South America to cover with you. The second one has Arpilleras to make and I obtained a film about them. So link to Arpilleras Information and make one yourself if you wish. The first book to read is called LLama and the Great Flood: A Folktale From Peru by Ellen Alexander,New York: Thomas Y Crowell, 1989 about the country Peru. The llama warns his master of a forthcoming flood and saves the family by taking them to a high peak in the Andes Mountains. 1. Find out more about the llama. List at least five ways this animal is useful to the Indians who live in the Andes Mountains. 2. The Inca Indians, as pictured in the book, produced beautiful crafts. Most of these crafts were used in their day-to-day life. Make an example of an Inca craft and tell how the Incas would have used it.(Cardboard looms can be used for weaving.) 3. The Andes Mountains are the longest chain of mountains above sea level in the world. They include many land forms, natural resources, and animals. Travel through the mountains is often difficult. Research one of the following topics as it relates to the Andes and write a short paragraph. Make a ... booklet about the Andes Mountains. a. glaciers b. lakes c. rivers d. natural resources e. types of transportation f. alpaca g. chinchilla h. condor i. huemul j. llama 4. The Incas tied colorful yarn containing special herbs to the ears of the llama. They believed that this would keep the animal healthy and protect its owner. Although there is no written record of this, perhaps the ties were also used for identification. List animals on which we place markings of identification. Describe the methods used to mark the animals. 5. Read more Indians of Peru. Compare them to their ancestors. The next story is about Arpilleras which I have given you a link up above, but Book (6) that this story came out of showed a simple Arpillera with a quilted felt tree and stump with leaves and a puffed flower are made for it. You can do this simple Arpilleras if you wish or you can do any of the ones the film shows.The book is called Tonight is Carnaval by Arthur Dorros (Dutton Children's Books, 1991, 24 pp.) This upbeat book, about a Peruvian child anxiously awaiting Carnaval, is warmly illustrated with a series of folk-art quilts known as arpilleras. The story line introduces young readers to a slice of life in the Andes Mountains. An overview of a typically difficult work day is softened by the optimism of the colorful arpilleras--and by the promise of the Carnaval celebration to come! Before Reading Tonight is Carnaval • Locate Peru on a topographical map. Help the children notice that much of Peru is located in the Andes Mountains. Use an encyclopedia to share pictures of Peru and the Andes with the class. Tell the (children) that they are going to hear a story that tells of a typical day for the Peruvians who live in the mountains-and of a special celebration that the people are looking forward to. After Reading Tonight is Carnaval • Ask the children to describe, in their own words, what life in the Andes must be like. Explain that Carnaval is one of the few celebrations that these hard-working people take part in. Ask the children if any of them would trade their lives for the way of life described in the story. Do the (children)believe that the people of Peru would want to change places with them? Why or why not? (Remind (the children) that, despite the amount of work he is expected to do, the young narrator of the book does not sound unhappy about his life.) Follow-up Activities Appreciate Arpilleras The quilts known as arpilleras, which are used to illustrate Carnaval, help readers understand the Peruvian way of life by offering a look at a popular regional folk-art form. Have children look at the photographs of the arpillera-makers quilting the wall-hangings together. Have them notice the modest workroom where the quilters are working, as well as the photograph of the woman working with her baby slung on her back. Read the photo captions to the class. Then, take a second look at each of the arpilleras used to illustrate the book. List all of the elements in each of the illustrations that tell us a bit about life in Peru (e.g., type of animals, work, instruments, terrain, vehicles, plants, etc.). Remind the children that any art form draws from the experience of the artists. Since arpilleras are popular decorating items, it may be possible to locate a real arpillera to share with the (children). (Try borrowing one from a parent, a colleague, or a local shop). Explore Folk Instruments The narrator of the book looks forward to playing his quena (a reed flute) in the Carnaval band. ...(See if you can obtain a visit somewhere to see such instruments as a reed instrument, a wind instrument and a percussion instrument). Why do the children believe the folk instruments of Peru are made of different materials than the instruments we are most familiar with? Your local record store may be able to help you select recordings of traditional Peruvian music you can (listen to). Till tomorrow-Grandma is going to bed. Day 166 Posted on May 21, 2014 at 10:57 PM Comments comments (25) Another lessons! For this day Grandma is going to give you something on South America and an extra treat with the Video to end the season. Link to South America plus more. From Grandma's book (2) it says, "South America is the fourth-largest continent. It is surrounded mostly by water. Only a narrow strip of land connects the continents of South America and North America. The Caribbean Sea is located to the north of the continent. The Atlantic Ocean lies on the east, the Pacific Ocean lies on the west, and the Drake Passage separates South America from Antarctica on the south. The landscape of this continent, which consists of 12 independent nations, includes the snow-peaked mountains of the Andes, and one of the world's driest deserts, the Atacama. Most of the people live near the coastlines. The fishing industry is very important along the coasts of Chile and Peru. Spanish is the official language of South America; however, Portuguese is spoken in Brazil. The countries of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Venezuela have the most highly developed economies. Three main land regions cover the continent. The Andes Mountains, the longest visible mountain range in the world, cover the west coast of South America from Venezuela, a petroleum-rich country, to the southern tip of the continent. Mineral deposits of copper, gold, tin, and zinc are found in the mountains. The country of Bolivia leads the world in tin mining, while Colombia produces 90% of the world's emeralds. The fertile land of the mountain slopes is also used to grow crops such as coffee beans. The region is also used to graze sheep, cattle, and llama in the countries of Peru and Chili. The Central Plains cover almost half of the continent. They project eastward from the Andes Mountains. Grasslands called llanos cover the land in Venezuela and Colombia. Some of the largest farms in the world are located in this area. The selva, or tropical rain forest, is also located in the Central Plains. The Amazon River basin countries of Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia are located in this area. The natural environment of this area is endangered because so many of the trees are being cut down for forest products. Forest resources such as rubber trees, rosewood, mahogany, and balsa wood are also found in the Gran Chaco area. Vast grassland areas called the pampas are found in the southern regions of Argentina. This area is good for sheep and cattle. ranching. The hottest point in South America is located in this region. The Eastern Highlands include the mountain areas to the north and south of the Amazon River. Tropical rain forests and grasslands are found in the highlands north of the Amazon. Rolling hills and flat land are located to the south. This is rich farmland. Much of the coffee grown in Brazil, "the world's coffeepot," comes from this area. Unusual animals found in South America include the manatee, the capybara, the toucan, the flamingo, the vicuna, and the llama. South America Countries Falkland Islands French Guiana More Topics to Research Monkey Puzzle tree Easter Island Manatee Bullfighting Cape Horn Tapir Gaucho Cinchona tree Forest products of Pan American Cocoa tree Brazil Highway Vicuña Brazilwood Pelé Coffee bean Andes Mountains Llama processing Sugar Loaf Mountain Rubber production Strait of Magellan Tierra del Fuego Amazon River Inca Indians Angel Falls Lake Titicaca School Days The educational requirements of young people are different in other countries. Select one of the countries in South America, and read about the education of its children Using two gelatin boxes, make a puppet dressed in the traditional clothing of that country. Prepare a monologue for your puppet about the education in the country, and present your findings... . How to Make the Puppet: 1. Take 2 small gelatin boxes, and cut off the flaps of one end of each box. 2. Apply glue to the box. Using a strip of paper 2 3/4" wide by 7 3/4 long, wrap the box from the top edge of the open end, over the box, and continuing to the bottom of the open end. Leave the open end uncovered. 3. Use a strip of paper 3 1/4" wide by 6 1/2 long to cover the remaining sides of the box (wrapping it the other direction. 4. Repeat steps #2 and #3 on the second box. 5. Hinge the two boxes together using tape on the open edges. 6. Decorate the (boxes as the) head. 7. Finally, design a body dressed in traditional clothing, and tape it under the head. Fact-Finding Festival Long ago the people of South America made beautiful masks from thin sheets of gold. The masks were worn during ceremonies and festivals. Compile a "shape" booklet of facts about one of the countries of South America. Cut the pages (at least eight of them) in the shape of (a) mask ... . Staple the pages together, Using the encyclopedia, locate an article about the country. List facts about each of the topics listed below. Use one page of the booklet for each topic. Cut out the cover from the" (shape of the pages). "Decorate the cover... using pieces of colored paper, feathers, or other materials... . I. Brief facts A. The capital city B. The population C. The chief products D. The basic unit of money II. The people III. The land (include weather information) IV.The government V. Occupations Having a Great Time...Wish You Were Here" Design a post card for a friend by coloring a scene on one side with colored pencils and writing a note on the left side of the opposite side of the post card and addressing it to them. Design a stamp with an animal of the country. "Fun In The Sun People in most countries enjoy having fun during their leisure time. Some people prefer to participate in various types of outdoor activities, while others choose to be spectators of different events. Select a South American country. Read about its recreational activities, sports, and ways of life. Sometimes the climate and land regions are clues to the different outdoor events that take place in the country. Using a small box lid for your display, design a billboard to advertise a form of recreation in the South American country that you chose." Display it if you wish somewhere. "Products of South America" Trace a map of South America, color it, and glue it on colored paper. Find pictures of or draw and color at least five different products of South America that can be cut out and glued on to the page or the map. You can include a pictorial legend to identify the products on the side or bottom of the page. "Animals, Animals, Everywhere Although there are many types of animals, most require specific conditions in order to survive. Climate and geography are two factors that play a key role in forming an animal's habitat. Select a book about any animal. After reading the book, read about the same animal in the encyclopedia. List three facts that you learned about the animal from the encyclopedia article that Were Not in the book. Name of book:____________________________________________________________________ Type of animal:____________________________________________________________________ This animal would most likely be found on the continent of _________________________________ Additional facts learned about this animal from the Encyclopedia Day 165 Posted on May 21, 2014 at 11:51 AM Comments comments (10) Good Morning Folks! Grandma will now give you things to do with Stone Fox out of her book (4) about exploring mountain ranges and some experiments on Sound. Stone Fox by John Reynolds Gardiner, illustrated by Marcia Sewall (HarperCollins 1980) Little Willy lives with his Grandfather on a potato farm near Jackson, Wyoming. When Grandfather falls into a deep depression over his inability to pay the land taxes, Willy decides to help out by entering his dog Searchlight in the National Dog sled Race, where the first prize is $500. Willy's major opponent is the Native American, Stone Fox, who races his team of Malamutes each year and inevitably wins, using the prize money to buy back land he feels the white settlers have stolen from his people. The plucky Searchlight, neck and neck with Stone Fox's team, dies of exhaustion just before he reaches the finish line. Stone Fox stops his own team and the others as well so that Willy can carry the body of his gallant dog across the finish line and win. Point out the city of Jackson, Wyoming, and the Teton Mountains on a topographical map. Invite (the children) to indicate on the map the mountain range of which the Tetons are a part (the Rocky Mountains) and to discuss what they know about the mountain terrain and climate. Show the book cover and preview some of the illustrations so that students can check and verify their ideas. (Videos of topographical maps have been provided that are connected by a link to Youtube in Day 164 blog.) As you Read Discuss the many decisions Willy has to make and invite (the children) to tell why he chose certain actions and rejected others. For example, why did Willy choose to take care of his Grandfather himself rather than let Mrs. Peacock care for him? Why did Willy decide to work to keep the farm instead of selling it? How did Willy decide to harvest the potatoes when he could not rent horses to pull the plow? Invite students to tell how Willy and his grandfather feel about the land and how each of Willy's decisions is based on his ultimate goal: to keep the land so that his grandfather will take heart and get well. At the conclusion, (the children) can respond via a Discussion Web (with the title at the top of "Discussion:"The Race" in Stone Fox and the word "Reasons" below it and the question "Did Willy deserve to win the race?" in the middle along with space marked No and why on one side; space for and Yes marked on the others side.) to the problems raised when Willy wins the race at the expense of Searchlight's life. ... Extending Geography Skills: Mapping the Mountains (The children) can first research the six chief ranges of the Rockies, then contribute their findings to a (list) which describes the ranges in pictures and captions. 1. Introduce the activity by explaining that the Rockies are the largest mountain system in North America. The chain is more than 3000 miles long, and about 350 miles wide in some places. (You may wish to point out that in the United States the Rockies form the Continental Divide: rivers flow from the western slopes to the Pacific Ocean, and from the eastern slopes to the Atlantic.) Write the following list ...and invite (the children as volunteers) to identify the ranges on a topographical map as you read the list: 1. Southern Rockies: from the Sangre de Cristo range in New Mexico to central Colorado. 2. Middle Rockies: from northwestern Colorado and northern Utah to the upper Yellowstone River in Montana. 3. Northern Rockies: from southern Idaho to the border between the U.S. and Canada. 4. Canadian Rockies: from the Canadian border north through British Columbia and Alberta. 5. Selwyn Mountains: northward beyond the Liard River in northern Canada. 6. Brooks Range: across northern Alaska to north of the Arctic Circle. 2. ...(Work for the assignment) can include the following: (1) using topographical maps to find the highest peaks in the chain; (2) using political maps to find major cities in the chain; (3) researching to find national parks and sites of historical interest in the chain; (4) drawing pictures to illustrate the data from 1, 2, and 3; (5) writing brief captions to go with the pictures." 3. (This part is for making a Bulletin Board to collect travel maps, the writings, pictures, etc on--unless you want this in your home , basement or place of learning--one must think of another way to collect material, plan a vacation etc. if that is what you want any of it for.) "Making Connections What If...Stories -Invite (the children) to write paragraphs telling what might have happened if various events had taken a different turn, or if characters had made other choices. Introduce the activity by writing some examples ...(down), then invite (the children) to make up "what if's..." of their own. Add their suggestions to the ...list. Examples are: What if the banker had not let Willy withdraw his saving from the bank? What if Stone Fox had not let Willy win? What if Searchlight had not died? What if Grandfather decided to sell the farm? Suggest that students choose one of these "if's" or another one to develop in their paragraphs and to illustrate with a drawing. After students have shared their work with the class, put the paragraphs and pictures in a folder on a reading table for students to read and discuss with a partner. Book Quiz-Invite interested (children) to make up word problems loosely based on the story materials, for example: the number of potatoes Willy and Searchlight can plow in certain periods of time; the amount of money Willy and Grandfather can save or earn: the distance a Malamute and Searchlight can pull a sled in a certain number of minutes. You might also give (the children) access to a road map of Wyoming and adjoining states and invite them to make up problems that involve using the distance scale on the map or the labels that indicate the altitudes of landforms. Ask students to present their word problems to the class, and encourage the problem-solvers to explain how they arrived at their answers. Then put the word problems in a folder in the math center for students to solve on their own. (For those people who have never been to these areas Grandma has traveled through the Rockies and visited many places with and without her family. One time she took her boys through the Rockies and up to Yellowstone in Wyoming; then through the northern part of Wyoming which is beautiful; for she had traveled through the middle with her parents and it was very long and desolate. She would love to live in the Rockies, but she has a family she has felt was important to stay close to even though her daughter despises her existence most the time and her boys do not understand her because her mother is always in between finding fault because Grandma believes she is her scapegoat as her father was even though she has learned how much Grandma is like her. It is all very sad. Grandma has also traveled to middle and southern California which really can have some advantages even though I was never even to Hollywood. You already know she has traveled through Mexico which I would love to make a book about. I have heard the Eastern part of United States is very beautiful. I have yet to travel through the southeast to Florida maybe someday. Grandma also planned a trip through Canada with a travel book and learned a lot about it that way. I hope you all get to travel in your days also however, I will worn you to be careful of costs. Even mileage costs a lot today.) One last sheet Grandma wants to give you for the children to be able to do is called Actions and Feelings. Listed on the left side of a paper will be some feelings given and the children and yourself can fill out events from Stone Fox that made you have each separate feeling that can be cut apart from the others see if they match with each others. Following are the feelings: Feelings Events Next Grandma will give you some Sound exercises from Book(12) as follows: The first experiment is called Humming flute. A square piece of paper has one corner snipped off, and two notches made in the opposite corner. Roll the paper in the direction of the arrow in the figure to make a tube about as thick as a pencil and push the notched corner back into the opening. Draw a deep breath through the tube. This causes a loud humming note. The paper corner is sucked up by the air which is drawn in, but since it is slightly springy, it begins to vibrate. The vibration is quite slow, so the note is deep. The next experiment is called Water organ. Half fill a thin walled glass with water, dip in your forefinger and run it slowly round the rim of the glass. A lovely, continuous ringing note is produced. The experiment only works if your finger has just been washed. It rubs over the glass, giving it tiny jolts. The glass begins to vibrate, which produces the note. If your finger is greasy, it slides smoothly over the glass without the necessary friction. The pitch of the note depends on the amount of water, and the vibration can be seen clearly on the water surface. The next experiment is called Note transfer. You can extend the previous experiment. Place two similar thin walled glasses an inch apart and pass your freshly washed finger slowly round the rim of one of them. A loud humming note is produced. In a strange way the second glass vibrates with the first, and you can observe this vibration if you place a thin wire on it. The vibration of the first glass is transmitted to the second by the sound waves in the air. This 'resonance' only occurs if the glasses produce notes of the same pitch when struck. If this is not the case with your two glasses, you must pour some water into one until the pitches are the same. The next experiment is called Peal of bells. Tie a fork in the middle of a piece of string about a yard long. Wind the ends several times round your forefingers and hold the tips of your fingers in your ears. Let the fork strike a hard object. If the string is then stretched, you will hear a loud, bell-like peal. The metal vibrates like a tuning fork, when it strikes the hard object. The vibration is not carried through the air in this case, but through the string, and the finger conducts it directly to the eardrum. The next experiment is called Paper diaphragm. Halve a match, make a point on it and split it at the other end. Fix it on to a smooth piece of paper and hold it vertical on an old turning phonograph record. The music souds over the paper almost as clearly as from a loudspeaker. The match travels in the grooves of the record and transfers the lateral vibrations to the paper like a phonograph needle to the diaphragm of a loudspeaker. The vibrations of the paper are carried to your ear drum as sound waves through the air. The next experiment is called Footsteps in a bag. Put a house fly in a smooth paper bag, close it, and hold it horizontally above your ear. If you are in a quiet room you can hear the patter of the six legs and other rather curious noises quite clearly. The paper behaves like the skin of a drum. Although only the tiny legs of the insect beat on it, it begins to vibrate and transmits such a loud noise that you would imagine that a larger organism or a rattling clockwork motor was in the bag. The last experiment having to do with sound that Grandma has is called Box Horn. Obtain a battery about 2 to 3 inch square. Take a wire about 10 to 12 inches long and attach a striped end attached to one side of the battery and another 5 to 6 inches long with the ends stripped to the battery and to the end of a clothespin with a drawing pin it calls N. Next take a 1 by 3 or 4 inch board A either 12 inches long and cut off 2 inches of it off B. Else use one 1 by 3 or 4 inch board A at 10 inches long and another B one by 3 or 4 inches 2 inches long. Screw B into the side of board A. Bore a hole at the top to put a bolt C through at the top of the board B. Around the bolt C wind a thin piece of paper E and then enough wire to cover it F and have one end about 8 inches past the end of the bolt and the other about 12 inches longer the other direction and with the ends stripped attach one end to the other end of the Clothes pen with a drawing pin M. Attach one side of a regular tin can G almost touching the bolt C to the board A. Then take a small inch wide board H that can fit in the can shaped so there is a little space on the bottom to fit on the attached side to A and lay flat at the other side outside of the can next to the board A with two small wood screws yet have and inch upward on the top end of the part in the can that another wood screw K can go through and touch the bottom of the can. Attach the other end of the wire F to a hole through the top edge of the can G. Then attach the other wire from the battery attach to the screw K around its head. Put a little oil at the end of that screw K next to the bottom of the can. The Clothes Pin with the wires connected at M and N act like as a Car horn. The apparatus works on the same priciple as a car horn. If you close the circuit by pressing the horn buttn, the screw C becomes magnetic and attracts the base of the tin. So the circuit is broken in front of the screw K. Screw C loses its magnetism, and the base of the tin springs back to the screw K. The process is repeated so quickly that the tin plate produces the horn note by its vibration. That will be it for now I will type some more later today. Must go for now. Day 164 Posted on May 21, 2014 at 12:21 AM Comments comments (7) I am finally back to finish giving some more experiments on water called Buoyancy.I am skipping Interplay of forces and Inertia because I think I already gave them to you. I will add them at the end of the week when I check it out and make sure just in case. For now I will be giving you experiments on sound, light, and then some on illusions when I check it out also. By my notes I can't tell well enough. The first experiment is called Loss of weight.Tie a stone by means of a thread to a spring balance and note its weight.Does it in fact alter if you hang the stone in a jar of water? If you lift up a large stone under the water when you are bathing you will be surprised at first by its apparently low weight. But if you lift it out of the water, you will see how heavy it actually is. In fact an object immersed in a liquid (or in a gas) loses weight. This is particularly obvious with a floating object. Look at the next experiment. The next experiment is called Archimedes' principle. Fill a container up to the brim with water and weigh it. Then place a block of wood on the water, and some of the liquid will spill out. Weigh again, to find out if the weight has altered. The weight remains the same. The water spilled out of the container weighs exactly the same as the whole block of wood. The famous mathematician Archimedes discovered in about 250 BC that a body immersed in a liquid loses as much weight as the weight of liquid displaced by it. This apparent loss of weight is called buoyancy. The third experiment is called Water puzzle. Lay a small tray or a wooden ruler over a six sided pencil and place n it two jars filled with water balanced as on a pair of scales. What happens if you immerse a cork into the water in one jar. While placing a cork of the same size on the water in the other jar? Does one side of the balance become heavier, and if so, which side? The balance leans to the side where you immerse the cork in the jar. That is, this side increases in weight by exactly as much as the weight of water displaced by the cork. The other jar only becomes as much heavier as the weight of the cork itself. The fourth experiment is called Mysterious water level. Place a half-dollar, ten new pence, or a penny in a match box and float it in a glass of water. Mark the level of the water on the side of the glass. Will it rise or fall if you take the coin from the box and lower it into the water? Just think about it first! The water level falls. Since the coin is almost ten times heavier than water, the box containing the coin also displaces, because of its larger volume, ten times more water than the coin alone. This takes up, in spite of its greater weight, only a small volume and so displaces only a small amount of water. The fifth experiment is called Volcano under water. Fill a small bottle full of hot water and color it with ink. Lower the bottle by means of a string into a preserving jar containing cold water. A coloured cloud, which spreads to the surface of the water, rises upwards out of the small bottle like a volcano. Hot water occupies a greater volume than cold because the space between the water particles is increased on heating. It is, therefore, lighter and experiences buoyancy. After some time the warm and cold water mix and the ink is evenly distributed. The sixth experiment is called Suspending an egg. Half fill a jar with water and dissolve plenty of salt in it. Now add as much water again, pouring carefully over a spoon so that the two liquids do not mix. An egg placed in the jar remains suspended as though bewitched in the middle. Since the egg is heavier than tap water, but lighter than salt water, it sinks only to the middle of the jar and floats on the salt water. You can use a raw potato instead of the egg. Cut a roundish 'magic fish' from it, and make fins and eyes from coloured cellophane. The seventh experiment is called Dance of the moth balls. Add some vinegar and bicarbonate of soda to some water in a jar. Toss several moth balls, which you can colour beforehand with a crayon to make the experiment more fun, into the bubbling bath. After a time the balls dance merrily up and down. Since the moth balls are a little heavier than water, they sink to the bottom of the jar. The carbon dioxide freed by the chemical reaction between vinegar and surface of the water. There the bubbles escape, the balls sink again, and the performance is repeated. The eighth experiment is called Pearl diver. Stick a match about one-tenth of an inch deep into a coloured plastic bead and shorten it so that its end floats exactly on the surface of the water when the bead is placed in a milk bottle full of water. Close this with a plastic cap. By changing the pressure on the cap, the bead can be made to rise and fall as though bewitched. Plastic is only a little heavier than water. The match and the air in the hole of the bead give it just enough buoyancy for it to float. The pressure of the finger is conducted through the water and compresses the air in the bead. Thus it no longer has sufficient buoyancy and sinks. The ninth experiment is called The yellow submarine. Cut a small boat out of fresh orange peel and make portholes on it with a ballpoint pen. Place the boat in a bottle filled with water and close it with a plastic cap. If you press on the cap, the boat rises and falls according to the strength of the pressure. Minute air bubbles in the porous fruit peel make it float. By the pressure of the finger, which is transmitted through the water, the bubbles are slightly compressed, so their buoyancy is less, and the boat goes to diving stations. Since the yellow of the peel is heavier than the white, the submarine floats horizontally. You can accompany the submarine by several 'frogmen'. Simply toss broken-off match heads with it into the bottle. They float, because air is also contained in water pressure, the match heads dive deeper too. The next item for Grandma to give you with this day is a book called Three Names identifying changes in Geography by Patricia MacLachlan and Illustrated by Alexander Pertzoff (HarperCollins 1991). This book was found out about by Grandma in her Book (4). From his great-grandfather, the narrator learns what it was like to live and go to school on the prairie many years ago. Three Names, great-grandfather's dog, goes to the one-room schoolhouse each day with the children. Like them, he notes the changing seasons, enjoys the camaraderie of the small classroom (where pupils teach as well as learn), and spends the summer waiting eagerly for school to begin again. 1. Explain that the story is set long ago on a prairie, and that a prairie is flat or hilly land covered chiefly by tall grass. point out on a map the North American prairie: from central Texas northward through the southern part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. 2. As you show the covers and preview the illustrations, invite (your children) to predict whether the story takes place long ago or today. Encourage students to give reasons for their predictions. As You Read Use a chalkboard chart like the one below to guide comprehension of likenesses and differences between the great-grandfather's schooldays and those of your (children). The playgrounds The teachers The Learning Going to school by wagon, walking, or horses Ride a bus, walking, riding in a car School Lunch brought in a pail or whatever was on hand to carry buy, or put in a lunchbox or bag Heat and water Encourage (the children) to respond to the story by telling (1) what they would like or dislike about attending a school like the one described, and (2) what activities from great-grandfather's school days are similar to one in their own school, for example, playing with friends, having special snacks, giving holiday parties, and helping one another learn." Extending Geography Skills: Comparing Visuals Link to YouTube Topographical Maps for this part. After learning "what the map tells about the altitude, land forms, water bodies, and so forth of this region, explain to (the children) that a topographical map shows a "bird's eye view" of a region," if the videos do not."Invite (the children) to review with you the story and the illustrations to get an up-close view, or Three Name's "dog's-eye view," of the same region. As (the children) discuss the pictures and note descriptive phrases, write their observations on the chalkboard (for example, "flat land," "ponds (sloughs)," "cold winters"). Distribute strips of paper and suggest that (the children) choose and illustrate some of the chalkboard phrases. Place the strips to the right of the map under the heading The Prairie Up Close. Extend the activity by inviting (the children) to suggest how the prairie has changed since great-grandfather's day (growth of cities, building of highways, more people, etc.). Some (children) may enjoy writing a description or drawing and captioning a picture that tells what a modern-day Three Names might see if he were on his way to school on the prairie today. Place the descriptions and drawings in a folder near the" schooling area for the children to read and remember. "Making Connections Creative Writing 1. Geography Poems-Reread the poem which a child in great-grandfather's school wrote about the prairie. After discussing what the poem tells about a sky-scene on the prairie, invite students to write their own poems about a sky or land scene in their own region." These can be displayed somewhere. 2. "Canine Characters-Invite (the children) to make picture panels with dialogue balloons that (1) tell the book story from Three Names's point of view, or (2) recount the adventures of one of their own household pets, should it come to school with them. After (the children) have shown and read their picture panels...discuss what is the same and what is different about the pets' adventures and observations at a long-ago school and at a modern one." (Being home schooled ask the children to explain what it would be like if they had a pet join them at your learning area or if you have pets what some of their reactions might be. You might have some real great stories to tell.) Tornado Time-Review page 26 of the story, which tells about a tornado and its effects. Invite interested (children) to research tornadoes to find out how they are formed and where they usually occur. After (the children) have presented their findings ...discuss "threatening" weather that typically occurs in your region... and how people today try to protect themselves--as the students in the story do--in these situations. Social Studies: Each One Teach One-Discuss why a one-room schoolhouse was sufficient for many communities in great-grandfather's time." Discuss how older students may have helped younger students learn in those times or did they really do any of it. Discuss how some school students today help others. Then discuss how older siblings in your home may be helping the younger ones. If not how you as parents help. Then discuss how schools and homes are now do a lot of their learning by programs we have set up to learn by in their homes or a classroom now and how they feel about this type of learning and if it will be effective in your opinions. Explain why or why not. Day 161 Posted on May 19, 2014 at 5:51 PM Comments comments (8) The first Impressionist picture of Mary Cassatt for learning as explained in the Calendar History at the bottom of the blog.Good Morning! Grandma is going to be very busy the next few days giving you materials to finish lessons with. To begin with Grandma will give you the rest of Little House on the Prairie and move into The Gift of the Sacred Dog, Three Names, and Stone Fox from the Geography book. Then Grandma will give you some on South America and finish the Bible. She will also give you the months September, October, November, December for 1800's and 1900's. Then January and February for the 1900's. She will fit in 6 experiments for each of the days. This will all be given by the end of the week if I have no more disasters. The first exercise sheet to be done for Little House on the Prairie from Grandma's book (185) is called Medal of Honor. It has a medal on a ribbon formed in a square holding these fill in sentences. It says "There are many heroes in this story. Tell who does each brave thing below by writing Ma, Pa, Laura, or Jack in the blank." It has pictures of them under the ribbon square. They are also suppose to write about what Mr. Edwards does that is brave. 1.______________________leads the ponies across the creek. 2. _____________________drives the wagon across the creek. 3. ______________________almost drowns, but finds the family. 4. ______________________puts out the fire in the chimney. 5. ______________________pulls Mary and Baby Carrie away from the fire. 6. ______________________saves Mr. Scott's life. 7. ______________________gets water for Mary when she is very sick. The next exercise activity is called Pioneer Words. It says, "Complete each sentence by filling in the (crossword) puzzle with items that were used by the pioneers. The words in the log (Grandma has at the top of this page) might help you. (The Crossword puzzle is placed in a log house.) panniken sills bedstead petticoat latch pegs windlass 2. (8 letters) Pa builds a ____where he and Ma sleep. 5. (5 letters starting at the third letter of 3 down and goes through 1 down on the fourth letter) Pa makes a _____to keep the door closed. 6. (8 letters and starts down further under the 2nd question the 5 letter of 4 down, that starts 1 square space below the line of 2 across. 6 also goes through the 8th letter of 1 down. It is also running past 3 down 1 square space above it.) Pa lowers buckets into the well on a _______. 7. (4 letters long running through the seventh letter of 4 down.) Instead of nails, Pa uses wooden ______. 1. (Starts a square above 2 across and goes 6th letter of word 2. It is nine letters long and goes through 5 across on 5's 3rd letter as well as 6's 6th letter.) Laura wears a _____ under her 3. (Starts on the 4th letter of 2 and goes through the first letter of 5 across. It is 5 letters long.) Pa starts building the house with two big logs called ______. 4. (Starts a square space below the 2nd letter of 2 across. Its 5th letter goes through 6 across on 6's 2nd letter. 4 down is 8 letters long.) Ma keeps soap in a wooden box called a ______. It asks, "What does Ma use to iron the girls' dresses?"_____________________________________ The next exercise page is called Animals of the Prairie. Laura and Mary love to watch the animals that live on the prairie. Label each animal that the girls see. Choose from the names in the box." (Grandma gives them at the top of this page. Below the words are pictures of the animals they have seen. Maybe the children can take the words given to them and draw pictures of each one.) mustang gophers wolf jack rabbit fawn panther "What bird says good-bye to Laura and her family when they leave the prairie? The Next exercise page is called Happy Times. The page has a picture of a milking cow kicking Pa. The next picture on the other side of the page halfway down shows the family watching and Pa playing fiddle to someone dancing. The last picture back to the left side in the bottom corner is of a silver cup, tow cookies, jelly beans, and candy canes. The children are to tell about the happy things that happened to Laura and her family on the prairie. The last exercise page in Grandma's book (185) is called a Daily Journal. The children are to pretend they are crossing the prairie, like Laura, in a covered wagon. They are to write a page in their journal, telling about what happens in a day either from the book or a made-up event of their own. It also says to write why Laura feels sad to leave the little house, but she is also excited. Book (185) has some Art Activities called Homemade Fun. It says, "The only toys pioneer children had to play with were toys they made themselves, like Laura's and Mary's rag dolls. In keeping with the spirit of long ago, invite students to make their own toys, too, (as a rag doll). "Homemade Yo-Yo... You Need: empty thread spools; medium-sized pieces of string, 2 1/2 feet long; lids from cottage-cheese or yogurt containers." 1. For each yo-yo use a spool, a piece of string, and two lids. 2. Show how to thread one end of the string through the spool and then to tie it to the string. 3. Wrap the string once around the spool and tie it tightly in the same place where they made the first knot. 4. Tie a loop for their fingers in the other end of the string. Then wrap the rest of the string around the spool. 5. Decorate the two lids the way they want them with markers, glued pieces of paper, shapes, characters, stickers, etc. Then glue the two lids to the ends of the spools. "Button-and-String Game. Challenge (the children) to see how long they can make their buttons spin. You need: large two-holed buttons; string 1. Give each (child) a string, about 30 inches long, and a button. 2. Tell (the children) to thread one end of the string through one hole of the button, and the other end through the other button hole. Then tie the ends together. 3. Show the (children) how to play the button-and-string game. Put your fingers through the string so that it is taut with the button in the middle. Wind up the string by swinging it toward you in a circular motion about 25 times. When you pull your hands apart, the button will spin on the twisted string. Move your hands in and out with the rhythm of the twisting string to keep the button spinning. Button-in-the-Cup The following homemade toy will challenge (the children) hand-eye coordination. You Need: string; wooden clothespins; buttons; tacks; egg cartons; paints and brushes 1. Cut the egg cartons into separate cups. Give each (child) one egg-carton cup, one clothespin, one button, and one piece of string, about 12 inches long. 2. Show students how to tie one end of the string around the top of the clothespin. 3. Have (the children) thread the other end of the string through the button hole and tie a knot. 4. Let (the children) paint their egg-carton cups. When the cups are dry, help each (child) tack the bottom of the cup to the top of the clothespin. 5. Show the (children) how to play the game. Holding the clothespin, swing the button and try to catch it in the egg-carton cup." The next page of activities in Grandma's book is for Cooperative Learning Activities working as groups. Grandma is going to give it a little twist. One thing this page points out is how hard it was for the natives and the pioneers to communicate. Many men were as stubborn as some men are today. There was a scene in the book upon which a Native had killed a panther and he was trying to explain to Pa how he had shot it from sitting in a tree the night before. The Native and Pa had to do a lot of sign language and acting to convey the message to each other. Book (185) want the children to act out a message much in the same way. In order to be true have them write it on a card and turn it upside down on a table near them. Then they are to act out the message and see if the rest of the audience can get the message. Much like charades. Next For the first part, Grandma wants the children to think of some ways they can trade off work with others around them, have contact with, or know. They are also to think of areas they have trouble learning and find others that can help them with that work. This will probably take some initiative from the children to talk to others the same as Pa did to trade work with Mr. Edwards and Mr. Scott. Many things like building a barn and having a barn building day were done the same way. Branding and haying are still done today much the same way. Somethings just take more than one person. The village my husband was from did much of this for the yearly festival in December, they share one tractor among them and help others in many ways. When we were there for a couple of days a woman had a heart attack and the village arranged for us to take her to the hospital. The people were all grateful and all participated to carry her to the car. The next page is a Graph Activity/Curriculum Connections page called Have a Nice Day (Grandma plans most of what she does in this same way or sets up schedules for herself even if they never turn out the same. It helps her regulate her goals.) Talk about the ways you and your children spend their days. Write down the amount of time spent at each task, lesson, activity, whatever, it is you do in the day. Knowing there are 24 hours in the day try to think how you spend each hour of that day doing; be sure to include sleep; cut it where is necessary and add where is necessary to make 24 hours a day. It helps organize your day in your head and where the next day will go. Next draw a large circle on the side of a box or poster and divide the circle into 24 pieces. Explain to the children how this is a what they call a Circle Graph and put the amount of time divided in the 24 pieces by the pieces as 1 hour each. Therefore, if one study is 2 hours long mark the area on the pieces(2) as that. Later you can cover it with pictures if you wish of each doings of time. Mark it "What a Day!" Next with the Circle Chart do the same with Laura of Little House on the Prairie. Figure out what they spent their day doing and chart it on a separate Circle Graph. Talk about the differences then talk about how time might be for children in the future especially since they are integrating computer learning into classrooms and at home now. Another section of the page talks about learning manners in the time of the pioneers. Learning may not have been as much fun as with the Ingalls. Many homes of those times and before times may have been pretty cruel that Grandma does not want to talk about and leave it in the past. However, do talk about the manners of napkins, sitting up straight, walking without slouching, using silverware (which some homes still had none of, licking the fingers, talking with the mouth full, contradicting, speaking unless you are spoken to, etiquette, speaking too loud or speaking out, etc. Talk about how they may have been taught and how they are taught today. Talk about the importance. Grandma had learned in her school work that some parents can be too strict and create some imbalances or mental blocks, but some children can have no direction and that is worse for them. That it is better to teach that there is consequences to every action, not necessarily discipline by parents but things that actually do happen; like having to pay for a window broken, which is better if it is not taught with the ill thoughts of mankind. I hope you agree. Happy homes make happy people that is for sure, just don't lack in any direction at all. Some of these learnings may be found out by talking to older people you know. The last page in book (185) is a Summarizing/Curriculum Connections page of Extended Activities One Day at a Time Summarize the story Little House on the Prairie in which the Ingalls family started with a wagon and before the end of the book Pa has built a house with a door, a fireplace, a wood floor, a bedstead, and a rocking chair. He built a stable and dug a well, and the family had planted a vegetable garden. Make a special time line to show this where all they have at the end is the wagon again. "Social Studies: Where in the World? To identify the setting of Little House on the Prairie, help (the children) locate the places from the book on a map of the United States. Have students take turns finding Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, then trace the Verdigris River through southeastern Kansas to where it flows into the Arkansas River near Muskogee in eastern Oklahoma. Black American Pioneers The Black American West Museum in Denver, Colorado, documents the rich heritage of black men and women in the American pioneer movement, including law officers, stagecoach driver, miners, editors, farmers, and cowboys. A catalogue of books and materials is available from the Black American West Museum, 3091 California Street(if it has not changed) Denver, Colorado, 80205; telephone number (303) 292-2566(which probably has changed)." Health: A Balanced Diet Make a chart of food the Ingalls family ate and compare it to a record of good food to eat. Book (185) says they ate Grains of cornbread(and they probably ate some oatmeal and grits as well as pancakes and musk, breads of different grains and fruits as berries found in the woods and in the prairie; Dairy-milk, cheeses as cottage cheese. butter from buttermilk; Meat-rabbit, prairie hen, beef(pretty rare, fish, chickens, and especially eggs as well as beans, maybe pork or bacon if lucky, duck more likely, lots of turkey, maybe buffalo or bear. probably some dear if lucky, and lamb if really lucky. Fresh vegetables were grown if they were lucky to get the seed. They could grow plenty of potatoes, peas, chickpeas and Garbanzo beans, beats, corn, spinach, okra, tomatoes, carrots all of which could be canned. Berries, watermelons, pumpkins, cantaloupe, and grapes could all be cooked and canned also. There was no place cold but a possible cellar, cool streams, or the winter to freeze things. Some people had smoke houses to salt and smoke meat to keep it. They had to use milk and such products fast so they did not spoil. The vitamins in things were probably better than today." "Science: Take Your Medicine ...the real name of the sickness called "fever 'n ague" is malaria. ...the bitter medicine Laura has to take is called quinine. Invite (the children) to look up malaria in the encyclopedia to find out more about how it is caused and cured." Talk to the children about some of the medicine of those times compared to the medicines they take to day. Grandma has cleared her ear infections with peroxide, but her mother had bad earaches when young that her grandmother cured with hot oil and it worked. We used olive oil which has many cures in Grandma's ears and it cured them this year and it has not come back again. We have taken curry for the sinuses and it has helped. Turmeric is suppose to help arthritis but I have yet to try enough. Some home remedies were good and maybe some were not good enough. Who is to say. Grandma has yet to learn. The Science experiments from Grandma's book (12) are about Evaporation and Vaporization. The first experiment is called Jet boat. Bore a hole from the inside through the screw top of an aluminum pill tube about four inches long, and pour some water into the tube.( They may not make these any more, check with the pharmacy.) Fix the tube in an empty sardine can into which you have fixed three candle stumps and place the can in water. If you light the candles the water soon boils, and the jet of steam escaping from the back drives the boat. Steam is formed in the boat's boiler when the water boils. Because it expands sharply, it escapes at high pressure through the nozzle and causes a recoil. Do the experiment in calm weather! The next experiment is called Hovercraft. Place a tin lid on a hot-plate and heat it well (take care!). If you then let a few drops of water fall on the lid, you will observe a small natural phenomenon. The drops are suspended in the air like hovercraft and whiz hissing to and fro for a while. On contact with the heated metal the water drops begin to evaporate at once on the underside. Since the steam escapes with great pressure, it lifts the drops into the air. So much heat is removed from the drops by the formation of steam that they do not even boil. The next experiment is called Rain in the room. Rain after sultry days makes the inside of the window pane suddenly sweat. You can distinguish the tiny water droplets through a magnifying glass. Where do they come from? After it has been raining the air outside cools sharply because the water evaporates and thus uses heat. The warm air in the room, which is saturated with water vapor, especially from cooking, cools down only slowly on the window pane. But cold air cannot hold so much moisture as w arm air, and therefore loses some of it on to the pane. It forms water droplets-exactly as when it is raining out-of-doors and moist, warm air meets cold air. The next experiment is called Weather station. Fix a dry pine cone on to a small piece of wood with sealing wax or glue. Stick a pin into one of the central scales and place a straw over it. Put the cone out-of-doors, protected from the rain. The straw moves according to the state of the weather. Fix up a scale. This simple hygrometer was built by nature. The pine cone closes when it is going to rain, to protect the seeds from damp. The outside of the scales absorbs the moisture in the air, swells up and bends--a process which you can also observe with a piece of paper which is wet on one side. This next doings is called a Hygrometer. Coat a strip of writing paper two inches long with glue and roll it onto a sewing needle. Stick a strip of shiny photographic paper about 1/2 inch wide and one foot long onto its end so that its shiny surface faces the glue-covered side of the writing paper. The film strip is rolled round the needle like a clock spring. Punch a small hole through the middle of the bottom and lid of a furniture polish tin, and also air holes in the bottom. File off the metal projections formed. Push the needle through the central holes and stick the end of the film strip firmly to the side of the tin. Fix a paper pointer in front of the needle with a cork disk, and a bead behind it. The gelatin layer of the photographic film expands-in contrast to the paper layer-with increased air humidity, causing it to wind up sharply, and move the pointer to the right. When the humidity of the air falls, the pointer returns to the left. The next experiment is called Water from the desert. We still read in the newspapers of people dying of thirst in the desert, but many of them cold help themselves in this emergency. An experiment on a small scale in a sand box will show you how to do it. Dig a fairly deep hole and place a beaker in the middle. Spread a suitably sized piece of transparent plastic foil over the edge of the hole and lay a small stone in its center so that it dips down to the beaker in the shape of a funnel. The edges are fixed firmly into the sand. Soon, especially in sunshine, small drops of water form on the underside of the foil. They become larger and larger and finally flow into the beaker. The effect of the sun is to heat the ground strongly under the foil. The moisture held in the sand evaporates until the enclosed air is so saturated that small drops of water are deposited on the cooler foil. Even desert sand contains some moisture. If you also place cut up cactus plants into the hole, you will obtain enough water to survive.(When Grandma was young we had a neighbor who had been a farmer show us how to take a V-shaped branch and holding it straight forward would bend down where water could be found to build a well. It was really neat.) The next experiment is called Bath game with a coin. Stretch a strip of cellophane (not plastic foil), 1 inch wide, tightly over a soup plate and fasten the ends with adhesive tape. Lay on the middle of the strip an average-sized coin and pour water into the dish up to about 1/2 inch under the coin. The coin sinks slowly and reaches the water after several minutes. The water vaporizes, the cellophane absorbs the water particles from the air and expands until it reaches the water. But strangely enough it soon begins to tighten again, and the coin rises again slowly to its original position. The last experiment in this section is called Steam boat. Break off the head of a match and drop some glue on to the end. If you place the match in a dish of water it moves jerkily forward. The glue contains a solvent which evaporates to give a vapor. It puffs out from the drop in invisible little clouds, giving the match a small push each time. Eventually so much of the solvent has escaped that the glue becomes solid. In a dried drop of glue you can still see the residual solvent vapor as small bubbles. Many more picture of Mary Cassatt's to study and learn by at Grandma's Place of Natural Learning Center.Last for this day given will be the Calendar History for two days of May. May 22, 1783 William Sturgeon, English inventor who devised the electromagnet, was born. In 1813 Richard Wagner, German composer, was born. In 1844 Mary Cassatt, American painter, was born. Impressionist artist Mary Cassatt is best known for her paintings of family life. Show students reproductions of her artwork. Then ask them to design and color updates of these pictures, using today's fashions and their own family activities. In 1859 Sir Arthur Conan Dayle, British author and creator of Sherlock Holmes, was born. Book (1) says,"Celebrate the birthday of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle by having (the children) conduct a week long search for traces of Doyle's most famous character--Sherlock Holmes--in books, newspapers, television programs, films, magazines, and so on. At the end of the week, the (children) can share their evidence of Holmes's pervasive influence in daily life. In 1907 Sir Lawrence Olivier, English actor, was born. In 1933 Arnold Lobel, children's author and illustrator was born. Book (1) explains, "In honor of Arnold Lobel's birthday, read aloud a story about two of his well-known characters, Frog and Toad. Afterward, pass around the book so students can become familiar with these characters. Then encourage the children to generate questions about the lives of Frog and Toad. For example: What happened before the story began? What will happen after the story ends? Do Frog and Toad have brothers or sisters? Do they have other friends? After the children have developed a list, ask them each to select a question they'd like to answer. Then have them create stories that answer the questions. Encourage the students to role-play their stories or to write and illustrate them. It is International Pickle Day on May 22.(There is nothing like experiencing a large pickle to eat.) Book (1) says, "On International Pickle Day, tell your (children) that the word pickle can be used as a noun or a verb. Together, come up with example sentences. Then challenge the kids to list other words that can be used as either nouns or verbs. It is also National Maritime Day on that day. In 1570 The Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius published the First Modern Atlas. In 1819 The First Steamship crossing of the Atlantic was completed. In 1900 E.S. Votey obtained a patent for the First Pneumatic Piano Player. In 1906 Orville and Wilbur Wright received the First Airplane Patent. In 1972 President Richard Nixon became the First U.S. President to Visit Moscow. In 1980 Joe Hernandez did 135 Consecutive Chin-Ups with no breaks in Cashion, Ariz. We will start on another Day as soon as Grandma sweeps the floor and does some dishes. Day 160 Posted on May 19, 2014 at 2:22 AM Comments comments (14) Good Morning! Grandma is a little oozy from a bout with fever and chills along with constant sleep yesterday afternoon and into the morning. Not sure if it was from cleaning a dusty basement or something Grandma got else wise. I do not anymore of it for sure. Grandma is going to start with the Calendar History, then do some science experiments, and start on some more things about the pioneers with one story possible. May 20, 1851 Emile Berliner, American inventor of the flat-disk phonograph record, was born. Book (1) says, "In honor of American inventor Emile Berliner, have a contest to tap the ingenuity of the "inventors" ... .Ask your ... Librarian to collect books on inventors and inventions. (Grandma believes the video she placed on her one blog tells a lot also. Good prospects include The World Almanac Book of Inventions by Valerie-Anne Giscard d'Estaing and Steve Caney's Invention Book. Have the kids review the books for insights into how inventors came up with their ideas and produced their products. Then challenge (the children) to design and name an invention that would solve an everyday problem. Award small prizes in several categories--for example, wackiest, most futuristic, most sensible. (etc.) In 1935 Carol Carrick, children's author, was born. In 1940 Sadaharu Oh, Japanese baseball player who hit more than 800 career home runs, was born. In 1781 Thomas Hutchins was appointed the First Geographer of the United States. In 1862 President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, which offered free land in the West to any citizen who would settle it. In 1873 Levi Strauss patented pocket pants. In 1875 The International Bureau of Weights and Measures was established. Therefore, May 20th is Weights and Measures Day. Book (1) says, "On Weights and Measures Day, use a balance scale to weigh a notebook. Record the weight ... . Challenge (the children) to find a combination of classroom objects--pencils, erasers, thumbtacks, and so on--that they think will equal the weight of the notebook. ... Weigh the collections to find out." In 1892 George Sampson patented the Clothes Dryer. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh left New York on the First Solo Transatlantic Flight. Book (1) says, "It took Charles Lindbergh 33 1/2 hours to fly from Long Island, N.Y., to Paris, France. Have your (children) mark his route on a world map, then calculate the number of miles he flew. Next, have the kids find out how long it takes a commercial airliner to make a transatlantic flight today." Albrecht Durer sketches in Grandma's Place of Natural Learning Center.In 1928 Pride of San Joaquin won the First Calaveras County Frog Jumping Contest. In 1932 Amelia Earhart began a solo flight across the Atlantic. In 1985 The FBI broke up the infamous Walker Spy Ring with the arrests of retired naval officer John Walker and his son Michael. John Walker's brother Arthur also was later arrested. An extra sketch for learning from Albrecht Durer. On May 21st 1471 Albrecht Durer, German artist, was born. Book (1) says, "(Children) can celebrate the birthday of Albrecht Durer by doing their own animal observation sketches. To begin, show students examples of Durer's works, such as The Hare. Tell the children that Durer felt a true artist had only to observe nature carefully in order to capture it in art." Take a picture of a pet and observe it 20 minutes each day sketching pictures of it that can be displayed with the photo later. In 1688 Alexander Pope, British poet, was born. In 1878 Glen Curtiss, American inventor of the seaplane, was born. In 1881 Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross Society. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh landed at le Bourget Airport in Paris, thus completing the First Nonstop Solo Transatlantic Flight. In 1932 Amelia Earhart became the First Woman to complete a Solo Transatlantic Flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland. Book (1) says, "Tell your (children) that Amelia Earhart, achieved a number of aviation firsts in her lifetime. Before flying solo across the Atlantic, she had been the first female passenger on a transatlantic flight. She was also the first woman to fly from Honolulu to the U.S. mainland and the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross. Have your (children) each name another person--family member, friend, community member, celebrity, or sports star--who achieved an important first. Then have the kids design a medallion for that person. In 1972 Jane Dorst of Atherton, Calif., released a Helium Balloon with her name and address inside. It was found 200 days later in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. In 1974 The First Nuclear-powered Lighthouse began operating. In 1980 The Empire Strikes Back, the sequel to Star Wars, opened. Lastly, it is All-American Buckle-up Week. Book (1) says, "During All-American Buckle-Up Week, have your (children) create buckle-up slogans and write these on plain mailing labels." These can be stuck on various places for display, you decide where. Grandma is now going to give you some experiments on Electricity, The last ones on Static electricity, I may have already given you but, you can have them again. These are all from Grandma's book(12). The first one is called Potato battery. Stick finger-length pieces of copper and zinc wire one at a time into a raw potato. If you hold an earphone on the wires, you will hear a distinct crackling. The noise is caused by an electric current. The potato and wires produce an electric current in the same way as a torch battery, but only a very weak one. The sap of the potato reacts with the metals in a chemical process and also produces electrical energy. We speak of a galvanic cell because the Italian doctor Galvani first observed this process in a similar experiment in 1789. Link to Alessandra Volta who invented the Battery. The next experiment is called Coin current. Place several copper coins and pieces of sheet zinc of the same size alternately above one another, and between each metal pair insert a piece of blotting paper soaked in salt water. Electrical energy, which you can detect, is set free. Wind thin, covered copper wire about 50 times round a compass, and hold one of the bare ends on the last coin and one on the last zinc disk. The current causes a deflection of the compass needle. In a similar experiment the Italian physicist Volta obtained a current. The salt solution acts on the metal like the sap in the potato in the previous experiment. Graphite conductor is the name of the next experiment. Connect a torch bulb with a battery by means of a pair of scissors and a pencil. The bulb lights up. From the long tongue of the battery, the negative pole, the current flows through the metal of the scissors to the lamp. It makes it glow, and flows through the graphite shaft to the positive pole of the battery. Therefore graphite is a good conductor; so much electricity flows even through a pencil "lead" on paper, that you can hear crackling in earphones. The next experiment being called Mini-Microphone is as follows: Push two pencil leads through the short sides of a matchbox, just above the base. Scrape off some of the surface, and do the same with a shorter lead, which you lay across the top. Connect the microphone with a battery and earphone in the next room (You can take the earphone from a transistor radio.) Hold the box horizontal and speak into it. Your words can be heard clearly in the earphone. The current flows through the graphite "leads". When you speak into the box, the base vibrates, causing pressure between the "leads". When you speak into the box, the base vibrates, causing pressure between the "leads" to alter and making the current flow unevenly. The current variations cause vibrations in the earphone. The next experiment called Mysterious circles is as follows: Punch a length of copper wire through a piece of cardboard laid horizontally and connect the ends of the wire to a battery. Scatter iron fillings on to the cardboard and tap it lightly with your finger. The iron filings form circles round the wire. If a direct current is passed through a wire or another conductor, a magnetic field is produced round it. The experiment would not work with an alternating current, in which the direction of the current changes in rapid sequence, because the magnetic field would also be changing continuously. The next experiment is Electro-magnet. Wind one to two yards of thin insulated wire on to an iron bolt and connect the bare ends of the wire to a battery. The bolt will attract all sorts of metal objects. The current produces a field of force in the coil. The tiny magnet particles in the iron become arranged in an orderly manner, so that the iron has a magnetic north and south pole. If the bolt is made of soft iron, it loses its magnetism when the current is switched off, but if it is made of steel it retains it. The next experiment is called Electro-buzzer. Nail board B (a long 1" in width the length of a square piece 5" x 5"-A) and two rectangle wooden blocks around 1/2" to 3/4" on each side about 5" long each-C and D. D has a slit in it to hold another 1/4" wide both ways-E with a little room to sway both ways. C is nailed to the long thin board B on the closet to you right corner on the edge of A square board. D is given a little more than an inch on the board. D is placed at the far end of you on the left side given that area of a little more than an inch on the square board A. The smaller but longer almost 4" board is laid in the slot of D running from the further end of you then coming toward the end next to you. Attach a bolt into a bored hole of B on the opposite end of the square board a across from the board C. (a long screw screwed into the board could work as well).Wind covered copper wire G 100 times round the bolt and connect the ends to a battery with a paper clip and respectively to H a fretsaw blade Bore into a hole of board C. H should be bored in which the other end lays close to the screw or bolt F. Hammer a long nail K through the middle of the square board A and bend it so that its point rests in the middle of the saw blade H. Oil the point of the nail. Attach a piece of beading into the inside edge of Board E laying close to C. Use a drawing pin-M on the bottom of board E that can match up to another drawing pin-N on the square board A. At he other end of board E is a rubber band-P used as a spring. Join K to M and N to a battery with a paper clip and stripped wire. If you press the key down, you connect the electric circuit, bolt F becomes magnetic and attracts H. At this moment the circuit is broken at K and the bolt loses its magnetism. H jumps back and reconnects the current. This process is repeated so quickly that the saw blade vibrates and produces a loud buzz. If you wish to do morse signaling with two pieces of apparatus, you must use three leads as in the lower circuit diagram. The last experiment in this section is called Light fan. Hold a light-coloured rod between your thumb and forefinger and move it quickly up and down in neon light. You do not see, as you might expect, a blurred, bright surface, but a fan with light and dark ribs. Neon tubes contain a gas, which flashes on and off 50 times a second because of short breaks in alternating current. The moving rod is thrown alternatively into light and darkness in rapid sequence, so that it seems to move by jerks in a semi-circle. Normally the eye is too slow to notice these breaks in illumination clearly. In an electric light bulb the metal filament goes on glowing during the short breaks in current. The next 8 experiments are around Static Electricity. The first one is called Clinging balloons. Blow up some balloons, tie them up and rub them for a short time on a woolen pullover. If you put them on the ceiling, they will remain there for hours. The balloons become electrically charged when they are rubbed, that is, they remove minute, negatively charged particles, called electrons, from the pullover. Because electrically charged bodies attract those which are uncharged, the balloons cling to the ceiling until the charges gradually become equal. This generally takes hours in a dry atmosphere because the electrons only flow slowly into the ceiling, which is a poor conductor. The next experiment is called Pepper and salt. Scatter some coarse salt onto the table and mix it with some ground pepper. How are you going to separate them again? Rub a plastic spoon with a woolen cloth and hold it over the mixture. The pepper jumps up to the spoon and remains sticking to it. The plastic spoon becomes electrically charged when it is rubbed and attracts the mixture. If you do not hold the spoon too low, the pepper rises first because it is lighter than the salt. To catch the salt grains, you must hold the spoon lower. The next experiment is called Coiled adder. Cut a spiral-shaped coil from a piece of tissue paper about 4 inches square, lay it on a tin lid and bend its head up. Rub a fountain pen vigorously with a woolen cloth and hold it over the coil. It rises like a living snake and reaches upwards In this case the fountain pen has taken electrons from the woolen cloth and attracts the uncharged paper. On contact, the paper takes part of the electricity, but gives it up immediately to the lid, which is a good conductor. Since the paper is now uncharged again, it is again attracted, until the fountain pen has lost its charge. The next experiment is called water bow. Once more rub a plastic spoon with a woolen cloth. Turn the water tap on gently and hold the spoon near the fine jet. At this point, the jet will be pulled towards the spoon in a bow. The electric charge attracts the uncharged water particles. However, if the water touches the spoon, the spell is broken. Water conducts electricity and draws the charge from the spoon. Tiny water particles suspended in the air also take up electricity. Therefore experiments with static electricity always work best on clear days and in centrally heated rooms. The next experiment is called Hostile Balloons. Blow two balloons right up and join them with string. Rub both on a woolen pullover and let them hang downwards from the string. They are not attracted, as you might expect, but float away from each other. Both balloons have become negatively charged on rubbing because they have taken electrons from the pullover, which has now gained a positive charge. Negative and positive charges attract each other, so the balloons will stick to the pullover. Similar charges, however, repel one another, so the balloons try hard to get away from each other. The next experiment is called Shooting puffed rice. Charge a plastic spoon with a woolen cloth and hold it over a dish containing puffed rice. The grains jump up and remain hanging on the spoon and cling to it for a time. Some of the electrons pass from the spoon into the puffed rice, until the grains and the spoon have the same charge. Since, however, like charges repel one another, we have this unusual drama. The next experiment is called Simple Electroscope. Bore a hole through the lid of a jam jar and push a piece of copper wire bent into a hook through it. Hang a folded strip of aluminum foil over the back. If you hold a fountain pen, comb, or similar object which has been electrically charged by rubbing on the top of the wire, the ends of the strip spring apart. On contact with a charged object, electrical charges flow through the wire to the ends of the strip. Both now have the same charge and repel one another according to the strength of the charge. The next is called Electrical ball game. Fix a piece of aluminum foil cut into the shape of a footballer on the edge of a phonograph record, rub the record vigorously with a woolen cloth and place it on a dry glass. Put a tin can about two inches in front of the figure. If you hold a small aluminum foil ball on a thread between them, it swings repeatedly from the figure to the can and back. The electric charge on the record flows into the aluminum-foil figure and attracts the ball. It becomes charged, but is immediately repelled because the charges become equal, and goes to the can, where it loses its electricity. This process is repeated for a time. The next experiment is called Electric fleas. Rub a long playing record with a woolen cloth and place it on a glass. If you toss some small aluminum foil-balls on to the record, they will jump away from one another in a zig-zag motion. If you then move the balls together with your fingers, they will hop fiercely away again. The electricity produced on the record by rubbing is distributed in irregular fields. The balls take up the charge and are repelled, but are again attracted to fields with the opposite charge. They will also be repelled when they meet balls with the same charge. The next experiment is called Puppet dance. Lay a pane of glass across two books, with a metal plate underneath. Cut out dolls an inch or so high from tissue paper. If you rub the glass with a woolen cloth, the dolls underneath begin a lively dance. They stand up, turn round in a circle, fall, and spring up again. Next is called High voltage. Place a flat baking tray on a dry glass, rub a blown-up balloon vigorously on a woolen pullover and place it on the tray. If you put your finger near the edge of the tray, a spark jumps across. A voltage equalization occurs between the metal and the finger. Although, the spark is discharged with several thousand volts, it is just as harmless as the sparks produced when you comb your hair. An American scientist discovered that a cat's fur must be stroked 9,200,000,000 times to produce a current sufficient to light a 75-watt bulb for a minute. The next experiment is called Flash of lightning. Place a metal slice on a dry glass(it shows an old metal spatula with the handle broken off), and on it a piece of hard foam plastic which you have rubbed well on your pullover. If you hold your finger near the handle of the slice, a spark jumps across. When the negatively charged plastic is placed on the slice, the negative electric particles in the metal are repelled to the end of the handle, and the voltage between it and the finger becomes equalized. Plastic materials can become strongly charged. In warehouses, for example, metal stands for rolls of plastic are earthed because otherwise they often spark when they are touched by the personnel. The last experiment under Static Electricity, is called Electric light. In many homes there is a voltage tester, generally in the form of a screwdriver. In its handle there is, amongst other things, a small neon tube which you can easily remove. Hold one metal end firmly and rub the other on a piece of hard foam plastic which may be used for insulation. The lamp begins to glow as it is rubbed to and fro, and you can see this particularly clear in the dark. Since the plastic is soft, its layers are rubbed against one another by the movement of the lamp and become strongly charged with electricity. The electrons collect on the surface, flow through the core of the tiny lamp, which begins to glow and into the body. The ancient Greeks had already discovered that amber attracted other substances when it was rubbed. They called the petrified resin 'electron'. The power which has caused such fundamental changes in the world since then therefore gets its name-electricity. This next part is on the Pioneers. First link to Smokey Mountain Pioneers and then to the movement of the Oregon Trails, Sturh Museum, and Ozark Territory. Then a look at the Old Sod Houses of the Pioneers. In beginning of the story Little House on the Prairie, Grandma's book (185) wants us to understand that it "is a book based on one girl's memories of her family." Memories could be told long before Grandma's time, but most of the people living on the prairie have long died. Much of what we have is in museums, memories told to children born in the depression, and in books as this one. The Story Summary says "One day toward the end of winter, Charles Ingalls (Pa) announces to his wife Caroline (Ma) that the big woods of Wisconsin are becoming too crowded. He has decided they will travel west to Indian country. So they sell their little log house, build a covered wagon, and move and settle out West. All that year, Ma, Pa, Laura, May, and Baby Carrie put their hearts and their hard work into their new home. Then suddenly word comes from the government that the land where they have built their home belongs to the Osage Indians. The settlers will have to move on. Sad to leave, but looking forward to new adventures, the Ingalls family packs their wagon once again for another journey. In Meet the Author: Laura Ingalls Wilder Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867-1957) was born in a "little house in the big woods" in Pepin, Wisconsin, on February 7 to Charles and Caroline Ingalls. In 1870 the Ingalls family journeyed west to homestead in Kansas. When the government informed them in 1871 that they had settled on land belonging to the Osage Indians, they moved on to Minnesota, where they lived on the "banks of Plum Creek." Finally in 1855, Laura married Almanzo Wilder, and 1886, their daughter Rose was born in De Smet, South Dakota. The Wilders eventually settled in a one-room log cabin in Mansfield, MIssouri, where they later built their own home-a ten-room farmhouse. Laura always considered herself a partner in her husband's business. She did not begin writing professionally until 1932 at age 65. Information on the illustrator, Garth Williams, is as follows: Garth Williams was born in New York City on April 16, 1912, of English parents, both of whom were artists. Educated in England, Williams studied at the Westminster Art School and the Royal College of Art. Williams returned to the United States in 1941 to work as an artist for The New Yorker magazine. He was asked to illustrate E.B. White's Stuart Little in 1944, and he has been a children's book illustrator ever since. Before beginning the illustrations for the 1953 Harper edition of the "Little House" books, Williams visited Mr. and Mrs. Wilder in their home in Mansfield, Missouri, and then actually followed the route that the Ingalls family took in their covered wagon. What Grandma had obtained from her family history has been mainly given to her by her mother. My father's last name was Karnes and their family moved from Wichita Kansas to Denver , CO after my grandfather was grown and married my Mother in Colorado Springs. He was very intelligent and became an accountant and eventually an office manager for a trucking company as I grew up. He grew up in Kansas and played the saxophone. His father wrote some and was a traveling salesman at some time. His mother had seven children. My mother's family has some history that is very valuable. Her relations carried a woman from Iowa carrying the last name of Henry VIII last wife. We still have more research to do in that area. Her mother's father was born on a ship coming into New Orleans who settled in Waverly, Nebraska training horses. He loaded up the horses and his big family and moved to Alliance, Nebraska. My mother's father was born of my mother's grandparents who had some other children They raised my mother after her mother died when my mother was 2 years old. The each played instruments for their churches and lived on the river till they moved in town with the girls, my mother and aunt. I remember my Aunt Myrtle, a very sweet and strong woman, large built and an amazing old fashioned home. For some reason I know I loved her. My mother's father and grandmother were hard on my mother, but she said her grandfather was very sweet. She said she and my aunt took care of their grandmother before she died. They remember fixing her hair and cooking. She remembers chopping wood and starting the morning fire to dress by. She said she had family that was born as twins and they were kept warm by the back of the stove as in an incubator. They survived till an old age. Twins seems to be in both sides because a cousin had a set even though one died. My brothers son just had a set also, they are very cute. I do not know much more than that, other than that my grandmother helped my grandfather when she could. However, her family would not take the girls in. I have seen a few museums in my lifetime but have no collections of my own but one bowl. I do know it was a hard life. I do know my aunt's ranch 12 miles out did not have telephone until later in the 50's and much of the ponds were ruined from practice by the army on the lands. They did raise quite a bit of cattle though. This all Grandma can handle tonight. I will write more tomorrow and cover as much as possible. It is going to be a long week, so be prepared. Day 156 Posted on May 5, 2014 at 8:07 AM Comments comments (15) Good Morning Folks! Grandma has computer service again with the protection I need along with a Tablet to use. The World is definitely getting better. Grandma could not get it all finished till I was so tired last night. Decided it was better to enter information this morning and then add tomorrows lesson with it this afternoon. Please bear with me and we will get through. We will start with Lessons from the Bible of Faith Alive lessons starting with the Philippians. Philippians introduction is as follows: "Whom...did God inspire to write this book? The apostle Paul wrote Philippians. This is the sixth of Paul's thirteen books in the Bible. To Whom...was this letter first written? This book is a letter Paul sent to Christians at Philippi, a city in Macedonia (Greece). Paul had established this church on his second missionary trip (Acts 16:11-40). When...was this letter written? This book was written about AD 63 from Rome, where Paul was in prison. How...does Philippians show us God's love? Philippians tells how Christ Jesus was totally devoted to saving us. He is God, but he humbled himself even to die on a cross. Therefore, God the Father raised him up, just as he will raise us from death someday. That means we can live every day in joy, and when we die, we'll even be better off. What...special messages does this book give us? Paul thanks the Philippians for their love and gifts. Then he shows them how their salvation in Christ makes it possible to rejoice even in suffering. ...are some important teachings in this book? A win-win situation. Philippians 1:19-24 Jesus humbled and exalted. Philippians 2:5-11 The Christian's goal. Philippians 3:12-16 Rejoice always! Philippians 4:4-7 Think about good things. Philippians 4:8-9" Read Philippians and carry out the material from Faith Alive of the following: "Did You Know? Philippians 1:4 What makes Paul's joy in Philippians so amazing? Amazing that Paul was writing from prison! Knowing Christ gave him joy even there. Let's Live It! Philippians 2:5-11 Exaltation From Humiliation?--They say "you can't win for losing." Oh, no? Read Philippians 2:5-11. For a while there, Jesus looked like one big loser, like a big "nothing." He lost everything. He died a most terrible death. But see what came of it? Because he humbled himself, God the Father exalted him, lifted him up in glory. Because he humbled himself, we win big! Word to Remember Philippians 4:4 Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! Words to Remember Philippians 4:13 I can do everything through him who gives me strength. Life in Bible Times-Running a Race--In Greek Olympic games and at other games, runners tried to be the first to reach a wooden goal. The wooden goal, instead of a tape, marked the end of the race. Let's Live It! Philippians 4:8-9 What's on Your Mind?--Read Philippians 4:8-9. What does God want us to think about? Often it is easy for people to think bad thoughts. Many times we have bad thoughts because we've put bad things into our minds, perhaps by watching a violent TV program, playing with friends who use rough language, or listening to hard rock music. Instead, what sorts of things are "true," "noble," "right," "pure," "lovely," or "admirable"? See what examples you find in John 17:17; Proverbs 31:10-29; 2 Thessalonians 3:11-13; Psalm 119:9-16; 84:1-5; Ephesians 5:15-20; Colossi an 3:15-17. What are some other such things you can think of--and then think about?" Next read Colossians and do the activities in Faith Alive. The introduction to Colossians is as follows: "Whom...did God inspire to write this book? The apostle Paul wrote Colossians. This is the seventh of thirteen books by Paul appearing in the Bible. To Whom...was this letter first written? This book is a letter written to Christians at Colossi, located in modern-day Turkey. When...was this letter written? Colossians was written about AD 62, when Paul was in prison in Rome. How...does Colossians show us God's love? Colossians reminds us that when God gave his Son Jesus Christ, he gave us his all. Jesus was not just part of God living on earth. He is the fullness of God! Therefore, Jesus is also the fulfillment of everything the Bible has promised. Jesus is all we need for eternal life! What...special messages does this book give us? Certain people were suggesting that other requirements besides Christ were necessary for salvation. Colossians shows that Jesus is supreme and that he saves us completely. ...are some important teachings in this book? Jesus is supreme. Colossians 1:15-20 Jesus is the fullness of God. Colossians 2:9 Jesus forgives our sins Colossians 2:13-15 Jesus fulfills all Sabbath laws. Colossians 2:16-17 Jesus enables the holy life. Colossians 3:12-17" Now follow and do Faith Alive teachings as follows: "Did You Know? Colossians 2:9 Is Jesus really God? Yes! In fact, Colossians 2:9 says that the whole fullness of God lives in Jesus. When we know him, we know God. Words to Remember Colossians 2:13 He forgave us all our sins. Did You Know? Colossians 3:12 What is holiness? 3:12 What is holiness? Because God declares us holy by forgiving our sin, we now are able to live a holy life in ways described in Colossians 3. Words to Remember Colossians 3:1 Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above. Let's Live It! Colossians 3:18-21 Family Job Descriptions--A job description is a list of things a person is supposed to do in a certain job. Your parents probably have job descriptions for any employment they have outside the home. Ask them to show you theirs. Then, ask family members to make up job descriptions for home. First read together Colossians 3:18-21. These really are job descriptions for families, aren't they? Next give each person time to work on his or her own description. Write down in more detail the sorts of activities the verse you'd like to add and change in one another's. Pretty tough assignments? Yes they are. For encouragement, read together Colossians 3:1-4." Next read 1 Thessalonians and do the Faith Alive activities. The introduction for 1 Thessalonians being as follows: "How...does 1 Thessalonians show us God's love? The book of 1 Thessalonians is an expression of God's love especially to Christians who are persecuted. When troubles and dangers come, believers more than ever need support from their God. This book assures persecuted them, in the present day and at his second coming. Whom...did God inspire to write this book? The apostle Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians. This is the eighth of Paul's thirteen Bible books. To Whom...was this letter first written? This book is a letter Paul sent to Christians at Thessalonica, a large seaport city in Greece. Paul had founded this church during his second missionary journey (Acts 17:1-9). When...was this letter written? This book was written about AD 51 from Corinth. What...special messages does this book give us? Both 1 and 2 Thessalonians give special insights about Christ's return on the last day. In 1 Thessalonians, the encouragement is that Christians who have died before Jesus comes back are not lost forever. They will arise first when Jesus appears. ....are some important teachings in this book? Love even in suffering. 1 Thessalonians 1:4-10 Living to please God. 1 Thessalonians 4:3-12 Jesus will come again. 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18" Now for the activities of Faith Alive following: "Did You Know? 1 Thessalonians 1:6 What had happened during Paul's first visit to Thessalonica? Paul met with resistance and had to leave the city quickly. Still, some believed and formed an active church. Word to Remember 1 Thessalonians 5:17 Pray continually." The last book for today is 2 Thessalonians so read it and follow in the Faith Alive lessons. 2 Thessalonians introduction is as follows: "Whom...did God inspire to write this book? The apostle Paul wrote 2 Thessalonians. This is the ninth of thirteen books by Paul appearing in the Bible. To Whom ...was this letter first written? This book is Paul's second letter to Christians in Thessalonica, a city in Greece. When...was this letter written about AD 52, probably from Corinth. How...does 2 Thessalonians show us God's love? The book of 2 Thessalonians explains that Christ's second coming will be a joy and comfort to Christians, not something to be feared. Some of the Thessalonians were afraid they had missed Christ's return and had been left behind. God reassures Christians that Jesus is till coming in the future. When he does, he will take all his faithful people to heaven. What...special messages does this book give us? As with 1 Thessalonians, this book gives much detail about the last days of the world. Paul warns that before Jesus comes back, a "Man of Lawlessness" will try to replace God's true church. Therefore, we are to follow God's teachings carefully. Also, we should not sit idly by as we wait for Jesus' second coming, but be active in work and service. ...are some important teachings in this book? Jesus will come to gather his believers and punish the wicked. 2 Thessalonians 1:5-12 Before Jesus returns, a "man of Lawlessness" will appear. 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12 Believers are to be active in their faith while they wait. 2 Thessalonians 3:6-15" Now for the lessons from Faith Alive as follows: "Did You Know? 2 Thessalonians 2:3 Who is the "man of lawlessness"? That's a difficult question. All history since the life of Jesus is "the last days," so perhaps this "man" has already come. He is someone who works evil from within the church. Finally though, he is destroyed. Let's Live It! 2 Thessalonians 3:6-10 Waiting, Working--Isn't it tough to concentrate the last month of school? Summer coming, vacation plans. Who can think about school work? And then they make you take exams! The Christians in Thessalonica had their minds on Jesus' second coming. That was good. Unfortunately, some forgot to concentrate on work in the meantime. Jesus' coming back can instead encourage us to work hard now! With an "endless summer" ahead, we can use our energy for God's earthly business now." That is all Grandma will give of the Bible for today. I will have more lessons for you here in a few minutes. Grandma is back to give you two books to read about in Australia and the Calendar History for the day. The first book to read and do activities for is called Possum Magic by Mem Fox (New York: Gulliver Books, 1990. This lesson is in Grandma's Book (2). "Summary: Invisible Hush and Grandma Poss travel around Australia eating "people" food in hopes of making Hush visible again. 1. Hush and grandma Poss visited seven capital cities trying to find the right food to make Hush visible. Name the area of which each city is the capital. Six of these areas are states of Australia. Which area is not? Why is it not state? 2. On a map of Australia, mark each capital city and trace the trip the two possums took. Name at least one place of interest in each state that you would like to visit and tell why. 3. Other than the foods mentioned in the story, what do the people of Australia like to eat? 4. As a math lesson, make lamington (a square of sponge cake dipped in chocolate and covered in coconut). Use a rectangular pan to cut the cake so that each piece is equal in size and everyone in the (family) receives a piece." 5. Several animals that are native to Australia are mentioned in the story. ... display the natural habitat of one of these animals by standing a large cardboard box (or Laundry soap container cut open in the front or back) and decorating the interior. (with the habitat of its species). Place a large cutout of the animal and general information about it in the (container). (This is called a diorama.) Which of the animals are marsupials? The second book to read and do activities with is called Where the Forest Meets the Sea by Jeannie Baker (New York:Greenwillow Books, 1987. This section of activities are from Grandma's book (2) but she also has activities covering this book in her Book (6). "Summary: On a boat trip with his father to a remote area of Australia, a young boy recalls the history of the Daintree Rain Forest and imagines what the forest will be like in the future. 1. In several of the pictures in this book, there are faint images of life forms that once inhabited the forest. Choose one of the life forms and write a story describing its feelings about the changes it saw feelings about the changes it saw taking place in the forest. How did the changes effect its way of life? 2. As the boy begins to walk through the forest, the author tells us that "now the forest is easy to walk in." As a class, brainstorm the following questions: a. What does the author's statement mean? b. What do you believe a walk through the forest was like in the past? c. How has it changed? 3. The young boy stops to wonder how long it would take for a tree in the forest to become fully grown. Why do you think the author draws our attention to this thought? Find out how trees grow from seeds. Draw a diagram to illustrate the process. How can the age of a tree be 4. The first people to live in Australia were the Aborigines. Compare their traditional culture to their present way of life. 5. As the trip with his father ends, the boy imagines the future of the forest. What does he envision it to be like? Make a list of the pros and cons of his vision." From Book (6) it says,"One read through this extraordinary book and the reader feels as though he or she has indeed visited an exotic Australian rain forest. But the sad message at the book's end is that the Australian rain forest, like other ecosystems around the world, is in grave danger of being destroyed. And young readers may be surprised to learn that the beautiful rain forest"s most dangerous enemy is us. Before Reading Where the Forest Meets the Sea • Help the (children) locate Australia on a map. Ask the children to describe what they imagine a rain forest must look like. Tell them tat you are going to share a book which illustrates Australia's rain forest, located on the northeast coast of Australia. After Reading Where the Forest meets the Sea • Ask the children if Australia's rain forest looks like a place they'd like to visit. Show the children where the Great Barrier Reef lies in relationship to Australia and the rain forest. Read about the reef in an encyclopedia to find out why it is so important to Australia's ecology. Follow-up Activities Learning Australian Lingo Have children scan the book to locate and list unfamiliar words (e.g., reef, cockatoo, creepers, aboriginal). Tell children that good readers often take guesses at the meanings of unfamiliar words. Encourage the children to guess at the meaning of each word they listed and to share reasonings for their guesses. Point out that readers often use context cues (other words and illustrations) to lend meaning to the unfamiliar words. Then, have the children look the words up in the dictionary to see if they guessed correctly. Relief Collages Share with the (children) the notes following the story which describe how the author/illustrator developed the relief collages she uses to illustrate the text. Then, take a closer look at each lush and detailed illustration. Can the children identify the materials the artist used? Can they find the midden and transparent pictures present in most of the settings? Ask children why they think the "hidden" pictures were included by the artist/illustrator. (Possibly they suggest animals and people who have inhabited the rain forest.) After examining the illustrations, provide students with pieces of cardboard or oaktag, clay, natural moss (available in plant and craft stores) and glue. Then, take a nature walk and allow children to collect additional natural materials (e.g., leaves, bark, shells, dirt, sand, grass, etc.) Back (at home), have the children glue the natural materials on the cardboard to create relief collages. Then, have the children draw full-body portraits of themselves on construction paper. Cut and glue fabric bits to the paper dolls to represent that some of the natural materials overlap the dolls, Have children describe the natural spot they have replicated to others. Display the reliefs for all to enjoy. (Variation In lieu of paper dolls, actual likenesses of the children may be trimmed from photographs ... and used in the collage arrangement.) Understanding Australia's Eco-Threats Have the (children) study the unusual illustration on the last two pages of the story. Have the children describe what they see. The author/illustrator uses these pages to hint at the problems which could threaten the rain forest. ... (Use the table below to:) Help the children list the problems foreshadowed in the book, and then help them list reasons why these problems threaten to harm or destroy the rain forest. In the third column have children list possible ways the threats can be averted. Problems threatening to Change Australia's Why Changes Will Hurt Environment Day 153 and 154 Posted on April 24, 2014 at 11:57 AM Comments comments (21) Well The car still had a problem. It was a little thin washer on the axel. We had bought two differential parts, and a part on the back of the transmission. This little washer may have been the problem causing everything else. I am not sure, but it made it where Grandma could not go to the library and work yesterday well enough two little step great grandchildren to entertain. What fun! I am sorry! Hopefully, this will be the end of our problems. However, Grandma will put the two days together again. Grandma also realized she wanted to cover the Continents of Australia and South American before the school season is over. Australia starts with A, therefore, this time of year it seems to fit into the lessons and I like to have it within the month of April so it will be covered today. I hope you all remembered the other day and Grandma will review it as part of the posting to do your tasks; Childrobotics; physical education of sports or dancing else the health learning of our bodies in the study of our eyes, teeth, ears, minds, skin, organs, muscles, and bones as well as healthy food or things not so good for us; some math of some kind; science of experiments, inventions, space, plants, animals, and insects; language of ABC's, words, vocabulary, sentence structure, and spelling; writing and styles of writing; newspapers; journals; yearbooks; and family scrapbooks and recipes as well as any history included. Read History from the Bible in 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians then follow the Introductions and the exercises included from Faith Alive. The Introduction for 1 Corinthians is as follows: Whom...did God inspire to write this book? The apostle Paul wrote 1 Corinthians. This is the secon of Paul's thirteen books in the Bible. To Whom...was this letter first written? This book is the first of two letters Paul sent to Christians in Corinth, a port city in Greece very much like our big cities today. Paul knew Corinth well from his missionary visits (Acts 18:1-8; 20:1-3). When...was this letter written? This book was written about A.D. 57, probably from the city of Ephesus. How...does 1 Corinthians show us God's love? The book of 1 Corinthians shows that God loves his people even when they fall into all kinds of sins. The Corinthians were guilty of sins even their unbelieving neighbors would not commit. But God offered them the one and only remedy, and a simple one at that: the cross of Jesus. Jesus' death on the cross is the answer for all of our problems. What...special messages does this book give us? Paul wrote this book to help the Corinthians solve problems in their church. The Corinthians were struggling with quarrels, sexual sins, lawsuits against each other, selfishness, and misunderstandings about Holy Communion and Jesus' resurrection. Paul wrote especially to help the Corinthians love one another. ...are some important teachings in this book? Christians united, not divided. 1 Cor. 1:10-17 God's power and wisdom in Christ. 1 Cor. 1:18-31 Avoiding sin. 1 Cor. 6:9-11 Temples of the Holy Spirit. 1 Cor. 6:18-20 Married or single, both God pleasing. 1 Cor. 7:1-40 Holy Communion, the true body and blood of Jesus. 1 Cor. 10:16-17; 11:17-34 Different roles from men and women. 1 Cor. 11:3-16; 14:33-35 Each person important. 1 Cor. 12:12-31 Real love. 1 Cor. 13:1-13 Jesus is alive. 1 Cor. 15:3-8 We will be resurrected too. 1 Cor. 15:35-58 Now follow and do the exercises in Faith Alive for 1 Corinthians starting with "Let's Live It! 1 Corinthians 1:18-31 Thank you, Mr. Know-It-All--Do you know a Mr. Know-It-All? A know-it-all is somebody who thinks he or she knows everything. Well, nobody does, right? But lots of people think they do. Read 1 Corinthians 1:18-31. Here's something not even Mr. Know-It-All could have figured out: how we could be saved from our sins. We were saved by Jesus dying! Seemed pretty foolish. Jesus looked pretty helpless. Turns out, by dying, he took away our sins and gave us eternal life. Pretty clever! And we don't have to be a know-it-all to get it. Life In Bible Times-Temple Meat Markets--The meat of animals sacrificed to pagan gods was sold in markets that were part of pagan temples. Most city people in New Testament times bought their meat at these markets. Let' Live It! 1 Corinthians 10:16-17 Really Present--The night before he died on the cross, Jesus took bread and wine and gave it to his disciples. Christians have been eating and drinking this special meal ever since. What did Jesus mean when he said, "This is my body" and "my blood" (Matthew 26:26,28)? When Jesus said, "This is my body," he meant this is his body. When he said, "This is my blood," he meant this is his blood. Jesus meant what he said. In Holy Communion, we actually receive the very body of Jesus, who died on the cross. We actually receive His true blood, shed for the forgiveness of our sins. Christ gives his body and blood in, with, and under the consecrated (blessed) bread and wine. We call this the "real presence."(how true this is meant, Grandma believes also if not the sharing of Jesus spirit with us meaning his power to become him as much as we can do. Meaning it gives us the power to do as he did and believed as well as the spiritual power to stay true to God and not falter to other beliefs.) Words to Remember 1 Corinthians 10;16 Is not the cup...a participation in the blood of Christ? Let's Live It! 1 Corinthians 11:23-29 Why the Lord's Supper?--Read 1 Corinthians 11:23-29 Why the Lord's Supper?--Read 1 Corinthians 11:23-29 Why the big deal? The big deal is that Holy Communion gives us everything Jesus came to give! It all starts with Jesus' words: "This is my body,... This is my blood.. for the forgiveness of sins" (Matthew 26:26,28). On the cross, Jesus' body was killed, his blood was shed, for the sins of the world. When we receive his body and blood in Communion, we also receive that forgiveness! But there's more. It's our sin that makes us die. But because Jesus has forgiven our sins, death can't hurt us anymore; nothing can keep us out of heaven. Holy Communion strengthens our assurance about the eternal life that is ours right now by faith in Christ Jesus. Did You Know? 1 Corinthians 12:1 What are spiritual gifts? Spiritual gifts are special abilities the Holy Spirit gives to Christians. Spiritual gifts let us help other people become stronger Christians. There are many different kinds of spiritual gifts. Let's Live It! 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 Love Is--God's perfect love empowers us to love him and others. Read 1 Corinthians 13:4-7. This passage explains something of how, by the power of God, a loving person will treat others. Write on a different 3 x5 card each thing these verses say Christian love is. At mealtime, when your whole family is together, draw one of the cards. Have each person tell about a time when someone showed this kind of love to him or her. Did You Know? 1 Corinthians 4:23 What is speaking in tongues? Speaking in tongues is a spiritual gift that let early Christians speak in unknown languages. Paul had this gift. But Paul said that it is better for people with this spiritual gift to use ordinary talk in church, so everyone can understand what they are saying. Words to Remember 1 Corinthians 15:57 Thanks be to God! He gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. Life in Bible Times- A House Church--The homes wealthy Christians like Aquila and Priscilla (see 1 Corinthians 16:19) were large, with a garden-like area in the middle. Christians went to homes like these to worship instead of to church buildings." Here is a version of House Churches Today and Talk of the Two Houses of Israel. Grandma wanted a picture of a stone with stucco square house with an entrance to an open garden in the middle much like a fort with rooms in the corners and an open covered area of another corner with a shed on the outside. Some homes in the village my husband came from in Mexico are formed this way. I could not find a picture of them. However, I hope the two video's I pulled up are knowledgeable. Next Grandma will cover 2 Corinthians of the Bible starting with the Introduction from Faith Alive and then the exercises. Following is the Introduction: How...does 2 Corinthians show us God's love? The book of 2 Corinthians shows the power of God's love to accomplish its wonderful purposes. In 1 Corinthians, Paul was force to condemn the church for many sins and one man especially for terrible sexual sin (1 Corinthians 5:1-13). By the time Paul wrote 2 Corinthians, though, God's warning had brought the people to repentance. Now God's Word speaks gentle comfort and forgiveness. Whom...did God inspire to write this book? The apostle Paul wrote 2 Corinthians. This is the third of thirteen books by Paul appearing in the Bible. To Whom...was this letter first written? This book is the second letter that Paul sent to Christians in the city of Corinth, in Greece. When...was this letter written? This book was written about A.D. 58 from Macedonia. What...special messages does this book give us? The book of 2 Corinthians lets the Corinthians know that God is continuing to love and care for them despite their sins and sufferings. This is one of the Bible's most comforting books for anyone who is hurting. ...are some important teachings in this book? Our prayers help leaders. 2 Corinthians 1:8-11 Forgive those who repent. 2 Corinthians 2:5-11 We are reconciled to God. 2 Corinthians 5:11-21 God loves a cheerful giver. 2 Corinthians 9:6-15 Help for the weak. 2 Corinthians 12:7-10 Now follow the exercises starting with "Life In Bible Times-Corinth--Corinth was an important port city lying on a narrow strip of land between two seas. Cargoes were landed at Corinth and carried overland to the other sea. Let's Live It! 2 Corinthians 1:8-11 He Has Delivered Us, Too--Read 2 Corinthians 1:8-11. To find out about the "deadly peril" Paul was in, read 2 Corinthians 11:23-29. Most people have hardships and even feel despair at times. Ask your mom or dad or your grandparents if God has delivered them from any really hard times. Ask them to tell you about what happened. It is good to know that God, who delivered your mom and dad, will deliver you too. Words to Remember 2 Corinthians 3:18 We ... are being transformed into his likeness. Let's Live It! 2 Corinthians 3:1-3 Reading God's Mail--How does God send letters to people today? Read 2 Corinthians 3:1-3 to find out. Christians can be a letter from Christ by doing what is right, by loving others, and by telling others about Jesus. Think about it...what kind of letter are you? What do your friends and relatives see and think bout Jesus when they look at you? Life In Bible Times-Treasure!--Archaeologists have found treasures of silver in cheap clay pots. Clay pots were common, and thousands were made. But they were sometimes used to store the valuable and the precious. Did You Know? 2 Corinthians 5:20 What is reconciliation? To reconcile means to get together again as friends. Jesus died for our sins so we could get together with God and be his friends. God wants us to tell our friends about Jesus, so they can become God's friends too. Life in Bible Times-Sending a Letter--Many New Testament books were letters that were sent to churches. There was no post office. People wrapped up the letters carefully, tied the, and asked travelers to take them to friends. Did You Know? 2 Corinthians 8:14 Why do Christians give? Paul urged Christians to give to help other Christians who were hungry. Christians are not to give offerings because they have to, but because God has given so generously to them. Let's Live It! 2 Corinthians 9:6-11 Why Give?--God wants us to give some of our money to help others. And he wants us to do it cheerfully. He promises, then, to make sure we always have enough. Read 2 Corinthians 9:6-11. Giving is something everyone can do. Do you have an allowance or a job for which you get paid? After reading these verses, how much of your allowance can you give cheerfully? Let's Live It! 2 Corinthians 12:7-10 What Makes Us Strong--"I can't," ten-year-old Jimmy wailed. "I just can't do it." Jimmy could be talking about one of these things: Telling the neighbors he broke their window. Taking a hard test at school. Memorizing the multiplication tables. Going back to school after everyone had laughed at him. Standing up in front of everyone at church to recite a poem he memorized. If you were to say, "I can't do it," what would you probably be talking about? Read 2 Corinthians 12:7-10. Perhaps feeling weak might make you more likely to ask God for help. What will happen if Jimmy asks God to help him with the situations listed above?" Now Grandma will move on to the Calendar History in Book (1). In starting off with April 24 Book (1) says it is Children's Day in Iceland. It says it also World Day for Laboratory Animals. In 1822 James Pierpont, American composer noted for "Jingle Bells", was born. In 1911 Evaline Ness, children's author, was born. In 1800 The Library of Congress was established with a fund of $5,000. Book (1) says, "In 1800, when President John Adams signed the bill moving the nation's capital from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., he also approved funding for a reference library for Congress. Today, the Library of Congress has more than 81 million items. One of its most precious items is a copy of the Gutenberg Bible. How many items does your school library have? Challenge students to find the most unusual or valuable item in the collection. Then in 1833 The Soda Fountain was patented. Next Grandma must cover April 25th and 26th. April 25th is Friday and in 1874 Guglielmo Marconi, Italian Inventor of wireless telegraphy, was born. In 1927 Alvin Schwartz, children's author, was born. In 1507 The German geographer Martin Waldseemuller published the First Map of the New World, which he name "America" in the mistaken belief that it had been discovered by Amerigo Vespucci. In 1719 The first edition of Robinson Crusoe was published. In 1805 Lewis and Clark reached the junction of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers. In 1859 Construction began on the Suez Canal. April 26th which is Saturday is also part of this weeks lessons. It has more activities in it. In 1785 John James Audubon, American ornithologist and artist, was born. Book (1) says, " John James Audubon used watercolors to paint wild birds of 19th-century America. His Birds of America contained 435 colored engravings. Challenge your students to look through a copy of this volume and find a bird that no longer exists. Then have the kids investigate why the species disappeared." In 1900 Charles Richter, American seismologist who developed a 10-point scale for measuring earthquake intensity, was born. Then in 1935 Patricia Reilly Giff, children's author, was born. Book (1) says, " Author Patricia Reilly Giff taught school for nearly 20 years before writing her first story. One of her motivations for becoming a writer was to make children laugh. Why is it important to laugh? Have your (children) make a ... list of authors and books that make them laugh." In 1607 Captain John Smith and 150 colonists aboard three vessels arrived at Cape Henry, Va., from Portsmouth, England. Then in 1777 Sybil Ludington, 16, rode horseback 40 miles to inform patriot militias of the British attack on Danbury, Conn. Book (1) says, "After the British raided nearby Danbury, Conn., Sybil Ludington rode her horse through the night to muster volunteers to meet the Redcoat threat. Have your (children) write a story detailing a similar act of heroism with a modern-day setting." Last in 1865 Lincoln assassin John Wilkes Booth was cornered in a barn near Bowling Green, Va., and shot. Now Grandma will begin some lessons on Australia and possibly cover at least one book from there. Grandma is obtaining her information about Australia from her book (2) and Youtube. "Australia is the smallest continent and the only continent that is also a country. Australia lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere and is located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and southeast of Asia. Because of its location under the equator, the continent is sometimes referred to as being "down under." Australia is divided into six states and two territories. Australia is the world's driest continent. It is covered mainly by deserts and dry grasslands. Artesian wells are an important source of water. Most of the people live along the eastern coastline and are of British ancestry. Australia has three main land areas. The Eastern Highlands area, sometimes called the Great Dividing Range, is located along the Eastern coastline. It extends into Tasmania and is the most populated area of the continent. This region is covered by rich farmland. The Australian Alps, a mountain range formed by volcanic eruptions, also extend through this region. The Central Lowlands area is generally a flat region. Wheat is grown in the southern part of this region. The rest of the region is too hot and dry to grow crops. The dry, grassy area is good for grazing. Desert land also exists in this region. The Western Plateau covers two thirds of Australia. Deserts cover the central area, while grassy, grazing areas are found in the northeastern part. One third of Australia is covered by deserts. One of the most spectacular land formations, the Ayers Rock, is located in this region. Paintings by the Aborigines, the first known inhabitants of Australia, cover the walls of caves in this formation. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, is located off the northeast coastline. Over 400 species of coral and hundreds of rare forms of sea life inhabit this reef, which stretches over 1200 miles. Many unique animals live on this continent. They include the echidna and platypus, which are egg-laying mammals. Kangaroos, koalas, wombats, and wallabies are marsupials that live in Australia. Australia is the world's leading exporter of wool. There are nine sheep to every person on this continent. Other major farm products include cattle, wheat, sugar cane, and fruit. The continent also is a leading producer of bauxite. Most of the world's high-quality opals come from Australian mines. Australia Regions New South Wales South Australia Western Australia Mainland Territories Australian Capital Territory Northern Territory Other Territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island More Topics to Research Aborigines Emu Colombo Plan Boomerang Ayers Rock Australian Terrier Sheep raising Mt. Kosciusko Bottle tree Coral Sea Seasons Polyp Marsupials Australian Cattle Dog Indian Ocean Great Victoria Desert Platypus Natural Pearls Tasman Sea Snowy Mountain Scheme Education (in remote areas) ANZUS Royal Flying Doctor Service Australian Flag The language" Now Link to Australia1 for some information. Some activities to do Concerning Australia are as follows from book (2): As Different As Night and Day List 10 ways these continents are different. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________ 5. ____________________________________________________ 6. ____________________________________________________ 7. ____________________________________________________ 8. ____________________________________________________ 9. ____________________________________________________ 10. ____________________________________________________ 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________________ 9. ________________________________________________________ 10. ________________________________________________________ It's How You Play the Game The climate of Australia is very mild in most areas. This makes it possible for the people to enjoy many types of sports. Australians are highly competitive and believe strongly in good sportsmanship. Since most of the people live near the coast, Australians enjoy a variety of water sports. Some of the most popular activities, however, are the team sports of cricket, soccer, and rugby. These games were brought to Australia by settlers from Great Britain. Select a team sport played in Australia. Write a paragraph describing the game. Include the number of players required and the rules of the game. Share your description with a friend. 8th Wonder of the World The Great Barrier Reef, sometimes called the "eight wonder of the world, " is the largest chain of coral reefs on earth. Some scientists believe that the reef is millions of years old. It is located off the northeast coast of Australia. A large variety of sea life inhabits the reef. It is illegal to take any of the coral. Read about this special place. Choose one life form that makes the reef its home. Make a cutout of the species and glue it to a piece of paper on which you have written a short descriptive paragraph. Attach your paper to a wall or a poster board. All oceans have currents. These are the general movements of the water. To find out more about currents and the directions they travel, scientists throw drift bottles into the oceans and trace their routes. Bottles have also been used to signal for help. The notes in the bottles are called S.O.S (Save Our Ship) messages. Pretend you have been shipwrecked along the coast of Australia in the town of _________________. Write an S.O.S. message on the "bottle." Include your location (town, latitude, and longitude), the crops that are grown in the region, and two native animals that you have seen. Say Cheese You have been selected to "photograph" a fiction book for a major magazine. After reading the book, complete two "photos" of events from the story that would definitely not happen in real life Complete two "photos" of events that could happen in real life. If you read a realistic fiction book, complete four "photos" of events that could happen in real life. Write a caption for each picture. Draw a pretend picture on plain paper of each type of events. Label it with the Name of the book, author of the book, main characters, and the setting Aboriginal Art Study some of the Natives art and design some of your own; for Grandma will have to stop here and give you activities for two books on Monday. Take care.
Adam Weishaupt To understand why Adam Weishaupt is a Saint in our church, we must examine the man and his works, and look for that which Crowley saw in him. Jean Adam Weishaupt was born February 6th, 1748, in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. His father died when he was young and his guidance entrusted in his godfather, Baron Johann Adam Ickstatt, curator of the University of Ingolstadt, who promptly turned his education over to the Jesuits of his institution. Ickastatt was to ultimately liberalize the University, lifting bans on books, establishing chairs in public law and political economy, and generally lessening the power of the resident Jesuits. Luckily, Weishaupt was allowed free range in his godfather’s library and his “questioning spirit was deeply impressed by the brilliant though pretentious works of the French ‘philosophers’”, saving him from the conservative, clerical leanings of the Jesuits, which instead pushed him toward anti-church sentiment. His expansive personal readings and intellectual repression by the Society of Jesus combined led him to develop his individual will: “he would deliver others from their bondage to outworn beliefs, he would make it his duty to rescue men from the errors into which the race had been long plunged. His object in life thus early determined, he threw himself with great zeal into the study of law, economics, politics, history, and philosophy.” He quickly rose in prominence after graduating from the university in 1768, going in five years from tutor to assistant instructor to chair of canon law, a position previously held by the Jesuits for over 90 years, causing great resentment in that camp. Two years later, he became dean of the faculty of law, at the age of 27. The Jesuits, resentful of his meteoric rise and their growing distress at his voicing unrestrained criticism of ecclesiastical intolerance and bigotry, intrigued against him, protesting payment of his salary and disseminating the idea that he was a dangerous free-thinker. Weishaupt himself furnished secret reports to his godfather’s successor calculated to reflect on the Jesuit professors unfavorably. A squabble ensued, reinforcing Weishaupt’s anticlericism. His reflections on the history of mystery schools and the influence exerted by secret cults of old, led him to seek the opportunity to propagate his views through the current Masonic institutions. His readings of Masonic books however, persuaded him that the “mysteries of Freemasonry were too puerile and too accessible to the general public to make them worthwhile.” He would instead, go it his own, forming a secret organization, comprising concealed ‘schools of wisdom’ “wherein those truths which the folly and egotism the priests banned from the public chairs of education might be taught with perfect freedom to susceptible youths. This Order, whose chief function would be teaching, had the ultimate goal of attaining human progress, the perfection of morals, and the achievement of happiness for all. On May 1, 1776, 233 years and two days ago, he founded this organization, the Order of the Illuminati, also known as the Bavarian Illuminati. There were three primary grades: Novice, Minerval, and Illuminated Minerval. Youths who where rich, virtuous, eager to learn, and persevering of nature were encouraged in a certain course of study, suggesting the advantages of secret association of likeminded men, the superiority of the social state over that of nature, the dependence of all governments upon the consent of the governed, and the delight of knowing and directing men. Upon completion, they entered a novitiate period of at least two years, where they studied under their enroller, the only member known to them. During this time, they were to perfect their moral character, expand their principles of humanity and sociability, to grow their interest in thwarting the schemes of evil men, assisting oppressed virtue, and helping men to find their true place in the world, first finding their own through the complete recording, examination, and reporting of their lives and family, the subordination of their egoistic views and interests, and an absolute fealty to their superiors in the order. Monthly reports of their benefits from and service to the order were also required. Soon, they were set to work at recruiting and could not advance without success in these efforts. The initiation to Minerval disabused the candidate of any lingering suspicion that the goal of the order was the subjugation of the rich and powerful, or the overthrow of the civil and ecclesiastical governments, but instead to be useful to humanity, to maintain silence and an unbreakable fidelity, to obey, unconditionally, the rules of the order, and to sacrifice all personal interests to the higher purpose of the society. Admitted to the rank of Minerval, the candidate received the statutes of the Order and additional duties and obligations, with special emphasis on his studies. He was free to call on the assistance of Minervals in his area with the prosecution of his labor and was expected to assemble with them monthly to discuss their works. He also could expect the assistance, encouragement, and good reference of his superiors in his researches, any travel ensuing, and the publication and marketing of his works, if he so desired. Minerval initiates who were judged worthy of advancement were admitted to the grade of Illuminated Minerval, where it was communicated the expectation that they continue the progressive purification of their lives as they worked their way upward in the order, and that the mastery of the direction of men be their special pursuit as long as they remain in this grade. To do this, they must observe and study constantly the actions, desires, motivations, faults, and virtues of the group of Minerval initiates placed under his personal direction, for which he was given extensive written instructions. The further grades of this organization devoted both to the perfection of self and to the redemption of the world as conceived by Weishaupt were only sketchily envisioned, finally being added when a rich and organizational minded benefactor Baron von Knigge came onto the scene in 1780. In the Illuminati, Knigge was named Philo, after the Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, who used allegory to synthesize Greek philosophy and Judaism, and Weishaupt was Spartacus, after the Thracean gladiator that led a famous, devastating, and unfulfilled slave revolt against the Romans. You can see that the Illuminati are a worth antecedent to O.T.O., which Crowley indicates represents the Current of Scientific Illuminism in our past. As Kenneth Grant says in the Magical Revival, “the ‘Lost Word’ in Weishaupt’s system is Man. The recovery of this Word required that man should find himself again; that the redemption of humanity is to be effected through and by man; that man should govern himself and throw off the shackles of alien powers and controls. In a word, he should become a king by his own right, by virtue of his own primal inheritanceÉ in Crowley’s system, the idea of the “kingly man” became paramount; it is synonymous with being a Thelemite, i.e. one who has discovered his True Will (Thelema) and is capable of doing it. Hence, Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.” Grant also points out that in 1895 Karl Kellner carried on the system begun with the Illuminati and living through the Masons and Martinist, through the works of Cagliostro, Mesmer, Engel, Steiner and Hartman, when he founded the O.T.O, and was further developed by Ruess and Hartman upon Kellner’s death in 1905. The Point within the Circle, taken by Weishaupt as the symbol for the Illuminati is also found within our system, as not only the hieroglyph for the sun and the god Horus, but symbolic of Crowley’s addition to the system, the union of Nuit with Hadit, which is, to quote Grant, “emblematic of Consciousness and its projection as a ray of light. The union of the Circle (Nuit) and the Point (Hadit) formulates their ‘child’, or combined wills, expressed as Ra-Hoor-Khuit;” these also represent the abstract expressions of Love and Will, twin components of the magical equation known as the Law of Thelema.
newer older Payback and Breakeven Calculations: The cost, $5-$7 per watt of installed capacity, includes the turbine and all the electrical equipment. There is a mini-sized, 6-kilowatt system with 15 turbines that AeroVironment sells for $34,500. It is estimated that with okay wind conditions, this system generates the equivalent of $1,000 worth of retail priced electricity per year. You do the math, and if you assume that there are no tax benefits or abnormally high electricity prices, it will take 34.5 years to breakeven on this investment. That's kind of high. Even still, I understand that there may be other motivating concerns for making the purchase, such as the ability to mitigate blackouts or advertise your green colors to your eco-concerned customers. However, one must consider the opportunity cost of the investment. If I were considering the project, I would not invest in this type of technology unless there was a payback period of something like ten years. The reason I choose ten years is because the technology in this field will continue to rapidly evolve and develop. As that happens, prices will drop, and your money will be wrapped up in gold-plated turbines on the roof. So while it's important to pay the price for innovation, it's also good to be smart about paying that price. Product Pricing: Aero_avx400_solitary As I recall from courses on product pricing, the total cost of a product is a function of variable and total costs. On top of that price, there can be a premium charged to make a profit. So when companies, like AeroVironment who have tons of money wrapped up in research and development, come upon a potentially viable product, how do they decide to price it? It seems that they price the product to get all the research and development costs back. They want to cover the red and get into the black as soon as possible, so the tendency is to price high and gradually lower the price after the early adopters have all shot their wads. If I were the costing manager, I’d think about the absolute minimum … the variable cost of creating the marginal wind turbine. If you produce one more fan, what are the costs associated with making that one fan only (i.e., metal, plastic, part orders, and labor). Then I would add 10% to cover fixed costs and 10% to go to profits. At that point, if the product is still too expensive to penetrate the market, then there’s a business plan problem. The reason I advocate such a slim margin of profit is because this technology needs to be widely adopted. I’d push the sales department for the tipping point, where the market goes nuts over adopting the wind turbine parapet and where the company’s bottom line turns from red, to black, to green. In conclusion, I’m confident that this turbine has the ability to disrupt the status quo of current technologies. Regardless, $34,500 might be a little too much ... Extra Links: +Treehugger Post +Seven Generational Ruminations Post When AeroVironment decided to develop their turbines, they made that choice based on the fact that for some application, they would be able to sell their product for the $5-$7 to specialist applications such as off grid and high wind areas. After they have sold to those buyers, they will have to drop their prices to reach a larger market. If they had initially assumed that they would price the product as you suggest, they probably would have never developed it in the first place. A world in which all items are priced only for volume production would have very little innovation, since no products would be developed unless there was an absolute assurance that they could be sold in great volumes. Think about the pre-glasnost Soviet economy. Developing clean, renewable technology is something worth paying extra for. The wonderful thing is that, as the true costs of fossil fuels are recognized, and the technologies develop further, we will eventually find ourselves with the technology we want at the price we want. Tom thanks for dropping by and leaving your comments. You have some excellent points. On pricing, you mentioned that innovators deserve to be paid, and I completely agree--it's the capitalist's way. As opposed to volume producing, I was thinking about pricing to get purchasers in between say, Walmart and Whole Foods. Price the product to get less demand than a Walmart, but more demand than a niche product. You're definitely right, however, and I'm curious to see how the product will do. I hope it does well. It's currently very hard to install turbines in populated areas, because most have height restrictions which make towers difficult to zone. This seems like an ingenious solution to that problem. I look forward to the day that these turbines are selling at Whole Foods prices (as opposed to the current Saks 5th), but eventually we will have turbines selling at WalMart prices. That's the holy grail: when Bubba drives his plug-in hybrid biodiesel pickup to Walmart to pick up another turbine for his trailer so he can charge the pickup while the (SEER 50) A/C is at running full blast. Mini-wind turbines have become much more eficient over recent years and recently ive had the pleasure of using a new blade design that uses the horizontal-axis design and its extremely quiet. Your comments are baised and out of place. Take a look at Cleanfield Energy with the V3.5. They just announced a order for 3,000 unit order. That's why these wind turbine companies will ultimately fail. They don't even know how to introduce sustainable energy and are costing it too high. The result being that most people won't buy into it until fossil fuel depletion is at such an advanced rate that it will be impossible for enough turbines to be made fast enough. If companies operated beyond 5 year plans and ROI and making rich investors even richer, they could actually achieve social responsibility and serve the civilization that makes their thievery possible. Put the researchers and scientists in charge and send the MBAs back to university to get an education. check this site also... thanks in advance.. The comments to this entry are closed. newer older © 2006-2010 Jetson Green, LLC - all rights reserved
Yellowjackets wasp Top Wasp Extermination Near you. Call Us Now For Estimate And Fast Service! Experts in Removing Wasps From Homes. We Are Here To Help Do-It-Yourself & Save! Affordable Pest Solutions. Free Shipping & Expert Advice Notable species European yellowjackets, the German wasp ( Vespula germanica ), and the common wasp ( Vespula vulgaris) were originally... The North American yellowjacket ( Vespula alascensis ), eastern yellowjacket ( Vespula maculifrons ), western... Southern yellowjacket ( Vespula squamosa). Yellowjacket wasps are black-and-yellow wasps of the genus Vespula or Dolichovespula (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata). Yellowjacket wasps can be identified by their distinctive combination of black-and-yellow colour, small size (slightly larger than a bee), and entirely black antennae. In some parts of the [ German yellowjackets make papery, gray soccer or football shaped nests, which are usually attached to structures. Eastern and common yellowjackets build similar nests, but they are tan and usually underground. Yellowjackets are social wasps, living in large colonies of a queen, males and workers Vespula germanica (European wasp, German wasp, or German yellowjacket) is a species of wasp found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, native to Europe, Northern Africa, and temperate Asia. It has spread and become well-established in many other places, including North America, South America (Argentina and Chile), Australia, and New Zealand Yellow jackets are the most common type of predatory/carnivorous wasp in the US and Canada. They belong to the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. Most have the distinctive yellow and black bands on their bodies and hence the name. Some feature a red base color, while others like the bald-faced hornet feature black and white strips Yellowjackets are defensive, and never attack unprovoked. You may not intend to step near their nest or take away their hamburger on your plate, but they define what is their space and react predictably to intrusions. A colony that has been disturbed is much more likely to defend itself. It is possible to sit next to an undisturbed yellowjacket nest and observe them quietly without any. Wilmington Wasp Exterminator - Save $100 Off Service Toda The Yellowjacket and one species of Paper Wasps are nearly identical in appearance to the untrained eye. They are both yellow and black, with the colors falling into a similar striped pattern. The only recognizable physical distinction between the two is the body type (paper wasps are much thinner near the waist and is larger than Yellowjackets). However, unless the insect stays still long enough for you to get a good look, you will probably not be able to differentiate. It could also be. The German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica, is more of an urban wasp and frequently nests in houses! It only appeared in the US in 1975, but it has overtaken the eastern species as the dominant type in parts of the country. Vespula germanica known as the European wasp, German wasp, or German yellowjacket Also, paper wasps have elongate bodies with a thin, wasp-like waist. Yellowjackets are more stocky and the waist is not apparent. Misconception: Those aren't wasps, those are bees. Many people think yellowjackets are not wasps because they are do not have long thin bodies. Instead they think yellowjackets are bees because of the similarity of the body form. Some people even refer to. Wasp Extermination - Same Day Services Availabl Do My Own Pest Control - Professional Grade Product The term wasp is a general term that both hornets and yellowjackets are part of. In other words all hornets and yellowjackets are wasps, but not all wasps are hornets or yellowjackets. Both hornets and yellowjackets will defend their nest if threatened Yellowjackets are aggressive, stinging wasps from the genus Vespula and Dolichovespula that typically have a yellow and black banded abdomen.There are several local species that fit this description. Yellowjackets can easily be distinguished from paper wasps, which comparatively have a longer waist and legs Hornets, Wasps and Yellowjackets - Home and Garden IPM Yellowjacket - Wikipedi Best Deal on Wasp Removal Near you. Call Us Now for Estimate and Fast Service! Environmentally Responsible Extermination Services and Quality Guarante Hornets, yellowjackets and paper wasps are not hairy and have elongated bodies and bold coloring of black, yellow, orange and creamy white. Bees are beneficial pollinators. Wasps are beneficial insect predators. Bees and wasps are usually non-aggressive unless trapped or their nest is disturbed. The western and European yellowjacket female wasps are the two notorious villains of the bees and. Yellowjackets, sometimes known as hornets, are wasps that are black and yellow or white. Common pest species in the Northwest are the western yellowjacket, the common yellowjacket, and the German yellowjacket. A wasp that is commonly mistaken for a yellowjacket is the paper wasp As summer wanes, colony life for German yellowjackets, bald-faced hornets and paper wasps also starts to slow down. In the fall, you may notice a rush of workers fending for themselves, seeking. Types of Wasps Yellowjackets. Most people recognize yellow jackets (Paravespula) as the uninvited guests at many picnics. They are all social wasps that build, and vigorously defend, ground nests or aerial nests. As the colony grows over the course of a summer, the need for food expands. The presence of a sweet tooth partially explains their scavenging ways at picnics and barbecues. Many. Frequently Asked Questions about Yellow Jackets - San Yellowjacket Wasp - Facts, Sting & Habitat Informatio 1. Wasps Facts. A request for your assistance on a survey of the yellowjackets in southern California. The yellowjacket wasp program at UC Riverside is a collaboration between the laboratories of professors P. Kirk Visscher, and Michael Rust. Rick Vetter, in Dr. Visscher's lab and Don Reierson, in Dr. Rust's lab are Staff Research Associates. 3. Yellowjackets and hornets, the picnic pests that have given wasps a bad name, make up a small proportion of all wasp species. But even they provide help that is little known, such as hoovering up. Paper wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets all belong to the same family—the Vespidae—and they all provide extraordinarily important ecological services. Specifically, they help us through pollination, predation, and parasitism. Put simply, without wasps, we would be overrun with insect pests, and we would have no figs—and no Fig Newtons. Hornets and paper wasps prey on other insects and. Paper wasps and yellowjackets and their nests should be avoided and not disturbed. Wasps and bees often visit garbage cans in picnic areas and other recreation sites, so it is best to avoid sitting or standing next to such sites. When wasps are common in recreation areas, carefully look for wasps and bees before sitting on the ground and check your food or drink before consumption. Stings. Yellowjackets (or Yellow Jackets) and hornets are both wasps. They're both members of the Vespidae family, a group of insects that have vertically folded wings and pronotums that expand back to the tegulae , looking like a triangle when you see it from a lateral point of view Yellowjackets are highly aggressive wasps that like to build their nests tucked away. They tend to be attracted to your home because of all the nooks they have to choose from. You will often see a nest in attics, between walls, under eaves, and inside recycling bins where sugars are common. Yellowjackets are a highly risky pest to keep around. They are aggressive and, unlike bees, they can. Yellowjackets, hornets and paper wasps Erin Hodgson Extension Entomology Specialist Alan Roe Insect Diagnostician Fig. 1. Yellowjacket.1 Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory ENT-19-07 May 2007 What You Should Know • Yellowjackets, hornets and wasps are closely-related social wasps commonly found in Utah. • All social wasps are capable of. Yellowjackets, wasps, and hornets have similar life cycles. All form annual colonies that with the exception of fertilized queens, die in the fall. The only survivors are mated queens that spend the winter under bark and in other sheltered locations. They emerge in the spring to establish new colonies. Queens select a nesting site, then work alone to build a small paper nest in which they lay. like the paper wasps and yellowjackets, as each female builds and cares for her own nest. The female wasp stings insect or spider prey to paralyze it, returns it back to a soil burrow or mud nest, lays an egg on it, and finally seals up the prey and egg into a cell. Most species repeat this process several times and thus prepare a number of cells, each with food, for its young. A number of. Yellow jacket wasps feed their young liquefied insects, with caterpillars, flies and spiders comprising the largest food groups during most of the summer. The effect: Adios, garden pests! Simply. 15 home remedies for killing wasps - with detailed tips on how to keep yellow jackets away from your home and repel wasps from nests using a natural remedies and plants. The perfect way to get rid of them using spray, paper bags or other diy methods. #wasps #howtogetrid #pestcontrol #yellowjackets Yellowjacket Wasp - Ohio History Centra Vespula germanica - Wikipedi Paper Wasps - Paper wasps (as well as hornets and yellowjackets) construct nests of a paper-like material containing finely-chewed wood fragments and salivary secretions. They typically build their umbrella-shaped nests in protected locations, such as under eaves, gutters and ledges, or in attics, barns or sheds. Outdoor nests also may be constructed behind shutters, or inside porch lights. Yellowjackets are medium sized black wasps with yellow markings and black or yellow antennae. Workers are usually about a ½ inch long and appear short and stocky while the queen is larger at about ¾ of an inch. Workers are often confused with honey bees, but in contrast the body of a yellowjacket is not covered in dense hair. Most of the time, yellowjackets are not aggressive and will not. Yellow Jacket vs Wasp - The Difference, Picture Yellowjackets are more aggressive than other stinging insects such as wasps, hornets, mud daubers or bees. 2. They can sting AND bite. Since yellowjackets don't lose their stinger, they can sting numerous times, and will do so unprovoked. In fact, they usually bite your flesh to get a better grip as they jab their stinger into your skin. 3. About yellowjackets. Yellowjackets are social wasps and their nests or colonies can contain thousands of workers by late summer/early fall. Yellowjacket wasps cause the most stings of all bees and wasps. They are capable of inflicting multiple stings. Attacking yellowjackets release a pheromone (chemical) that calls other yellowjackets to defend the nest. Activity around a nest, particularly. Social wasps, like yellowjackets and hornets, feed on a wide variety of insects, with studies finding social wasps eating flies, caterpillars, beetles and flies. One study in New Zealand tried to figure out how many pounds of insects a species of social wasps was hunting and eating, eventually estimating that the wasp colonies were eating an average of 2.12 pounds of insects per 2.47 acres German yellowjackets in California prefer to nest in buildings, but subterranean nests have been found also. This dual habitat increases the likelihood of people encountering wasps and being stung. German yellowjackets are most commonly found in lowland areas of southern California, and replaced by the native western yellowjacket Yellowjackets, paper wasps, and bald-faced hornets are types of social wasps (living in colonies) that can be a nuisance in the Paci¿c Northwest. Despite their stings, wasps are considered bene¿cial insects because they capture huge quantities of Àies, caterpillars, and other insects to feed their young. Bees, which are not wasps, are also bene¿cial insects because they pollinate plants. Both yellowjackets and paper wasps start building their nests in early spring, when a single queen emerges from winter hibernation as the weather warms. From spring to late summer, they forage primarily for protein, usually in the form of other insects, to feed their growing colonies. Later in the summer and early fall, the colony may have grown to as many as 15,000 individuals. Large amounts. Yellowjackets (Family: Vespidae) are predatory wasps that occur throughout North America. The German yellowjacket first appeared in Ohio in 1975 and is now the dominant species in the state; the other species are natives. In the late summer (August-October), their food preferences change from proteins to sweets. At this time, yellowjackets are known to be persistent, unwelcome guests at. yellowjackets do have a small number of body hairs (Figure 1). Proper identification of yellowjacket wasps will ensure that non-threatening, beneficial wasps or bees are not harmed in control efforts. Please see the University of Idaho's Homeowner Guide to Yellowjackets, Bald-faced hornets, and Paper Wasps for a usefu WHY Trap for Wasps, Hornets, & Yellowjackets - Hanging Outdoor Trap. 3.5 out of 5 stars 2,257. Gadjit Soda Bottle Wasp Trap - Converts Empty Plastic Soda Bottles into Traps for Wasps and Stinging Bees, Just add sugared soda or Water, Place Outdoors Promotes Plastic Bottle Re-use (Black) 2.5 out of 5 stars 41. $4.95 $ 4. 95. Get it as soon as Sun, May 23. FREE Shipping on orders over $25. Yellowjackets, Yellow Jackets - hornissenschutz 1. Yellowjackets and hornets are also attracted to sugar sources, such as berries and flower nectars. However, this becomes a problem when the sugar source is a food or drink being consumed by a human. Sweet items like soft drinks, ripened fruits and watermelons attract bees and wasps. Keep these items covered outdoors. Pick fruit as it ripens and dispose of rotten fruits (Koehler and Oi 2003. 2. Why wasps sting: All social wasps are capable of producing a painful sting, but none leave the stinger embedded in the skin, as do honey bee workers. Most stings occur when the colony is disturbed. The objective is for the wasps to protect the nest site. Wasps are very protective of their colony and will attack if someone approaches within a few feet of the nest. When a bee or wasp stings, it. 3. You're probably seeing what seems like excessive wasp activity now because they are all visiting those plants that bloom only in the springtime. While various wasps and bees are busy right now building nests and pollinating plants, don't assume that they all are a threat. Yellowjackets are the most aggressive, most others are not aggressive 4. Yellowjackets and other wasps tend to have more slender bodies with a waist, while bees almost look plump in comparison. Up close, you might notice that bees have hairier bodies and a pollen basket on their hind legs, but you probably don't want to get that close. Most yellowjackets have vivid yellow and black markings. While bees are less likely to go out of their way to sting you. 5. Paper wasps resemble yellowjackets but have a slimmer, elongate body shape with a characteristic long-legged appearance (see p. 3). Their legs even dangle below the body in flight. The golden paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus aurifer, a yellow-to-reddish-brown wasp with yellow banding, was the most common type of paper wasp throughout the Gem state until the late 1990s. Although this native. 6. Yellowjackets (Vespula spp.) Yellowjackets are the most troublesome wasp pests in Michigan because they nest in and around homes and other structures, and because they are attracted to many of the foods we enjoy eating outdoors. The German Yellowjacket, Vespula germanica, is a species that commonly nests in wall voids, attics, crawlspaces and other enclosed cavities. The Eastern Yellowjacket. Southern yellowjackets, Vespula squamosa (Drury) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), at nest entrance. Photo by G. McIlveen, Jr. Common Name: Southern yellowjacket. Scientific Name: Vespula squamosa (Drury) Order: Hymenoptera. Description: Workers are about 1/2 inch long, with clear wings. The body is black with yellow characteristic markings on the head. Yellowjackets and hornets are both wasps in the family Vespidae. But they are by no means the same. Yellowjacket is a name given in North America to two groups of wasps, the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. The latter in North America is represented by what most people call the bald-faced or white-faced hornet, although it really is not a hornet but rather a yellowjacket. What Are the Differences Between Wasps, Yellowjackets, and 1. Yellowjackets are also wasps, but since there are twelve types in Michigan alone, we separated this species below. Mud Dauber Wasps. The mud dauber wasp (also known as a mud wasp or a dirt dauber) are easily identifiable by the mud nests they build, which in Michigan are usually found on the walls of garages, under eaves and in cracks and corners. The nests are composed of a series of. 2. ates Leaks. 3.7 out of 5 stars 431. 3. g painful pests. The WSU Master Gardeners have some helpful facts for management and controls. Lure traps can be placed around the periphery of the area you are trying to keep yellow jackets/hornets away from Best Deal on Wasp Removal in Wilmington, DE. Call Us for Now for Same Day Services. Environmentally Responsible Extermination Services and Quality Guarante Yellowjackets and hornets and wasps all look alike and have similar behaviors. But they can be very different in their aggression when it comes to protecting their nest. Before trying to exterminate them you need to make sure you know what kind of wasp or hornet you are dealing with. You don't want to take the wrong action and accidentally make the problem worse! Yellowjackets are like most. Yellowjackets are wasps. They are one of over 16 species of wasp in north America. They are among the more aggressive and dangerous wasps and evolved to mimic the African honey bee, aka the killer bee. This gives them protection from things that want to eat wasps but not bees. They usually create nests either in the ground or hanging from a tree, or the eaves or an overhang. They tend to make. Yellowjackets, killer bees and wasps Africanized Killer Bees. Earlier this summer, several reports of thousand-bee swarms attacking people and animals made... Yellowjackets. Yellowjackets are social insects and live in nests or colonies containing anywhere from 300 to 120,000... Paper Wasps. Paper. Yellowjackets can become a nuisance to homeowners when nests are built near dwellings or outdoor living areas (e.g. decks, patios, play areas). Occasional foraging yellow jackets may sting if disturbed, but problems usually occur when the wasp nest is disturbed. Yellowjackets have a hollow stinger located at the rear of their body. When this stinger penetrates the skin, a venom is injected. large reddish brown wasp with some yellow stripes; big What's the difference between wasps and yellowjackets Well, next spring I will watch the wasps emerge and, if I'm lucky, maybe I'll get a photo. As bee lovers, we know that not all bees are honey bees, but it's time we recognize that not all wasps are yellowjackets. Spend a few minutes on learning to recognize at least one type of wasp. You will soon get hooked on these fascinating and. Yellowjackets, hornets, and paper wasps all make a rudimentary type of paper out of chewed-up wood mixed with saliva which they then use to build a nest with multiple cells that are sometimes layered. Yellowjackets. Yellowjackets often build enormous colonial nests underground with many tiers of cells. These are usually in abandoned rodent burrows, rotten logs, pipes, or other hollow. Through beekeeping, he learned about collecting yellowjackets, hornets, and wasps for medical labs. The labs need venom for sting allergy patients. Norman has been working with stinging insects, in one form or another, for well over 50 years. Norman began training his son when Josiah was 8 years old. Josiah, now 25, is a YellowJacket Expert in his own right with 17 years of experience under. Other Wasps of Illinois. There are many other types of wasps, such as yellowjackets, paper wasps, potter wasps, mud daubers, velvet ants, and horntails, not to mention parasitoid wasps that can be found in Illinois. I'm probably lucky you've read this far (you get a gold star), so they'll have to be a topic for another day Emergency Bee Removal Service. Hornets, yellowjackets, carpenter bees, bumble bees, honey bees, ground bees, paper wasps, sand wasps, cicada killers, and other related species can easily become established in or on buildings, decks, sheds, garages, walls, and fencing.Species including yellowjackets (ground bees), bald faced hornets, bumble bees and cicada killers are found underground and/or. Yellow Jacket for iPhone X/XS - Urgent Red. 86% of people who are assaulted and respond with fierce physical force escape unharmed or with minimal injury. FIGHT BACK and SURVIVE. 1 in every 6 American women has been the victim of attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. Women who use an effective weapon in self-defense are raped less than 1. foraging wasps, especially yellowjackets, may be captured in container traps. These simple devices do not use a pesticide. Rather, wasps are attracted by a sweet liquid and drown. Experimental work has indicated that such traps can substantially reduce the number of foraging yellowjackets. However, the traps do not merely intercept yellowjackets but attract . wasps. Thus, the best use of the. Some huge nests have been thought to exceed 100,000 wasps. Don't swat at a yellow jacket. This will just increase your chance of being stung. The males and workers die over the winter. Only the queen lives through the winter. For more about insects: Insects and Arachnids Black Widow Spider Butterfly Dragonfly Grasshopper Praying Mantis Scorpions Stick Bug Tarantula Yellow Jacket Wasp Back to. Yellowjackets are social insects that live in nests or colonies with up to 4,000 workers. They are most active in the late summer and early autumn when a colony is at its peak. Yellowjackets feed on sweets and proteins, and therefore these pests commonly invade outdoor events What is the Difference Between a Wasp, Yellowjacket, and 1. d the wasps & hornets too much, since they're not too jumpy, but the Yellows make me really nervous. Also, I have dogs and the kid who mows my lawn is allergic to bees. Last year, I couldn't plant my back yard for fear of the Yellowjackets... 2. As with paper wasps, yellowjackets are an important aspect of the ecosystem, as they eat pests that destroy crops. When yellowjackets sting, they tend to sting repeatedly. Similar to paper wasps, yellowjackets will construct nests in a variety of places, including from tree branches, in bushes, and from the eaves of manmade structures. 15 Effective Ways How to Keep Wasps out of Shed. Here are. 3. Wasps and Yellowjackets have painful stings which induce allergic reaction in 3% of the population. Prevent stings by being proactive. Read on for more info 4. Using pesticides to control wasps (such as yellowjackets) can be effective, but these chemicals are harmful to the environment. Careless use of pesticides can also pose risks to the person applying the chemicals. Before reaching for pesticides, see if these safer, natural non-toxic methods help control wasp problems. Types of Wasps . Several types of wasps build paper nests that hang under. 5. Normally, yellowjacket and paper wasp colonies live only one season. In very mild winters or in coastal California south of San Francisco, however, some yellowjacket colonies survive for several years and become quite large. UC IPM has posted an informative YouTube video, Distinguishing Between Yellowjackets, Wasps, and Look Alikes. Look. Little Black and Yellow Wasp - Pterocheilus - BugGuide Pest control in Lawrence MA, Methuen, MA, Haverhill MA, Andover MA, North Andover MA, Billerica MA, Tewksbury, MA, Chelmsford MA, Essex county, Middlesex county, pest. Many people try to get rid of wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets to no avail. It can be tricky to prevent them from nesting in your yard or around your home. The best approach is to treat the nest as soon as it appears, so a small wasp problem does not turn into a bigger one. Inspecting your home and yard regularly for active nests is key to keeping large numbers of wasps from bothering you. Antigen 5 is a venom protein of hornets, yellowjackets and wasps, and it is an important allergen for insect-sensitive patients. Antigen 5s from these insects are found to have similar amino-terminal sequences for their first 20 residues, and to have similar cyanogen bromide cleavage patterns. A par Yellowjackets and paper wasps are ecologically beneficial (they eat other insects) and they would be tolerated if the nest were in an out of the way location and if they did not feed on the fruit. Control options are limited and effectiveness varies, but in general the sooner wasp control measures are taken, the better. Insecticide sprays are not usually practical because spraying kills very. Yellowjackets prey on bugs such as flies, mosquitoes and other troublesome insects. The yellowjacket is actually a wasp. It has a close cousin in the county called a paper wasp. Just about. Wasps love your sugary drinks and may hover over your picnic pickings hoping for a taste. While it's possible to get rid of wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets on your own, remember that they can be dangerous, especially in large numbers, so if you're in doubt, it's best to call a professional to help. Of course, if you are allergic to wasp or bee stings, you need to take precautions and seek. Yellowjackets, Hornets, And Paper Wasp Habitats. The environments in which many yellowjackets, hornets, and paper wasps species are known to live. Select an environment to see its yellowjackets, hornets, and paper wasps species checklist Yellowjackets are the fairly small yellow and black wasps you often see in the fall looking for food near garbage cans and nervous picnickers. Yellowjacket wasps are primarily meat eaters, but they have a sweet tooth, especially in the fall. I dislike them because they have a rather painful sting and I hate when they hover around me looking for food Wasp. Wasps are insects of the Order: Hymenoptera and Suborder: Apocrita. There are more than 300 types of wasps and most of them are parasitic forms. Usually, all wasps are slender bodied with a distinctively narrow waist, and they have a shiny cuticle without hairs. Yellow jackets, bald faced hornets, and paper wasps are some of the most. We later found that she was wearing a sweet smelling body lotion that may have drawn the attention of the wasp. Avoidance: The best way to prevent unpleasant encounters with social wasps, such as yellow jackets, is to avoid them. If there is a chronic problem with yellow jackets around playgrounds, picnic areas, or athletic fields, inspect the area to locate the nests. Once you know where they. Wasps, and their unsung contributions to the ecosystem. The sting. Pain is what we associate with the word wasp, because our definition of wasp is far too narrow. We equate them with belligerent social hornets, yellowjackets, and paper wasps. We are conditioned by family, friends, pest control companies, and the media to fear and despise. They typically belong to the family Vespidae, commonly known as yellowjackets, paper wasps and hornets. Conversations about paper wasps changes slightly between the Eastern and Western United States. Easterners focus on species in the Polistes genus. Westerners add two additional types of species, pollen wasps and Mischocyttarus. The video at the top of the page shows a pollen wasp. Surprise. Identification and Info. There are many species of wasps found in San Mateo County. Most species are solitary, non-aggressive, and rarely seen. However, some species may cause annoyance or harm to humans. Read more. More. What You Can Do: Yellowjackets and Wasps. Overview December 4, 2014 Yellowjackets and paper wasps are beneﬁ cial insects. They feed their young numerous insects that ordinarily damage shade trees and crops. They also kill countless ﬂ ies and various other pest insect species. While yellowjackets and paper wasps are often confused, they have some distinct differences. Yellowjackets are relatively short and stout compared to paper wasps. Paper wasps have. Does Wasp, Hornet and Yellow Jacket Spray Also Kill Bees?. In general, hornets, yellowjackets and other wasps have a valid place in the environment. They are effective predators of caterpillars. All Seasons Termite & Pest Control - Wasps Do Dryer Sheets Repel Wasps From Mailboxes? Snopes Yellowjackets and paper wasps become especially irksome during the spring and summer, when their foraging intersects with the outdoor activities of winter-weary humans. However, the insects are also considered agricultural pests. In orchards and vineyards, for example, their feeding damages cherries and grapes. They're also a danger to field workers, especially around harvest time. The blend. Wasps can be hard to distinguish from some types of bees in some cases. If you are attempting to identify a wasp or hornet, have a look at below list of 22 types of wasps and hornets. Some types of insects like to nest in the lawn. If your lawn suffers from nesting wasps or bees, you might want to try an organic lawn insect killer. Or, if you really want to let mother nature sort out your. Many insects have evolved a similar color pattern because it protects them from predators who mistake them for yellowjackets and other wasps (Photo 2). One of those, the subject of today's article, is the five-banded thynnid wasp (Myzinum quinquecinctum). These wasps are not likely to visit your picnic table, but they are commonly seen on flowers in late summer. Photo 2. A comparison of some. Hornets and yellowjackets August 3, 2011 . Common Aerial Yellowjacket on goldenrod. There are a number of species of wasps with bold designs of black or dark brown and yellow or black and white which go by the names of hornets or yellowjackets. They are narrow waisted strong fliers that fold their wings when in repose. Baldfaced Hornet on goldenrod. There are several species of these wasps and. Yellowjackets, Yellow JacketsWasps, Hornets and Bees \| Great Gray Owl Pest Control Yellowjacket Wasps :: City of Edmonto wasps/yellowjackets . Rob Sigg. Posts: 715. Location: PA-Zone 6. posted 11 years ago. Number of slices to send: Optional 'thank-you' note: Send. So with a garden and inviting ecosystems comes things like wasps and yellowjackets, which I am allergic to. Does anyone know of a healthy way to keep these guys from being a problem? Right now they look like they are looking for nests on our house. bee, bumble bees) and social wasps (paper wasps, hornets, yellowjackets) from their solitary relatives such as carpenter bees, cicada killer, mud daubers, etc. (See E-63 Solitary Bees and Wasps: Carpenter Bee, Cicada Killer and Mud Daubers). Truly social bees and wasps exist in colonies associ-ated with some type of elaborate nest. Colonies are easily recognized by the great amount of. Yellowjackets nest in holes in the ground, unlike most other wasps, which build hanging nests made from chewed wood fibers. These paper wasps, such as the bald-faced hornet and the European paper wasp, will defend their nests if threatened, but they are not otherwise aggressive. You may find paper wasp nests hanging in trees or bushes, or in the rafters or on the sides of your home. They. Yellowjackets are attracted to sugar sources, such as berries, nectar, and drink cans. They also forage on protien sources such as sandwiches and deviled eggs at picnics. To avoid yellowjackets, harvest fruit as it ripens and dispose of rotten fruits where yellowjackets can not reach them. If you can find them, it is best to eliminate yellowjacket nests at night when the wasps are inside and. Yellowjackets (Vespula Wasps) Missouri Department of Wasps and yellowjackets can operate at much lower temperatures than our girls so are able to take full advantage of our beehives when they are effectively defenseless, when our girls are in cluster. 10.15am 30th January 2021, Canterbury, New Zealand. #wasps #yellowjackets #beehiveguardiansystem #waspcontrol #pestcontro Paper Wasps, Yellowjackets, and Baldfaced Hornets are beneficial insects. Just keep repeating that to yourself when you're being chased or stung by these hymenopteran marauders! They've been with us since the beginning of the season. However, this is the time of the year when their ever-expanding nests become large enough and contain enough individuals to make their presence sometimes. Mud Nest - What's That Bug? Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasp Management Guidelines Paper Wasp: Has a fat, hairless black body with yellow bands, usually 0.5 to 1 inch long: Has a longer body with a length of 0.75 to 1 inch; also has an orange-tipped antennae: Stings aggressively and repeatedly: Stings when provoked or threatened: Builds covered nest underground and other hollow areas: Builds coverless nest in cavities or in sheltered areas : Feeds on insects and human food. Stinging Insects. Insects such as bees, wasps, and fire ants use a stinger to defend themselves when they feel threatened. They may be beneficial or unwanted depending on where they are found. Some bees, paper wasps, and hornets may build nests in attics, walls, under eaves, and in tree branches. Other insects such as velvet ants, yellowjackets. Finden Sie Top-Angebote für NEW Wasp Deterrent Yellowjackets Bee Hornets Fake Nest Simulated Natural+OO^m^ bei eBay. Kostenlose Lieferung für viele Artikel Wasps and bees UMN Extensio Wasps, Hornets, and Yellowjackets. In Public Health Pest Control, University of Kentucky. R A yellowjacket queen will start the colony in the early spring. Pat Parkman. Precautionary Statement To protect people and the environment, pesticides should be used safely. This is everyone's responsibility, especially the user. Read and follow label directions carefully before you buy, mix, apply. yellowjackets and paper wasps - Sacramento download Report Comment Product Title Rescue WHY Trap Kit, for Wasp, Hornet, Yellowjackets Average rating: 2.4 out of 5 stars, based on 95 reviews 95 ratings. Current Price $4.77 $ 4. 77 - $13.98 $ 13. 98. Product Image . Product Title Rescue Wasp, Hornet & Yellowjacket Trap, 1 Pack. Average rating: 2.1 out of 5 stars, based on 169 reviews 169 ratings. Current Price $13.43 $ 13. 43 List Price $18.33 $ 18. 33. • Public Health Master Berlin. • Elektronisches Türschloss mit Code. • Lenovo yoga c740 14iml. • JUnit 4 extension. • Lochsäge Set Bosch. • Mirror Link PEUGEOT. • Busuu kostenlos nutzen. • Gardinenstange Endstück IKEA. • 39 SSW Schmerzen Leistengegend. • Tanzen spirituelle Bedeutung. • Ok Google was weißt du über mich. • ZOOM Panda. • Chelsy Davy News. • Miracast Dongle USB. • Hochschulzugangsberechtigung NRW. • Flagge holland bilder. • Aktuelle Spielzeug Werbung Super RTL 2020. • Tuning Treffen 2020 Thüringen. • Tagungshotel Willich. • Vereinfachtes Ertragswertverfahren Rechner. • Photoshop Weiche Kanten. • Tonhöhe Frequenz Tabelle. • Türschließer Gartentor Dämpfer. • Präeklampsie Ernährung. • Debeka Dienstunfähigkeitsversicherung Gesundheitsfragen. • Bundesbank Feiertage 2021. • Kündigung Gewerbemietvertrag Muster kostenlos. • Bären Lachse Alaska. • Merkblatt über die Zahlung von Semesterbeiträgen TU Dortmund. • Unterdruckschlauch Turbo defekt Symptome. • Die bestimmung letzte entscheidung tris stirbt. • 3 Monate Reisen mit Kindern. • Ducktales Deutsch Lyrics. • Glaube und Wissenschaft. • Conservative MPs. • Greta Kukkonen. • LSE IT account login. • Heide Park Gutschein AOK. • Grundfos sololift2 c 3 schwimmerschalter. • ADVOCARD Familienrechtsschutz. • Makeindex LaTeX nomenclature.
Posted on the effects of cbd on the brain Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) breaks down anandamide. However, CBD inhibits the FAAH enzyme, which means the bliss molecule remains active in the ECS for longer; thus enhancing its potency. Those who suffer from chronic pain are using CBD in the belief that the cannabinoid can help manage the symptoms. CBD modifies CB2 receptors’ ability to bind endocannabinoids. Alternatively, it may cause the body to produce more of the natural cannabinoids that attach to the CB2 receptors. CBD’s antipsychotic effects relate to its impact on anandamide. Scientists link higher levels of the bliss molecule with a decrease in psychotic symptoms. A study by Leweke et al. published in Translational Psychiatry in March 2012, looked into the effect of CBD on anandamide production. 4 – CBD Lowers the Degree of Excitation in Brain Cells When you consume cannabis, the plant’s cannabinoids bind to the receptors in a manner akin to a key fitting into a lock. The receptors that are affected and parts of the brain that get involved vary from person to person depending on factors such as previous drug use and genetic make-up. THC, the cannabinoid associated with a psychotropic high, is intoxicating — CBD is not. Glutamine-dependent excitotoxicity is seen in practically every age-related neurodegenerative disease and brain disorder. It also happens to be one of the main molecular mechanisms noted in epilepsy. In recent times, there has been an increasing level of research into CBD as a treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). THC closely mimics a naturally occurring cannabinoid named anandamide which binds to the CB1 receptors, which are responsible for many of THC’s psychoactive effects. As the psychoactive cannabinoid binds to anandamide’s CB1 receptors even more closely than anandamide, which is known as ‘the bliss molecule.’ It inhibits the release of other neurotransmitters. This helps explain the feelings of euphoria associated with the ‘high’ from cannabis. CBD has long been praised for its anti-anxiety effects. Actually, this is the number one reason why people use CBD oil. When you scan the Internet for positive voices of Cannabidiol, you will come across a sea of success stories of patients that managed to go cold turkey on their drug cocktails thanks to CBD. A 2016 study published in the Frontiers of Pharmacology showed that CBD on the brain inhibits the breakdown of anandamide , which boosts endocannabinoid levels on the brain’s synapses. Anandamide is often called the human version of marijuana because anandamide and THC are much alike in their chemical structure. They also produce similar effects; anandamide controls mood, pain perception, body temperature, appetite, and more. 1. CBD And The Serotonin System CBD attaches to vanilloid receptors , also known as TRPV1 receptors, to achieve certain therapeutic effects. Because TRPV1 is an ion channel, it helps the body r egulate its temperature, control inflammation, and change the perception of pain . While most of the research available today has put its focus on understanding the relationship between humans and THC, CBD on the brain has been recently shown to have great potential with regard to its medical versatility. Once we fully understand all the properties of hemp and marijuana, we will be able to unlock its full power and use it in a way that could benefit us even more than it does now. Now, let’s sum up some of the most noteworthy therapeutic properties of CBD. McHaffie JG, Stanford TR, Stein BE, Coizet W, Redgrave P. Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 2005;28:401–7. Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK Conn PJ, Battaglia G, Marino MJ, Nicoletti F. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6:787–98. Kennedy DP, Courchesne E. Functional abnormalities of the default network during self- and other-reflection in autism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2008;3:177–90. Musella A, De Chiara V, Rossi S, Prosperetti C, Bernardi G, Maccarrone M, et al. TRPV1 channels facilitate glutamate transmission in the striatum. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2009;40:89–97. Santana N, Bortolozzi A, Serrats J, Mengod G, Artigas F. Expression of serotonin1A and serotonin2A receptors in pyramidal and GABAergic neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2004;14:1100–9. Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
concept of rebirth in some religions and cultures (Redirected from Rebirth) Reincarnation is the name of the idea that people are born again in another body after they die and this cycle continues over many lifetimes. Rebirth or "transmigration" is the preferred term for those believers who do not believe in eternal souls. Many Hindus, Jainists, Celtic pagans, Buddhists, and people who follow some African religions believe in reincarnation or rebirth/ transmigration. Carnate means “of flesh”, and reincarnate means to “reenter the flesh". Belief in reincarnation or rebirth/transmigrationEdit Reincarnation in HinduismEdit Drawing of reincarnation in Hindu art Reincarnation researchEdit Related pagesEdit 1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Henry, Jane (2005). Parapsychology: Research on Exceptional Experiences. Psychology Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-415-21360-8. 2. See Bhagavad Gita XVI.8-20 3. Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, "Ten Questions people ask About Hinduism …and ten terrific answers!" (p. 4) [1] Archived 2007-04-11 at the Wayback Machine 4. Rinehart, Robin (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-905-8. 5. Henry, Jane (2005). Parapsychology: Research on Exceptional Experiences. Psychology Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-415-21360-8.
Connect with us The Roaming of Colonial Phantoms and a History of Resource Plunder 8 min read. Since colonization, Africa has provided its best raw materials for the global North. Can countries finally break this pattern? The Roaming of Colonial Phantoms and a History of Resource Plunder The struggle for control over Africa’s natural resources has raged since the colonization of the continent. It continues today as the forces that undermine Africa shift from the former colonizers to transnational corporations, and the ideology that underpins the global economic order morphs from blunt “flag” colonialism to the hegemony of neoliberalism. The effect is still the same: the underdevelopment of African economies and undermining of state capacity to meet peoples’ needs. The following unpacks the roots of this persisting problem and offers some lessons from the early post-independence era, when governments across Africa recognized these issues clearly and enacted revolutionary policies to confront them. Prior to colonialism, the countries of Africa were economically, politically, and sociologically structured organically around their internal needs and demands, meeting internal material and social challenges. This is not to say these societies were devoid of internal contradictions, conflicts between them, or engagement with the wider world––indeed, trade routes certainly extended beyond the continent. But on the whole, the economic structures and relationships that developed were shaped by dynamics and demands within African societies. This was forcefully upended with the onset of colonialism, as African economies were extroverted, destroyed, and fragmented. A new structure was put in place in which African economies were inserted in the global economic order as providers of raw materials for the development of other countries––basically for imperial Europe. This has relegated the vast majority of the continent to a political economy structure of primary commodity export dependence. Within this structure, African countries became dependent on the export of a small basket of barely processed minerals, timber, and agricultural products (cocoa, coffee, bananas, etc.) as raw materials to feed the industries of the global North. In return, Africa became dependent for their consumption needs on the import of the goods manufactured in the North, most often made using African raw materials. This enforced “unequal exchange” of unprocessed so-called “low-value” raw materials for “high-value” processed goods has become the basic mechanism of unequal economic relationships between Africa and the advanced industrial capitalist North, and the means of continued appropriation of the wealth created in Africa by the North. This undermines the accumulation of wealth in Africa and its reinvestment for renewing, upgrading, and expanding productive capabilities of the societies on the continent, and therefore of their ability to meet the changing needs of the people. On the contrary, African countries and opportunities for their people have become trapped in the vicissitudes of the global market for their commodities over which they have little control. The colonial restructuring of Africa’s economies and their orientation to the external needs of European industrialization have devastating consequences for the internal dynamics of the economies and the societies, marked by two key features: First, as products which were before used and processed for an internal economy came to serve merely as unprocessed raw materials for Europe, the internal usage of these products was subverted. Iron, which was processed into agricultural tools and other mechanical tools, was now mined only to be carted out in raw form. Agricultural products which before were processed in wide-ranging forms for food, clothes, shoes, were now only exported in their raw forms. As a result, the chain of processes, skills, and knowledge of these products and their uses through the domestic economy was broken. Instead of being maintained and upgraded over time, the capabilities and capacity have become degraded. Second, the relationships that existed between different types of economic activity and “sectors” of the economy were fragmented. The chain of mining, smelting, and crafting iron to supply the technological need of agriculture, such as tools for farmers, was fragmented during the colonial economy. Agricultural supplies to iron crafters were also equally disrupted. This shifted the overall nature of African economies so that these sectors no longer met the needs of and reinforced one another, helped each other grow, or evolved according to African needs. As different sectors of the economy were no longer “speaking to each other,” the range of internal exchanges became limited and the overall economy became more shallow and weaker. For instance, farmers who now only sold their products to an external (North) market didn’t necessarily have an internal market for their products so that they could also expand their production and opportunities for livelihood. This led to a common belief that African countries have small markets, erroneously attributed to small national populations, and that there is simply nothing that can be done about it. But contrast this with global North countries such as the Netherlands or Denmark: their populations are smaller than many African countries, but because of the coherence in their economies they are able to have a deeper domestic market which allows for expanded production. Their economies were not fragmented and reoriented in the same way. Such internal fragmentation and consequent shallowness of the African economy is aggravated by the artificial borders inherited from colonialism. Before colonialism, what now constitutes the national border between Ghana and Togo was a common space of economic interaction among societies. By being forced to operate behind new artificial borders also limits the range of exchange and economic depth. Historically, the mining sector has been the focal as well as entry point for the construction of the primary commodity export dependent political economy. From South Africa to Zimbabwe to Ghana, colonization was consolidated as a process of European companies, supported by their governments, exercising possession and ownership of Africa’s minerals and expropriating the locals. This was replicated as more minerals were discovered in addition to gold, diamond, coal, and oil, and every time a new mineral is demanded by the global North, this dynamic is asserted anew. However, primary commodity export dependence is not simply a reduction to the specific mineral or agricultural or other natural resources involved. Rather, it is the totality of relationships and dynamics of the appropriation of wealth, the extroversion of the economic dynamics, and fragmentation of African economies. This allows us to see how these dynamics extend beyond natural resources to other economic sectors, such as tourism, telecommunications, and finance. In tourism, for example, it is widely known that the higher end of the value-chain is dominated by a handful of transnational operators, who then appropriate the overwhelming bulk of the wealth generated, leaving Africans little out of it. In this neoliberal era, the problem of primary commodity export dependence has been ignored at best and celebrated at worst. Promoted first by neoliberal economists and North policy institutions, an insidious narrative has proliferated that African countries should rely on their “comparative advantage,” recommending that they make better and more efficient use of their export of primary commodities. The power of this narrative has ensured that the transformation of primary commodity export dependence and its attendant problems as outlined above has ceased to be a central aspect of African policy making in the neoliberal period. Echoing the neoliberal suppression of policies aimed at dismantling primary commodity export dependence, at the onset of neoliberalism the World Bank told African governments to abandon any notion to use mineral resources to serve social priorities or developmental priorities, and give up their running and management of minerals and mineral wealth to transnational companies. As the Bank stated: The recovery of the mining sector in Africa will require a shift in government objectives towards a primary objective of maximizing tax revenues from mining over the long term, rather than pursuing other economic or political objectives such as control of resources or enhancement of employment. This objective will be best achieved by a new policy emphasis whereby governments focus on industry regulation and promotion and private companies take the lead in operating, managing and owning mineral enterprises. Paradoxically, even the revenue from the export of primary commodities has been undercut through World Bank-promoted programs of lowering corporate taxes and royalties, and giving many concessions and incentives to transnational mining companies in the name of attracting foreign investment. Many of the best tools to fight against dependency, such as development planning and import-substitution-industrialization, have either been actively repressed by programs like structural adjustment, or pushed into the margins by the dominance of neoliberal thought and “free market” policymaking practices. These tools were widely deployed by early post-independence governments to assert sovereignty over natural resources, before they were truncated by neoliberalism, which has reasserted extractive colonial dynamics. In the early post-independence period, after formal decolonization, there was wide recognition from governments, across Africa and across ideologies, that the key task for development was to confront primary commodity dependence and its binding economic constraints. Kwame Nkrumah recognized the problem clearly in stating: “Africa is a paradox which illustrates and highlights neo-colonialism. Her earth is rich, yet the products that come from above and below the soil continue to enrich, not Africans predominantly, but groups and individuals who operate to Africa’s impoverishment.” This recognition across the continent and the global South reverberated into mainstream policy institutions established in this era, such as the UN Conference on Trade and Development Planning or the African Institute for Development Planning. A key lesson from this era is the critical importance of restoring this recognition of the structure of African economies as a starting point for policy and activism. Early post-independence governments worked to ensure that their economies accumulated for themselves by taking over the commanding heights of the economy strategically. This required asserting sovereignty, and therefore control, over their natural resources. The key mechanism for this was vesting the mineral wealth of their economies in the state. In Ghana, for instance, laws were implemented to declare that the mineral wealth or the wealth under the soil is vested in the Republic of Ghana and, it is the president who has custodianship. Crucially, this nationalization extended beyond minerals to the mines themselves, even those already constructed. Taxation and royalties were also implemented to fund development and social programs, and the transfer of skills and technology was carefully facilitated. Early post-independence leaders also saw beyond the hard economics of natural resource sovereignty to recognize its social dimensions. For instance, Kwame Nkrumah bought British mineral mines, which the UK had wanted to close as they did not make any profit. It came as a surprise to many that Nkrumah would purchase unprofitable mines, but his goal was not simple profit, but to create jobs as a social act to expand employment opportunities for the people. This understanding of the social dimensions of dependency is key for the Post-Colonialisms Today project, as feminist politics is a central pillar. The basic recognition of dependency and its social dimensions, and the need to assert African agency over resources, provides a stronger basis to ensure power and agency for African women. At the same time, post-independence leaders must be critiqued for their patriarchal policies and tendency to sideline African women after independence despite their prominent role in anti-colonial struggles. The early post-independence era also offers lessons on confronting the fragmentation of African economies. Their approach centered on industrialization: building African capacity to meet Africa’s needs rather than rely on the North to import high-value products.The key challenge many governments faced was generating the resources to support industrialization. Profits from exports from producing primary commodities were leveraged to support building factories, establishing institutional mechanisms, and funding social policies. The widespread use of tools such as the taxation of transnational corporations, protective tariffs, and royalties also generated resources. However, a deeper problem often remained even as important efforts towards transformation were funded and planned: restoring internal linkages to African economies and making different sectors “speak” to each other once again. This challenge is particularly difficult and one many post-independence governments did not tackle sufficiently. As Post-Colonialisms Today researcher Akua Britum details, post-independence governments had to explore methods for funding development beyond taxation, such as reinforcing social programs to meet workers’ needs without reliance on large cash incomes. Some countries paid particular attention to restoring these linkages. Post-independence Botswana, for instance, enacted policies to ensure the processing of minerals mined in the country must take place, at least in part, domestically. They also insisted that the procurement of inputs for mining must be sourced in Botswana. This meant that while the economy was temporarily reliant on producing minerals, they could still build up their industrial capacity and promote structural transformation. There are limitations and layers of complexity to approaches in the post-independence era though: as Post-Colonialisms Today researchers Kareem Megahed and Omar Ghannam point out, post-independence land distribution in Egypt from landowning elite to the peasant class was reversed as peasants only received flimsy usufruct ownership. Under Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia nationalized their mines but still remained deeply controlled by international mineral value chains, meaning that even though they owned the copper mines outright, transnational copper companies managed to undermine their capacity. Both the strengths and limitations of early post-independence policies offer a wealth of lessons for today’s struggles for control over Africa’s resources. Critically, the clarity in that period around the importance of African state control over natural resources offers a path forward for contemporary efforts––it must be wrestled away from transnational corporations today just as it was wrestled from colonial forces. With basic policies such as nationalization being halted outright, as seen recently in Zambia, this task remains as urgent as ever. This article is part of the “Reclaiming Africa’s Early Post-Independence History” series from Post-Colonialisms Today (PCT), a research and advocacy project of activist-intellectuals on the continent, working to recapture progressive thought and policies from early post-independence Africa to address contemporary development challenges. It is adapted from a recent webinar on natural resource sovereignty which you can listen to here. Sign up for updates on the project here. Support The Elephant. Tetteh Hormeku-Ajei is Head of Programs at Third World Network-Africa and on the Post-Colonialisms Today Working Group. Camden Goetz is a Coordinator at Regions Refocus and part of the Post-Colonialisms Today secretariat. BBI Is Dead! Whither the Kenyan State? A way of rebuilding the basis of the nation must be found because only then can the formation of loyalty and service to each other that is necessary to the existence of a functioning state take place, argues Antoinette Kankindi. BBI Is Dead! Whither the Kenyan State? Rethinking the country as a nation is legitimate for Kenya and Africa. Many recognize the colonial history of African states established upon a divisive agenda with the aim of dismantling traditional polities, controlling and manipulating people and exploiting resources. The inability of an educated class to offer a viable idea of a “nation” uniting citizens in a common project remains a mystery. In Kenya, even the highly publicised Building Bridges Initiative (BBI) has not achieved much. Doubts linger as to whether constitutions adopted in Africa have improved peoples’ lives or whether they are just instruments for taking complete control of power. Critics of the nation-state find fault with it from two main perspectives. Some consider the Nation-State a dangerous concept because it creates room for nationalism. Others are proponents of very powerful globalising forces very keen to disband the whole idea and reality of national sovereignty. Interestingly, both positions conveniently ignore an important factor for there to be a polity: the common good of the people. The question of which philosophical direction to take is the basis of rethinking the country as a nation. What is it for and what are the foundations that have been lacking? It is a question of the state as a polity and its purpose, which must touch its foundations. The nation-state and its purpose The nation-state has been the most enduring polity given its ability to maintain an order allowing people to coexist as diverse communities. It has created a way of balancing liberty and the public good so that individual members can live together with dignity. It could achieve that balance using the rule of law, which guaranties the exercise of freedom and the pursuit of wellbeing for all. The function of the state is to govern, exercising power for the protection of rights and the guarantee of the wellbeing of the citizens. That is what the rule of law is for. Joseph Ratzinger says that it is not the mission of the state to create paradise within its borders. Its mission is to make sure that citizens do that for themselves within its legal framework. That is why government should always be limited. Government is solely the fiduciary of an order that allows the citizens to achieve their living as individuals and communities. When fulfilling such a function, government is legitimate and should be obeyed by all citizens, in accordance with the law. Complying with the law is expected of the government itself and of the citizens. It does not curtail the freedom of either. It is the condition for the proper exercise of liberty. A polity, as Aristotle stated, is a body of citizens, who are important because there is no nation without people and there is no democracy without “demos” or people, the first basis of a nation. Four pillars must be considered in rethinking Kenya, or any other African country, as a nation: people, trust, citizenship and territory. In a time of pervasive neo-liberal trends, it is common to think that the basis of a stable polity is economic growth because it enhances sustainability. This is not strictly true since the most fundamental basis is the people. However, one might ask, who are the people and what unites them as “a people” in a state? Concerned about the nation-state being threatened by global corporations and global policy-making Institutions, Roger Scruton contended that any workable democracy necessitates a community to which the people recognize that they belong and to which they owe an unmistakable loyalty that transcends their diversity. No state, no government can be possible where its people do not recognize their shared or common “belonging”, with the rights and duties that come with that. Scruton expresses this first basis thus: Such people live by an awareness of bonds of mutual duties marked by reciprocity in times of adversity, need or crucial political processes, whether their side wins or not. Such bonds point indicate the second basis of a nation, which is harder to achieve, or even understand today: trust, understood as belief in each other. It is not possible to rethink the country as a nation without reckoning with the question of social trust, “cementing” the people’s belonging together. Scruton thinks that yes, a country’s stability is enhanced by economic development, Where there is social trust and shared belonging, the third basis of a nation is possible: the relationship referred to commonly as citizenship. It exists between the state and the citizen when both parties hold each other accountable for their respective contribution to building the polity. It is more than a formal and abstract relationship since it entails a compounded set of rights and duties, to be upheld by each side, in virtue of the rule of law. This means that they are both subjects of the law holding both equally accountable for their obligations. Scruton explains that, even if the state is in charge of enforcing the law, it is expected to enforce it “equally against itself and against the citizen”, as the case may require. People are actual citizens in a state that is bound by the law to fulfil its duties towards the citizens and they, in turn, acknowledge the state’s right to enforce the law as far as their freedoms end. Consequently, where the state is not accountable to the citizens, citizenship as a relationship is broken, since the state acts as a despot considering citizens as mere subjects. Even if in such a state there is law, it cannot be said to be ruled by law because the government considers itself to be above the law. Understanding the concept of citizenship as a relationship where the citizen and the state are accountable to each other demonstrates a stark difference between being a citizen and being a subject. For Scruton, citizens are freer than subjects are, not because there is more that they can get away with, but because their freedoms are defined and upheld by the law. He further considers that people, who are subjects, normally want to become citizens as only citizens can be sovereign to the point of securing their own lifestyle, and the security of their family and property against any threat within the state. From a conceptual point of view, this fact explains immigration in search of countries in which citizenship entails such benefits. The fourth basis of a Nation is the territory. People who form a polity live in a specific place, share history, institutions, norms and customs within specific boundaries. They participate in an equal commitment to all that they share: the land, the institutions and laws, which also means the political processes used to govern their polity. “Vital to the sense of nationhood is the idea of common territory, in which we are all settled, and to which we are all entitled as our home”. A sovereign nation refers to a people of citizens formed by a social trust, with a common history, within a territory, governed by shared laws. Kenya, and any other African country, could claim to be a nation, if only as a country it had something to show for the trust, the citizenship described earlier and true rule of law. There are obstacles to such a claim. Obstacles to the reality of a nation In Cry, the Beloved Country, while discussing the dramatic changes in South Africa as a country, one of the characters says: The tragedy is not that things are broken. The tragedy is that they are not mended again. The white man has broken the tribe. And that it is my belief (…) that it cannot be mended again. But the house that is broken, and the man that falls apart when the house is broken, these are tragic things. That is why the children break the law. (…) It suited the white man to break the tribe. But it has not suited him to build something in the place of what is broken. Breaking the tribe, by colonial policy, came with the breaking of every basis of a nation: the people, the social trust, the citizenship and the territory. Today some speak of a new colonialism. Without denying it, there is a need to assess matters differently from two fronts: the neo-liberal urban elites and the global networks. There are inner divisions purported and sustained by local elites on the one hand; and on the other, the control exerted by global policies from foreign markets and global institutions. They all undermine the possibility of rebuilding what was destroyed: a shared identity, the creation of a true citizenship, and the possibility of nationhood. The problem of urban elites In the words of Scruton again, In Kenya, the elites can hardly identify with the ordinary citizen upon whom they depend for their amenities, for the votes they crave. Unfortunately, the communities, which cannot identify with urban elites, still rely on them because they run government and enact policies. But there is a yawning gulf between the two sides since there is no shared identity between them. Like many other African countries, Kenya is a country of two worlds. Such a gulf demonstrates the impossibility of accountability of the elites towards the citizens. Citizens are totally powerless despite some constitutional provisions and other statutes formulating mechanisms of accountability. Even where constitutions that are deemed progressive have been adopted, their implementation is still at the mercy of the same elites. The gulf also confirms that there is no proper citizenship understood as a relation of accountability between the leaders and the governed. There cannot be patriotism where citizenship is weak or inexistent. In a world marked by pervasive neo-liberal policies, the implications of this gulf are huge, since the same elites in government decide market policies too. They are keen to create prosperity, but it is a prosperity that invariably forsakes the majority because of its unfair competition. Competition is good. However when it happens with competitors who can never win, it is unjust. This logic of unfair markets appears also in political processes: who wins in politics? Only those who have control over the reins of power, which turns processes such as elections futile exercises in role-play. The citizens’ vote ends up never contributing to the improvement of their lives. Such processes create power that is accountable only to itself; not to the people, but to the interests that control it, including global networks. The problem of global networks The concept of global networks includes global and regional institutions, and multinational corporations. It is common to hear arguments in support of things like global government, or global order. However, no such networks exist without a series of conditions made possible only by the nation-state systems. Robert Rowthorn argues that, organisations such as the United Nations, the European Union, the World Trade Organisation or multinational corporations are no alternatives to the Nation-State (…). The very existence of such entities pre-supposes a network of strong nation states to underpin them (…). If nation states are seriously undermined, the result will not be global harmony, as liberal utopians believe, but global anarchy Problems appear when global networks control governments and systems run by the elites discussed earlier. Policies arising from such combination do not bridge the rift between the elites and the people. The result is a greater rift, greater disenfranchisement, and greater alienation of the people. The greater the control by global players, the lesser the accountability, no matter how loudly they claim to promote good governance, rule of law, or free market. There is an accomplice-type of relationship between the elites and the leadership of global networks that exists to the detriment of the people, to the point that the elites can even violate global policies and get away with it. A case in point would be the claim of universal rights from global institutions. Recent history shows violations by governing elites because the institutions promoting the policies are far removed from the people in need of their defence. The same goes for international courts, which raises the question of which justice is rendered and for whom. The basis for rethinking nation-building or what legitimate authority is, is the same as the principles of cohesion derived from the nature of a polity: people, citizenship and natural and historical boundaries as bonds of a shared destiny. People are communities formed by families living on a given territory and sharing in a system of values, built on trust that is necessary for the survival of a polity. Social trust does not mean that the people agree on everything. It means that they agree on the fundamentals of a social order that works for their common interest. The idea of a social contract resonates with people because it assumes such trust. There cannot be patriotism where citizenship is weak or inexistent. However, today’s social contracts are devoid of trust, they are lacking in Scruton’s “we” and tend to revolve around an “I”, whether it is an individual, an elite family or private interests. That is why they fail. A polity formed without trust and loyalty is already fractured. This is the case of political parties, for example. They don’t change anything because, as institutions, they tend to drive division instead of unity. Anyang Nyong’o acknowledged that after so many years of experimenting with multi-party politics, it is time to rethink the direction because “people are fighting to live better and in peace, to see their lives go forward and to guarantee the future of their children”. Parties could become meaningless in terms of building the necessary unity for legitimacy because they have proved to be incapable of impartial government for the common good of the people. Instead, they tend to engender some pathological nationalism, indifferent to the plight of the common citizen. A polity formed without trust and loyalty is already fractured. There is a general reluctance to appreciate that rethinking the nation is a moral issue and a moral responsibility. Yet political philosophy is a moral science. The basis of rethinking the nation discussed is of a moral nature: people, trust, citizenship and loyalty to the land where the people belong. They have been broken by colonial policies and our elites’ policies. They must be mended. Cry, the Beloved Country brings this moral dimension in sharp focus, expressed as if it was written today: It was permissible to allow the destruction of a tribal system that impeded the growth of the country. It was permissible to believe that its destruction was inevitable. But it is not permissible to watch its destruction, and to replace it by nothing, or by so little that whole people deteriorate, physically and morally Paton concedes that though the tribal system was not perfect, it was a moral system nonetheless. He states that if the people have become criminal and depressed in the various ways, it is not because it is their nature to be so. It is because the basis of their social order has been destroyed. He emphatically appeals to the “inescapable duty”, to set up another system of order. Nyong’o, Scruton and Paton coincide in indicating that a way of rebuilding the basis of the nation must be found because only then can the formation of loyalty and service to each other, neighbours and strangers alike, that is necessary to the existence of a functioning state take place. Today’s youth are willing to die for a company that can pay them a salary but not for their country. Proof of broken social trust broken by inadequate political experiments. National loyalty, from both leaders and citizens, is a condition for constitutional and democratic government. Building it requires a strong resistance to global players and local elites, who are so heavily invested in expropriating not only the resources but also the sovereignty of the people, overtaking the sovereignty of the nation-states politically and market-wise. Only the people can resist against such formidable powers. Continue Reading The Imperialist Soul of Social Democrats Alfie Hancox writes how the apparently progressive post-war government in the UK which delivered unprecedented social security simultaneously undermined progressive political futures in the Global South – national liberation movements for land and resource sovereignty were thwarted. Hancox reveals Labour’s Aneurin Bevan’s role in deepening British imperialism. The Imperialist Soul of Social Democrats The working-class vision of socialism during this period may be blurred by the corruption of the ‘welfare state’—Kwame Nkrumah As the popular national story goes, after the Second World War the British working class, seeking a just reward for their sacrifices, came together to win a fairer society by voting in the Labour government which built the welfare state. At the heart of this reputed ‘Spirit of ‘45’ was the architect of the National Health Service (NHS), Aneurin ‘Nye’ Bevan (1897–1960). Bevan has pride of place in the romanticised pantheon of the Labour left, and he is widely held to epitomise the party’s ‘socialist soul’. While often memorialised as a class warrior who once called for ‘the complete political extinction of the Tory Party’, behind ‘the myth of the miner prophet’ there lies a much more complex and contradictory picture of Bevan the statesman. Britain’s post-war welfare settlement emerged against the backdrop of negotiated decolonisation – which was by no means a peaceful or straightforward process – and class compromise within the bounds of the capitalist nation-state was mediated by an enduring relationship with Empire. For Bevan, socialism was above all a ‘language of priorities’, and a critical overview of his parliamentary career reveals that colonised peoples in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean were often a subordinate element in his considerations, despite his long-standing friendship with Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru. It is also often forgotten that the welfare state was serviced by a migrant workforce extracted from Britain’s colonial ‘dependencies’, who were greeted upon arrival with racial-exclusionary impulses which were at times reinforced by Bevan himself. Similar ‘nativist’ tendencies remained present in the recent social democratic revival, demonstrating the need for an interrogation of the traditional Labour movement’s entanglement with imperialism. The welfare state as neocolonial compact Social welfare reforms delivered by the state have a contradictory class character. On the one hand, they constitute immediate gains for workers, but at the same time they assist in the reproduction of a value-creating labour force and represent concessions which may boost the legitimacy of capitalism. Welfare measures thus play a mediatory function in the push and pull of class struggle, the surge forward and the reactive containment. Interwar Britain was not wholly immunised from the social convulsions that shook continental Europe, and one wartime Conservative Member of Parliament warned in a famous speech: ‘If you do not give the people social reform, they are going to give you social revolution.’ The reforming Labour government of 1945–51 adopted a carrot and stick approach to class compromise, as the expansion of social housing and public education, and advent of free healthcare, was accompanied with a consolidation of workplace discipline. Bevan claimed to have received his political training in Marxism, but his true faith was in parliamentary democracy, and he believed that national industrial management laid the foundations for the construction of socialism ‘from above’. As a member of Clement Attlee’s Ministerial Emergencies Committee, the erstwhile trade union militant helped defeat a strike wave in the newly nationalised industries (a response to efficiency drives), using the Supply and Transport Organisation which two decades earlier helped beat back the General Strike of 1926. While welfare concessions reflect the domestic class balance of forces, this is only one part of the story. As the British New Left historian John Saville identified in 1957, ‘the flexibility and manoeuvrability of the ruling class’ in charting a new social consensus had ‘been derived from the possession of the world’s largest Empire.’ It was this situation which enabled the Labour government to square the circle of maintaining (relative) class peace at home, without eliminating capitalist exploitation. The Pan-Africanist Kwame Nkrumah, in his seminal 1965 study Neo-Colonialism, explained how the governing elite in Europe and North America found a means to deal with social demands at home after the war: A deliberate attempt was made to divert colonial earnings from the wealthy class and use them instead generally to finance the ‘Welfare State’ … this was the method consciously adopted even by those working-class leaders who had before the war regarded the colonial peoples as their natural allies against their capitalist enemies at home. Immediately following the war, Britain was facing a currency balances crisis that called Labour’s social plans into question. Bevan was not explicit about where the money for Attlee’s ‘New Jerusalem’ would come from, but his colleague Evelyn John Strachey, a former Marxist and Labour’s Minister of Food, was more forthright. During a parliamentary debate on a Colonial Development bill in 1948, the year of the NHS’s founding, Strachey concluded that ‘by hook or by crook, the development of primary production of all sorts, in the Colonial areas, Colonial territories and dependent areas in the Commonwealth … is, it is hardly too much to say, a life and death matter for the economy of this country.’ The Attlee government essentially pursued a policy of issuing ‘IOUs’ to the colonies in return for the dollars earned from key exports such as rubber and tin from Malaya and cocoa from Ghana. Britain’s post-war reconstruction employed ‘a more systematic exploitation of colonies than at any previous time in imperial history’ – with the active support of the labour bureaucracy. The trade union leader, Ernest Bevin, declared: ‘I am not prepared to sacrifice the British empire [because] it would mean that the standard of life of our constituents would fall considerably.’ As the Trinidadian Marxist George Padmore put it, these labour lieutenants of imperialism wanted to turn the British working class into collective ‘shareholders of the Empire.’ British socialism’s civilising mission Writing in the socialist newspaper Morning Starthe trade unionist and historian Graham Stevenson has attempted to defend the legacy of the welfare state, and detach it from Attlee’s imperialist adventures in Korea, Malaya and Iran, by arguing that ‘foreign policy was not in Nye Bevan’s remit’. It is well known, however, that Bevan had wanted the Colonial Office, and he was an influential voice in international affairs as the charismatic leader of the ‘soft left’ Tribune faction. Though Bevan’s rejection of the pre-war colonial status quo did put him at variance with the Labour right, he nevertheless stressed he was ‘against any proposal for complete self-government’ until the colonised countries had endured sufficient tutelage under British parliamentary democracy. He believed in the civilising mission of the ‘Socialist Commonwealth’, and in 1948 declared that with the advent of the National Health Service Britain had achieved ‘the moral leadership of the world’. This paternalistic mindset, which smacked of the ‘white man’s burden’, was typical of the ethical socialist tradition in Labour, and distanced Bevan from the approach of the Comintern-affiliated League Against Imperialism and the Manchester Pan-African Congress, which both rejected the ‘Enlightened’ colonial doctrine of trusteeship. Bevan never challenged the unequal economic relationship with the ‘dependencies’ which characterised Britain’s free trade imperialism, or what he preferred to call ‘the legitimate claims of world commerce’. The superior British capacity for ethicizing self-interest was shared by Bevan’s wife and fellow MP Jennie Lee, who said at Labour’s annual conference in 1956, without a hint of irony: ‘We have to work for the day when there will be a higher standard of living here, a higher standard of living in the colonies, and when as free and friendly nations they will want us to be their bankers.’ It was in his attitudes to the Middle East that Bevan’s more overtly imperialist leanings came to the fore. While opposing the Anglo-French invasion of Egypt, Bevan nonetheless expressed his outrage when President Gamel Abdel Nasser, who he racistly dubbed ‘Ali Baba’, nationalised the Suez Canal used to transport ‘our oil’. In justifying the Zionist colonial project that violently displaced 700,000 Palestinians, Bevan also argued in the Cabinet that ‘it was not necessarily true that we must avoid estranging Arab states. A friendly Jewish state would be a safer military base than any we should find in any Arab state’. He thought that Europeanised Jewish settlers could shake up the ‘semi-medieval institutions’ of the Arab world and prepare the grounds for socialist democracy, betraying a racialised view of civilisational development. Bevan’s wavering stance on colonial liberation didn’t make him an outlier on the Labour left. For example, it was the former treasurer of the Movement for Colonial Freedom, Anthony Greenwood, who as Labour’s Colonial Secretary oversaw the ousting of British Guinea (Guyana)’s socialist Premier Cheddi Jagan. The Communist Party theoretician Rajani Palme Dutt identified this tried and test pattern of western social democracy, whereby ostensibly left-wing spokespersons are ‘given positions in the imperialist machine such as would not only gag them from expressing anti-imperialist sentiments but compel them to undertake the official duty of defending imperialist policies’. Ultimately, the government that delivered unprecedented social security at home simultaneously thwarted progressive political futures in the Global South – national liberation movements for land and resource sovereignty, and regionalist aspirations like those fleetingly concretised in Nkrumah’s Union of African States. Labour’s inglorious colonial record came up one time when Bevan was lecturing the Conservatives on their imperial policy. When he mentioned the imprisonment of Nkrumah, Tory members opposite reminded him that the Attlee government he served in as Health Minister was responsible! Bevan brushed this off, replying: ‘Well, we shoved him in gaol. If honourable members will restrain their hilarity for a moment, I said that this is part of the classic story of these struggles.’ This glib response omitted the killing of unarmed protestors in Ghana, which took place months before the arrest of Nkrumah. The West African Students’ Union, of which Dr. Nkrumah was a former member, noted that US imperialism often appeared a lesser threat to colonial independence than ‘British Socialism’. An additional pillar of Attlee’s foreign policy was the backing of Western Europe’s remilitarisation under the US Marshall Plan, enabling the British Communist Party to declare that Labour’s welfare state was really a ‘warfare state’. Before WWII, Bevan had alienated the Labour leadership by calling for a United Front with communists against the fascist threat in Europe. However, his sympathies had changed with the onset of the Cold War, as anti-colonial movements supported by the Soviet Union destabilised the hegemony of the western imperial powers; and the Bevanites became enmeshed in an ideological struggle pitting Occidental social democracy against Marxism-Leninism. Bevan’s 1951 ‘rebellion’ against Labour’s militarism was not a protest against the genocidal proportions of the Korean War – he had in fact fully supported the Anglo-American invasion of the Peninsula – but because bloated defence spending was now cutting into his health service. Empire and the National Health The welfare state also carried the imprint of Empire domestically. While healthcare is a basic social necessity, historically the state provisioning of medical services has been framed in terms of labour productivity and, from the late-nineteenth century, imperialist ideologies of racial hygiene. The Liberal economist William Beveridge’s 1942 blueprint for the welfare settlement recommended that ‘good stock should be allowed to breed while bad stock would be ameliorated through state intervention’, and similar eugenics-influenced sentiments permeated the Labour movement through the Fabian Society. The nationalisation policies in 1945–51 were not in any meaningful sense socialist, being administered from above by the capitalist state. While Bevan described the National Health Service as ‘pure socialism’, it was compromised from the start by the continued existence of independent contractors and retention of private practice. Nevertheless, the post-war reforms were a step forward in terms of collective social security, and they boosted loyalty to the nation-state that administered them: welfare came ‘wrapped in the Union Jack’. The language of socialism was co-opted and degraded by what Tom Nairn termed Labour’s ‘nationalization of class’, and lost in the process of the patriotic social compact were the Marxist values of working class self-empowerment. Notions of national belonging and entitlement in Britain became increasingly racialised after the war, and as Satnam Virdee reminds us, the apogee of British social democracy ‘was also the golden age of white supremacy [and] legal racist discrimination’. When migrant workers from the non-white ‘New Commonwealth’ were induced to bolster Britain’s public services and stagnating industries, they were met with a racist ‘colour bar’ in employment and housing, often reinforced by the white-dominated trade unions. In 1948, a year that saw violent attacks on Black residents in Liverpool, Bevan wrote that if ‘colonial subjects come here on their own responsibility’ they ‘cannot complain if it is not all plain sailing’. An informal caste system was built into the NHS itself, with workers of colour restricted to the lowest-paid employment grades, regardless of their level of training. A Brixton-based Black feminist group described how the health service was like a colony in the way it was run: ‘in the head of the black nurse from the Caribbean is the echo of slavery; in the head of the Asian nurse is the servitude to Sahib and Memsahib.’ Britain was simultaneously draining skilled medical labour from developing countries, the effects of which were described in Walter Rodney’s How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. The hyper-exploited labour of Black and Brown women was unacknowledged by Bevan, who ascribed the NHS’s success to ‘the vitality and genius of the British people’. Healthcare was quickly propelled to the centre of popular anti-immigrant discourses, and only a year after the NHS’s inception Bevan succumbed to nativist pressures by assuring voters that he’d ‘arranged for immigration officers to turn back aliens who were coming to this country to secure benefits off the Health Service’. The image of non-British ‘foreigners’ exploiting the NHS was a trope later deployed to great effect by Conservative MP Enoch Powell in his infamous ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech. Bevan’s capitulation reflected a failure to offer a principled counter to anti-immigration rhetoric. His celebrated essay ‘In Place of Fear: A Free Health Service’ was riven by a tension between the defence of ‘the collective principle’ in terms of socialist universalism, and a cost-benefit approach that stressed immigrants’ contributions to ‘national revenues’, and the expenses that would be incurred by passport checks at hospitals. When Bevan rebuked the Trades Union Congress’s call for immigration restrictions after the 1958 racist riot in Notting Hill, this was not on grounds of proletarian internationalism, but the potential damage it would do to the image of the Commonwealth as ‘the greatest constitutional experiment in the history of nations’. The legacy of Empire persists in the health service today, as demonstrated by the revival of medical racism in the Coronavirus context. The NHS is also still dependent on the labour of precarious migrant workers, now extracted from developing countries such as the Philippines and Nigeria. The present struggle to defend healthcare services in Britain thus needs to be coupled with a historical awareness of the inherent dangers of seeking social reform within the confines of the imperialist nation-state. We should look beyond the elitist parliamentary socialism of Bevan, to the alternative politics of metropolitan anti-colonialists like Dutt and Padmore who sought not a class settlement within the parameters of capitalist competition, but the levelling of wages and conditions across national and racial boundaries. The experiences of the 1970s–1980s further demonstrated that rank-and-file struggles in the health sector, often instigated by low-paid Black ancillary workers, can galvanise the labour movement in a profoundly progressive manner. We can draw on these lessons, and reconnect with more radical, worker and patient-driven visions of socialist healthcare which target the social roots of ill-health intrinsic to capitalist exploitation. Continue Reading Neocolonial Components of Algorithmic Capitalism in Africa Today More than half a century after Kwame Nkrumah first articulated his magisterial critique of neocolonialism, Scott Timcke argues his critique remains just as relevant in the analysis of present-day developments of capitalism in Africa. Neocolonial Components of Algorithmic Capitalism in Africa Today The present convergence of finance and wireless technology has generated considerable enthusiasm in development circles about the promise of connectivity and FinTech to improve quality of life and create wealth on the African continent. The prototypical example that proponents point to is M-Pesa, a service run in Kenya by Safaricom. Launched in 2007, M-Pesa is a form of mobile banking which uses cellphone accounts as a financial service, permitting transfers and credit extension facilities. Initially funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), the service was commercialized through a joint venture by Vodafone and Safaricom. By 2018 there were 30 million customers and 6 billion yearly transactions. By most assessments, the service is a success. This blogpost revisits that conclusion by asking how these kinds of FinTech technologies, in their current configuration, perpetuate neocolonial relations. Replacing direct military rule, neocolonial relations can be understood as the coordinated exploitation of developing countries by advanced capitalist ones through their clout in international political economy. If such a claim at first appears like a stretch because it appears conspiratorial, it is worth recalling how European imperial and colonial practices were naturalized and normalized for most of modernity. While ‘the methods of neo-colonialists are subtle and varied’ let us begin with the obvious. Desires to ‘bring Africa online’ in the 2000s had to confront stark realities born from both (i) the legacies of colonial infrastructure planned primarily to support resource extraction or settler communities, and (ii) the IMF imposed structural adjustment policies that slashed state maintenance budgets and social, economic, and political infrastructure. So, when digital neo-modernization advocates maintained that without access to the internet people in the Global South would face a digital divide which would exacerbate poverty that stemmed from the already asymmetrical relations in the global system, they overlooked the very history that gave rise to those inequalities and deficiencies in the first place. But this rhetoric of digital inclusion tended to overlook the historical materialist method at the heart of discussions about digital inequalities. Indeed the ‘connectivity paradigm’ currently promoted by the World Economic Forum and Facebook focuses on building infrastructure to create markets and customers, which will bridge the digital divide. However, this conceptualization ignores the insights of the scholarship around uneven and combined development or the research on the spatial fix required by capitalism to stall social problems in metropoles. In other words, for all the discussion about connectivity when digital neo-modernizers deny the connections of history; they deny how some polities are rich because others are poor. Take the case of rising household over-indebtedness mediated by micro-lending platforms like M-Pesa. Sociological studies of the working-class in Kenya, like that by Kevin Donovan and Emma Park, demonstrate how these digitally mediated financial markets create debt traps for this class. In effect their earnings are used to pay off debts and more loans are taken against future earnings to service existing debts. This digitally mediated indebtedness of the working class is facilitated by the combination of the increase in the volume of rents extracted in the modern financial economy as well as, crucially, analysis of user generated data to assess their creditworthiness. In short, social reproduction is articulated through the logic of this financial system in turn causing severe maldistribution. Through this employment of FinTech ‘poverty is understood as a new frontier for profit-making and accumulation.’ These are the kinds of processes that Dan Kotliar and Abeba Birhane have in mind when they write about data orientalism and the algorithmic colonization of Africa respectively. While the excellent critical literature on FinTech in Africa is growing, too often this work is lost in the analytical (and political) noise of neo-modernization. As the connectivity paradigm illustrates, this ideology has a naïve comprehension of technology as a social form. By contrast, when approached from a critical perspective, FinTech is not confined to reconfiguring or extending new services. Rather it involves creating new markets, introducing new machinery to reduce labor costs and more generally aiding inter-sector competition. But most importantly, FinTech is concerned with enclosing and capturing the value in existing informal lending practices the African working class has already built themselves. For example, South African informal saving networks are estimated to hold US$3 billion. To put it another way, the purpose of FinTech is to readjust the balance of power between capital and labor. This means that the central issue is not about the outcomes this technology produces, nor is it even a matter of access. The fundamental question is about how control rights of this technology reside with a minority of shareholders and how their interests are adjacent to the interests of their firms’ customers. And through indebtedness, FinTech is effectively creating a ‘digital-creditor-debtor-divide’ in Africa. There is considerable value in revisiting Kwame Nkrumah’s Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism to understand the neocolonial components of algorithmic capitalism (informational or cybernetic capitalism). Published in 1965 and written in the wake of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan’s 1960s Wind of Change speech in the Parliament of South Africa in which the Conservative British government signaled that is would no longer actively oppose independence movements, neocolonialism as Nkrumah described it, was a technique of indirect rule kept in place through a combination of economic arrangements and treaties, innovations in communication technology, and with the assistance of local sympathetic agents. In short, Nkrumah argued that European politicians like Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle offered disingenuous statements about the formal end of colonial rule, in part because newer mechanisms of colonial exploitation were possible to implement. As a quick illustration of the durability of neocolonialism as a form of imperial rule, consider how, sixty years after formal political independence, the CFA franc has kept former French colonies under the influence of France monetary policy and structuring the economic relationship between France and these former colonies. Fanny Pigeaud and Ndongo Samba Sylla’s recently published Africa’s Last Colonial Currency concretely shows how 162 million people in 15 states have France mediate their monetary policy. When paired with the frequent military interventions that still take place, as Nkrumah accounted for, African populations continue to be subjects of scientific and financial experimentation by global powers. Even reviewing Nkrumah’s sequence of chapters gives an early indication of the larger argumentation and stakes of his thesis. “Exercised through economic or monetary means” and “by a consortium of financial interests” imperialist finance and its currencies enable capitalists to establish corporations dedicated to extracting raw materials from concessions. By pressing labor—whose wages are artificially depressed through monopoly in economic sectors and the monopsony of labor (a market situation in which there is only one buyer) like in many African extractive economies—the profits of which are repatriated to metropoles through monetary zones and foreign banks. Indeed, at the time the book even caught the eye of the CIA in November of 1965. Nkrumah’s government would not last even four more months. It was deposed in February 1966 by a military coup. While it is difficult to adequately discuss Ghanaian politics in the 1960s in this venue (and more generally we must resist mono-causal explanations) it is nevertheless telling that Nkrumah’s removal set in motion a ‘diplomatic realignment’ that benefited the West. Indeed, it is this kind of protracted material struggle between oppressor and oppressed that gave rise to the neocolonial critique. In the 1989 edition of The Black Jacobins, CLR James included an appendix ‘From Toussaint L’Ouverture to Fidel Castro’ in which he writes that about the intellectual encounter between the West Indians like Marcus Garvey and George Padmore and Africans like Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah. Calling this “one of the strangest stories in any period of history”, James described how encounters between sets of migrants in European cities led to the formation of groups like the International African Service Bureau, as Theo Williams has previously discussed on Being in metropoles these Pan-Africanists had front row seats to witness the transition from ‘the old colonial system’ that had stood since the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference to ‘neocolonialism’ that emerged after World War Two. Through their ‘criticism of the weapon’—to employ a line from Marx’s Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right—the Pan-Africans made their theory ‘a material force.’ While there are several tendencies in African studies, neocolonialism and neo-modernization represent two divergent conceptualizations of actions occurring on the continent. Despite protestations otherwise, neo-modernization is institutionally, philanthropically, and academically entrenched. It provides the initial frame of reference for design of empirical studies. And it is precisely “because they have already established a near monopoly of what is written on the subject” to enroll some of Walter Rodney’s remarks, that space is made for the neocolonial critique. This critique can, for example, show how local intermediaries facilitate neocolonial rule. Walter Rodney called these local agents’ allegiance to, or cynical cooperation with neocolonial powers, part of the ‘elementary conditions’ of neocolonial rule. For example, as it applies to algorithmic capitalism, the Kenyan government owns 35% of Safaricom. This means that the state gains revenues from the indebtedness of its citizens and the commodification of their data that Donovan and Park describe. But here arises a contradiction, because these revenues may be offset by costs spent to address the social consequences of indebtedness like homeless and mental illness. Indeed, depending upon their mandate, parts of the Kenyan bureaucracy are likely working at cross purposes from one another. This adds conflicting interests to any intra-governmental discussions on how (or if) to regulate lending apps like M-Pesa. To recap, aside from the skews and parameters that arise from internal properties, it is true that there is nothing intrinsically exploitative about digital technology. That said, due to the global supremacy of the private property regime, the meaning and operation of these digital infrastructures is overdetermined by capitalist values. Accordingly, using neocolonialism in studies of digital sociology can help us focus less on the mechanisms of this or that platform, and more on how platforms are part of the basic forms of a society that shape social relations. In this vein, neocolonialism provides a different methodology—a counter-narrative that foregrounds the experience of the oppressed—that comes to vastly different conclusions to the neo-modernization perpetuated in the elite ‘fintech-philanthropy-development complex’. This complex promotes platforms to advance economic liberalization and skirting existing regulations believing that such policy courses can nominally improve material conditions for Africans. However, in practice due to platform mediated financialization setting up conditions of perpetual insolvency, the lived-experience of the African working class is delimited by the interests of metropolitan capital, an arrangement that is reminiscent of the same kinds of subordination that Nkrumah described in the latter half of the 20th century. Much like in the 20th century this most recent iteration of neocolonialism will have long reverberations. Continue Reading
Making Ecocide an International Crime Why Earth Destruction is a Crime VPRO (2015) Film Review This is a documentary about the late Scottish lawyer Polly Higgins and Spanish jurist Baltazar Garzon and their efforts to have the UN declare ecocide (damage to the Earth) a crime against humanity. Higgins who died unexpectedly in April, gave up her corporate law practice in 2010 to mobilize support for an amendment to the UN Rome Statute defining crimes against humanity. This would make corporate executives (rather than corporation) personally responsible for environmental crimes committed by their companies. Higgins believed the interests of the Earth could only be protected by international law, as most countries have laws requiring corporations to put shareholders above any other interests. Garzon, a former Spanish judge, first attracted international prominence in 2000 for having former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet arrested in London for crimes against humanity. The jurist presently serves on Julian Assange’s legal team. With his daughter Maria’s help, he has established a nonprofit foundation to assist communities sue international corporations whose mining and international activities have destroyed ecosystems they rely on for their basic needs. In the early 70s, Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme launched the first campaign to have the UN declare ecocide as a crime against humanity. He did so in reaction to America’s total decimation of Vietnam’s jungle habitat via Agent Orange and indiscriminate bombing, Although Palme was assassinated in 1986, his supporters’ resolution was nearly adopted in 1996. Unfortunately backdoor lobbying by the US, UK, France and the Netherlands blocked the UN General Assembly from adopting it. Anarchism and the Spanish Civil War last great cause The Last Great Cause V.G. Tenturini Search Foundation (2010) Book Review The Last Great Cause is a virtual encyclopedia of Spanish political history, starting from the Napoleon’s invasion in 1808. Although I was chiefly interested in the history of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism, the book also provides a comprehensive overview of the fascist coup Franco launched in 1936, the International Brigades who fought (unsuccessfully) to save the second Spanish Republic, the so-called “transition” following Franco’s death in 1975 and more recently efforts by the crusading Spanish jurist Baltasar Garzon to achieve justice for tens of thousands of victims of the Franco regime. Venturini begins by identifying unique features of 19th century Spanish society that provided fertile ground for a major anarchist movement. Among these were Spain’s failure to achieve industrial revolution (except in Catalonia), the absence of a Spanish middle class and strong separatist movements in Catalonia and the Basque region of Spain. Unlike socialism, which historically develops among middle class intellectuals, Spanish anarchism had its origin in the working class. The Rise of Spanish Anarchism In 1868, a group of disconnected generals led the first major effort to depose the Spanish monarchy. The same year, Mikhail Bakunin, known as the father of collective anarchism, sent his disciple Giuseppe Fanelli to Spain to organize Spanish farm laborers. Within five years, the number of anarchists in Spain totaled 50,000. The resulting “glorious revolution” produced in the First Republic. It lasted eleven months before the monarchy was restored. Spanish history between 1902 and 1929 was marked by profound political and economic turmoil. During the early 1900s, Spanish anarchists merged with the Syndicalist* movement. In 1911, they formed the CNT. CNT membership grew from 14,000 to 700,000 by 1919. In 1917, the CNT joined forces with the UGT* to stage the first general strike. In 1929, continuing popular unrest would lead to Alfonzo XIII’s removal from power and the creation of the Second Republic in 1931. The Forces Backing Franco’s Coup From the outset, the Republic faced powerful opposition from the Catholic Church, the Spanish military, wealthy landholders and Spanish and European Banks. Spain was embroiled in virtual civil war from 1933 on, as the forces of reaction engaged armed thugs (as the Falange Espanola) to thwart governmental efforts to carry out land and other democratic reforms. These forces of reaction also assisted in planning and implementing the fascist coup Franco launched in 1936. The Republic was at a clear disadvantage in resisting the coup, owing to the major support Franco received from fascist Germany and Italy and the covert support he received from Britain and the US. According to Venturini, Britain, which had major business interests in Spain, directly aided Franco with intelligence and naval support. American oil companies also provided him with oil (while refusing to sell it to Spain’s legitimately elected government), and Ford and other US manufacturers supplied him with trucks. The International Brigades Venturini estimates 40,000-50,000 volunteers from 53 countries participated in the International brigades. When Franco captured Catalonia in January 1939 500,000 Republican soldiers and civilians fled across the border to France. Many of the anarchists joined the Maquis, where they played a vital role in liberating France from the Nazis. Venturini emphasizes that no allied troops fought in the South of France – that these regions were liberated by the Resistance – in many instances before the liberation of Paris. Syndicalism is a type of economic system in which industries are owned and managed by the workers. CNT Confederación Nacional del Trabajo National Confederation of workers. The Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT, General Union of Workers) is a major Spanish trade union, historically affiliated with the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE). **Rural guerrilla bands of French resistance fighters.
Follow TV Tropes Literature / Cry, the Beloved Country Go To Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1948 novel by Alan Paton. Called "the most important novel in South Africa's history," it tells the tale of Father Stephen Kumalo, a poor African priest who leaves his small village to venture into the big city of Johannesburg, where his estranged sister Gertrude and son Absalom moved years before. It has been made into film several times, most recently in 1995 with James Earl Jones and Richard Harris. In 1949, Kurt Weill and Maxwell Anderson adapted it into the musical Lost in the Stars. This book provides examples of: • Amoral Attorney: Averted. Absalom's lawyer takes the case pro bono because he believes Absalom is telling the truth. • An Aesop: Don't rely solely on prayer for help in life. Physically take action sometimes. • And Now for Someone Completely Different: The second part of the book focuses on James Jarvis, who had only been very briefly mentioned before. • Bittersweet Ending: Both Kumalo and Jarvis have lost their young adult sons, but Jarvis has a change of heart and helps Kumalo's starving and miserable tribe recover and prosper again, and Kumalo now has a grandson and a daughter in law to live with him. • Cain and Abel: Stephen and John, though John isn't so much as villainous as he is cowardly and selfish. • The City vs. the Country: Kumalo's home of Ndotsheni, versus the big mining city of Johannesburg. They are shown to both be pretty terrible, but Ndotsheni at least is a World Half Full where things are starting to get better by the end. • Advertisement: • Country Mouse: Kumalo, who is both confused and frightened by Johannesburg. • Establishing Character Moment: The city of Johannesburg's evil nature is first revealed when a young man tries to take advantage of Stephen being a Naïve Newcomer by offering to take his money to buy him a ticket at the "bus ticket office" so he can save his place in line, and then runs off with it. • Face Death with Dignity: Absalom Kumalo admits guilt for the murder of Arthur Jarvis, after his two accomplices provide alibis. A death sentence ensues, as expected. • Karma Houdini: William and Pafuri, the other two boys involved with the break in. They get off scot free, because there is not enough evidence to prove they were there at the murder. But Absalom unfortunately is not so lucky. However, they are mentioned as being in prison for another crime. • Preacher Man: Kumalo and Msimangu, as well as several others who help them on their quest. • Send in the Search Team: Kumalo is the search team, gone to look for Gertrude and Absalom. • There Should Be a Law: People discuss the various social problems, particularly native crime, and discuss laws about what to do. How well does it match the trope? Example of: Media sources:
Difference between revisions of "Brambleberry Whortleberry Mead" From EastKingdomWiki (Created page with "==Panel Information== Brewer: Max the Executioner Recipe Source: Original Category: Division 2 Time/Place Paneled: BrewU 2013 Panel Score: 74 <div style="text-align:cente...") Line 1: Line 1: ==Panel Information== {{EKBG Panel Brewer: Max the Executioner \| recipe_name = Appel Medu \| recipe_source = Original Recipe Source: Original \| brewer = Max the Executioner \| location = Brew U Category: Division 2 \| date = 2013 \| score = 74 Time/Place Paneled: BrewU 2013 \| period = Current Middle Ages \| division = Division 2: Mead, Hydomel, Melomel, Metheglins Panel Score: 74 \| origin = East Kingdom <div style="text-align:center;">'''Brambleberry Whortleberry Mead'''</div> <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:0.25in;margin-right:0in;"></div> Latest revision as of 23:39, 16 April 2018 Full Recipe Name Appel Medu Recipe Source Max the Executioner Panel Information Panel Location: Brew U Panel Date: 2013 Score: 74 Beverage Information Period: Current Middle Ages Division: Division 2: Mead, Hydomel, Melomel, Metheglins Origin: East Kingdom Pliny the Elder in his books of Natural History spoke of it in pieces. One part is in Book 15: Chapter 25, “Mulberries” – “a similar but much firmer berry also goes on brambles.” (i.e. brambleberry) Another part is in Book 16: Chapter 31 where Pliny mentions the “whortleberry” which was used as a source of “purple dye for slave clothes.” In Book 14: Chapter 20 Pliny mentions “a wine is also made of only honey and water.” Pliny in Book 14: Chapter 25 also mentions sulfur (sulfites) and the use of sulfurous tree resins as being used as wine preservatives. Neat!! Moving forward to the time of King Edward 1st of England (1238 to 1307), he made brambleberries famous under the name of raspberry, and encouraged everyone to grow them. Raspberries were very expensive in his time. Whortleberries were now known under several different names (bleaberry, billberry, or blueberry) as well. All of these berries fall under the category of genius Vaccinium. In the 1200’s, fermented honey and water was now known as mead. I thought “Let’s combine these elements and see what happens.” I hope you enjoy the results. Mead Recipe 1. 10 pounds of honey 2. ½ fluid ounce acid blend (60/40 malic / tartaric) 3. 500 milligrams ascorbic acid 4. 1/2 teaspoon yeast nutrient 5. 3 pint of brambleberries 6. 6 pints of whortleberries 7. Clean, non-chlorinated Water Source 8. ½ tsp pectic enzyme 9. 1 thiamin tablet 10. Wine yeast - I use Red Star Montrachet 11. Campden tablets (sulfites) Procedure for making a 3 gallon batch of this Mead 1. Make sure all of your equipment is clean, free of soap or detergent and sterilized with sulfites. 2. Put water into pot and bring to a boil. 3. Puree the whortleberries and brambleberries in a blender. 4. Add in honey and other ingredients minus the yeast and sulfites. 5. Lower heat and stir until they dissolve. 6. Bring mixture to 180 degrees for 10 minutes to sterilize the mixture. 7. Then, cool mixture to 70 degrees. 8. Add honey/water mixture to the glass carboy and stir thoroughly. 9. Transfer 16 ounces to the glass jar. 10. Cover the carboy and add fermentation lock. 11. Add yeast to the contents of the quart jar. 12. 3-4 days later, add contents from quart jar to 3 gallon carboy. 13. Let ferment for 4 - 12 weeks at 70 - 80°F until it stops. 14. Rack off clear mead to second glass carboy leaving yeast sludge behind. Top off the second carboy with sulfited water solution. (2 tablets per gallon) 15. Repeat step 13 at 3 months and at 6 months. 16. At 9 months, bottle with sulfites (2 tablets per gallon) and enjoy. List of equipment you will need to make a 3 gallon batch of Mead 1. 2 – 3 gallon glass carboys 2. Four feet of clear plastic siphon hose 3. 2 one foot sections of clear plastic tubing 4. a 1 – 1 ½ gallon non-metallic pot 5. a non-metallic spoon 6. a non-metallic funnel 7. a fermentation lock and rubber stopper 8. a one quart glass jar 9. Floating thermometer 10. Hydrometer 11. Measuring cup and measuring spoons 12. 15 Glass 750 ml wine bottles 13. 15 Corks 14. 1 Cork Press Started on 10/25/09 Starting Gravity: 1.116 Potential Alcohol: 15.2% Final Gravity: 1.030 ABV: 11.2% Racked and sulfited on 4/3/10. ABV: 11.2% Racked on 7/3/10 Alcohol by Volume: 11.2% before racking Diluted to: 11.0% after racking Bottled on 10/2/10 ABV: 11.0% Primary Sources: Book of Natural History by Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Book 14: Chapter 20 and Chapter 25, Book 15: Chapter 25 and Book 16: Chapter 31 Ancient Wine, the Search for the Origins of Viniculture by Patrick E. McGovern with a new foreword by Robert G. Mondavi Secondary Sources: Making Mead by Roger A. Morse Making Mead by Bryan Acton and Peter Duncan History of Blueberry Raspberry Mead Archaeological evidence shows that Paleolithic cave dwellers ate raspberries. The delectable fruit has been a part of the human diet ever since, though the canes were not cultivated until about the 4th century A.D., as documented by Palladius. In the Hellenistic period raspberries were associated with fertility are found in Greek mythology. In the Greek stories, the berries were once white but when Zeus' nursemaid, Ida, pricked her finger on a thorn it stained the berries red and they have remained so ever since. The scientific name for red raspberries, Rubus idaeus, means literally “bramble bush of Ida”, named both for the nursemaid and the mountain where they grew on the island of Crete. According to research, the red raspberry or Rubus idaeus, is native of Asian Minor and North America. The first to note an appreciation for this fruit were the people of Troy, who used to gather them in the foothills of Mt. Ida, at the time of Jesus Christ. Other literary records can be found in 4th century writings, by Palladius, who was an American agriculturist. Archaeologists have found seeds in Roman forts in Britain, so it is believed that the Romans are responsible for spreading raspberries throughout Europe. By the Middle Ages, wild berries were widely known and used as a food, as well as for medicinal purposes. Their juices were sometimes used in art, for paintings for example. King Edward I of England - He made raspberries famous and encouraged their cultivation throughout Great Britain In these times, only the rich could afford raspberries! Blueberries belong to a well-travelled family, going back a long way in time and place. Perhaps, who knows, even to the Garden of Eden. Today, a relative of the blueberry plant is the oldest living thing on earth, estimated by botanists to be more than 13,000 years old. Skipping ahead from Adam and Eve, it is recorded that Virgil and Pliny recognized blueberries. However, they didn't call them blueberries - they used the term which still identifies the blueberry plant, VACCINIUM, a word rooted in the Latin "vaccinus" meaning cow. The connection between cow and blueberry is indeed obscure, but perhaps ancient cows were blueberry eaters. The name of the genus Vaccinium is derived from the old Latin word, a name used in the works of the Roman playwrights Virgil and Pliny. Bilberry has a species name "myrtillus", this name is an allusion to the supposed resemblance of the bilberry leaves to the leaves of the myrtle plant. The plant is commonly known as the bilberry, the bleaberry, the blueberry, and even as the common whortleberry in England. Bilberry is the common name for this plant in North America.
1. Then what do we say about Abraham, the ancestor from whom we are descended physically? 2. If Abraham had been justified because of what he had done, then he would have had something to boast about. But not before God: 3. does not scripture say: Abraham put his faith in God and this was reckoned to him as uprightness? 4. Now, when someone works, the wages for this are not considered as a favour but as due; 5. however, when someone, without working, puts faith in the one who justifies the godless, it is this faith that is reckoned as uprightness. 6. David, too, says the same: he calls someone blessed if God attributes uprightness to that person, apart from any action undertaken: 7. How blessed are those whose offence is forgiven, whose sin is blotted out. 8. How blessed are those to whom the Lord imputes no guilt. 9. Is this blessing only for the circumcised, or is it said of the uncircumcised as well? Well, we said of Abraham that his faith was reckoned to him as uprightness. 10. Now how did this come about? When he was already circumcised, or before he had been circumcised? Not when he had been circumcised, but while he was still uncircumcised; 11. and circumcision was given to him later, as a sign and a guarantee that the faith which he had while still uncircumcised was reckoned to him as uprightness. In this way, Abraham was to be the ancestor of all believers who are uncircumcised, so that they might be reckoned as upright; 12. as well as the ancestor of those of the circumcision who not only have their circumcision but who also follow our ancestor Abraham along the path of faith that he trod before he was circumcised. 13. For the promise to Abraham and his descendants that he should inherit the world was not through the Law, but through the uprightness of faith. 14. For if it is those who live by the Law who will gain the inheritance, faith is worthless and the promise is without force; 15. for the Law produces nothing but God's retribution, and it is only where there is no Law that it is possible to live without breaking the Law. 16. That is why the promise is to faith, so that it comes as a free gift and is secure for all the descendants, not only those who rely on the Law but all those others who rely on the faith of Abraham, the ancestor of us all 17. (as scripture says: I have made you the father of many nations). Abraham is our father in the eyes of God, in whom he put his faith, and who brings the dead to life and calls into existence what does not yet exist. 18. Though there seemed no hope, he hoped and believed that he was to become father of many nations in fulfilment of the promise: Just so will your descendants be. 19. Even the thought that his body was as good as dead -- he was about a hundred years old -- and that Sarah's womb was dead too did not shake his faith. 21. fully convinced that whatever God promised he has the power to perform. 22. This is the faith that was reckoned to him as uprightness. 23. And the word 'reckoned' in scripture applies not only to him; 24. it is there for our sake too -- our faith, too, will be 'reckoned'
A Passionate Life article assignment help general article writing Can you please watch is movie and answer all the questions which is listed below. 1. What is the difference between vocal music in Catholic churches and vocal music in Protestant churches? (answer can be found within the first 10 minutes of the 2. Bach was introduced to the music of what country during his post in Weimar? (between 30-40 minutes into the movie) 3. What did the ruler of theWeimarcourt do when Bach asked to leave his post? 4. What did Bach hide in his portrait? (between 40-50 minutes into the movie)? 5. What solo instrument, other than organ, did Bach compose very innovative works for? (between 40-50 minutes into the movie) 6. What was behavior like in the churches ofLeipzig? (between 50-60 minutes into the movie) 7. What is the connection between Bach’s name and his compositions? (last 10 minutes of the movie) 8. List 2 facts mentioned in the movie that you thought were most interesting. Related Questions in general article writing category
EuropeDec 6th 1997 edition Nazi gold An ingot nearer to the truth FIRST it was the private Swiss banks. For the past two years, since Jewish groups started accusing them of obstructing the search for money deposited by Holocaust victims, they have been in an uncomfortable spotlight. California, New York city and several local councils in the United States even started boycotting their services. Waking up to the depth of emotion that surrounds the issue of the Nazis and their victims' money, the Swiss banks quickly became very active in co-operating. Now it is the turn of governments to squirm. This week 40 of them—some enthusiastically, others grudgingly—sent delegations to a three-day conference on Nazi gold in London. The purpose: to shed light on the theft of Jewish property, not just by Germany but by virtually every other country in Europe; and to trace gold flows between Germany and the rest of Europe during the war. Various Europeans—mostly Nazis—stole Jewish art, houses and other property, perhaps worth $72 billion today. In addition to robbing individuals, they also looted the gold reserves of countries they overran. Desperate to finance the trade with neutrals that sustained their war effort, the Germans smelted this monetary gold together with “victim gold”, even including gold teeth from death-camps, into indistinguishable ingots. Altogether, the gold they looted would be worth some $8.5 billion today. As much as a third of this, by some estimates, could have come from individuals, not central banks. When America, Britain and France recovered 337 tonnes of Nazi gold after the war, they deemed it to be entirely bank gold and set up a Tripartite Gold Commission (TGC) to return it to the central banks it had been stolen from. Since then, 98% of the TGC gold has been handed back, but this week America and Britain, recognising that the gold pool is tainted with victim gold, set up a new fund for individuals. Both countries have put the first dollops into the pot, $1.7m from the British, $4m from the Americans, with another $21m to be requested from Congress over the next three years. The British and Americans now want those countries with a claim to the remaining TGC gold to give their entitlements to the fund. A few say they will. But not all. Most conspicuously, France is saying no. Along with Britain, it is also balking at American exhortations to open up the TGC's archives, which could disclose a lot about the Nazi gold. This has prompted some snide references to France's spotty war-time history and hints that it has something to hide. Another notable foot-dragger over research is the Vatican, which probably has some highly pertinent files. There have been suggestions that gold looted by Croatian fascists from Jews and gypsies may even have found its way into Vatican coffers. Yet the Holy See attended the conference as an eloquently silent observer. The Russians, Germans, Czechs, Turks, Lithuanians—among others—also have plenty of archives still to open up. Whether independent-minded historians get to see them is another matter. Still, the conference's organisers were pleased to see such countries' representatives come at all. The Swiss, for their part, think they are off the hook, for the moment. It was in Swiss banks that about 85% of all Nazi gold ended up, most of it for financing Germany's war-time trade with countries such as Sweden, Portugal and Turkey. But after a few embarrassing hiccups in the past two years, the Swiss have now taken the lead in facing up to the past, setting up two imposing commissions to dig up the truth. One, led by Paul Volcker, the former head of the Federal Reserve, is looking into dormant victim accounts. The other, led by a Swiss historian, is looking at the wider historical relations between Switzerland and Nazi Germany. The Swiss have also put SFr275m ($192m), much of it from private banks, into a separate fund for Holocaust survivors, which sent its first cheque (albeit for a meagre $395) to an old Jew in Latvia two weeks ago. The world will never know the complete truth about what happened during Europe's blackest years. But at least now, for the first time, virtually all of those involved say they will share their information in the quest for truth. This article appeared in the Europe section of the print edition under the headline "An ingot nearer to the truth" Reuse this contentThe Trust Project The Economist today Handpicked stories, in your inbox A daily newsletter with the best of our journalism
Investor Behavior Investors often fail to achieve market index returns on their investment. In 2015, the Dalbar study found that the average equity mutual fund investor had a return 8.19 percent lower than the S&P 500. What are some of our shortcomings as Investors? There are several theories as to why investors often underperform the market: Investor Regret Theory People usually avoid facing their mistakes and their behavior is no different when it comes to investments. Preferably investors want to sell stocks at a higher price than they bought them. When this is not the case, investors are reluctant to sell even if waiting might make the prices fall more and their losses greater. When you are considering whether to keep or to sell a stock ask yourself if you would buy it again now. If the answer is no, sell the stock! Loss Aversion People are affected more by losses than by gains and are averse to risk that leads to losses. An example of this phenomenon are the choices you make in the following two scenarios adapted from behavioral economics. Scenario 1: there is a disease going around that causes death and people are developing a cure. You can choose one of the two options (1) the cure causes one third of the infected to live with certainty and (2) the cure has a one third probability of curing everyone. Scenario 2: There is once again a disease and you can choose and you can choose to either (1) have two thirds of the population die with certainty or (2) have two thirds probability of killing everyone. The expected values of all four statements are the same, so the decision evaluates when you are willing to take risks and when you are not. Mental Accounting Behaviors People usually construct budgets in their mind for different categories of spending and might behave differently if they have to reallocate money from different places even if the amount is the same. A typical example is the reaction of people to losing a movie ticket vs forgetting it at home. People’s responses when they get to the movie theatre and whether they would buy a new movie ticket often differ on the scenario when the actual cost of buying a new ticket is the same. Investor Anchoring Behaviors People oftentimes believe that the market price and opinions are a good reflection of future trends, choosing to ignore historical trends. Over and Under Reacting When investors are optimistic about the future without evidence for it they offer over-react. When there is collective misconceptions this can lead to the creation of a bubble. On the other hand, under-reactions can happen when investors are pessimistic after a market crash. This is also known as the Dunning-Krueger effect and it proposes that people overestimate how good they are at doing things. A survey in the United States found that 88 percent of drivers believe that they are better than average drivers. How to avoid some of these pitfalls When you are looking to create a well-balanced portfolio and avoid some of the mistakes that we described above, consider following some of the following advice. First, diversify across asset classes and make sure that you have a blend of different growth and value styles. Second, do not be afraid to invest in stock markets abroad! Do your research and see if you want to diversify your portfolio further with either foreign stocks or investing in the foreign exchange market. Third, make sure to rebalance your portfolio in regular time intervals and to make sure to get rid of an investment that you think will only create more losses further down the road. Subscribe To Our Newsletter
Most people don’t think twice about enjoying a cool drink of water from the tap. We’ve come to rely on our sophisticated treatment plants to filter out heavy metals, bacteria, and harmful chemicals so we don’t have to worry about it. But in some cities, the water travels from treatment plants to homes through an aging system of pipes, picking up water contaminants along the way. Here’s what you need to know about possible water impurities and what you can do to keep your family safe. Municipal Water Infrastructure Needs Maintenance The first city water pipes in the U.S. were laid in New York between 1800 and 1830 to serve a burgeoning population. Some pipes from that era are still in use. Water mains are designed to last about 50 years, but the estimated national average age of water infrastructure in 2020 was 45 years. The older the community, the older the system. Why have many cities let their water infrastructure deteriorate? For one thing, water pipe replacement is costly as streets and sidewalks often have to be dug up, traffic re-routed, and water shut off for a while. Also, because aging pipes are out of sight below ground, people may not realize the extent of the problem. So, they elect to spend tax money on more obvious priorities like roads and bridges. But as pipes age, the materials corrode or crack. Water moving through corroded pipes can pick up impurities from the metal. And cracks, which may not be detected for a while, allow chemicals and pollutants from the soil to seep through and find their way to your home. water flowing through old pipes Water Contaminants Introduced by Aging Pipes May Cause Health Problems Most people can still rely on safe drinking water from city systems, and with even aging pipes, it’s unlikely that water contains harmful levels of heavy metals and chemicals. However, if your city has large industrial or agricultural areas or if you have small children, failing pipes may pose a risk. Lead is the scariest and the best-known heavy metal plaguing water systems. Much of lead contamination comes from old lead pipes in houses. But lead can get in through municipal channels as well. Even small amounts of lead in children’s drinking water causes behavioral and learning problems, inhibits normal growth, and lowers IQ. Adults with long-term lead exposure experience kidney problems, reproductive issues, and hypertension. Nitrites and Nitrates When brittle older pipes crack, contaminants from the soil seep in. When this happens, residents are advised to boil water. (North Texans saw the results of water pipe breakage in the extreme winter weather of 2021.) Soil contaminants include nitrates and nitrites, nitrogen compounds that often result from nearby agricultural fertilization. High levels of nitrates and nitrites can harm babies, causing methemoglobinemia or “blue baby syndrome.” The compounds inhibit blood from carrying enough oxygen. Affected infants turn blue or grey and need emergency medical care. It’s especially risky for babies under six months. For adults, high levels of nitrates and nitrates can cause a buildup of nitrosamines in the digestive track. Nitrosamines develop when nitrates and nitrates react with other compounds commonly found in food. While still under study, nitrosamines are linked to increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Deteriorating pipes may also leach cadmium, especially in industrial and agricultural areas. Long-term exposure to unsafe levels of cadmium can damage the kidneys, liver, and bones. Arsenic can enter drinking water through cracked pipes in contaminated soil. The chemical occurs naturally, but industrial and agricultural areas may have higher concentrations from waste runoff. For young children, long-term arsenic exposure damages cognitive development. And for adults, arsenic increases the risk of cancer and possibly cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Bacteria, viruses, and parasites also live in the soil and may get into drinking water through cracked pipes. In particular, more common soil bacteria such as escherichia coli, salmonella, and listeria can cause major health problems, even hospitalization. rusted old water pipe with water leakage Test Your Water to Ensure its Safety If you live in an area where the pipes are more than 40 years old or if you’re concerned, have your water tested. You can get do-it-yourself test kits at hardware stores. Home kits consist of test strips you dip in tap water. The strips turn different colors to indicate levels of impurities. These kits check for copper and lead as well as nitrites, nitrates, and bacteria. The strips are convenient but not always very accurate. If you have small children in the house, you might want a more rigorous test. Your local plumber or a company specializing in water testing can help you get the most precises measurements of a wide range of unwanted water contaminants. Aside from lead, nitrates, nitrites, and bacteria, specialized water testers detect arsenic, cadmium, uranium, and mercury, plus a host of other metals and pollutants. These tests are more expensive but may give you more peace of mind. Prevent Unwanted Health Hazards With a Home Water Filter Unless you test constantly, it’s hard to know if your drinking water meets all federal guidelines. However, there’s excellent home filtration systems that pull out most contaminants before the water gets to your tap. water filter Activated carbon filters Some household filtration systems work by running the water over activated carbon, a well-known natural decontaminant. The systems pass water through several stages of filtration to capture particulates, chlorine, heavy metals like lead, and minerals that cause hard water. The filters take out 50-60% of water contaminants and improve taste as well. Reverse osmosis filters Reverse osmosis filters use high pressure to push water through a filter so fine that only water molecules get through. Contaminants are left behind and flushed out through wastewater. Many municipal and industrial treatment plants use reverse osmosis because it’s very good at cleaning the water. It removes or reduces copper, lead, nitrates, nitrites, mercury, arsenic and many other impurities. The disadvantage is that some water is needed to flush out the waste so it may increase your overall water usage. Water in most parts of the U.S. is safe to drink, but aging infrastructure may start to degrade our water security. If you’re concerned about city water in your area, get some advice about your local situation and your options for addressing it. At Horizon Plumbing, we’re water filter specialists who can help you find the right solution to optimize your water quality. Schedule a free consultation with us today.
Wednesday, December 28, 2016 Forces of the Future by David Feddes In the early years of a new century and a new millennium, many of us wonder: What does the future hold? What will the next hundred years, or the next thousand years, be like? Some futurists say we'll be establishing colonies on Mars, we'll have telephones that fit into a piece of jewelry, and we'll be swallowing microrobots that do surgery on internal organs. With predictions about various gizmos and gadgets, however, a more basic prediction of overall trends sees machines becoming more like people and people becoming more like machines. Already robots have replaced humans in many jobs, and computers have become so skilled in strategy that they can defeat the human chess champion of the world. Some futurists predict a day when robotic computers will use artificial intelligence to improve themselves and perhaps think for themselves and even reproduce themselves. What will these machines be like? Well, optimists foresee machines that serve as expert assistants or even personal friends. Pessimists foresee machines that could turn against people and try to destroy us. But whether these thinking machines turn out to be good or bad, machines behaving like people will no longer be science fiction in books and movies. They will be reality, according to some futurists. Ironically, as computers become more like people, the reverse will also be true: people will become more like computers. People will more and more be what they are programmed to be. Already giant research projects have mapped the genes that produce each inherited trait. As the genes are mapped out, and with advances in gene splicing, "designer babies" may become reality. Parents—or, if parenting became obsolete, the government—could program a child's gender, size, strength, eye color, intelligence level, and so forth, and make sure there is no genetic risk of cancer or alcoholism or mental defects. Meanwhile, as research into the brain keeps advancing, it may be possible to read the way people think and feel, and even to control how they think. Scientists would then be able to program people the way they program computers. Would the result be a paradise of perfect humanity, or a hell of inhumanity? Thinking about the future can be fascinating, but before we get too enthusiastic or too frightened about what lies ahead in this century and millennium, we need to realize that it's often misleading to base predictions about the future on current trends. A trend that seems headed in a certain direction may well reach a barrier that can't be crossed. Attempts to give computers a personality may run into a wall. No matter how much technology advances, the best a robotic computer can ever do is to simulate personality, not actually become a person. Also, efforts to decode human behavior and reprogram it are bound to fail. No matter how much we learn about genetics or brain chemistry, we'll never be able to reduce people to machines. People will always be more than the sum of their DNA, brain waves, and environment. Creatures in God's image will always be more than mere machines. Another problem with using current trends to predict the future is that the future is usually full of surprises that no one can predict in advance. Think back to the year 1900. Who could have predicted at the start of the last century all that has happened since? Back then there were no radios or TV's, no computers or internet or smart phones. Now we live in the information age. Back then there were no expressways, no mass production of cars, no airplanes, no birth control pill, no atomic bomb, no understanding of DNA or gene splicing. If someone 100 years ago had tried to predict the future based on what was happening at the time, he would have failed miserably. And even if someone had managed to predict the inventions and innovations, who could have predicted the individual people who would shape the world? At the start of the 1900s, no one could anticipate the impact of Einstein or Lenin or Churchill or Hitler or Gandhi or Hugh Hefner or Martin Luther King or Nelson Mandela or Osama bin Laden. Individual people can change the course of history in ways that none of us can predict in advance. And so as we look into the century ahead and the next thousand years, current trends may not tell us much. The present doesn't always tell us much about the future. But, strange as it may seem, the future can sometimes tell us a lot about the present. How can that be? Well, with the help of the Bible, it's possible to know the future. The Bible doesn't tell us everything about the future, but it does show us the forces that will dominate at the end of history, and it shows us what the final outcome of history will be. The Bible tells us how the story ends, and that helps us to understand each chapter along the way, including the chapter we're living in right now. Defeated Dragon Revelation 12 records a vision of a great red dragon, which is none other than Satan himself (12:9). In the vision, the dragon is waiting for a woman to give birth to her child, and he intends to devour the child. But instead, the child is delivered from the dragon’s clutches and caught up to heaven. Then there is a great war in heaven between the dragon's evil angels and the angels of heaven. The dragon's forces are defeated, and he is cast out of heaven. Somehow, the birth of the child and his ascension to heaven have empowered the forces of heaven to defeat and expel the dragon. At this point of the vision we're not yet looking into the future. Instead, the Bible is giving us a behind-the-scenes picture of events that have already happened. The birth of Jesus Christ, his victory over death, and his ascension to the throne of God have defeated Satan. The forces of God have already won a great and decisive triumph. But that's not yet the end of the story. The dragon is defeated but not yet destroyed; he is wounded but not dead. And a wounded dragon is dangerous. Revelation says, "Woe to the earth and the sea, because the devil has gone down to you! He is filled with fury, because he knows that his time is short." Sometimes, when you see horrible things happening, you might think that Satan is winning. But is he? Satan is ferocious, not because he's winning, but because he has already lost and he's furious about it. Jesus has already won the decisive battle through his death and resurrection, and all Satan can do is try to cause as much trouble as he can in the time he has left. With that picture in mind, let's look at the forces of the future and see what they tell us about the present. After Satan's defeat in Revelation 12, the dragon himself stays mostly in the background, and he uses three other beings to do his dirty work. Triple Trouble: Beast, False Prophet, Prostitute The first part of Revelation 13 introduces us to a beast who rises up out of the sea. This beastly figure is the one described in other parts of the Bible as "the man of lawlessness" (2 Thessalonians 2:3) or "the antichrist" (1 John 2:18). The antichrist will be a political ruler. He will take control of the world and establish one world government. His power will be an extension of the power of Satan himself, and most people will be unable to resist. Revelation says, "Men worshipped the dragon because he had given authority to the beast, and they also worshipped the beast and asked, "Who is like the beast? Who can make war against him?" Anyone who doesn't submit to the antichrist and worship him—and this includes all who belong to Jesus—will be hunted down and killed. As if that weren't bad enough, the antichrist will have a henchman. Revelation says, "Then I saw another beast, coming out of the earth. He had two horns like a lamb, but he spoke like a dragon" (13:11). In other words, this second beast tries to appear like the Lamb of God, Jesus Christ, but he's a fake. He doesn't speak the word of God; his words are those of the dragon, the devil. Elsewhere the book of Revelation refers to this second beast as "the false prophet" (16:13, 19:20, 20:10). The false prophet has one aim: to deceive people and get them to worship the antichrist. Revelation 13 says the false prophet performed great and miraculous signs, even causing fire to come down from heaven to earth in full view of men. Because of the signs he was given power to do on behalf of the first beast, he deceived the inhabitants of the earth. He ordered them to set up an image in honor of the beast.... He was given power to give breath to the image of the first beast, so that it could speak and cause all who refused to worship the image of the first beast to be killed. He also forced everyone, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on his right hand or on his forehead, so that no one could buy or sell unless he had the mark of the beast or the number of his name. Now, some details of this vision are hard to understand, but one thing is clear: near the end of time, false religion will unite with a brutal global government. The false prophet will spearhead this effort. With his cunning words and flashy miracles, the false prophet will be the ultimate in religious deception. He will hook up with the first beast's powers of persecution, killing those who reject the beast and making it impossible to buy or sell without the code of the antichrist. A bit later, Revelation introduces us to a third force of the future: a prostitute by the name of Babylon. This prostitute Babylon, says Revelation, "is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth" (17:18). At the time Revelation was written, the great ruling city was Rome. Going back to the Babylonian empire, and even further back to the tower of Babel, Babylon in the Bible represents human culture and civilization united in opposition to God. In Revelation the prostitute Babylon does not symbolize any one person, but an entire civilization with enormous powers of seduction. Revelation 17:4 says, "With her the kings of the earth committed adultery and the inhabitants of the earth were intoxicated with the wine of her adulteries." The images of sex and drunkenness have a literal dimension—all big cities wallow in such things, the Roman Empire did, and the ultimate evil civilization will, too—but the Bible says that the prostitute's main method of seduction is money. She is the center of world trade and finance and commerce and culture, and people are willing to do almost anything with her if only she will give them a piece of her wealth. The prostitute Babylon is the capital of a worldwide civilization that is obsessed with money. Under the spell of Babylon, the people and leaders of the world care about just one thing: the economy. Everything has a price. Everything is for sale, even the bodies and souls of people (Revelation 18:13). This seductive, money-oriented civilization will eventually come under the control of the antichrist and serve his purposes. So then, Revelation shows us three evil forces of the future who are in league with the devil. The beast, or antichrist, is the ultimate in political persecution. The false prophet is the ultimate in religious deception. The prostitute is the ultimate in cultural seduction. Is the End Near? When we think about these forces of evil that will dominate the last chapter of human history, many of us can't help wondering whether the world we're living in is ripe for the end. It's not hard to imagine a scenario where one person would rule the world in the near future. We already see more and more globalization in world economics and politics. All it would take to bring us to a single world government would be a military crisis involving nuclear weapons, or a worldwide environmental crisis, or a collapse of currencies and a global depression, in which one man seemed to have all the answers. It's not hard to imagine the rise of the false prophet in our current setting, either. Imagine a smooth talking religious leader with the power to make fire fall from heaven and do other dazzling signs and wonders that had no scientific explanation—and imagine all of this broadcast on live television to viewers around the world. Secularists would be so shocked at a genuine miracle that they'd fall down and worship without bothering to ask whether the miracles and teaching were from God or from Satan. Meanwhile, New Agers and spiritists would hail the false prophet as a source of spiritual power and self-realization. And what about the power to control buying and selling? Well, it's easy enough to see how that could happen. Most of the technology is already in place. We already have electronic scanning systems and computerized credit checks. There is already information about each of us in all sorts of different computers owned by governments and business, and that information is becoming more and more connected by means of the Internet. Now imagine a future where all that data is merged into one computer network, where all payments are made electronically after a credit check by one central computer, and where if a credit check identified you as a Christian, you would be denied the right to buy or sell anything. Imagine a computer scanner which would respond only to a certain code, and the only way to be marked with that code would be to serve the antichrist. Not hard to imagine, is it? We already have the technology. The rise of a global antichrist and false prophet seem all too possible, and as for the prostitute Babylon, the final corrupt civilization, it's already most of the way here. How could the final world civilization get any more sex-crazed, drug-and-alcohol infested, or money hungry than the society we're in right now? The world seems ripe for the evil forces of the future described in the Bible. Future Forces Acting Now It's interesting—and frightening—to speculate and to wonder how long it will be until these visions come true. But the Bible doesn't tell us these things just to fuel our speculation. Many times in the past there have been people who felt sure that the end was near or that a particular person was the antichrist, but they were mistaken and the end of the world did not come. In the same way, we may think that the times are ripe for the end, but we could very well be mistaken. It may turn out to be many years, even many centuries, before history reaches its final chapter. But even if the forces of the future don't reach their final and most frightening form for a long time, we need to know about them because they are at work in our world right now. A final antichrist will appear at some point, says the Bible, but Scripture also says that there are many antichrists at work in the world already (1 John 2:18). So don't get so busy wondering about the final antichrist, or the final false prophet, or the final seductive civilization, that you don't see the antichrists, false prophets, and seductions all around you. Satan's methods are much the same now as they will be in the future: persecution, deception, seduction. The only difference is that those forces will be more intense at the end of history when all restraints are briefly taken away. The Bible isn't just fueling our speculation about the end time when it shows us what Satan will do in the future. It shows us the future so that we'll have a much clearer idea of the methods Satan is using right now. Satan's first method, persecution, isn't just a future possibility. It's present reality. Whether or not the final antichrist appears in our lifetime, it's a fact that in many different parts of the world, there are already martyrs dying for Christ each year. And even where faith won't cost you your life, Satan uses peer pressure, disadvantages in finance and business, and other forms of persecution and intimidation to keep you from following Jesus. Satan's second method of attack, religious deception, is also very much present. Even if we haven't yet encountered the ultimate false prophet, there are plenty of false prophets with us, people who deny the truth of the Bible, reject the claims of Jesus Christ, promote corrupt moral teaching, and plunge people into ruin and destruction. Satan's third method, cultural seduction, is also at work right now. Whether or not our civilization qualifies as the ultimate Babylon, the forces of seduction are all around us. It's almost impossible to pass through your teenage years without being offering drugs or liquor; casual sex is the order of the day; magazines, movies, and music are saturated with sex. We're surrounded by a consumer culture which sucks us into an obsession with making money and finding new ways to spend it. Even if we're not living in the final Babylon, we need to be alert to the ways in which we are being seduced right now by this corrupt society. Ultimate Force of the Future Evil forces of the future are at work in the present. So how can you resist? Only by being in touch with the ultimate force of the future. The book of Revelation says that just when the antichrist, the false prophet, and the prostitute society seem irresistible, just when it appears Satan has won, the ultimate force of the future will ride onto the scene. Revelation 19 says, This is a vision of the Lord Jesus Christ himself, returning to destroy his enemies and establish his eternal kingdom on earth. Earlier we saw that Jesus decisively defeated Satan by dying for our sins and rising again from the dead and ascending to heaven, and we saw that Satan is just a wounded dragon living on borrowed time. Now, in Revelation 19, we see Jesus returning to earth to finish off the devil and his cronies. As Jesus and his armies ride forth, the beast and the false prophet and the people who follow them gather to fight back, but their end is swift and terrible. The beast and the false prophet are captured and thrown into the fires of hell. All the people who followed the antichrist and the false prophet and gave in to the seductions of Babylon, are condemned. Finally, Satan himself is crushed. He and all his demons are cast into the lake of fire. There, says the Bible, "They will be tormented day and night forever and ever." So much for the power of evil. That's why it's important to know the end of the story. You may look around you and think that it makes more sense to give in to evil than to follow Jesus, but when the forces of the future clash, evil is the loser, and Christ is the winner. The evil forces of the future will melt away before the vast, unimaginable force of the rider on the white horse. Jesus Christ will reign supreme. Those who put their faith in Jesus and resist the powers of evil will be delivered by God and will enjoy forever the splendor of the Lord's new creation. I've said that the evil forces of the future are already at work in the present, even if the final evil and tribulation isn't yet upon us. But let me emphasize something far more important: the holy and divine force of the future, the saving power of Jesus, is also at work right now, even if his Second Coming isn't yet upon us. The Holy Spirit of Jesus is at work today, drawing his people toward their final destiny. The gospel of salvation through faith in Jesus continues to spread throughout the world, rescuing millions from the clutches of Satan, guarding their souls and giving them strength to resist the forces of intimidation and deception and seduction. The gospel of Christ is riding forth constantly, and when it has reached all nations and the Lord has brought all his chosen ones to faith, the end will come and Jesus will return and complete his victory. Meanwhile, the Lord calls us to live our present lives in light of what we know about the future. He shows us Satan's strategies, not so that we'll be frightened or overwhelmed, but so that we'll be alert to what the devil is doing, and so that we will trust in the Lord Jesus Christ and take sides with him. There's a lot we don't know about the future. We don't know which trends or what people will have the greatest impact. But we do know this: a battle is brewing, the final battle between the forces of evil and the power of the Lord. That future battle is simply the last conflict in a war that is going on right now, a war in which the forces of the future are already exercising their power. Which forces are controlling you? Which side are you on? Are you giving in to the sidekicks of a fierce but doomed dragon? Or are you marching in the armies of the victorious Christ? Don't let another day go by before you trust Jesus as your rescuer and obey him as your commander. The Daily Readings for WEDNESDAY, December 28, 2016 - Holy Innocents' Day The Massacre of the Innocents by Lucas Cranach the Elder (c. 1515) First Reading Jeremiah 31:15-17 Psalm 124 Nisi quia Dominus 5 Then would the raging waters have gone right over us. Second Reading Revelation 21:1-7 The Holy Gospel Matthew 2:13-18 Verse of the Day - December 28, 2016 Read all of Matthew 11 Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica Morning Devotions with Cap'n Kenny - "What God Can Do" Jesus met two men whose lives had been controlled and ruined by Satan. Society didn't have the answers. Enter the Savior, Jesus. What did He do? He sought them out in their graveyard and offered them hope. In fact, Luke's account of the story tells us what happened to one of the men who was delivered: "and the people went out to see what had happened. When they came to Jesus, they found the man from whom the demons had gone out, sitting at Jesus’ feet, dressed and in his right mind; and they were afraid" (Luke 8:35). Why were people afraid? They didn't know what to make of it. He was so transformed it frightened the people. They couldn't even imagine a guy like him could be changed in such a dramatic way. It is such a glorious thing when Christ so transforms someone that you can't even imagine that person being what he or she used to be. You realize that it is the power of a changed life. And that is what God can do. In Jesus, Cap'n Kenny Un Dia a la Vez - Testifica Vete a tu casa, a los tuyos, y cuéntales cuán grandes cosas el Señor ha hecho contigo, y cómo ha tenido misericordia de ti. Marcos 5:19, RV-60 Cuando lo analizo, puedo decirte que este libro es un milagro de Dios. Sin ser autora ni escritora, sino una mujer de la radio, Él puso su propósito en mi corazón a fin de que le testificara al mundo todo lo que había hecho en mi vida. Así que, en obediencia, respondí a su claro mandato: «Escribe en un libro todas las palabras que te he dicho» (Jeremías 30:2). El mundo tiene que saber que Dios hace milagros poderosos. Él me libró de la muerte y me levantó cuando creía que mi vida se iba a lo más profundo del abandono. Si has leído este libro en su totalidad, puedes ver con claridad el amor de Dios en mi vida. Durante años, me sostuvo como madre soltera de tres princesas y a ellas jamás les ha faltado nada. Y si lo hizo conmigo, sé que también lo puede hacer contigo. Por eso debes testificar, pues otros aún no han conocido a Dios en otra faceta de sus vidas y le conocerán por medio de ti. No calles y dile al mundo de dónde sacó Él tu vida. Standing Strong Through the Storm - SAMUEL AND HIS CRIPPLED SON Girlfriends in God - It’s Time to Put Your Foot Down Today’s Truth Friend to Friend Did you know that just because God gives you a promise that does not mean it is automatically yours? Nope, you have to believe it and take hold of it to make it yours! Paul wrote: “I press on to take hold of that for which Christ Jesus took hold of me” (Philippians 3:12). In order to experience a thriving faith—the abundant life to the full—we must take hold of that for which Christ Jesus has taken hold of for us and placed in us. I love how the Amplified Bible translates today’s truth. “I press on to lay hold of (grasp) and make my own, that for which Christ Jesus (the Messiah) has laid hold of me and made me His own.” I press on to lay hold of…to grasp…to make my own. After Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt, that first generation of slaves-set-free were not allowed to enter the Promised Land. Their grumbling and unbelief kept life to the full at arms’ length. But when the next generation came along, they believed God would do what He said He would do. They moved forward to take hold of the promises, and lived bold to claim what their parents never saw. What made the difference? Let’s take a look. After the death of Moses, God said to Joshua, Moses’ aide, • Build an ark. • Lift your staff. • Fill your jug. • Gather jars. • Make a cake. • Blow a trumpet. • Give a shout. Jesus echoed his Father’s cadence in the New Testament. • Take up your pallet. • Cast your nets. • Stretch out your hand. • Wash off the mud. • Look in the fish’s mouth. • Roll away the stone. • Stand up straight. • Go and tell. Let’s Pray In Jesus’ Name, Now It’s Your Turn Pick three of the following stories and note what Jesus told the person to do. Read the surrounding verses to put the command in context. Note what happened when the person did what Jesus told him/her to do, and what would have happened if he/she didn’t. What is God calling you to do or believe today? More from the Girlfriends LHM Daily Devotion - "Who Needs a Savior?" December 28, 2016 Read Luke 2:11-12 I remember being devastated one year when mom and dad took down our Christmas tree early. They said it had gotten too dry, but I never saw any danger. Years later our youth group had a Christmas tree bonfire. In seconds the tree exploded into flames, lighting up the entire field. We all were forced to step back from the intense heat. In that moment I realized just what great a danger we had been in, and how mom and dad had saved us. Each of us will experience that moment someday -- either at our death or at Christ's return. We will be immersed in the bright light of God's glory, as we stand before Him for judgment. God will not weigh out your good deeds versus your bad deeds, or compare you to other people. Instead, He will look deep into your thoughts, desires and attitudes. If you committed one sin, one single wrongdoing at any time during your life, you will stand condemned. But that is why Jesus came as our Savior. He took every sin to the cross; there He suffered God's fiery wrath in our place. When we trust Jesus as our Savior, all our sins are taken away, and when He returns we will be able to stand spotless before His judgment seat. Devociones de Adviento - María, quiero cantar contigo Miércoles 28 de Diciembre Lucas 1:46-55 Entonces María dijo: "Mi alma glorifica al Señor, y mi espíritu se regocija en Dios mi Salvador. Pues se ha dignado mirar a su humilde sierva." (Lc 1: 46-48a, RVC) Dos mujeres se encuentran. Ambas son parientas. Una fue reivindicada de su larga humillación: cuando ya no tenía más esperanzas de concebir quedó embarazada, dejando así atrás el estigma de ser "la estéril" de la familia. Su nombre es Elisabet, y en su vientre crece Juan, el Bautista. La otra es una humilde virgen de Nazaret. Hace poco soñaba con formar una familia con su amado José. Ahora, aun antes de que ese matrimonio fuera consumado, en su vientre se está formando el Rey de Reyes, el Mesías esperado. Todos conocemos su nombre: bendita ella, entre las mujeres y bendito el fruto de su vientre. A lo largo de la Biblia hay pocos encuentros tan profundos y significativos. Dos mujeres que trascenderán los siglos porque fueron objeto especial del favor de Dios. Sus corazones, sorprendidos por los excelsos planes divinos para con ellas, responden con fe, con gozo y serena obediencia. La alegría que las invade ilumina sus rostros y se transforma en música angelical en sus labios. Los planes de Dios superan lo imaginable. El Poderoso hace grandes cosas. Es que la misericordia divina no tiene límites. María canta, y nosotros somos invitados a cantar con ella. La navidad pone en nuestros labios un canto nuevo. Aunque nuestra existencia haya transcurrido en medio de las sombras, la vergüenza, o cualquier forma de esclavitud, la navidad viene a encender una luz de esperanza en nuestro mundo. A través de los labios de María, el Espíritu Santo le da letra a nuestra esperanza. María, ¡deja que nuestro humilde corazón se sume a tu canto! Quiero cantar, Señor, porque te revelaste como Salvador de nuestras vidas. Sálvanos de nuestras opresiones y miserias. Fecunda nuestro ser con esperanza. Amén. © Copyright 2016 Cristo Para Todas Las Naciones Our Daily Bread - Locked Into Love Read: Romans 8:31–39 \| Bible in a Year: Zechariah 5–8; Revelation 19 Fellow believers, we are locked into God’s love forever. © 2016 Our Daily Bread Ministries Nuestro Pan Diario - Candados de amor Leer: Romanos 8:31-39 \| La Biblia en un año: Apocalipsis 19 … Den gracias al Señor, porque él es bueno; su gran amor perdura para siempre. (Salmo 106:1 NVI) En junio de 2015, en París, se removieron 45 toneladas de candados de las barandas del Puente de las Artes. Como un gesto romántico, las parejas grababan sus iniciales en un candado, lo colocaban en la baranda, lo cerraban y arrojaban la llave al río Sena. Como este ritual se había repetido miles de veces, el puente ya no podía soportar más el peso de tanto «amor». Por fin, el gobierno de la ciudad, para proteger el puente, quitó los «candados de amor». El propósito de los candados era simbolizar amor eterno, pero el amor humano no dura para siempre. Aun los amigos más íntimos pueden ofenderse y no resolver nunca el problema; los parientes, discutir y negarse a perdonar; los esposos y esposas, alejarse tanto que no recuerdan por qué decidieron casarse. El amor humano es inconstante. Pero hay un amor invariable y duradero: el amor de Dios. Como afirma el Salmo 106:1: «Den gracias al Señor, porque él es bueno; su gran amor perdura para siempre» (nvi). Las promesas de este amor inalterable y eterno se encuentran en toda la Biblia. Y su mayor demostración es la muerte de su Hijo para que los que creen en Él tengan vida eterna. Nada nos separará de su amor (Romanos 8:38-38). Señor, te doy gracias por tu amor sin fin, al que estoy sujeta por el Espíritu Santo que vive en mí. La muerte y resurrección de Cristo son la medida del amor de Dios para conmigo. © 2016 Ministerios Nuestro Pan Diario Unser Täglich Brot - Liebesschlösser Lesen: Römer 8,31-39 \| Die Bibel In Einem Jahr: Sacharja 5–8; Offenbarung 19 Danket dem Herrn; denn er ist freundlich, und seine Güte währet ewiglich. (Psalm 106,1) Im Juni 2015 entfernte die Stadt Paris fünfundvierzig Tonnen Schlösser von den Geländern der Pont des Arts. Junge Pärchen hatten sie dort angebracht. Sie ritzen ihre Initialen in ein Schloss, hängen es an das Brückengeländer, schließen es und werfen den Schlüssel in die Seine. Nachdem das einige tausend Male gemacht wurde, fürchteten die Behörden, die Brücke könnte unter dem Gewicht von so viel „Liebe“ zusammenbrechen und entfernten die Schlösser. Die Schlösser sollten ewige Liebe symbolisieren, aber menschliche Liebe hält oft nicht ewig. Selbst zwischen den engsten Freunden kann es zu Problemen kommen, die nie mehr ausgeräumt werden. In Familien kann es Streit geben und keiner ist bereit zu vergeben. Ein Paar kann sich so sehr auseinander leben, dass sie nicht mehr wissen, warum sie einander einmal heiraten wollten. Menschliche Liebe kann wankelmütig sein. Aber es gibt eine konstante, dauerhafte Liebe—die Liebe Gottes. „Danket dem Herrn; denn er ist freundlich und seine Güte währet ewiglich“, heißt es in Psalm 106,1. Das Versprechen, dass Gottes Liebe ewig und unwandelbar ist, findet sich in der gesamten Bibel. Und der größte Beweis dieser Liebe ist der Tod seines Sohnes, damit alle, die an ihn glauben, ewiges Leben haben. Nichts kann uns je von seiner Liebe trennen (Röm. 8,38-39). Freunde, das Schloss von Gottes Liebe hält! Ich bin dankbar für deine nie endende Liebe, Vater. Dein Heiliger Geist, der in mir wohnt, hat sie mit einem Schloss versiegelt. Jesu Tod und Auferstehung sind der Maßstab, an dem ich Gottes Liebe zu mir messen kann. © 2016 Unser Täglich Brot Хлеб наш насущный - Любовь на замке Читать сейчас: Римлянам 8:31-39 \| Библия за год: Захария 5-8; Откровение 19 Славьте Господа, ибо Он благ, ибо вовек милость Его. — Псалом 105:1 В июне 2015 г. власти Парижа убрали сорок пять тонн висячих замков с перил пешеходного моста Искусств. Романтически настроенные молодые пары гравируют свои инициалы на замке, вешают его на перила, а ключ бросают в Сену. После того как этот ритуал был совершен много тысяч раз, мост оказался под угрозой разрушения под весом такой «любви». В конце концов городские власти во избежание катастрофы распорядились спилить замки с перил. Замки должны были символизировать вечную любовь. Увы, человеческая любовь не длится вечно. Близкие друзья могут оскорбить друг друга, не смириться с различиями. Члены семьи могут поссориться и не прощать. Супруги могут отдалиться настолько, что уже и не вспомнят, что когда-то согласились пожениться. Человеческая любовь непостоянна. Но есть любовь вечная и неизменная – это любовь Божья. Обетования этой любви рассеяны по всему Священному Писанию. А самое великое ее доказательство – смерть Иисуса Христа ради спасения верующих в Него. Ничто не может отлучить нас от этой любви (Рим. 8:38-39). Мои верующие друзья, замок Божьей любви к нам никогда не будет убран. Я благодарю Тебя, Боже, за бесконечную любовь. Я облечена ею, благодаря Святому Духу, живущему во мне. Смерть и воскресение Христа – мера Божьей любви ко мне. © 2016 Хлеб Наш Насущный Notre Pain Quotidien - Cadenassé par l’amour Lisez : Romains 8.31‑39 \| La Bible en un an : Zacharie 5 – 8 et Apocalypse 19 Louez l’Éternel, car il est bon, car sa miséricorde dure à toujours ! (Psaume 106.1) En juin 2015, la ville de Paris a retiré de la grille du Pont pédestre des Arts des cadenas pesant au total quarante‑cinq tonnes. En guise de geste romantique, les couples inscrivaient leurs initiales sur un cadenas, l’attachaient à la grille, le verrouillaient et en jetaient la clé dans la Seine. Après que ce rituel s’est répété des milliers de fois, le pont n’a plus été en mesure de supporter autant « d’amour ».Craignant pour l’intégrité du pont, la ville a fini par retirer les « cadenas d’amour ». Les cadenas étaient censés symboliser l’amour éternel, mais l’amour humain ne dure pas toujours. Même les amis les plus intimes peuvent se blesser et ne jamais résoudre leur différend. Des proches peuvent se quereller et refuser de se pardonner. Un mari et une femme peuvent s’éloigner l’un de l’autre au point de ne plus se rappeler pourquoi ils ont même décidé jadis de se marier. L’amour humain vacille parfois. Il existe toutefois un amour constant et durable, celui de Dieu. « Louez l’Éternel, car il est bon, car sa miséricorde dure à toujours ! » (PS 106.1.) Les promesses de l’amour de Dieu, de nature infaillible et éternelle, se trouvent partout dans la Bible. Et la plus grande preuve de cet amour, c’est la mort de son Fils afin que ceux qui mettent leur foi en lui puissent vivre éternellement. Or, personne ne nous séparera de son amour (RO 8.38,39). Nous sommes cadenassés pour toujours par l’amour de Dieu. La mort et la résurrection de Christ reflètent son amour pour nous. © 2016 Ministères NPQ
5 steps to finding the right PC. What to know and how much you’ll need. Operating System What it is and how to choose the right one. Decide what size and resolution works for you. Learn which ports you’ll need in your PC. Device Type See available options to help you decide. 1. Performance: The important stuff on the inside. What’s a processor? The processor (CPU) is like your computer’s brain and what makes it work. The better the processor, the faster your computer. The more you need to do on it, the faster you’ll need. You’ll find two main brands ranging in performance and price. Intel® processors range from entry-level Celeron and Pentium to Core i3, i5 and top-of-the-line i7 series. The AMD Ryzen™ family of mobile processors includes U-Series for ultrathin premium devices and H-Series for thin and light gaming and content creating laptops. Intel Core Processors New 10th Gen Intel® Core™ Processors Range from entry-level Celeron and Pentium, mid-range Core i3 and i5, to top-of-the-line i7 series. Pro Tip When choosing a processor, consider the most demanding tasks and programs you may need down the road. What is memory (RAM)? Think of RAM (random-access memory) like short-term memory measured in gigabytes (GB). When you load or open something, RAM temporarily stores it, giving the CPU quick access until you shut down your PC. How much RAM do you need? Choose based on the number and complexity of programs you’ll run at the same time. • Everyday computing: 4GB to 6GB • Work & school: 8GB to 12GB • Advanced gaming & creating: 12GB+ Intel Core Processors Intel® Optane™ Memory Acts as additional memory and delivers a personalized responsive experience with minimum lag time by learning what programs you use most often and keeping them ready to use. This is a great complement, when choosing a large storage HDD vs. SDD to ensure quick bootup and responsiveness. Pro Tip Unlike with desktops, you can’t add RAM to most laptops post-purchase. Before you buy, consider how much you’ll need. Internal Storage What’s internal storage? Like long-term memory, it’s your computer’s capacity to store your operating system, files and media, long-term. Measured in megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB). Which option do you need? The data is usually stored on a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD) with hybrid options. Data is stored on a spinning metal disk. While slower than SSDs, HDDs are ideal for large capacity on a budget. Store data on microchips. Faster, quieter and more efficient than HDDS, SSDs are ideal for speed and performance. Intel Core Processors Intel® Optane™ Memory H10 with Solid State Storage The industry’s first drive that combines Intel® Optane™ memory and Intel® QLC 3D NAND storage with a new level of performance and large storage capacity. Pro Tip No matter which one you choose, the processor makes the biggest difference in performance and responsiveness. Which graphics card is best for you? The graphics card is an integrated chip inside your PC that determines the viewing quality of your screen. Measured in gigabytes (GB), and available in two types depending on what you need. Built into most PCs, these are sufficient for everyday computing, watching video or light work and editing. These are more powerful and rely on their own memory source, making them ideal for advanced gaming or when using large editing and design programs. Intel Core Processors NVIDIA Technology Work and play with more power, speed and efficiency. Get ultra-high frame rates and pro-level graphics quality for serious gamers and professionals. Pro Tip If you’re an average user and don’t do advanced gaming, integrated will generally do. 2. Let’s talk operating systems. Operating Systems The operating system (OS) controls all the hardware and software. Choose between two main options based on your budget and needs. Windows® PC \| Shop Now If you need power and flexibility for things like gaming or editing, Microsoft Windows® comes pre-installed on most PCs, runs on almost any app or browser and you can configure it as you need. Chromebook \| Shop Now If you want a simpler and more affordable option, Chrome® powered by Google OS comes pre-installed on Chromebook, and works online and offline with multiple tabs. Plus, enjoy access to Android and Chrome apps. Pro Tip If you store a lot of programs on your computer, consider Windows. For mainly web-centric programs, Chrome may do. 3. What do you need in a display? Screen Size Screen Size Screen sizes range from 10 to 17.3 inches. For portability, shop under 14 inches. For work, gaming or video, try a larger screen. Monitors typically range from 22 to 27 inches with curved, 4K, ultra-wide and large-sized options increasingly popular for gaming, design and editing. Screen Features Screen Size IPS (In-Plane Switching) vs Non-IPS Choose IPS if you need real-life color and brightness for gaming, creating and video. Non-IPS is sufficient for most average users. Mostly available in laptops and ideal if you prefer to scroll and use a stylus or your fingers, like on a tablet or smartphone. Screen Resoltuion Resolution is measured in pixels and determines the visual quality and clarity of your PC. Desktops and laptops have the same resolution options. HD: 1366 x 768 Most standard, affordable resolution for everyday computing and basic gaming. HD+: 1600 x 900 Increased performance that’s good for casual gaming and streaming video. Full HD (FHD): 1920 x 1080 Sharper display for more robust gaming, HD movies and tasks like graphic design and photo editing. Ultra HD and 4K: 3840 x 2160 The ultimate for advanced gamers and professionals who need high-res detail for photo and video editing. IPS Displays Ideal for creative professionals and offers wider viewing angles with higher-quality color reproduction. 4. Everything you need to know about ports. The fastest available. Allows for connection to multiple peripherals and to charge in one port. Provides faster transfer speed, more power to charge larger devices like laptops and connects to universal chargers and docks. Connects standard devices like phones, keyboards, external drives and game controllers. The higher the number (e.g. 3.0 vs. 3.1), the faster the speed. Now considered older technology. Connects your PC to TVs, monitors and projectors. Allows you to stream high-quality, high-bandwidth audio and video between your PC and devices, like TVs, projectors and players. Card Reader Card Reader Reads micro SD or SD memory cards to copy data from your phone or DSLR to your PC. Screen Resoltuion Pro Tip While it looks like a USB-C port, a Thunderbolt port has a lightning bolt beside it. 5. Guess who’s ready to choose a PC now? You.
Study Guide The Interestings Memory and The Past By Meg Wolitzer Memory and The Past In The Interestings, the characters (especially Jules) spend so much time idealizing the past and reexamining memories that they can't recognize the truth anymore. Memory and the past are like snares in this book, holding characters hostage in the present and presenting big blind spots when it comes to personal understanding. The characters that feel happiest are the ones that don't dwell on the past but try to push through it when it gets all up in the present (like Dennis and Cathy). The rest, though, carry a pretty heavy burden with them. Questions About Memory and The Past 1. Why does Jules spend so much time on memories if she felt like an impostor when she was a kid? Does the past validate her in the present? Why or why not? 2. What is it about the way Dennis deals with the past that makes him who he is? How does he hold the past differently than Jules? How about than Jonah? 3. Is Ash trapped in the past? Does the reemergence of Goodman impact her relationship with the past at all? What does this tell you about her as a character? Chew on This Goodman is a symbol for the impossibility of moving forward without addressing the past. Cathy is the only person who truly makes it in the end because she's the only person who resolves the past and leaves it there. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
Study Guide Stanislovas Lukoszaite in The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Stanislovas Lukoszaite Stanislovas is, hands down, the character with the worst death in this whole book. We'll get to that in a minute, but first, let's talk about his character development. Stanislovas is Teta Elzbieta's oldest child. When they first leave Lithuania and arrive in the United States, Jurgis wants Stanislovas to go to school to improve the family's social standing. This hope does not last very long, though: as soon as the family realizes that their rent payments also have to include loan interest, they immediately set Stanislovas to work. Even in 1906, there are laws against child labor on the books. However, these laws are not really enforced. So Stanislovas gets a fake birth certificate saying he is sixteen, even though he is only thirteen, and no one protests. Stanislovas goes to work at one of the meatpacking factories. His job is to run the machine that sprays the lard into cans. This work is repetitive and mindless, and, as soon as Stanislovas settles into it, he loses all chance for a future. His mind is never challenged and he never thinks, so he doesn't have the opportunity to improve himself or his life. Stanislovas gets a profound phobia of the cold, and for good reason. Because these factories are not insulated or heated during Chicago's awful winters, many industrial accidents happen during this season just because everybody is so cold. He sees a boy who helps run the lard machine get such bad frostbite that his ears snap right off. Stanislovas becomes so afraid of frostbite that he cries and screams every winter morning that he has to go to work. As further proof of how bad American business has been for his character, Jurgis whips the boy each morning to make him go to the factories anyway. Jurgis has become so obsessed with money that he beats a little boy to make him go to work. Of course, Jurgis is also desperate to make ends meet. Even so, this is the first sign of the kind of cruelty that will cause Jurgis to become a thief and a criminal in the later chapters of the book. Stanislovas does wind up getting frostbite in one of Chicago's bad snowstorms and loses the use of three of his fingers. Eventually, thanks to further bad weather, Stanislovas loses his job at the lard packing plant and joins his little brothers selling newspapers in downtown Chicago. After Jurgis's hobo time when Jurgis meets up with Marija Berczynskas again, Marija tells Jurgis the awful story of poor Stanislovas's death. At the age of fifteen, Stanislovas gets another factory job. He is paid to bring beer to the guys on duty. Stanislovas takes a little bit of beer from each glass, presumably to make the days go by more quickly. One day, he takes a little too much beer and falls asleep in a corner. The factory is locked up for the night while he is sleeping. Sometime during the night, Stanislovas is attacked by rats. When they open the factory the next morning, they find his body, mostly eaten. (Even typing out this summary makes us shudder, we have to admit.) The news of Stanislovas's terrible death shakes Jurgis out of his self-pitying stupor. When he hears that Marija has become a prostitute, Teta Elzbieta a beggar, and Stanislovas rat food, Jurgis suddenly feels a great regret and longing for his family life. Perhaps this sympathy for poor Stanislovas is part of what contributes to Jurgis's socialist awakening in the two chapters after he hears the news. Stanislovas's fate also drives home the horror of child labor – because what was a kid like Stanislovas doing working in a factory in the first place? Again, we see that Upton Sinclair is trying to shock the reader into disgust at the horrible working conditions in Chicago's Packingtown. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
user: pass: Harley, E.H.; O'Ryan, C., 1994. Use of molecular genetics in rhinoceros conservation: pp. 56-58 Location: World Subject: Genetics Species: African Rhino Species Original text on this topic: This paper will describe the different molecular genetic approaches which can provide information of value to conservation managers as well as some practical aspects relating to collection of material, costs, time to obtain results, etc. Molecular genetics uses the differences in either proteins (allozymes) or DNA to provide information about differences between individuals, populations or species. The newest advances all involve DNA and these will constitute the primary focus of this discussion. DNA in animals is found in two forms: nuclear DNA, which comprises some 99,9% of the total DNA in the cell, and mitochondrial DNA (mitDNA), which although small in quantity relative to the nuclear DNA, has some features which render it especially useful for certain applications. Analysis of DNA firstly requires selecting a region of DNA of appropriate size and structure for the comparison in question. This can be done in one of three ways: 1 Purifying that region of DNA. This can be done fairly easily for mitDNA provided sufficient material (e.g. 10 or more grams of heart muscle or fresh liver) is available, but this usually requires post mortem material or an aggressively invasive biopsy. 2. Using a DNA probe, usually radio-labelled, in a 'Southern Blot' analysis, to hunt out and display its counterpart in the sample DNA preparation. This time-consuming method is tending to be replaced by newer methods (see below). 3. Using the Polymerisation Chain Reaction (PCR), a very powerful method which combines extreme specificity for the region of DNA of interest with extreme sensitivity in being able to amplify the target sequence over a million fold to make it available for subsequent analysis. The surprising ease, efficiency, and versatility of the PCR method are making it the method of choice for many applications. Having selected a region of DNA, which will usually consist of a gene or non-coding region about which a lot is already known for other species, it may be analyzed by one of two main methods: 1 . Gel electrophoresis to define the size of the DNA. Frequently this is done after cutting with a restriction enzyme to generate a number of fragments, the variation in number and size of which provide information on the amount of genetic differentiation between the samples. 2. Sequencing. This provides the ultimate genetic information about the region in question and is amenable to many methods of further statistical analysis. MtDNA has a number of features which suit it to specific applications: it is of quite small size (about 16 000 base pairs in length), is circular, and exists in multiple copies per cell making it relatively easy to isolate. It is maternally inherited, shows no recombination, and evolves 5-10 times faster than most nuclear DNA sequences. The complete sequence of the mitDNA is known for an increasing number of organisms, including representatives of most mammalian orders (and including the white rhinoceros). These features make it useful for comparisons at both the between species and between subspecies level, so it has been widely used for construction of phylogenetic relationships and for identification of cryptic species. We have used a restriction enzyme-based approach to define both between and within species variation for the African members of the Rhinocerotidae. In the former case we measured the genetic distance between black and white rhinoceros to estimate time of divergence of these two African species as about 3,5 million years before the present, a calculation based on the assumption of a relatively constant rate of evolution of mitDNA within most orders of the mammalia. Of more direct conservation relevance, studies using individuals from several black rhino subspecies have shown that the genetic distances between the subspecies minor, michaeli, and bicornis are small, despite which fixed within-subspecies restriction site differences provide markers characteristic of the subspecies, and which could be used for the identification of e.g. captive individuals of uncertain origin. The measurement of genetic distance between the subspecies also enables recommendations to be made for both in situ and ex situ breeding programs. This has been addressed in detail elsewhere, but in summary suggests that wild populations should be managed as separate subspecific entities, and that this should also apply in captive breeding programs where this is possible, and especially if a breeding program has as its aim reintroduction to the wild, but that if no suitable mate exists for a captive individual, no problems from outbreeding depression would be anticipated from mating with another subspecies. This last point requires testing in a practical situation, however, especially since there are no published studies yet confirming the lack of chromosomal differences between the subspecies. For the two subspecies of white rhino, Ceratotherium simum simum and Cs.cottoni, the argument may be different since our preliminary results on individuals from Zaire and South Africa suggest a significantly greater degree of difference between the subspecies than that for black rhinoceros. A useful practical application using DNA sequencing of PCR amplified mitDNA enabled us to provide forensic information in a case where suspected poachers of white rhino had been found in possession of a blood-stained axe, which they claimed had only been used to slaughter a cow. DNA was amplified from the trace of blood and tissue from the axe and some 250 base pairs of sequence obtained. The sequence was compared with the corresponding sequences of rhino, human, and cow and showed a 100% match with the cow - in this case confirming the defendant's story. The implications for control of poaching, however, are obvious. One of the most necessary requirements in conservation of dwindling numbers of any large mammalian species is a good method for quantitating both loss of genetic diversity and genetic subdivision (due to rapid genetic drift) in small, fragmented populations. Allozymes have, until recently, provided the only effective way of doing this, but suffer from the problem of insufficient variability to be ideal for the purpose. A powerful new method using nuclear DNA has recently been developed which uses PCR to isolate individual highly variable loci termed microsatellites (named because they consist of very short repeats). These can provide typically between two and ten different alleles per locus and analysis of populations at a number of microsatellite loci (10 is ideal) enables excellent measures of heterozygosity and population differentiation to be obtained. The data is very clean and enables the rich diversity of population genetic theory to be applied in a way which was not possible with older methods such as DNA fingerprinting (or with newer, but theoretically more suspect, methods such as RAPDS). We have recently completed a microsatellite study on buffalo populations in Southern Africa which show heterozygosities as high as 0,75 (on a scale of 0 to 1), and are in the process of performing a similar study on rhinoceros, to complement our previous mitDNA study. Collection of samples for genetic studies can be tedious and time-consuming for those in the field. Methods are, however, being improved so that many studies now require less invasive procedures. Over the last few years we have established over 100 cell lines from black and white rhinoceros (using the ear nicks taken for marking purposes) which provide a unique genetic resource for present and future studies. Cell cultures are very expensive to establish, however, and would not be the standard route to follow for most studies on a new species. The basic molecular genetics required to characterise a species mitDNA or microsatellites is very time consuming, labour intensive, and expensive, but fortunately for the black rhinoceros and some bovid species much of this groundwork has now been done so that applied studies to address specific questions at the population or individual level will now be easier. A typical study on the population genetics of a fragmented population, assuming microsatellite primers are available, and that samples had already been taken and stored, would cost several thousand Rands and take a skilled laboratory worker several weeks of full-time work. As a consequence most studies to date with conservation relevance have been spin-offs from academic studies in University laboratories funded by research grants. Contract work is likely to develop, however, as the value of the genetic information to conservation management becomes apparent. On the positive side, sampling of individuals for a microsatellite study will require only a few mi of blood or a very small biopsy for extraction of DNA, and even museum skin is amenabie to analysis allowing retrospective studies of genetic diversity. Use of these techniques will also enable paternity (or maternity) to be established for an individual, and measures of population and individual heterozygosities in captive and wild populations can help in decision making with respect to transiocations or mate choice, and in monitoring the exterlt of inbreeding and population subdivision.
The History of Hedy Lamarr for Kids Bedtime History Have you ever wanted to invent something? What if you were someone who enjoyed playing with technology, but everyone expected you to do something else very different? That is what happened to Hedy Lamarr, one of the most famous actresses during the “Golden Age of Hollywood.” Hedy later became an inventor and helped invent the technology that later became the foundation of wireless communications, like the internet. Hedy was born in Vienna in Austria-Hungary in 1913. When she was born her real name Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler. “Hedy” was her nickname. Hedy was the only child in a Ukrainian Jewish family and her father was a successful bank director. Her mother was a professional pianist and came from an upper-class Jewish family in Budapest, the capital of what is now called Hungary. When Hedy was a child, she showed an interest in acting. She loved the theatre and film. When she was 12 years old, she won a beauty contest in Vienna. This encouraged her to pursue her dream of becoming an actress, as she had seen that many women in films at the time were very beautiful. Hedy started to act in eastern European movies in Budapest. When she was a teenager, she was discovered by an Austrian film director. He cast her in a movie called “Ecstasy”, which became a popular movie internationally. Hedy decided to continue the momentum of this movie’s popularity and she flew to the United States and signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (or MGM) studio in Hollywood. Momentum means to speed up and gain force. Sometimes when good things start to happen for you, in your career or otherwise in life, it is wise to take the opportunity to follow this momentum and see how far it can take you. So Hedy moved to Hollywood and it was at this time that she changed her name from Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler to “Hedy Lamarr”. She thought it would be easier for Americans to say and remember. Hedy’s first American film was called Algiers and co-stared Charles Boyer. Everyone who saw the movie loved her and she became immediately popular. At the time, she was considered to be one of the most beautiful and exotic of Hollywood’s female actresses. Exotic means unique or from another country. Americans hadn’t seen other actresses who looked liked her and they wanted to see her in more movies. She started to star in a number of American movies throughout the 1930s and 1940s, including Lady of the Tropics, Boom Town and Samson and Delilah. This was later called “the Golden Age of Hollywood” because it was when Hollywood movies grew in popularity and there was a lot of glamour around the idea of working in studios on movies. But Hedy’s life wasn’t all glitz and glamour. Hedy lived in Europe before the start of World War II. When she left for the United States to become a Hollywood actress, she left her family behind. Unfortunately, later during the war, her home country of Austria was invaded by the Germans and Hedy had to help get her family out of Europe to safety in America. It was not an easy thing to do, but Hedy was successful and her mother was able to escape. Hedy enjoyed acting, but she was not just a beautiful actress. She was also very smart and after acting on many films, she became bored of just doing that. She felt frustrated that at the time, women’s role in movies were often to just look beautiful and not to say too much. So she started to develop her other interest: science and technology. Hedy worked with her friend, the composer George Antheil, on a radio signaling device or “Secret Communications System” which was a way of changing radio frequencies to keep enemies from decoding messages. They worked on this to help defeat the German Nazis that had invaded her home country of Austria and other parts of Europe. The work the that Hedy and George did later formed the foundation of what is now wireless communications. This is fundamental to all sorts of technological advances including cell phones and the internet. Unfortunately at the time, people did not appreciate how important their amazing invention was and so at the time she didn’t get credit for what she had done. But when she was older, Hedy was recognized for her work on technology and won awards for the work that she and George had done. Hedy also had a family, including three children, and after living in the US for many years in 1953 she became an American citizen. Hedy was reclusive in old age, which means she liked to be on her own and live away from society. She lived her later years in Florida where she died on January 19, 2000 at the age of 86. Hedy was an amazing woman and did a lot of remarkable things for someone of her time. She is an example of someone who worked hard, both at acting and at her passion, science and inventing. She overcame stereotypes, which means that she went beyond the expectations that other people had for her. Hedy did not allow herself to be boxed in by who she was. A lot of people assumed that she was a beautiful actress but probably not very smart. Hedy proved to be both. She realized that she could go beyond something that initially interested her and become a scientist as well, despite the fact that this was not common for women at the time. We can learn from Hedy about the value of following your passion and believing in yourself. She wanted to work in the science field and she wanted to contribute to the effort of stopping the invaders in the Second World War. Her hard work and effort paid off, for herself and for the world, who benefitted from her efforts. Is there something that you are interested in or a field that you would like to contribute to? Like Hedy, you can make a difference by getting involved in a field that you are curious about, working hard and believing in yourself. And who knows what importance your contributions will play in the world and in the future. About Bedtime History
Seed types: French Marigold Seeds - small marigolds - 6-12 in African Marigold Seeds - tall marigolds - up to 3-5 feet Marigolds are great companion plants that will protect your garden from many pests. Utilize them around your potato plants as they provide benefit both to the top of the plant AS WELL as the roots and tubers below! •Marigolds need lots of sunshine. •Separate seedlings when they are about 2 inches tall. Plant them in flats of loose soil, or transplant them into the garden. •Space tall marigolds 2 to 3 feet apart; lower-growing ones about a foot apart. •If planting in containers, use a soil-based potting mix. •Germination from large, easily handled seeds is rapid, and blooms should appear within a few weeks of sowing. •When you water marigolds, allow the soil to dry somewhat between watering, then water well, then repeat the process. •Do not water marigolds from overhead. Water at the base of the plant. •The densely double flower heads of the African marigolds tend to rot in wet weather. If planting around potatoes, wait until the potatoes are near ground level or your container is full to avoid disturbing the seedlings. Marigolds will grow quickly, so thin as needed. If handled carefully, they can be transplanted elsewhere and will bloom through the summer.
Breaking the Chains of Gravity As much of the attention of the early days of spaceflight focus on the test pilots with the right stuff and the Apollo missions, it is a shame that the many stories of the numerous hard working people before NASA are not known to the general public. Here is where historian Amy Shira Teitel steps in to masterfully take you through the trials of many engaging people, their amazing endeavours, and how they gave their lives to the cause of making spaceflight a reality. Upon reading through “Breaking the Chains of Gravity: The Story of Spaceflight before NASA” one gets a familiar feeling. This feeling is of being taken by the hand by a master historian and writer like David McCullough and before knowing it reaching the final chapters of the book fully engrossed in its pages. As the truly esteemed Mr. McCullough has done and continues to do for American History, Ms. Teitel does the same for the days of pre and early spaceflight. Where Mr. McCullough made topics such as the building of the Brooklyn Bridge, the Panama Canal and of course the life of John Adams fascinating for us laypeople through extensive research and the use of letters and correspondence, Ms. Teitel does so through her expansive research and sheer writing prowess. Putting you in the shoes of those in charge of the first rockets in pre-Nazi Germany is not an easy task. Doing so as the decades and their efforts and the growing cast list of stellar human beings grew would only get more difficult. By starting some chapters with the history of the scenes and the environments in which these events took place, you as the reader are fully immersed in every detail. As a result these historical figures and their actions as they emerge become very real and their welfare and efforts have real substance and consequence for the reader. Many non-fiction books fail in doing this, thus making the experience dry, and that is not something you should be concerned with here. The only downside that the reader may encounter is that some of these chapters describing these historically important settings, like Muroc and the brilliantly described history of the Kensington Palace Gardens for example, may prove problematic for those who read this book over a long period of time. Getting back into the book and starting one of these chapters that seemingly has a large time jump backwards, would require some to go back a few pages and refresh their memory as to where they left off. This will not be a problem if you have a constant reading schedule, whether this be on your favourite chair every night or on public transit everyday. You will actually be grateful for this and how Ms. Teitel immerses you into the scenery, the time, and how it all came to be. The book mainly focuses on the work of Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger who were the leading scientists in rocket research in Germany. Due to the unfortunate Nazi Regime, they had to work and experience some pretty harrowing events in order to see their research progress. Having to deal with the likes of Hitler and Himmler first hand while your intention for your research was for exploratory and transportation purposes, and not of military weaponry, is an experience that would make almost any office work environment seem bearable these days. Their efforts during these years under this regime highlight their character and how they genuinely cared for their staff and not only for their work. After the Second World War, these two scientists made their way to America (Dornberger unfortunately had a longer and much more unpleasant route) where their talents were put to good use. Along the way you’ll meet amazing people such as Vera Winzon who might only get credit for her funding efforts of the ManHigh Project for example, but in reality she and her small army of women rescued the project with their very hands when the project was under threat. You’ll also meet the famous Chuck Yeager, the determined Albert Scott Crossfield, and a young Neil Armstrong and learn about how they worked very hard to be where they were. You will cross paths with the very brave John Paul Stapp who not only designed experiments to see the effects of high G-loads and potential radiation on the human body, but how he put himself in the driver seat exposing himself to risk, injury and near death experiences. His work on pressure changes and how to avoid the bends is one that astronauts and scuba divers alike owe their lives to. The research done by Stapp not only had applications for astronauts and test pilots, but that for scuba divers as well. By being introduced to these exemplary humans the reader gains an appreciation of what it takes to be a scientist in this field, or a test pilot. They have to make split second decisions while on the mission that would make everyone else abandon the efforts and find the quickest route to a washroom for some much needed relief. These amazing examples of humanity have the wherewithal under extreme pressure to take into account all the risk factors at hand, and weigh it against all the work that has gotten them and their team to that point. Thus moving forward if there is the slightest chance of success. Most simply credit test pilots of this and more modern eras with simply being courageous, but do not take into account their higher levels of cognitive capabilities and capacities to operate so well under such extreme conditions to ensure the success of their missions and their projects. These many projects that were undertaken clearly show their impact on modern spaceflight and their direct lineage to the very vehicles and equipment in use today. The direct lineage of the work done by Dorberger for instance can be seen in vehicles in use today. The challenges in breaking the sound barrier and of maneuvering effectively in the upper atmosphere also resulted in some pretty impressive technology. We often even see such technology on display in science fiction programs when a shuttle is docking into a station for example. In the efforts of not spoiling what these and many other advancements were, they shall be unnamed so you can discover them first hand while reading the book. As the progress of the many projects that resulted in the eventual creation of NASA were being hampered by international events and conflicts, President Eisenhower did his best along the way to make the age of spaceflight not only a reality, but a peaceful one. Ms. Teitel goes onto skillfully illustrate the very tense atmosphere of the Cold War and how the successful launch of the Russian satellite Sputnik impacted the world, and how the Americans and von Braun responded. If you are new to this topic and interested in learning more about NASA and spaceflight in general, it would be wise to read this book first, followed by “The Right Stuff” by Tom Wolfe and lastly “Endurance” by Scott Kelly. It is easy to forget the efforts of those before the days of NASA because of the coverage, movies and the utter excitement around the Apollo programs. Reading this book will not only make you appreciate the events that took place afterwards more, but it will open a window to a time in history where excitement and wonder prevailed and merit more attention.
Network Working Group Request for Comments: 2916 Category: Standards Track P. Faltstrom Cisco Systems Inc. September 2000 E.164 number and DNS Status of this Memo Copyright Notice This document discusses the use of the Domain Name System (DNS) for storage of E.164 numbers. More specifically, how DNS can be used for identifying available services connected to one E.164 number. Routing of the actual connection using the service selected using these methods is not discussed. 1. Introduction Through transformation of E.164 numbers into DNS names and the use of existing DNS services like delegation through NS records, and use of NAPTR [1] records in DNS [2] [3], one can look up what services are available for a specific domain name in a decentralized way with distributed management of the different levels in the lookup process. 1.1 Terminology 2. E.164 numbers and DNS The domain "e164.arpa" is being populated in order to provide the infrastructure in DNS for storage of E.164 numbers. In order to facilitate distributed operations, this domain is divided into subdomains. Holders of E.164 numbers which want to be listed in DNS should contact the appropriate zone administrator in order to be listed, by examining the SOA resource record associated with the zone, just like in normal DNS operations. To find the DNS names for a specific E.164 number, the following procedure is to be followed: 1. See that the E.164 number is written in its full form, including the countrycode IDDD. Example: +46-8-9761234 1. Remove all non-digit characters with the exception of the leading '+'. Example: +4689761234 1. Remove all characters with the exception of the digits. Example: 4689761234 5. Reverse the order of the digits. Example: 1. Append the string ".e164.arpa" to the end. Example: 2.1 Special note about the '+' The '+' is kept in stage 2 in section 2 to flag that the number which the regular expression is operating on is a E.164 number. Future work will be needed to determine how other numbering plans (such as closed ones) might be identified. It is possible, but not definite, that they would use a similar mechanism as the one described in this document. 3. Fetching URIs given an E.164 number For a record in DNS, the NAPTR record is used for identifying available ways of contacting a specific node identified by that name. Specifically, it can be used for knowing what services exists for a specific domain name, including phone numbers by the use of the e164.arpa domain as described above. The identification is using the NAPTR resource record defined for use in the URN resolution process, but it can be generalized in a way that suits the needs specified in this document. It is the string which is the result of step 2 in section 2 above which is input to the NAPTR algorithm. 3.1 The NAPTR record The key fields in the NAPTR RR are order, preference, service, flags, regexp, and replacement. For a detailed description, see: • The order field specifies the order in which records MUST be processed when multiple NAPTR records are returned in response to a single query. • The preference field specifies the order in which records SHOULD be processed when multiple NAPTR records have the same value of "order". • The service field specifies the resolution protocol and resolution service(s) that will be available if the rewrite specified by the regexp or replacement fields is applied. • The flags field contains modifiers that affect what happens in the next DNS lookup, typically for optimizing the process. • The regexp field is one of two fields used for the rewrite rules, and is the core concept of the NAPTR record. • The replacement field is the other field that may be used for the rewrite rule. Note that the client applies all the substitutions and performs all lookups, they are not performed in the DNS servers. Note that URIs are stored in the regexp field. 3.1.1 Specification for use of NAPTR Resource Records The input is an E.164 encoded telephone number. The output is a Uniform Resource Identifier in its absolute form according to the 'absoluteURI' production in the Collected ABNF found in RFC2396 [5] An E.164 number, without any characters but leading '+' and digits, (result of step 2 in section 2 above) is the input to the NAPTR algorithm. The service supported for a call is E2U. 3.1.2 Specification of Service E2U (E.164 to URI) * Name: E.164 to URI * Mnemonic: E2U * Number of Operands: 1 * Algorithm: Opaque * Output: One or more URIs * Error Conditions: o E.164 number not in the numbering plan that number o Service unavailable * Security Considerations: o Malicious Redirection One of the fundamental dangers related to any service such as this is that a malicious entry in a resolver's database The possible intent may be to cause the client to retrieve a resource containing fraudulent or damaging material. o Denial of Service intruder may remove the client's ability to access the This operation is used to map a one E.164 number to a list of URIs. The first well-known step in the resolution process is to remove all non-digits apart from the leading '+' from the E.164 number as described in step 1 and 2 in section 2 of this document. 3.2 Examples 3.2.1 Example 1 This describes that the domain is preferably contacted by SIP, and secondly by SMTP. In both cases, the next step in the resolution process is to use the resolution mechanism for each of the protocols, (SIP and SMTP) to know what node to contact for each. 3.2.2 Example 2 Note that the preferred method is to use the SIP protocol, but the result of the rewrite of the NAPTR record is a URI (the "u" flag in the NAPTR record). In the case of the protocol SIP, the URI might be a SIP URI, which is resolved as described in RFC 2543 [6]. In the case of the "tel" URI scheme [7], the procedure is restarted with this new E.164 number. The client is responsible for loop detection. 3.2.3 Example 3 $ORIGIN 6.4.e164.arpa. We see in this example that information about all E.164 numbers in the 46 countrycode (for Sweden) exists in an LDAP server, and the search to do is specified by the LDAP URI [8]. 4. IANA Considerations This memo requests that the IANA delegate the E164.ARPA domain following instructions to be provided by the IAB. Names within this zone are to be delegated to parties according to the ITU recommendation E.164. The names allocated should be hierarchic in accordance with ITU Recommendation E.164, and the codes should assigned in accordance with that Recommendation. Delegations in the zone e164.arpa (not delegations in delegated domains of e164.arpa) should be done after Expert Review, and the IESG will appoint a designated expert. 5. Security Considerations As this system is built on top of DNS, one can not be sure that the information one get back from DNS is more secure than any DNS query. To solve that, the use of DNSSEC [9] for securing and verifying zones is to be recommended. 6. Acknowledgements Support and ideas have come from people at Ericsson, Bjorn Larsson and the group which implemented this scheme in their lab to see that it worked. Input has also come from ITU-T SG2, Working Party 1/2 (Numbering, Routing, Global Mobility and Service Definition), the ENUM working group in the IETF, John Klensin and Leif Sunnegardh. 13, RFC 1034, November 1987. specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 2535, March 1999. February 2000. March 1997. Author's Address Patrik Faltstrom Cisco Systems Inc 170 W Tasman Drive SJ-13/2 San Jose CA 95134 EMail: [email protected] URI: http://www.cisco.com Appendix A. Scenario $ORIGIN e164.arpa. 6.4 IN NS ns.regulator-e164.example.se. The regulator has in turn given a series of 10000 numbers to the telco with the name Telco-A. The regulator because of that has in his DNS. A user named Sven Svensson has from Telco A got the phone number +46-8-9761234. The user gets the service of running DNS from the company Redirection Service. Sven Svensson has asked Telco A to point out Redirection Service as the authoritative source for information about the number +46-8-9761234. Telco A because of this puts in his DNS the following. $ORIGIN IN NS ns.redirection-service.example.se. Sven Svensson has already plain telephony from Telco A, but also a SIP service from the company Sip Service which provides Sven with the SIP URI "sip:[email protected]". The ISP with the name ISP A runs email and webpages for Sven, under the email address [email protected], and URI http://svensson.ispa.se. The DNS for the redirection service because of this contains the following. A user, John Smith, want to contact Sven Svensson, he to start with only has the E.164 number of Sven, i.e. +46-8-9761234. He takes the number, and enters the number in his communication client, which happen to know how to handle the SIP protocol. The client removes the dashes, and ends up with the E.164 number +4689761234. That is what is used in the algorithm for NAPTR records, which is as follows. The client converts the E.164 number into the domain name, and queries for NAPTR records for this domainname. Using DNS mechanisms which includes following the NS record referrals, the following records are returned: Because the client knows sip, the first record above is selected, and the regular expression "!^.*$!sip:[email protected]" is applied to the original string, "+4689761234". The output is "sip:[email protected]" which is used according to SIP resolution. Full Copyright Statement
Architecture is essentially a utopian project. It gives shape to a dream or a vision. Public architecture is a visual representation of the imagination of the people and their leaders. At a time when India is facing one of its worst humanitarian crises, when people were gasping for oxygen, dying in the thousands for lack of medicines, vaccines and hospital beds, when the dead were being denied of the dignity of a decent burial, to build a utopia by spending thousands of crores of rupees is a gross injustice to the country’s citizens. The Central Vista project to reconstruct New Delhi’s administrative and parliamentary district might be Narendra Modi’s utopia, but for India’s people, it is a dystopia being constructed to celebrate the dismantling of our Republic in time for two anniversaries – the 75th anniversary of Independence in the next year and that of our republican Constitution in 2025. Just a year before that, in 2024, we face a crucial parliamentary election, which might determine the fate of this Republic. Such moments in history are not only occasions for remembrance and celebration, but also a time to consider the lessons of our past that will shape our collective futures. Fundamental ideals The freedom struggle not only made India independent, but upheld the fundamental ideals of justice, freedom and democracy. These have been enshrined in our Constitution, which lays down the fundamental laws of the Republic. Our Constitution is under siege; its basic institutions, laws and its spirit is continuously being violated. It seems to be a time when our worst fears could come true. Thus, it is a time to remind ourselves of the ideals of our Republic and why its so important to defend them and protect our freedom, our democracy and our Republic. We have to be cautious and remember that ideals and reality might be poles apart. However, that does not make ideals irrelevant. They give us a public language to decide on our collective destiny and the tools to criticise our reality. A page from India's Constitution. The Indian Constitution is the longest surviving democratic constitution in the Third World. It is often slotted in the liberal category, a kind of a country cousin of western liberal models. Unfortunately, it has frequently been described as a lawyers’ paradise for, save some exceptions, we have not sufficiently appreciated the rich, original political philosophy enshrined in the Constitution. Only when we recognise and celebrate these ideals can we defend this gravely wounded Republic. The distinctiveness of the Indian Constitution lies in its combination of a set of ideals, which are translated into the fundamental law of the land and another set of ideals, which are promised by the Constitution to be realised in the future. The single ideal that connects the two is the centrality of justice, in conjunction with liberty, equality and democracy. This is unlike the American or other liberal constitutions, where the rich sense of justice found in ours is absent. Even democracy was limited in the early years of liberal constitutionalism. In fact, long after ours, the US constitution guaranteed full democracy to all. So on the 75th anniversary of freedom and the Constitution, should we not only remind ourselves of the ideals of our founders, but, more important, demand that the promises made in our Constitution be redeemed? Constitutional promises are the most solemn pledges and they cannot be allowed to remain unrealised even after 75 years of independence. Ideals are central to the life of a people: they not only guide our destiny but provide us with the gold standard to judge the working of the government, the state and public life generally. Ideals and promises The Preamble to the Constitution makes the promise of Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. These words might sound familiar to liberals, but the Constitution elaborates them in radical ways. Justice is extended to the “social, economic and political” spheres. The Indian discourse on social justice is legion but we have not been as vocal on the ideal of economic justice. Likewise, equality is described as “equality of status and of opportunity”. It transcends the limits of the liberal ideal of formal equality or equality before the law. Anticipating Amartya Sen’s key question, “Equality of what?”, it has a definite answer – “equality of status and of opportunity”. Unfortunately, like social justice, equality of opportunity, in our public discourse has been reduced to reservations for oppressed and backward castes and classes. The ideals of justice and equality as found in our Constitution are full of immense possibilities, yet to be explored adequately. The second unique feature of our Constitution is the chapter on Directive Principles of State Policy. Though not enforceable in any court of law, its “principles…are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws”, as Article 37 states. This chapter elaborates the two crucial ideals of justice and democracy and in its light promises new rights to realise these goals. The guiding principle of justice is laid down in Article 38, which states, “The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting … a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life.” It elaborates the idea of economic justice by promising “to minimise the inequalities in income … in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas of engaged in different vocations”. A participant in the protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act passed in December 2019 hold up an image of BR Ambedkar, who was among the key figures in drafting India's Constitution. Credit: Prakash Singh/AFP The property question is central to any ideal of economic justice, so the Constitution makes two promises. First, in Article 38, Clause 2, “that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good; [and] that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment”. Informed by this rich sense of justice, the Directive Principles elaborates on new rights beyond liberal conceptions. Central to them are the right to “an adequate means of livelihood” (Article 39a) and the right “to work, to education and to public assistance” in cases of undeserved want (Article 41). It also lays down the “raising of the level of nutrition …. the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health” as among the “primary duties” of the state. Next, the ideal of a decentralised democracy is upheld by the promise in Article 40 that “the State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government”. Before we move on to the next section, where I will discuss the contestations and changes brought about in the Constitution, let me highlight the contentious issue of banning cow slaughter and consuming beef as some of kind of constitutional mandate. What exactly does our Constitution say on the protection of cows? This comes in the context of the state’s role in organising agriculture and animal husbandry on scientific lines and not for any religious reason. Article 48 states: It does not offer any religious reasons, but in the same breath talks of prohibiting the slaughter of all other milch and draught cattle. To single out cows is not only a violation of the basic principles of secularism, it is also a gross form of discrimination against other milch and draught cattle, a violation of the right to equality. Contestations over ideals The freedom struggle in India brought together many different ideologies and ideals. This was reflected in the Constituent Assembly, where liberals, socialists, Gandhians and others worked under the chairmanship of the greatest voice of Dalit liberation, BR Ambedkar, to draft the Constitution. In independent India, democracy further enabled these conflicting ideals to engage with each other. As a result of these contestations under a democracy the state could retain its legitimacy by further radicalising these ideals and giving justice priority over other ideals. Under Jawaharlal Nehru, there was a sharp conflict between the ideals of social and economic justice and the fundamental right to property. It came into the open when the government enacted laws to abolish the zamindari system and feudal landlordism. It was also evident when, in its pursuit of planned economic development, India nationalised some industries and when it introduced reservations in educational institutions and government jobs for oppressed castes and classes. Initially, the Supreme Court upheld standard liberal ideals and rights as enunciated in the chapter of the Constitution on Fundamental Rights. But democratic pressure and the compulsion of justice in the Indian situation ultimately led Parliament to uphold its supremacy, wherein it amended the Constitution to nullify conservative judicial pronouncements. In fact, the fundamental right to property was repeatedly amended to restrict it and ultimately in the late 1970s it was even removed from the list of fundamental rights. It fundamentally radicalised the character of the Constitution and put the ideal of justice on top. In other words, the ideals of the Directive Principles trumped the right to property. In another important move, the Constitution was amended to put the Directive Principles at par with Fundamental Rights, if any conflict were to occur between them, by incorporating a new clause to Article 31. In fact, it gave an edge to the Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights. Given the way the Supreme Court has upheld the indestructibility of the basic structure of the Constitution, it now has a very difficult task balancing the two sets of ideals. Whatever position the Supreme Court takes, it will find it almost impossible to down play the ideals of justice as it had done in the early days of independence. A portraits of BR Ambedkar at a protest in Kolkata in April 2018 against protest against a Supreme Court order that allegedly diluted the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Credit: Dibyangshu Sarkar/AFP Under a democracy, the conservative Supreme Court was increasingly radicalised, especially given the pressure of the public discourse on justice and the reality of gross injustice in the lives of millions of people. From the 1980s, the Supreme Court entertained public interest litigations and responded to the growing collective concern and action over gross forms of deprivation and injustice in various spheres of human existence. The Supreme Court now showed more awareness of the spirit of the Constitution and the ideals embodied in the Preamble and Directive Principles. It made a major departure from standard liberal interpretations of the right to life and liberty (Article 21) and now upheld the position that a right to life and liberty with dignity is possible only if it includes the right to livelihood; the right to education; right to health and medical care of workers and the right to pollution-free air and water. This resulted in a series of legislations to provide for food, work, education and environmental protection. However limited the scope of these laws, they are definitely a step towards the recognition of the primacy of justice. The amended Constitution read with these judicial pronouncements went a long way in upholding the ideals of justice and democracy. Here we must make a distinction between the occasion and intentions of the amendments and focus on the radical possibilities it opened up in the political process. So before I conclude, let me mention that the amended Preamble now includes the ideals of socialism, democracy and secularism. Secondly, panchayats, from the village to district level, are now a constitutionally recognised level of government, formally geared for justice. Finally, protection of the environment (Article 48A) and non-violence (Artcile 51A, Clause i) and promotion of international peace (Artcile 51) are part of our constitutional obligations. Contemporary relevance In the present conjuncture of history, India is at a crossroad. The architecture of our Republic is being redesigned and the prime minister is presiding over the consecration of a Supreme Court-sanctioned Ram temple at a time when the political fortunes of the ruling party seems to be on a particular low. Authoritarian leaders always resort to spectacular interventions to draw away the attention of the people from the unbearable realities of the present. Given the Bharatiya Janata Party’s intense determination to win every election and its record of throwing all Constitutional solemnities to the wind, I am afraid that the next parliamentary election in the wake of the redesigned Republic and the new Ram temple might be an occasion to promise a new constitution replacing the ideals of justice, democracy and peace with that of the Hindu rashtra. After all, the ideological core of the BJP is grounded in the belief of a Hindu rashtra. The Constitutional idea of India has already been violated by dissolving the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This is contrary to the dominant nationalist imagination of India being characterised as having an eternal unity in the midst of all diversity. This idea of unity in diversity believes in two things – that some essence pervades the whole of India giving it a indestructible unity and hence unity is prior and superior to any diversity. However, the Constitution defines “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.” (Article 1) It also describes the government in Delhi headed by the president and the prime minister as the Union government and not what we routinely call, namely, the Central government. The word “central” refers to it being the centre of the political life of India or its essence. The Constitution is a carefully worded document for it is meant to survive several generations. So what do the words “a Union of states” mean? It simply means that the states have come together to form a union, the way a man and a woman come together to form a new union. The components of any union is prior to the union and hence indestructible. States, it is assumed, are unities based on a common language, culture and history. Hence they can be reorganised, as was done to conform to these commonalities. The re-organisation of any state is not equivalent to its dissolution or its down grading into a Union Territory, which is not entitled to a democratic government; again another basic constitutional ideal and obligation. The basis of my fear of a new constitution is this destruction of the constitutional idea of India, along with a series of such gross disregard for constitutional norms, practices and institutions. This is the reason why we need to remind ourselves of our constitutional ideals and promises and make the 75th anniversary of freedom and the republic an occasion to realise the solemn promises made by our Constitution to the people. Will our political leadership rise to the situation to fulfil these promises in the 2024 parliamentary elections? Can we turn the next parliamentary elections into a referendum on the future of our Republic? A future, where democracy, justice and peace prevails. Sanjeeb Mukherjee has taught politics at the University of Calcutta.
Menu Close Installing an Air Conditioning Unit How does AC work? When you think of a central air conditioning unit, you probably think of a huge unit that sits in the middle of a big warehouse. That warehouse would be able to maintain temperature control all day long. The same principle applies to air conditioners as they are essentially large industrial units that are cooled by an evaporative cooling fan. How does Central AC work? Central AC works by using ductwork and registers (fixtures) to transport hot air from outdoors, to the unit. Essentially, the machine pulls hot air from the outside, cools it in the unit, and then pushes it through the house via the ducts. Although you may have seen pictures of huge machines that look like giant air conditioners, these are just industrial machines. A new central air conditioning unit is a lot simpler and more energy efficient than the old units were. The newer units are also more reliable, more durable, and easier to install. Before installing a new system in your warehouse or factory, be sure to check the existing ductwork and electrical wiring to make certain that you can still obtain power during a power failure. You should consult with the manufacturers of the AC equipment to see if your existing wiring and ductwork will be adequate for your new unit. It will also be necessary to upgrade the insulation on the building’s walls and floors to ensure proper ventilation. If you are planning on using a gas furnace for your new system, you will need a carbon monoxide detector and testing kit. How is AC powered? Your new air conditioner works on AC (alternating current) which is provided by your local utility company. AC is converted into DC (direct current) by a set of coils in the wall and floor of the buildings. These coils to convert the AC to the alternating current needed to warm and cool the rooms. The AC then passes through a control circuit before it reaches the compressor to convert the AC into cooled air. Are there any special preparations that need to be made before installing a new AC unit? If so, these preparations should be made prior to beginning the installation process. First, any existing insulation must be removed and any loose tiles or insulation must be properly secured. Next, any plumbing that is involved in the heating or cooling of the space must be isolated and no fixtures should be installed where water pipes enter. Any vents that are open should also be closed. Any equipment in your heating and cooling system should be unplugged prior to hooking up the AC to the units. Also disconnect the electrical connections from the components. This includes all of the air conditioning and heating unit’s controls. Also, before hooking the units up, any wires that are part of the heating and cooling system should be disconnected. It is very important that any wiring be correctly terminated to prevent any potential electrocution hazards. Some individuals are intimidated by the prospect of having their new AC unit installed. If this is the case, then you may want to consider hiring a professional installation technician. Many experienced contractors will come into your home and complete the job with no fuss or bother, saving you the time and aggravation of trying to do it yourself. Finally, the contractor at AC Repair Kingwood will install the new system. He or she will also set up the new unit according to the HVAC industry specifications. After the installation process is completed, your new system should operate at its maximum efficiency. Following these installation techniques should help to ensure the optimal performance of your new system.
Will Privacy Survive the Future? September 26, 2017 Technological progress has radically transformed our concept of privacy. How we share information and display our identities has changed as we’ve migrated to the digital world. As the Guardian states, “We now carry with us everywhere devices that give us access to all the world’s information, but they can also offer almost all the world vast quantities of information about us.” We are all leaving digital footprints as we navigate through the internet. While sometimes this information can be harmless, it’s often valuable to various stakeholders, including governments, corporations, marketers, and criminals. The ethical debate around privacy is complex. The reality is that our definition and standards for privacy have evolved over time, and will continue to do so in the next few decades. Implications of Emerging Technologies Protecting privacy will only become more challenging as we experience the emergence of technologies such as virtual reality, the Internet of Things, brain-machine interfaces, and much more. Virtual reality headsets are already gathering information about users’ locations and physical movements. In the future all of our emotional experiences, reactions, and interactions in the virtual world will be able to be accessed and analyzed. As virtual reality becomes more immersive and indistinguishable from physical reality, technology companies will be able to gather an unprecedented amount of data. It doesn’t end there. The Internet of Things will be able to gather live data from our homes, cities and institutions. Drones may be able to spy on us as we live our everyday lives. As the amount of genetic data gathered increases, the privacy of our genes, too, may be compromised. It gets even more concerning when we look farther into the future. As companies like Neuralink attempt to merge the human brain with machines, we are left with powerful implications for privacy. Brain-machine interfaces by nature operate by extracting information from the brain and manipulating it in order to accomplish goals. There are many parties that can benefit and take advantage of the information from the interface. Marketing companies, for instance, would take an interest in better understanding how consumers think and consequently have their thoughts modified. Employers could use the information to find new ways to improve productivity or even monitor their employees. There will notably be risks of “brain hacking,” which we must take extreme precaution against. However, it is important to note that lesser versions of these risks currently exist, i.e., by phone hacking, identify fraud, and the like. A New Much-Needed Definition of Privacy In many ways we are already cyborgs interfacing with technology. According to theories like the extended mind hypothesis, our technological devices are an extension of our identities. We use our phones to store memories, retrieve information, and communicate. We use powerful tools like the Hubble Telescope to extend our sense of sight. In parallel, one can argue that the digital world has become an extension of the physical world. These technological tools are a part of who we are. This has led to many ethical and societal implications. Our Facebook profiles can be processed to infer secondary information about us, such as sexual orientation, political and religious views, race, substance use, intelligence, and personality. Some argue that many of our devices may be mapping our every move. Your browsing history could be spied on and even sold in the open market. While the argument to protect privacy and individuals’ information is valid to a certain extent, we may also have to accept the possibility that privacy will become obsolete in the future. We have inherently become more open as a society in the digital world, voluntarily sharing our identities, interests, views, and personalities. Read More 0 comment
Bernie Sanders, Genteel Socialist Why is this? For one thing, the Vermont Senator is running as a Democrat and caucuses with that party in Congress. And behind that fact lies a wider development in our politics: The distinctive traits distinguishing socialism from more mainstream Left-wing politics in America have faded, leaving the movement more prone to fusion with Democrats. At its peak during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American socialism was based in labor unions and fueled by immigrants with backgrounds in Left-wing political activism. Its followers believed in decisive action against the flawed institutions of democratic capitalism in the United States. Not just decisive but seditious, in the case of the anarchist who assassinated President William “Denali” McKinley in September of 1901. Anarchists, communists, socialists, and free silver advocates all opposed various parts of the American political economy during this period and played prominent and active roles in national events prior to the New Deal. Socialists such as Sanders’ hero, Eugene V. Debs of Indiana, helped organize large labor actions directed at the “Robber Barons,” most notably Pullman and Ford. Debs went to jail for his involvement in the Pullman strike. Big Bill Haywood, born and raised in Salt Lake City, helped organize miners throughout the country. He was an even more controversial socialist than Debs, having been tried and acquitted for the murder of Utah Governor Frank Steunenberg, a frequent antagonist of unions. Haywood and Debs both spent time in prison for their opposition to U.S. involvement in the First World War. Haywood was actually charged with treason under the Espionage Act of 1917 and, after getting convicted, ended up skipping bail and exiling himself to the Soviet Union. The firebrand socialist leaders of that era appealed to the interests of their political supporters, who tended to be industrial workers, immigrants, or the children of immigrants. Like Sanders, they viewed the political and economic order as fundamentally unjust and in need of radical change to create a better and fairer world. Unlike Sanders, they proclaimed an undiluted Marxism and did not shy away from inflammatory statements about confiscating property or fomenting revolution. But look what happened to their political base: what was a heavily unionized American labor pool became less and less so. Today, union membership has declined steeply and those unions that are still large and popular are for public sector employees. Public sector unions seek more lucrative pensions, not an overthrow of the owners of the means of production. When asked today about his “socialism,” Sanders may point to the picture of Debs on his office and cite a commitment to justice and fairness in helping the “little person” against large organized economic interests. In reality, what he espouses is not fully articulated socialism but simply wealth-redistribution through taxation. The Sanders campaign webpage has a great deal about Sanders’ concern for income “inequality” and “decent” pay and wages. But it says very little about revolutionary aspirations or the need to confront the owners of capital. It does not advocate storming the offices of Google or Apple and snatching iPhones and Chromebooks, liberating the goods from the wretched hands of the capitalist blood suckers Tim Cook, Larry Page, and Sergey Brin. Today’s socialism is surprisingly flaccid and tame—even the Occupy Movement that sprang up with the onset of the Great Recession of 2007 to 2009. Occupy’s rather ragtag group of protestors moved into parks in New York and elsewhere to protest a hodgepodge of injustices they perceived in our political and economic system. There were arrests, some confrontations, a lot of staged events for television cameras, as well as many iPhone selfies and hippie dance circles. But there were no widespread outbreaks of violence. Nothing matched the pitched battles between unions and private security forces common in the Debs-Haywood era—or even the teargas-filled melee in Chicago at the 1968 Democratic convention or associated countercultural clashes of that time. The Occupy people became famous for their strange way of communicating, not for shooting those in power or even threatening such actions. And that’s not surprising in a country that is largely middle class, suburban, and politically inclusive. Thomas Edsall’s underrated book Chain Reaction (1992) describes how the Republican Party became successful in national elections during the 1970s. Edsall’s main argument was that the Democratic Party that emerged from that watershed 1968 convention pushed policies that were outside the mainstream and unpalatable to most Americans. Higher taxes for the rich, forced racial integration, large social programs (that did not sufficiently provide resources to the middle class) and lenient attitudes toward the accused, were all positions that socialists such as Debs and others had long advocated. Those same positions turned off many moderate voters, though—particularly the so-called Reagan Democrats. By finding a wedge group to pry away from the Democratic coalition, Reagan and other Republicans were able to consistently win national elections. The Democrats of the 1990s turned away from radical ideas and accepted the new consensus of lower taxes, free market institutions, and less government. This insight that the majority and the middle matter was also a fascination for a clear-eyed observer of politics, the late economist Gordon Tullock. Tullock is most famous for his work on the development of the school in economics known as public choice as well as his groundbreaking insights into the costly inefficiency of what economists call “rent-seeking”—the competition among individuals for government-granted privileges known as rents. But Tullock also wrote about many other matters, including how politicians redistribute within a society to maintain political support. Tullock noted that many social welfare programs were designed without means testing. He lamented the fact that the poor were poor, and marveled at the way in which government programs that appeared to be focused on the poor in fact benefitted the middle classes. He concluded, correctly, that the vast majority of government benefits inevitably flow to the largest group of potential voters—in our case today, the middle class. Social Security, Medicare, the mortgage tax deduction, government-subsidized student loans, and tax deductions for children are among the many costly redistributive programs focused on the middle class. Best of all for politicians, these programs are paid for with the shrouded system of payment known as income-tax withholding. You don’t see a complete bill for the programs. So what does this mean for the entire concept of “socialism” as Sanders describes it? Can socialism or its cousin, communism, ever be brought about—or even discussed straightforwardly—when an economy becomes service-oriented and affluent? I think the answer is no. Sanders seems to be borrowing from the sentiments of his hero but in the service of a much different cause. “Socialism” for Sanders focuses on the largest political group—the middle class. It still has the “us versus them” rhetoric that Debs would have recognized. We must take from the rich and give to the somewhat, relatively poorer (although not the real poor per se). However, no one wants blood in the streets or violent protests. Redistribution through democratic processes will suffice, in a more peaceful era of quiet revolutions.
Churchill was a great war leader essay This shows some of his personal qualities like; Patriotic views and Delegation, with experience in political matters. Churchill most inspired move was to form a Coalition government in whilst the war commenced. This also showed foresight and patriotism. Churchill was a great war leader essay Inthe London Morning Post sent him to cover the Boer War in South Africa, but he was captured by enemy soldiers almost as soon as he arrived. By the time he returned to England inthe year-old Churchill had published five books. Churchill and Gallipoli InChurchill turned his attention away from domestic politics when he became the First Lord of the Admiralty akin to the Secretary of the Navy in the U. Noting that Germany was growing more and more bellicose, Churchill began to prepare Great Britain for war: He established the Royal Naval Air Service, modernized the British fleet and helped invent one of the earliest tanks. In an attempt to shake things up, Churchill proposed a military campaign that soon dissolved into disaster: Churchill hoped that this offensive would drive Turkey out of the war and encourage the Balkan states to join the Allies, but Turkish resistance was much stiffer than he had anticipated. After nine months andcasualties, the Allies withdrew in disgrace. Churchill was a great war leader essay After the debacle at Gallipoli, Churchill left the Admiralty. Churchill Between the Wars During the s and s, Churchill bounced from government job to government job, and in he rejoined the Conservatives. Especially after the Nazis came to power inChurchill spent a great deal of time warning his countrymen about the perils of German nationalism, but Britons were weary of war and reluctant to get involved in international affairs again. A year later, however, Hitler broke his promise and invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war. Chamberlain was pushed out of office, and Winston Churchill took his place as prime minister in May You ask, what is our policy? You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. France fell to the Nazis in June In July, German fighter planes began three months of devastating air raids on Britain herself. Though the future looked grim, Churchill did all he could to keep British spirits high. He gave stirring speeches in Parliament and on the radio. Roosevelt to provide war supplies — ammunition, guns, tanks, planes — to the Allies, a program known as Lend-Lease, before the Americans even entered the war. The Iron Curtain The now-former prime minister spent the next several years warning Britons and Americans about the dangers of Soviet expansionism. Inyear-old Winston Churchill became prime minister for the second time. He retired from the post in He died inone year after retiring from Parliament.- Winston Churchill was said to be an accomplished speaker, author, painter, soldier and war reporter throughout the First World War and the Second World War. He was born in Great Britain November 30, , and he died on January 24, Winston Churchill became a great leader during World War II due too preparation during his youth, clever political decisions and great oratory skills. Winston Churchill was born at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, on November 30, Sir Winston Churchill Essay; Sir Winston Churchill Essay. Words 5 Pages. The first step towards being a great leader was not to rely on his family's achievements, but to forge his own path to (Sir Winston Churchill).” During World War I and II, much of Europe was taken over and placed into the slavery of socialism and of Adolf. Winston Churchill is an excellent example of greatness because in the face of adversity(the second World War) he excelled and he persevered Continue reading › he excelled and he persevered through his so called `wilderness years` and then excelled as Britain’s war time leader. Churchill’s dogged perseverance to express exactly. Churchill’s qualities of far-sightedness, his sturdiness, tenacity, stubbornness, his obstinacy in the face of much opposition, his great valor and courage and the will to win and conquer despite the odds were all the characteristics of a great world leader, and it was these qualities that helped the man garner enormous support both at home. During the early years of World War II, Winston Churchill was leading Great Britain into a headlong battle against Adolph Hitler and the Germans. In analyzing his leadership during the years it will be found that Churchill would not succumb to peace treaties, but fought Hitler and the Nazis at . Was Winston Churchill a great war leader – Assignment Example
Question: Why Does Tricuspid Regurgitation Get Louder With Inspiration? Right-sided murmurs (eg, tricuspid regurgitation) increase with inspiration due to increased venous return to the right heart. Most murmurs diminish in intensity with standing due to reduced venous return to the heart and subsequently reduced right and left ventricular diastolic volumes. Which murmurs are louder on inspiration? Rules of thumb: Right sided murmurs become louder on INspiration. Left sided murmurs become louder on EXpiration. The only murmurs louder with Valsalva are HOCM and mitral prolapse. Why are left sided murmurs louder on inspiration? Typical clinical features Typical features of a pulmonary regurgitation murmur include: Early decrescendo murmur heard loudest over the left sternal edge. Loudest during inspiration. Usually due to pulmonary hypertension: known as a Graham Steell murmur when associated with mitral stenosis. Which heart sounds are louder on inspiration? During inspiration, the venous blood flow into the right atrium and ventricle are increased, which increases the stroke volume of the right ventricle during systole. As a result, the leak of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium is larger during inspiration, causing the murmur to become louder. You might be interested: When Inventors Use Things In Nature For Inspiration? What murmurs decrease with inspiration? Many left-sided murmurs decrease with inspiration, but they may be very difficult to hear. Therefore, respiratory variation can help differentiate corresponding right-sided from left-sided murmurs; for example, tricuspid regurgitation from mitral regurgitation. Why does inspiration increase murmur? Deep inspiration lowers intrathoracic pressures causing increased venous return to the right heart. Since there is more volume in the right heart, the regurgitant volume in the presence of tricuspid regurgitation increases, thus increasing the intensity of the murmur. Why would a heart murmur get louder? A normal murmur can get louder when the blood flows faster through the heart, like when kids have a fever or run around. That’s because an increase in body temperature or activity makes the heart pump more blood. When your temperature goes down, the murmur may get quieter or even disappear. Why does TR increase with inspiration? The intensity significantly increases with inspiration due to increased venous return helping to distinguish it from mitral regurgitation. Which right sided murmur does not increase with inspiration? Mitral regurgitation (MR) The intensity of the murmur of MR does not increase with inspiration, helping to distinguish it from the murmur of tricuspid regurgitation. Is tricuspid regurgitation a systolic murmur? Where is tricuspid regurgitation best heard? The murmur of tricuspid regurgitation is frequently not heard. When evident, it is a holosystolic murmur heard best at the left middle or lower sternal border or at the epigastrium with the bell of the stethoscope when the patient is sitting upright or standing. You might be interested: Readers ask: Love That Dog What Is Jack's Biggest Inspiration? What does tricuspid regurgitation mean? Tricuspid valve regurgitation is a type of heart valve disease in which the valve between the two right heart chambers (right ventricle and right atrium) doesn’t close properly. As a result, blood leaks backward into the upper right chamber (right atrium). What does the tricuspid valve in the heart do? The tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart. It separates the upper and lower chambers, also known as the right atrium and ventricle. The valve allows deoxygenated blood to flow through both of the chambers. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, where it will be oxygenated. Why does venous return increase during inspiration? Venous return and right ventricular preload increase during inspiration because of the increase in intrathoracic pressure compresses the vena cava and the right atrium. Does blood pressure increase with inspiration? Systemic blood pressure is not constant but varies slightly from heart beat to heart beat and between inspiration and expiration. Normally, the systolic blood pressure decreases by less than 10 mmHg during inspiration, but a decline of this magnitude is not detectable on examination of the peripheral pulse. How does Valsalva maneuver decreases preload? Performing the Valsalva maneuver causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure, leading to a reduction in preload to the heart. Cardiovascular changes occur during and after this maneuver due to baroreflex and other compensatory reflex mechanisms that are initiated by decreased preload. Leave a Reply How To Regain Inspiration For Writing Poetry? Inspiration For Poets: 15 Ways To Breathe New Life Into Your Poetry 15 Ideas That Will Motivate You To Write New Poems — And Help You Become A Better Poet. Read a poem a day. Read outside your comfort zone. Write in a different poetry genre or style. Try writing prompts. Create new poetry-writing habits. […] Often asked: Which Artists Served As An Inspiration For Early Expressionist? The roots of the German Expressionist school lay in the works of Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor, each of whom in the period 1885–1900 evolved a highly personal painting style. Contents1 What inspired Expressionism artists?2 Who were the artists that lead Expressionism?3 Who is the father of Expressionism?4 Who is the person […]
Encouraging diversity in cybersecurity There is a global shortage of cybersecurity professionals, while the volume and sophistication of cybercrimes are growing at an alarming rate. For both of these reasons, governments and the industry are working to raise the profile of the cybersecurity sector and to encourage people, especially young people to see it as an attractive career. Getting girls interested in cybersecurity will be key to making this happen. When you’re trying to fill a skills gap, you can’t overlook 50% of the population Some professions (such as entertainment) have so many people fighting for each post, they can afford to be ruthless. Other professions are ticking over comfortably; they are popular enough that they don’t need to worry about attracting new entrants, but not so popular that they are overrun with applications every time there is a position available. Some professions, however, are desperately short of applicants to the point where it already hurting them and could really cause them difficulties if the issue is left unaddressed. IT is one of those professions and the issue is particularly acute in cybersecurity. Because of this, they can no longer afford to ignore the extent to which the industry is male-dominated and simply wait for nature to take its course and for girls to “get interested”. They actively need to reach out to them and get them interested and start not only filling the skills shortage which exists in the present but also creating the role models who will inspire future generations. After all, “you can’t be what you can’t see”. More women in IT can also represent more women out of IT The march of technology has brought all kinds of benefits, but it has also raised all kinds of challenges. Most of these challenges revolve around the need to ensure that the benefits are enjoyed by as many people as possible and that any negative consequences are minimised if not eliminated. More specifically, there is a particular need to ensure that no demographic group is excessively impacted by limitations in technology. One example of this is the increasing use of artificial intelligence to facilitate the automation of common administrative tasks. Perhaps the most obvious sign of this is the fact that just about every business website now has a chatbot available to customers. Many of these chatbots have female avatars and female names, as do the “virtual assistants” Alexa, Siri and Cortana. There is a reason for this: administrative roles have traditionally been a female-dominated profession, so it’s entirely understandable that the creators of these technology tools (who were probably men, or at least mostly men) would have given them female images. It’s also entirely foreseeable that any reduction in administrative positions (due to advances in technology) would directly impact women more than men (although they would also very likely have an indirect impact on men). Getting more women involved in IT in general and cybersecurity, in particular, can help to address these issues by making sure that women’s voices are heard at every turn. Other marginalised groups should be better represented, too. After many people of colour found that artificial intelligence devices or other tech devices, such as automatic hand dryers, simply do not recognise darker skin, it became clear that these under-represented communities needed to have better input into the profession.
[[[DKF]: This example copied from below to show off a classic way of doing coroutines.]] ====== % proc count x { while {$x > 0} { yield "tick... $x" incr x -1 } return "BOOM!" } % coroutine bomb count 3 tick... 3 % bomb tick... 2 % bomb tick... 1 % bomb BOOM! ====== And at the end of this script, `bomb` has gone away too because the coroutine's done a normal exit. ---- I hope these [lies and oversimplifications] will help others understand [coroutine]s. See below for an increasingly accurate explanation. A special thanks to miguel on the #tcl freenode channel for taking the time to explain this to me. ====== proc allNumbers {} { yield set i 0 while 1 { yield $i incr i 2 } } coroutine nextNumber allNumbers for {set i 0} {$i < 10} {incr i} { puts "received [nextNumber]" } rename nextNumber {} ====== The output of the above code is: ====== received 0 received 2 received 4 received 6 received 8 received 10 received 12 received 14 received 16 received 18 ====== The first thing to understand is the [yield] command (which is in the coroutine's code). [[yield $foo]] acts like [[return $foo]], but it suspends execution; when execution is resumed, the proc restarts on the line after the previous call to yield. The procedure "allNumbers" is a proc which first calls [yield], and so suspends immediately (line 2); when it resumes it begins execution at line 3, after which it reaches another [yield] within a while loop on line 5. After producing each number, it yields its value ... and suspends until it is called again. Now this line: ====== coroutine nextNumber allNumbers ====== This line will (a) run allNumbers until the first [yield] (b) create a command called 'nextNumber' that resumes execution of allNumbers when nextNumber is called. So after this coroutine command, we have allNumbers suspended right before 'set i 0', and a new command 'nextNumber' that continues it where it left off. Get it? ---- ''[MS] notes that he kind of lied to jblz: [yield] is a bit more complicated, but behaves exactly as described for this example.'' [ZB] Wrong. It's the thing, that once confused me: the proc restarts not "on the line after previous call to yield", but resumes - one can say - directly in that lately left yield field, because there it can get ev. arguments "from outside". Consider the yield field as a "gate". You're leaving the proc - and getting back using this gate. Changed an example a bit - in my opinion, now it better explains the role of yield; changing theValue (and restarting the loop) one can see, how the increment step is different. ====== proc allNumbers {} { yield set i 0 while 1 { set howMuch [yield $i] incr i $howMuch } } coroutine nextNumber allNumbers set theValue 2 for {set i 0} {$i < 10} {incr i} { puts "received [nextNumber $theValue]" } ====== ---- ''The following discussion is moved from "[lies and oversimplifications]".'' [jblz]: Coroutines are the first thing in tcl to ever confuse me to the point of utter incomprehension. [{}] made me scratch my head for a minute, but then the light bulb went off. we need some really easy-reader level explanation of them A) because they can be difficult to grasp conceptually (wikipedia helped with this quite a bit) B) Even after understanding the pseudo-code on wikipedia on the topic, the implementation can be difficult to follow. I think something needs to emphasize the "command aliasing" aspect of the coroutine command, clearly and simply communicate the order in which commands are executed, and simply explain the operation of the [yield] command, even if it requires "lies and oversimplifications" at first. All the current explanations were far too robust and complex for me to understand. [AMG]: Let me give it a try. I'll put the names of the principal commands in bold, to maybe help highlight what creates what and what calls what. When you call '''[[[coroutine]]]''', you tell it two things: the name of a new command to be created, and an existing command to run, including arguments. Let's say the new command is to be named '''[[resume]]''' and the existing command is '''[[procedure]]'''. '''[[coroutine]]''' runs '''[[procedure]]''' until it [return]s or [yield]s, and the returned/yielded value is returned by '''[[coroutine]]'''. In this sense, it's like simply calling '''[[procedure]]''' directly. Here's where things get different. If '''[[procedure]]''' happened to yield, then the '''[[resume]]''' command is created. When '''[[procedure]]''' yielded, it basically got frozen in time, taken off the call stack but ready to be put back into action. Calling '''[[resume]]''' continues execution of '''[[procedure]]''' right where it left off, until it returns or yields again. Inside '''[[procedure]]''', '''[[yield]]''' returns the (optional) argument that was passed to '''[[resume]]'''. Inside the caller, '''[[resume]]''' returns the value that was returned or yielded by '''[[procedure]]'''. The '''[[resume]]''' command continues to exist so long as '''[[procedure]]''' yields, then it finally goes away when '''[[procedure]]''' returns. [Throw]ing and [error]ing are also considered returning. Yielding is distinct from returning in that it does not terminate execution, only pauses it. Here's another way to look at it. The arguments to '''[[coroutine]]''' are as follows, but not in this order: The procedure to carry out * A handle used to resume the procedure after it yields I'm not sure what you mean by "command aliasing", unless you're trying to say that '''[[resume]]''' becomes an alias for '''[[procedure]]'''. I don't think this is the right way to look at things. '''[[procedure]]''' is a library routine like any other, waiting to be called, whereas '''[[resume]]''' is an in-progress execution of '''[[procedure]]''' that just happens to be paused at the moment. And if '''[[procedure]]''' isn't currently in progress but paused, '''[[resume]]''' doesn't exist. I hope this helps! Hmm, actually I'm afraid this might be the kind of too-robust explanation you can't absorb all at once. Let me try again. '''[[coroutine]]''' runs a command of your choice (let's say '''[[procedure]]''') and returns its result. If '''[[procedure]]''' happens to yield instead of returning, '''[[coroutine]]''' creates a new command whose name you get to pick (here, '''[[resume]]'''). When you invoke '''[[resume]]''', '''[[procedure]]''' starts running again ''exactly at the point that it yielded''. In fact, '''[[yield]]''' returns to '''[[procedure]]''' whatever argument you passed to '''[[resume]]'''. Similarly, '''[[resume]]''' returns whatever argument was passed to '''[[yield]]'''. '''[[resume]]''' can be used repeatedly, until '''[[procedure]]''' returns instead of yields, and then '''[[resume]]''' is deleted. Basically, you have two threads of execution, except that instead of running at the same time, they're taking turns. The '''[[yield]]''' and '''[[resume]]''' commands are used to switch between them and pass data from one to the other. Read this, write some code, then read my previous explanation. :^) [jblz]: AMG, this is extremely helpful. Thank you very much. ---- [DKF]: A coroutine's execution starts from the global namespace and runs a command ''in a separate call stack'' that will eventually produce a result (which includes [return]s, [error]s, and a few other things) that will be returned to the caller, when the separate stack goes away. However, a coroutine can be interrupted by the [yield] command which stops what the coroutine is doing and returns its value to the caller but leaves the separate stack in place. The coroutine can be resumed by calling its name (with an optional value – the resumption value) which causes execution of the coroutine to recommence exactly where it left off, half way through the [yield] which will return the resumption value. We can know that it always starts from the global namespace via this trivial non-yielding coroutine: ====== % namespace eval bar {coroutine foo eval {namespace current}} :: ====== Note here that the coroutine is implemented by [eval]. This is legal! In fact you can use ''any'' Tcl command, but the most useful ones tend to be calls of [proc]edures, [apply%\|%application]s of lambdas, or calls of object methods, since then you can have local variables. The local variables are not a feature of the coroutine, but rather of the command executed to implement it. OK, so let's explore this resumption value stuff. This coroutine shows a neat trick: ====== % coroutine tick eval {yield [yield [yield 3]]} 3 % tick 2 2 % tick 1 1 % tick 0 0 % tick -1 invalid command name "tick" ====== Do you see how we can work out how many values are produced? There's no loop, so there's one value for each [yield] (going ''into'' the yield from the command substitution that is its argument) and one outer result, which is the outcome of the outermost yield. OK, let's show off some real state: ====== % proc count x { while {$x > 0} { yield "tick... $x"; # Ignore the resumption value! incr x -1 } return "BOOM!" } % coroutine bomb count 3 tick... 3 % bomb tick... 2 % bomb tick... 1 % bomb BOOM! ====== ---- [Kroc]: You should put this last example at the top of the page! That's the only one which allowed me to understand while the first one puzzled me. ---- [NEM] 2010-06-23: For those struggling with coroutines, it might be worth considering how they relate to existing Tcl constructs. Let's consider how we could solve the same problems if we had no built-in [coroutine] and [yield] commands. If we take [DKF]'s example from the top of the page: ====== proc count x { while {$x > 0} { yield "tick... $x" incr x -1 } return "BOOM!" } ====== When run as a coroutine, this procedure yields the strings "tick... 3", "tick... 2", "tick... 1" and the finally returns the string "BOOM!". If we had no coroutines, we could implement this example by passing a [callback] command: just an ordinary [command prefix] that is called each time we want to yield a new value: ====== % proc count {x yieldCallback} { while {$x > 0} { $yieldCallback "tick... $x" incr x -1 } return "BOOM!" } % count 3 puts tick... 3 tick... 2 tick... 1 BOOM! ====== Another name for this style of callback is a [continuation], because it represents the rest of the computation to perform. This style of programming should be familiar to those used to doing [event-oriented programming], but it is also the way that all loop commands (e.g., [while], [foreach], etc) are written: the body of the loop is the continuation callback. This is a very powerful and general way of programming -- indeed, pretty much all possible control mechanisms can be coded this way (see e.g., [control structures for backtracking search]). However, programming in this manner can be cumbersome, as we have to manually construct and pass in these continuation callbacks. For examples such as this, it may not seem too onerous as there is just one such callback. However, (a) things are rarely this simple, and (b) performing such transformations on a large body of existing code can be tedious and error-prone. The [coroutine] mechanism essentially performs this task for us: silently rewriting all of our code to work in this way without us having to do anything more than start up a coroutine and insert [yield]s where appropriate. The page [coroutines for event-based programming] has some more motivating examples, as does the original [TIP] 328 [http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/328]. The example just given gives an idea of the power of coroutines, but is a drastic simplification. Rather than hiding just one continuation callback, the coroutine mechanism allows us to specify a new continuation every time we yield! To emulate this explicitly in Tcl, we can write our own version of [yield] that allows us to specify a new callback each time: ====== proc myYield value { # assume variable "yieldCallback" in caller's scope upvar 1 yieldCallback yieldCallback # invoke the coroutine set newCallback [uplevel #0 [list {}$yieldCallback $value]] # result is the new callback coroutine set yieldCallback $newCallback return } ====== This is written out in verbose form to make it clear what is going on: we call the $yieldCallback coroutine with our yield value, and expect this to return a new coroutine. With this in place, we can now mimick more closely what [coroutine] provides: ====== % proc count {x yieldCallback} { while {$x > 0} { myYield "tick... $x" incr x -1 } return "BOOM!" } % proc lambda {params body} { list ::apply [list $params $body] } % count 3 [lambda str1 { puts "First yield: $str1" lambda str2 { puts "Second yield: $str2" lambda str3 { puts "Third yield: $str3" } } }] First yield: tick... 3 Second yield: tick... 2 Third yield: tick... 1 BOOM! ====== As you can see, while it is possible to mimick [coroutine] in pure Tcl, the result is not pretty! Indeed, the more complex the examples get, the more painful it becomes -- and our example doesn't even yet handle returning results from [yield] (which enables 2-way communication and elevates coroutines above mere generators)! (Hint: to add this feature, adjust myYield to expect a 2-element list from the callback continuation: the new continuation and the return value). Hopefully this provides some insight into what coroutines are and how they work their magic. Behind the scenes, the entire C implementation of Tcl has been adjusted by [MS] to transparently perform these transformations for us, so we can continue writing straight-forward code in "direct" style and let the language take care of the complexities. As a final point, you may be wondering if the coroutine mechanism relieves the need to write ''any'' code in continuation-passing style. The answer is almost, but not quite. The mechanism implemented strikes a careful balance between expressiveness and performance. The upshot of this is that there are certain categories of control structures which cannot be implemented with coroutines -- in particular, any kind of non-deterministic (backtracking) search, as used in [logic programming] cannot be implemented with coroutines alone. For these (rare) occassions, an explicit continuation callback is still the best approach. Everything else will yield before the mighty coroutine! [Kroc] - I'm sorry Neil, but if you consider http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TclCmd/apply.htm%\|%the apply manual page%\|% is almost ununderstandable for me, I doubt anybody confused by coroutines (like I was) could understand it with examples based on it. ;) My point of view is Tcl was better before TCT introduce all those confusing apply, coroutine and OO stuff. [AMG]: [apply] is immensely powerful stuff, as are [coroutine]s. I've heard rumors that [OO] is powerful too. :^) They may be confusing, but I think that's only because they offer power that was previously very difficult or impossible to implement in [pure-Tcl]. In other words, they're confusing because they're truly new additions, not merely [sugar] over existing functionality. Since they're new, it takes positive effort to learn what they are, when they're useful, and how to use them. You can choose to not use them, but in my opinion you will be missing out. Remember [{}]? It was confusing for the same reason (it was a wildly new feature), but I now find it to be indispensable. Let me see if I can motivate each of the new features you mentioned: '''apply''': Allows you to pass executable code anywhere a [command prefix] is expected, without having to create a named [proc]. For instance, can be used as the argument to any callback option, such as [[[lsort] -command]] and [[[trace] add]]. '''coroutine''': Avoids the need for callbacks and resumable procs with global state data when writing routines with interleaved execution. See [Coronet] and [Wibble] for an I/O example, and see [Keep a GUI alive during a long calculation] for a [Tk] example. '''oo''': Lets you cleanly bundle procedures and state data together into objects which can derive their definitions from other objects. Probably other stuff too; I admit I haven't used this in my own work. But I probably should, because as they mature, a great many of my projects wind up developing Yet Another mini-oo implementation. <> Example
Life is everything. Let's make it a healthy one! Thank you for your visit! Life is everything. Let's make it a healthy one! Thank you for your visit! Life is everything. Let's make it a healthy one! Thank you for your visit! What Is Folates Measured In DFE & What Foods Can I Find It In? Folate is also known as vitamin B9 and folacin. Folate is naturally present in many foods, and folic acid, which is the synthesized form of folate, is added to some foods. DFE is a measurement which stands for dietary folate equivalents. You can find it on the nutrition facts label of fortified foods. It's supposed to help you not consume too much of the synthetic-made folic acid, which is the compound used in fortified foods. Folate Is A Generic Term Folate is a generic term referring to both natural folates in food and folic acid, the synthetic form used in supplements and fortified food. (source ) Folate that is naturally present in food is not harmful. But you should not consume folate in supplements or fortified foods in amounts above the upper limit. It can become toxic when taken in too high amounts. It can cause severe side effects in the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and liver. DFE: Dietary Folate Equivalents The mcg DFE is the unit of measure for folate on the new Nutrition Facts or Supplement Facts label. Compared to folate found naturally in foods, you need less folic acid to get the recommended amounts. For example, 240 mcg of folic acid and 400 mcg of folate are both equal to 400 mcg of DFE. (source ) Folates During Pregnancy Folate is important for lowering the risk of serious problems that occur during pregnancy that can affect the baby’s brain and spine. (source ) Foods You Can Find Fortified Folates In You find fortified Folate mostly in breakfast cereal, and baked products. Examples of food sources include Foods in our nutrition tool You can find regularly updated top-ranked lists of foods for over 200+ nutrients in our nutrition tool. If you are interested in what foods contain the most fortified Folate, we recommend you visit our tool. Here's our top-ranked list of foods that contain Folate, DFE. Sara Niemelä co-founder Care Omnia, Head Content Creator
recommended by Vets 100% pure nature love of animals recommended by Vets 100% pure nature love of animals The stimulating and invigorating effects of the aromatic rosemary plant (Salvia rosmarinus, Rosmarinus officinalis) have long been used in veterinary medicine. This well-known Mediterranean herb's valuable substances promote blood circulation and are effective in helping weak cardiovascular systems as well as musculoskeletal systems. Where does rosemary come from, and what does it look like? Rosemary loves sunlight! This aromatic herb is originally from the Mediterranean region, where its range extends all the way to Portugal. The name "rosemary" is derived from the Latin "ros marinus" (dew of the sea). In northern lands, rosemary can survive winters outside only under certain conditions. This Mediterranean plant may be hardy, but it's not winterproof. This means that it can withstand low temperatures around the freezing point but requires protection for lower temperatures below freezing. Botanically, rosemary is described as a densely branched, evergreen subshrub. It can grow to a height of two metres. In colder regions its growth is limited to about one metre in height. The shrub begins to lignify with age, whereby older branches display an exfoliating bark. The top of its narrow, linear leaf is dark green and has a leathery coating. The underside is white and grey, with fine hairs. The leaf has a slightly curved-under shape which is characteristic for plants which have adapted to dry, hot climates; this shape protects the leaf from drying out. The topside of the leaf has oil glands which release essential oils when crushed. Rosemary belongs to the genus Salvia and is related to sage, lavender, and thyme. In Central Europe, it bears many panicled blue flowers between March and May. Some varieties also have white, pink, or light purple flowers. The flowers make way for little brown nutlets which develop into single-seeded mericarps as they mature. In aromatherapy, rosemary has three different chemotypes. Rosemary essential oil basically consists of a composition of various aromatic including camphor, pinene, and eucalyptol, as well as other terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic diterpenes, and tannins such as the well-known rosmarinic acid. An essential oil's chemotype refers to the different concentration of its individual ingredients, depending on the origin of the raw materials used. Rosemary oil from Spain, for example, is considered to be especially high in camphor whereas rosemary oil from North Africa is prized for its particular delicacy. In 2020, rosemary was named aromatic plant of the year by Austria's Association for Aromatherapy and Professional Aromapractitioners. What is Rosemary used for? Rosemary has a slightly bitter, resinous, and highly aromatic taste and is a staple of Mediterranean cuisine. In the Middle Ages the plant began to be known in Central Europe and found its way into local recipes. Its digestive benefits have also made it popular as a spice for hearty dishes. The cultivation of rosemary goes as far back as antiquity. This shrub was dedicated to Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and played an important role in many ceremonies as decoration or incense. Rosemary is still used today in bridal flower crowns to keep evil spirits away from the newly wedded. The plant's presence north of the Alps began in monastery gardens where, similar to frankincense, it was cultivated for use as incense. According to one legend, the famous "Hungarian water" was produced by alchemists for Isabella Jagiellonica, Queen of Hungary in the 14th century. It is still considered the world's oldest anti-ageing elixir. One of the main ingredients in Hungarian water is rosemary essential oil. Rosemary oil is also found in the well-known Eau de Cologne. Rosemary oil and rosemary essential oil are used in many other cosmetics. The circulation-enhancing properties of rosemary make it ideal for use in body creams, improving connective tissue and reducing cellulite. It can also be found in bath products and as a fragrance in countless formulas. Rosemary and rosemary oil are also used in preventive hair loss treatments and shampoos, as they can also stimulate the scalp's blood circulation and regulate its oil balance. For medicinal uses, the leaves (Rosmarini folium) are harvested and then used either fresh or dried. Rosemary can be taken as a freshly pressed juice, as tea, powder, or tincture. The essential oil in rosemary is obtained through steam distillation. Rosemary as a medicinal herb Rosemary has long been used as a medicinal herb. It relieves cramps and promotes blood circulation. The European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP) recommends rosemary to improve liver and gallbladder function and treat dyspeptic complaints. It is also used as a mild antiseptic and for cardiovascular complaints. Externally, it is used to promote wound healing and to relieve rheumatic ailments. Rosemary has long been used in many preparations such as salves, bath products or massage oils to treat rheumatic ailments, muscle and joint pains, circulatory ailments, and to promote blood flow. The German association "NHV Theophrastus" named rosemary its medicinal plant of the year in 2011. In the Middle Ages, healers recommended the herb for digestive problems, worm infestation, liver and spleen complaints, and to strengthen brain power. It also served as a remedy for epilepsy. In 1543, Leonhard Fuchs wrote that rosemary "is good for trembling and lame limbs." It also gained importance as an ingredient for smelling salts, which became fashionable against fainting and attacks of weakness. In folk medicine, rosemary is still used today to strengthen the heart and to treat headaches and exhaustion. Rosemary's use in aromatherapy is as a stimulant and to improve concentration. The oil is used to stimulate circulation and metabolism, but also to treat nervous complaints, mental weakness, lethargy, exhaustion, and mental anxiety. It should be noted that rosemary has different chemotypes depending on where it was grown. Rosemary ointments have long been used to treat musculoskeletal system issues in veterinary medicine. In his 1716 book on equine medicine, Johannes Deigendesch recommended rosemary for "all dislocations, shortened veins and injured nerves". Its essential oil is used for pungent lotions for circulatory disorders, lameness, and paralysis. It is also said to treat horses with skin-irritating pests like mites. What substances are contained in rosemary? Rosemary contains rosemary essential oil, composed of various aromatic substances like camphor, pinene, and eucalyptol, as well as other terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic diterpenes, and tannins such as the well-known rosmarinic acid. The exact composition depends on the plant's chemotype. The essential oil is primarily responsible for the plant's antibacterial, antifungal, and blood circulation promoting effects. In small doses, rosemary oil stimulates the nervous system. What can rosemary be used to treat in horses and dogs? If your horse suffers from poor circulation due to heat or humid weather, you can get his circulation back into swing with rosemary. Rosemary's valuable substances strengthen the cardiovascular system and promote blood flow. Especially in combination with hawthorn, rosemary can stabilise and maintain cardiovascular function. The plant's stimulating and circulation-promoting properties are beneficial to equine and canine musculoskeletal systems and help animals with muscle and joint problems to enjoy more mobility and better quality of life. Adverse effects: It should be noted that rosemary essential oil should never be applied directly to mucous membranes, wounds, or near the eyes. Seek medical advice before using rosemary to treat animals with gallbladder ailments, liver diseases, open wounds, fever, severe infections, cardiac insufficiency, or severe cardiovascular diseases. Do not administer rosemary essential oil to animals with high blood pressure or that are pregnant, as it may induce labour. When taken internally, very small amounts of rosemary may irritate the stomach lining. Never administer essential oils internally! An overdose of an essential oil may trigger a laryngeal spasm upon inhalation! Like many other essential oils, rosemary oil may irritate the skin when applied externally (ointments, sprays). Please follow the manufacturer's instructions! Do not allow animals to lick treated areas! Do not exceed the manufacturer's dosage instructions when using ready-to-use preparations. • Das große Buch der Heilpflanzen (Apotheker M. Pahlow) • Wikipedia die freie Enzyklopädie
Definition of a Notary Public A notary public is a public servant appointed by a state official. The basic emphasis of his or maybe her job is to experience the signing of files and administer oaths. They work to prevent fraud, showing up as an impartial witness for legal files like affidavits, powers or deeds of attorney. The existence of a notary public will help to filter for imposters and ensure both people are entering into an understanding willingly and knowingly. Historically, notary publics day back many centuries to the Roman Empire. Initially, they were picked by the Pope, who’d delegate his runs of appointment to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Specific legal documents need the presence of a notary when they’re signed. Other times private people or businesses might use the services of a notary to be able to enhance the validity and safeguard participating parties from fraud. Some American states require the notary public be existing at the time of a document’s signing to be recognized as legitimate, though it’s much more frequently the situation that the person should merely show up before the notary and also offer proof of identity to get a paper notarized. For evidence of identification, a notary generally takes a booklet with picture, signature and also a description. Common examples will be a driver’s license, military ID or maybe a passport. Despite the reality that notary publics frequently contend with sensitive legal documents, they’re not licensed to provide legal representation, products or maybe counsel in any manner. Therefore they can not have any part in the planning of any specific files to be notarized. For those seeking to be a notary public, acquiring a license is a quite simple task. Individuals demand small specific training or even prior knowledge and are just needed to pass an exam and have some kind of background check, though, certain regulations governing the appointment of notaries are able to differ from one state to another. For instance, several American states require that a candidate get his or maybe her appointment from the legislature. Others might demand that a notary become a citizen of the United States before giving a license. Due to the varying regulations governing notary public, there were numerous incidences where people professing to be notaries have taken advantage of the ambiguity, scamming unsuspecting people. This is particularly typical in situations of immigrants looking for citizenship in the U.S. As a result of the seen similarity between a notary public along with Notario Publico, a higher ranking Latin position which is allowed to draft documents, provide authorized advice and also maintain additional powers not accessible to a U.S. notary, people might allow a notary to do jobs he or maybe she’s not legally capable to undertake. If you happen to be residing in Australia and are looking around for sydney notary, you will find a lot of helpful information on Their people will be glad to serve you and are all readily available. To sum up, the standard function filled by a notary public is the fact that of an impartial experience. In contrast to popular opinion, notarization doesn’t create a document much more “legal” than it had been prior. It just would mean the signer has recognized to the notary he or maybe she’s signed the documents, as well as the contents, are real.
Ancient Chinese History Ancient Chinese History Author: Ma Yazhong Page: 87 pg Year of issue: 2018 Language: English Binder type: Softcover China has a history of over 5000 years, spanning from the sovereign eras of the ancient emperors and kings to the administrations of the modern day. Ancient China was ruled by dozens of dynasties. This book brings together twelve historical stories from different dynasties. It is compiled with the purpose of trying to combine the ideological quintessence of our historical culture with the core sense of the value of socialism. The book aims to encourage children to develop a national consciousness, whereby they care about our nation from a very young age. Write a review Note: HTML is not translated! Bad Good • RM20.00
Early Diagnosis Of Blood Cancer Helps With Timely Treatment And Management An estimated 1.24 million blood cancer cases occur annually worldwide, accounting for approximately 6% of all cancer cases. Blood cancers, or hematologic cancers, affect the production and function of blood cells. These cancers typically begin in the bone marrow where blood is produced. Cancer is caused by a dysfunction in cellular growth and behavior. In a healthy body, new white blood cells are regularly generated to replace old, dying ones. The excessive production of white blood cells in the bone marrow leads to blood cancers. As per Globocan 2020, over 20,000 new cases of childhood blood cancer are diagnosed every year in India, of which nearly 15,000 are cases of leukemia. Dr.Nataraj.K.S, Head of Department, Senior Consultant Hematologist & Hemato oncologist Transplant Physician, Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital & Research Center, Shankarapuram, Bangalore said, “Blood and related cancers arise dominantly from bone marrow lymphoid system. Commonest blood cancers include leukemia myeloma and lymphoma. Commonest presenting symptoms include fever body aches bleeding enlarged glands and recurrent infections. Unlike in the past where blood cancer meant instant death, now we can cure 50% of blood cancers and control additional 30% of blood cancers with advanced treatments. Most important reason for this success is timely diagnosis and advanced therapeutic options which is available to all the population. For example, in childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia can be cured in more than 80% of patients. Currently the modalities like chemotherapy immunotherapy stem cell transplant are the main modalities for treating blood cancers.” Dr.Girish V Badarkhe, Senior Consultant Hematology, Fortis Hospital, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore, “Hematologic cancer is fast rising in India with the incidence of over 20,000 new cases of childhood blood cancer per year, out of which nearly 15,000 cases are of leukemia. Early diagnosis and treatment are the key to delay the progression of such fatal diseases. There are different advanced treatments available, depending on the type of cancer, its growth rate and whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body. It’s high time to act and create a future without cancer.” Facebook Comments
Open access peer-reviewed chapter Wind Farm Connected to a Distribution Network By Benchagra Mohamed Submitted: March 1st 2016Reviewed: September 8th 2016Published: December 7th 2016 DOI: 10.5772/65670 Downloaded: 1829 This chapter presents power flow study for distribution network connected to wind farm based on induction generators (IG). It provides an overview of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) and their related technologies. The details of turbine components, system configurations, and control schemes are analyzed. Wind farm–distribution network systems are developed by MATLAB/SIMULINK to perform different tests under various operation conditions. The impact of wind speed fluctuation on power flow, grid voltage dynamic stability, and frequency responses are also investigated. The proposed simulator is applied to a 3 MW wind farm, and then the efficacy of the proposed simulator has been validated. • renewable energy • wind farm • power control • distribution network • smart grid • power flow • voltage stability • frequency stability 1. Introduction According to the updated grid codes, wind farms tend to be considered as power generation plants, which should perform in a similar manner to conventional power-generation plants [1]. When large renewable energy sources are integrated into a distribution network, the dynamics and the operations of the network are affected [2]. Installed wind power capacity has been progressively growing over the last two decades. The increase in wind turbine size implies more power output since the energy captured is a function of the square of the rotor radius [3]. The majority of wind turbines operating in the field are grid-connected, and the power generated is directly uploaded to the grid. The emergence of the smart grid will pose wind energy developers with a new challenge, such as production during high wind speed; wind turbine should be able to continuously supply the grid, and power factor correction (PFC). For wind power applications, wind turbines were mostly operated with induction generators (IGs) [4]. As a network interface, the use of converters is extensively reported, showing their capability to extract maximum power in a wide range of wind conditions, and can control both active and reactive powers independently. The interconnection of wind energy to the power grid is still on the rise. The increasing size of Wind Park resulted in new interconnection grid codes. The power output of wind turbine systems is directly affected by wind speed. Then, when large wind energy sources are integrated into a distribution network as shown in Figure 1, the dynamics and the operations of the network are affected [5]. Figure 1. Wind farm–connected distribution network. The real and reactive power sharing can be achieved by controlling two independent quantities: the frequency and the voltage magnitude [6]. Any voltage or frequency fluctuation in the wind farm side has direct impact on the grid side [7]. The rotor voltage source converter (VSC) is controlled to maximize the generated power, and the grid VSC is controlled to produce good power quality [8]. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows: in Section 2, the fundamental properties of a WT and its mathematical model are summarized; Section 3 describes the design and control of the Induction Generator and back-to-back converter; Section 4 describes the distribution network connected to wind farm; Section 5 is devoted to the performance simulation of power flow and voltage dynamic stability by MATLAB-SimPowerSystems; and, finally, Section 6 includes the conclusions. 2. Modeling of wind turbine 2.1. Variable-speed wind turbine system configuration The performance of the wind energy system can be greatly enhanced with the use of a full-capacity power converter. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of the studied wind turbine based on induction generators. All of the subsystem components: WT, VSC, Voltage Source Inverter(VSI), PI controller, transformer, filter, and distribution system, are modeled individually. Figure 2. Control of wind turbine. With the use of the power converter, the generator is fully decoupled from the grid, and can operate in full speed range. This also enables the system to perform reactive power compensation and smooth the grid connection. The turbine rotor shaft of the studied squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) is coupled to the hub of the turbine through a gearbox for transforming the low rotational speed of the turbine to the required higher rotational speed of the generator. Figure 3 shows a wind turbine model. The generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The converter is the interface between the generator and the distribution network [4]. The controllers provide proper switching signals for the VSC-SGIC side so as to extract the maximum power from the WT and VSI-grid side to control the voltage and frequency by using a phase-locked loop (PLL) process. Figure 3. Wind turbine. 2.2. The wind turbine model A wind energy conversion system (WECS) transforms wind kinetic energy to mechanical energy by using rotor blades. This energy is then transformed into electric energy by a generator, so the turbine is one of the most important elements in wind turbine. In order to better understand the process of wind energy conversion, descriptions of the major parts of a wind turbine are given in this section. The model of the WT and pitch control is developed on the basis of the steady-state power characteristics of the turbine. The mechanical torque produced by the WT is given by [4]: where ρ kg/m3 is the air density, R mis the radius of the turbine, and v m/sis the wind velocity. Cp(βλ) is the power coefficient that is dependent on the turbine design, Ωtis the turbine speed, it is a function of mechanical speed ωmand gear ratio G, Ωt=ωmG. βis the rotor-blade-pitch angle, and λ=ΩtRvis the tip speed ratio [9]. The gearbox conversion ratio, also known as the gear ratio, is designed to match the high-speed generator with the low-speed turbine blades. As can be observed from Eq. (1), there are three possibilities for increasing the power captured by a wind turbine: the wind speed v, the power coefficient Cp, and the sweep area A = πR2. The power characteristics of a wind turbine are defined by the power curve, which relates the mechanical power of the turbine to the wind speed. It is a highly nonlinear function. The power curve is a wind turbine’s certificate of performance that is guaranteed by the manufacturer [1]. The wind turbine input power usually is The output mechanical power of wind turbine is We consider a generic equation to model the power coefficient Cp, based on the modeling turbine characteristics described in Ref. [10]: where λis defined as the ratio of the tip speed of the turbine blades to wind speed: Ωtis the turbine speed, it is a function of mechanical speed ωmand gear ratio G [11]. Mechanical equation for the drive train (gearbox) is done by where Temis the electromagnetic torque, and Tmis the mechanical torque. Jis the total inertia, it can be calculated as where Jtand Jgare respectively, the turbine inertia and the generator inertia. The power captured by the wind turbine is a cubic function of wind velocity (see Eq. (2)) until the wind speed reaches its rated value. To deliver captured energy to the distribution network at different wind velocities, the induction generator should be properly controlled according to the wind speed in order to extract the maximum power available. Because of the maximum Cp(λβ) is obtained at a optimal tip speed ratio λ = λopt, looking for taking the maximum power available at any wind speed, the control system must adjust the mechanical speed to operate at λopt. A relationship between Cpand γfor various values of the pitch angle βis illustrated in Figure 4. The maximum value of Cp, that is Cp − max = 0.47, is achieved for β = 0 and for λopt = 8.1. The optimal tip speed ratio λopt = 8.1 is a constant for a given blade. The equation 4 indicates that in order to obtain the maximum power and conversion efficiency, the turbine speed must be made adjustable according to the wind speed. The model of wind turbine is illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 4. Power coefficientCp. Figure 5. Modeling of wind turbine. 3. Induction generator model The conversion of mechanical energy to electric energy is performed by the turbine and the generator. Different generator types have been used in wind energy systems. These include the squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG), doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), and synchronous generator (SG) [1]. The SCIG is simple and rugged in construction. It is relatively inexpensive and requires minimum maintenance. The SCIGs are also employed in variable-speed wind energy systems. To date, the largest SCIG wind energy systems are around 4 MW in offshore wind farms. When the stator winding is connected to a distribution network, a rotating magnetic field is generated in the air gap of this machine. The rotating field induces a three-phase current in the rotor bars, which interacts with the rotating field to produce the electromagnetic torque as shown in Figure 6. The voltage equations for the stator and rotor of the generator in the arbitrary reference frame are given by Figure 6. Representation of IG in electric space. • ϕsaZ, ϕsb, ϕsc; ϕra, ϕrb, ϕrc: stator and rotor flux-linkage vectors (Wb), • vsaZ, vsb, vsc: stator and rotor voltage vectors (V), • isaZ, isb,isc; ira, irb, irc: stator and rotor current vectors (A), • RsZ, Rrstator and rotor winding resistances (Ω). The second set of equations is for the stator and rotor flux linkages: ls: self-inductances for stator windings, ms: mutual inductances for stator windings. lr: self-inductances for rotor windings, mr: mutual inductances for rotor windings and : The third and final equation is the motion equation, which describes the dynamic behavior of the rotor mechanical speed in terms of mechanical and electromagnetic torque: 3.1. Reference frame transformation The transformation of variables between the three-phase stationary frame (abc frame) and the synchronous frame (dq rotating frame) is presented below. 3.1.1. abc/αβReference frame transformation The transformation of three-phase variables in the stationary reference frame into the two-phase variables also in the stationary frame is often referred to as abc/αβtransformation. Since the αβreference frame does not rotate in space 3.1.2. abc/dq Reference frame transformation To transform variables in the abc stationary frame to the dq rotating frame, simple trigonometric functions can be derived from the orthogonal projection of the a, b, and cvariables to the dq-axis as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Transformation of (abc) stationary frame to the two phase (dq) arbitrary frame. The transformation of the abcvariables to the dqframes, referred to as abc/dq transformation, can be expressed in a matrix form: • ψ = θsZ, for stator variables; • ψ = θrZ, for rotor variables. So Eqs. (12) and (14) can be rewritten as the dq rotating frame, the flux, and currents are related by 3.2. Back-to-back PWM converter Power converters are widely used in wind power systems. (In fixed-speed, the converters are used to reduce inrush current during the system start-up, whereas in variable-speed, they are employed to control the speed/torque of the generator and also the active/reactive power to the grid) [1], where a back-to-back converter configuration with two identical PWM converters is used. The converters can be either voltage source converters (VSCs) or current source converters (CSCs) In wind energy conversion systems, the converter is often connected to an electric grid and delivers the power generated from the generator to the grid. The converter in this application is referred to as a grid-connected or grid tied converter. 4. Control of wind turbine and induction generator In variable-speed squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) wind energy conversion systems, full-capacity power converters are required to adjust the speed of the generator in order to harvest the maximum possible power available from the wind. The generator-side converter (rectifier) is used to control the speed or torque of the generator with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) (see Figures 8 and 9). The grid-side converter (inverter) is employed for the control of DC link voltage and grid-side reactive power. The system dynamic and steady-state performance are analyzed. The analysis is assisted by computer simulations and steady-state equivalent circuits. Figure 8. Control of mechanical speedΩm. Figure 9. Vector control of SCIG. 4.1. MPPT control The main goal of control is to maximize the wind power capture at different wind speeds, which can be achieved by adjusting the turbine speed in such a way that the optimal tip speed ratio λopttis maintained. Control laws developed in this chapter are validated by simulations of the global wind behavior, applying a profile variable wind that can test these laws under and above the rated wind speed. This command allows to operate the wind so as to extract the maximum power of energy (MPPT) when the wind speed is below its nominal value and the limit above this speed (pitch control) as shown in Figure 10, and finally injecting a sinusoidal current in phase with the line voltage (PFC). Figure 10. Wind turbine characteristic. We note that the increase of βallows to degrade Cpcoefficient and therefore causes the decrease in the mechanical power recovered on the axis of the wind turbine, simulation results are shown in Figures 11, 12 and 13. Figure 11. Variation of aerodynamic variables: (a) power coefficientCp; (b) pitch angleβ. Figure 12. Wind velocity profile. Figure 13. Impact on aerodynamic variables: (a) Pitch angle; (b) speed ratioβ; speed ratioλ. Figure 14 presents the variation of electromagnetic torque and the rotor flux, as desired, they are tracked to their input references. Figure 14. Variation of electromagnetic variables: (a) Electromagnetic torque; (b) Rotor flux. 5. Control of grid-connected converter A typical grid-connected inverter for wind energy applications is shown in Figure 2. The inverter is connected to the grid through a line inductance Lf, which represents the leakage inductance of the transformer. The power flow between the converter and the grid is bidirectional. Power can be transferred from the DC circuit of the converter to the grid. The grid power factor can be unity. It is often required by the grid operator that a wind energy system provide a controllable reactive power to the grid to support the grid voltage in addition to the active power production. The grid-connected converter can be controlled with voltage-oriented control, as shown in Figure 2. According to Figure 2, the relationship between the grid, converter voltages, and line currents is given as follows: Transforming the voltage Eq. (29) using dq transformation in the rotating reference frame at the grid frequency gives where ωgis the speed of the synchronous reference frame. This indicates that the system control is cross-coupled, which may lead to difficulties in controller design and unsatisfactory dynamic performance. To solve the problem, a decoupled controller can be implemented. We consider the following couplings voltages: The decoupled control makes the design of the PI controllers more convenient, and the system is more easily stabilized. The equation for the voltage across the DC-bus is given by This yields to Eq. (34) can be rewritten as From Eq. (35), the DC-bus voltage controller provides the active power reference value (or direct grid current reference) and Ps acts as a disturbance. The equation 34 can be presented as differential equations for DC-bus voltage and the grid currents [11]. To realize this control, the grid voltage is measured and its angle is detected for the voltage orientation. This angle is used for the transformation of variables from the abc stationary frame to the dq synchronous frame through the abc/dq transformation. To achieve the control scheme, the d-axis of the synchronous frame is aligned with the grid voltage vector; therefore, the d-axis grid voltage is equal to its magnitude (vqd = vg) and the resultant q-axis voltage vgqis then equal to zero (vgq = 0), from which the active and reactive power of the system can be calculated. The initial angle of the phase 1 is set to 0 and, the initial angle of the dqreference frame is set to π2, and this causes the vgqcomponent to be zero and the vgdcomponent to be equal to simple phase voltage vg1. In this reference frame, the above P and Q equations will become [11] Thus the active and reactive power flows are controlled by the igdand igd, respectively 5.1. Dynamic and steady-state analysis The application of wind turbine power quality characteristics to determine the impact of wind turbines on voltage quality is explained through a case study considering a 3 MW wind farm on a 22 kV distribution network. To study the operation and performance of the SCIG wind energy system, some case studies are provided. One investigates the power dynamic behavior of the system, the impact on voltage and frequency, and another analyses the power quality performance of the system with a change in wind speeds. The control architecture of this conversion chain consists of different control blocks (see Figure 15). Figure 15. Simulation model of wind farm–connected distribution network. 5.2. Active and reactive power flow The reactive power exchange with the grid is determined by the voltage and current of the grid side of the power electronic converter. In this case, the wind turbine is fully decoupled from the grid. This means that the power factor of the wind turbine and the power factor of the power network side can be controlled independently. Figure 16 shows the response of the system for a variable wind velocity. During test, the active and reactive powers are decoupled. Figure 17 shows the DC-bus voltage of the back-to-back converter, as desired, the voltage is kept at their reference value. Figure 16. Variation of electric variables: (a) Active and reactive power; (b) voltage and current of wind turbine. Figure 17. DC bus voltage. 5.3. Impact on voltage and frequency The principal function of power network system is to transport and distribute electrical power from the generators to the loads. In order to function normally, it is essential that the voltage is kept close to its nominal value, so it is becoming increasingly important, for wind farm connected to the transmission system and for those connected to the distribution system, to be able to contribute to voltage control [12, 13]. This section looks at the impact of wind power on voltage control. However, even though there is a voltage difference between the two ends of the branch, the node voltage is not allowed to deviate from the nominal value of the voltage in excess of a certain value (normally 5% to 10%). Ideally, the voltage should form a perfect sinusoidal curve with constant frequency and amplitude. However, in any real-life power system, grid-connected appliances will cause the voltage to deviate from the ideal [14] (Figure 18 (a)). Figure 18. Impact on Bus 3: (a) voltage; (b) frequency. As can be seen, the adopted control strategy is capable of providing accurate tracking of voltage and frequency at normally values. 5.4. Power quality – harmonics The application of power quality characteristics defined in IEC 61400–21 to determine the impact of wind turbines on voltage quality is explained in our case study by considering a 3 MW wind farm on a 22 kV distribution network. Certainly, if the wind farm is large or the grid is very weak, additional analyses may be required to assess the impact on power system stability and operation. Nonlinear loads distort the voltage waveform and may in severe cases cause an overheating of neutral conductors and electrical distribution transformers. The emission of harmonic currents and voltages of a wind farm with a back-to-back converter has to be stated. Figure 19 illustrates the harmonic analysis on Busbar 1 and Busbar 3 of the proposed model. Its spectral analysis brings up by presence of the switching frequency (5 kHz) and a distortion (THD = 0.15%) of the effective value of the fundamental component of the voltage in Busbar 3 (Point of Common coupling). The results clearly show that the spread of harmonic current generated by wind turbines fit into the user standards. Figure 19. Harmonic analysis: (a) On Busbar 1; (b) On Busbar 3. 6. Conclusion This chapter discussed the impact of wind farm on the dynamics of distribution network. After modeling the system and developing the controllers, the obtained results are interesting for wind farm application to ensure better quality of power and to study the effect on power system dynamics or stability while increasing the wind power penetration. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard Benchagra Mohamed (December 7th 2016). Wind Farm Connected to a Distribution Network, Smart Cities Technologies, Ivan Nunes Da Silva and Rogerio Andrade Flauzino, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/65670. Available from: chapter statistics 1829total chapter downloads More statistics for editors and authors Access personal reporting Related Content This Book Next chapter Emerging Technologies for Renewable Energy Systems By Danilo Hernane Spatti and Luisa Helena Bartocci Liboni Related Book First chapter Design of Low-Cost Probe-Fed Microstrip Antennas By D. C. Nascimento and J. C. da S. Lacava More About Us
How Do Cats Mate and Reproduce? kittensCats reproduce sexually and they become sexually mature as early as 6 to 9 months old. Female cats come in heat in the months of January to September, but house cats may experience estrous cycles all year long. Cats may come in heat around three to four times per year. It is during the estrus stage of the reproductive cycle when the female cat accepts a mate. The mating may take anywhere between 30 seconds to 5 minutes and will take place six to seven times until the female rebuffs further attempts of the male to mate. Mating period can last up to four days. If mating was successful, ovulation will take place after 27 hours. The gestation period in domestic cats lasts between 63 to 67 days before the female gives birth to a litter with three to five kittens on average.
Reopening Spain’s long-sealed past FRANCO’S alleged crimes against humanity are about to be probed For more than three decades, Spain’s “Pact of Silence” has held. In return for allowing democracy to flower after the 1976 death of dictator Francisco Franco, right-wing politicians got an amnesty law and a tacit agreement to leave the nation’s tortuous history firmly in the past. But the deal is breaking down under the onslaught of Baltasar Garzón, a crusading investigative judge. Last Thursday, he announced a formal probe into the disappearances of 114,266 people between July 1936 and December 1951. At the same time he stated that Franco and 34 of his lieutenants were guilty of crimes against humanity for starting the 1936-39 civil war, when they overthrew the elected government, as well as eliminating political enemies. Garzón also ordered that 19 mass graves be opened, including one where the poet Federico García Lorca is believed to lie buried. He was executed by Franco’s men in 1936. Garzón’s actions came exactly 10 years after British police, acting on his orders, arrested former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet for war crimes. Though Pinochet was able to dodge the charges, Garzón’s idea—that any court can hear such cases regardless of where the crimes occur—also known as “universal jurisdiction”—has taken hold in Spain and elsewhere. Also, because the remains of the missing in Spain haven’t been found or identified, Garzón argued that they were still technically kidnapped, and thus not covered by the amnesty. (It’s the same tactic used by Chilean prosecutors to go after former members of their military junta.) While Spain’s right wing vehemently condemned Garzón, the left pleaded that now was the time to confront the past. On Monday, government prosecutors appealed Garzón’s launching of a probe.
Round character More complex than flat or stock characters, round characters often display the inconsistencies and internal conflicts found in most real people. They are more fully developed, and therefore are harder to summarize. (See also, character.) The definitions in this glossary were adapted from The Bedford Introduction to Literature, Sixth Edition, by Michael Meyer
What are the risks of going to Mars? What are the risks of going to Mars? Difficulties and hazards include radiation exposure during a trip to Mars and on its surface, toxic soil, low gravity, the isolation that accompanies Mars’ distance from Earth, a lack of water, and cold temperatures. Why should we not go to space? What if an astronaut gets sick? Luckily, if an astronaut does experience a major medical emergency while on the International Space Station, they could return to Earth to get treatment, or even have supplies sent up to them. What if an astronaut sneezes? Six-time spacewalker Dave Wolf, said astronauts can’t stop from sneezing inside their spacesuits, and there’s no way to blow your nose. Six-time spacewalker Dave Wolf, said astronauts can’t stop from sneezing inside their spacesuits, and there’s no way to blow your nose. Why is SpaceX launch important? Does the Dragon capsule have a bathroom? Screenshot from the webcast. Link to timestamped link here. With the screenshots, we now know that the toilet is located behind a panel next to the top hatch (the top of the craft in launch orientation). How do astronauts pee in their suits? Eliminating Waste Each spacewalking astronaut wears a large, absorbent diaper called a Maximum Absorption Garment (MAG) to collect urine and feces while in the space suit. The astronaut disposes the MAG when the spacewalk is over and he/she gets dressed in regular work clothes. What will astronauts eat in the future? For the Apollo astronauts, breakfast might include applesauce, a breakfast drink, sausage patties and cinnamon bread cubes; lunch might include chicken sandwiches, coconut cubes, sugar cookie cubes and cocoa; and dinner might include spaghetti with meat sauce, cheese sandwiches, banana pudding, pineapple fruitcake and … How do astronauts brush their teeth? First, the astronaut attaches their toothpaste tube to a nearby wall. Then, the astronaut takes their toothpaste and repeats the same process. They will brush their teeth like usual! Once they are done, all they have to do is squeeze some water over their brush and wipe it off with a towel to clean it. Do astronauts swallow toothpaste? Even water and toothpaste. The toothpaste astronauts use can be swallowed after brushing (edible toothpaste) and the mouth is then cleaned with a wet wipe. The astronauts have to brush with their mouth as closed as possible to prevent the toothpaste floating out! How do astronauts wash their hands? Since water does not flow in a zero-gravity environment, the astronauts cannot wash their hands under a faucet as you do on Earth. When the astronauts want to clean their hands or faces, they either wipe themselves clean with alcohol or by using a wet towel containing liquid soap. Category: Uncategorized Back To Top
Why did Clemenceau and Wilson disagree? Why did Clemenceau and Wilson disagree? A big thing that Wilson wanted was not to treat Germany too harshly as he did not want any future wars. One reason why Lloyd George and Clemenceau disagreed over how to treat Germany was because of how their countries had been affected economically. No one wanted any further conflict as the war was so devastating. What did many people do because of rationing? Americans used their ration cards and stamps to take their meager share of household staples including meat, dairy, coffee, dried fruits, jams, jellies, lard, shortening, and oils. Americans learned, as they did during the Great Depression, to do without. Why was Lloyd George unhappy with Wilson’s Fourteen Points? British Prime Minister David Lloyd George was not completely convinced by Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Lloyd George wanted Germany to recover its economic strength. This would enable Germany to pay its reparations to Britain. Also, Germany had been Britain’s number two trading partner (after the USA) before the war. Who attacked first in ww1? What did Germany lose after ww1? What caused World War 1 and 2? The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. When Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia. Back To Top
Coronavirus: Explaining the Impact on Employment The outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States has already significantly changed the landscape of its workforce Job Loss by Industry With stay-at-home orders issued in most states and waves of layoffs, to date more than 26 million Americans have filed for unemployment benefits over the last five weeks. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, most industries experienced job losses in the past month, with the leisure and hospitality sector hit the hardest, down 459,000 jobs compared to February. The education and health services sector also lost 76,000 jobs. On the contrary, utilities, wholesale trade, information and government experienced a small gain in employment figures. Within the leisure and hospitality sector, 417,000 fewer people were employed in food service and drinking places, such as restaurants and bars, and 29,000 fewer people in accommodations, such as hotels. Despite increased demand for health care services under the current global pandemic, the health care sector experienced a total loss of 42,500 jobs, mainly in ambulatory health care services, such as the offices of dentists and physicians. Within the retail trade sector, there are 16,000 fewer jobs in clothing and clothing accessories, followed by 10,000 fewer in furniture and home furnishings stores and 9,000 fewer in sporting goods, hobby, book and music stores. However, food and beverage stores and general merchandise stores experienced a rise in the number of employees. Here's the full breakdown: Contact Us
The Coronavirus Pandemic, brought about by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been detrimental to so many different aspects of our lives all around the world. Some of the most seriously affected groups are cancer patients, their families, and caregivers. The issue of vaccination is especially important in their cases. Vaccines in a way teach our immune systems to recognize and protect our bodies against certain infections. Luckily, with research done around the world, vaccines have become available to help protect against the SARSCoV2 virus and the Covid -19 infection. Our experts have compiled answers to some of the questions people with cancer might have about the COVID-19 vaccines. Many medical authorities recommend that most cancer patients or those with a history of cancer should get a COVID-19 vaccine. Since the cancer stage and type for every patient differs,, it is always best to consult your oncologist about the risks and benefits of getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Which vaccine is safe for cancer patients? In general, cancer patients or cancer survivors can be vaccinated, but this depends on many factors, such as the type of vaccine, the cancer type and stage, if the treatment is still continuing or not, and how well their immune system is working. Because all these have to be factored in, it’s best to consult with the patient’s oncologist before having any type of vaccines, for Covid-19 and others. . What can be the side effects of the vaccines? The most common side effects reported after having the vaccines include the following; • Pain, redness, or swelling where the vaccine has been injected • Tiredness • Headache • Fever • Chills • Muscle and joint pains • Nausea If a vaccine requires two doses, the side effects might be stronger after the second dose compared to those after the first dose. In most cases, side effects are normal and tend to disappear over the course of a few days. Swelling & Tenderness in the Lymph Nodes Some patients might experience swelling and/or tenderness of the lymph nodes under the arm in which they receive the vaccine. This is usually a normal response of our immune systems, which is getting ready to fight a future viral infection. A swollen lymph node under the arm can also cause concern, since this could also be symptomatic of breast cancer. Lymph nodes can shrink back down after a few days to a few weeks after the vaccine. This is still being studied. If swollen or tender lymph nodes do not disappear after a few weeks (or if they continue to gro), contact your doctor. What are the more serious and long-term side effects of vaccines? A number possible serious safety concerns relating to the vaccinations have been reported and studies about these concerns are still underway. . Allergic Reactions In very rare occurrences, there have been weighty allergic reactions after having been vaccinated. The possibility of developing such serious allergic reactions is higher for people who have a history of highly allergic nature, Blood clots in the brain There have been a number of Covid-19 vaccines but all of them are quite recent. Therefore, studies are still continuing about long-term side effects. Hence, guidance about the different vaccines may change as studies progress. If you have question marks, it’s advisable to consult your oncologist. COVID-19 Vaccines in People with Cancer Should people with cancer be vaccinated against COVID-19? The Turkish Ministry of Health has put cancer patients and survivors on the priority list for Covid-19 vaccination. The question about getting vaccinated is about how effective the vaccine will be. It is not a questions of safety of the vaccine. The vaccine may not work the same way in cancer patients due to their weaker immune systems. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy can affect how our immune system works and this might reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine. Leukemia or lymphoma type cancers also cause weakened immune systems which renders the vaccine less effective. More studies need to be conducted on the effectiveness of the vaccines in people with weakened immune systems. Even though vaccines might not be as effective in these cases, medical authorities recommend that most cancer patients get the vaccine. This is due to the fact that patients with weaker immune systems are more at risk of developing severe coronavirus cases, hence even a lower degree of protection from vaccination is better than not having any protection. Since every patient and their cancer is unique, it is advised to discuss the risks and benefits of getting vaccinated with your oncologist. Because the level of protection after the vaccination is uncertain, it is recommended that cancer patients and their caregivers and families should continue to take all precautions against the virus such as wearing two masks, keeping a distance, good hand hygiene, and avoiding crowded places. Furthermore, scientists are continuing to determine how long immunity lasts after the vaccinations. Is there a specific COVID-19 vaccine recommended for cancer patients? Vaccine studies have been conducted independently in different countries. As of now, there is no study to compare them. Medical authorities stress that getting vaccinated as soon as any of the vaccines is available is recommended rather than postponing to get a specific vaccine. What if you have breast cancer or a history of breast cancer or a mammography appointment? Some patients may have swollen lymph nodes close to where the injection was given. Since a swollen lymph node under the arm may also be a sign that breast cancer has spread, most doctors recommend that people with breast cancer or a history of breast cancer get injections into the arm on the opposite side of the tumor. Swollen lymph nodes after vaccination can also have an impact on mammogram results. This could result in unnecessary anxiety and lead to the need for further testing. If you have scheduled a mammogram close to your vaccination date, it is important to tell your physician when and in which arm you received the injection. Experts would tell you if you need to postpone your appointment, depending on the case. Do not delay your mammogram without talking to your oncologist first. If you are receiving chemotherapy, should you be vaccinated? The correct timing of Covid-19 vaccine administration in patients receiving chemotherapy, whether the response to the vaccine is sufficient in patients who continue chemotherapy and whether additional / booster doses are needed in these patients, in the light of current data, there is no clear evidence-based answer. It is recommended that all cancer patients ongoing chemotherapy or hormonotherapy have any approved and accessible vaccine within the knowledge of their doctors. If you are receiving radiotherapy, should you be vaccinated? There is no restriction on Covid-19 vaccine administration in patients currently receiving radiotherapy by Radiation Oncology associations or chambers. For this reason, it is recommended that cancer patients have any approved and accessible vaccine within the knowledge of their doctors.
5 Career Paths In AI You Must Know About Spread the love As you are learning the different languages used for coding today, which one of them do you want to work on in the future? What’s your favourite subject? If you say Artificial Intelligence, then we may have some great career paths in AI. future of work Credits : TenbyTen 5 Career Paths in AI Artificial Intelligence counts as developing computer intelligence into robots that give a humanoid response. Similarly, these robots with an evolved artificial intelligence can be used in the day to day lives of people. Such robots can also help in comforting people and playing the role of a friend. Such robots need a powerful intellect to be able to connect with a human and help them. And this strong intellect comes from the numerous professionals who work into making artificial intelligence better. The following five career paths play a primary role in Artificial Intelligence. Check out the career paths in AI – 1. Data Scientist – A data scientist is responsible for gathering data and analysing the data. Data scientists have a good grip on maths and statistics, advanced analytics, including machine learning and AI. Further, in an organisation, data scientists extract helpful data from an ocean of information which is the internet and research conducted to date. In analysing the information, they make conclusions and accumulate insights and use them to support the business. 2. Machine Learning Engineer – The job of a machine learning engineer is at the core of AI projects and is appropriate for those who are good at applied research and data science. Further, it is also important to be an AI software engineer and show an intensive comprehension of different programming languages. 3. AI Architect – The job of an AI architect is different from that of a machine learning engineer and data scientist, as mentioned earlier. Artificial intelligence architects look after the overall needs of artificial intelligence projects. 4. Business Intelligence Developer – The essential objective of this job is to analyse complex data sets to recognise business and market patterns. Business intelligence developers are responsible for structuring, modelling, and keeping up complex data in highly accessible cloud-based data platforms. 5. Big Data Engineer – The responsibilities of big data engineers include designing, planning, and building up the big data environment. They often work on big data environment systems like Hadoop and Spark systems. The people who want to be Big Data Engineer need to exhibit significant programming experience with C++, Java, Python, and Scala. Leave a Comment
Throughout our lives, we spend an enormous 26 years sleeping and 7 years trying to get to sleep. That’s 33 years or 12,045 days spent in bed! Recently, I attended an initiative run by NABS. NABS is the support organisation for the advertising and media industry and promotes wellbeing for everyone in it. The session I attended was by Dr Guy Meadows who is Co-Founder of The Sleep School and their Clinical Director. The reason I prioritised attending this session was firstly because I can’t remember the last time I woke up feeling refreshed and secondly I’ve always been curious about what the correct/required number of hours sleep we need each night. You hear the likes of Trump for example survive off only 4 hours, but surely that can’t be healthy. Why people need rest and what happens to the mind and body during sleep remain somewhat unknown. However, humans have gradually begun to grasp that there is a direct correlation between sufficient sleep and good health and emotional functioning. Numerous findings over the past two decades have established just how important quality sleep is. What happens if you don’t get enough sleep? On average, 8 is the optimum number of hours of sleep human beings need to function best. However, this can vary from person to person. If we regularly miss out on the correct amount of sleep, this can have profound health implications: • Forgetfulness • Tiredness • Lack of focus and motivation • Stress • Low mood …along with an increased risk of: • Heart disease • Diabetes • Obesity • Respiratory problems Different stages of a sleep cycle It usually takes between 10 and 20 minutes for the average person to fall asleep. Taking longer is normally the result of getting too much sleep, drinking too much coffee or stress. Falling asleep too quickly on the other hand suggests you are not going to bed early enough. After Deep Sleep, we go back to Stage 2 for a few minutes, and then REM (rapid eye movement) sleep – which is when you dream. (Source Gregg Jacobs) Interestingly you’ll notice that in an average 8 hour sleep cycle we actually wake up 4 times. This is perfectly normal and nothing to be alarmed about. The common reasoning behind this dates back to pre-history. It’s thought that early humans would regularly awaken as a form of defense mechanism to protect themselves from the threat of wild animals etc. Tips on how to improve sleep (Source: Sleep School – Sleep Essentials – Dr Guy Meadows) 1. Build your sleep drive Aim to be awake for at least 16 hours a day. You need to generate a sufficient sleep debt in order to drive 8 hours of sleep. Avoid lie-ins, taking long naps (more than 20 minutes) and drinking too much caffeine during the day as this can weaken your natural sleep drive. 1. Keep your sleep on time Go to bed and get up at the same time 7 days a week. Try not to fluctuate more than an hour either side of these times. This will keep your body clock on time as an irregular sleeping pattern creates a jet lag effect, whereby the brain starts to sleep and wake up at the wrong times. 1. Prepare for sleep Wind down and darken down for sleep at least 40 minutes before bed. Avoid the use of your phone in this period. Phone blue lights are meant to mimic the sun so will hamper you getting a good quality sleep. Ensure that the blue light filter is on. Avoid eating 2-4 hours before bed. 1. Improve lifestyle habits Promote sleep through a healthy lifestyle. Exercise regularly, ideally during the afternoon or evening. Limit alcohol consumption, especially close to bedtime and moderate caffeine consumption, stopping at midday. Try and get 10 minutes of natural daylight before midday. 1. Have a comfortable bedroom Open windows and doors of the bedroom regularly to improve air quality (spider plants and mother in law plants can help this). Aim to sleep in a quiet, dark, cool and comfortable bedroom. Get a mattress that fits your needs, install black out blinds and block out noise. Now get sleeping zzz Ali Nicholls - Publishing and Partnerships Manager Author:Ali Nicholls - Publishing and Partnerships Manager Ali joined Total Media in 2017 and is an integral member of the Publishing and Partnerships team. Outside of work he is an avid Arsenal fan, enjoys playing football at the weekends and has recently joined the Cycle to Work scheme, travelling 19 miles a day!
The Stolen Kiss by Jean-Honoré Fragonard – Top 8 Facts Just before complete chaos broke out in France and numerous members of the French court were sent to the guillotine, the Palace of Versailles was a place where hedonism and secret intimacy prevailed. This was reflected in the style of the Rococo artists who worked for the king and his extensive entourage, including François Boucher (1703-1770) and Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806), two painters whose work defined this exuberant style. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at some of the most interesting facts about “The Stolen Kiss” by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, one of Fragonard’s ultimate masterpieces. 1. It was painted shortly before the French Revolution began The Stolen Kiss is not only one of the most famous paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard but also a work that embodies the spirit of the French court just before the French Revolution broke out. Fragonard was one of the most prolific artists during the final decades of the Ancien Régime. He produced a total of 550 paintings in the Rococo style and this figure doesn’t include the large number of drawings and etchings he made. Only 5 of his 550 paintings are dated so it’s unsure when exactly this work was completed. Art historians date it to the late-1780s which means it was completed just before the French monarchy was toppled. The Stolen Kiss Fragonard Full view of the painting / Wiki Commons 2. It depicts a typical scene favored by members of the French court The painting depicts a young couple who is having a secret meeting and quick kiss in what is probably one of the 2,300 rooms at the Palace of Versailles. This opulent structure wasn’t just the home of the French King but an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 people were present here every day. This meeting seems to take place in a backroom as we can see multiple finely dressed ladies of the French court through the open door in the adjoining room. A secret meeting between lovers which represents a secret romance was one of the most favorite subjects of courtiers during the Ancien Régime. The frivolous behavior of people who were completely sealed off from the outside world is what gave life to the decorative 18th-century style known as Rococo. Jean-Honoré Fragonard self portrait POrtrait of Jean-Honoré Fragonard / Wiki Commons 3. The artist included various popular 18th-century luxury items Although the setting appears to be some obscure room at the opulent Palace of Versailles, this would not have looked at such to contemporary viewers. The depicted items are extremely lavish and emphasize the sort of luxury that the members of the court lived in. The dress that is worn by the young girl and her shawl on the chair are made of silk and lace, two extremely expensive fabrics which common people simply couldn’t afford. The room is decorated with silk draperies and the flower-patterned rug on the floor are also items that you wouldn’t have seen inside the house of a common laborer in Paris. The extreme realism in which the girl’s dress was depicted by the artist is what makes this an ultimate masterpiece. The Stolen Kiss detail of dress and rug Detail of the dress and flower-patterned rug on the floor / Wiki Commons 4. It was inspired by paintings often produced in the Dutch Republic The subtle details of extreme luxury and realistic depiction of a common scene make this a type of genre painting that was extremely popular during the Dutch Golen Age over a century earlier. The Stolen Kiss is especially reminiscent of the paintings by Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675), a Dutch Golden Age painter who specialized himself in painting domestic scenes that took place inside his own house in Delft. One of the main differences between the works by Vermeer and this amazing painting by Fragonard is that the light source appears to be coming from the viewer’s standpoint. Vermeer’s paintings often have the light coming into the room from the left side. The art of painting vermeer The Art of Painting by Johannes Vermeer / Wiki Commons 5. An etching was produced of this painting in June 1788 We don’t know the exact date that the painting was produced but we do know that it was most probably completed shortly before June 1788. That’s because an etching of the painting was made during this month. The painting was a huge success because this etching ended up being published in a French gazette called “Mercure de France.” This magazine has been publishing since 1672 and has been part of the Éditions Gallimard publishing group since 1995. The etching of the painting was created by Nicolas François Regnault and is now in the collection of the NGA (National Gallery of Art) in Washington D.C. The Stolen Kiss 1788 etching The 1788 etching of the painting / Wiki Commons 6. Is this really a painting by Fragonard or by his sister-in-law? One of the most remarkable facts about The Stolen Kiss by Fragonard is that some art historians doubt whether or not the artist was the one painting it. Some scholars have argued that the style of painting closely resembles that of his apprentice and sister-in-law Marguerite Gérard (1761-1837). She became the sister-in-law of the famous French artist when she was just 8 years old. She had a distinctive artistic talent which allowed her to be trained by Fragonard and she lived with him from the age of 14. Whether or not she was the sole painter of this work remains unknown as it’s solely based on stylistic elements. It’s doubtful as well because the 1788 etching mentioned Fragonard’s name. It is, however, possible that both artists worked on it as they collaborated on several other artworks, including several etchings. Marguerite Gerard Marguerite Gérard / Wiki Commons 7. How big is The Stolen Kiss by Jean-Honré Fragonard? Although Fragonard produced several large paintings, the works he produced for the pleasure-loving members of the French court were relatively small. His most famous work, “The Swing” (1767) is a pretty small painting with dimensions of just 81 × 64.2 centimeters (31.8 × 25.2 inches). This painting is even smaller as it only has dimensions of 45 × 55 centimeters (18 × 22 inches). This makes the incredible level of details included by the artist even more impressive. 8. Where is the painting located today? Because the painting was published as an etching in the French magazine Mercure de France, it came to the attention of foreign monarchs as well. This included the final monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth named Stanisław August Poniatowski (1732-1798). He bought the painting in the early 1790s and it hung at the Lazienki Palace in Warsaw. The palace was sold to Tsar Alexander I of Russia in 1817 which means it officially became part of the Russian Imperial art collection. It decorated the palace in Warsaw until 1895, the year it was moved to the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. Although the Polish government tried to reclaim the painting, it remains on public display in this famous museum in Russia today. Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg The Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg at night / Wiki Commons
Old Web Site of Del City Athletics & Activities DCHSEAGLES.COM • Simple tips to Write a Climate Change that is successful Essay Simple tips to Write a Climate Change that is successful Essay Climate change is just one of the hottest topics in the last few years due to its increased impact on the future of humans plus the environment. It’s a significant problem for\|problem that is major} the society of modern days because scientists evidence severe consequences in their published resources, including the wide range of harmful gases (methane as well as others) released when you look at the atmosphere, record levels of melting glaciers ice in history, deforestation increases, the rise in average temperature on a couple of degrees, etc. These all threat the planet. Learn to write a climate change essay. Order Your Perfect Paper Get ready for Writing Your Climate Change Paper Should your goal is creating a quality climate change essay for the university or college, it’s a place that is good master the skills and tricks necessary to present a very good analysis associated with the public. To understand what it means to write a paper that is good take these basic steps: • Review all instructions written by your teacher. Understand all of them and don’t miss anything important. • Choose a topic that is good. It should be something you love and not something popular. You are not interested in, your paper will not be outstanding if you choose something. • Conduct your climate change research that is significant paper. Gather most of the resources you want, including books, journals, articles, websites, etc. Use academic databases to find the important information. • Write your climate change paper. • Create a thesis statement about climate change (one sentence or two at max). It should show the idea that is main of paper and highlight your ideas upon it. • Work on the introduction and hooks when it comes to reader; • Conclude your climate change research in a summary that is short • Check it for errors. It is important to make sure all rules of English punctuation and grammar are followed. Also, verify that the citations are used when you look at the styling that is correct. Don’t forget about the bibliography that is annotated. Why Review Your Climate Change Assignment Instructions? The first step in writing your climate change essay will be check the instructions that teachers share with achieve the result that is best. They specify the length that is required structure, and format. Because you missed important details if you skip this step, you’ll have to redo everything when your paper is produced only. Be sure that you work on the requirements for the climate paper and don’t ignore and postpone them. How to pick a Current Topic? That it defines your future climate change paper if you wonder why a topic choice matters so much, keep in mind. Climate change is the subject that covers a wide range of issues, including the skin tightening and emissions that cars release, seasonal atmospheric variations, activities changing a pollution level, anthropogenic, industrial, and economic factors that donate to global warming, etc. go ahead and talk about pollution growth year that is last. Picking a good topic is a task that is challenging. You ought to complete it with lots of precision by using these guidelines that are simple • Be sure that you have sufficient sources to write about climate change; • You will need to answer a question that is specific this topic; • Seek out something interesting for you really to create your experience enjoyable. Useful Climate Change Topic Ideas for the Inspiration It hard to pick a good topic for your paper on climate change, use the following suggestions that include in the discussion such areas as science, politics, sociology, and many others if you find. Talk and debate about what’s happening right now, the climate change issue that worries you, and you will make a change. • The impact of global warming on climate and people’s health in a lot of countries; • Extreme heating in urban areas over a couple of decades that are past • The effects of ocean acidification on climate plus the world’s habitat; • Rising of warmer temperatures in a period that is short of and allergy-related conditions; • How did activity change nature that is human • The effects caused by varying rainfall patterns and disasters that are natural • The real scientific explanation of how change that is climate the standard of life in rural and urban areas; • How exactly does the greenhouse effect impact our planet; • Frequent droughts and diseases that are widespread African regions; • The end result of global warming on international healthcare; • The food chain and climate that is irregular weather patterns; • Negative health effects from the Earth’s population when you look at the century that is 20th in modern time; • Is panel that is solar better solution to produce electricity that won’t heart the Earths life; • Health risks connected to CO2 emissions; • Does every intergovernmental organization have to support activism that is ecological • Does climate change affect countries like united states of america, Australia, countries in europe, as well as others when you look at the way that is same differently? • How politicians can change the real way the society thinks about global warming and climate change; • Renewable energy sources, climate, and fuels that are fossil • How animals and their activity are influenced by climate change; • The analysis associated with the National Environmental Policy Act; • Invasive plants in rangelands and forests; • Aquatic ecosystem: the standard of seawater additionally the harm caused to oceans; • Natural gas burning cleaner than coal and oil; • Far-reaching effects from the entire system that is ecological climate; • The events that increase and reduce warming that is global climate change; • Biodiversity and climate problems (plant or animals systems that deteriorate). Why is your climate change research essential? After choosing an interest, conduct your quest. Be sure that you seek out relevant information only in reliable and up-to-date sources and authors along with their knowledge that is competent of change. Format all of them correctly. The stage that is writing After preparing the necessary materials on climate change, produce the outline of the climate essay that follows a basic structure that is 3-point including body paragraphs, introduction, and conclusion. State a thesis that is strong the opening section. It tells readers more info on the direction of your paper. Build body paragraphs on topic sentences and evidence that is strongrelevant statistics, quotes, and facts) that supports your major ideas about climate change. Each one must certanly be in a paragraph that is separate. A conclusion is the part that is easiest as that’s where you restate your thesis, sum up all points, and place future actions on the surface. Serious Mistakes in order to prevent Here you will find the mistakes you ought not to make when writing climate change essay. Remember these! • Never refer to the facts which you can not prove (stay glued to the facts that are well-known by reliable sources, such as academic journals). • Don’t forget to summary of act 1 as you like it proofread your draft that is final and most of the pages from it. • Ensure your written piece contains linking that is logical and transitions that help you prove your main point. • Avoid picking a topic that is general fails to answer a specific question given that it will ruin the content of your climate change paper. • Do not overuse figures that are different data on it. • Find out your points that are major you begin writing. Your Final Climat Change Checklist Steps to make your climate change paper impeccable? Understand this checklist that is helpful • It features a strong thesis statement that depicts thoughts that are major climate change; • Into paragraphs format it properly, create an effective structure, and divide it; • The conclusion features a thesis and arguments that are key • Its bibliography is formatted and contains all cited resources of information; • You proofread and edit it before submitting. Place Your Order Concluding Thoughts On Climate Change Paper If you have effective tricks and tips at your disposal as you can see, writing impressive climate change essays is not as hard as many students think. After reading this guide, they are had by you all. With our advice and above-mentioned guidelines, you will discover this assignment that is academic and enjoyable to complete in no time. What if your deadlines are urgent? Order a unique climate change essay from our online writer, and they will deliver a draft that is top-notch. Continue your studies on climate change it doesn’t matter what variety of assignments you can get — and services that are writing help you. What’s the most cause that is important of change? Human activity is the cause that is main of change. People burn fossil fuels and land that is convert forests to agriculture. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, men and women have burned increasingly more fuels that are fossil changed vast areas of land from forests to farmland. Burning fuels that are fossil skin tightening and, a greenhouse gas. It really is called a greenhouse gas given that it produces a ‘greenhouse effect’. The earth is made by the greenhouse effect warmer, just as a greenhouse is warmer than its surroundings. Skin tightening and is the cause that is main of climate change. It stays when you look at the atmosphere for a tremendously time that is long. Other carbon dioxide, such as nitrous oxide, stay in the atmosphere for a time that is long. Other substances only produce short-term effects. Not absolutely all substances produce warming. Some, like certain aerosols, can create cooling. What are climate forcers? Skin tightening and and other substances are referred to as climate forcers because they force or push the climate towards being warmer or cooler. They are doing this by affecting the flow of energy getting into and leaving the earth’s climate system. Small alterations in the sun’s energy that reaches some climate can be caused by the earth change. But since the Industrial Revolution, adding greenhouse gases happens to be over 50 times stronger than alterations in the Sun’s radiance. The greenhouse that is additional in earth’s atmosphere have experienced a strong warming impact on earth’s climate. Future emissions of carbon dioxide, particularly carbon dioxide, should determine exactly how much more climate warming occurs. What you can do about climate change? Skin tightening and is the main cause of human-induced warming that is global associated climate change. It really is a tremendously gas that is long-lived which means skin tightening and builds up when you look at the atmosphere with ongoing human emissions and remains when you look at the atmosphere for centuries. Global warming can only just be stopped by reducing global emissions of skin tightening and from human fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes to zero, but despite having zero emissions, the temperature that is global remain essentially constant at its new warmer level. Emissions of other substances that warm the climate must be substantially reduced also. This indicates how difficult the challenge is. What exactly is climate change? Climate change is a shift that is long-term climate conditions identified by alterations in temperature, precipitation, winds, and other indicators. Climate change can involve both alterations in average conditions and alterations in variability, including, for example, extreme events. The earth’s climate is naturally variable on all right time scales. However, its long-term state and average temperature are regulated because of the balance between incoming and energy that is outgoing which determines the Earth’s energy balance. Any component that causes a change that is sustained the total amount of incoming energy or the quantity of outgoing energy may cause climate change. Different facets run on different time scales, and not all those factors that have been responsible for alterations in earth’s climate when you look at the distant past are relevant to climate change that is contemporary. Factors that can cause climate change can be divided into two categories - those pertaining to natural processes and those pertaining to activity that is human. In addition to natural factors that cause climate change, changes internal into the climate system, such as variations. In ocean currents or circulation that is atmospheric can also influence the climate for short amounts of time. This natural climate that is internal is superimposed from the long-term forced climate change. Does climate change have natural causes? The Earth’s climate can be impacted by natural factors that are external into the climate system, such as alterations in volcanic activity, solar output, plus the Earth’s orbit all over Sun. Among these, the 2 https://123helpme.me/climate-change-essay-example/ factors relevant on timescales of contemporary climate change are alterations in volcanic activity and alterations in solar radiation. These factors primarily influence the amount of incoming energy in terms of the Earth’s energy balance. Volcanic eruptions are episodic and also effects that are relatively short-term climate. Alterations in solar irradiance have contributed to climate trends throughout the century that is past since the Industrial Revolution, the end result of additions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere happens to be over 50 times compared to alterations in the Sun’s output. Human causes Climate change can be caused by also human activities, for instance the burning of fossil fuels plus the conversion of land for forestry and agriculture. These human influences on the climate system have increased substantially since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. These activities change the land surface and emit various substances to the atmosphere in addition to other environmental impacts. These in turn can influence both the total amount of incoming energy plus the quantity of outgoing energy and that can have both warming and effects that are cooling the climate. The product that is dominant of fuel combustion is skin tightening and, a greenhouse gas. The overall effect of human activities since the Industrial Revolution has been a effect that is warming driven primarily by emissions of skin tightening and and enhanced by emissions of other carbon dioxide. The build-up of carbon dioxide when you look at the atmosphere has resulted in an enhancement associated with the greenhouse effect that is natural. It really is this enhancement that is human-induced of greenhouse effect this is certainly of concern because ongoing emissions of carbon dioxide have the possibility to warm the planet to levels which have never been experienced when you look at the reputation for human civilization. Such climate change could have far-reaching and/or unpredictable environmental, social, and consequences that are economic. Short-lived and climate that is long-lived Skin tightening and is the cause that is main of climate change. It was emitted in vast quantities through the burning of fossil fuels and it is a tremendously gas that is long-lived which means it will continue to impact the climate system during its long residence amount of time in the atmosphere. However, fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, agriculture, and forestry-related activities emit other substances which also act as climate forcers. Some, such as nitrous oxide, are long-lived carbon dioxide like skin tightening and, and thus donate to climate change that is long-term. Other substances have shorter lifetimes that are atmospheric these are typically removed fairly quickly through the atmosphere. Therefore, their effect on the climate system is similarly short-lived. Together, these climate that is short-lived have the effect of a significant quantity of current climate forcing from anthropogenic substances. Some climate that is short-lived have a climate warming effect (‘positive climate forcers’) while others have a cooling effect (‘negative climate forcers’). These continue to exert a climate forcing if atmospheric levels of short-lived climate forcers are continually replenished by ongoing emissions. However, reducing emissions will quite quickly result in reduced atmospheric amounts of such substances. A number of short-lived climate forcers have climate warming effects and together are the most crucial contributors into the enhancement that is human of greenhouse effect after skin tightening and. This includes methane and ozone that is tropospheric; both carbon dioxide – and black carbon, a small solid particle formed from the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels (coal, oil and wood for example). Other climate that is short-lived have climate cooling effects, such as sulphate aerosols. Fossil fuel combustion emits sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere (in addition to skin tightening and) which in turn combines with water vapour to form droplets that are tinyaerosols) which reflect sunlight. Sulphate aerosols remain when you look at the atmosphere just for a couple of days (washing call at what exactly is referred to as acid rain), and thus do not have the same effect that is long-term carbon dioxide. The cooling from sulphate aerosols when you look at the atmosphere has, however, offset a few of the warming from other substances. This is certainly, the warming we now have experienced up to now would even have been larger had it not been for elevated amounts of sulphate aerosols when you look at the atmosphere. • Upcoming No upcoming events listed • Announcements • Fan Zone
Racism from the Point of View of Barack Obama Please note! This essay has been submitted by a student. Download PDF Racism is a system of prejudiceness and racial discrimination between humans. People often get mistreated based on their race, skin color and cultural background. In addition, it profoundly affects the quality of human life, for instance, inequality the between races, health issues and psychology. Discrimination has been present in every civilization and community throughout history. Even though the world has made a huge progress in technology, politics, social norms and the overall style of life, racism and hatred still exist in todays society. In order to decrease the rates of racism, Barack Obama gave a Race Speech “A More Perfect Union” at the Constitution Center which included examples of unfair treatment, inequality, and discrimination between races in addition to the possible solutions he provided to solve this massive problem. He believed that this imminent issue can not be ignored and the government must take action to have peace in the country and avoid riots which will keep the tension amongst most Americans. Just as Obama emphasizes the actions that should be taken to decrease the rates of racism, so does The Pew Research Team which is “a nonpartisan think tank in Washington D.C., that conducts public opinion polling , demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research.” writes in their article King’s Dream Remains an Elusive Goal; Many Americans See Racial Disparities, about the harmful outcomes of racial disparities in today’s society. The Pew Research Team concludes that blacks are treated less fairly by key community institutions including public places, schools, police and courts. It is important society understands this, because the amount of people being treated poorly/unfairly based on the race has been increasing the more we progress into our future. Essay due? We'll write it for you! Any subject Min. 3-hour delivery Pay if satisfied Get your price Barack Obama believes that racism is still present in America and some people face covert discrimination despite the institutional and societal changes, as well as The Pew Research Team who claims that many people are mistreated based on their race, which has a negative impact on key spheres in an individual’s development such as their education and family formation, in which it is possible for the nation to put an end to it through collaboration and intellectual communication. Many people do not realize how much racism goes in our daily life and how it impacts people’s futures. To solve this problem, Barack Obama believes that it is important to educate people about what is racism and the numerous damages it has on society, so that people would be able to solve this problem together and achieve a strong and progressive union. By understanding that each individual has their own unique story, society will hold together in peace and overcome the obstacles. In his speech, Obama mentioned Reverend Jeremiah Wright’s, who is a former pastor speech, that was about the privilege and dominance of specific races. Obama believed that Wright’s provocative comments had the potential to expand the racial divide, as he disrespected and failed to remember what made America truly great. Wright’s comment “expressed a profoundly distorted view of this country- a view that sees white racism as endemic, and that elevates what is wrong with America above all that we know is right with America; a view that sees the conflicts in the Middle East as rooted primarily in the actions of stalwart allies like Israel, instead of emanating from the perverse and hateful ideologies of radical islam.” (Obama,2) . Obama claims that Reverend’s hateful comments are not only wrong but they can also destroy this nation by developing hate among different races. To show that the rates of racism are not improving, the Pew Research Team stated in their demographics that blacks are treated less fairly by key community institutions, including public places, schools, courts and the police. According to Obama’s speech, to solve this matter people need to work together, because to confront large issues such as wars, crisis, racism, global warming, falling economy and health care races need to unite, work together and share knowledge. According to the “Pew Research Team” research, after decades of Martin Luther King’s speech about his dreams of equity many people believe that a lot of changes still have to be done. Pew Research Team explains how college completion rates have changed “white adults 25 and older are significantly more likely than blacks to have completed at least a bachelor’s degree(34% vs. 21%, a 13 percent point difference.)” (Team, 633) From the statistics given in the research that “Pew Research Team” covered, it is an obvious dilemma that racism has a great impact on the schooling system. In addition, Obama claimed in his speech that many schools are still segregated and not fixed even though fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education have passed. They proved that “separate but equal” was not actually equal at all, since people were treated unfairly while segregating specific races. If humans are not treated equally, they would not be able to make the same progress, so everyone deserves to be treated fairly to put a positive effect on the community. Family Formation is another key point that resonates to how racism affects people’s daily lives and futures. “A lack on economic opportunity among black men, and the shame and frustration that came from not being able to provide for one’s family, contributed to the erosion of black families- a problem that welfare policies for many years may have worsened.” (Obama, 4) said Obama in his speech. Ethnic inequalities continue to appear in public transit. The Pew Research Team shows with given statistics that over the past five decades “the black-white difference has nearly doubled.”(Team, 633). In addition, the analysis shows that the economic gulf between different races in almost the same as it was half a century ago. Inequality at work and the struggle of finding a good job lead black people lack basic services like being able to afford a house in a suitable neighborhood which will have a good impact on kids who are our future generation. Obama chose to run for presidency because he believed that racism cannot be ignored and people need to unite and hold on into each other to fix global problems together and that it is the only way to achieve an improved union and make a progress, so that America can stay the leading nation in the world. He believed that this generation can always be more perfected with the help of young people who are full of ambitions, beliefs and open for change. Though, the Pew Research Team conducted that “only about one-in-four African Americans (26%) say the situation of black people in this country is better now than it was five years ago”(Team, 635). Although, not much has changed after Obama became the president, we still can see that the situation of the black people is better today than it was five years. Therefore, both authors prove the same point in different contextual forms that racism is still present today and in order to overcome this massive issue it is important to educate people about how racism harms our society, so the amount of ignorant people could decrease, and society could learn to accept, help and support different races, as well as expand our knowledge by communicating and learning from its diversity. writers online to help you with essay banner clock Clock is ticking and inspiration doesn't come?
How long does it take for a car to rust? Very poorly made cars in the 1970s began showing surface rust as soon as they hit the docks. Completely untreated raw sheet steel can rust through in as little as a few years. How long does it take for rust to form on car? How long does it take for metal to rust on a car? “Bodywork & Rust Repair” How does rust start on a car? Rust happens when a material that contains iron is exposed to moisture. When the two substances come into contact with each other, it causes an atomic reaction that results in oxidation. The most obvious way for moisture to come into contact with the metal in your car is rain. IMPORTANT: How do you get the smell of sick out of a car seat? Do dirty cars rust faster? Many times, road salt and other contaminants encourage corrosion in our cars. This means that dirty or salty water trapped somewhere in our car’s body makes that spot rust faster. That’s why cars in northern climates, where salt is used in winter, are more prone to rot. Can a car rust overnight? Metal begins to rust immediately if it is exposed to oxygen and water. Rust will become visible on the metal surface within a few minutes to several years, depending on environmental and metallurgical factors. Rust can spread fast once the coating of your car is compromised. Does rust stop when dry? Rust does not spread through contact like a biological infection. … This means that if one part of the piece is exposed to water, oxygen, and electrolytes but the rust of the piece is kept clean and dry, the protected metal will not rest at the rate of the wet metal. Do scratches on cars rust? Is it safe to drive a rusty car? ”It is not safe to drive a car that has a rusted frame because rust is a special form of corrosion that slowly eats the car frame turning the strong metal into flaky powder, eventually damaging it to a level where it’s structural integrity is compromised.” IMPORTANT: Question: What does FE stand for on Ford engines? Will car rust in garage? When your car is covered with snow or salt, storing it in a warm garage every night can slightly speed up the process of rust. … You get home at night and pull your car into the heated garage. The ice and snow melts, leaving you with salt and warm air. Salt and warm air are perfect ingredients for oxidation – rust. Does washing your car prevent rust? A full service car wash can help to reduce the risk of rust on exterior surfaces as it can properly remove key elements that lead to rust. The car wash can also help renew the protective coating on the paint. As previously noted, the underbody of your car is not exempt of the threat of rust. What cars rust the most? 10 Cars That Are Notorious Rust Buckets (And 10 That Never Rust) • 13 Rust Bucket: Mini Cooper. • 14 Rust Bucket: Mazda 3. … • 15 Rust Bucket: Ford Focus. … • 16 Rust Bucket: Jeep Wrangler. … • 17 Rust Bucket: Ford Ka. … • 18 Rust Bucket: Land Rover Range Rover Sport. … • 19 Rust Bucket: Nissan Altima. … • 20 Rust Bucket: Toyota Rav4. via car and driver. … Do all cars rust? According to Consumer Reports, “All modern cars are factory-treated for rust protection, and additional undercoating can do more harm than good.” Later on, your vehicle will need another rust proof treatment, but a new car is safe from rust’s stain. Does WD 40 Remove rust? IMPORTANT: Do electric motors have moving parts? What does salt water do to your car? Salt water will start eating away at all metals it reaches. It can start to affect the brake lines, brake pads and rotors. If it reaches your electrical system it will start eating thru the wires since again, salt water is corrosive. And could short circuit your electrical systems and computers. Do new cars rust? After the purchase of any new car, an opportunity to rust proof arises. … When iron (which is in steel) and oxygen mix with air or water, rust occurs. Eventually, rust can take over any iron mass and cause it to disintegrate. Corrosion can also occur when dirt or moisture accumulate on a car’s underbody.
Notes On Wethersfield Chaco Culture Park In NW New Mexico, USA Chaco Culture Park (NM, USA) is a great location if you're beginning with Wethersfield, CT. Chaco Canyon, which ended up being home to a civilization that is precolombian in the San Juan Basin (American Southwest) from the 9th-12th centuries CE. The Chacoan civilisation is a significant milestone in the history and development of an ancient culture known as the "Ancestral Puebloans" because of its connections to the Southwest's modern native peoples. Chacoans built monumental public buildings that were unlike anything else in prehistoric North America. They also created a unique level of complexity and scale that was unrivalled until recent times. This feat required extensive planning and organization that is social. Chaco's sophisticated culture had strong links that are spiritual nature. This is evident by the alignment that is precise of buildings with the cardinal directions as well as with the cyclical positions and sun/moon positions. The extraordinary cultural fluorescence occurred at high altitudes in semi-arid deserts like the Colorado Plateau. This is where survival can be difficult and the planning and organization required for long-term success was carried out without the aid of written languages. Many crucial questions about Chacoan civilization tend to be nevertheless unanswered, despite years of research. The labor force participation rate in Wethersfield is 68.7%, with an unemployment rate of 3.8%. For the people located in the labor force, the common commute time is 20.9 minutes. 19.8% of Wethersfield’s residents have a masters diploma, and 25.5% have a bachelors degree. For all those without a college degree, 22% have some college, 26.4% have a high school diploma, and only 6.3% have received an education less than senior high school. 2% are not covered by medical insurance. The typical family unit size in Wethersfield, CT is 3.07 family members, with 79.3% owning their own residences. The average home appraisal is $255243. For those people leasing, they pay on average $1052 per month. 64.1% of homes have dual incomes, and a median domestic income of $86216. Average income is $43549. 5.3% of residents survive at or beneath the poverty line, and 9.5% are considered disabled. 5.4% of residents are former members of the armed forces.
Spread or Spreaded – Is Spreaded a Word? Language learners have always been perplexed by verb conjugation in new languages. As if regular verbs weren’t difficult enough to remember, irregular verbs have their own sets of rules. Irregular verbs in English are fairly common. Sometimes, words remain unchanged in various tenses, while other times, tenses are almost unrecognizable as the same verb. Spread is an irregular verb, but as irregular verbs go, it is fairly benign. What is the Difference Between Spread and Spreaded? In this post, I will compare spread vs. spreaded. I will outline the correct conjugation of this verb and use it in several example sentences, so you can see how it appears in context. Plus, I will show you a helpful memory tool that makes choosing either spread or spreaded easy for your own writing. When to Use Spread spread versus spreaded What does spread mean? Spread has a few different meanings, but, in this post, I will focus on its use as a verb that means to open out over a large area. Spread is an irregular verb, which means its conjugation does not follow the standard English rules. Regular verbs have the letters “ed” added to them to make the past tense. • Love > Loved > Loved. Spread, however, is an irregular verb, so it doesn’t follow this inflection. • Spread > Spread > Spread. Conjugations of Spread: • I/we spread: first person singular and plural present • You spread: second person singular and plural present • He/she/it spreads: third person singular present • They spread: third person plural present • Spreading: present participle • Spread: simple past A person spreads sheets over a bed while making it each morning. The same person might also spread butter on toast for breakfast afterward. Here are a few examples of the word in context, • “Jesus spread out his arms on the cross and died for the sins of the world,” cried the street corner preacher. • The mute, bearded pirate grinned widely, spread out the map on the deck of his ship, and pointed to a small island where his treasure was buried. • A loose-knit populist campaign that started on Wall Street three weeks ago has spread to dozens of cities across the country, with protesters camped out in Los Angeles near City Hall, assembled before the Federal Reserve Bank in Chicago and marching through downtown Boston to rally against corporate greed, unemployment and the role of financial institutions in the economic crisis. –The New York Times When to Use Spreaded define spreaded define spread What does sometimes mean? Spreaded is an incorrect conjugation of spread, based on an overgeneralization of regular verb conjugation rules to the irregular spread. It is not considered a standard usage. As you can see from this chart, which graphs spreaded vs. spread over the last 200 years, spreaded almost never appears in published English: definition of spreaded definition of spread definition This chart isn’t exhaustive in its literary scope, since it only looks at English books published since 1800, but it still clearly shows that spreaded does not have wide usage. In fact, spreaded is so infrequently used that Garner’s Modern English Usage estimates the disparity to be 1,525:1 between the two words. Trick to Remember the Difference Spread remains unchanged in the past tense. There is never a good reason to use spreaded in academic or professional writing contexts. If you grew up (or ate in anyone’s house who grew up) during the period in American culture when margarine was considered a healthy alternative to butter, you may have been an unfortunate consumer of a product called Shedd’s Spread. Since the product was called “Shedd’s Spread” and not “Shedd’s Spreaded,” remembering that spreaded is not a real word should be easy. Alternatively, you can remember how this word is conjugated by looking at the word it contains. Spread contains the word read, another irregular verb. • Just as read does not change into readed, neither does spread change into spreaded. Is it spreaded or spread? Spread is a verb that means to open out over a large area. It remains unchanged in the past tense. To summarize, • Spread is the correct past tense. • Spreaded is a spelling error.
Often asked: Where Ia Budapest? Is Budapest part of Germany? Country Hungary Region Central Hungary Unification of Buda, Pest and Óbuda 17 November 1873 Boroughs show 23 Districts Where is Budapest located in the world? Satellite view is showing Budapest, the national capital of Hungary, a landlocked country in Central Europe. The city is located at the river Danube, in central north Hungary. It is a primate city, Hungary’s principal political, commercial, cultural, and industrial center. Why is Budapest famous? Why is Budapest so cheap? You might be interested: FAQ: How Far To Budapest Airport From The Budapest Hilton? What is the language of Budapest? Who ruled Budapest? Is Hungary a poor country? What is Budapest famous food? The Best Food in Budapest: What to Eat • Jókai Bean Soup. • Lecsó • Túrós Csusza. • Palacsinta. • Rakott Krumpli. • Kolbász. What is the main religion in Budapest? Budapest is the home to one of the most populous Christian community in Central Europe, numbered 698,521 people (40.4%) in 2011. The Hungarian capital is also the home of the largest Calvinist community on Earth. Religion. You might be interested: Question: Grand Budapest Hotel When The Guy Kept Reaching For The Key? Denomination Roman Catholic 1941 63.1% 1949 69.8% 2001 53.9% 2011 43.9% Is Budapest better than Prague? Should I go to Budapest? There’s much more to explore, such as the ruin bars, the Jewish Quarter, the Market Hall, the Museum of Terror, and Heroes Square. So much rich history fills this city. Whatever your interests are, you will find something to enjoy in Budapest. And now it’s time to plan your trips to Budapest. What is so special about Budapest? 1. It’s one of the most historic cities on the planet. Budapest is right on the Danube, which has been home to humans since the Stone Age. The river and its Buda Castle are UNESCO World Heritage sites. What is the best time of year to go to Budapest? Is Hungary expensive? You might be interested: How To Eat Cheap In Budapest? Which is cheaper Budapest or Krakow? Leave a Comment
4年前 53次浏览美国爱达荷论文代写:歌手和音乐已关闭评论歌手和音乐家的天性影响着作家一生中的每一个决定。首先，每个歌手的演唱风格和个性对作家产生了不同的影响。铁娘子的重金属歌曲增加了作家的侵略水平。它的情况更加积极玛嘉处理。而迈克尔·杰克逊打破规则和实现自由的动机是通过她的行为和作家所采取的行动来实现的。这是通过比如作家穿着牛仔外套和迈克尔·杰克逊的徽章，尽管它被禁止（131来）。基姆受怀尔德影响的Marji最相比其他歌手。在困难的气氛，伊朗Kim Wilde的音乐是一种解脱，通过它可以表达她的情绪和玛嘉她的情绪被伊斯兰统治征服。Kim Wilde喜欢的是当她唱“我们的美国”的孩子（132莎塔碧）当她走在街上。这表明她对Kim Wilde的喜爱。这些歌手的性格表现出作家的内在个性和显示作者的全面发展，她从重金属流行音乐，这意味着从暴力到非常规的做法，改变。 The singers and the musician’s nature influence the writer in each and every decision of her life. In order to begin with, each singer’s style of singing and there personality had a different impact on writer. Iron Maiden’s heavy metal songs increased the level of aggression in the writer. It made Marjane deal with situations more aggressively. Whereas Michael Jackson’s motive of breaking the rules and achieving freedom is seen through her behaviour and the actions which writer takes. This is proved through the instance where writer wears a denim jacket and a Michael Jackson badge in spite of it being prohibited (131 Satrapi).Kim Wilde influenced Marji the most as compared to other singers. In the difficult atmosphere of Iran the music of Kim Wilde was a source of relief, through which Marjane could express her sentiments and her emotions which were subdued by the Islamic rule. The liking for Kim Wilde is proved when she sings “we’re the kids in America” (132 Satrapi) when she is walking on the streets. This shows her fondness towards the Kim Wilde. The character of these singers evinces the inner personality of the writer and shows the complete development of the writer, as she moves from heavy metal to pop music which implies a change from violence to unconventional practices.
Everything You Need to Know About Oil Tankers Everything You Need to Know About Oil Tankers Eve Jones A tanker is a ship that transports any type of liquid cargo in bulk. It does not use containers or barrels but stores the liquid in question in a hold. The majority of tankers carry oil - hence the name oil tanker. However some tankers also move edible oils and other liquified foods and beverages such as treacle/molasses and wine. As you might expect, there’s quite a lot more to the oil tanker than that and we’re going to take a more in depth look at tankers in this article. This is one of a series of blog posts that explores different vessels, what they are, what they are used for, how they are designed and built, their history and even some odd fun facts here and there! You can find out more about lightships (AKA floating lighthouses!), icebreaker ships, heavy lift vessels, feeder vessels, chemical tankers, car carriers, RoRo ships, bulk carriers and of course, cargo and container ships in our other articles. But for now, let’s continue to find out more about oil tanker vessels. aerial shot of a red oil tanker. Everything you need to know about oil tankers Like their cousins the container ship or the heavy lift carrier, oil tankers can also vary dramatically in size and length. Some tankers are on the smaller side, measuring around 200 feet (60 meters) long and carrying 1,500 to 2,000 DWT (deadweight tons). These tend to be coastal ships which ply their trade around the same island, region or continent, traveling along a coastline and not crossing an ocean. Meanwhile their bigger sisters can measure up to 1,300 feet (400 meters) in length and can carry a much larger 550,000 DWT, making them the real behemoths of the seas. Wait! What’s DWT?! DWT stands for deadweight tons. Deadweight is the total weight of cargo onboard a vessel plus any necessities such as fuel, fresh water, lubricating oil, gear, other supplies and, yes, the crew too. What do oil tankers actually do? Like all merchant ships, tankers exist to transport a commodity from one place to another. In this case, this will normally either be carrying crude oil from oil fields to refineries, or petroleum products including fuel oil, diesel fuel, petrochemicals and gasoline/petrol from refineries to a distribution point nearer to the market of consumption. an oil product tanker. These tankers are broken down into two basic types: crude tankers (transporting crude oil) and product tankers (transporting petroleum products.) Of the two, the product tanker is usually a lot smaller in size. And talking of size… Oil tanker classification according to size Because of the huge difference in length and DWT, tankers are broken down further into size classes. Bear in mind that the specifications, and even some names, for these classifications can vary depending on where you’re reading about them and according to various different organizations and countries. But generally, these breakdowns are: General Purpose / Small Range tankers • Are normally up to 650 feet (200 meters) long • Have a capacity of between 10,000 to 60,000 DWT • Are both crude tankers and product tankers Panamax tankers • Are normally between 650 feet (200 meters) and 820 feet (250 meters) long • Have a capacity of between 60,000 to 80,000 DWT • Are both crude tankers and product tankers • This is the maximum tanker size that can pass through the Panama Canal Aframax tankers • Are normally around 790 feet (240 meters) long • Have a capacity of between 80,000 to 120,000 DWT • Tankers under 100,000 can be both crude tankers and product tankers • This is the maximum size of vessel that uses the Average Freight Rate Assessment method for calculating shipping rates Suezmax tankers • Are normally around 900 feet (275 meters) long • Have a capacity of between 120,000 to 200,000 DWT • Are only crude tankers • Larger Suezmax tankers are often referred to as supertankers • This is the maximum tanker size that can pass through the Suez Canal Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) • Are normally around 1,100 feet (330 meters) long • Have a capacity of between 200,000 to 320,000 DWT • Are only crude tankers • Often referred to as supertankers Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCCs) • Are normally around 1,350 feet (415 meters) long • Have a capacity of between 320,000 to 550,000+ DWT • Are only crude tankers • Often referred to as supertankers • Not many in existence as they are too large for many ports and facilities How do oil tanker classifications get their names? If you’ve ever wondered about the slightly ‘unusual’ names given to the classification of oil tankers, here’s a brief explanation. What is a Suezmax tanker? • Up until 1956 oil tankers were designed and built to enable them to pass through the Suez Canal • This is why ships that could pass through the Suez are called Suezmax (and why ships that can transit the Panama Canal are called Panamax) • The Suez Crisis of 1956 made this need to build specifically for the Suez Canal less urgent as shipowners needed to find alternative routes - namely navigating instead around the Cape of Good Hope • This made shipowners realize that larger tankers were more efficient and economical - the bigger the tanker, the more cheaply it can transport its product • These huge tankers - larger Suezmax, VLCCs and ULCCs are known as supertankers due to their huge proportions What is an Aframax tanker? • The AFRA system (Average Freight Rate Assessment), as a form of size classification for tankers, was created in 1954 by Shell Oil • The reason behind the system was because the tax authorities requested verification of shipowners’ internal billing records • This was a result of it being tricky to gauge the cost of oil when it started trading on NYMEX (the New York Mercantile Exchange) • This is where the name Aframax comes from What are VLCC and ULCC oil tankers? • VLCC (Very Large Crude Carriers) and ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carriers) are the biggest man-made mobile structures in the world • To put their capacities into perspective, they can carry the equivalent of around 2,000,000 barrels of oil • All the ULCCs that were built in the 1970s are now scrapped due to their inconvenient size - not many port facilities can host them • These days the few remaining ULCCs are no longer than 1312 feet (400 meters) • When they reach their destination, many supertankers offload their cargo of oil to smaller tankers that meet them outside of port. oil tanker at sunset. Oil tanker design and construction It will come as a shock to no one that oil tankers need to be constructed in a way that limits the potential for environmental devastation in the event of an accident. Accidents involving oil tankers are, sadly, not a once in a lifetime event and they make global headlines when they occur. Indeed, the Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coat of Alaska in 1989 is still not too far from the memory of many. This arguably changed the face of the oil tanker transportation industry with the result being that stricter rules concerning the construction of tankers, and their operation, were enforced worldwide. Due to long held concerns over pollution and accidents, such as the 1989 incident, since 1996 the majority of tankers, unless they are very ‘small’, are constructed with a double hull, or a satisfactory alternative. A double hull gives greater protection against spillage in the event of an accident as the vessel is built with an inner hull inside the outer, with a space between them. diagram of a double hull Credit: Tosaka @ Wikimedia Commons Indeed the MARPOL convention (The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) has stipulated that all existing single-hulled tankers, apart from the very smallest, must be retrofitted with a double hull, or face retirement. Due to the nature of its cargo, an oil tanker also needs to take the possibility of ignition and an outbreak of fire very seriously. That’s why tankers employ an inert gas system. And whilst fuel oil is hard to set alight, when air meets its vapor under certain conditions, it can create an explosive atmosphere. Therefore an inert gas system is engaged in order to construct a non-flammable situation inside a tank. Aside from the double hull design, other features of oil tankers include the fact that the crew accommodation, navigation deck, machinery for propulsion and the cargo pumps (more on those later) are all located at the stern of the vessel. bird's eye view of an oil tanker at sea. Along with the fuel and ballast tanks, the rest of the vessel is taken up with the cargo - i.e. crude oil or petroleum products. A brief history of oil tankers As the maritime industry and jobs at sea have evolved, so too has the way oil is transported around the world. A lot has changed since oil was first being transported from the former British colony of Upper Burma at the start of the 1850’s. Using earthenware pots and jugs, the oil was carried to a nearby river where it was poured into the holds of ocean-going vessels that were bound for the United Kingdom. Meanwhile in the United States in the 1860’s, barges and break bulk vessels were used to transport oil from the oil fields of Pennsylvania. black and white image of men working in the Pennsylvania Oil Fields Here, the oil was transported using wooden barrels but this method had more than one drawback: The barrels were expensive, they leaked, they could only be used once under normal circumstances, and they were heavy. Four disadvantages that didn’t make a lot of sense, economically speaking. The original ‘oil tankers’ also looked drastically different from what we recognize as a tanker today. For a start they were powered by sail and it wasn’t until 1873 that the first oil tanker steamer was built for its Belgian owners. Barges came into some use in 1871 in the USA to help shift the produce of the Pennsylvania oil rush, as did rail tanker cars. What we now recognize as the ‘modern oil tanker’ started its life in the late 1800’s when development began in 1877 by Swedes Robert and Ludvig Nobel, brothers of the, perhaps better known, Alfred, the creator of the Nobel Prize. black and white photo of Ludvig Nobel's early oil tanker Clearly a family of high achievers, the Nobel brothers researched how to separate the cargo of oil and its fumes away from the engine room so that the potential for fire to breakout was reduced. They designed an oil tanker named Zoroaster which transported its cargo of kerosene in two iron tanks located fore and aft of the midships engine room that were connected by pipes. The next move was to reduce the potential of a vessel capsizing by designing a new approach to the problems caused by only having one or two holds for the oil. Obviously any type of liquid cargo is going to ‘slosh around’ which led to instability of the ship. The answer was to add more, smaller holds. Now most oil tankers usually have between eight and twelve tanks that are then divided into two or three compartments, greatly aiding the vessel’s stability whilst on the move. two oil tankers under a dark sky. How is oil loaded onto a tanker? Oil needs to be transferred between the tanker and the point on shore and a couple of different methods are used to do this. Either marine loading arms or cargo hoses are used to pump the oil into the vessel’s tanks as it is docked at a pier, or underwater hoses are used when the tanker moors to an offshore buoy. In addition, an operation called lightering may be employed, which is when one vessel transfers the oil to another via a hose. The pumping of the oil will begin at a cautious pace at first to make sure that all of the connections are tight and that the relevant equipment is in the correct position and working properly. When it is certain everything is operating as it should, a steadier pressure is applied. an oil tanker on or offloading cargo. Gauges are used so that whoever is in charge of the onloading knows how much room they have left in the tank. Clear and direct communication with the people who are pumping the oil into the tanker from their shore-based location must also be maintained. The future of oil tankers There are legitimate concerns around the safety and ecological aspects of the oil tanker but the fact is, that this is the second most effective and efficient method of transporting oil around the globe, only surpassed by oil pipelines. Rules, conventions and regulations, such as mandatory double hulls in the vast majority of tankers, are helping to create a safer industry, which is a must as oil tankers aren't going anywhere anytime soon. Meanwhile, we should raise our hats to the seafarers who work tirelessly aboard them, keeping the global supply chain moving and ensuring the world has the products and commodities we need to survive. Read the previous article in this series: Everything You Need to Know About Heavy Lift Vessels Read the next article in this series: Everything You Need to Know About Bulk Carriers
Macular Hole What is it? A Macular Hole is a disease of the retina, the structure of the eye that detects light. They often occur in older patients and arise from tension on the surface of the retina. This tension causes the retina to pull apart causing a circular break in the center of the retina. This can lead to blind spots, vision loss or blurring. How do I fix it? Also, your eye may be red, swollen, and irritated from the surgery. This is all normal, and may blur the vision as well. There are no guarantees that your vision will improve. However, in several studies, most patients who had macular hole surgery within 6 months of the start of their hole found that their vision improved. What drops will I take after the surgery? Ofloxacin – four times a day for the first week after surgery Prednisolone- four times a day for two weeks, then three times a day for a week, then two times a day for a week, then one time a day for a week. What are the risks of the surgery? Most of our patients who have not had cataract surgery will likely develop cataracts within a year or two of the surgery. Luckily, our cataract surgeon partners can help with this issue. This is a common finding after vitrectomy surgery and is to be expected in most patients. Infection may also occur, but it is extraordinarily rare. Pain is very common, but is often controlled with pain medications given after the surgery. There will be no pain during the surgery since you will be given an anesthetic injection around the eye and may even be asleep or in a twilight state for the surgery. Increases in eye pressure may also occur, but is usually easily controlled with eye drops. When do I come back for followup? Our usual followup plan includes visits at one day, one week and one month after the surgery. We usually suggest waiting at least 3 months before getting new glasses. If you have not had cataract surgery, then we will likely suggest cataract surgery from 3 months to a year after the surgery, if needed. Your retina surgeon at Retina Orange County is a board certified ophthalmologist who is uniquely well equipped to handle this problem. First, your retina surgeon carefully removes the delicate layer of scar tissue on the surface of the retina, which is often the cause of macular holes. The surgeon will then fill the eye with air or a gas bubble to act as a “eye cast”, to allow the retina to heal properly after the surgery. The surgery usually takes about 1 hour to complete. The most important part of the surgery takes place afterwards. Face down positioning is required to achieve closure of the macular hole. This allows the gas bubble to literally push the hole closed in the back of the eye. Since your surgeon cannot laser the hole shut without risking severe vision loss, this is the only way to allow the retina to heal the hole itself. You can ask your surgeon and his assistants for information regarding equipment that you can rent to help in proper positioning after your surgery. Additionally, if you absolutely cannot position face down, your surgeon may be able to offer the use of silicone oil which is an “eye cast” that does not require positioning, but will require another surgery to remove the oil. What can I expect afterwards? The gas bubble will make your vision extremely blurry until your eye absorbs the gas. This may take from 2-4 weeks for sulfur hexaflouride gas, or 4-6 weeks for perfluoropropane gas. Silicone oil will remain in the eye, until it can be surgically removed, usually in 3 months.
Contact SEAS AUDIT your business' energy efficiency problems and potentials learn icon What is Energy Audit? An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of energy comsumption in a building and/ or process to reduce the amount of energy input without negatively affecting the output. An energy audit is typically the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce both energy bills and carbon footprints. In the last few decades, the importance of industrial energy audits have increased (energy spending accounts for alomost 10% of the average manufacturers' expenses) as industrial players start to realise the need to lower the increasingly energy costs and move towards a sustainable future (both financially and environmentally). In Singapore alone, 13% of the operating costs for SMEs in the manufacturing sector come from energy spending. For industrial applications, HVAC, lighting, and production equipments use the most energy for industrial applications, and hence are the primary focus of energy audits. A walk-through audit preliminary audit is conducted to assess building energy efficiency to identify not only simple and low-cost improvements but also a list of energy conservation measures which can be used as a reference for the more detailed audit. It is the simplest type of audit as it it involves a brief review of facility utility bills and other operating data, a very minimal interviews with site-operating personnel, and a walk-through of the facility to become familiar with the building and production processes. A list of energy conservation measures is also provided to certain level of details which though not sufficient to reach a final decision on implementing proposed measures, can serve as an adequate enough reference to plan and prioritize energy-efficiency projects and to determine the need for a more detailed audit. For a detailed scope of service and deliverables of an energy audit (as proposed by SPRING Singapore), please click here. CALL US AT: +65 6338 8578 ----- OR -----
The evidence is in - and it is overwhelming. Even at typical low power, cell phones and wireless technology cause severe biological disturbances in human cells. In August 2007, 26 medical and public health experts their Bioinitiative Report - available online - reviewing all the literature on the effects of electromagnetic radiation children phones Cell phone researchers not in the pay of mobile phone corporations agree on three things: 1. Current guidelines based only on the heating effects of cell phones do not address non-heating damage to DNA, nor the effects of frequency modulation used to broadcast information and are completely inadequate to safeguard public health. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is should not be used as a basis for a safety standard since it regulates against thermal effects only. So far cell phone "safety codes" only regulate radiation capable of burning skin. It's like saying cigarettes aren't dangerous unless they burn you. Cellphone manufactures insist that "many studies" show their miniature microwave ovens are safe. But when pressed by the Washington Post to back up their claim, the cellphone industry could cite no studies showing no adverse impact from cellular telephones on human tissues, nervous systems or organs. Dr. George Carlo confirms: "The industry had come out and said that there were thousands of studies that proved that wireless phones are safe, and the fact was that there were no studies that were directly relevant." There are more than 15,000 scientific studies reporting the cell phone health hazards. At least 66 epidemiological studies show that electromagnetic radiation increases brain tumors in human populations. ["Cell Phone Convenience or 21st Century Plague?" by Dr. Nick Begich and James Roderick] After only two minutes of cellphone exposure, the blood-brain barrier fails, allowing proteins to enter the brain that can cause nerve damage. "Molecules such as proteins and toxins can pass out of the blood, while the phone is switched on, and enter the brain. We need to bear in mind diseases such as MS and Alzheimer's are linked to proteins being found in the brain." So, adds Leif Salford of Lund University in Sweden, is Parkinson's disease. [Electronics Australia Magazine Feb/00] Cell phone and cell phone tower radiation stress our cells, releasing DNA-damaging free radicals and stress proteins that can migrate through the opened blood-brain barrier and cause degenerative damage in the brain. Dr. Theodore Litovitz, a biophysicist and professor emeritus of physics at Catholic University, explains: "Because stress proteins are involved in the progression of a number of diseases, heavy daily cell-phone usage could lead to great incidence of disorders such as Alzheimer's and cancer." [Reuters Apr 23/08; Dec03/01] 2. Children through teenage years, and pregnant women should be kept away from cell phones and cell phone radiation. Alarmed British military scientists have discovered that every cell phone transmission disrupts brain functioning responsible for memory and learning. "Overuse" can cause forgetfulness and sudden confusion, as well as loss of the ability to concentrate, calculate and coordinate. Children and teens who become hooked on cell phones face a lifetime of learning disabilities, hyperactivity, high risk from driving accidents, greatly increased acute and chronic asthma, hearing loss, vision loss, sleep disorders and cancers - as well as loss of social skills, inability to think and reason clearly, loss of contact with their surroundings. [India Tribune Sept 17/04] More than 2 billion people - including at least 500 million children - are using cell phones. At least 87% of 11- to 16-year-olds own cell phones. In the USA, one in three teenagers uses a cell phone. RF/MW signals currently under discussion for inflicting on wireless classrooms throughout North America and the overdeveloped world will operate in the 2.4 GHz frequency range - two to three times higher than current cell phones. Plans are already underway to boost classroom radiation levels with "upgraded" technology emitting 5 GHz. [Uncensored (NZ) Nov 9/06;] These kids may be difficult to replace, because researchers at University of Szeged in Hungary have discovered that men carrying their cell phones on standby anywhere in their clothing throughout the day produce about a third less sperm than those who do not. Of the remaining sperm, high numbers were found to be swimming erratically - significantly reducing chances of fertilization. [BBC June 27/04] Put men made infertile by their cell phones together with fashionable beach going women who carry their cellphones in their bikini bottoms and... We could be looking at an inadvertent cell phone cull. Especially if women are culled by bra-makers encouraging them to carry cell phones in their convenient, already cancer-prone cleavage. The Spanish Neuro Diagnostic Research Institute in Marbella has found that a call lasting just two minutes can alter the natural electrical activity of a child's brain for up to an hour afterwards. Spanish doctors now fear that disturbed brain activity in children will lead to impaired learning ability, as well as psychiatric and behavioural problems. Brain scans allowed Dr. Michael Klieeisen's team to see what is happening to the brains of cell phone users. "We never expected to see this continuing activity in the brain," he told the European press in new stories blacked out in the U.S. Dr. Gerald Hyland finds the results "extremely disturbing." Parents who believe they are enhancing their children's safety and social standing by sending them back to school with cellphones could be impairing their health and ability to learn, Dr. Hyland warns. "The results show that children's brains are affected for long periods even after very short-term use. Their brain wave patterns are abnormal and stay like that for a long period. This could affect their mood and ability to learn in the classroom if they have been using a phone during break time, for instance." These same altered brain waves "could lead to things like a lack of concentration, memory loss, inability to learn and aggressive behaviour. My advice would be to avoid mobiles." [Mirror Dec 26/01] Led by Sir William Stewart, the famous British biochemist and president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science biomedical specialists, the Stewart Inquiry report on "Mobile Phones and Health" was released in April 2000. Sir William said he would not allow his grandchildren to use mobile phones. [Journal of the Australasian College of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine Sept /01] In Sweden cell phones are being marketed to 5-year-olds. Olle Johansson, Associate Professor of Neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm declares: "Parents should take their children away from that technology." [Dialing Our Cells by William Thomas] The Australian government's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) described laboratory tests as far back December 1974 showing neurons in the soft skulls of developing fetuses are extremely sensitive to heat during the process of cell division. "The mother's pelvic structure promotes deep RF radiation penetration within the developing embryo or fetus," Dr. Barnett warned. The womb's saline fluid is also highly conductive to Radio Frequencies and microwaves - and the EMF-conductive human body is 65% water-by-weight. Brain functioning may be impaired for life. [CSIRO June 1994;; EMFacts Consultancy Mar 26/03] The age of cell phone users continues to drop as fast as their IQ and attention span. In 2007, the average age of first-time "users" was 10. By next year, International Data Corp forecasts the 9-and-under market will rack up an additional $1.6 billion in revenue for cell phone companies - and add another nine million child zombies in the United States alone. According to a Eurobarometer survey of children in 29 countries, most had cellphones after age 9. "We're pretty bullish on increased usage by teenagers," exudes Adam Guy, a senior analyst at the Strategist Group. "Usage penetration is exploding." Four in 10 people, particularly young adults, make cell phone calls to kill time as well as themselves. [London Telegraph Oct 9/07] Professor Mild, of Orbero University, Sweden is a Government adviser who led the research says children should not be allowed to use mobile phones. He and others want a revision of the emission standard for mobiles and other sources of radiation, which they describe as "inappropriate" and "not safe". [London Telegraph Oct 9/07] Dr. Salford says brain neurons that would normally not become senile until people reached their 60's, are doing so now when people reach their 30's because of cell phone exposure. [ Nov26/03] Cellular One's slogan - "Wherever you go, there we are" - takes on ominous overtones as uninformed people are buying cellphones worldwide at the rate of 25 thousand a day and succumb to PR campaigns like the one that shows a picture of a crib and bears the legend: "No Member of the Family Should Be Without One..." [Independent Mar 30/08] 3. The risk of contracting cancer from cell phones is about 4% of more than 2 billion users - 80 million people and rising at 25,000 new "users" every day. The risk of premature senility and contracting Alzheimer's is extreme. Most kids brought up using cell phones will be functionally senile by the time they are 30. You only need 2000 hours on a cell - OR A CORDLESS - phone to qualify for a 2 to 4x increased likelihood of a brain (glioma) or ear (acoustic neuroma) tumor. On a New Zealand news show, Dr. George Carlo called marketing strategies aimed at children, "grotesque" after identifying as many as 50,000 new cases of brain and eye cancer attributable to cell phone use being diagnosed every year. (Mobile users who wear metal-frame glasses intensify the exposure to their eyes and heads). Based on current epidemiological studies, that number will reach half a million cell phone cancer cases annually within the next two years. [IsraCast Technology News July 29/05] After heading a $28 million cell phone study from 1993 through 2001, Dr. Carlos' finding "that RF causes genetic damage" was not welcomed by his cell phone industry sponsors. Ross Adey worked on similar research funded by Motorola in 1991. After he came to similar conclusions, Motorola was adamant that Adey never mention DNA damage and radiofrequency radiation in the same breath. [WSW July 11/02; Dec03/01] It's not just cancer that makes cell phones so dangerous. Lloyd's of London refuses to insure phone manufacturers against the risk of subscribers developing cancer - and early onset Alzheimer's. [Observer Mar11/99] "Cumulative DNA damage in nerve cells of the brain can lead to Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases." One type of brain cell can become cancerous from these double-strand DNA breaks at lower than the current Specific Absorption Rate exposure-standard (4 watts/kg). It is not the total energy associated with the EMF that is critical, but rather pulsed oscillations. Many repetitions at the higher frequency close to subtle natural rhythms cause non-thermal threshold to be reached in a shorter time. This makes cellular processes "unusually sensitive to non-thermal ELF frequency fields." Dr. Henry Lai, a 20-year EMF researcher, and colleague Dr. N.P. Singh confirmed double-strand DNA breaks in test animals exposed for just two hours to pulsed, cell phone microwaves. When you talk on your mobile phone at 800 MHz and 1,990 MHz, whipping anything back-and-forth 800 or 1,990 million times per second is bound to cause breakage in the double-strand DNA of human cells. [] EM engineer Alasdair Philips of Britain's Powerwatch looked for people under age 40 using cell phones more than four hours a day, and found them already retired as "unfit for future work" due to early onset dementia. [EMFacts Consultancy Mar 26/03] Stunned by an additional $4 billion a year in claims for drivers using cell phones, North American insurers discovered that juggling phones while driving is not causing a 600% increase in accidents. Cell phones are much worse than merely dangerous driving distractions. Tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy found that using a cellphone severely impairs a driver's memory and reaction times by disrupting signals to and within the brain. Hands-free mobile phones cause even more crashes because they typically emit 10-times more brainwave interference than handheld units. Phoning from inside a car or truck is a bad call for everyone in the vehicle - especially children - because the surrounding steel structure amplifies cellphone emissions "by up to 10-fold," the UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee reports. University of Toronto investigators report that the heightened probability of cracking up your car persists for up to a half-hour after completing a call. "That's comparable to the risk of crashing while driving dead drunk," exclaims Dr. Chris Runball, chairman of the B.C. Medical Association's emergency medical services committee. Motorists talking on cell phones are actually more impaired than drunk drivers with blood-alcohol levels exceeding 0.08. It doesn't matter whether the phone is hand-held or hands free. [Human Factors and Ergonomics Society] If you put a 20-year-old driver behind the wheel with a cell phone, her reaction times are the same as a 70-year-old driver. But not as wise. [AP Feb 2/05; Human Factors Winter/05] "The electricity that comes out of every power socket has associated low frequency electromagnetic fields. Various kinds of higher frequency radiowaves are used to transmit information - whether via TV antennas, radio stations or mobile phone base stations." "Radio, television, radar and cellular telephone antennas, and microwave ovens are the main sources of RF fields. These fields induce currents within the human body, which if sufficient can produce a range of effects." "A magnetic field is only produced once a device is switched on and current flows." Magnetic fields penetrate living tissue "easily." "Magnetic fields as low as around 2 milligauss or a millionth of a Tesla can produce biological effects. Using a cell phone or a PDA exposes you to magnetic pulses that peak at several tens of microtesla, which is well over the minimum needed to give harmful effects." [Bioeffects Initiative report] "Childhood leukemia is the most frequent childhood malignancy that peaks in the age group of 2 to about 5 years... This peak seems to have been newly evolved in the early quarter of the 20th century and may be due to electrification"... acting as synergistic activators of toxic chemical compounds, I add to the Bioeffects Initiative finding. "Melatonin is found in nearly all organisms... it helps prevent both Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer. Long-term exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF, = 60 Hz) magnetic fields is associated with a decrease in melatonin production." "Amyloid beta protein is generally considered the primary neurotoxic agent causally associated with Alzheimer's disease. Melatonin can inhibit the development of Alzheimer's disease and, thus, low melatonin may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease. "Low melatonin production is a likely risk factor for breast cancer... 11 of the 13 published epidemiologic residential and occupational studies are considered to provide (positive) evidence that high MF exposure can result in decreased melatonin production. (The two negative studies had important deficiencies that may certainly have biased the results.)" "Some modulation patterns are more bioactive than others, for example, frequencies are similar to those found in brain wave patterns. Current public safety limits do not take modulation into account and thus are no longer sufficiently protective of public health where chronic exposure to pulsed or pulse-modulated signal is involved, and where sub-populations of more susceptible individuals may be at risk from such exposures." [Bioeffects Initiative report] Cell phone researcher Dr. Peter Franch says unequivocally that brain and other "cells are permanently damaged by cellular phone frequencies." This cellular damage, Franch notes, is maximized at low power. [] Much like taking repeated blows to the head, rapidly pulsing cell phones signal permanent brain damage. And the high frequency range used in today's digital cell phones is also very close to the resonant frequency of human DNA, as well as the resonant frequency of the human skull case. As the Bioeffects Initiative report points out: "Published laboratory studies have provided evidence for more than 40 years on bioeffects at much lower intensities than cited in the various widely publicized guidelines for limits to prevent harmful effects. Many of these reports show EMF-caused changes in processes associated with cell growth control, differentiation and proliferation which are the molecular and cellular basis of cancer." "Windows of intensity align across different carrier frequencies." [Bioeffects Initiative report] A tiny piece of mineral used in your phone called coltan is causing a frenzied rush for its extraction in strip mines across the Congo - exploiting children, razing pristine forests, wiping out up to 90% of all mountain gorillas, and has already led to the rape of more than 250,000 women as old as 75 and girls as young as three. Since consumers don't have any idea where the coltan in their phones comes from, please stop buying them until guidelines guaranteeing the provenance of cell phone and wireless laptop computers come in. "The conclusion that, if health effects of commonly encountered RF exposures exist, they must be small, is wrong. The evidence points to a quite substantial hazard. Scientific research has shown that the public is not being protected from potential damage that can be caused by exposure to EMF, both power frequency (ELF) and radio frequency (RF)." "There is a need for a biological standard to replace the thermal standard and to also protect against cumulative effects across the EM spectrum." One main conclusion from the worldwide NATO meetings in 2005: "Worldwide harmonization of standards have to be based on biological responses." "DNA damage (strand breaks), a cause of cancer, occurs at levels of ELF and RF that are below the safety limits. Also, there is no protection against cumulative effects stimulated by different parts of the EM spectrum." "ELF limits for public exposure should be revised to reflect increased risk of breast cancer at environmental levels possibly as low as 2 milliGauss or 3 mG." "There is substantial scientific evidence that some modulated fields (pulsed or repeated signals) are bioactive, which increases the likelihood that they could have health impacts with chronic exposure even at very low exposure levels. Modulation signals may interfere with normal, nonlinear biological processes." "Current standards have ignored modulation as a factor in human health impacts, and thus are inadequate in the protection of the public in terms of chronic exposure to some forms of ELFmodulated RF signals... The collective papers on modulation appear to be omitted from consideration." What about all these cell phone relay towers springing up everywhere? Our bodies - and each one of our trillions of cells - are exquisitely sensitive receiving antennas. There are currently over 210,000 cell towers, providing 81% wireless penetration in America alone, and one would be hard-pressed to find an inhabitable place on Earth that is not within range of cell frequency transmissions. [CTIA The Wireless Association June/07] The work of researchers like Dr. Henry Lai, Dr. Ross Adey and Dr. Jerry Phillips show that such effects as DNA strand breaks are produced not only by short-term exposure at high intensity, but also by long-term, chronic exposure to low intensities - like that increasingly experienced by growing numbers of people from cell phone towers and microwave communication facilities. Henry Lai found Radio Frequency Radiation like that from cell phone towers penetrates further into a child's small, growing skull. As my friend Chris Anderson points out, "This is continuous exposure, and it is not optional." Sydney Australia first city to go wireless say a significant jump in allergies and deaths. By 2005, more than 500 cell tower disputes around the country ended up in court. But federal law prohibits towns from rejecting a transmission tower on the grounds that it poses health concerns. [New York Times May 1/05] Now, cell phones small enough to fit inside a cigarette case have decreased reception so base stations must boost their microwave transmissions 15% to 20%. [New York Times Mar 10/03] Findings by the Associated Bioelectromagnetics Technologists show that RF exposure from cell phones and cell phone relay towers "is wholly correlated with the repeatedly documented increased incidence of autism - now reported by at least some researchers as greater than 1 per 100 newborn." Professor Khurana has placed his considerable reputation behind warning: "Unless the industry and governments take immediate and decisive steps, the incidence of malignant brain tumours and associated death rate will be observed to rise globally within a decade from now - by which time it may be much too late to medically intervene." [Independent Mar 30/08] "Dr. George Carlo predicts surefire disaster, and the complete destruction of the health care system from electromagnetic radiation alone." Right now, the Bioeffects Initiative report indicates that as many as one in 10 people suffer debilitating effects from electromagnetic sensitivities. EMR expert Chris Anderson predicts, "In the next 5 to 10 years, fully half the developed world's population could suffer disability from EMR. [Chris Anderson EMR expert - correspondence with the author.] After carefully reviewing more than 100 clinical studies showing that using "hands free" and regular cell phones for 10 years or more can double the risk of brain cancer, PhD Vini Khurana - who has received 14 awards while publishing more than three dozen scientific papers - predicts that cell phones will kill far more people than either smoking or asbestos. Smoking continues to cull some five million people worldwide every year, while asbestos exposure in England continues to claim as many corpses as road accidents. [Independent Mar 30/08] In September 2007, the EU's European Environment Agency (EEA) and the country of Germany both issued warnings to their citizens advising them to avoid the use of WiFi and cell phones until further long term studies are conducted, citing fears that the ubiquitous use of wireless technology has the potential to become the next public health disaster on the level of tobacco smoking, asbestos, and lead in automobile gas. [] Dr. Vini Khurana urges everyone to stop using cell phones immediately. [Independent Mar 30/08] Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, director general of the World Health Organisation, former Norwegian prime minister and licensed physician emphasized: Making shorter calls does not help, [Microwave News Mar-Apr/02; Dagbladet Norge Mar 9/02] The only way to ensure complete protection against being turned into a zombie by cell phones is to avoid using them except in emergencies when no other voice communication is available - at the max, experts suggest, one or two minutes per month. 1. Do not use a cell phone for longer than one minute twice a month. 2. Do not live within two miles or five kilometers from a cell phone tower. Get the tower removed. Or move. 3. In your home, unplug all electrical appliances when not in use. (Switching TVs and similar devices "off" does not turn them off. Intersecting electrical fields result.) 4. Avoid using wireless routers and portable phones. 5. Keep your bedroom free of electrical appliances, especially near your head while you sleep. Use a battery-operated alarm clock - never a plug-in clock radio! Unplug lamps when not in use. 6. Replace dimmer switches with regular switches to eliminate high-frequency radiation - the "dirty electricity" hidden in your home's most likely improperly grounded electrical wiring. (Even if done to Code.) 7. Take the best quality daily vitamin and mineral supplements program you can get your hands on.
Researchers gathering more data on orcas Researchers gathering more data on orcas A female resident orca whale breaches while swimming in Puget Sound near Bainbridge Island as seen from a federally permitted research vessel. (AP Photo/Elaine Thompson) Researchers gathering more data on orcas Lexile: 1330L Assign to Google Classroom Endangered killer whales spend time in the waters off Washington State. They are among the most closely studied wildlife. Researchers already collect and analyze the whales' waste and breath samples taken when they exhale; satellite tags track where they swim in winter; and drone images provide details about body shape, size and condition. Now, wildlife veterinarians and other experts want to take that information and create personal health records for each southern resident killer whale. Eighty-four of the animals typically appear in Puget Sound from spring to fall. The idea is to use the records to monitor the orcas' health trends individually and as a population. It's similar to people having one medical record as they move from one doctor to the next or between specialists. "The goal is to really start getting a lot of data and pull them together in a way that permits easier analysis," said Joe Gaydos, a wildlife veterinarian at the University of California, Davis, and chief scientist with the SeaDoc Society, which is part of the university's School of Veterinary Medicine. "Ultimately, the real benefit of any health record is to help make (management) decisions," he added. For example, if an orca appears emaciated or is in bad shape during certain times of the year, wildlife managers can access the animal's health history to see what's going on and what they could do about it, he said. Understanding the factors that affect an orca's health will ultimately help pinpoint the key threats and how to reduce them, experts say. "It will be really powerful to rule out things that aren't important and focus in on what's really important," said Lynne Barre with NOAA Fisheries. She said that will help inform research and management decisions in the long run. The project aims to pull together data on behavior, reproductive success, skin diseases and other study areas to allow for integrated analysis, she said. Scientists have enough data that they can now connect the dots to get meaningful answers, said Brad Hanson, an NOAA Fisheries wildlife biologist. More than two dozen wildlife experts met in Seattle on March 29 to develop plans for health records for the orcas. The meeting was sponsored by SeaDoc Society, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries and the National Marine Mammal Foundation. Many details are still being worked out, including who will maintain the data and how people will access it. But an initial database would be launched this summer using readily available information, such as sex, age, gender and other details, Gaydos said. Other information would be added next year. Elsewhere, scientists have studied individual animals to monitor their health, including North Atlantic right whales. Using a database of hundreds of thousands of photographs taken over decades, researchers at the New England Aquarium and others have studied the body and skin conditions of about 400 individual right whales to assess their health. Individual Puget Sound orcas are identified by unique black and white markings or variations in their fin shapes, and each whale is given a number and a name. The Center for Whale Research on San Juan Island keeps the federal government's annual census on the population. The three families - the J, K, and L pods - are genetically and behaviorally distinct from other killer whales. They use unique calls to communicate with one another and eat salmon rather than marine mammals. Their numbers have fluctuated in recent decades as they have faced threats from pollution, lack of prey and disturbance from boats. They were listed as endangered in 2005. Source URL: Filed Under: Assigned 32 times Why are personal records more helpful than group records? Write your answers in the comments section below • Eric0221-YYCA 4/05/2016 - 12:50 a.m. The researchers might have been able to gather more data of Orcas, or known as killer whales, which researchers are able to gather while analyzing the data of killer whales by observing the killer whales out in the ocean. The people might have liked the killer whales that are appearing to their home after the winter had past by and which the people wouldn't be able to look at them in the winter. The researchers might have been able to get the satellite to track down the whales while the whales are going to their hibernation place for the winter that comes to them. People might have been able to get a lot of experts to be meeting up with the health of the killer whales that experts would need to analyze while the killer whales are still alive. Critical Thinking Question: Why are personal records more helpful than group records? Answer: Personal records are more helpful than group records because sometimes a person in a group has a different record than the other people which would start an argument about whose record is more reasonable. • clairel307- 4/05/2016 - 11:14 a.m. I've been to Puget sound and all over Washington and I've never known that orcas live there. That's really cool. I think it's crazy that they can get so much information on these orcas with just some data and drones. • isabellaa-612- 4/06/2016 - 08:42 a.m. Personal records are better than group records because if you are in a group and set a record it really might not be you at all. You might have done almost nothing. If it was you then you know you reached the goal. • TehyaWhite-Ste 4/06/2016 - 01:07 p.m. Personal records will help the researchers see what each individual has and then see what the average is. This will help them see what is really affecting each animal and what they need to focus on. • briannec-ste 4/13/2016 - 02:17 p.m. I would love to be able to go watch and study these animals, they are fascinating. • katier-lam 4/19/2016 - 02:35 p.m. Personal records are more helpful than group records because with personal records, the scientists can monitor each orca individually and can help them and watch. • jordanh1-wal 4/29/2016 - 09:00 a.m. I think the idea of having records on orcas is a good idea, today in the world animals lives are being threatened more and more, with decrease of habitats and poaching, orcas aren't exactly populous as they may should be, and some orcas are on the endangered species list. This might sound off, but in reality if anything were to happen to orcas in a certain area, we might get the heads up if it is because of the environment itself. A problem might occur but hopefully we can solve it and save the orcas' health. With how our society is now, orcas should be protected in that sense, we would want someone that is educated in many areas concerning us to be able to look after. • TaylorSeifert-Ste 7/24/2016 - 10:51 p.m. Personal records will be helpful in the effort to help the orca's population. They will allow scientists to individually view the dangers that harm the whales and the results of such dangers. In the end, scientists will be able to take the information gathered to try and find ways to protect the whales from that which is bringing down their numbers. Take the Quiz Leave a comment
Lactose Intolerance Order the lactose intolerance tests to evaluate if you are intolerant to dairy and products containing lactose from Ulta Lab Tests. Learn about your health today! Name Matches The presence of reducing substances is useful in the diagnosis of abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism, i.e., sucrose and lactase. The unabsorbed sugars in stool are measured as reducing substances. 7 Frequently Asked Questions About Lactose Intolerance Tests Stomachaches, gas, loose stools - there are plenty of unfortunate consequences of lactose intolerance. But how do you know if you're actually lactose intolerant? What if you're just prone to having stomach issues? If you're experiencing chronic digestive discomfort, then you should consider lactose intolerance tests. Especially if you feel discomfort after ingesting a lot of dairy. Give yourself the best chance for comfort. Sometimes, taking a test can do just that. So keep reading for seven frequently asked questions about lactose intolerance tests. Afterward, you'll be ready to change your lifestyle and diet for the better. What is Lactose Intolerance? Lactose intolerance refers to a body's inability to digest lactose, a natural sugar in dairy products. When a lactose-intolerant person ingests lactose, the lactose will move through the digestive system without proper digestion. Is Lactose Intolerance an Allergy? No. Allergies are defined by an immune system's misguided reaction to typically harmless substances. A severe allergic reaction can cause anaphylactic shock, which can turn lethal. Instead, lactose intolerance can be extremely uncomfortable. But while it causes discomfort, it usually does not result in serious medical consequences. Who is at Higher Risk for Lactose Intolerance? The most defining factor for lactose intolerance is ethnicity. Those of Asian, Hispanic, African, and Native American descent are at higher risk of lactose intolerance than others. A less common factor is premature birth. That's because the small intestine typically develops cells that produce lactase late into the third trimester. But babies born before that period don't usually have the chance to develop enough of those cells. However, these are only risk factors, not risk guarantees. It's possible for an individual to meet all these criteria but not have lactose intolerance. Also, people can also meet none of these criteria and still develop lactose intolerance. What Causes Lactose Intolerance? The body's inability to digest lactose starts with the small intestine. Once again, the small intestine has the responsibility of developing cells that produce lactase. Lactase is necessary for breaking down lactose. We've already covered demographics that are at higher risk for lactose intolerance. But lactose intolerance can also be inherited from a parent. For that reason, lactose intolerance very commonly runs in families. But sometimes, people can experience brief periods of lactose intolerance without experiencing it chronically. That's because conditions like short-term illness, especially stomach illnesses, can cause the small intestine to stop developing lactase-producing cells. However, long-term illnesses can also cause long-term lactose intolerance. In these cases, lactose intolerance typically lasts as long as the illness does. However, long-term illnesses may persist for life. What are the Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance? When the body cannot break down lactose, individuals can suffer a variety of gastrointestinal problems. Some of these symptoms include: • Bloating • Gas • Diarrhea • Nausea • Vomiting • Stomach cramps • Stomachaches These symptoms appear quite quickly after lactose ingestion. For that reason, it can be easy to tell whether someone has lactose intolerance. However, some people are less lactose intolerant than others and are comfortable ingesting a small amount of dairy and milk. Not only that, but some milk and dairy products are naturally low in lactose. Butter, probiotic yogurt, and hard cheeses are all low in lactose. Many lactose-intolerant people can digest these products with no problem. There may be individuals that are extremely lactose intolerant, but these foods are generally safe for most lactose-intolerant people to consume. Are there Lactose Intolerance Lab Tests? Yes! Although it can be easy to tell whether someone is lactose intolerant, lactose intolerance tests still have additional benefits. This test won't only let you know if you're lactose intolerant. It will also let you know how well your body digests lactose. You can figure out the severity of your tolerance with some simple tests. There are three types of lactose intolerance testing. The first is the more common stool test and is available to order directly at Ulta Lab Tests. The stool test is conducted as follows: 1. 10g of fresh stool is collected in a plastic, leak-proof container. 2. Adults older children can pass their fecal samples into plastic wrap stretched loosely over the toilet bowl. 3. Unabsorbed lactose in stool samples could indicate a variety of metabolic abnormalities. One of these abnormalities is the lack of lactase. The hydrogen breath test is conducted as follows: 1. Patient breathes into a container 2. They then drink a lactose-containing liquid 3. Throughout this time, testers will test hydrogen levels throughout this process 4. If hydrogen levels increase after ingesting lactose, then that's an indication of lactose intolerance The blood test is conducted as follows: 1. A series of blood samples are taken before and after patient ingests lactose. 2. If there is too much glucose in your blood, then lactose has not broken down enough, indicating lactose intolerance Is there a Cure for Lactose Intolerance? There is no "cure" for lactose intolerance, but there are many ways to make the condition more tolerable. Such methods include: • Limiting milk/dairy intake • Consuming milk/dairy products formulated to be lactose-free • Taking tablets/powders that contain lactase when ingesting dairy • Taking probiotics to improve digestive response For most people, lactose intolerance does not severely impact the quality of their life. The most serious treatment is eliminating milk and dairy altogether, which is getting easier due to the increase in milk/dairy alternative products. Sign up for Lactose Intolerance Tests Today! At Ulta Lab Tests, we offer highly accurate and reliable tests - including lactose intolerance tests. Not only that, but we provide confidential results and don't require insurance or physician referrals. To top it off, our testing service is the most affordable out there. After you get tested, your confidential results will be delivered online to your private patient portal within 24 to 48 hours for most tests. So take control over your health by ordering a lactose intolerance test now. Lactose is a type of sugar found in mammal milk. Lactose intolerance is a condition where the ability of the body to digest lactose is reduced. Lactose is present in breast milk, yogurt, cheese, butter, and ice cream. Individuals who are lactose intolerant might develop certain abdominal symptoms within 30 minutes to 2 hours of consuming dairy products. The severity of symptoms may vary from individual to individual and depends on the type and amount of dairy products consumed. Lactose is a sugar that has a complex structure known as a disaccharide. Before lactose could be absorbed and used by the body, it needs to be broken down into simple sugars such as glucose and galactose – both monosaccharides. This digestion process is initiated by lactase – an enzyme that’s produced in the cell linings of the small intestine. If a person doesn’t produce enough lactase, the undigested lactose is passed through the small intestine into the large intestine. Bacteria in the large intestine will break down the lactose, producing excess lactic acid and hydrogen and, thus, inhibiting water and salt absorption. This can result in abdominal cramps and diarrhea. The lactase enzyme is produced in developing babies during pregnancy and peaks near birth. Most all babies are able to digest milk though some premature infants may have some intolerance. Normal production of lactase track’s an infant’s milk consumption as breast milk is the primary source of nutrition. The lactase levels in babies decrease after the first couple of years and continue to decrease with age. But 35% of adults across the world can produce lactase throughout adulthood and could digest lactose with no symptoms. This condition is known as lactase persistence or LP and is common to specific ethnicities and races. Northern European people have the highest rate of LP and the lowest incidence of lactose intolerance. Native American and Asian adults have the highest incidence of lactose intolerance. Ethnic Group % Of Lactose Intolerance in Adults • Southeast Asians 98% • Indian Adults 50% • Asian Americans 90% • African Americans 79% • Mexican Americans 55% • Northern Europeans 05% Types of Lactose Intolerance There are a number of other conditions and diseases that can cause a secondary form of lactose intolerance in addition to the natural intolerance associated with increasing age. Damage to the lining of the small intestines can lead to the inability to absorb lactose in a beneficial manner. Radiation therapy, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (or IBS), chemotherapy, overgrowth of bacteria or infections caused by parasites, all may result in a decreased lactose digestion. Stomach contents in the small intestines move much quicker than normal in some people. These people can suffer from the condition because of insufficient time to digest lactose. Lactase deficiency is grouped into three clinical syndromes – alactasia (or congenital lactase deficiency), hypolactasia (or primary adult lactase deficiency), and secondary lactase deficiency. Congenital Lactase Deficiency There are two genes linked to the production of the lactase enzyme. The LCT gene is responsible for the production of lactase, and the MCM6 gene is responsible for controlling the expression of the LCT gene. Mutations to the LCT gene may result in congenital lactase deficiency. It’s an autosomal inheritance that requires one mutated gene from each parent. Congenital lactase deficiency is a rare form of lactose intolerance that begins at birth. It may severely inhibit the baby’s ability to digest milk and milk-based formulas. Primary Adult Lactase Deficiency Primary adult lactase deficiency is a common form of lactose intolerance. It is linked to the decreased production of lactase in adults. The affected individual will be less likely to suitably digest lactose due to this condition. The intensity of the condition may vary depending on the ethnic and racial makeup. The MCM6 gene regulates the functions of the LCT gene. This will result in a decrease in lactase production over time (or nonpersistence). Northern European people, primarily, have an inherited MCM6 gene mutation that could lead to persistence in digesting lactose in adulthood. People who don’t have this mutation will lose the ability to produce lactase as they grow old that may result in lactose intolerance in the long run. Secondary Lactose Intolerance The symptoms of lactose intolerance are also prevalent in other gastrointestinal conditions, usually caused by a disease or damage to the lining of the small intestine. This can lead to the loss of lactase. Your healthcare provider can perform certain tests to determine the various conditions that have similar symptoms. Different conditions have different prognoses and treatments. Treating the primary condition can reverse the secondary lactose intolerance condition. Here are some other conditions that have similar symptoms: • Crohn’s disease • Celiac sprue • Whipple disease • Bacterial growth syndrome • Short bowel syndrome • AIDS • Tropical sprue • Giardia infections • Cystic fibrosis • Radiation or chemotherapy • Zollinger Ellison syndrome Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance The symptoms of lactose intolerance occur primarily due to undigested lactose reaching the large intestines. Extra fluids will be drawn into the large intestines where bacteria will break down the lactose. It will result in the excess production of hydrogen gas and lactic acid. This may cause: • Abdominal bloating • Abdominal cramps and pain • Nausea • Diarrhea • Flatulence and excessive gas The severity of symptoms will vary depending on the individual and the amount and type of dairy products ingested. Many people who suffer from the condition can successfully consume small amounts of dairy products with few or no symptoms at all. Some people confuse lactose intolerance with an allergy to cow’s milk. Milk allergy happens due to a reaction by the immune system. The allergy is directed against a protein in the milk but not sugar. A person who has a milk allergy can suffer mild to severe symptoms, and even life-threatening reactions, within minutes to hours soon after consuming cow’s milk. They can also experience hives and wheezing in addition to the other symptoms associated with the allergy. Lactose intolerance affects more adults than children. On the contrary, milk allergies are much more common in young kids who tend to outgrow the allergy with aging. Laboratory Tests for Lactose Intolerance The goal of lab tests for lactose intolerance is to diagnose the condition and distinguish it from other conditions with similar symptoms. • Hydrogen breath test – This is the most effective lab test to diagnose lactose intolerance at this time. Breath samples of the patient are taken before (as the baseline) and at times after the person drinks a fluid with lactose. Hydrogen is produced in excess in the large intestines in a person who suffers from lactose intolerance. This hydrogen moves to the circulation system and eventually is exhaled by the lungs. Increased levels of hydrogen in the breath over time is a strong indicator of a lactose intolerance condition. Lactose tolerance blood test – Blood samples are tested for glucose at different times – once an oral dose of lactose is given to the person. If the glucose level in the blood doesn’t rise, lactose intolerance may be present. This test is rarely ordered in a clinical environment. • Stool Acidity pH test – This test is usually performed on infants and kids who cannot undergo other tests. Stools will become acidic when lactose intolerance is present. Rarely ordered clinical tests for lactose intolerance include: • Genetic testing of the lactase or LCT gene • Biopsy of a sample from the small intestine to diagnose lactase activity The aforementioned laboratory tests will be ordered by your health care provider to help diagnose whether you are suffering from lactose intolerance.
Presidential memoranda vs. executive orders. What's the difference? Gregory Korte WASHINGTON — President Trump signed three high-level presidential directives on Monday, but they weren't executive orders. Instead, they were styled as presidential memoranda, an increasingly common but lesser known expression of presidential power that came to replace many executive orders under President Obama. Presidential memoranda are "executive orders by another name, and yet unique," wrote presidential scholar Phillip Cooper on his book By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action. Both forms of presidential action have the force of law on the executive branch, and sometimes they seem to be used interchangeably. Even presidents sometimes mix them up, referring to memoranda as executive orders, as President Trump did Monday on Facebook. "Something that's in a presidential memorandum in one administration might be captured in an executive order in another," Jim Hemphill of the Office of the Federal Register told USA TODAY in 2014. "There's no guidance that says, 'Mr. President, here's what needs to be in an executive order.'" So the differences can be subtle and subjective, but here are a few: Numbering: Executive orders are numbered. Trump's most recent order, titled, "Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal," is Executive Order 13765. Presidential memoranda are not numbered, which makes them more difficult to count. Prestige: An order sounds more assertive than a memo, and the numbering system gives executive orders an aura of power. Publication: Executive orders are required by law to be published in the Federal Register, which is sort of the executive counterpart to the Congressional Record. Presidential memoranda may be published or not, depending on the subject. But it's the publication of the memorandum that gives them "general applicability and legal effect." Precedence: Certain types of orders are given priority in publication in the Federal Register, and may take legal precedence. The hierarchy is: Proclamations, executive orders, presidential memoranda, presidential notices, and presidential determinations. Notices and determinations are usually required by Congress on specific issues. Authority: Under an executive order signed by President John F. Kennedy, an executive order must cite the authority the president has to issue it. That could be the constitution, or a specific statute. Presidential memoranda have no such requirement. Amendments: An executive order can only be amended or rescinded by another executive order. A presidential memorandum can be changed with another memorandum. Subjects: Executive orders are often organizational, used to create new executive branch committees, processes or lines of responsibility. They can impose economic sanctions on other countries, declare states of emergency, or give federal workers a day off. Presidential memoranda are used to delegate tasks and reports assigned by Congress to the president, start a regulatory process, or direct a specific department or agency to do something. Cost estimates: In 2014, fed up with Obama's executive orders, Congress required the White House Office of Management and Budget to begin reporting on the cost of executive orders. But Congress neglected to include presidential memoranda, and included them the next year — but only for a memorandum with an estimated regulatory cost of $100 million or more.
Your body has a stable temperature, which is maintained by a range of internal processes. When the temperature outside is higher, you will sweat to remove excess heat from the organism to maintain homeostasis. But the more heat you need to remove, the harder your body works. Extreme temperatures can be a direct cause of cardiovascular and respiratory disease and death. 0.00 avg. rating (0% score) - 0 votes
How gestational diabetes affects the baby Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed between week 26 and 28 of pregnancy after performing the O'Sullivan Test on the future mother. This test will indicate your blood glucose level. If the values are high, the woman is said to have gestational diabetes. It is not a serious disease but it does require a treatment based on diet and exercise to control it and thus avoid unnecessary risks for the baby that is growing in the uterus. Is the baby in danger if the mother has gestational diabetes? About two-thirds of the mother's sugar goes to the baby. If the mother has high blood sugar levels, that extra dose of glucose can overload the child's pancreas and produce more insulin. This will affect the development of the baby, who may grow larger than normal and be larger than average. What will delivery be like if the pregnant woman has diabetes? If the woman has been controlled during the pregnancy and has followed the medical indications, there does not have to be any difference between her delivery and that of another woman. However, if the woman has not controlled her diabetes and the baby is very large, the delivery will most likely be by cesarean section. Will the baby suffer in delivery if it is very large? In the case of babies born with more than 4 kilos, clavicle fractures or other injuries have occurred when passing through the birth canal. Is the baby at risk of hypoglycemia at birth? If the sugar doses were not controlled in pregnancy, the baby at birth may have hypoglycemia. The doctor will perform a test as soon as you are born to check your blood sugar level and you will be medicated to balance it if necessary. Can the baby have jaundice at birth? Yes, it is a yellowing of the skin and the eye because there is an excess of bilirubin in the blood. How likely is the baby to be diabetic in the future? The baby is more likely to develop diabetes or obesity later on as the mother can pass the disease on to her child. What other problems could the baby have? You could be born with breathing problems, trouble keeping your body warm, nausea, or vomiting. You can read more articles similar to How gestational diabetes affects the baby, in the Diabetes category on site. Video: Hi9. Can Gestational Diabetes affect Baby. Bindra. Laparoscopic surgeon (January 2022).
Room 405, EVD Building, 431 Tam Trinh Street , Hoang Mai District, Hanoi City, Vietnam. +842 436 368 645 Inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without adversely affecting output. 1. Energy audit Energy audit is the activity of measuring, analyzing, calculating and evaluating to determine energy consumption, energy-saving potential and propose solutions for economical and efficient use of energy. energy use facility. 2. Objectives of energy audit Energy audit aims to assess the current status of energy use, then identify solutions to reduce energy consumption and reduce operating costs. + Help reduce energy consumption in production and living systems while maintaining or improving plant capacity, labor productivity, human health, comfort and safety for the living environment, work environment; + Focusing on identifying energy saving opportunities and the potential to improve energy efficiency; + It is an instrument of management assistance and is classified into preliminary energy audit and detailed audit; + Energy audit meets legal requirements for businesses in the law,... 3. The steps to perform energy audit The work of energy audit includes: Testing to determine the current energy consumption level of the factory, during the energy audit process, there will be opportunities to save energy, thereby helping businesses Recognizing investment opportunities to optimize the use of energy helps reduce input costs for products, thereby increasing the competitiveness of the company's products. The main steps taken include: - Prepare energy audit: organization, human resources, equipment, questionnaire ... - Collect data on equipment line, production, energy. - Check the field and build measurement plans. - Perform actual measurements. - Detailed analysis of energy consumption rate, energy efficiency. - Building feasible energy saving solutions. + Economic and financial analysis for proposed energy conservation projects. + Building a plan to implement energy conservation projects for the factory. + Building detailed energy audit report.
Andreev molecule in Nano Letters Printer-friendly versionPrinter-friendly version Our colleagues at the BME Department of Physics created a novel artificial molecule in nano-sized electronic circuits, at extremely low temperatures. In natural molecules, electrons can tunnel between neighboring atoms. In this new, artificial, so-called Andreev molecule, the artificial atoms are cca. 1000-times larger than natural atoms, and the tunneling of electrons happens via a superconducting electrode. Interestingly, the superconducting electrode can absorb and re-emit pairs of electrons from and to the molecule This is a feature absent in usual molecules, altering the energy spectrum which was now measured by the BME researchers for the first time. The artificial atoms of the Andreev molecule are created in semiconducting nanowires from the group of Prof. Jesper Nygard (University of Copenhagen). This newly demonstrated artificial molecule is an important step in the development of long-lived quantum bits. Olivér Kürtössy, Zoltán Scherübl, Gergö Fülöp, István Endre Lukács, Thomas Kanne, Jesper Nygård, Péter Makk, and Szabolcs Csonka Andreev Molecule in Parallel InAs Nanowires Nano Letters, 2021
Add time ：2019-12-28 Click： 521 Principle of laser marking machine Laser marking is to use a laser beam to make permanent marks on the surface of various substances. The effect of marking is to expose the deep material through the evaporation of the surface material, or to "carve" the traces through the chemical and physical changes of the surface material caused by the light energy, or to burn off some materials through the light energy, so as to show the required etched patterns and characters 满堂彩 - 官方平台
why 2 degrees is so important – my opinion “Who knows the perfect temperature for humans on this planet? I wouldn’t mind if it were warmer,” argued one businessman at a roundtable on climate change I was hosting at a conservative Christian college. With a foot of snow on the ground that morning, there were nods all around the circle; who wouldn’t want warmer weather? Given the wild weather swings we’ve all experienced, two degrees seems like a small, even potentially negligible temperature rise. When we talk about two degrees, though, we have to realize we’re not talking about weather: we’re talking about the average temperature of the planet. And, over the course of human civilization, the planet’s temperature has been almost as stable as that of the human body. What happens if our own temperature—or that of our child—suddenly spikes up by two degrees Celsius, three and a half degrees Fahrenheit? Most of us would call the doctor, or (if we were a new parent) maybe even head to the emergency room. We know that even with an average temperature of 98oF, an increase of 3.5oF means something’s seriously wrong; and that’s exactly what’s happening to our planet. What will a warmer world look like? I study the impacts of climate change. My research, and that of my colleagues, puts the numbers on how it’s affecting our water resources, our food and crop yields, the economy, and even our health. I take those numbers and I parse them out: what will the world look like, if it warms by 1oC? 2oC? Or 3oC? In a two degree world, record-breaking hot, dry summers could become the norm across the central United States; around the world, corn and wheat yields could drop by an average of 10 to 30%; and faster evaporation and shifting rainfall patterns could decrease runoff across much of the central and western U.S. by 10 to 30%. The intensity and strength of hurricanes scales with global temperature, as does the duration of heat waves, the risk of wildfire, and even the growth of phytoplankton in the ocean, the base of the food web on which hundreds of millions of people depend. Is this dangerous? That’s up to us to decide. To make that decision, we need science—and we need more. We need both our hearts and our heads. What’s the right thing to do when confronted with a global challenge that is already—at less than 1oC of warming—increasing the risk of suffering and even death for the poor, the marginalized, and the disadvantaged around the world? The ethics of climate change People of faith understand injustice, and understand the right thing to do when we see it. That’s why the roundtable at the conservative Christian college on that snowy day wasn’t about the science of climate change: it was about the ethics of climate change. And that’s why, when I went to the climate negotiations in Paris (COP21), I didn’t just go as a scientist. I went as a human, concerned for the welfare of my fellow citizens around the world; and I went as a Christian, believing that God has given us responsibility to care for every living thing on this planet, which includes loving others as God loves us. In Paris, I met many other humans—mayors of cities around the world, determined to make the right choice for the people for whom they are responsible; faith leaders, speaking out with unmistakable authority on the moral imperative for action; business and technology leaders, committing their resources to a better planet; concerned citizens, making the trek on their own dime (some, on their own feet or wheels) to raise their voice in support of what’s right; and most importantly of all, representatives from the Philippines, the Maldives, and many other nations already struggling with poverty, hunger, lack of access to clean water, basic education, and security who were there to bear witness to the real, the serious, and the profoundly dangerous impacts climate change is already having on their homes, their families, and their people. The door is closing fast Because all humans share these central concerns—because 195 nations around the world who have collectively realized that doing nothing about climate change will be far more expensive, both in dollars and in human lives, than acting now—the final text of the Paris agreement set a goal of limiting the rise in global temperatures to below 2°C, and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. Are these goals physically possible? Yes—but that door is closing fast. Achieving a 2°C target will require serious commitments from everyone: from cities and states, countries and regions, and perhaps most of all, from the companies involved in extracting and producing the fossil fuels that are the main reason we’re in this situation to begin with. Unfortunately, though, many of those companies are not stepping up to the plate. ExxonMobil is trying to block shareholders from voting on the issue Take ExxonMobil, for example. Last month, it challenged a climate justice proposal put forth by a cross-section of faith-based investors, health systems, socially responsible asset management firms, and indigenous and community groups. ExxonMobil not only refuses to acknowledge the moral imperative to limit global average temperature increases to 2°C above pre-industrial levels, it is actually attempting to prevent its shareholders from voting on the issue, claiming the request is “vague” and that it has already been “substantially implemented” anyways. But faith-based investors are not giving up. They are appealing to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to allow this resolution to appear on the ballot for ExxonMobil’s annual meeting this spring. Achieving a 2oC target seems like a daunting task. But any emissions reductions we achieve will lead us in the right direction, towards a better world: for ourselves, for our families, for our country, and most of all for our brothers and sisters around the world. It’s clear that this is the right thing to do. This essay originally appeared on The Equation, a blog of the Union of Concerned Scientists.
What is ECG? ECG (Electrocardiography) is a process of producing an electrocardiogram. It is a voltage versus time graph of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin at various parts of the body. These electrodes detect the small electrical changes that are a consequence of cardiac muscle depolarization… Introduction to Neural Networks A neural network is a network which closely simulates the learning of a human brain. This is done by using connection weights and biases for each neuron in every layer. In a neural network, the information is passed to the layer, the layer then computes the weighed sum of the… Gradient descent is an algorithm which aims to minimize the error or the loss metric in order to obtain the best possible set of parameters for your model. This technique is very flexible and can have many hyperparameters which can be tuned for better optimization Gradient descent technique can be… Introduction to Multivariate Linear Regression In this kind of regression, we have multiple features to predict a single outcome or in other words, a single dependent variable can be explained by multiple independent variables. In this regression, we will use the Gauss Markov setup which has the following assumptions • Errors follow the normal distribution with… What is structural break? Structural break is an unexpected change in the pattern of data that we are given to work with. Types of structural breaks 1. Cyclic/seasonal — type of structural break where there are repeated patterns in the structural breaks 2. Non Cyclic — type of structural break where there are no repeated patterns in the structural breaks Non cyclic structural break What is multicollinearity? Multicollinearity is defined as a condition where two or more explanatory variables are related amongst themselves which may cause misleading predictions. When is multicollinearity an issue? Multicollinearity is an issue when the correlations between the columns may change with change in the conditions. For example let us take the scenario of the stock market before… Testing for significance of Regressors F test This test is used for checking if all the coefficients of the regression are collectively equal to 0 or not. For this test we have defined two models 1. Restricted model — In this model, the coefficients of all the explanatory variables are 0 2. Unrestricted model — In this… aayusmaan jain A data science enthusiast currently doing bachelor's degree in data science Get the Medium app
Often asked: How Does An Elderly Person Ge T Hyponatremia? Often asked: How Does An Elderly Person Ge T Hyponatremia? Hyponatremia is more common in older adults because they’re more likely to take medications or have medical conditions that put them at risk of the disorder. These risk factors include: Drugs that make you urinate more (diuretics) Some types of antidepressants. What causes low sodium levels in the elderly? What Causes Low Sodium in Elderly People? Medications such as diuretics, some types of antidepressants, and anti-seizure medications. Decreased liver, heart, or kidney function. Illnesses that can cause dehydration such as pneumonia. What are symptoms of low sodium in elderly? • Nausea and vomiting. • Headache. • Confusion. • Loss of energy, drowsiness and fatigue. • Restlessness and irritability. • Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps. • Seizures. • Coma. What is the most common cause of hyponatremia? Hyponatremia is decrease in serum sodium concentration < 136 mEq/L (< 136 mmol/L) caused by an excess of water relative to solute. Common causes include diuretic use, diarrhea, heart failure, liver disease, renal disease, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Is hyponatremia common in elderly? Hyponatremia and hypernatremia are common in the elderly, particularly among those who are hospitalized or living in long-term care facilities. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 137 mEq per L (137 mmol per L). Which organ is most affected by hyponatremia? Hyponatremia occurs when your blood sodium level goes below 135 mEq/L. When the sodium level in your blood is too low, extra water goes into your cells and makes them swell. This swelling can be dangerous especially in the brain, since the brain cannot expand past the skull. You might be interested: Hip fracture in elderly patients How do you fix hyponatremia? In general, hyponatremia is treated with fluid restriction (in the setting of euvolemia), isotonic saline (in hypovolemia), and diuresis (in hypervolemia). A combination of these therapies may be needed based on the presentation. Hypertonic saline is used to treat severe symptomatic hyponatremia. How long does it take to recover from hyponatremia? Generally, low sodium is asymptomatic (does not produce symptoms), when it is mild or related to your diet. It can take weeks or months for you to experience the effects of low salt in your diet—and these effects can be corrected by just one day of normal salt intake. Will eating salt help hyponatremia? In elderly patients with a diet poor in protein and sodium, hyponatremia may be worsened by their low solute intake. The kidney’s need to excrete solutes aids in water excretion. An increase in dietary protein and salt can help improve water excretion. What are the complications of hyponatremia? Complications related to hyponatremia include rhabdomyolysis, seizures, permanent neurologic sequelae related to ongoing seizures or cerebral edema, respiratory arrest, and death. Can you recover from hyponatremia? Hyponatremia can result from multiple diseases that often are affecting the lungs, liver or brain, heart problems like congestive heart failure, or medications. Most people recover fully with their doctor’s help. What fluid order do you expect for the treatment of hyponatremia in a patient who is Normovolemic? For normovolemic (euvolemic), asymptomatic hyponatremic patients, free water restriction (< 1 L/d) is generally the treatment of choice. How do you fix hypovolemic hyponatremia? Hypovolemic hyponatremia: Administer isotonic saline to patients who are hypovolemic to replace the contracted intravascular volume (thereby treating the cause of vasopressin release). Patients with hypovolemia secondary to diuretics may also need potassium repletion, which, like sodium, is osmotically active. You might be interested: Nighttime hallucinations in the elderly Can an elderly person recover from low sodium? Although there is no concrete evidence that the restoration of hyponatremia is associated with improved outcome, it is prudent to correct low sodium concentration even in “asymptomatic elderly individuals” because it is related to increased mortality and morbidity (eg, gait disturbances, falls, cognition impairment). What is the prognosis for hyponatremia? Hyponatremia worsens the prognosis of heart and renal failure and increases mortality in hospitalized patients [27,28,29]. Which is worse hyponatremia or hypernatremia? In severe cases, hypernatremia can lead to coma and death. Hypotonic dehydration (hyponatremia). Hyponatremia is what happens when you have too little sodium in your body. This can happen if you lose electrolytes and fluids together but only replace the lost fluids. Alice Sparrow leave a comment Create Account Log In Your Account
The Spoilers (2) Mohammed Saad Kamil A failed state is a government that is not able to provide the essential responsibilities for a sovereign state e.g. military defense, imposing rule of law, justice, education, economic stability et. The joint characteristics of a failed state include continuous civilian violence, crimes, corruption, literacy, and the collapse of the main infrastructure. Even if the state is working perfectly is could fail if it lost its credibility and the confidence of the people. Today’s Overview: Oil with all its products is an international commodity that has its international organization (OPEC) that controls its production and prices between the producing and the consuming states. Oil is linked with a series of industrial and agricultural production for all commodities. The international economy has turned to the free market and the open trade which is called the global economy which is under the control of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and accordingly, the economic growth is linked to the demand in the local market and the competition capability of the commodities in the international exportation market. Most of the Economists in Sudan call for the implementation of those policies to cure the deteriorated economy and to meet the demands of the donors and the international community, They believe that direct assistance to the poor people will fill the gap after lifting the subsidies despite their recognition that there is no accurate statistics which determine the beneficiaries of such assistance. The big disaster is comparing Sudan with some state that lifts the subsidies on fuel considering that the step contributed in economic growth for those states, but they did not consider that the average income of the individual in those states covers the negative impacts of lifting the subsidies compared to the income of a Sudanese individual which doesn’t exceed US$25! It is high time for the government, before taking such steps, to conduct an accurate study for the situation in Sudan and to avoid implementing such policies just to follow suit other countries which have different environment and status. Back to top button
Le radici logiche dellâ€™informatica. Parte IV: Da Frege a G¶ pelillo/Didattica/Storia dell'informatica/Lezione... • View • Download Embed Size (px) Text of Le radici logiche dellâ€™informatica. Parte IV: Da Frege a G¶... Storia dellinformaticaStoria dellinformatica Le radici logiche dellinformatica.Le radici logiche dellinformatica. Parte IV: Da Frege a GdelParte IV: Da Frege a Gdel Rettili, di M. C. Escher (litografia, 1943) Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) was a German logician, mathematician and philosopher who played a crucial role in the emergence of modern logic and analytic philosophy. Frege's logical works were revolutionary, and are often taken to represent the fundamental break between contemporary approaches and the older, Aristotelian tradition. He invented modern quantificational logic, and created the first fully axiomatic system for logic. His theory of meaning, especially his distinction between the sense and reference of linguistic expressions, was groundbreaking in semantics and the philosophy of language. He had a profound and direct influence on such thinkers as Russell, Carnap and Wittgenstein. 1902: Russell Writes to Frege In June 1902 a letter arrived in Jena, a medieval town later to be part of Communist East Germany, addressed to the 53-year-old Gottlob Frege from the young British philosopher Bertrand Russell.Although Frege believed that he had made important and fundamental discoveries, his work had been almost totally ignored. It must then have been with some pleasure that he read, I find myself in agreement with you in all essentials [] I find in your work discussions, distinctions, and definitions that one seeks in vain in the work of other logicians. [] There is just one point where I have encountered a diffculty. Frege soon realized that this one diffculty seemed to lead to the collapse of his lifes work. It cannot have helped too much that Russell went on to write,The exact treatment of logic in fundamental questions has remained very much behind; in your works I find the best I know of our time, and therefore I have permitted myself to express my deep respect to you. (Gottlob Frege, Quoted in Scientific American (May 1984) 77.) Russells Paradox Call the set of all sets that are not members of themselves R. Significance of the Paradox For example, assuming both P and ~P, any arbitrary proposition, Q, can be proved as follows: from P we obtain P v Q by the rule of Addition; then from P v Q and ~P we obtain Q by the rule of Disjunctive Syllogism. Frege, the Man / 1 As I think about acts of integrity and grace, I realise that there is nothing in my knowledge to compare with Freges dedication to truth. His entire lifes work was on the verge of completion, much of his work had been ignored to the benefit of men infintely less capable, his second volume was about to be published, and upon finding that his fundamental assumption was in error, he responded with intellectual pleasure clearly submerging any feelings of personal disappointment. It was almost superhuman and a telling indication of that of which men are capable if their dedication is to creative work and knowledge instead of cruder efforts to dominate and be known. Bertrand Russell Frege, the Man / 2 There is some irony for me in the fact that the man about whose philosophical views I have devoted, over the years, a great deal of time to thinking, was, at least at the end of his life, a virulent racist, specifically an anti-semite. . . . [His] diary shows Frege to have been a man of extreme right-wing opinions, bitterly opposed to the parliamentary system, democrats, liberals, Catholics, the French and, above all, Jews, who he thought ought to be deprived of political rights and,preferably, expelled from Germany. I was deeply shocked, because I had revered Frege as an absolutely rational man . . . Michael Dummet The Begriffsschrift Begriffsschrift is the title of a short book of Frege, published in 1879, and is also the name of the formal system set out in that book. Begriffsschrift is usually translated as concept writing or concept notation; the full title of the book identifies it as a formula language, modelled on that of arithmetic, of pure thought. The Begriffsschrift was arguably the most important publication in logic since Aristotle founded the subject. Frege's motivation for developing his formal approach to logic resembled Leibniz's motivation for his calculus ratiocinator. Freges Logic of Quantification Frege's functional analysis of predication coupled with his understanding of generality freed him from the limitations of the subject-predicate analysis of ordinary language sentences that formed the basis of Aristotelian logic and it made it possible for him to develop a more general treatment of inferences involving every and some. In traditional Aristotelian logic, the subject of a sentence and the direct object of a verb are not on a logical par. The rules governing the inferences between statements with different but related subject terms are different from the rules governing the inferences between statements with different but related verb complements. For example, in Aristotelian logic, the rule which permits the valid inference from John loves Mary to Something loves Mary is different from the rule which permits the valid inference from John loves Mary to John loves something. In Frege's logic a single rule governs both the inference from John loves Mary to Something loves Mary and the inference from John loves Mary to John loves something. That's because the subject John and the direct object Mary are both considered on a logical par, as arguments of the function loves. In effect, Frege saw no logical difference between the subject John and the direct object Mary. What is logically important is that loves denotes a function of 2 arguments. Thus, Frege analyzed the above inferences in the following general way: John loves Mary. Therefore, some x is such that x loves Mary. John loves Mary. Therefore, some x is such that John loves x. Frege saw the formulae of mathematics as the paradigm of clear, unambiguous writing. In order to make his logical language suitable for purposes other than arithmetic, he expanded the notion of function to allow arguments and values other than numbers. He defined a concept (Begriff) as a function that has a truth-value, either of the abstract objects the True or the False, as its value for any object as argument. The concept being human is understood as a function that has the True as value for any argument that is human, and the False as value for anything else. The values of such concepts could then be used as arguments to other functions. Frege would analyze the sentenceall horses are mammals using the logical relationship if . . . then . . . :if x is a horse, then x is a mammal Likewise, he would analyze the sentencesome horses are pure-bred using the logical relationship . . . and . . . :x is a horse and x is pure-bred [....](x)(if x is a horse, then x is a mammal) (x)(x is a horse and x is pure-bred)[...] (x)( horse(x) mammal(x))(x)( horse(x) pure-bred(x)) Tutti gli uomini sono mortali si pu riscrivere: x ( U(x) -> M(x) ) che si pu leggere: per tutte le x, se x un uomo, allora x mortale Tutti i ragazzi amano qualche fanciulla si pu riscrivere: x y ( R(x) & F(y) -> A(x,y) ) che si pu leggere: "per tutti gli x, esiste un y tali che, se x un ragazzo e y una ragazza, allora x ama y" Alla fine del primo capitolo della Ideografia Frege presenta la tavola delle opposizioni aristotelica con la sua scrittura: (A) Tutti gli F sono G x (F(x) -> G(x)) (E) Nessun F G x (F(x) -> G(x)) (I) Qualche F G x (F(x) & G(x)) (O) Qualche F non G x (F(x) & G(x)) Il limite di Boole, rispetto al
Posted on 1 Comment The Qualities of the Ideal Woman What is a woman supposed to be like? This is a fascinating question that has been answered in radically different ways over the course of history. But there must be an answer that works in all places and in all times. This post may contain affiliate links. Purchases made through these links help support the website. How does one determine what any given thing is supposed to be like? How do we know what a chair is supposed to be like, for instance? We determine what the purpose of the thing is. For a chair, the purpose is to be sat on. So, therefore, the chair which is best, is the chair that fulfills that purpose the best. A chair that has no seat would not be considered a good chair. A chair that had a spike sticking out of the backrest would also not be an ideal chair. These traits would prevent the chair from being sat on comfortably. Living beings, being more complex, have more complex purposes than chairs do. So, if we want to know what makes an ideal woman, we need to know what a woman is for. We know that she is a female of the human species, and like all humans therefore has some traits in common with animals of other species. Humans are not mere animals though, but are capable of culture, thought and altruism. Still, we can often learn about ourselves from the traits we share with animals, so it might be helpful to briefly study the traits of females of other mammalian species. As a mate, or spouse The first and most obvious purpose of the female in any animal species is to provide one half of the reproductive equation. The male and female work together to produce offspring. If either is missing, the species does not continue. In the animal realm this is called mating. It is obviously necessary for the good of any species that reproduction occur. So, how can we apply this to humans, who are not mere animals, and have purposes beyond mere survival of their species? Because humans do have a purpose beyond reproduction, “mating” for humans has historically been enshrined in the institution of marriage, which is a cooperative lifelong endeavor. What qualities would a woman need in a marriage, or for that matter, in any relationship of trust and commitment? Cooperation is a necessity. Communication skills would also be necessary, as humans don’t act instinctively as animals do, but emotionally and rationally. Loyalty also would be important, as marriage requires trust to function well, and trust presupposes that each party will respect the other’s dignity, property and secrets. As creator of the home culture What else does the female do? In species as widely disparate as rabbits and gorillas, the female is also the nest builder. While pregnant rabbits dig a burrow, line it with grasses and other vegetation, and finally with their own hair, thus providing a warm, safe place for their helpless young. Among humans women are also usually the ones who create the environment for the children to grow up in. While rabbits are limited to their instinctive nest-building behavior, and can only make one kind of nest, and care for their children in only one way, human women on the other hand are capable of thought and artistic expression, and the homes they make are not merely shelters for the bodies of their family, but also homes for the mind. A good home is an environment which stimulates, forms, and civilizes those who live in it, and only a woman can make such an environment. To do this well, she will need many talents, like resourcefulness, using what is available to make something better; frugality, using what there is well; and last but not least, an appreciation for beauty. The ability to recognize and deliberately create beauty is a uniquely human trait, and one of the most important skills for a homemaker. As giver of life The female in every species is also the one that gives birth to the young and nurtures them from her own body. She is provided with special organs which allow this. For humans, it is hard work, requiring endurance and patience to get through the pregnancy and labor, which require a special sort of toughness, but also gentleness and as it deals with fragile and helpless beings who require constant feeding, protection, and love. As teacher Once the young are beyond the helpless stage of infancy, they begin to learn the skills of their species. Female cats will teach the kittens how to hunt their own food by dragging dead prey back to the nest and eating it in the presence of the kittens, later she will bring back live prey for the kittens to experiment with. This is not particularly enjoyable to watch, but it is an important part of a kitten’s learning development. Finally, the mother cat will bring kittens along on a hunting trip and they will soon be ready to hunt alone. Chimpanzees will show their young how to build nests, and other species will teach their young the skills they need to survive. Humans however, need to do more than just survive. They have to build, think, connect, and grow in ways that other animals will never do. And human mothers have to be ready to teach their children how to do these things. As G.K. Chesterton put it in his entertaining book What’s Wrong with the World, she must “be Queen Elizabeth within a definite area, deciding sales, banquets, labors and holidays; be Whiteley within a certain area, providing toys, boots, sheets, cakes and books, be Aristotle within a certain area, teaching morals, manners, theology, and hygiene…” A challenging task to be sure! And she will need patience, tact, patience, wisdom, patience, and a strong sense of humor, if she is to do it well. While not all women want to become spouses or mothers, these same virtues, or good qualities—cooperation, communication, loyalty, reserve, resourcefulness, frugality, order, appreciation of beauty, kindness, endurance, patience, wisdom, and tact—are necessary to any woman who wishes to be a well-developed human. Posted on 2 Comments Five Classic Books That Every Woman Should Read If you are ever looking for some quality reading, here are some tried and true choices which you certainly won’t regret. (This post may contain affiliate links. Purchases made through these links help support the website.) Charles Dickens Hard Times One of the shorter of Dickens’s novels, Hard Times follows the lives of people trying to find happiness in the rapidly-changing industrial society of Victorian-era Coketown. School, marriage, death, labor strikes—it’s all here. Why Every Woman Should Read It: This book illustrates the dangers of taking a materialistic outlook. There is more to life than monetary success or Mr. Gradgrind’s “facts,” and making decisions solely based on statistics and bank statements is going to yield nothing but misery and hypocrisy. The character of Sissy Jupe embodies a more realistic and functional outlook on life, understanding that there is a reality beneath the surface, and that feelings and emotions are legitimate parts of the human experience. C. S. Lewis Till We Have Faces This retelling of the ancient myth of Cupid and Psyche adds complexity and interest to the story. The main character, Orual, the ugly older sister of the divinely beautiful Psyche, loves her deeply and is troubled when the god of the Mountain takes her for his bride. She convinces Psyche that she must look at the face of her lover, despite his telling her she must not. Psyche does, and is cast out, to wander as an exile. Orual is struck with remorse, and bottles up her feelings inside herself, and when her father dies, rules the kingdom wisely and well. She lives as queen, trying to forget the past until finally, as an old woman, she learns what she has been and done, and gains true knowledge before her death. Why Every Woman Should Read It: Far more complex and nuanced than the original tale as we received it from the ancient Romans, C. S. Lewis’s version of this story encourages readers to take a long hard look at their own hearts and their own love. Orual loves Psyche and loves deeply, thinking herself good and noble in her love. But through the course of the story she comes to realize that her love turns easily to hatred, and that she destroys that which she thinks she loves most. Only by discovering what is lacking in her love, and what she actually looked for when she thought she was seeking other’s good, will she finally find happiness and peace. Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen’s most popular book, Pride and Prejudice, is a classic love story in which two happy couples get married at the end, presumably poised to live happily ever after. But there’s more to it than that. Why Every Woman Should Read It: Jane Austen wasn’t just a talented writer who could keep people entertained. She also had a keen understanding of what people are like. In Pride and Prejudice, she skillfully presents all kinds of women (and men). In her witty and graceful manner, she points out all the different ways that we make ourselves miserable in life by choosing superficial attractions like a pretty face, or a large bank balance, over deeper qualities like respect and integrity. While most of the characters serve as examples of mistakes one can make, Jane and Lizzy Bennet stand as characters of integrity who are willing to take the time to think for themselves, and who value what is genuinely worthwhile. L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables In L. M. Montgomery’s beloved story, the talkative and imaginative red-headed orphan, Anne Shirley, is adopted by two old people who hadn’t wanted her at all—they’d wanted a boy to help with the farm work, but Anne had been sent instead. She struggles to conform herself to their strict notions of propriety, learning a great deal in the process, and perhaps teaching them even more. Why Every Woman Should Read It: While the story of red-headed Anne Shirley is heartwarming, and amusing, it is also an excellent coming-of-age story. Anne begins the story with a load of preconceived notions stuffing her romantic little head. She learns that many of her ideas are false, and many of her prejudices unfounded, but she always remains true to her vision of what the world should be. She also gains self-esteem and confidence through the various trials she encounters, learns that what she fears might not be so bad after all, and ends the book as a poised and mature young lady. William Shakespeare King Lear In William Shakespeare’s classic retelling of the age-old myth, old King Lear decides to divide his kingdom up among his three daughters, demanding from each that she tell him how much she loves him. The first two give extravagant and outrageous expressions of love, and receive handsome territories. The last, Cordelia, refuses to lower herself to this sort of flattery, and is sent off with nothing. As soon as the King has divided his kingdom, his daughters begin plotting against him, and eventually, through their jealousy and greed, set the entire kingdom at war. Why Every Woman Should Read It: Everyone should read some Shakespeare in their lives, and King Lear is a particularly powerful play, showing in vivid realism the effects of foolish and loveless lives. Lear’s two eldest daughters, Goneril and Regan, are women who love no one but their own ambition. Their lack of love of their father tears the kingdom apart and drives Lear out into a literal storm. Their lack of love for their husbands destroys their marriages, and their lack of love for each other leads them to murder and suicide. Cordelia, on the other hand, loves her father truly. Her love for him, however, is more enlightened than he is, and she refuses to tell absurd lies merely to please him. Instead, while her sisters proclaim their utmost adoration for Lear, only to drive him out when he becomes inconvenient, she says merely that she loves him as any daughter should—and later sacrifices herself in her efforts to save his body and his mind. Posted on Leave a comment Why Women Should Read Fiction “I haven’t picked up a book since college. I don’t have time to read anymore. If I read anything it’s going to be something useful…” How many times have you heard (or said) one of these things? A lot of women are very busy. Full-time outside jobs, taking care of children, running a household, whatever it is; when every second counts, reading a book will likely seem like a waste of time. But is it? Studies show that far from being a waste of time, reading, and particularly reading fiction, actually has many benefits, some of which you might not expect. Language Skills Okay, yes, you probably would expect that reading literature improves your language skills, but wouldn’t any reading do the same? One study about reading and vocabulary levels indicates “that while increasing your reading matters, increasing your reading of fiction, specifically, matters equally as much.” Having a larger vocabulary is beneficial in many ways. It makes it possible to understand a greater number of conversations more easily, and it also makes it easier to learn other languages, like French, Latin and Spanish.Also, knowing more words will help you at least sound smarter, and may even allow you to think more clearly. Being able to express your ideas in different words can make your thoughts more distinct, and will allow your ideas to be less limited by your ability to express them. Theory of Mind Even more important than language skills, though related to them, is the ability to think. Theory of Mind is the ability to understand that others know different things and think differently from you. Imagine that you assumed that all people knew your likes and dislikes, past experiences, etc. This is what lacking a theory of mind means. With this attitude, you would be perpetually offended, because whenever someone else did something that you found irritating, you would believe that it was a deliberate act to annoy you. This attitude would make good relationships impossible. Fiction is particularly helpful in developing theory of mind, because the author opens a door into the minds of the characters. In literature with a first-person narrator, you continually drink in the thoughts and outlook of one character and see how that character responds to the surrounding people and events. The narrator may respond in ways completely alien to you, and may have a totally different set of beliefs and experienceswhich helps you understand that there are other ways of viewing the world. Books with an omniscient narrator are even better, as they show how different characters view the same event differently, or act based on different information. If you were able to meet dozens of people, and not only meet them, but come to know them deeply and comprehend their motivations and thought-processes, you would become a very mature and understanding person. But this is unlikely. Most people know only a few others very well, and the people that they do know tend to be similar to them. Through fiction, however, we come to know not only the minds of fictional characters, we also find a window into the mind of the authors. This knowledge can be especially useful in maintaining relationships. For instance, if men and women think differently, reading books written by men or about men may help you better understand your brother, your boyfriend, or your husband. Sense of Community Reading fiction, especially the great books like Homer and Shakespeare, can help you feel connected to a larger community of humans, both living and dead. Reading classic literature puts you in contact, not only with others in today’s world who have read those books, but also to the millenia of others who have written and read them. You will begin to share the ideas and ideals of generations of men and women—ideals of goodness, truth, beauty, and honor. This sense of connectedness can bring a joy unlike any other. It is encouraging, too, to know that there were people who shared these ideals, who valued these things and expected them of their fellow humans. The courage of Antigone, willing to defy the whole world in order to show her brother’s body the honor it deserved; the constancy and resourcefulness of Penelope, who waits for her husband and is not afraid to impose standards on the many suitors who seek her hand, thinking her husband dead; the humor and daring of Portia, willing to argue a case in the court of law to assure that both justice and mercy are served—all these and thousands of others can be members of your circle of friends. And who wouldn’t want friends like that? Knowing that others have valued and honored these actions, and thought that it was possible that humans would act in these ways, may make you more willing to apply standards in your own life, and expect more of the people you choose as friends. The greatest literature of any culture will embody certain ideals which humans naturally desire—loyalty in love and friendship, courage in defending the innocent, the desire for greatness and honor—ideas which are all but eradicated from public life today. If you wish more from your life and from your relationships than what is depicted in the media today, if you wish to rise above the material condition of life, read good books. The more of these books you read, the more you will realize that there is a community of minds, a culture of which you can be a part. Stress Relief and Enjoyment Sitting down to read a book is also enjoyable. And incidentally, one of the finest methods of relieving stress. Reading demands your attention and dispels the patterns of stressful thought that were clouding your mind. So, even if reading a book takes time away from whatever important things you were doing, it’s possible that it will actually increase your productivity, as well as improving your life. Posted on Leave a comment What’s Involved in What We Wear Have you ever looked into your closet and wondered what to wear for some occasion or other? Have you ever agonized over what to wear to your friend’s wedding? To your job interview? Or even just what you’re going to put on when you get up in the morning? Sometimes the choice is easy—if you have a uniform at work, then you don’t have to worry about what to wear, or if your job has special clothing requirements, your options will be limited and therefore the choice will be easier. If you’re a nurse, you’re going to wear scrubs. Like them or not, they are what you wear to work, and the choice is relatively easy. But this doesn’t help with the problem of your friend’s wedding, or your day off. So, how to decide what to wear? Some people are so oppressed by this question that they make uniforms for themselves, so that they never have to decide what to wear. Others constantly buy new clothes so that they can always have something new to wear, or something that will fit each new occasion. Some people hire image consultants to tell them what to wear. But why are clothes so difficult? On the face of it, it doesn’t seem like it should be so hard… it’s just clothes, right? Wrong. Clothes are more important that we might think, and serve many purposes, which is why it can be so hard to decide on the right clothes for the occasion. The right clothes will protect your body, enhance your appearance, and control your own and others’ perceptions about you. Trying to find clothes that look nice would be hard enough, but even that’s not all there is. Even if you look your best wearing a prom dress, that probably won’t be your first choice for a job interview. In every society clothes have been used to represent status. Whether it is the Native American chief who wears eagle feathers to distinguish himself from the more lowly warriors, or the nobility in renaissance France or England who were by law the only ones allowed certain types of decorations, clothing has always represented social class. Clothes control others’ perceptions Some clothes communicate very clear messages. Militaries, sports teams, and other organizations use special uniforms to indicate both to their own members and to others that they are part of a team. Other clothes, like lab coats, are used to indicate that their wearers are members of a particular profession. We also see certain types of clothes as being more professional than others. The straighter, solid color skirt is more professional than a pair of jeans or frilly patterned skirt, and a buttoned shirt and blazer combination is certainly more professional than a T-shirt. The business suit is almost a class indicator. People who wear well-fitting business suits tend to look successful and competent to others. Many studies have shown that people make decisions about people based on what they wear. Even small details can make a difference. One study, described in Psychology Today, asked participants to rate a woman who they were told was a “senior manager” on “intelligence, confidence, trustworthiness, responsibility, authority, and organisation.” All they had to go on was her clothes, seen for five seconds or less. “People rated the senior manager less favourably when her dress style was more ‘provocative’, and more favourably when dressed more conservatively (longer skirt, buttoned up blouse).… The clothing in the ‘provocative’ condition was still very conservative in style and look – it was not a short skirt and a revealing blouse, but a skirt slightly above the knee and one button on the blouse undone.” But shouldn’t people be able to see beyond our clothes? It seems like the answer should be yes, but a considerable body of evidence proves that we often can’t even see beyond our own clothes. Control our own perceptions of self Every girl, I think, has experienced the feeling of confidence that comes from wearing an outfit that is “just right.” You feel great all day, and you’re confident and able to go meet new people. You feel like you are projecting the image you want to project. But what is involved in that “just right” outfit? Well, as it turns out, a lot. First of all, it needs to fit, and to be of a style that you perceive as looking good on you. Second, it has to fit the social occasion. That yellow dress might fit you well and look fantastic on you at a wedding, but you’ll probably feel awkward if you go to a funeral in it. You’ll probably prefer something else for just about any job interview as well. Third, and perhaps most importantly, does the woman you want to be wear those clothes? You’ve maybe heard the saying, “dress for the job you want, not the job you have.” This is more like, “dress like the person you want to be.” The New York Times published an article about a study in which people were given an attention-demanding task.One group was handed white coats which they were told were doctor’s lab coats, and another group was given identical white coats which were identified as “painter’s coats.” The result was that “If you wear a white coat that you believe belongs to a doctor, your ability to pay attention increases sharply. But if you wear the same white coat believing it belongs to a painter, you will show no such improvement.” “It has long been known that ‘clothing affects how other people perceive us as well as how we think about ourselves,’ Dr. Galinsky said.” So, before you buy that outfit, you might want to ask yourself, Will this outfit make me feel like the person I want to be? And will others treat me like the person I want to be? Posted on 4 Comments Three Friends Every Girl Needs Like Anne of Green Gables, all of us are, whether or not we admit it, looking for “kindred spirits.” Everyone wants to have friends. It is one of the deepest human desires, and its fulfillment can mean the difference between happiness and misery. In fact, according to the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkely, “The upshot of 50 years of happiness research is that the quantity and quality of a person’s social connections—friendships, relationships with family members, closeness to neighbors, etc.—is so closely related to well-being and personal happiness the two can practically be equated. People with many friendships are less likely to experience sadness, loneliness, low self-esteem, and problems with eating and sleeping.” The New York Times reports that the U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy has written that, “Loneliness and weak social connections are associated with a reduction in lifespan similar to that caused by smoking 15 cigarettes a day and even greater than that associated with obesity,” This implies that not only will friendship make you happier, it will also do more for your health than dieting and exercise. So, the best thing you can do for your health, both mental and physical, is to go out and make some friends. But how to know what sort of friends to make? Some people say that their “friends” bring them down, and make it harder for them to make good decisions. Sometimes “friends” get people into drugs or gangs, while other so-called friends are simply there to use you. These are not real friends. A real friend is one who wants the best for you, who genuinely cares about you, and would be sad if something bad happened to you. Having real friends of various sorts can make your life more fun, more fulfilling, and can also provide you with a valuable safety net, protecting you from dangers as widely varied as depression and financial setbacks. Fortunately, friends come in all shapes and sizes, and can be any age. They also come in various types, and every girl needs at least one of each of these three types. The Buddy The buddy is the one you first think about when you think of a friend. She’s the one you call if you’re sad, the one you hang out with wherever, the one you go to the movies with. You go shopping together, and when you get married, she’s the one you’ll want to be the maid of honor. If you’re lucky, she’s your roommate. She’s the one you share ideas with, the one you tell your dreams, the one you laugh with. A good buddy must: • Live reasonably nearby, or at least be available to talk frequently. • Be able to keep secrets. • Be enjoyable, and enjoy your company. • Know how to make you laugh at yourself. • Like some of the same activities that you do. It’s important for every girl to have at least one buddy. The Big Sister The Big Sister is a more experienced woman that you can go to for advice. The Big Sister doesn’t have to be an older sister. She can be a cousin, an aunt, your buddy’s mom, or the old lady who lives down the street. She doesn’t have to be related to you at all, or even be older than you. What she does need is to • keep your secrets. • know more about (at least some part of) life than you do. • be someone you can feel comfortable asking awkward questions. • be kind. The Big Brother The Big Brother is a male friend who has no romantic or sexual intentions toward you. If you’re lucky, you have an actual brother who fills this position in your life. Sometimes a cousin or friend can do it too. This is the person you call when you want a male opinion without a personal bias. He might also be the one you call when you need to move your furniture, are afraid someone broke into your apartment, or if you need advice buying a present for a boyfriend. He’s also helpful for chasing away unwanted attention from other men, if you happen to need help with that. A Big Brother will ideally: • Care about you in a brotherly way. • Be strong. • Be level-headed and patient. Each of these friends plays an important role in making a girl’s life happier and more fulfilling, and giving her a wider understanding and experience. Each of them is worth the time it takes to either find one or become one.
Mini Cart • No products in the cart. Techniques and Tricks to Stay Calm Under Pressure Techniques and Tricks to Stay Calm Under Pressure “Keep calm and carry on”—much easier to write cheerily on a notepad than to achieve! Everyone can relate to the feeling of being in a stressful or anxious situation and feeling like your brain is struggling to keep up. It’s normal! When you’re feeling pressured, your brain needs to work with extra incoming information, which can be overwhelming, and can lead to freezing or choking. If you need to learn how to stay calm under pressure, or in stressful, anxious situations, you’re not alone. The trick lies in being prepared. Stress, Pressure, and the Human Brain When you’re in an anxious situation, it's hard to be calm. Under pressure, your brain reacts quickly to try and regain control of things. Within seconds, your brain releases neurotransmitters like adrenaline (which can lead to an elevated heart rate and sweating1) and serotonin (which works to regulate anxiety2). Your brain then releases hormones that can influence your brain’s ability to regulate your emotions and your memory.3 These reactions are normal and expected, but they can wreak havoc with your ability to stay calm and focused. You might suddenly have trouble remembering information, which can increase your stress response. Knowing how to stay calm under pressure helps you to keep up your focus and avoid the horrible sensation of freezing in a crucial moment. A man at work uses an eSmartr sleeve as he works on a tablet. In 2005, researchers from Miami and Michigan State University found evidence to suggest that individuals who have high working memory capacities were more prone to choking under pressure.4 No matter how confident you are, or how capable your cognitive processes may be, it can feel like no one is truly immune to choking under pressure, especially in the face of the unknown. How to Stay Calm Under Pressure and Stress In 2002, an in-depth study from Michigan State University attempted to explore why it is so difficult to be calm under pressure. One of their key findings was that golfers who had experienced “self-conscious training”—meaning they had been filmed while playing and watched the recordings back as part of their practice regimen—were far less prone to choking in high-pressure environments than their peers.5 This means that one of the best ways to stay calm in anxious or stressful situations is to practice. In a boardroom meeting, know your stuff before walking in; if it’s a test, study; if it’s a presentation, rehearse in front of a mirror. The more you know about your capabilities, the easier it will be to overcome lapses in memory or confidence that may occur because of stress. Adam Migur wears the eSmartr sleeve as he golfs to keep calm despite the pressure to play well. The next best thing you can do to stay calm under pressure is to take care of yourself. Practice mindfulness by taking some time to breathe, meditate, or even just sit for a few minutes to clear your mind and regulate emotions. Be sure to eat well and get plenty of rest before stressful days. Take a moment to process information as you receive it, so you don’t become overwhelmed in the heat of the moment. It is also important to pay attention to your triggers. Realizing what causes you to lose your calm will help you recognize how to overcome it and persevere in the future. If you take care of your brain, it will take care of you. Regulating yourself can be a challenge while stress is hardwired into our brains, but it is how you stay calm under pressure. Taking care of yourself and properly preparing yourself for stressful situations makes staying calm under pressure a much easier task than it might be otherwise. Practicing mindfulness and physical fitness are always great things to do before a stressful day, so be sure you’re eating well, getting enough sleep, and working hard. Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2005). When High-Powered People Fail: Working Memory and “Choking Under Pressure” in Math. Psychological Science, 16(2), 101–105. Beilock, Sian & Carr, Thomas. (2002). On the Fragility of Skilled Performance: What Governs Choking Under Pressure?. Journal of experimental psychology. General. 130. 701-25. 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701. Related Blog Posts
Spain is preparing cuts in subsidies for renewable-energy production in an attempt to diminish their threat to public coffers expected to be announced as early as Friday. Currently, Spanish renewable-energy producers are guaranteed a set amount of income, above market rates, that is determined by whether their projects harness wind or solar energy. The government would unveil a more complex formula for determining the guaranteed income that producers receive for the electricity they generate from wind energy and solar power projects. That formula would be based on the government’s estimate of a level of “reasonable profitability” for each project, depending on several factors including its age, cost, and the amount of subsidies it has already received. People in the industry said the changes amount to substantial cuts in subsidies because the government has promised to reduce the cost for running the nation’s electrical system this year. But they said they can’t calculate the subsidy reduction until the government explains how it will determine “reasonable profitability.” The industry overhaul is also expected to reduce payments for distributing electricity by as much as 20%. The Energy Ministry outlined its plans in two meetings Thursday evening with some of Spain’s largest electric utilities and some large renewable-energy companies. Some details of the plans were reported late Thursday by Spanish media. The overhaul has been months in the making, driven by the government’s determination to reduce what it calls a “tariff deficit.” That deficit has grown nearly every year of the past decade as subsidies and other costs of running the electrical system have exceeded the sums generated by sales of power to households and businesses. By May, the total accumulated deficit had grown to about €26 billion ($34 billion), and the government has promised to narrow the gap as it struggles to bring down its overall budget deficit—which came in at 7% of Spain’s gross domestic product last year—and limit the rise in household electricity bills. Solar-energy trade associations have said the subsidy reductions could push struggling solar-energy companies into default and boost loan losses for banks that financed their projects. The proposed cuts are a far bigger threat to investors in solar energy than in other renewable projects because the solar projects are more heavily indebted. Spain began offering large subsidies and other incentives in the late 2000s to promote the growth of solar-energy projects. In addition, banks lent the solar-energy companies an estimated €30 billion. As a result, the amount of solar-power capacity installed in Spain far surpassed official government targets, widening the tariff deficit. Since 2010, the government has taken steps to curb the tariff deficit, including a temporary limit on the hours of electricity generation for which most solar-energy producers receive payment above market rates. Even before the latest measures, these producers said the limits adopted since 2010 could cut their revenue by as much as 40% this year. Trade associations for solar-energy producers have warned that the latest overhaul could lead to a wave of defaults because companies managing many of the country’s 60,000 or so solar-power installations would have trouble servicing their debt loads. How many could be at risk of default will depend on how the government determines the new “reasonable profitability” for the different renewable projects, people familiar with the overhaul said. Spanish banks could refinance some of those loans, but they are already facing a rising tide of corporate defaults in other industries.
Pneumatic Conveying System: A Guide Pneumatic conveying systems are a highly efficient and cost-effective way to transport bulk material, such as sand or gravel. They consist of a large storage bin that is connected to a blast gate at one end. What is it? A pneumatic system consists of an air compressor, piping, valves and slats on the floor for high-velocity air flow. The blast gate directs the material towards the piping where it enters the pipe system where it will be transported via compressed air to its final destination. How is it done? Pneumatic conveying systems use compressed air to push materials through pipelines, tubes and other structures. The system may be used as a conveyor belt or as an industrial vacuum cleaner for removing dirt from surfaces like floors and walls. These pneumatic systems also often include filters that remove dust particles from the airflow before they enter the machine’s intake valve. This means fewer parts will need to be replaced over time because of accumulated dust buildup on certain components. What all does it do? • Pneumatic conveying system help to cut down the amount of physical labor needed for transportation, reduces material loss and can be easily integrated with an automated control system that allows operators to monitor the movement of each batch. • These things make it a popular choice for industrial operations around Australia because they are highly efficient ways to transport bulk materials without creating any harmful emissions or dust clouds as is often seen with pneumatic belt conveyors. Also they are beneficial and highly functional. • And because they’re highly efficient ways to transport bulk materials without creating any harmful emissions or dust clouds operators can monitor each batch easily using an automated control system which makes them easy to integrate into most existing operations, too making them a great option for companies who want reliable and cost- transportation methods at their disposal. Over time these batches are moved through different conveyors depending on their location within your facility which reduces travel distance between floors so you don’t have to move materials as often—reducing costs over time. It may be a problem if using it in a wrong way. Look out for the proper instructions to use it. These highly efficient machines are used regularly by industries with heavy loads of work. Its not a common site. Yet it is equally important to choose the correct one for your industrial needs. What is your reaction? In Love Not Sure You may also like Comments are closed. More in:Business
What’s the secret to using SSL on your browser? By default, the browser stores all of your personal information in plain text on your hard drive. It is not encrypted and, therefore, the FBI says that the information is not secure. What is SSL? SSL is a technology used to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access. It’s a protocol that allows a secure connection between two computers. The SSL certificate is the one that is trusted to securely connect you to a website. For example, if you go to the website that you are looking for, your computer will automatically generate a certificate and send it to the server. The certificate is then encrypted and sent to your computer. The information is sent to a server in a secure way that allows only authorized parties to read the data. The encryption process is known as SSL. SSL technology is used by the majority of online services that users connect to. It protects information stored in a web browser by encrypting it. The secure way to connect to a secure website is by using a certificate. The server, called the server certificate authority (or CA), will generate the certificate for you. This certificate can be used to verify that the website you are visiting is safe. But what is HTTPS? HTTPS is a different way to secure a connection. When you go online, your browser downloads a secure version of a website, known as a certificate, from a trusted source. This SSL certificate, known internally as a secure HTTP connection, is then used to connect you and the website to the secure server. SSL certificates are also used to secure data that is stored on your computer’s hard drive, such as files and other sensitive information. SSL allows websites to trust each other and ensure that the data they store is safe, and it can be trusted by many people. For more information, go to: https://www.australianconsultancy.gov.au/news/ssl-software-technologies-zebra-techniques-ssl-ssl.html?id=1055
display \| more... Phoolan Devi, known as 'The Queen of the Dacoits', The Bandit Queen, or 'the female Robin Hood' was born in 1960 in a tiny village in Uttar Pradesh, India, the daughter of a low-caste fisherman. As such, the usual path of her life would have been marriage at 14 or 15 followed by hard labour, many children and subjection to her husband. Instead she started rebelling at the age of 10, when she staged a sit-in of her family's land, which had been expropriated by her cousin. She was beaten and forcibly married to a much older man from another village, in exchange for a cow. She ran away when she was 12 after some brutal treatment, but her family were horrified, and did not welcome her. She lived alone in the village after that, developing a reputation for promiscuity(what a surprise) and continuing to fight for her family's land. She argued the case in the High Court at 20, but was arrested on some trumped-up charge. Shortly after, she was kidnapped by one of the local dacoit, or bandit gangs. She ended up joining them and becoming the leader's lover. They robbed and looted, held up trains, ransacked upper-caste villages and homes, dedicating the proceedings to the goddess Durga and helping local families with the money. Finally her gang was captured by a rival gang, and Vikram, her lover, was murdered. She was captured and brutally raped for days. On her escape she vowed vengeance, formed another gang, and massacred 30 men in the village of the rival gang. Some time after she was caught, arrested and spent 11 years in prison without trial. During her time in prison she became a legend in India. On her release in 1994, a film was made about her life, Bandit Queen, which she attempted to have banned in the country. She has since become a politician and stood for local government in 1997. She is now fighting the return of criminal charges against her. Phoolan Devi, also known as the Beautiful Bandit, the Goddess of Flowers and the Bandit Queen, was one of only three women dacoit (bandit) leaders in Indian history. When she surrendered (on her own terms1) in Feb 1983 (with a $10,400 price on her head) she stood accused of more than thirty cases of kidnapping and banditry plus at least twenty-two cases of murder (the twenty-two cases were all on the same day: The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre). Despite (or sometimes because of) her crimes, she is widely considered a hero, something of a Robin Hood figure to the lower castes. She served eleven years in prison for the St. Valentine's Day Massacre but was eventually pardoned and released in Feb 1994. The chief minister who pardoned her is, like Phoolan, a member of one of India's lowest castes, and her release was seen as a triumph of lower castes over the upper-caste system. The film The Bandit Queen was supposed to have been based on her life, but she was not consulted or involved and has filed several lawsuits against the director. To the shock of many, in May 1996 she was elected to one of the lower houses of parliament, running on a platform of "upliftment of women, the downtrodden, and the poor." Her party is the Samajwadi Party. Since her election she has continued to make headlines by commandeering trains at unscheduled stops, arriving at prisons unannounced and demanding to see old friends, and despite the many criminal charges still pending against her in the courts, using her new parliamentary passport to leave India for a one-month tour of Europe to promote her new autobiography. She is still an MP and often in the news. Update: Phoolan Devi was shot and killed July 25, 2001. She was returning from a morning session of the lower house of parliament when three masked men shot her and her bodyguard outside her home in New Delhi. The men sped away in a motorized rickshaw. Devi was pronounced dead on arrival at the local hospital. 1 The terms of Phoolan Devi's surrender: 1. She and her gang members would not be hanged 2. They would be released from prison after eight years 3. They would never be handcuffed 4. They would be permitted to live in prison together in an A-class jail (an open VIP jail) 5. They would surrender only in Madhya Pradesh and would never be extradited to Uttar Pradesh (the site of the Valentine's Day Massacre) 6. All her cases would be tried together in Madhya Pradesh in special courts 7. Her father's land (which had been stolen) would be returned 8. Her brother would be given a government job 9. Her family would be resettled in Madhya Pradesh, on government land, and accompanied by her goat and cow The terms of her surrender were agreed to, but not necessarily met. For example, she served eleven years in prison, not eight. I don't know about the others. Phoolan Devi wants action on women's rights, not just words The Times of India, Sunday 11 June 2000 Weaver, Mary Ann. India's Bandit Queen. The Atlantic Monthly November 1996 Foolin' Debby - the Bandit Queen I can always count on National Public Radio (NPR) to provide me with a daily bit of news that I'd be unlikely to hear anywhere else. Wednesday, 25 July 2001 was no exception. The newscaster began talking about the murder in India of a female Member of Parliament who was known as the Bandit Queen. Her given name, as I heard it, was “Foolin' Debby.” Fairly certain that I misheard, I listened further and absorbed a few details. A sort of female Robin Hood, the woman known as the Bandit Queen was a celebrated bandit among the lower caste people of India because of her refusal to give in to common abuses. At age 11 she was “sold” into marriage to a 33 year old man who regularly beat and raped her. After fleeing her abusive husband and becoming an outcast in her own village, she joined a bandit gang and participated in raids and robberies of upper caste people, often to benefit the poorer masses. At one point in her life of crime she was gang-raped by the same men who killed her lover. It is alleged that she later took her revenge in the form of a bloody massacre of 20 men from the village of her abusers. It is unclear whether the victims of the \|massacre\| were the same men who raped her or whether she in fact actually took part in the bloodbath. In 1983, after hiding out in the ravines for several years, the Bandit Queen surrendered ceremoniously in front of the press and a thousands of her low caste supporters. She spent eleven years in prison and was released with no charges against her. Later she was elected to Parliament in Uttar Pradesh. This is the extent of the information I received from NPR, except for the fact that she'd just been murdered by three masked men. I was curious about her story because I had recalled seeing a film in the foreign section of my local video store, entitled “The Bandit Queen.” I wondered if it was about the same person and whether I'd be able to gain more insight into her situation. I began by searching the internet, using “bandit queen” as my key words. I came up with several references to a woman called Phoolan Devi. She was indeed the subject of a 1994 Shekhar Kapur film called “The Bandit Queen” and was, of course, the same Phoolan Devi who'd been so recently murdered. I was surprised to find very few references to her murder on the current news, but many crudely-built home pages in her honor - the sort of sites that fans build for their rock-star idols. I read many accounts of the events of her life, but nothing very authoritative. I decided to rent the movie, despite knowing that it was merely based on her life -- not the “true story” it claimed to be. The subtitled film was graphic and violent. Countless scenes showed Phoolan (portayed by Seema Biswas) being raped, beaten or otherwise abused. I found myself fast-forwarding through an interminable rape scene that could easily have made its point in 30 seconds. In an article I later read, Phoolan was never actually consulted on the making of the film and the offensiveness of the multiple rape scenes and sexual humiliation incited her to take the film-makers to court to block the film's release -- she ultimately failed in that attempt.* I asked a colleague of mine if he was familiar with Phoolan's plight. Vikram, a highly educated scientist who is certainly among the more privileged classes in his native India, was quite familiar with her life story and her ultimate ascent to the political arena. He expressed sympathy for Phoolan's situation and much pride in the fact that an abused and illiterate woman had the ability to become an M.P. It spoke for an emerging enlightenment and a blurring of the borders. I continue to read any material I can find that describes Phoolan Devi's life. Unfortunately there is not much available about its violent end last week, though I'm sure that more press (as well as conjecture) will emerge in coming weeks. *Source: film review by Linda Lopez McAlister, 1995
Birbal’s Khichri (Rice) Birbal’s Khichri (Rice) On a cold winter day, Akbar and Birbal took a walk along the lake. A thought came to Birbal that a man would do anything for money. He expressed his feelings to Akbar. Akbar then put his finger into the lake and immediately removed it because he shivered with cold. Akbar said, “I don’t think a man would spend an entire night in the cold water of this lake for money.” Birbal replied, “I am sure I can find such a person.” Akbar then challenged Birbal into finding such a person and said that he would reward the person with a thousand gold coins. The poor man replied that there was a street lamp nearby and he kept his attention affixed on the lamp and away from the cold. Akbar then said that there would be no reward as the poor man had survived the night in the lake by the warmth of the street lamp. The poor man went to Birbal for help. The next day, Birbal did not go to court. The king wondering where he was, sent a messenger to his home. The messenger came back saying that Birbal would come once his Khichri(Rice) was cooked. The king waited hours but Birbal did not come. Finally, the king decided to go to Birbal’s house and see what he was up to. He found Birbal sitting on the floor near some burning twigs and a bowl filled with Khichri(Rice) hanging five feet above the fire. The king and his attendants couldn’t help but laugh. Akbar then said to Birbal “How can the Khichri(Rice) be cooked if it so far away from the fire?” Birbal answered, “The same way the poor man received heat from a street lamp that was more than a furlong away.” A small ray of hope is enough to inspire the one who is ready to work hard to turn his dream into a reality. Learning from Mistakes The Pot of the Wit Once Emperor Akbar became very angry at his favorite minister Birbal. He asked Birbal to leave the kingdom and go away. Accepting the command of the Emperor, Birbal left the kingdom and started workin... Fear vs Respect A Long time ago a very cruel king named Virat Singh was ruling the city of Vijay Nagar. All citizens were fearful because of his cruelty.... A Wise Counting Jim’s Puppy Jim’s father gifted Jim a puppy on his tenth birthday. Jim named the puppy as Brownie. Soon , Jim and Brownie beacme fond of each other. One Day, Jim went to the river and caught a big fish... The Spendthrift and The Swallow A young fellow, who was very popular among his boon companions as a good spender, quickly wasted his fortune trying to live up to his reputation... It’s never too late Several years ago, while attending a communications course, I experienced a most unusual teaching process. The instructor asked us to list anything in our past that we felt ashamed of, guilty about, regretted, or incomplete about... The Monkey and Cats It was the aftermath of a big festival. Two cats were prowling together. One of the cats saw a big cake and missed. The other jumped up and picked it.... The Rabbit and the Turtle
How to plot two bar plot in the same figure? 108 views (last 30 days) Dear all, I am wondering how to make a figure in matlab composed by two bar plots, the first contentive of several vaklues I want to make this stacked, this is a easy going job, but the problem arise when I attemp to set another bar plot next to the first one (the stacked), I need to make this in order to make a comparison. I attempted with this but it does not work Y1=bar([U1, 'stacked'], [Mean], barWidth); In the end, I just want to set a non-stacked bar plot next to the corresponding stacked one, like the black one I have drawn in the figure above. Just to remark it should not be overlapped but I did not have enough spafe in between the stacked ones. I kindly ask for your insights in this matter. Best regards Accepted Answer Scott MacKenzie Scott MacKenzie on 28 Jun 2021 Edited: Scott MacKenzie on 29 Jun 2021 There are a few ways to do this. The best option in any situation depends on how your data are organized (or can be organized) and the amount of fiddling necessary to get the desired bar colours, tick labels, etc. This first solution plots two sets of data, one stacked and the other with single bars. The bar widths and positions are adjusted as per your needs. There is a tick label for each group of unstacked+stacked bars. n = 5; x1 = rand(2,n) x2 = 2 * rand(1,n); b1 = bar(x1','stacked'); hold on; b1(1).BarWidth = .4; b1(1).XData = (1:n) + .25; % move stacked bars right b1(2).XData = (1:n) + .25; b2 = bar(x2); b2.BarWidth = 0.4; b2.XData = (1:n) - .25; % move single bars left The second solution expands the two sets of data to include 0s either in the odd positions for the stacked bars or in the even positions for the single bars. Each bar has an x-axis tick and tick label. n = 10; odd = ~rem(1:n,2); even = rem(1:n,2) x1 = rand(2,n) .* odd; x2 = 2 * rand(1,n) .* even; b1 = bar(x1','stacked'); hold on; b2 = bar(x2); The third solution uses a single set of data but nulls out the odd entries in one column. All the bars are stacked but half the values in one set are zero. n = 10; odd = logical(rem(1:n,2)); x = rand(2,n)'; x(odd,1) = 0; % make every second value 0 in 1st column Tony Castillo Tony Castillo on 29 Jun 2021 Yes it is a bit challenging, but I have addressed it using your first solution, thank you very much for your attitude dealing with this. Sign in to comment. More Answers (0) Community Treasure Hunt Start Hunting!
Fifth Amendment Privilege against Self-Incrimination Fifth Amendment Imagine you broke your mother’s favorite glass bowl in the kitchen at home. You are about to clean it up but hear your parents arriving at the front door. Guilty and surprised, you run upstairs to join your four brothers and sisters. You do your best to blend in. Your parents enter the house and discover the broken glass. They yell for everyone to come downstairs. The children line up and your father asks, “Who did this?” Everyone is silent. Your parents then ask each of you directly: “Did you do this?” When you are singled out, you are panicky and about to cry. “Did you break the glass bowl?” your father asks. What do you say? You essentially have three choices. • You ... • Loading... locked icon Sign in to access this content Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL • Read modern, diverse business cases • Explore hundreds of books and reference titles
<style>.post-28434 .entry-title{color: }</style>285 Go Green According to the daily newspaper Corriere della Sera, on August 11, 2021, Syracuse, a city on the southeast coast of the island of Sicily, recorded Europe’s hottest-ever temperature. The mercury rose to 48.8°C. In early July this year, temperatures hit 49.6°C on Canada’s Pacific coast, a region not previously known for its hot weather, and I am sure there are heaps of other examples of record-breaking temperatures being registered all over the world. “Fires Rage Around the World,” The Guardian wrote on August 9, and delved into the details of fire catastrophes in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Russia, the United States, and Canada. On August 12, a total of 69 fires were burning in the mountainous Kabylie region of Algeria. The fires were some of the worst in the country’s history amid a heatwave that is sweeping across North Africa. As if that were not enough, since July 12, 2021, several European countries have been affected by severe floods that have caused death and widespread damage. It started with the United Kingdom, then the floods affected river basins across Europe. Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy witnessed unprecedented floods, but Belgium and Germany suffered the most. “It’s one of the greatest natural disasters our country has ever known,” said the Belgian Minister of Home Affairs. A German senior official described the floods in his country as “devastating.” In Belgium and Germany, the floods are estimated to have cost up to €2.55 billion in insured losses alone. In the wake of a report recently published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN Secretary-General António Guterres said that the report was nothing less than “a code red for humanity. The alarm bells are deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable.” The report basically warns of increasingly extreme heatwaves, droughts, and flooding, in addition to the possibility of a key temperature limit being broken in just over a decade. Scientists say a catastrophe can be avoided, however, if the world acts fast. They add that there is hope that deep cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases could stabilize rising temperatures. This is why we need a sustainable ecology. This is why we need to move to clean and renewable energy, convert waste to energy, consider the environment when we build, sustain our cities, and basically “go green,” meaning “to pursue knowledge and practices that can lead to more environmentally friendly and ecologically responsible decisions and lifestyles, which can help protect the environment and sustain its natural resources for current and future generations.” (https://www.thrall.org/special/goinggreen.html) I would like to thank the Italian NGO VIS (Volontariato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo) and the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation for their request to use this issue of This Week in Palestine as a platform to promote and shed light on the environmental component of sustainable development and sustainable ecology. Long Live Palestine! By Sani Meo • Sani Meo is co-owner and general manager of Turbo Design (1985), publisher of This Week in Palestine and Filistin Ashabab magazines. He's an incorrigible optimist, a staunch advocate for Palestinian justice, and a firm believer in the private sector. Socially and politically, Meo is liberal and secular. He lives in Jerusalem, married to Maha Khoury and father of Dina and Maya. Leave a Reply
Why you should stop worrying about the next pandemic and look instead at what the world has to offer You might not know it, but it’s time to get real about pandemics. We’re in a pandemic. The next one will hit. There is no way to stop it. We are in a global emergency. There’s a lot at stake. The world has had enough. We’ve had enough pandemic, or at least pandemic-like, disasters. But how about a bit of good news? There are a lot of things we can do to protect ourselves and our children. We can make sure that the world we live in is a safer place for all of us. But what can we do to avoid the next one? What’s the best way to keep a lid on this? It starts with an understanding of what we can expect from the next round of pandemically-related events. There are four things we should be aware of. The first is that the next outbreak is unlikely to be as severe as previous ones. It will be much less frequent. This means we won’t be seeing a lot more deaths or severe economic disruption. This is a good thing. The second is that pandemistic events are far less likely to occur in developed countries. In the US, for example, there were three major pandemisms in the past 100 years, all of which were milder than the current one. The US population grew by 2.5 million between 2000 and 2015. In 2015, the US experienced a milder, but still significant, pandemic, which lasted for four days. This was the second-smallest-event pandemic in history. The third is that we have more options for protecting ourselves against future pandemys than we did before. In a world where there are many more options, it’s not hard to imagine what we might be able to do in the coming months and years. For example, we can protect ourselves against a potential pandemic by stockpiling food, water and medicine. In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration announced it would start testing for the presence of microorganisms in some vaccines. If these tests detect microorganisms, they can then be approved for use. These vaccines would be available to the public in the near future. The fourth is that there are lots of things that we can buy that will protect us. If you think about how you could shop online, there’s plenty of products that are already in the market. These include antibacterial wipes, sanitiser, disinfectants and other products that can keep you and your family clean. These products are often available at a price range that allows you to save a lot on them. The point is, if you buy a few of these products, you can avoid the cost of buying a lot. This makes shopping online more efficient. The last thing we should worry about is the next wave of pandemic events. These events have a long record of being severe, but there’s no reason to think they will be more so. They will not be as violent as previous pandemies. In fact, the vast majority of the events in history have been much less violent than what we’re currently living through. We should therefore be careful about the potential effects of pandems. The fifth thing we can be confident about is that our governments and organisations are prepared to help us cope with these events. They are, after all, the ones who set the agenda and the priorities. But this isn’t a crisis we can just get on with. We need to look at the threats we face as they come, and what we need to do to ensure that we don’t go backwards. This isn’t the time to go into panic mode. This crisis has been unfolding for a while, but we still have time to do the most basic things we need: take stock of our lives and take stock to decide how to deal with it. And, importantly, we have the chance to get the most out of this period. How can we avoid pandemical events? It is hard to predict what might happen next. If it’s severe, it could be a pandematically-related disaster. In that case, we would probably be better off than if it’s mild. If we get an isolated pandemic that’s not a pandemaker, it can be a very bad time. For the next few years, the world will be under a new and dangerous system of economic management. But the system we have now is in place because we’ve had three previous pandemic’s, and they had minimal impact on the economy. This time, we’ve got a lot to worry about, and we need a new system of managing this crisis. What we need is a system that is designed to keep the economy healthy. The economic recovery from previous pandems has not been very effective at providing economic security. A big part of this has been the government’s failure to spend enough on
Poster: Days of the Week with Abbreviations 20.00 NIS This vibrant Days of the Week Chart will engage students in recognizing both the spelling and abbreviations of the seven days of the week. This chart will brighten any corner of the classroom. Chart measures 17" x 22". --Charts are an excellent reference resource for students! The variety of topics covered are standards-based to meet individual needs and reinforce learning for academic success. Publisher: Wiz Kids SKU: 9781483817217
eSTOL Key Enabling Technologies How to land safely on very short runways Don Fung September 15, 2020 8 min read This post is part of a series that introduces and makes the case for Electric Short Take-Off and Landing (eSTOL) aircraft. We are at the beginning of a new and exciting chapter in aviation and transportation enabled by electric propulsion. The change from using internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric motors is not just an incremental improvement in aircraft performance but in fact allows for radical improvements in multiple key performance parameters. Electric motor and propeller of an electric propulsion aircraft More than just the promises of carbon-neutral emissions and lower operational and maintenance costs, the integration of electric propulsion system boasts several significant improvements in aircraft performance: • Increased safety through propulsion redundancy • Increased reliability and robustness in propulsion systems • Lower energy usage through synergistic aero-propulsive designs Electric Short Take-Off and Landing (eSTOL) aircraft greatly benefit from electric propulsion technology. This post gives an overview of the five key engineering technologies that enable eSTOL aircraft to operate safely and consistently: 1. Electric propulsion systems 2. Distributed electric propulsion 3. Blown wing 4. Reverse thrust 5. Pilot assist systems Concept Airflow eSTOL aircraft showing a precision landing on a short runway 1. Electric Propulsion Systems Electric propulsion components are significantly improving in efficiency and reliability year by year. This includes components such as motors, inverters, generators, transmission systems, and energy storage systems. Though development of lightweight, powerful motors was initially driven by the automotive industry, the aviation industry is quick to catch on — the Pipistrel Velis Electro recently became the first electric-powered aircraft to receive a European Type Certificate. This aircraft is intended for pilot training and has an endurance of 50 minutes (plus reserves). Mechanical simplicity and high component efficiency Compared to an internal combustion engine, an electric propulsion system has fewer moving parts, significantly lower maintenance costs, and is more flexible in its design to meet requirements on power, torque, and rotational speed. Although the specific energy density of aviation gasoline is significantly higher than that of today’s lithium-ion batteries, internal combustion engines are inherently inefficient due to the nature of their thermodynamic cycles. To better understand the energy losses from the energy source to thrust production, a “well-to-wheel” energy chain is often analyzed that steps through each component’s efficiency. A comparison done by Martin Hepperle approximates that turboprop and turbofan have a total propulsive efficiency of 39% and 33% respectively, whereas battery powered systems have a total propulsion power efficiency of 73%. “Well-to-wheel” energy chain comparison of energy-to-thrust efficiencies for turboprop, turbofan, and battery electric systems (Martin Hepperle) For applications in urban and suburban areas where current lithium-ion batteries can meet the energy requirements of the short-range missions envisioned, eSTOL aircraft can outperform traditional ICE-powered aircraft on energy consumption. Scale-free performance Unlike internal combustion engines which suffer drastically in performance as they are scaled down in size and power output, electric propulsors are essentially scale-free in performance, meaning that consistent efficiency and power-to-weight ratio is achievable regardless of the sizing of the propulsor — “motors of 1 hp, 10 hp, or 100 hp can all achieve essentially the same efficiency and power-to-weight ratio” — Mark Moore. The characteristic of having a scale-free propulsion system is significant to aircraft designers because this opens up a degree of freedom in aircraft configuration which has not been available before. The result of this is the ability to design and distribute multiple compact propulsors across the aircraft — a configuration known as Distributed Electric Propulsion. 2. Distributed Electric Propulsion Distributed electric propulsion (DEP) is a lot more than just placing multiple propulsors on the aircraft. DEP is an integration technology that deals with the synergies of multiple engineering disciplines. Vehicle Control DEP expands vehicle control strategies in multiple ways. Having multiple propulsors on the aircraft provides safety through redundancy. DEP aircraft can be designed to handle not just one, but even multiple instances of motor failures, by redistributing the amount of thrust required to balance out and compensate for the failed motor(s). For eSTOL aircraft, DEP improves the performance in one of the most important legs of any mission: the landing. More precise landing approaches can be performed by having the ability to increase drag by windmilling a subset of motors, and all or a subset of motors can be configured for reverse thrust on touchdown. Having a safe and robust method of windmilling and reversing the thrust on the propellers allows eSTOL aircraft to achieve precise approaches and exceptionally short landing distances. Aero-propulsive synergy Aero-propulsive interactions have long and extensively been researched. Research has shown that propulsors can be strategically placed around or along the wing to improve both aerodynamic and propulsive performance. A “boundary layer ingestion” DEP configuration has been computationally shown to improve propulsion efficiency, and placing propulsors on the wingtips can suppress induced vortices which results in overall decreased drag, hence improving cruise performance. For eSTOL aircraft, the most significant aero-propulsive synergy is the “blown wing” concept. By having an array of propulsors along or in front of the leading edge of the wing, propulsors will continuously blow air over the wing behind them — effectively increasing the dynamic pressure on the wing thus increasing the lift generated. More on the blown wing concept will be elaborated in the next section. Case Study: NASA X-57 Probably the most well-known aircraft that can be studied to understand the benefits of DEP is the NASA X-57 Maxwell. Detailing all the engineering aspects of the X-57 is beyond the scope of this post, but the designs for aero-propulsive synergies are visible in the intended DEP system. Distributed electric propulsion system on the NASA X57 (NASA) Two sets of motors are utilized to improve the takeoff and cruise performance of the aircraft. The high-lift motors are designed to produce additional lift during takeoff and landing, and the cruise motors are designed to perform optimally during the cruise phase. Computational studies have shown a 1.7x increase in lift and an increase in efficiency through drag reduction. 3. Blown Wing Lower stall speed A derived characteristic of high-lift aircraft is possessing a low stall speed (the minimum airspeed required to prevent the aircraft from stalling). A low stall speed enables an eSTOL aircraft to: • Require a shorter takeoff distance by being able to lift off the runway quicker • Utilize a shorter landing distance by performing a landing approach at a lower speed, thus being able to decelerate more quickly • Improve safety by reducing the risk of entering a stall or spin Improved low-speed controllability In addition to allowing the aircraft to operate at lower speeds, strategically placed propulsors can enhance the effectiveness of control surfaces to provide added maneuverability and safety, particularly during the landing phase. Broader aircraft design approaches There is another approach to take advantage of the lift generated from a blown wing. An aircraft with a blown wing system can be designed to achieve the same amount of lift with a smaller wing as its non-blown counterpart. Simply put, an aircraft with a smaller wing produces less drag and thus improves cruise performance. It is important to note that when optimizing aircraft performance, there is a trade off between takeoff and landing performance and cruise performance. Thus a DEP high-lift system allows the aircraft designer to meet a broader spectrum of performance requirements. It is also worth mentioning that the blown wing concept is not new, and in fact has been a research topic for military transport aircraft in the past. Namely, the YC-14 aircraft developed in the 1970s utilized an “Upper Surface Blowing” concept, and the current C-17 aircraft (developed in the 1980s) utilizes an “externally blown flap” concept. (Left) YC-14 aircraft with large jets on the upper surface of the wing. (Right) Cross sectional view of the Upper Surface Blowing concept (Nicolai, Fundamentals of Aircraft Design, 1976) (Left) Side view of the C-17 jet exhaust blowing directly onto its flaps (Geoff Sobering). (Right) Cross sectional view of the Externally Blown Flap concept (Nicolai, Fundamentals of Aircraft Design, 1976) 4. Thrust Reversal While a blown wing high-lift system enhances the takeoff and landing performance for an eSTOL aircraft, thrust reversal capabilities take the landing performance one step further. As previously mentioned, reversing the direction of the thrust allows for the aircraft to land and decelerate in a very short distance. For ICE-powered aircraft with propellers, this is done by reversing the pitch angle of the propellers by using a variable pitch mechanism on the propeller hub. An electric propulsion system can utilize a variable pitch mechanism, but also has the option to reverse the motor rotational direction directly. Airliners today use thrust reversal, and you have probably experienced this after touching down on the runway of your destination airport. A video of a turboprop aircraft using reverse thrust upon touchdown can be seen from this video of a Bombardier Q400 below (starts at 1:17): 5. Pilot Assist Systems Pilot assist systems envisioned in eSTOL aircraft such as an autopilot and a precision landing system will help capture the full integration benefits of DEP to fly safely and reliably. There are three immediate use cases for pilot assistance systems: 1. In the case of a motor-out situation, the motor control system can automatically determine and allocate the appropriate amount of thrust required on each individual propulsor to keep the aircraft in a stable, controlled flight. 2. In the case of windy conditions, the autopilot and motor control system can mitigate the effects of gusty and turbulent wind and allow safe operations at slow airspeeds closer to stall speed than ICE-powered aircraft typically fly. 3. To perform precise landings on short runways, the precision landing system can enable an eSTOL aircraft to do so consistently and safely. “High alpha” landings which are often done by eSTOL aircraft during steep approaches can be offloaded to the onboard precision landing system. In doing so, it ensures that a broad experience range of pilots can land the plane safely. In this post we introduce the key engineering components of eSTOL aircraft. The advancement and implementation of these technologies allow eSTOL aircraft to operate more safely, consistently, and efficiently than conventional STOL aircraft in applications such as cargo and passenger transport. For those who have not already read the previous post on eSTOL, A New Aircraft for Urban Air Mobility, please click here. 1. Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) Aircraft 2. An assessment of electric STOL aircraft 3. Electric Flight — Potential and Limitations 4. Misconceptions of Electric Propulsion Aircraft and their Emergent Aviation Markets 5. A Review of Distributed Electric Propulsion Concepts for Air Vehicle Technology 6. Drag Reduction Through Distributed Electric Propulsion 7. Comparison of CFD and Experimental Results of the LEAPTech Distributed Electric Propulsion Blown Wing 8. Approach Considerations in Aircraft with High-Lift Propeller Systems 9. Aerodynamic effects of wingtip-mounted propellers and turbine 10. Computational Analysis of a Wing Designed for the X-57 Distributed Electric Propulsion Aircraft
You Might Like On FacilitiesNet Facility Manager Cost Saving/Best Practice Quick Reads RSS Feed How Vegetative Roofs Extend Service Life Plants, soil, and covered components of the system offer protection from the elements, including degradation by the sun's UV rays. By protecting the membrane, a vegetative roof can minimize cracks and splits due to the thermal cycle. In some areas of the country, a roof membrane surface that is exposed to the sun may reach temperatures above 160 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and drop below freezing that night. The resulting expansion and contraction wreaks havoc on the membrane. But with a vegetative roof, this can be minimized, reducing or even eliminating one of the main causes of roof leaks. As much as a 200-300 percent extension of roof membrane service life may be achieved with the use of vegetative roofing. This is backed by the availability of manufacturers' warranties for as long as 30 years for the entire roofing system. In some cases, the warranties can even include the removal and replanting of the vegetation if a leak needs to be repaired. In addition, using a vegetative roof over the membrane can reduce the risk of hail or wind damage to roofs. Airborne debris such as tree limbs and other windblown items is also much less likely to penetrate the roof during a storm. Damage caused by human error is another common cause of roof leaks. A maintenance technician may have an object such as a rock or a fastener screw on a shoe bottom and cause damage or even punctures to the roof as they walk across it. Even when walkways are provided and clearly marked, workers don't always follow the rules. Read next on FacilitiesNet
Photo taken in Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia 238-year-old technology could give the best view of space ever Up, up, and away. Singgih Tri Sambodo / EyeEm/EyeEm/Getty Images Launching satellites is an expensive business — at least for now. But satellites are necessary in astronomy for one major reason — they get telescopes above the atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere and its associated weather patterns are a massive hindrance to collecting good images. If a stray cloud passes in front of the observational target once over the course of a few days, it could ruin the entire image. This is why some of the most striking astronomical pictures come from space-based observatories like Hubble. But now, a team of researchers from Durham, Toronto, and Princeton Universities has come up with a new way to get above that atmosphere that doesn’t involve a launch into orbit. They want to use a balloon. The project, called the Superpressure Balloon-born Imaging telescope (SuperBIT), uses a helium-filled balloon the size of a football field to raise a .5-meter telescope to a 40-kilometer altitude. At that height, the instrument is above 99.5 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere and is capable of snapping incredible photos similar to those captured by Hubble. Balloons can also serve as a rocket launch pad, as is discussed in this UT video The telescope technology itself is nothing special, but the ability to attach it to a balloon is. In the past such a large balloon would lose pressure quickly, making any sustained observational mission a moot point. However, NASA recently developed a “superpressure” balloon that is able to hold its helium for months, allowing the entire assembly to stay aloft for long enough to collect good, clear data on an observational target. That data will be aided by the stabilization array attached to the balloon platform. In a previous test flight in 2019, the telescope only varied by less than 1/36000th of a degree over the course of an hour. Extreme accuracy is necessary for long exposure times, and SuperBIT seems to pass that test. Another advantage it has over telescope-based systems is that it eventually will, in fact, come down. Hubble has been using mostly the same imaging equipment for the last 30+ years, making its optics system a virtual dinosaur by modern-day standards. Just how difficult it is to repair a space-based telescope is clear from Hubble’s story. With balloon-based observational platforms, there will always be the ability to launch an upgraded version a few months after the last iteration was in the air. Having a much faster turn-around isn’t solely due to the eventual collapse of the balloon though. The mission itself is several orders of magnitude cheaper than a flagship mission like Hubble. Coming in at around $5 million in total for the design and balloon launch, such a low price even opens the possibility of having multiple missions aloft in parallel. Part of the reason for the dramatic reduction in price is due to the lack of needed redundancy that is a hallmark of space-based missions. Hubble just used its redundancies to great effect recently; however, it required a repair mission after its launch, before it was ever even able to take an effective picture, and several upgrades since then. If a $5m balloon is launched, the worst case is simply to wait a few months for it to come back down before launching again. The advantages of this system simply write themselves, and the new .5 meter telescope to be launched next year is just the beginning. Scientists are already planning a test mission for a 1.5-meter aperture, and the launch system itself is capable of carrying up to a 2-meter telescope. That is almost the size of Hubble’s main reflector. With more advances in this novel balloon technology, it is conceivable that balloon-based observatories of all shapes, sizes, and frequency sensitivities, will have a place in the sky. If it gets astronomers and the general public even more spectacular pictures on par with what the best space-based observatories are capable of, it will be well worth it. This article was originally published on Universe Today by ANDY TOMASWICK. Read the original article here. Related Tags
Home / Aquaponics Shore Organics - Logo_SB_Dark.png Aquaponics is a farming system that creates a closed ecosystem of water, plants and fish. In this ecosystem it starts with a big fish tank. As the fish eat and grow, they produce natural waste. This waste is the driving force of the nutrients to feed the plants in the system. The water flow or circulation is cleaned as it is pumped through a digestor. This is the first cleaning step of the waste where sponges and shrimp break down the material. The water is then gravity fed into an organic medium with worms where additional breakdown of waste is performed to allow easier uptake of nutrients for the plants. The water is gravity fed into the water tables where the plants are growing with their root system directly in the nutrient rich water. By not having to fight through the dense soil with traditional farming, the roots are able to uptake nutrients and grow at a faster rate. The efficiency of the nutrient uptake allows aquaponics farmers to have more grows per year than traditional farming. With closing the ecosystem loop and avoiding any water shed, following the flow of the water through the tables it is recaptured and recuycled back through the aquaponics system to the fish tank to start the entire cycle over. aquaponics graphic.png Shore Organics - Logo_SB_Dark.png Aquaponics compared to Hydroponics Many indoor hemp farmers utilize hydroponic systems. This farming method is similar to the aquaponics Shore Organics is utilizing. Both aquaponic and hydroponic farming are more efficient than traditional farming. Both systems alleviate the concern for dirt diseased derivatives such as E-Coli as well. The main difference is how the plants get fed. With aquaponics, the food comes from fish waste, and with hydroponics, synthetic nutrient salts need to be added to the system. Although both farming methods allow the farmers to grow with organic methods, in a hydroponics system, manufactured fertilizers are always added to feed the plants. By eliminating the fish from the growing system, the ecosystem cannot feed the plants naturally in hydroponics. With hydroponics, the synthetic nutrient salts added to the water need to be renewed as the plants use the nutrients or the water needs to be dumped after grows, so there is not a toxic buildup of the unused nutrients. Aquaponics will have no watershed as a result. Shore Organics chooses to utilize aquaponics for our farming method for its characteristics of sustainability, a closed chain ecosystem, limited environmental impact with no water shed, and the ability to be chemical-free and organically certified. To keep our fish happy and swimming, we cannot add synthetic chemicals.
The intent of our Mathematics curriculum is to provide learning which is accessible to all and will maximise the development of every child’s ability and academic achievement. We see maths mastery as ‘deep, sustainable conceptual understanding for all.’ At St Joseph’s, this is achieved through talking about, investigating and representing mathematical concepts. Children grow to ‘notice’ number and invest the time in experimenting, solving, concluding and explaining these patterns. We want our children to make rich connections across mathematical ideas to develop fluency, mathematical reasoning and competence when solving sophisticated problems. We intend for them to appreciate that mental calculations and written procedures, when chosen appropriately, can be performed efficiently, fluently and accurately to attain solutions. They develop a breadth of understanding of number, parts of a whole (fractions, decimals & percentages), geometry, measure, statistics and problem solving and are able to apply this to the world around them. We want children to understand that mathematics is an essential part of everyday life and apply their knowledge across other subjects. These skills prepare children for their next steps in education and life beyond primary school, and enable them to foster a sense of confidence in their ability to understand the need for mathematics for their successful future. As our pupils progress we wish to nurture an appreciation of the beauty and power of mathematics and a sense of enjoyment and curiosity about the subject. At St Joseph’s we follow the White Rose Maths Long term and Medium term structure to plan our mathematics, supplemented by a variety of Mastery based resources including Deepening understanding, NCETM and Classroom Secrets, to ensure pupils will: Become fluent in the fundamentals of mathematics so that they develop conceptual understanding and the ability to recall and apply knowledge rapidly and accurately. Solve problems by applying their mathematics to a variety of problems with increasing sophistication, including in unfamiliar contexts and to model real-life scenarios. Reason mathematically by following a line of enquiry and develop and present a justification, argument or proof using mathematical language. We have developed our ‘Principles of maths’ • Every lesson has a hook or story; to ensure the mathematical concepts having meaning to the children and they are able to visual and engage with the lesson. • Every lesson begins with an opportunity to revisit; bringing prior learning to the forefront of our minds, keeping strategies and learning fresh to be applied to the world around us. • Every lesson has appropriate choices of manipulatives and representations available; these are important tools in helping students to think and reason in more deep, meaningful ways • Every lesson has high expectations on both the teacher’s and children’s use of mathematical vocabulary and answering in full sentences; to ensure children can make links with mathematical concepts and have the tools to talk and discuss mathematical principles and make generalisations (Using stem sentences and generalisations as a structure to apply to their understanding) • Every lesson follows the necessary small steps of learning and has a clear intention; to ensure ALL children are able to access the same learning and follow lessons through well thought out small, manageable progression points. In order to evaluate the level to which children are retaining knowledge and able to apply their learning to situations, we use a range of techniques:
Home»Commentary»The Catholic Moment: The drama of life The Catholic Moment: The drama of life Pinterest Google+ Thursday, January 21, 2010 By Father Earl Fernandes Sophocles’ play Antigone opposes the wills of Antigone, daughter of Oedipus, and Creon, the King of Thebes. Creon had two sons: Eteocles, who was destined to reign, and Polyneices, who was exiled by Creon. Polyneices attacked the city. In the battle, the two brothers are killed. The king honors Eteocles as a hero but refuses to bury Polyneices, making a law that anyone who tries to bury him will be condemned to death. In defiance, Antigone attempts to cover Polyneice’s body, rather than leave it to the dogs, while her sister, Ismene, cannot bring herself to go against the law. Antigone is discovered and is brought before Creon. Creon argues for the supremacy of his law saying, “No. We must obey whatever man the city puts in charge, no matter what the issue — great or small, just or unjust. For there is no greater evil than lack of leadership, which destroys whole cities, turns households into ruins, and in war makes soldiers break and run away. When men succeed, what keeps their lives secure in almost every case is their obedience.” Antigone is the advocate of the rights of nature, which express the will of the gods: “I did not think anything which you proclaimed strong enough to let a mortal override the gods and their unwritten and unchanging laws. They’re not just for today or yesterday, but exist forever, and no one knows where they first appeared.” Elsewhere she says, “And so for me meeting this fate won’t bring any pain. But if I’d allowed my own mother’s dead son to just lay there, an unburied corpse, then I’d feel distress.” Distress is an understatement! Antigone prefers death to violating her conscience and the laws of the gods. Such is the dignity of conscience! Antigone is full of antagonism. Divine laws are placed against human laws; written decrees against unwritten; temporal against eternal laws. The drama is intense. How is it resolved? Antigone is sentenced to be buried alive. However, a blind prophet forecasts disaster. The gods are angry with Creon. Creon relents, buries Polyneices and decides to free Antigone. He is too late. In the interim, Antigone hangs herself in prison. Haemon, the son of Creon and fiancé of Antigone, kills himself. Eurydice, Creon’s wife, Haemon’s mother, commits suicide in her grief. Creon loses everything. When human laws and individual choice are allowed to trample human dignity, freedom of conscience and the natural law, written on the human heart by the Creator, one thing follows: death. How tragic! During this week, we register our objection in conscience to the tragedy of abortion and its promotion in our land. We might also show our support for Catholic healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, and pharmacists) and Catholic hospitals, by encouraging our legislators to ensure protections for the consciences of individuals and religious institutions and by thanking them for their witness to the culture of life. They are under intense pressure to provide abortion-related services; to furnish emergency contraception and the morning after pill; and to perform sterilizations. The “right” to abortion of some seems to outweigh the right to conscience, conscientious objection, and life of others. These brave Catholics risk losing their livelihood for following their conscience and objecting to these anti-life practices. Our world is full of antagonism. Divine laws are placed against human laws, temporal decrees against unwritten, eternal laws. The drama is intense. How will it be resolved? What role will you play? Father Earl Fernandes is the academic dean of Mount St. Mary’s Seminary and an assistant professor of moral theology. Previous post Local events mark Roe V. Wade anniversary Next post St. Dominic School hosts naturalization ceremony

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.