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Flame-Retardant Cable vs. Fire-Rated/Resistive Cable
What Are Flame-Retardant Cables?
The definition of flame-retardant cable is a cable that will not convey or propagate a flame as defined by the flame-retardant or propagation tests.
Flame-retardant tests measure flame propagation for both horizontal and vertical applications. There are also plenum cable flame tests for use in ducts, plenums or other spaces used for environmental air distribution. The NFPA 262 is the same as CSA FT-6; it measures flame spread and smoke generation in a simulated air handling plenum. Cables used in plenums are required to have a more stringent test than that of the horizontal or vertical flame tests.
What Are Fire-Resistive or Fire-Rated Cables?
The definition of a fire-resistive or fire-rated cable is a cable that will continue to operate in the presence of a fire. This is commonly known as a circuit integrity (CI) cable and is 2-hour fire-rated.
Mineral Insulated (MI) cable has provided this added protection for decades. MI cable construction uses copper conductors, magnesium oxide and a copper sheath. MI cable comes in single and multiconductor versions. This 2-hour fire-resistive cable is designed for emergency power circuits for fire pumps and emergency generators. MI is labor-intensive and difficult to install and, therefore, is rarely used in low-voltage fire protection and emergency voice systems.
With new developments in wire and cable technology and recent changes in the NEC, a variety of new products have become available. These new CI cables are commonly used in fire alarm and voice communications systems. NEC 760.176 (F) requires CI cables for NFPA fire alarm systems used to meet the survivability of critical circuits requirements and be listed for that function per NFPA 72. Conformance to the code requirements of circuit survivability will ensure the performance of the fire alarm system during a fire emergency.
CI cable also provides flexibility in planning cable routing while minimizing wall and shaft construction. CI cable is typically soft ceramifiable silicone rubber insulation with solid copper conductors. Ceramifiable silicone rubber insulation is soft and flexible until subjected to high temperatures. These CI cable constructions are as flexible as standard fire alarm cables, making them as easy to install as cables that are not fire-rated. They can be installed in standard raceways and conduit and require no special tools or hardware. Special training to handle or install is also not needed as is with MI cable.
The Main Difference
There are enormous differences between flame-retardant cables and fire-resistive cables. Typically, flame-retardant cables resist the spread of fire into a new area, whereas fire-resistive cables maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under defined conditions. These circuit integrity cables continue to operate in the presence of a fire and are sometimes called 1-hour or 2-hour fire-rated cables. The differences between these two ratings are essential for the critical circuits required for life safety requirements.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a flame-retardant cable also fire-rated?
No. A flame-retardant cable is not a fire-rated cable. A flame-retardant cable is designed only to restrict the spread of a fire by inhibiting combustion. Fire-resistive cables maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under defined conditions such as fire.
When do you need a fire-rated circuit integrity cable?
Circuit integrity cable is needed when circuit integrity is essential for life safety or when it is critical to prevent a plant shut down. The NEC provides additional requirements.
What is a plenum?
A plenum is the air return path of a central air handling system. It can be either ductwork or open space over a supended celing or raised floor.
What is the difference between riser-rated and plenum-rated cables?
Plenum-rated cables have a higher flame-resistance requirement than riser-rated cables. Riser-rated cables are installed between floors through cable risers and in elevator shafts. They must self-extinguish and prevent fire from traveling up the riser between the floors or elevator shafts. A typical jacket material for riser-rated cable is PVC. Typical jacket coumpounds for plemum-rated cable are FR-PVC, FEP, PVDF and ECTFE.
Do tray cables in the U.S. need to pass a flame test?
Yes. They must pass one of the UL 1685 vertical tray flame tests to be UL-listed.
Click here to shop the world's largest selection of wire and cable.
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SEO: A complete beginners Guide
What Is SEO?
It's the practice of obtaining targeted visitors to a website from a search engine's organic listings. Creating high-quality content, optimizing articles around important keywords, and developing backlinks are all typical SEO activities.
In simple words:
SEO is the process of increasing a website's organic (non-sponsored) search position.
How Do Search Engines Work?
It's now time to learn how search engines like Google function in reality. When you search for anything on Google (or any other search engine), an algorithm in real-time analyzes and compares all of the results to determine which is the "best."
Google searches its "hundreds of billions" of pages in order to discover a set of results that will best answer your query.
How does Google figure out which result is the “best”?
Despite the fact that Google does not publish the technical elements of its algorithm, we know that sites and web pages are rated on the following factors: based on filed patents and statements from Google.
When you type "chocolate chip cookie recipes" into Google, don't expect to find truck tires on the first page. That is why, in Google's eyes, the most important thing is for your pages to be closely associated with your keyword.
However, Google does not rank "the most relevant pages at the top" for this reason. Because there are hundreds (or even millions) of relevant pages for every search query, this isn't feasible.
To rank the best to the top, they need three additional aspects of their algorithm:
The Google Knowledge Graph is an SEO ranking system that uses algorithms to determine if the material is accurate and trustworthy. Authority, as you might guess, is similar to it sounds: it's Google's method of verifying whether the information is correct.
But how does Google know if a website is authoritative? They examine the number of other sites that link to that page: Backlinks are links from other pages that point to your site. The more backlinks you have, the better. )
In general, the more links a website has, the higher it will rank: (Google's capacity to measure authority via links is what distinguishes it from search engines like Yahoo that came before it.)
Relevant and authoritative content may appear at the top of search results. However, if a piece of content isn't helpful, Google won't want to put it at the top of the search results.
In fact, Google has made a clear distinction between “higher-quality content” and “useful" material.
The usefulness of a site is classified into three categories: high, moderate, and low. "User Experience Signals" are one of the criteria used by Google to determine this.
To be more precise: the manner in which people use the search results. If Google recognizes that certain search result is popular with visitors, it will boost its ranking significantly:
Higher Rankings Through SEO: A Quick Primer
Make a website that people enjoy visiting! Search engines were created to evaluate numerous signals on the Internet in order to discover sites that are most popular. Make those signals genuine rather than artificial.
Now it's time to put what you've learned into action with an SEO step-by-step walkthrough.
How Does Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Work?
The goal of search engine optimization (SEO) is to improve the visibility of your website on search engines such as Google, Bing, Amazon, and YouTube by optimizing it for the search engine that you want to rank for. Specifically, you must ensure that a search engine believes your site to be the best result for a person's query.
The algorithm that determines the “best” result is based on a formula that considers authority, relevance to the query, loading speed, and other factors.
It's not possible to predict how search rankings will change in the future. (For example, Google employs over 200 ranking variables in its algorithm.) In most cases, when people think of "SEO," they immediately think of Google. As a result, we'll concentrate on Google-optimizing your website in this article.
The Difference Between Organic and Paid Results
Search engines show two sections of results: organic and paid.
Organic Results in Search Engine
Organic search results (sometimes referred to as "natural" results) are entirely based on merit and are therefore natural. To put it another way, there's no known method to pay Google or other search engines in order to rank higher in organic search results.
The search engine results page, or SERP, is a crucial component in the search engine optimization (SEO) of your website. Hundreds of factors are used to rate organic search results, which means that they're constantly changing. The most relevant and trusted websites or web pages on the subject are generally determined by Google to be organic results.
Later on, I'll go over how search engine algorithms function in detail. But for now, the key point to remember is:
When we talk about "SEO," we're talking about improving the position of your website in organic search results.
Paid Search Results
Paid search results are advertisements that appear above or below organic listings. Paid advertisements are completely unrelated to organic listings. Advertisers in the paid results area are "ranked" by how much they're willing to pay for a single individual from a specific set of search results (known as "Pay Per Click Advertising").
Why Is SEO So Important?
In a nutshell, search is a major source of traffic.
As you can see, search engines like Google, Bing, Yahoo, and YouTube account for over 60% of all web traffic. In the end, search drives ten times more traffic than social media. Let's use an example to demonstrate the significance of SEO.
Let's assume you run a party supply business. Every month, 110,000 people search for "party supplies" on Google. Given that the first result in Google receives about 20% of all clicks if you appear at the top, this means 22,000 monthly visits to your website.
But how much are those visitors worth, really? Let's put a number on it. The average advertiser for that term spends around $1 per click. This means that 22,000 people visiting the site is worth roughly $22,000 each month.
That's just for that search phrase. You can rank higher for hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of distinct keywords if your website is SEO-friendly.
In other sectors, such as real estate or insurance, the value of search engine traffic is much greater. For example, a search for "auto insurance quotes" generates a cost-per-click of more than $45.
Before you get into the nitty-gritty of title tags and HTML, it's essential not to overlook a critical step: The goal of SEO is to help you reach your target audience. -> Keyword research and client analysis are the first stages in this process.
Here's where you figure out what your customers are looking for... and the precise words and phrases they use to search for it. As a result, you may rank your site higher for terms that your consumers find frequently. Is it a good idea? Here's how to accomplish it.
Customer Research
If you already have an online business, you're probably familiar with your target consumer. A "Customer Profile" is an objective description of your customer that you can use to create assets.
To be successful with SEO, you must produce material about subjects that your customers are looking for. Unless you know who your client is, it's difficult to understand the kinds of things that they're looking for.
Finding Keywords
Now that you've obtained a customer persona, it's time to get started with your keyword research. Here's when you go into the nitty-gritty of what people search for (search queries) in Google.
In general, keywords fall into two categories: keywords consumers employ to discover what you have to offer (Product Keywords). You can use these keywords to define content that your target audience might find useful when they're not specifically looking for what you offer (Informational Keywords).
To be effective with SEO, you must optimize your website's pages depending on a variety of keywords. To get your brand in front of people who are actively looking for it, create an article that includes both types of keywords. Then, when your consumer searches for your product on Google or another search engine, you'll appear in the results.
You also appear for keywords that your consumers use when they're not looking for your product or service.
Tips for Conducting Keyword Research
Here are a few ideas to get you started.
To begin, utilize Google Autocomplete.
This functionality has most likely already caught your attention. When you start to type anything into Google, you may expect a slew of search suggestions:
I recommend that you input keyword ideas into Google and make a note of any new proposals that appear.
Second, enter keywords and phrases into Answer The Public.
It's an excellent tool for discovering key terms that provide information. It will also generate questions that people have regarding that subject.
Next, use a keyword research tool to help you find long-tail keywords.
Keyword research tools can assist you in determining how many people search for each term and how tough it will be to rank on the first page of Google for that term. That is, they may help you choose the best keywords from your list. There is a slew of keyword research tools available.
Here are a few of my favorites:
SEMrush is useful for identifying competitors' keywords.
Keyword tool by Keyword
Keywordeverywhere extension adds the keywords from the Google Keyword Planner to other tools that you can use in your SEO strategies.
Keyword Explorer in Moz
The Google Keyword Planner is the finest all-around free keyword tool. Although Keyword Planner was created to assist advertisers using Google Ads, it may still be used to find SEO-related keywords.
Simply type in a product keyword or an educational key phrase into the search box. You'll receive information on that specific term (such as average monthly searches), as well as a list of related keywords.
You can use the GKP's average monthly searches to discover which keywords get a lot of traffic... and which don't receive much.
Finally, if you're new to SEO, long-tail keywords are the way to go.
Long-tail phrases are less competitive than short ones. Once you've mastered SEO, you may begin to target more competitive phrases. However, stick with long-tail keywords while you're learning.
For example, when I first started my blog, the majority of the material I produced was intended to rank for long-tail, informative keywords like "How to Get High-Quality Backlinks." As my site's authority increased, I focused on shorter terms like "backlinks" that were more competitive:
User-Friendly and SEO-Friendly Content
In general, the higher you rank in search engines, the more content you'll have to optimize. It's (obviously) not that simple. But as a rule of thumb, it's a good idea to write SEO-friendly content. The relationship between SEO and content is certainly no secret. In general, the better your material, the higher it will rank.
With that in mind, here are some more details on how to write SEO-friendly content.
Content for Product and Service Pages
High-quality content is still necessary for product and service sites. But it doesn't have to be a blog post when you're talking about your products. The goal of your product pages should be to convert visitors into leads and customers, which is why you want them to focus on the product's features and benefits.
So, in conclusion, make your product page content as useful as possible. However, don't forget that conversions should be your top priority.
Creating High-Quality Blog Content: Beginners Guide to Creating Amazingly Unique Blog Posts
When people say things like "content is king," they usually mean content that is extremely useful, such as the stuff you find on blogs. (To put it another way: not content that you'd find on most product and service sites.) There's no doubt that creating great stuff might boost your Google rankings.
In reality, according to HubSpot, companies that publish content on a regular basis receive 350 percent more traffic than those that don't.
To succeed in today's search engine optimization, your site must consistently provide outstanding material. Anything less will not suffice.
In reality, the most recent data from WordPress indicate that 70 million blog entries are published every month: That's just WordPress. On Medium, Shopify, and other platforms, millions of blogs are published each day.
The bottom line? In order for your material to stand out (and rank) in 2021, it must be world-class. Otherwise, it will get lost in the millions of postings that emerge every day.
Best Content Examples
I'd now like to present a few examples of high-quality material that is currently thriving in 2021.
Complete Lists
Lists of Everything are where you collect a thorough list of hints, items, methods, recipes...or just about anything else. These are worth it because you're collecting data from a variety of places. Instead of having to read two separate articles with 20 and 15 tips respectively, your material combines everything they need onto a single page.
Step-By-Step Guides
Step-by-step instructions have been around since the dawn of the internet. And they still work quite well.
Complete Guides
The difference between a Complete Guide and a Complete List is that instead of listing numerous examples or tips, a Complete Guide covers every aspect of a certain topic.
Yes, you still wish to cover practical actions. However, the major objective is to provide people with everything they want to know about a subject in one place.
Visual Content
According to industry research, one kind of visual content (infographics) is a great way to get links. Infographics aren't the only method to make visual content, though. Video and flowcharts are other options. You can even make "instructographics," which combine several forms of visual content together.
What Is On-Page SEO?
On-page SEO (also known as on-site SEO) is the process of optimizing web pages in order to improve a website's search engine rankings and attract organic traffic. On-page SEO also includes improving your headlines, HTML tags (title, meta, and header), and pictures. It also entails ensuring that your website has a high degree of knowledge, authority, and trustworthiness.
It incorporates a number of criteria to determine how visible your website is in search results.
Why On-Page SEO Is Important?
On-page SEO is essential since it aids search engines in comprehending your website and its content as well as determining whether it is relevant to a searcher's query. As the search engines become more sophisticated, relevance and semantics in search engine results pages (SERPs) are receiving increased attention.
Google, with its bewildering variety of algorithms, is getting better at the following: Understanding what people are searching for when they input a query. Delivering search results that fulfill user intent.
It's vital to adjust to this change, and you can do so by making sure that your website and its content – both visible to users (i.e., text, images, video, or audio) and elements that are only viewable via search engines (i.e., HTML tags, structured data) – are fully optimized. Finally, you can't afford to ignore on-page SEO because you have greater control over on-site elements - as opposed to off-page SEO, which is based on external signals.
If you invest time and effort into on-page tactics, you'll see a rise in visitors and an improved search presence.
Off-page SEO
Off-page SEO is all of the things that don't take place on your website. On-page SEO refers to modifications to your website's structure, content, and performance. Off-page SEO focuses on link building, social media shares, and local search engine optimization. Alternatively, it may be defined as "creating traffic to your site without creating content on your site".
One of the most important things you can do for your website is to build quality inbound links that will attract visitors. That's where off-page SEO comes in. Just like traditional street signs, URLs need signs pointing toward them.
You're doing everything you can to make your site wonderful while focusing on on-page SEO. You create excellent content, have a solid website structure, and your mobile site loads in seconds. All is well in the world. Off-page SEO, on the other hand, aids in the acquisition of those droves of visitors and prospective consumers.
You can rank in search engines by creating high-quality material, but getting a few excellent, relevant sources to link to your content raises the likelihood of getting a few spots higher. The same thing goes for establishing trust and building your brand. This happens both on and off your site. Consider reviews, for example.
link building
The glue that keeps the internet together is links. Search engines assess the value of a piece of information or a particular site based on the amount and quality of links pointing to it. If you want to rank high, obtaining valuable links has always been an effective strategy. And who doesn't?
These days, however, certain individuals seem to be questioning the importance of links. We are convinced that the value of links cannot be overstated. You'll want to make sure you're working with reputable people. Keep an eye on where and how you're being linked to in order not to buy anything or get involved in undesirable situations.
Other factors that might help are:
Social media
Local SEO
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Juniperus virginiana
Eastern Red Cedar
Also known as Juniperus silicola
Plant Specifics
Size:to 40 ft tall by to 20 ft wide
Life Span:Long-lived perennial
Flower Color:NA
Fruit Color:Blue
Phenology:Evergreen. Dioecious (male and female cones on separate trees). Female cones ripen in fall.
Noted for:Interesting foliage, Hurricane wind resistance
Recommended Uses:Often used as a screen by planting in one or two fairly dense rows. Also useful as a background tree. Can be a specimen tree.
Availability:Big box stores, Native nurseries, FNPS plant sales, Quality nurseries, Seed
Light: Full Sun
Moisture Tolerance:
always floodedextremely dry
Soil or other substrate:Clay, Lime rock, Sand
Soil pH:Calcareous but adaptable
Birds eat the fruit and use the foliage for cover.
Native Habitats:Calcareous soils, shell mounds, coastal hammocks, second growth on open rocky fields. Open.
Distribution and Planting Zones
Natural Range in Florida
USDA Zones
Suitable to grow in:
10A 10B 8A 8B 9A 9B
USDA zones are based on minimum winter temperatures
Ethnobotany:Was used as a southern Christmas tree before trees were carted in from the north.
General Comments:The blue fruits on this tree are actually fleshy cones.
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Items 10-18 of 28
per page
Set Descending Direction
1. A picture of a fast running stream in a lush green environment.
Clean up our rivers - Plant trees and hedgerows
Clean up our rivers
2. A young nurse is looking away from the camera and smiling
Employ a nursing assistant for 3 months Employ a nursing assistant in Africa
3. A close up headshot of a snow leopard.
Kill the trade in wildlife and stop the next pandemic
Train a sniffer dog
4. A cartoon drawing of a portable lamp with lines coming out of it to show that it is providing light.
Top up electricity meter for 2 weeks
Electricity costs for 2 weeks
5. Two teenage girls are in a lab, leaning in to look at something. In front of them are some test tubes containing a blue liquid.
Girl Power Give girls support to achieve academic success
6. A cartoon of a green bush, with a snake, a monkey, a panther and a parrot poking their heads out of the leaves. The monkey and the panther are holding signs saying 'Save our trees' and the parrot is holding a sign saying 'Save the forest'.
Protect an acre of rainforest Protect an acre of rainforest
7. A picture of a cat and dog side by side, the cat has a small green budgie on its head.
Pet for comfort Help keep pets in good health
8. A cartoon drawing of two goats standing back to back.
2 goats
So an African family can support themselves
9. A close up picture of an open notebook, the pages filled with handwriting and a blue pen lying across the middle.
Homework club
Provide after-school homework clubs
Items 10-18 of 28
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Set Descending Direction
How It Works
Discover more
Show me:
Little Good Gifts
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Marijuana, or marihuana, is a name for the cannabis plant and more specifically a drug preparation from it. ‘Marijuana’ as a term varies in usage, definition and legal application around the world. Some jurisdictions define ‘marijuana’ as the whole cannabis plant or any part of it, while others refer to ‘marijuana’ as a portion of the cannabis plant that contains high levels of Tetrahydrocannabinol (or THC). Some jurisdictions recognize ‘marijuana’ as a distinctive strain of cannabis, the other being hemp. The form ‘marihuana’ is first attested in Mexican Spanish; it then spread to other varieties of Spanish and to English, French, and other languages.
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Picture Library of the United Chapters Foundations/Vereinigte Domstifter/M. Rutkowski
Ekkehard II, Margrave of Meissen, and his wife, Uta; from the series of twelve life-size statues depicting the founding donors to the Naumburg Cathedral, 1243–1249
In its first twenty-odd years, postwar Germany had no shortage of exhibitions of medieval art; most of them reflected the nostalgic yearnings of a politically and morally insecure country clinging to its Christian past. The 1950 show “Ars Sacra” in Munich invoked the transcendence of “Ottonian” art, named for the dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors founded by Otto the Great (912–973). In 1966 the “coronation town” of Aachen, where the German kings were crowned until 1531, staged a splendid show on Charlemagne which resonated with Germany’s push for increased cooperation within the European community. Shortly thereafter, the Cologne show “Rhein und Maas” (The Rhine and the Meuse) turned westward to focus on the art of the region between Liège and the Rhineland monasteries.
But in all those years, almost no attention was paid to the medieval art of the Duchy of Saxony, the German heartland, a large part of which was included in the German Democratic Republic (DDR). It wasn’t until after reunification in 1990 that a series of exhibits in Magdeburg in the former DDR reminded us of the migration—or invasion—of the Gothic style into Mitteldeutschland: Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. It was the rediscovery of a world that had sunk into obscurity.
In the episcopal town of Naumburg, the state of Saxony-Anhalt is now sponsoring a triumphant show with a trumpet blast of a title: “The Naumburg Master: Sculptor and Architect in the Europe of Cathedrals.” When it was first announced, some skepticism was called for. Hadn’t the very concept of a somewhat mysterious “Naumburg Master” been irredeemably contaminated by the chauvinistic dithyrambs of German nationalism? And besides, where would the organizers turn for the loan works they would need for a comprehensive exhibition of monumental sculpture in the High Middle Ages?
Yet until November 2, we can wander with delight through a resoundingly successful show. Both the exhibition and its catalog have rescued the works of the Naumburg Master from the jaws of jingoism and embedded them not only in their European setting, but above all in the setting of Christian devotional history. Gone are the rhapsodies to the “sacred shrine of Germanic sculpture.” Instead, we are reminded of the tradition of creating memorials to donors and representing Christ’s Passion with a new empathy as it can be observed in the age of Saint Francis. The exhibition brings about nothing less than a historical rehabilitation of the Naumburg sculptures.
The show’s curators have succeeded in attracting a wealth of spectacular loans, chief among them sculptures from Champagne and the crown lands of the Capetian kings, who ruled France between 987 and 1328. The sculptures are supplemented by crowns, weapons, manuscripts, documents, and seals, making the show a mirror of courtly culture in the kingdom of France and the German principalities. One of its chief pleasures is the unique way the sculptures and artifacts are distributed among Naumburg’s sacred spaces, starting with the cathedral and its precinct and St. Mary’s Church at one corner of the cloister. Even the Schlösschen, the “little palace” on the market square, provides appropriately venerable surroundings for the artifacts displayed there. While exhibitions of medieval art often have something of a jewelry-store atmosphere, in Naumburg one feels one is paying a romantic visit to a vanished world. It gives pause for thought that such a deep exploration is possible in a city in the largely de-Christianized former German Democratic Republic. It’s hard to imagine a comparable show being presented in the glitzy media circus of the West.
To recall the historical point of departure: in 1028, probably at the behest of the local lords, the bishopric of Zeitz was transferred to Naumburg. In the thirteenth century a new cathedral was built, beginning with the Romanesque East Choir dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul. A transformation set in with the construction of the West Choir dedicated to the Virgin Mary. A new master architect and his workshop were imported from Reims in France to construct it in the Gothic style. The famous sculptures of the Naumburg Master were created during this stylistic shift. A sculptured rood screen telling the Passion story in moving scenes separates the choir from the Romanesque nave. Beyond this screen, twelve life-size statues of aristocratic men and women line the wall of the West Choir. Unexpectedly naturalistic in clothing, expression, and gesture, they astound the viewer with their depiction of strong emotion, particularly aristocratic piety. These freestanding statues, apparently without equal anywhere, long encouraged art historians to speculate about their origins and significance. They were taken to depict the founding donors to the Naumburg cathedral.
As for influences, the reactions to the enigmatic work of the Naumburg Master congealed into the legend of an artist whose ardent drive for expression resulted from his ebullient German soul and whose apprenticeship and journeyman years took him to the great cathedrals of France. For none of these speculations was there any documentary evidence. The only certainty is that these statues memorialize the long-dead founders of the cathedral. Despite the popular names they have been given (especially the ubiquitously reproduced female figure called “Uta”), their actual names are not definitively documented.
A stated goal of the exhibition is to solve the art-historical riddle of the “Naumburg Master” through close scrutiny. Entering the cathedral, visitors encounter the main exhibits assembled next to the rood screen of the West Choir and illuminating its uniqueness by comparison. Rood screens—sculptured partitions, with a representation of the Crucifixion—were built to separate the congregation in the nave from the clergy saying the prayers in the chancel. None of the screens of French cathedrals remains standing, but fragments of narrative reliefs taken from the screens formerly in Amiens, Bourges, Chartres, and Paris have survived. In Naumburg, there are examples of all of these, one next to the other, and they demonstrate the skill with which Gothic sculptors depicted the gospel stories, with a theatricality exceeding even that of the sculptures at the main portals.
The high points among them are fragments of the rood screen from St. Martin’s Choir in the cathedral of Mainz. They tell the story of the Last Judgment, depicting damnation and bliss with vigorous expressiveness. Among the blessed, a mendicant friar reminds us of the Franciscan origins of such emotional piety. The screen that still survives in Naumburg goes a step further: it brings the sculpture of the crucified Christ down from its normal position above the elevated chancel and places him just above the center of the divided screen, so that for the eyes of the faithful, the Man of Sorrows hangs above the gates of redemption. Here we touch the spiritual roots of the emotional agitation evident in the statues of the choir. Death and redemption are at stake, along with supplication and salvation.
Yet as free of preconceptions as it is, the show does not entirely escape folkish sentimentality; an embarrassing cliché of art historians survives, namely, the elegant Frenchman versus the ponderous German. The curators were seduced into trying to illustrate this contrast by one of the most beautiful works on loan, the statue of King Childebert I, made at the same time as the donor statues in Naumburg, for the refectory of the monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris. It possesses the most refined delicacy and grace of movement and gesture—a courtly complement to the work of the Naumburgers. But a comparison ought not to insist on invoking differences in national character. Rather, it must take into account the differences in feudal society between west and east.
Capetian France was a kingdom, and its ecclesiastical sculpture repeatedly produced images of kings but not of the nobility. The task of the Naumburg sculptors, on the other hand, was to depict territorial princes who dressed and armed themselves in a different manner, one not subject to courtly protocol but more free and easy. One cannot separate the expressions of the Naumburg founders from these social conditions. The depiction of passion is always a form of social communication.
It was not the art of Paris but the sculptures of the Reims cathedral that inspired the workshop in Naumburg. In the statues, columns in human shape, and masks of Reims, all the influences—the sculpture of classical antiquity, the treasury art of Lorraine, and the elegance of Paris—flowed together and reinforced one another to produce physiognomic drama unequaled anywhere. The Naumburg curators have been able to bring together numerous works from Reims—both original and cast reproductions—in order to demonstrate that the Naumburg sculptors drew their inspiration from this source. They transformed mask-like heads from Reims into the animated faces of the donors to the Naumburg religious complex and discovered in the royal statues in Reims the inspiration for the ways that the cloaks of two of the donors, Uta and Wilhelm von Camburg, are folded.
No review can do justice to the wealth of references in this comprehensive show. The thirteenth century also marked an Aristotelian turn in the history of science. People began to study plants and animals more closely. The exhibition documents how local flora replaces the older, stylized foliage decorating the capitals of columns, and a magnificent stone tablet from the rood screen in Chartres shows a naturalistic lion, lamb, and steer. Right next to them is an astonishing hunting scene, a feast for the eyes.
A final critical question should not in any way diminish the joy and gratitude one feels for this exhibition, which brings the art of the High Middle Ages so vividly and unexpectedly to life. Doesn’t the title “The Naumburg Master: Sculptor and Architect in the Europe of Cathedrals,” however, still perpetuate the nationalistic “legend of the artist”? We can all agree that the sculptors working in Naumburg left Reims around 1235, when construction there was interrupted by local civil unrest, and were recruited for new work farther to the east. But none of the other towns through which the “Master” allegedly passed on his way to Naumburg—places where he is supposed to have worked and learned, including a newly conjectured stay at Coucy—are convincingly connected to the rood screen or the statues of the founders.
Even the assumption—which has long since acquired the status of fact—that the Naumburg Master himself worked on the rood screen in Mainz until 1239 is not a certainty. The surviving fragments from Mainz have a nervous sensibility unlike the figures in Naumburg. Could it not be that some of the workers migrating east from Reims remained in Mainz while others continued immediately on to Naumburg? This would in no way diminish the quality of their works, but the dissemination of their passionate and moving art would then appear in the historical record as a mighty river and the Germanic demiurge, the “Naumburg Master in the Europe of Cathedrals,” would turn out to be a legend concocted by art historians.
As early as 1944, the American art historian Charles Seymour commented on the attribution of early French sculpture to the Naumburg Master:
The movement [to create such sculpture] is so broad and the accomplishment so large, the postulate of individual and “national” responsibility appear inadequate. In this sense, the piling up of additions to the work of the “Naumburg Master” especially in France defeats their aim. They merely increase a myth-like aura about a development which deserves a place in history.*
I fear he was right.
—Translated from the German by David Dollenmayer
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13 November-First Helicopter Flight
Paul Cornu was an engineer who was a native of France. He made first successful manned helicopter flight in 1907. Though the flight lasted just 20 seconds it began the development of an aircraft which can take off and land vertically. The helicopter can also hover, fly forward, backward, and laterally.
The idea of vertical flight dates back over 2500 years to the spinning top with which Chinese children played. During the following centuries various attempts were made to develop flying machines based on the toy. Leonardo da Vinci designed a flying machine in the 1480’s.
By the early 1900’s several unmanned flights were made. Manned flights were attempted but the machine was tethered to the ground. Following Cornu’s flight, development of the helicopter continued. In 1942 a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky went into production in the United States. Cornu failed to get support for his development and devoted his time to manufacturing bicycles. He was killed in 1944 during the Allied World War II landings in Normandy.
The first successful manned helicopter flight in history was made by French engineer Paul Cornu in the year 1907 On This Day.
AW139 landing in Baldonnel at sundown by Irish Air Corps on 2011-01-17 16:30:41
17 October-Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi was a Nobel Prize-winning physicist who was a native of Italy. His father Giuseppe was from Bologna, Italy. His mother was Annie Jameson from Daphne Castle, Co Wexford, Ireland. Marconi’s great grandfather was John Jameson, founder of Irish whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons. Through his own research and using research carried out by others Marconi developed the first effective system of radio communication.
On December 12th 1901 Marconi succeeded in sending the first wireless signal across the Atlantic to America. He routed the signal through Marconi House, Rosslare, Co Wexford and Clifden in Co Galway. The signal was received 3,500km (2,200 Miles) in Newfoundland.
Marconi founded the Marconi Telephone Company and became a successful businessman. He continued to experiment with radio technology. In 1907, having built high-powered radio transmission stations on both sides of the Atlantic, he established regular transatlantic transmissions. Marconi died in Rome on July 20th 1937.
Guglielmo Marconi began offering limited commercial wireless telegraph service between Ireland and Nova Scotia in the year 1907 On This Day.
Marconi Wireless Telegraph Station, Malin Head, Co. Donegal
Guglielmo Marconi.jpg
Library of Congress
10 August-Borris Golf Club
Borris Golf Club is one of the oldest golf clubs in Ireland. It is located close to the picturesque town of Borris, County Carlow, Ireland. It is a mature parkland course at the foot of Mount Leinster in the grounds of Borris House. Borris House is the home of the Mc Murrough Kavanagh family the former Kings of Leinster. The family still live in Borris House and have always played a major role in the life of the town of Borris.
Borris Golf Club was established in 1907. At that time, there were about one hundred golf clubs in Ireland. In that year golf clubs were also opened in Milltown, Muskerry, Scrabo, Spa, Tuam and Ennis. Mr William McMorrough Kavanagh was MP for Carlow at the time. He originally started laying out a golf course mainly for the benefit of his sons. However when locals established a club he provided the course and clubhouse to Borris Golf Club for an annual fee. The club was affiliated to the Golfing Union of Ireland in 1908. By 1909 the club had a membership of just over 100. By 1925, however, Borris Golf Club had fallen into decline. It was revived again by Major Arthur Kavanagh of Borris House
Today Borris Golf Club has a membership of over 500. It has a practice ground and putting green. The clubhouse has a bar and catering facilities. Despite the fact that it is a 9-hole course alternating tee-boxes create the impression that Borris Golf Club is in fact an 18-hole course. The tree lined course, the excellent fairways and the well maintained greens provide golfers at all levels with the opportunity for a challenging game.
The Irish Field records that Borris Golf Club, which is located close to the picturesque town of Borris, County Carlow, Ireland, was instituted in the year 1907 On This Day.
Borris by Patrick and Martha Dundon on 2010-05-05 11:05:09
Borris Viaduct by red, white, and black eyes forever on 2011-08-12 21:20:48
20 January-Agnes Mary Clerke
Agnes Mary Clerke was an astronomer and writer who was a native of Co Cork, Ireland. The author of several books and reviews, she played a major role in bringing astronomy and astrophysics to the public during the Victorian era. The Clerke Crater on the moon is named in her honour. The crater is located near the landing site of the Apollo 17 Lunar mission.
Agnes Mary Clerke was born in Skibbereen, Co Cork on February 10th 1842. She was educated at home by her parents. Her father, who had taken courses in astronomy, owned a 4” telescope. From a young age Agnes regularly observed Saturn’s rings and Jupiter’s moons using her father’s telescope.
Having studied advanced mathematics, physics and astronomy, Agnes moved to Florence, Italy. She lived there for ten years studying science and languages before moving to live in London in 1877. She published her best known book ‘A Popular History of Astronomy during the Nineteenth Century’. She wrote several other books and contributed articles to Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Catholic Encyclopaedia.
Agnes Mary Clerke, astronomer and writer who was a native of Co Cork, Ireland, died aged 64 in the year 1907 On This Day.
Agnes Mary Clerke
Agnes Mary Clerke, 19th century astronomer, born in Skibbereen, County Cork.
Wiki Commons
28 July-Tupperware
Tupperware is a range of food preparation and storage products for the home. The product was invented by American businessman Earl Tupper in 1942. He used a waste product from oil refining to make lightweight, non-breakable containers. Today Tupperware is sold by direct marketing in over 30 countries around the world.
Earl Silas Tupper was born on his family’s farm in New Hampshire, USA in 1907. Having graduated from school he established a landscaping business. He later worked for the Du Pont chemical company before establishing the Tupperware Company in 1948.
Tupperware was initially sold in stores. However following the success of Brownie Wise’s ‘party-plan’ marketing it was decided to sell Tupperware products by direct marketing. Today the products are sold by almost 2 million people in over 30 countries. Tupper sold his company and retired to Costa Rica in 1973. He died aged 76 in 1983.
Earl Tupper, the founder of Tupperware was born in New Hampshire, USA in the year 1907 On This Day.
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Democratic Republic of Congo
Hundreds of prisoners of conscience and other detainees were released, and some exiled activists were allowed to return to the country. However, the authorities continued to restrict the right to freedoms of expression, association and assembly. The armed conflict continued, resulting in more than 2000 civilian deaths and at least 1 million were forcibly displaced. While some steps were taken to bring perpetrators to justice for conflict-related human rights abuses, the authorities failed to hold to account the most senior officials associated with crimes under international law, and impunity remained widespread. Most of the population was denied basic rights like health, while some progress was made when the government introduced free primary education for all.
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Poland is having a constitutional crisis. Here’s why you should care.
A woman holds a copy of the Polish constitution at a protest in Krakow over the Constitutional Court crisis on March 13, 2016.
Beata Zawrzel/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images
On May 3, Poland celebrated the 225th anniversary of its constitution, usually considered Europe’s first modern constitution. Created only two years after the US Constitution came into force, it too was heavily influenced by principles of the Enlightenment, and incorporated ideas like bicameral legislatures and the freedom to practice any religion that are normal features of today’s democracies.
This year, though, Poland’s Constitution Day celebrations were marred by a major constitutional crisis over recent legal reforms implemented by the ruling party. For the past several months, hundreds of thousands of Poles have sporadically taken to the streets to protest the changes, which they believe represent the unraveling of their constitutional order and the democratic regression of one of the post-Soviet space’s greatest success stories.
But Poland’s constitutional crisis has implications that go far beyond its own borders. It’s also a striking symbol of what seems to be a broader — and highly disturbing — trend of democratic backsliding across Europe.
Here, then, is a brief guide to what’s happening in Poland and why the outcome is so important to the future of democracy in Europe.
The crisis is over controversial changes the ruling party made to Poland’s Constitutional Court
The whole thing began in October 2015, when the populist Law and Justice Party (better known by its Polish acronym, PiS) gained a majority of the seats in Poland’s parliament — it had also recently won the presidency — and quickly began making a series of changes to many of the country’s democratic institutions, increasing its control over the state media, judicial system, and constitutional court.
While many of these changes were contentious, nothing gained more negative attention than PiS’s moves in the constitutional realm.
The party's first order of business concerned five judges who had been appointed to the 15-member Constitutional Tribunal, Poland’s highest court (roughly equivalent to the US Supreme Court), by the outgoing administration.
While still in charge of parliament — though aware that they were likely to lose the elections in a few weeks' time — the soon-to-be-defeated Civic Platform party had elected five new judges to the Constitutional Tribunal.
Three of them were to fill seats that had already been vacated (judges on the tribunal serve a single nine-year term), while two others were elected to fill seats that would soon be open. This would have meant a tribunal with 14 of the 15 judges elected by Civic Platform–run parliaments.
This move understandably upset PiS, which was keen to fill those seats with its own appointees and shift the judicial balance in its favor. PiS appealed to the tribunal, now short several judges, in hopes that Civic Platform’s appointment of those five judges would be overturned.
In a December 3 ruling, the tribunal split the baby, essentially ruling that Civic Platform would keep three of the contested seats while PiS would be able to choose two.
For PiS, this was not good enough. PiS party leader Jarosław Kaczyński announced that "the current Constitutional Tribunal is a redoubt of everything that is wrong in Poland."
President Andrzej Duda, a PiS ally, refused to swear in the three judges appointed by the previous parliament, and instead the PiS-controlled parliament elected five judges of its own. Duda swore in all five of those judges, but the Constitutional Tribunal has refused to accept them, as their very election violates the tribunal’s own December 3 ruling. Since then, many of Poland’s legal mechanisms have been in a state of paralysis.
The passage of a new law that changed the operating procedures of the Constitutional Tribunal further exacerbated the situation. The law mandated that going forward, any decision taken by the court must be made with a two-thirds majority, rather than just a simple majority as had previously been the case. It also sharply increased the number of judges that need to be present for rulings to be made.
In March, the Constitutional Tribunal ruled that this new law was unconstitutional. But PiS hit back and refused to publish the ruling — a step required for it to be enacted. The party's amusingly legalistic argument? That the tribunal had not operated according to the dictates of the new law that it then found unconstitutional; since it was not declared unconstitutional until that point, the tribunal should have operated under its rules.
Supporters of the tribunal’s decision then went commando, self-publishing the ruling on Facebook and literally projecting sections of the ruling onto the edifice of the Office of the Prime Minister.
Yes, seriously.
But the crisis is really about perceived threats to democracy and rule of law in Poland
Various civic organizations, most notably the Committee for the Defence of Democracy (KOD), have sprung up to protest what they see as PiS’s breach of democratic rules and norms. Protests in cities across Poland against the constitutional gridlock and other related issues have become commonplace.
PiS claims these reforms are important and necessary to move the country forward. During PiS’s last stint in office (2005 to 2007), the tribunal blocked several key PiS initiatives. Now PiS sees the tribunal as a potential barrier to the implementation of its political agenda. PiS members have called the Tribunal "a crew of cronies defending the status quo" that will only try to stop the government from undertaking the changes for which the Polish people voted.
Further, they note that Poland’s current constitution was passed in 1997, under the presidency of Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who holds leftist political leanings and was aligned with the communists during the Soviet period. PiS claims that the constitution still maintains many vestiges of the old communist era and that it needs to be replaced entirely. Indeed, in a recent interview, PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński did not eliminate the possibility of doing away with the Tribunal entirely.
Many in PiS also feel that the international attention being paid to Poland’s internal legal issues is unfair and has been drummed up by the sore losers of Civic Platform. In response to pressure from the European Union, PiS has been resolute to continue its path, saying that it is accountable only to the Polish voters, not European bureaucrats.
For their part, critics like KOD and Civic Platform worry that PiS is out to neuter the tribunal completely and clear the way for the party to push through any laws that it likes. They believe the PiS leadership sees the tribunal not as an institution responsible for upholding the rule of law, as it is supposed to be, but rather as an organ that should smooth the way for the elected government to do as it pleases.
Many are concerned that PiS is systematically undermining the country's system of checks and balances, and that PiS is set on following the path of "illiberal democracy" that Viktor Orbán beat in Hungary.
Hungary’s ruling Fidesz party has come under fire for using its constitutional majority to push through legislation and constitutional changes that solidified that party’s control over the country. That Kaczynski has publicly hoped for a "Budapest in Warsaw" and praised Orbán’s leadership does not help matters.
But while its liberal-minded opponents protest, PiS continues to press forward with its agenda. Poland’s opposition seems to be only that — an opponent of PiS. They lack a positive agenda.
Amid all of this, PiS remains quite popular with its electorate, and has fallen only 5 percent in the polls. So for now, this conflict seems to be at an impasse. Protests continue while Civic Platform and PiS continue to squabble.
This is just the latest example of what many see as a growing trend of democratic backsliding across Europe
Europe today faces a number of serious challenges — from the refugee crisis to a still-stagnant economy to the potential breakup of the EU — and there’s increasing concern about whether its democratic institutions will endure.
Populist movements on both the right and left are rising to address the issues – particularly the continued influx of refugees, increased worries about terrorism and Islam, and concerns about the loss of sovereignty and national identity to the European Union — that ruling political elites seem either unwilling or unable to solve.
But in doing so, they often appeal to the lesser parts of human nature, turning to racial or cultural dog whistles or resurrecting the kind of nationalism that has long been condemned in Europe.
In France, Marine Le Pen’s populist, Euroskeptic party continues to gain in popularity, while in Slovakia a neo-Nazi party recently won 8 percent of the popular vote and has entered the parliament. Germany has seen the creation of the far-right Alternative for Germany, which is creating an alliance with the decidedly undemocratic youth wing of Vladimir Putin’s United Russia party.
On the German left, Die Linke has seen growing success, largely thanks to its anti-migrant stance, a position that mirrors Alternative for Germany. In Austria, Norbert Hofer of the Freedom Party, who has said his choice to carry a firearm on his person is a "natural consequence" of immigration, came within 31,000 votes of being elected to the presidency.
It’s likely that this illiberal trend in European politics will only continue to grow. Similar, and increasingly popular, parties now exist in Sweden, Greece, and Denmark, among others. That PiS, a comparatively mainstream populist party, is attempting to mold Poland’s democratic institutions to fit its vision is not an encouraging sign. If successful, as was Hungary before it, it will lay the groundwork for parties with even more radical policies to do the same.
Hannah Thoburn is a research fellow at the Hudson Institute focusing on Eastern European politics. She tweets on the former Soviet space at @HannahThoburn.
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Spleen deficiency, people waste half? The gastroenterologist tells you the true function of the spleen
1、 After spleen deficiency, the body will not be able to fully digest and absorb food, and it is easy to store some garbage toxins in the body, which eventually leads to the breeding of many chronic diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, gastritis and so on. 2、 The spleen and stomach is the source of our Qi and blood. When your qi and blood are not smooth, it will make people yellow and thin, pale and weak in the long run. 3、 For women, it is easy to have irregular menstruation and other gynecological diseases. The spleen has a certain ability of “regulating blood”. When the spleen is weak, its ability of regulating blood decreases, resulting in endless menstruation and sudden increase of menstruation. It is precisely because the spleen is the source of our body power, when the source of a problem, people will be good? So how important is the conditioning of the spleen.
in TCM theory, the spleen is the source of our life power, and the essence of our daily life is absorbed into the viscera of the whole body. 2、 What does the spleen control blood mean? That is to say, temper has the function of controlling and controlling blood, making blood run normally in meridians without spillover. 3、 Spleen qi dominates the rise. Here we focus on its function of lifting viscera. The rise of Spleen Qi can help us maintain the position of viscera. Therefore, the rise of Spleen Qi is an important guarantee to prevent visceral sagging. Four, the spleen in the body and meat, refers to the ability of the spleen to transport and have strong relations with our muscle strength. We believe that the essence of the water transported by the spleen will transport to the human limbs and maintain normal physiological activities. Therefore, there is a saying in traditional Chinese medicine that “if the spleen is deficient, half of the people will be wasted”.
in the theory of Western medicine, there is no theory of spleen deficiency, and spleen and spleen in traditional Chinese medicine are not the same concept. The spleen is the largest immune organ, located in the upper left of our abdominal cavity, only the size of a palm. At the same time, it is the blood bank of our body, which stores blood when we are resting or quiet. When we exercise or get hurt and bleed, it will send blood to the circulation, increasing the blood volume of our body. In addition to the role of blood storage, it also has a certain hematopoietic function. At the same time, it can help us filter and remove toxic substances, bacteria and some dead cells in the blood, which is equivalent to an important filter in the human body. And it can assist the liver to maintain the normal metabolism of human body. As the spleen itself is a lymphatic system, it can produce immune proteins, lymphocytes and phagocytes, which also play an immune role in the human body. When bacteria or other viruses appear in our blood, the spleen will arrange phagocytes and lymphocytes to phagocytize and destroy them.
in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, the spleen is highly valued. However, there is no saying in western medicine that “if the spleen is deficient, half of the people will be wasted”. Through the understanding of the above article, I also want to tell you that no matter what kind of function it has, I hope you can cherish your body. At the same time, we can get rid of bad habits in eating habits and daily life. In the face of disease, to maintain a positive and optimistic attitude, relaxed and happy mood, do not have negative and pessimistic emotions, this is not only not conducive to the recovery of the disease, but also easy to aggravate the disease. 08/16/2020
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Difference Between LED Lights COB & SMD
LED lights are constantly improved to bring about better use, greater versatility and more efficient use of power. The different models of LED lights are highly popular compared to traditional incandescent lights, mainly because they can last for about 25 times longer with less energy use.
LED lights come in a variety of models. Start comparing COB vs SMD LED Lights, or before you look at the difference between LED light COB and SMD.
You can choose between SMD vs COB types, for example, depending on your needs for energy efficiency and versatility. The COB vs SMD LED Lights differ in terms of their features and semiconductors.
SMD vs COB: What is SMD?
SMD, or “Surface Mounted Device” LEDs, are the most common LEDs in the market. The LED chip is permanently fused to a printed circuit board, and it’s highly popular due to its versatility. You can find it in light bulbs and string lights, and even in the notification light on your mobile phone.
The SMD LED chips come in a variety of sizes. SMD LED can accommodate chips with complicated designs, like the SMD 5050, which is 5mm wide. The SMD 3528, on the other hand, are 3.5mm wide. The SMD chips are small, almost close to the design of the flat, square computer chip.
One of the distinct features of SMD LED chips is the number of contacts and diodes they have.
SMD LED chips can have more than just two contacts (which makes it different from the classic DIP LED). There can be up to 3 diodes on a single chip, with each diode having an individual circuit. Each circuit would have one cathode and one anode, leading to 2, 4 or 6 contacts in a chip.
This configuration is the reason why SMD chips are more versatile (comparing SMD vs COB). The chip can include a red, green, and blue diode. With these three diodes, you can already create virtually any colour simply by adjusting the output level.
SMD chips are also known to be bright. They can produce 50 to 100 lumens per watt.
SMD vs COB: What is COB?
One of the most recent developments in LED, COB or “Chip on Board” technology is a step forward more efficient energy use.Like the SMD, COP chips also have multiple diodes on the same surface. But the difference between LED light COB and SMD is that COB LEDs have more diodes.
COB chips typically have 9 or more diodes. COB chips also only have 1 circuit and 2 contacts, regardless of the number of the diodes. This simple circuit design is the reason for the panel-like appearance of COB LED light (SMD light, on the other hand, appears like a collection of smaller lights).
But unlike SMD, COB LED lights can’t be used to create colour changing bulbs or lights. This is because there are only 2 contacts and 1 circuit. Multiple channels for adjustment are required to create the colour changing effect. Because of this, COB LED lights are efficient in single-color applications, but not in more versatile technology.
Another aspect of the COB vs SMD LED Lights difference is in the use of energy. COB is known for better lumen-per-watt ratios and heat efficiency. This has a lot to do with the design of COB LEDs, and the cooling ceramic substrate of the chips.
Before, heavy duty technology like spot lights and flood lights made with LED were non-standard, because you’d need multiple LED sources to produce that kind of high lumen output.
But now, COB chips can produce a large amount of lumens with less energy. You can find it in all kinds of bulbs and applications, such as the flash of your mobile phone or point-and-shoot camera. Its range is higher with a minimum of 80 lumens per watt.
Electric Fuel Pumps
What Causes Low Pressure in a Fuel Pump?
Fuel Pump Motor NZE-120
Clogged Screen Filter
Incorrect or Shorted Wiring
Low Voltage to the Pump
Cracked or Clogged Fuel Lines
Failed Fuel Pressure Regulator
Defective Fuel Pump Relay
Empty Gas Tank
Horns are broadly classified as electric type or air type horns. Electric type horns are compact and efficient, and thus are used widely in ordinary passenger cars. Because air type horns have a large body and require compressed air, their use is restricted to large trucks and so on.
Electric horns can be divided by timbre into two types: the Flat Horn with a sharp and stimulating sound also called Disc Horn, and the Trumpet Shaped Horn with a softer sound also called Snail Horn. Because electric horns are not actuated externally, but instead adopt a mechanical self-excited vibration system, they excel in cost and are widely used.
Electric horns are constructed of a diaphragm that generates sound, an armature (moving attraction part) connected to the diaphragm, a coil to generate the driving force, and a point (contact) that controls the flow of current through the coil. In addition, flat horns also have a vibrator that uses resonance to amplify sound, while trumpet horns use a trumpet to amplify sound in the same way.
Horn Types
How Horn Works
When the horn switch on the steering wheel is pressed, current flows from the battery through the coil, magnetizing the core and generating magnetomotive force.
• The armature is attracted, and the diaphragm moves.When the armature is attracted to a certain position, it presses the point down, and the contact opens.
• When the contact opens, current flowing through the coil is interrupted and the attraction disappears. The force of the diaphragm spring returns the armature, and the contact once again closes.
• This action is repeated approximately 400 times per second to vibrate the diaphragm and generate sound. The number of repeats is termed the fundamental frequency, and this determines the pitch of the sound (tone).
Differences Between A Disc Horn & Snail Horn
Flat Horn /Disc Horn
• Flat horns use a vibrator to amplify sound according to its resonance.
• Flat horns are constructed so that the air gap is narrow, and the armature collides with the core. The impact force generated from the collision creates higher harmonic components that resonate at a number of times the fundamental frequency, and this energy excites the vibrator, making it resonate and amplifying the sound pressure.
• Flat horns amplify by resonating this kind of mechanical collision force, so they have a sharp frequency characteristic and highly efficient amplification, making them the most compact type of horn. In addition, they have a sharp and stimulating timbre that is very effective for warnings
Trumpet Horn / Snail Horn
• Trumpet horns use the resonance of a trumpet to amplify sound.
• Because there is no need for the armature and core to collide as in a flat horn, trumpet horns have a wide air gap. The repeated vibrations of the diaphragm are converted to sound in the air chamber, and these sounds amplify as they resonate along the length of the trumpet.
• In contrast to the sharp peak frequency characteristic of flat horns, trumpet horns have wide and gradual frequency components, resulting in a soft-timbered sound
Cover Computer Engine Control
It is highly recommended for every car owner to install Computer Cover on the Computer Engine Control (ECU) under the hood in the latest models of Corolla & Vitz. Whereas the previous model had its Computer Engine Control installed in the driver’s cabin so it can be kept cool and out of harms way but I guess cost cutting made them put this vulnerable and costly item here in the engine bay.
Corolla 2016 Computer Cover
Its advised to all new corolla owners or owners of those vehicles with exposed Computer Engine Control (ECU ) under the Hood to get it as early as possible. Computer Engine Control already have a slot to get the cover bolted over it.
ECU W/O Computer Cover
Computer Cover protect ECU From Water During Car Wash & Heat Generated By Engine Inside The Hood.
ECU After Install Computer Cover
You Can Buy Online From In A Very Reasonable Price.
Tail Light Lens Replacement.
Tail Light Lens Replacement Cost?
CarLabor CostParts CostEstimateAverage Back Light PriceSavings
Honda/Toyota200-400 Rs400-1500 Rs600-1900 Rs3000 Rs65%
Broken Back Lamp Lens
A tail light lens is the colored piece of plastic that covers the light bulb on a vehicle’s tail light. Different colored lights have different meanings, so it’s important that the proper lens cover the light bulbs, which emit white light. When white light shows through a broken or cracked tail light lens, people following the vehicle may not realize that a car is slowing or stopping. Mostly vehicles may have glass lenses.
What common symptoms indicate you may need to replace the Tail Light Lens?
• When a vehicle has a broken or missing tail light lens, other drivers may not realize that the vehicle is slowing down which can cause accidents.
• Broken tail light lens.
• Cracked tail light lens.
• Missing tail light lens.
City 2009 Tail Lamp Lens GM1
Steps to Replace a Tail Light Lens
The following steps outline the procedure for replacing a tail light lens. While every make and model is different, drivers that tailor this process to their own car should be able to swap out their lens without a problem.
Step 1: Unscrew the Tail Light Assembly From Vehicle.
This step differs depending on the type of vehicle and the year in which it was built. For example, many cars, trucks, and SUVs built before 1990 have external screws on the tail lights that are easily identified from the outside. Modern vehicles typically have a more seamless look, and the screws are located underneath the hood on the car frame, in the interior of the car on the other side of the tail lights. Compact cars usually have screws in the trunk area, and on trucks, the screws are on the inside of the tailgate. Regardless of the type of vehicle, the first step is to locate the fasteners that hold the lens in place and unscrew them. This can be accomplished with a brief search around the tail light itself. Make sure to keep these screws in a safe place once they are removed.
Step 2: Remove the Bulb Sockets.
Remove the sockets from the back of the tail lights by twisting them counterclockwise. This should free the tail light assembly from the vehicle and prepare it for removal.
Step 3: Separate The Old Lens From The Assembly.
After inspecting the assembly and determining that the lens is the only damaged part, remove it from the rest of the tail light. On most vehicles, the lens is attached by several thumb nuts or small retaining screws and should pull away from the assembly freely once these are loosened.
Step 4: Insert The New Lens Into The Tail Light Assembly.
Carefully press the new tail light lens against the rubber gasket in the assembly and push it back into the mounting assembly on the rear of the vehicle. Tighten the retaining screws or thumb nuts to hold it in place.
Step 7: Secure The Assembly Into The Vehicle.
Tighten the screws and replace the bulb sockets on the back of the tail light assembly. Make sure to turn the sockets counterclockwise until they lock into place. If necessary, push the trunk trim back to its original position and then close the trunk.
Wiper Ruber
Windscreen Wipers
About Wipers, Rubbers and Blades
Signs you may need to replace your windscreen wipers:
• Chattering or streaking across the windscreen
• Cracks or brittleness on the wiper
• Smearing on the windscreen after use
Wipers and Washer
Windscreen Wipers
Brake Pads Noise
Do Your Brakes Squeak?
Two Types of Brakes
Disc Pad .
• Dampen the pads
• Lubricate the calipers
• Replace the caliper hardware (slides, pins or bushings)
• Replace the pads
• Resurface the rotors
• Clean the brakes (drums)
worn brake pads
These brake pads are completely worn out.
Click for Brake Guide info
Battery Maintenance
Battery Maintenance
Battery Testing
State of ChargeSpecific GravityVoltage - 12VVoltage - 6V
The results of your testing should be as follows.
Selecting and Buying a New Battery
Battery Life and Performance
Battery Charging
Car Batteries
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时间：2020-6-30 作者：admin
一龙卷风警报Tornado warning
BWhat is a tornado warning?
AIt means that a tornado has been seen somewhere in the area.
BReally? In New Berlin?
ANo. Not necessarily in town. But in southern Wisconsin somewhere.A tornado has been spotted. They have two stages here.This is what is called a tornado watch. That means that the weather conditions are perfect for a tornado.
BI understand. They think a tornado might come.
AYes. People should look out, because maybe there will be tornadoes coming.So it's called a watch.
BAnd the second stage is called a tornado warning.
AYes. If a tornado has been spotted, they announce a tornado warning.So if there's a tornado warning on, it means a tornado is out there somewhere.
BIt's scary.
AWell. Tornadoes can be dangerous, it's true.If we hear something like a loud train coming, then we have to go in the basement.
BWhat do you mean a loud train?
AThat is what tornadoes sound like. They sound like trains. They're very loud.
BBut if you hear them coming, isn't it already too late?
AMaybe. It depends on the tornado.Some can move across the ground at 200 miles an hour.That is very fast. Others aren't so fast.
BHave you seen a lot of them?
AI've only seen one in my life. I was looking out the window. It was around two miles away. It was very interesting to watch.But it was heading toward my friend's house. So I quickly called them on the phone.
BDid it hit their house?
ANo, it didn't. But they are glad I called them.
BWhat were they doing when you called?
AThey were all sitting in the living room watching TV.They had no idea a tornado was coming toward their house.If it had hit them, they could have all been killed.
BThat's terrible. Do many people die in tornadoes?
ANot so many really. But a lot of houses are destroyed sometimes.
二环境保护Protect the environment
AWhat did you do over the weekend?
BI went a global warming rally in London. It was fantastic to be around so many people who care about the environment.
ADo you think there's anything we can do to reverse the damage that's been done already?
BIt might not be possible to fix the problems that we've created for ourselves, but there are lots of things we can do to prevent more damages from happening.
ALike what?
BWell, we can use public transport instead of taking our cars for a start.
AWhat else can we do to protect the environment?
BIf you do have to drive, you should make sure that your car runs on unleaded petrol. Also, your home should use sources of renewable energy.
AHow about recycling? Does that actually help?
BYes. You should take your glass, paper, plastic, cardboard, and tin cans to a recycling center.
AWhat do you think is the biggest worry for our future?
BI think that the issue of greatest concern is having enough sources of clean water for everyone.
AI had no idea you were such as environmentalist before!
BTo be honest, in order for the earth to continue to be a habitable place, we're all going to have to become more interested in the environment.
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Mental Health Many Benefits Of Gardening
Landscaping is a huge widely used pastime for thousands of years. There may be facts that historic Egyptians developed plant life and exchanged them for food. During history, crops have given those with thecolor and beauty, and workout, although horticulture was even more fashionable in The european union over the Victorian period. Garden is often both equally a relaxing pastime and an excellent source of exercising. It can also be incredibly prosperous.
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Someone that increases their very ownveggies and herbal treatments, and fruits in a home lawn, normally, spends a shorter period out of doors than somebody that goes to a grocery store or farmer’s marketplace to acquire exactly the same goods. Garden is just not confined to any one place or style of backyard. Garden can be done all over a complete lawn, or over a distinct surroundings, dependant upon the choices and page layout of your garden enthusiast. Growing plants is usually ornamental or strictly purposeful, offering foods, pottery, and also other items. Some kinds of backyards tend to be more elaborate as opposed to others.
Gardening decreases strain and releases feelings of achievement and great pride. Garden also provides feelings of greater liberation from being hungry, as meals is grown without chemicals without having to use pesticides or chemical substances. Horticulture also provides diminished probability of sickness by growing veggies and fruits that demand fewer pesticides and other compounds. The reduced likelihood of disorders can help to protect against a buildup of ailment in homes, reducing health-related bills.
Horticulture is also great for the planet. And nourishing substances, it cuts down on air pollution simply because landscaping needs all-natural causes ofstandard water and natural light. It might be finished gone together with the unhealthy materials unveiled in the ground in the course of landscaping. For instance, fertilizers are widely used, producing pollution ofrivers and lakes, and streams. Also, growing plants diminishes runoff from community roads, and helps to cut down how much drinking water contaminated by people.
Mentioned previously at the outset of the leading write-up, there are plenty of advantages of garden. This information only insures among those important gains. You will find, naturally, many other important things about horticulture, including increased relaxing and enjoyment of daily life, boosted inventiveness and knowing, increased health insurance and weight, and diminished reliance upon synthetic types of food. These more positive aspects really should be considered resistant to the possible loss of some of these items when gardening, combined with the fees and energy linked to growing plants.
When folks elect to boost their own personal landscapes as an alternative to purchase them, they be given many benefits. Initially, a person might customize the gardens to put their unique particular needs. For instance, anyone could possibly have a window yard, where by they normal water and herb their own personal plants and flowers from inside the house and then sell the plants to individuals that would like to lawn but do not possess enough time or information to look after it themselves. Or, somebody could have a compartment yard the place they herb and water their flowers exterior, within the sunlight, and then sell any excess produce and plants to many other people who may drive growing plants but do not possess the amount of time to check out a garden centre to obtain the plant life they really need. If someone struggles to relocate the house due to age or disease, they will likely have the main benefit of having the ability to carry on to live in their own home whilst tending their backyards.
Your third help that people will take care of on this page, as some thing that features a straight bearing on intellectual wellness, is definitely the sociable advantage of gardening, additionally. For most of us, the action of garden is an act of interacting, since horticulture lets people to hang out with individuals that write about exactly the same pursuits using them. This giving of hobbies typically causes relationships, and horticulture is usually a catalyst for this sort of relationships.
It must be mentioned, on the other hand, that garden is a wonderful workout. Growing plants is shown to be an excellent way to remain and acquire in good shape. No matter whether just one takes into consideration their garden pastime a hobby or a ways to enhance their physical health, the action of developing plant life presents a fantastic alternative on the higher calories, very low healthy ingredients available from fast food places to eat and rubbish food. Although individuals might not consider horticulture an exercise, it could possibly unquestionably be regarded another solution kind of receiving physical exercise. Really, it can be claimed that growing plants is an extremely important aspect of any nutritious way of living.
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Northalsted Legacy Walk highlights activists who helped advance gay rights in Chicago
October marks LGBTQ+ History Month and ABC7's Jason Knowles is finding out more about the people who helped to advance gay rights in our area.
The Stonewall riots erupted after the Stonewall Inn was raided by police in New York City in 1969. Many historians say it was a huge turning point for gay rights.
However, in the years leading up to Stonewall, and after, there were other movements in Chicago where people were fighting for equality.
RELATED: Same-sex couples reflect on progress since the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act
Even before Stonewall, "There were definitely people that we're fighting back against institutional problems, including police and entrapment of gay men," said Tracy Baim, the co-publisher of the Chicago Reader and the co-founder of the LGBTQ publication, Windy City Times.
But Baim also knows quite a bit about another underground newsletter.
"There was a Mattachine Midwest Society that had a newsletter that would try to talk to people about their rights," Baim said.
RELATED: LGBTQ+ veterans discharged dishonorably for sexual orientation to get full benefits
The Mattachine Midwest newsletters were run by a secret society of gay people. They sent out urgent warnings about potential bar raids and other threats to the LGBTQ+ community. The newsletters were also in other cities nationwide.
"A lot of it was tips, and how to get legal protection, what your rights were if you were arrested, but in one incident, they actually went all-in and named the police officer who was doing the entrapment of gay men," Baim said.
That alleged entrapment resulted in arrests for lewd behavior.
"Drag queens, transgender people, lesbians, bisexuals, gay men would be swept up in these bar raids that would happen," Baim added. "I remember even covering them into the 1980s, and a lot of times they would happen around the time of elections."
Baim said Bill Kelly, one of the more high-profile 1960s Chicago gay activists, helped to lead the publication in Chicago. However, many others who ran the Mattachine Newsletter remained in the shadows.
RELATED: New museum in New York City to celebrate LGBTQ+ history and culture
"It was a secret society because no one could be out. It was illegal to be gay, it was illegal to be trans and it's illegal to dress in drag -- all of these things were illegal," said Victor Salvo, who runs The Legacy Project honoring LGBTQ+ history makers.
The Legacy Walk -- built by Salvo's organization on Halsted -- honors well-known LGBTQ+ people who made large contributions to society, like Chicago's Jane Addams.
RELATED: Chicago 'Boystown' neighborhood renamed Northalsted to promote inclusion
"And she helped start the ACLU. She is one of the most important Americans," Salvo said.
Lorraine Hansberry was a lesbian feminist activist and playwright. She wrote the American play "A Raisin in the Sun," which was the first play to be produced on Broadway by an African American.
"So, we owe a great deal of gratitude to a lot of those unsung heroes of our movement, and for me, it's about the people," Baim said.
Despite progress, activists want to remind people that gay and trans people are still victimized in hate crimes, and now new proposed laws by some states are targeting trans youth. In Chicago alone, almost 150,000 adults identify as LGBTQ, according to a 2018 study done by the city.
Copyright © 2021 WLS-TV. All Rights Reserved.
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Frequently Asked Questions About Fire Ants
Are there any home remedies that will kill fire ants?
How to kill fire ants?
What do fire ants eat?
Which fire ant bait should I use?
How do I kill fire ants inside my house?
Are there fire ants or other ants that sting in Canada? How about in the northeastern United States?
Why do flying fire ants land in my swimming pool?
Does gasoline kill fire ants?
Are fire ants good or bad?
What are the big, red fuzzy ants that I see sometimes?
How long do fire ants live?
Why do fire ants get into laundry?
Will club soda kill fire ants?
How do you kill fire ants where free ranging chickens and other birds (such as Guinea hens, ducks and geese) occur?
How deep are fire ant colonies?
What fire ant control measure can I use in my vegetable garden?
Will a hard winter kill fire ants?
Why are they called “imported” fire ants?
Why do fire ants nest next to trees?
How do we control fire ants in pastures?
Are fire ants attracted to electricity?
Do grits kill fire ants?
How can I tell if those are flying ants or termites swarming at the foundation of my house?
Where can I buy Pseudacteon phorid flies (decapitating flies) and other natural enemies of fire ants to release in my yard?
Could anteaters or armadillos control fire ants?
Are there repellents for fire ants?
How do fire ants move from location to location? How far can they travel?
At what temperature is it too cold for fire ants to survive?
How do I kill fire ants on poultry farms?
Will Pseudacteon phorid flies (decapitating flies) sting or bite? Are decapitating flies harmful?
Why do fire ants build mounds?
How do fire ants affect other animal populations?
I have small dark ants in my house, how do I get rid of them?
Can I use nematodes to kill fire ants?
Will fungi (mushrooms) kill fire ants?
What happens to fire ants during a flood?
Why do fire ants sting all at once?
How can I tell the difference between fire ants and some of the common native ants?
What are flying ants?
Are fire ant baits toxic to humans and pets?
Why do fire any mounds pop up after a rain?
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Porcelain tiles are made using very specific clay, with finely-ground sand and feldspar added to the mixture. The tiles are fired at a higher temperature than ceramic, this helps to make porcelain tiles super hardwearing.
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2021 Voter Information
What? 1. CMU is a school that votes.
CMU, the Leadership Institute, Safari and IMPACT believe promoting a spirit of civic engagement on Central’s campus is critical.
• Ask your participants to share their opinions on voting. Without starting a conversation about political views and party affiliation, engage your students on how they feel about voting. Do they plan on voting? Does it matter? Why should we or shouldn’t we be voting?
So what? 2. Why vote?
Help your participants understand the importance of voting. Here are some strategies to help them make the connection:
1. Ask participants which issues they care about. Much of our day-to-day life is influenced by political decisions. While a student may not care about “politics,” everyone has something they are interested in. Try to emphasize the influence of government in issues they are passionate about to help display how voting can specifically affect that person.
Example: “You like music? Did you know there is an endowment for the arts that is
funded by the federal government?” or “You have to drive a far distance to get to Central? Did you know that funding for road improvement projects was a key issue in a recent election?”
2. Ask participants if they believe voting matters. Then, convince students of their potential power to make a difference. College-age students make up one of the biggest and fastest growing voting coalitions but vote in tiny numbers. Try to convey to your participants that most political decisions, and thus issues that will affect our future, are decided for them by people from much older, smaller generations. College-age voters would have an enormous impact on these issues if students voted in mass. Additionally, every vote matters in close elections.
Example: “Most of our environmental policy is made by generations who won’t live to see the consequences.” or “The price of your college tuition and size of your debt is influenced by voters who have long since graduated and paid off theirs.”
3. Emphasize that CMU is a school that votes. Our university is committed to establishing a culture of civic engagement among our students. Let students know that voting is the Chippewa thing to do. #CENTRALVOTES
Now what? 3. Get registered.
Now that you’ve helped your participants realize the importance of voting, teach them ways to get legally and effectively registered.
1. First you should check to see if you are registered to vote by going to www.mi.gov/vote. If not, you can register to vote online by following the instructions on the website.
2. Students can choose to register in Mt. Pleasant. Registering to vote in Mt. Pleasant will allow you to avoid having to vote absentee or drive home on Election Day. However, in-state students will be required to change the address on their driver’s license any time they change residence within Mt. Pleasant.
3. Students can choose to register in their home district. If you choose to be registered to vote in your home district, you must either drive to your home district on Election Day, or vote absentee.
4. If you wish to register in person, CMU will be hosting a Fire Up the Vote event on Thursday, September 23, on campus from 10:30 am – 3:30 pm.
Get connected.
There are resources on campus to help answer students’ questions and get them involved in civic engagement projects.
• Central Votes: CMU’s student voting RSO. Interested students should contact Ryan Coker at [email protected] to join and volunteer.
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bedding plant breeding
Discussion in 'Plants: Science and Cultivation' started by Carole CF, Mar 28, 2015.
1. Carole CF
Carole CF New Member
Likes Received:
Lots of articles say that tender perennials are used as annual bedding plants in colder climate. But, if they are true perennials, how are they manipulated to bloom from seed in first year?
2. Sundrop
Sundrop Well-Known Member
Likes Received:
Kootenays, BC, Canada
Perennials are those plants that can survive longer than two years in the climatic conditions suitable for them. Those that can survive for only two years are called biennials, and those that live only one growing season are called annuals. There is nothing in the definition of a perennial plant that says it can't bloom in the first year of its life.
What you probably have in mind are herbaceous perennials that die back to the ground at the end of the growing season and start growing again in spring from their roots. They may or may not bloom and produce seeds during the first year of their life.
It is how it is in Nature, no manipulation is needed.
3. woodschmoe
woodschmoe Active Member 10 Years
Likes Received:
gulf island, bc, canada
In many cases a plant is chosen because it is a perennial which flowers in it's first year, and so is suitable to be grown as an annual where it isn't fully hardy. As Sundrop notes, there are lots of perennials that do this. Commercially, however, bedding plants are usually mass propagated from cuttings, not seed.
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Agreement & Contract
How to Break a Non-Disclosure Agreement?
Soumya Shekhar
Soumya Shekhar 06 min read 608 Views
What are you looking for
A Non-Disclosure Agreement ("NDA") is a legally enforceable agreement that falls under the ambit of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, which serves as the umbrella legislation for all contracts and agreements. This agreement protects and maintains the confidentiality of vital information disclosed between the parties, including trade secrets.
NDAs are also known as a confidentiality agreement (CA), confidential disclosure agreement (CDA), proprietary information agreement (PIA), secrecy agreement (SA), or non-disparagement agreement.
NDA protects a company's trade secrets or confidential information from being exposed to competitors or unauthorized parties who could use the information to damage the disclosing party irreparably. The disclosing party who shares confidential information with the receiving party agrees on what is considered confidential and not when they sign the agreement.
NDAs maintain the secrecy of information shared between the two parties and overall protect the business's intellectual property. The first step of the negotiations frequently presupposes the disclosure of various types of information. This necessitates that the parties remain bound by the NDA and do not violate it, as it may result in legal consequences.
What happens if you break a non-disclosure agreement?
An NDA violation is a civil wrong. NDAs are legally binding agreements. When the parties sign a NDA, the receiving party must keep the confidential information secret. However, if the receiving party chooses to disclose confidential information to a third party or an unauthorized entity, the party will face legal consequences or penalties.
NDAs not only bind the parties to keep confidential information private, but they also include legal remedies and penalties for any breach of the agreement, such as injunctions, indemnification etc. Breach of NDAs can result in significant monetary penalties, in addition to injuntive remedies. One should read a NDA very carefully before signing the same.
Why you should not violate a non-disclosure agreement?
NDAs deter persons from disclosing sensitive information to third parties or the general public, and severe penalties accompany them. In many circumstances, the agreement will specify the consequences of breaking the NDA. The following are some instances of penalties for violating an NDA: injunction, indemnity, damages, termination from employment, loss of business reputation, clients, etc.
A NDA would typically contain language that would entitle the Disclosing Party to resort to any legal remedies it deems fit. Such wide language in itself should sound a warning bell to the Receiving Party. It is better to comply with confidentiality obligations than breach a NDA.
Non-Disclosure Penalty Clause
It can be difficult to estimate the damages resulting from a breach of the confidentiality clause, as a result, a penalty clause that provides an appropriate value for the damage resulting from a contractual non-fulfilment may be beneficial. There is an added advantage of this clause if the penalty is already specified in the agreement, then there will be a fear of having to pay heavy damages, which would not exist if the party planned to strictly comply with the contractual obligations.
The penalties for violating the agreement are often laid out in the agreement, including injunction, indemnity, and damages. It is essential to mention that the Specific Relief Act of 1963 and the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 govern these preventive reliefs.
People Also Read This: Employee Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure Agreement for Employees
The non-breaching party may seek an injunction from the court to prevent the Receiving Party from sharing such confidential information. The purpose of applying for an interim or permanent injunction is to prevent the defendant (that is the Receiving Party) from committing any future breaches or causing any other form of harm to the aggrieved party (the Disclosing Party).
The Receiving Party must indemnify the Disclosing Party for any fees, expenses, or damages incurred by the Disclosing Party due to any breach of this Agreement's provisions. Court fees, litigation costs, and actual, reasonable attorney's fees are all included in this obligation.
People Also Read This: What Is A Non-Compete Clause In An Employment Contract?
If the Receiving party violates an NDA, the Disclosing Party may file a lawsuit in court to prohibit additional disclosures and sue the violating party for monetary damages.
To conclude, NDAs are low-cost, simple-to-create legally binding agreements that keep private information secret between two or more parties. It is critical to be as specific as possible when drafting an NDA so that all parties understand what can and cannot be disclosed and the penalties for disclosing information. An agreement can be void if the language is overly broad, unreasonable, or onerous. The courts will also challenge or invalidate agreements that are unduly broad, oppressive, or attempt to contain non-confidential information. Also, if the information is made public, the Disclosing Party cannot enforce a NDA.
Always have a lawyer review an NDA before you sign the same. Look out for onerous terms and be very careful before putting your name to it.
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Comparative Study of Reluctant Fundamentalist and Auden’s Poetry within the Premise of Power and Tyranny.
January 18, 2019 by Essay Writer
The ability of a text to channel a cogent political viewpoint is exemplified within ‘The Unknown Citizen” (1939), in which Auden sympathises with those impacted by political acts of the 20th century manifested within political ideologies fronted by unjust intentions in misrepresenting people for political power. Additionally, in “September 1, 1939” (1939), Auden denounces the dilution of morality in the contemporary era emanating from the rise of autocracies surrounding WWII. Similarly, Hamid’s 2007 novel, ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’, both repudiates the impact of capitalism on the individual, further denouncing the effect that economic power has on the morality of individuals.
Auden deplores the impact political acts have on individual lives to a substantial extent through the ‘Citizen’. He censures the false façade of political regimes, claiming to represent the people and civil aspirations, however in reality having egotistical motives to enhance their own power. Thus, Auden condemns the impact of this selfishly-motivated hunger for power, sympathising with the victims of economic and bureaucratic political acts; the powerless individual. Influenced by his cynicism following the rise of totalitarianism in Communism in the 20th century, Auden’s identifying of the subject with an alphanumeric identity, “JS/07 M 378”, conveys the loss of both identity and humanity of the individual under extremist ideologies, assessed in Mussolini’s fascist autocracy in Italy. Additionally, Auden’s satirical elegiac form conveys his disapproval of the rise of the modern bureaucracy, revealing his genuine concern for the modern world and the disparity between those in power and those without, imparting to the responder a warning of the dangers of secularised power. This is exposed within the capitalised form of state sanctioned institutions, “The Press”, “The Union”, sardonically conveying the power of the “State” over the individual.
Similarly, Hamid repudiates the impact of economic ideologies on the individual such as Capitalism, however contrastingly reveals how some individuals may resist economic oppression. Embodied within the dominant capitalist America, Hamid denounces the overarching power of economics within the 21st century. Through his bildungsroman, Hamid symbolises Changez’ initial embrace of such power within his metaphor, “something of the outside is now within us”, however juxtaposes this with the loss of culture and identity, “something of us is now outside”. Hence, Hamid deplores the impact of capitalist ideology and its disposition to induce conformity. However, following racial discrimination after 9/11, Hamid reveals the ability of radical individuals to confront and reject compliance, contrary to Auden’s forced political conformity and oppression. This is conveyed through Changez’ character transformation from “a lover of America” to one who is cynical toward capitalist power of the West, alluded to Changez’ language of imperial conquest, “they all seemed to proclaim; We are America, the Mightiest nation in the world”. Through the personification of America, Hamid alludes to the Empire of Genghis Khan, which translates to Changez in Urdu, meaning part of an Imperial Force, in which he is, working with the US to develop American economic power. Due to Underwood Samson’s global reach, he exacerbates the divide between the wealth of capitalist America and the comparatively impoverished regions of the Islamic world Underwood dictate.
Reprimanding the dilution of morality in the 20th century as a result of political acts, Auden addresses the impact of WWII through “September 1, 1939”. Auden’s more esoteric poem, centred around the outbreak of WWII, repudiates the elected neutrality of the United States’, utilising the metaphor of the “fort”, revealing his condemnation of the nation’s retreat into cowardly self-interest. Repudiating this “neutral status”, Auden creates meaning through suggesting a unified moral obligation to defend the “collective man”. Auden’s denunciation of the moral degradation of man is justified within his use of the ignorance of contemporary society, utilising the classical reference in Thucydides to convey how dictators abuse an “apathetic” population to accomplish their ends even in a democratic society such as America. However, the form of dictators within such democracies is not political, but rather is economic power, with Auden’s allusion to capitalism’s dictating of society evident, “where blind skyscrapers… proclaim the strength of Collective Man”. Additionally, in an anguished tone, Auden aligns with Thucydides, condemning the repetition of mistakes, stating “we must suffer them all again”. This is extended through the form of the poem, with the repetition of 11 lines within 9 stanzas suggesting this cyclic failure throughout history. However, Auden ultimately condemns that this neutrality and negligence of morality is unsustainable to humanity through his metaphor, “but who can live for long in an euphoric dream?”, which suggests that the era of “low, dishonest” politicians that seek isolationism in a period of necessary unity will end when the US joins their “collective man” in global conflict.
Similarly, Hamid denounces erosion of morality in the 21st Century, however as a result of the power of monetary value as opposed to political tyranny. Changez’ adoption of the Western world is denounced through Juan-Batista’s “janissary” metaphor, inferring “they were ferocious and utterly loyal; they had fought to erase their own civilisations, so they had nothing else to return to”. Through this admonition to Changez, Hamid’s metaphor extends to condemn the erosive effects of economic imperialism on the degrading of cultural values that manifest morality. Hamid additionally challenges the lack of morality within the machinations of Underwood Samson, symbolising capitalist values of the 21st century, through Juan’s rhetorical question, “does it trouble you to make your living by disrupting the lives of others?”. Hamid’s characterisation of Juan, neglecting capitalism, juxtaposes that of Changez, confronting the wider implications of capitalist values; Juan juxtaposes the capitalist values of Underwood Samson.
Both Auden and Hamid are attuned to the individual’s discontented response to vast historical events. Such a theme is exemplified within “Achilles”, which denounces actions within politics through the state of totalitarian regimes, “Citizen”, sympathising with those impacted by political acts of the 20th century manifested within political and “September”, denouncing the dilution of morality in the contemporary era.
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Gluten Free
Gluten Free
We have all heard about gluten free diets and products, but what is gluten, and why are so many people avoiding it?
What Is Gluten?
Gluten is simply a protein found in wheat, barley, rye and kamut.
Why are so many people avoiding it?
Gluten Intolerances and Celiac Disease are increasingly common these days. A study from the United States found that gluten intolerances are 400% more common now than just 50 years ago. There are many different reasons responsible for this increase. One cause is that hybridization of different wheats has caused a higher proportion of gluten in the grain. The wheat we eat today is very different from that which our ancestors ate in the past.
What is gluten intolerance?
Gluten sensitivity or intolerance is a condition that causes a person to react after ingesting gluten from food. Symptoms can include digestive problems, joint pains, headache, fatigue and tiredness, bloated stomach, unbalanced bowel movements and many others.
There are different levels of intolerances and the only “cure” at the moment is following a gluten free diet.
It is with this in mind that we here at Natural Point have in stock a huge range of gluten free products, including bread, pastas and delicious cakes.
Love your Body, Love Ibiza!
Want to know more about being tested for gluten intolerance or celiac disease?
Learn more about hidden food intolerances
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Task: Read Chapter 4 Complete Chapter 4 Exercises 1 & 2 p.
Task: Read Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Exercises 1 & 2 p. 96
Your response for weekly activities must be researched and have at least one source, other than your textbook, that you will use APA format to site at the bottom of your page. Your discussion response must be at least 1000 words in length.
**Do not include the questions from the book in your response.
Please refer to the Rubric for Online Papers and Assignments in the syllabus.
During this course, you have a weekly assignment that will be due every Tuesday by 11:59pm EST. Guidelines for each assignment will be included with the assignment on Canvas. If the assignment is a writing task, please remember to use APA format and site your sources. Your response should be at least 1500 words.
1. A good starting point for engaging with andragogy is for you, the reader to examine your own learning as an adult. You can do this by recalling a good and bad learning experience as we did with the vignettes in chapter 3. Write out a short narrative description of each, then stand back and compare the two incidents. What was different what assumptions of andragogy were present in the good experience ad absent in the bad experience? What could have been done to turn the bad experience into a good one?
2. Take a topic that you are thinking about teaching that has traditionally been taught in a teacher-centered, lecture format mode. How can you redesign the course to employ some if not all of the six assumptions of andragogy?
3. Self-directing learning involves planning, organizing, controlling and assessing your individual learning in a process described by self-teaching. Think about a time in which you participated in Self-directing learning. Explain how you planned, organized, controlled and assessed your learning
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Cleaning up the Mess through Vegetarianism
A vegetarian diet is not only an efficient way to stay healthy, it also can be the answer to other negative dilemmas worldwide. A vegetarian diet excludes all meat, fish, and poultry. According to a study by Nathan Pritikin, nutritionist and longevity researcher, found that a diet low in protein and high fruits and vegetables, can successfully help aid reversing symptoms of cardiovascular disease (Pritikin). Another researcher, Dr James Howard Winer, a former instructor at the University of Pittsburgh for nutrition explained: Many demographic studies have linked numerous forms of cancer to meat eating (Winer). Given the ethical complications, negative environmental impact, and detrimental health consequences of consuming certain animal products; turning to a vegetarian diet will alleviate numerous issues facing our modern society.
Although vegetarianism has plenty of health benefits, many fear it does not provide the adequate nutrition due to its lack in protein from meat. Becoming vegetarian would not mean becoming nutrient deficient. However there are, multiple substitutes that are high in protein. In fact, Matthew Lee, researcher in life-style based treatment programs, found that Legumes (beans, lentils, soy, etc.) can provide anywhere from 1489% of daily protein intake; approximately 1 cup of chickpeas can equal 12 grams of protein (Lee). Another substitution he found was with wheat and grains, about 2 slices of wheat bread is equal to 5 grams of protein (Lee). These are substitutes that offer a variety in options for daily protein intake. Other than the obvious healthy well-being of the diet, there are more advantages to vegetarianism than just that.
As population increases day by day, the demand for water and food also swells and is needed to sustain life and growth. The earth is tapped out of viable land usage and the majority of it is used for housing and livestock purposes.
(Approximately) 26% of the planet’s ice-free land is used for livestock grazing and 33% of croplands are used for livestock feed productions. (That is enough) cropland to feed 9 billion if 40% of all crops produced today for animals were directed for human consumption. (FAO)
The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) points out. The world already holds 7.7 Billion people, and in the next 20 years world population is projected to reach 9 billion people (WPP). Although there is a gap of 20 years from now for the population to reach that point, society is growing at an alarming rate. To put it simply, there will not be enough resources to feed that many humans if there is no change to the way we use our land. Despite the amount of land used for crops to feed livestock, the grain to meat ratio varies greatly. Depending on the place or type of animal, it is hard to predict the ratio. Many animals do not eat human edible grains such as, hay or cornstalks. But the ratio for human edible grains can range from 16 pounds of grain: 1 pound of meat to as little as 0.13 pounds of grain: 1 pound of meat (Yacoubou). Dr Rick Rasby found that water usage can be high too, but this also varies greatly due to the stage of life and temperature of the environment that the livestock are in (Rasby). Not only does livestock consume a large amount of resources, they also have to get rid of them.
While the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) found that in manufacturing soy-based proteins like tofu can possible be producing more greenhouse gas emission than locally produced meat (WWF). Actually, animals produce a large amount of methane through gas and manure. This is a main result of raising livestock such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, etc. Methane (CH4) is a powerful greenhouse gas (OGG). Greenhouse gases are gases that are able to keep in any radiation in the atmosphere causing it to hold heat (Lallanilla). CH4 is extremely good for trapping radiation, which takes some blame for the heating up of the environment. It makes up about 10% of all greenhouse gases (OGG). Global warming is not something society can ignore any more than it already has. Global warming is problem that needs to be faced today or it may be too late. Cutting back on livestock use can help the least bit and slow the rate gas emissions are released into the environment.
The figure to the left shows that methane in comparing to other greenhouse gases (OGG).
As unfortunate as it is, animals being raised for society’s needs are greatly genetically modified. Many livestock animals are held in factory farms for two main reasons: profit and efficiency. For the most obvious efficient way of obtaining animal products and meat, they are genetically manipulated (FF). Why breed animals to help efficiency? They are modified for growth or to produce more products like milk or eggs than they naturally would. Since animals are producing more goods, factory farms are gaining tons of profit. The animals are more than just bred for use, they are brought up in unethical ways.
Research shows that nearly 10 billion fam animals each year, just in the United States suffer in poor conditions (FAW). Some of these conditions may include small cages and overcrowding, indoor confinement with poor air quality, and unnatural light patterns (FAW). This also comes along with abusive handling by workers. Due to some unsanitary conditions that these animals would live in, this leads to the misuse of anti-biotics (FAW).
Although anti-biotics are to sustain livestock in unclean conditions, they are also used to make animals grow faster (FF). Research claims that the widespread use of anti-biotics can lead to anti-biotic resistant bacteria that threaten human health (FF). If people are becoming immune to certain anti-biotics due to this, what will happen when a new bacteria becomes prevalent for humans and the anti-biotic used for it can no longer help? Society is in for a rude awakening.
So what should be done to help prevent these situations? Perhaps the best result is for society as a whole is to take proactive steps to play a hand in benefiting the earth’s environment, ones bodies, and the livestock by making a small change in diet. Just not eating vegetables is required, there are numerous different delicious dishes that can satisfy the needs of the humans preferred tastes. For example, there are many cookbooks that are simple and do not require a chef like Vegetarian Cookbook for Beginners: The Essential Cookbook To Get Started and Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone. Other resources that could be used are online websites that provide recipes that someone might have in mind for a special night or magazines for new recipes monthly. Starting out with cutting out little portions of meat or even using less animal biproducts can make a huge impact. If society as a whole became vegetarian there could be many positive outlooks on todays current issues.
Works Cited
Factory Farming: The Industry Behind Meat and Dairy. PETA,
FAO. Livestock and Landscapes., 2012,
Farm Animal Welfare. ASPCA,
Lallanilla, Marc. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Causes & Sources. LiveScience, Purch, 10 Feb. 2015,
Lee, Matthew. Alternative Sources of Protein for a Vegetarian. Healthy Eating | SF Gate, 11 June 2018,
Overview of Greenhouse Gases. EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 31 Oct. 2018,
Pritikin, Nathan. Nathan Pritikin, Founder. Pritikin Weight Loss Resort,
Rasby, Rick. How Much Water Do Cows Drink. Management of Cheatgrass in Rangelands & Pastures | UNL Beef | Nebraska, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
The Meatless Diet. Umoja Sasa, vol. 6, no. 5, 1982, pp. 68“68. JSTOR, JSTOR,
World Population Projections. United Arab Emirates Population (2018) – Worldometers,
WWF Report ., WWF, 2012,
Yacoubou, Jeanne. Factors Involved in Calculating Grain:Meat Conversion Ratios. Return to, The VRG Blog,
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Bromances are scientifically proven to improve men’s lives and are more important than relationships
‘Masculinity is no longer this debilitating curse’
The bromance, a close friendship (usually) between two straight men has been connected to the increased emotional wellbeing of men.
A study undertaken by the University of Winchester recruited 30 undergraduate male students studying sports degrees. Through a series of questions, these mostly straight men were interviewed to find out what “bromance” meant to them. The study’s focus was predominantly on the personal experiences of the participants and how they perceived their own bromances. According to the results, all subjects said they had at least on bromantic friend, and that there is a distinct difference between a bromance and a friendship.
One subject said: “You have people that you are really close to, and get on with really well, but a bromance is closer. With a bromance you can talk about anything, with friends you can’t”. For some participants, their bromance was like a romance, for others it was more akin to having a brother. Nevertheless, the common factor of closeness was consistent among all the men interviewed.
Common characteristics of the bromance were identified as having similar interests such as sports (which is unsurprising when you consider that all the participants study sports), the ability to be emotionally vulnerable by expressing and receiving love without fear of ridicule and derision, and physical intimacy. Many participants reported kissing, bed sharing, and being naked with their bromantic partner.
The fact that the phenomena of the bromance allows men to cultivate the homosocial bonds they have with other men in a context that breaks away from our culture’s assumptions about traditional masculinity is clearly a good thing. However, the study notes that there is a flip side to this, which “may not benefit cross-sex relations” and “may in fact reduce men’s appetite for interaction with women and intensify the exclusivity of make friendships.”.
Adam White, one of the authors of the study, told Broadly: “Traditionally women have been able to exchange in these highly emotional exchanges with other women. It has traditionally been the straight jacket of masculinity that has prevented men from engaging in these close and expressive same sex-relationships.”
He added: “Men, and particularly young men often get bad press for a range of socio-negative behaviours, whether this is lad culture, issues of misogyny, excessive alcohol consumption, violence and so on. At the same time we know men have a high rate of suicide and emotional restrictiveness may be a risk factor that explains these high rates. It’s important to start to capture these stories and narratives of young men to better understand them, and the bromance – being a supportive and emotionally open form of close friendship – may be one way of reducing some of these issues that young men experience.”
“Masculinity is no longer this debilitating curse that forces men to act in a particularly toxic manner and, as such, guys today are having highly emotional, physically tactile and loving friendships with other men. This can only be positive.”
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Why do cats walk low to the ground when scared
Cats will walk low to the ground almost like creeping when they stalk a prey. Numerous diseases can cause a cat to feel hunger thirst or pain all of which can lead to excessive meowing. The sound of a female cat in heat can be downright bone chilling. If the cat is not sick it is absolutely normal cat behavior Cat Walking Low to the ground. My 3 year old cat, who has been spayed, has been walking low to the ground. She is stalking around like she is scared of something. She is eating ok, and drinking, and she is using her litterbox. She has been laying on the tile floor in the bathroom, I think because of the heat ( it's currently summer here) and I.
Why Is My Cat Walking Low To The Ground And Meowin
Scared cats can also be exhibited by the cat curling up its body, tucking its tail under its body, and holding its body and head low to the ground. This is characterized by the cat's inability to vocalize. Other signs of fearful cats are shaking, dilated pupils, panting, drooling, foot pad sweating and shedding of its hair Cat behaviorists believe that a cat quickly thump its tail while lying down it means that it is time to move back, to leave the cat alone or to allow the cat some time off to relax. It may mean that your cat is overstimulated if you are petting her Thunderstorms can be extremely stressful for cats. While cats may not show their fear in quite the same way as dogs (in severe cases of thunderstorm anxiety, panicking dogs have been known to destroy furniture, jump through windows or otherwise harm themselves during storms,) they may still become extremely anxious If you stroke your cat's back while she's in heat, she'll raise her hips to stick her butt in the air, twitch her tail to the side, and start treading with her hind feet. These last three signs.. A tail that sways slowly from side to side usually means your cat is focused on an object. You might see this tail position right before your cat pounces on a toy or a kibble, of cat food that's tumbled outside the food bowl. Position: wrapped around another cat. A tail wrapped around another cat is like you putting your arm around another person
One possibility is that when cats do this, it means they're disoriented. Another explanation is that they're trying to, once again, show affection. If you're cat tilts their head when they look at you, chances are, they're showing their love. Head lowered to the ground. Head lowering in cats can mean two completely different things 7. Cats do not suffer from myocardial infarction (heart attack) as people do. In cats, the term is typically used to either define a collapsing episode (more accurately termed as syncope or loss of consciousness) or to describe sudden death of an animal in terms that people can understand. 8. Humans are not the only species to bury their dead
Cat Walking Low to the ground - Our Happy Ca
Scared Cat: Behavioral Signs and Causes • OurFriends4Eve
1. He's likely feeling fearful or defensive. When your cat crouches warily he may be bracing for a fight or flight. It's not unusual for cats in this position to move sideways, perpendicular from a threat. It makes him look larger and gets him one step closer to a quick escape or flanking attack
2. Because they're strays, and maybe even feral, they may not have come across humans in such a close vicinity, at least for some time, and will naturally be wary. You know what a cat is, they don't know what a human is. It takes time for them to bui..
3. Meowing is all-purpose; your cat may be using meow as a greeting, a command, an objection or an announcement. Some people have observed their cats walking around the house meowing to themselves. Chirps and trills are how a mother cat tells their kittens to follow them. Aimed at you, it probably means your cat wants you to follow them, usually.
4. Signs of focused cat behaviour. Their eyes will be open with pupils narrowed. Their ears and whiskers will be pricked forward, with their body angled towards the focus of their attention. Their body might be low to the ground as they stalk, with hind legs coiled under their body. Your cat's tail language will show focus by being held out low.
5. A cat can also meow because they are scared, anxious, or in pain. If they are fearful of a person or other animal, they may let out repeated meows to indicate that they are in a state of stress. One common source of stress for cats is when we put them in the carrier to go to see the vet
6. A cat walking with an arched back reveals how it is feeling at that time. A cat's body language and posture, such as arching the spine, have several different explanations. Stretching the muscles after yawning Hunting and preparing to pounc
7. Just have a hardy chuckle and leave the harness on. The Salamander Even if your cat doesn't act like the harness is sucking out its life breath, kitty will likely walk a little funny as he adjusts. This slinky gait is characterized by your cat slithering close to the floor, low and sneaky like a little ninja kitty spy
Why Do Cats Thump Their Tails When Lying Down
1. A cat's vestibular system controls balance, and when something is off with the system, a cat may walk in circles or fall over. There's no particular cause or cure for this condition, known as idiopathic vestibular syndrome, which can strike cats of any age but is most common in older animals, according to Michelson Found Animals
2. Sometimes cats pant because they are having difficulty breathing (dyspnea). A cat in respiratory distress may also wheeze, cough, refuse to stand up, or stand with her head hanging low to the ground as she pants
3. It is normal cat behavior to take one to three bites equaling about 30 calories and walking away. It is a misconception that this is being finicky. When we fill a bowl of highly palatable food.
4. While I can't tell you the cause for your cat crawling on her belly and crying, the situation you describe indicates that your cat is very distressed. She may be in severe pain. It could be that she has a problem in her abdomen that is causing her pain or she may have a skeletal issue
5. To do this, move your cat's bowl of food or lure your cat closer with a treat or toy. Watch your cat closely for any signs of anxiety. If he remains calm, repeat the session a few times. Then, over many sessions, gradually and incrementally decrease the distance between your cat and your other pet. If your cat becomes anxious
Bristled tail: When your cat's tail puffs up like a bottle brush, you can be pretty sure that your cat feels threatened and has become defensively aggressive.Your cat may bristle his tail if you startle him, if he's scared, or if another cat (or person) angers him. He'll likely try to escape the situation if possible, but he may also stay to defend himself if necessary Whether its prey is a toy, insect or mouse, the cat's body is low to the ground as it stalks. The cat coils its hind legs beneath it as it readies to pounce. Image via Flickr: Michael Heichler. 4/10. Playful. Cats show playfulness by wriggling on their sides or back. They could be meowing while trying to encourage you to play
For these cats, it will take a long time to calm down and learn to trust new environments and people (which they may never fully do). Here are some common reasons why cats exhibit fearful behavior. Remember: no one reason is necessarily the only reason your cat is scared. Your cat is new to yo Your cat can be easily stressed or frightened by all sorts of things that happen in or around your home. The behavior modification techniques of desensitization and counter-conditioning can help your feline to be happier and more well-adjusted. These terms may sound technical, but the techniques themselves are user-friendly
How to Help Your Cat Cope with Thunderstorms - The
Check the cat's ears, paws, and tail. These should be hot to the touch, at least some of the time. The exception to the rule is if they've been resting or walking on a cold surface, such as a tiled floor. Cats lose body heat through their extremities, so a dying cat will not retain warmth. Low body temperature is usually caused by a weak heart 1. Cats yowl because they're hungry. This one is obvious, but cats do what works. A cat yowling in your face gets that food bowl refilled. Hunger is easy to rule out. If your cat has plenty of. Don't miss the warning signs your cat is sick and may be in pain. Research shows that cats feel pain just like we do. But they tend to hide their pain—so just because they don't show you obvious signs of pain, doesn't mean they aren't suffering or in distress
Signs a Cat Is In Heat: 4 Key Things To Look Out Fo
2. It's not uncommon for cats to be scared of people they don't know. They may be affectionate and calm with their family but fearful when other people visit. There are several reasons for this, including: Lack of exposure. Shy cats may have lacked exposure to different people when they were kittens, especially between the ages of 2 to 7 weeks
3. Meowing and Yowling. The cat's meow is her way of communicating with people. Cats meow for many reasons—to say hello, to ask for things, and to tell us when something's wrong. Meowing is an interesting vocalization in that adult cats don't actually meow at each other, just at people. Kittens meow to let their mother know they're cold.
4. Read on to discover the explanation behind 10 common cat behaviors. 1. Purring. This is probably the most common cat behavior on the list. Most of the time purring means your cat is content, comfortable and feeling safe. However, it can also be a signal to other cats that they want to play or a signal to you that they're scared, sick or stressed
5. Step 1: Choose The Leash. It's important to note that you can't put Fido's leash on your cat. Cats don't behave on leashes the way dogs do (more on that later,) and as such, your cat will need a harness designed just for them. Most pet stores carry cat harnesses in a variety of sizes and shapes
6. Cat Illnesses are too often diagnosed late in the course of the disease. Many loving cat owners wait too long to take their kitties with feline illnesses symptoms to the veterinarian. The results are suffering pets, heartbroken owners, and a higher financial cost. The goal of this page is to help you go beyond the obvious signs of an emergency to include the more subtl
Being a fledgling—a chick that has left the nest—is awkward. Junco fledgling MAII illustrates the awkwardness via interpretive dance. Fledglings are at one of the most dangerous time in their lives, facing an average mortality rate of 42% over just a week or two. Most of that mortality happens early, just after the little guys have left the. Cats sleep a lot, so if your cat is spending more time pacing than sleeping, it's a sign that kitty is anxious. For an animal that sleeps up to 16 hours on almost any given day, a restless cat. Knowing why a cat is nervous can help you sort out the best treatment. It can also help you manage your own expectations. A cat that's predisposed to skittishness might not ever become the cuddly kitty that you envisioned when you adopted her, and if you know this up front you won't be as likely to blame yourself if your cat doesn't make as much progress or doesn't open up as quickly as you.
But with use of the following handling tactics, most cats can transition from scared to serene when picked up. Teach your cat to be held in a gradual manner. You can do this by pairing a word, like hold, with being held. The word lets your cat anticipate what's going to happen rather than create anxiety of the unknown Here are the answers to the top 44 questions that people ask if Maine Coons do (or don't do.) 1. They do have ear tufts. Maine Coons always have ear tufts but you'll notice that on some cats they are longer and thicker than on others. Originally, this breed had tufts to protect their ears in cold climates interested in getting the cats sterilized can't find veterinarians to work with feral cat s or low-cost spay/neuter options. Un-spayed community cats can become pregnant as early as 5 months of age and typically only have one live litter per year, with an average litter size of three to four kittens. Up to 75% of th Pay attention to your cat's body language. Your cat may be sending out many warning signals before they finally go 'over the edge' with fear. Look to see if your cat's ears are horizontal or twitching, which indicates nervousness. Your cat may also crawl close to the ground or walk with their tail low to the ground or moving rapidly This blog shares information and expertise about cats gleaned from over 18 years of cat rescue work. Jennie Richards is a board member of the Community Concern for Cats rescue group and is a trained Animal Disaster Rescue worker for the Humane Society of the United States, Red Rover, and Noah's Wish
Recognizing the signs a cat is dying of old age can help you make the best choice for your pet. Weight loss, an unpleasant odor, and other symptoms of aging can indicate your cat may be approaching the end stage of its life, but the severity of the symptoms can help you determine how much time is left Take It Easy. Encouraging timid cats to break their cycle of fear takes time. Be very patient and don't force your cat to do anything. That means you shouldn't poke your head under the bed or carry and place it anywhere in the house against its will. This will only reinforce the scared behavior. Let the cat come to you Purring. Purring is a soft, low rumbling sound that almost all cats make. Depending on the cat, it may be a very quiet murmur or so loud you can hear it across the room. You can also often feel a.
What Your Cat is Telling You with Their Tail Hill's Pe
Cats in the midst of a fight see everything as the enemy and won't hesitate to attack you with everything they have. Because cats' teeth and claws contain a myriad of bacteria, these types of wounds can be dangerous. Another consideration to keep in mind: You don't want the cats to become even more scared The Effects of Aging. As they age, cats often suffer a decline in functioning, including their cognitive functioning. It's estimated that cognitive decline—referred to as feline cognitive dysfunction, or FCD—affects more than 55% of cats aged 11 to 15 years and more than 80% of cats aged 16 to 20 years If your cat is skittish and generally seems to be scared of everything, your cat most likely has chronic stress. Chronic stress is when a cat lives in an environment of uncertainty. This means cats are always on edge because they don't know what surprising and unpredictable circumstance might be around the corner
Cat Body Language: The Secret Meaning of Feline Body
12 Things You May Not Know About Cat Deat
Do Some Cats Walk With Their Tails Down? Pets - The Nes
A cat usually carries her tail horizontally behind her, with an upward curve to keep it from dragging on the ground. A rising tail is a sign of interest or confidence. A half-raised tail is a sign of a so-so mood, and a tail held low signifies the cat is unhappy or scared Why is my cat walking low to the ground? My family and I have asked this question many times regarding a cat we received over a year ago by our oldest daughter. She said, the kitten ran towards her meowing as if scared to death, hoping (as she puts it) over the blades of grass being that it was so little or just been weaned from her mother The most common sign of ataxia, regardless of the cause, is an abnormal gait in which the cat is very unsteady on her feet. With a spinal cord lesion, the toes may drag on the ground as the cat walks, traumatizing the tissues of the toes. With a vestibular disorder, it is also common to see abnormal movement of the eyes, typically drifting from. My cat is walking around very slowly, not his usual self. He is off his food, not purring very much, quiet (he is usually a very vocal cat) sleeping a lot of the time. He is 6 years old. I frontlined him 11 days ago could this be anything to do with it? I am very worried tonight about him. He seemed to have got worse over the last couple of hours If it's feeling anxious or scared, its ears will usually be drawn back or to the side and it'll keep its body low to the ground with its tail lowered. You'll know your cat is feeling aggressive if its fur sticks out on end and it has an arched back with flat ears
Video: Why Does My Cat Do That? 20 Puzzling Cat Behaviors
Image: Christopher Marin: Flickr 4. If your cat is feeling ANGRY or AGGRESSIVE Her ears will be flat against her head, but turned to the side instead of to the back. This is because when a cat is angry or aggressive she'll be both alert (with ears forward) and scared (with ears flattened) Why do cats knead things with their paws? It may go back to their kitten days when they would press on their mommy's tummy to stimulate milk flow. They might also do it simply because they're feeling relaxed and content. Kneading shouldn't be a problem unless your cat's claws are digging into your thighs Death is a unique experience for each cat, and symptoms will vary depending on the underlying disease. The active phase of dying may begin weeks or months before death and may include: Decreases in a cat's appetite can develop due to pain, nausea, difficulty swallowing, as death approaches, the body loses its ability to process solids and fluids
Loss of Balance (Unbalanced Gait) in Cats PetM
1. Here's a list of 9 signs your cat actually loves you: 1. Your cat brings you their presents. Not for the faint of heart, when your cat brings you their kill it is actually meant as a present even though it's a present you won't want to touch with your bare hands. Cats are natural hunters, so when they bring you these gifts they.
2. To Jeff: PEOPLE are the pests destroying the natural environment. All you worry about is an animal in YOUR garden, chewing YOUR wiring etc. You are in it's environment not the other way around. CATS are the pest that carry diseases, not squirrels. Feral CATS are the disease carriers created by humans. No wonder this planet is in trouble
3. g facility, a cat may feel uncomfortable and threatened when held in place to be physically manipulated.Or when picked up and carried, the feline may panic out of anticipation of where she's being taken to, like the crate
4. Some cats may follow us around, because they like our companionship, while others may be following us for specific reasons — or even a combination of the two. Most owners notice that their cats tend to be close in proximity when it is near feeding time.If I get up and walk around the house when it is mealtime, I generally have several cats following closely behind me
5. Cats may become anxious about possible threats but will experience fear when they think they are in immediate danger. For example, your cat might get anxious when you bring out the cat carrier that only appears immediately before a vet visit but will become scared when approached by an unfamiliar dog.. Whether the cat is actually in danger or not (from our perspective) makes little difference.
6. When a cat stands tall and holds her tail high, it usually means she is confident and happy, explains Rueb. Walking with an upright tail is an indication that your cat is comfortable, sociable and looking to engage with others around her. Hartstein adds that an upright cat tail position is a sign of an affable cat looking to connect or.
A feral cat will probably not have a better life inside a home, as the cat will be scared of the setting, and of you, for its entire life. While you can certainly try to give a feral cat a home, if the cate shows any of these tendencies for an extended period of time, do the right thing The first thing you need to do is rule out anything serious, aka health related. Cats can definitely hide if they are not feeling well or have medical issues, Mychelle Blake, MSW, CDBC, of. According to Vetstreet, common signs your cat is sick or in pain include: Neglecting to groom themselves, or over-grooming in one spot. Kitties in pain might also show a loss of appetite, unusual vomiting, clingy behavior, or other noticeable changes in personality and demeanor. A cat experiencing chronic pain, such as arthritis, might stop. Before you just put a leash on your cat, check out our article How to Walk your Cat on a Leash Safely. Consider all your cat's senses when you're trying to enrich your cats' environment. As humans, we often don't pay much attention to the smells or how something feels quite as closely as our animal counterparts do
Why Does My Cat Crouch? Pets - The Nes
1. This is why I wanted to share with you a list of things I wish someone had told me before bringing them home. 1. A Guinea Is Not A Chicken. You might be thinking, Well, duh!. But I mean they are not even remotely the same. Chickens are very domesticated birds. You can coop them, free-range them, or do half and half
3. Cats that truly feel threatened will fluff up and arch their backs, but they don't jump sideways towards the threat. Rather, they stand their ground, hiss, stare and pin their ears back. Absent those dead giveaways, in all likelihood, your cat is feeling playful, not aggressive. By jumping sideways at you, he's replicating his experience.
Scared or Fearful Cat The frightened cat shares some similarities to the aggressive cat, depending on the level of fear or anger. Scared cats will arch their backs and the hair on their tail and the back will stand straight up trying to make themselves appear as large as possible The toxic movie Hollywood is too scared to show: Johnny Depp's new film is a gritty real-life drama about a fishing town poisoned by industry, but the fallout from his downfall has seen it quietly. The best option, of course, is to keep all your cats indoors. Cats can be taught to explore outdoors for brief periods under human supervision and come in when called. Some cats will walk on a leash. And if you have the resources and the skills, you can build a cat sanctuary—a fenced-in outdoor area your cats can access from indoors The ideal temperature in the hot spot on the ground where your leopard gecko lays should be 88-92 degrees Fahrenheit (31.3-33.3 Celsius). The air temperature 4-6 inches above the ground in the hot spot must be 80-83 degrees F (26.6-28.3 Celsius). The air temperature in the cooler side must be 73-76 degrees Fahrenheit (22.7-24.4 Celsius)
When you string the hot wire for dogs, you will want the wire about 6-10in above the ground so set your insulators accordingly to height. For larger animals like horses, set the insulators higher up on fence. Decide where your hot wire will run and place your insulators about 10-20ft apart from each other Studies have shown a roughly 60 percent annual survival rate for catbirds. If your backyard catbird has a lucky streak, you could see the same bird coming back for many seasons. The longevity record for a catbird is 17 years, 11 months. This nearly 18-year-old bird was caught and banded as a young of the year in Maryland and miraculously.
Why do stray cats seem scared of me when I try to feed
The reality is that your dog wants to be with you when it passes away, the same way that it wanted to be with you every day of its life. In the same way that humans must care for their elderly as they become less able to care for themselves, owners should pay closer attention to their dogs and care for them more as they become old The fatal cougar attack in Washington state isn't just rare; it's basically unheard of. But several factors may explain why the attack over the weekend occurred, experts say However, frightened cats often go to ground-it's one of the reasons why it can be hard to find a lost cat. Frightened cats often find a hiding place, perhaps under a porch, and will stay there for days, ignoring an owner's plaintive attempts to call for them Cats falling from super-high heights have a greater chance of survival than low-rise falls. That depends on two things: air resistance and apparent weight Cats do eat birds. As obligate carnivores, hunting for meat is how cats survive and birds are definitely on the menu. However, many cats will hunt and kill birds without actually eating them. In these cases, cats seem to simply enjoy the hunt even if they don't need a meal. If you want to take a closer look into your cat's hunting instincts.
Michael Heath-Caldwell M
The cat's meow The Humane Society of the United State
It's possible that your cat doesn't like the water bowl and prefers to drink directly from a flat surface. Go to your normal pet shop to buy a larger one with which they feel more comfortable.. It's also possible that the cat doesn't get on well with other household pets.If this is the case, a cat may splash water out of their bowl to create a safer situation when they can't see over the rim. Cats, especially kittens, need lots of love and a great deal of play time. As for the licking and nibbling, many cats do that. I have one that is ten and still sucks on my little finger. Some say it means the cat was taken from mom too soon, but I disagree. I believe it is just something some cats like to do Fortunately, I've got you covered with 8 reasons why your dog might be scared to jump up or down. Just keep on reading. 8 Reasons Why Your Dog Has Stopped Jumping. Most dogs love to jump and use it to express their feelings, establish dominance, and burn off some of their endless supply of energy
Understanding Cat Body Language & Behaviour Purin
My family adopted a cat about 5 months ago. She seemed really playful in the beginning and wasn't really scared of us at first. When it was time to take my cat to the vet, my parents were overly-ambitious in trying to capture our cat (apparently with a pillow case for some stupid reason) and since then she has been extremely anxious, scared, and restless Very low risk - Badgers are carrion eaters. My research indicates that it is unlikely, perhaps extremely unlikely, that a badger will hurt my cat. Cats rarely square up to a badger because they regard badgers as dangerous or a potential threat and avoid them. Badgers, for their part, would seem to be disinterested in attacking domestic cats Stray cats may be lost house pets with an owner frantic for their return. Care for Its Immediate Needs. Don't feel guilty about feeding a stray cat. But be aware if you decide to feed a cat, you are training it to return to your door. If you feel safe, approach the cat slowly and speak in a soft voice. Hold out your hand and call it softly The fear of going up and down stairs can affect puppies, rescues, adults, and senior dogs, and it poses specific challenges for both the dog and their owner. Regardless of the dog's age or size, there's always a reason for the trembling, crying, and backing up that happens when faced with a threatening staircase. Sometimes it's only a particular staircase that puts the dog on edge, and.
Why Do Cats Meow? PetM
Place the trap in the cat's territory near the normal feeding spot. Leave it in place throughout the training. On the first day of the training, put the cat's usual meal on the ground a foot or two away from the trap's front door. Use a small plate or bowl. Start further away for a more skittish cat What to Do if My Dog is Scared of Going Outside. As you can see, there are many reasons why your dog might be suddenly afraid to go outside. Whether they won't go in the backyard or refuse to take a walk, it's likely something happened to them that they won't soon forget. But that doesn't mean the fear has to last forever Ground-feeding and ground-nesting birds and fledglings are at greatest risk. Feeder birds are also easy prey. Cats often lurk in shrubbery near feeders and birdbaths awaiting a chance to pounce. Cats walk and run very smoothly; when wearing a bell collar, they quickly learn to control their movements to prevent the bell from ringing 4 reasons why birds abandon their nests with eggs. So you've noticed a nest with no parents in sight. Let's look at the most common causes. 1. They have only gone to get food and will return. Momma still has to eat! Parents have to periodically leave the nest to get food for themselves Alley Cat Allies in Action: A Walk-Through of TNR During the COVID-19 Pandemic. August 12, 2020. Charlie the community cat trapped on his colony site in Maryland during an Alley Cat Allies TNR initiative. He was then neutered, vaccinated, eartipped and returned—all with special COVID-19 safety protocols. Though the COVID-19 crisis has.
Why is My Cat Walking with an Arched Back? — Senior Cat
Sane Republicans (who think they might yet have a future in politics) are too afraid to take such a risk. Ben Sasse isn't going to do this. Nikki Haley isn't going to do this How many broods of young can a crow family produce in one year? In general, American Crows have only one successful brood a year. Figure it like this: it takes from one to two weeks to build a nest (always a new one with each nesting attempt), 6 days to lays eggs (2-6 eggs, average of 4.7 in my study), 19 days of incubation (begun with the penultimate, or antepenultimate egg, i.e., next-to. On some rare occasions, dogs can develop brain tumors. If these are to manifest, they usually do so in older canines. Aside from pacing, the symptoms of brain tumors in dogs include: Strange behavior, including uncharacteristic aggression. An uncoordinated gait, leading to walking in circles and becoming clumsy. Loss of eyesight or hearing Cat language can be difficult to interpret. We have talked about cat language before, understanding the positive and happy noises your cat makes but there is always one thing in any language that is fairly clear to figure out, and with cats, it's the growling.. So, why do cats growl? When your cat is growling, it's a definite sign that they are unhappy (which is the opposite of what we.
Leash Train Your Cat in 7 Excruciating Steps - Clover and
Ragdolls prefer to be near people as much as possible and enjoyed being doted on. Ragdoll meaning: Likewise, they adore being handled. Other kitties, depending on the line and how well they are socialized as kittens, may enjoy being handled as well, but not to the extent of a Ragdoll, which literally goes limp when picked up - hence, its name and its nickname, the floppy cat (and the reason.
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Australia bushfire rips through heritage-listed island
By: AFP Published: 12:54 PM, 30 Nov, 2020
Australia bushfire rips through heritage-listed island
This handout picture released by the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services shows an aerial view of bushfires on Fraser Island, off Australia's east coast. AFP
Australian firefighters are struggling to control a massive bushfire that already destroyed 40 percent of the UNESCO world heritage listed Fraser Island before a heatwave hit Monday.
The fire on the world's largest sand island, off Australia's east coast, has been raging for more than six weeks and is consuming large swathes of the island's unique forests.
Temperatures are forecast to peak at 34 degrees Celsius (93 degrees Fahrenheit) Monday as a heatwave sweeps across the region, raising concerns that hotter conditions will further fuel the blaze. "The vegetation on Fraser Island is extremely dry and because it's so dry it's therefore very easy to ignite," incident controller James Haig told AFP.
Firefighters are not only battling "very challenging weather conditions", he said, but are stymied by limited access to the blaze in the island's remote north.
Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service said the fire was burning on two fronts across 74,000 hectares (183,000 acres) -- or 42 percent of the island -- but was not threatening properties.
Haig said as many as 10 water bombing aircraft had been deployed to fight the fire, including some tasked with protecting culturally significant Aboriginal sites. Planes dropped about 250,000 litres of water on Saturday alone, but Haig said these efforts "will not stop the fire" but merely slow its progress. "We really need rain and we're unfortunately not likely to receive it for some time," he said.
About two-thirds of Queensland state, including Fraser Island, are currently in drought. Fraser Island -- known for its large population of dingoes, or native wild dogs -- was listed as a world heritage site for its rainforests, freshwater dune lakes and complex system of sand dunes that are still evolving.
It is also called K'gari, or paradise, in the language of the local Butchulla people and the spectacular setting attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists a year. Smaller bushfires are burning elsewhere in Queensland as temperatures there soar after a weekend heatwave saw records tumble in Australia's southeast, including in Sydney where the city's residents sweltered through two days above 40 degrees Celsius.
More than 50 bushfires were burning across New South Wales state on Monday, where a return to heatwave conditions is forecast Tuesday. Australia is still reeling from the devastating 2019-2020 fires, which burned an area roughly the size of the United Kingdom and left 33 people dead as tens of thousands fled their homes.
The climate change-fuelled fire season also killed or displaced nearly three billion animals and cost Australia's economy an estimated US$7 billion.
The country is one of the world's leading fossil fuel exporters and the conservative government has dragged its heels on tackling carbon emissions, despite recent polling showing Australians are increasingly concerned about climate change.
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Virgo Zodiac
Virgo Zodiac Sign
Virgo - Complete Meaning of Virgo Zodiac Sign
Introduction and History of Zodiac Sign Virgo
Virgo is the sixth astrological sign in the zodiac and it is present in the third quadrant of the southern hemisphere. It takes 30 degrees of the zodiac circle and span between 150 degrees to 180 degrees. The sun transits this area on average between August 23 - September 22 in the southern sky. It is an earth sign fitting perfectly between Taurus and Capricorn. Mercury is their ruling planet.
In Latin Virgo means virgin and the people born in this period of time are called as ‘Virgos’ or ‘Virgoans’. This constellation is discovered by Ptolemy in the 2nd century, and contains ‘Spica’ which is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is the second largest constellation in the Sky after Hydra. This constellation has 20 stars with known planets and out of which 15 are known and named stars.
Virgo is often depicted as a woman holding wheat in her hand or the ‘ear of grain’. The history of this constellation is traced back from the Golden age in the Greek mythology which was marked by prosperity, peace, everlasting spring and humans never knowing old age. It is associated with Astraea, a heavenly virgin, who lived in the silver age which wasn’t prosperous as humans no longer honoured the gods the way they used to in the golden age. She was the last immortal human being to live with humans and warned the entire human race about the dangers of leaving behind the ideals of their predecessors. Later, when the bronze and iron age followed, human started wars among themselves and the goddess left earth and flew to the heavens to escape from the evils of the mankind.
The Greek and Roman goddesses of Agriculture, ‘Demetres’ and ‘Ceres’, also lived along with humans during the end of the golden age. Different stories associate the Virgo constellation with different divinities like ‘Atargatis’ the Syrian goddess of fertility and some historians also associated this constellation with ‘Tyche’, the goddess of fortune.
Basic Personality of Zodiac Sign Virgo
Virgos are known for being perfectionists but that can be misunderstood as their strength because they may feel insecure as they aren’t really perfect. They are obsessed with their own image and being perceived as perfect. They are introverts and very deep personalities who have a hard time to express themselves. It is difficult to know what they are really thinking and feeling, using this they can derive self worth, feel vulnerable, important and worthy of their existence. They are smart, intelligent and have a strong character but at the same time may have anxiety issues. They prefer conservative, well organised things and approach in life. They constantly need to be appreciated for their work. They usually come off as rational to the people they know, perhaps a bit more than they really are. They like to organize everything and even everyone’s lives around them and can easily take responsibility for the consequences that are caused by their actions. They usually create strict rules and regulations but that doesn’t necessarily mean that they follow them for themselves. These natives pay attention towards minor things and often get stuck in the details. , Just so that they can fix the mess, they often seek out mess in small things that can be physical, interpersonal or emotional. They feel happy to make an impact or at least try to make an impact in little things, so that they can feel acknowledged. They are over critical to the matters that can be of least concern for others. These natives have a deep sense for humanity which makes them one of the most careful sign in the entire zodiac. They never leave things for chances, love to set goals and check things off from their ‘to do list’. When in trouble they use sarcasm as a defence mechanism.
Virgo Personality Traits :
Strengths of Virgo :
Loyal, Modest, Kind, Compassionate, humble, practical, mentally agile, analytic, quick learners, adaptable, skilful, hard working and helping.
The most basic strength Virgos have is rooted in their mental health. They are mentally agile, analytic and quickly learn and adapt things with a practical approach. The natives born in Virgo zodiac are very hard working and skilful which helps them not only to be creative but also get the things moving. When it comes to their personal life they are quite modest and compassionate towards their close ones and never think twice before raising a helping hand to the people in need. Once they are attached to someone they tend to be overly concerned, devoted and loyal for that person.
Weaknesses of Virgo :
Over critical, anxious, shy, worried, over thinking, over active, attention seeking and doubtful.
When it comes to weaknesses, Virgos have quite a few which are well rooted from their strengths. As these natives are over thinking regarding small things, they tend to get overly worried about things that may be of least importance for others. In order to be appreciated and feel important they need to prove their worth for which they have to seek people’s approval and attention. They are often anxious for most of the times which make them over active and doubtful. They usually aren’t shy when it comes to help others but to communicate with clarity is an issue for them.
VIRGO DATES August 23 - September 22
SYMBOL The Virgin
BASIC COLOUR Tan, Grey & Warm yellow
LUCKY NUMBERS 5, 14, 15, 23 and 32
LUCKY GEM Sapphire (blue), Lapis Lazuli
Elements, Cardinal and Seasons of Zodiac Sign Virgo
Season :
The Virgo season begins on August 23, marking the beginning of the last summer in the Northern Hemisphere. This is the time of year when the heat of the sun and the light begin to diminish, and the days begin to get shorter.
Earth Element :
The element of Virgo is the earth which represents the very structure of the universe, and without it nothing can stand in the way of material things. Earth is the heaviest and strongest object, which astronomers consider to be the densest form of matter. Virgo's relationship to efficiency, skill, and strategy are all similar to the structure and impact of the earth.
Mutable Mode :
Virgo is the second of the four dynamic and mutable zodiac signs, all of which hold the fundamental power of change at the end of the four periods. Virgo season is the end of summer, when air starts to cool off and becomes a base for the upcoming month. This mixed and varied quality of the season is in the natural roots of Virgo’s flexible structure.
Planetary Rulerships of Zodiac Sign Virgo
House of Mercury
Mercury is the ruler of two Zodiac signs Gemini and Virgo. Virgo was thought to be the night home of Mercury, which is a careful earth sign that allows Mercury to express and perform its fastest and simplest tasks. Those born with Mercury in Virgo will probably find that many of the abilities come to them naturally and easily which can include being analytical, intelligent and attentive. As their ruler is mercury, they tend to have a sharp mind and can take responsibilities for the consequences of their actions and choices.
Jupiter Damage :
Virgo is in the polarity with the water sign of Pisces. Hosted by Jupiter, Pisces loves to explore the emotional and spiritual realm. Naturally intelligent and comfortable with risks, this Jupiter dominated Zodiac sign differs from Mercury dominated Virgo, which needs to plan, analyze, and determine what is useful. Jupiter is a brave planet, with no limitations of chance and philosophy trapped in a well-functioning and orderly world of virgins, who loves things like that.
Jupiter in the Mercury symbol will have to somehow compensate for this “injury”, which may mean that the natives born with this placement may tend to increase their attention to detail, otherwise their hopeful and philosophical side may feel trapped under strict standards. This may or may not happen to them but will surely challenge those born with these standards in order to balance perfection and the need to remain open to testing and growth into opportunities.
The Fall of Venus :
Venus is said to have been elevated by the ancient astronomers to Pisces, where it was able to express its poetic, artistic, and pleasure-seeking qualities. When it came to the opposite sign of Virgo, Venus was said to be in the autumn, which may not be as powerful in potential for evolution as it can be, but still put the planet's energy in its comfort zone.
Venus seeks love, connection, and attraction, but Virgo, as a symbol of the cool and dry earth, may be too shy and constructed as a structure to allow Venus' energy to flow freely. This may be expressed in the natives as the need to take longer to warm up and trust those they love. It can also occur as a tendency to set high expectations of consideration and perfection in those in relationships. Those with this condition may need to stop being more cautious and accept more of the “mistakes” of others in order to allow love, to creep into their lives. Indigenous people with Venus in Virgo benefit from being less self critical and selfish.
Virgo House Ruler :
Sixth House
In the modern divination system of the Twelve Alphabet, each zodiac sign dominates one of the twelve houses in the birth chart. This renaming was created by psychologists to match the symbols associated with related house titles. Virgo was assigned a sixth house for health, service, and daily activities, as Virgo's worldly belongings and hygiene are accompanied by concerns for this house. As Virgo is ruled by the communications planet, it invites the small Mercury signature to the sixth house.
First House Perspect :
In a traditional astrology study, the ruler of the planet Virgo, Mercury, was said to have found its "happiness" in the first house of identity in the birth chart. This house is associated with our bodies and sense of purpose, symbolizes the union of spirit and story to create a unique creature on earth.
In ancient astronomy, the level of the rising sign was found inside the house of the first sign, dividing it into the upper part of the horizon, and the lower part below it at the time of our birth.
The magic and its mysteries are attributed to the god Hermes, who is associated with Mercury, enabling the planet to exert a powerful force as a bridge between the heavens and the earth from the original home.
Career Options of Zodiac Sign Virgo
Virgo’s intelligent and thoughtful in nature which makes them particularly suited for the tasks where they need to analyze data and focus on project or service details. Although they are earthy and reliable, they are also flexible, so their operations need to have some flexibility to develop and implement changes and processes that lead to better performance. At the same time, their sense of urgency and orderliness are very important to them, so regular activities that involve regularity and consistency help them to focus on the task at hand. Workplaces where they help organize or can be part of a well-managed team with clear and visible duties, will help them to use their skills effectively. They are likely to find dirty, crowded, and unsanitary workplaces becoming a stumbling block and a nuisance, so they may work to create more efficient work and living space for others. These people will surely need to develop this kind of harmonious environment in order to feel calm and satisfied. Simple and intelligent, Virgo has many abilities.
The sharp minds of Mercurial, those born under the sign of the Virgin may be involved in the analysis and calculations in nature. They may be involved in the development of formulas for collecting numbers, as well as designing systems that filter and evaluate the meaning and effects of raw data. Based on these qualities the well suited career options for Virgos may include;
Speech Therepists.
Language Translators.
Writers and Editors.
Fashion Designers.
Food Critics.
Health Care Personnel.
Book Keepers Etc...
Administered by Mercury, Virgo has a vocabulary and language skills, and may enjoy translation, language, and speech therapy. They are also more likely to write well, so they will make good writers, copy editors, and facts checkers, as there are no details that will not be seen by them. There is a strong possibility that those born under the Virgin symbol will make great teachers and mentors. This can be in many ways, from computer programs to commercials and crafts. Virgos are likely to have a clear, useful, and systematic way of disseminating information, and they will seek perfection from their readers also.
The Virgin's sensitive nature will find a home in the world of professional criticism. By liking nutritious food and quality, they can make excellent food safety inspectors and leading food critics. They may also be able to transform their keen senses and interests in order to explore the world of fashion, art, literature, and music. Getting their thumbs up will be a huge success, as they are often skilled artisans, painters, and craftsmen, who produce works of beauty and much detail. Their creations may have a twist of ingenuity, or help, like practical art.
Health is important personally for a Virgo, who may have had to learn to take care of their delicate digestive system and nervous system first. The skills and insights they gain along the way will qualify them for health and nutrition activities of all kinds, such as herbalists, naturopaths, nutritionists, and the roles of health professionals in yoga and meditation. The powerful mental powers and ability that comes with being born in the sign of Mercury will attract Virgo’s interest in mental health can make good social workers, counsellors, and speech therapists. They may also combine their artistic skills with the makers and mental health professionals in the form of art therapy.
Love and Relationships of Zodiac Sign Virgo
Virgo compatibility with other zodiac signs is largely based on the ability of their partner to give them all the love they need to start feeling safe and open enough to show their soft, vulnerable heart. They usually have direct statements of love, but intimacy reveals all the beauty of their emotional expression. Virgo will choose a stable relationship rather than entertainment, casual couples, unless they are one, using its beauty and superficial communication to win hearts without investing their money. Methodically each Virgo seems to have an equation in its mind that its partner should follow.
It is rare for them to have many intimate feelings with different people, because they need to feel important to someone and find real physical pleasure in order to give themselves completely to someone else. The sign of Virgo is easily connected to the image of the virgin, but the fact is that their level is variable and their need for change often overcomes their self-imposed boundaries and moral boundaries when it comes to intimacy. Trust needs to be built on Virgo, gradually and patiently, and each partner they have in life has the opportunity to be nurtured and cared for but only if they provide enough to deserve special Virgo treatment.
Virgo Relations with Friends and Family Compatibility
Virgos are very trustworthy as friends because they are very careful while analysing people and think carefully before they act. They are often very careful about whom they associate with. They are very focused on the company they keep. They want people who are compassionate and kind. They tend to draw in other people who are willing and analytical. Virgos often enjoy being among those who are equally interested in self-improvement and intelligent inquiry. They are especially good at giving advice and problem solving. They consider the feelings of others as they are very sensitive to the emotions. Sometimes they may be too judgmental. This is because their inner monologue is always moving. They are always looking for signs of hypocrisy or injustice. On the other hand, this gives them greater insight and the ability to identify flaws in a concept or character. However, it may also leave them feeling hopeless and indifferent.
People born with their Sun in Virgo are very dedicated to their family and care for the elderly and the sick. They understand the culture and the importance of responsibility, they are proud of their upbringing and everything that made their mind rule as it really is. They give proper time to their family and give their kids good advices in their time of need.
Virgo Health
In the ancient times, the entire zodiac was painted on the human body, where Virgo dominates the digestive system, intestines, and spleen. Symbol of the earth, Virgo is associated with melancholic temperament, which was understood to be cold and dry. The melancholic temperament was thought to be connected to the spleen, which filters out blood and supports the immune system. This structure was also considered to be connected with the symbolic body that ancient physicians called “black bile”, which is cold and unstable, where toxic substances could accumulate and could not be adequately cleaned.
Under the rule of Mercury, the Virgos body shares a Gemini connection with the nervous system digestive tract. Those born of the Virgin in their birth charts, have soft digestive systems that can be easily removed due to anxiety and stress disorders. This is said to add another melancholic layer to Virgos life, making the constitution doubly prone to dehydration, obesity, and tissue congestion. As a result, Virgo may be one of the world's most delicate people, requiring a lot of concentration, nutrition and cardiovascular protection. This may be the reason why Virgo is drawn to health care. In the same way that the natives of Virgo need to plan their lives and be useful, the digestive system reflects this function in a physical way. We can see this in the way we process nutrients so that they are distributed throughout the body.
Virgo is associated with a Bear as it shares its traits with a bear such as being calm, strong, hard working and balanced lives. Bear is intelligent and practical in its approach just like the Virgo who are well grounded, hard working and calm with stability in every sphere of life.
Virgos are known perfectionists of the zodiac chart. They are never satisfied with anything and seek minute details in everything. They like to create strict rules and regulations for themselves but mostly fail to follow them. They are continuously in anxious state of mind and hence are never satisfied.
It is difficult for Virgos to express their feelings and when they are hurt they prefer to give a silent treatment to others. This is not just about their communication issue, they like to have some time before acting upon things and by being silent they take their time to think and then decide the action.
Virgos have a loyal, caring and giving attitude in a relationship. They love from their entire heart and soul but never expect anything in return. They pay attention towards every minute details of their partner and make relations better.
Virgos weaknesses are well rooted from their strengths. They are over critical, anxious, shy, worried, over thinkers, attention seekers and doubtful. They tend to pay attention to every minute details and like to be seen as perfectionists.
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The 26th annual United Nations conference on climate change, COP26 to its friends, is about to come to a close, though the talks are set to continue into Friday night. So what do we know about what has been achieved so far and is it enough?
The world is getting unbearably warm
In terms of is it enough, the answer is no. The commitments made at this COP will not keep the world to 1.5C of warming, any global heating over this point will have catastrophic impacts on human lives and livelihoods. If all countries stick to their plans, the world is on track for 1.8C of global warming. However in spite of these pledges, known as Nationally Determined Contributions, Climate Action Tracker (CAT) analysis predicts the world is on a path towards 2.4C of warming.
This would devastate communities in the Global South and literally wipe out low-lying island nations.
Currently global warming is at 1.2C above pre-industrial levels but world leaders agreed in Paris that they would keep it to 1.5C to stave off the worst of the climate crisis.
At 2C warmer, the world would undergo catastrophic changes
The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) declared a ‘code red for humanity’ in August and warns that 2C warming will bring a range of even more extreme weather conditions. The World Meteorological Organisation also believes the difference between 1.5C and 2C will mean higher sea levels while the impact on insects, plants and vertebrates will double or triple. The prime minister of Barbados called 2C a “death sentence” during her speech at COP.
And the 0.5C difference will mean an Arctic with no ice every 10 years and a 99 per cent decline in coral reefs, marking irreversible loss in many marine ecosystems.
CAT says “all governments need to reconsider their targets towards COP27” if they are to meet joint climate ambitions following the group’s initial assessment of the UN climate summit.
UN secretary general Antonio Guterres also said during a forceful address: “We cannot settle for the lowest common denominator. “We know what must be done. Keeping the 1.5C goal within reach means reducing emissions globally by 45 per cent by 2030.”
If the world warms by 3C this century (as two-thirds of IPCC scientists believe that it will), then the chances of having a major heatwave every year increases by 75 per cent and the average risk of inland flooding doubles. According to The Conversation, all these impacts will be felt worse and more frequently in the Global South.
Charts from CAT's COP26 initial assessment. Credit: Climate Action Tracker
The global methane pledge
A total of 108 countries and the European Commission have vowed to reduce their methane emissions in a collective mission to deliver 0.8 GtCO2e (gigatonnes of C02 equivalent) of additional emissions reductions in 2030 based on Climate Action Tracker estimates.
A gigatonne is the equivalent of one billion metric tonnes and according to Nasa - the size of 10,000 fully loaded US aircraft carriers.
Both Ireland and the UK are included in the vow to reduce their methane emissions across all sectors by 30 per cent below 2020 levels by 2030.
Ireland has already been accused of going back on that promise “before the ink was dry” according to Social Democrats TD Holly Cairns.
The report suggests that if countries like China, India and Russia also signed up to the pledge the reduction could be as much as 1.4–2.4 GtCO2e below the ‘pledges and targets’ scenario projections.
Reducing coal
Calculations by CAT found that current signatories to the UK Presidency’s COP26 ‘Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement’ will collectively deliver 0.2 GtCO2e additional emissions reductions in 2030 above CAT’s ‘pledges and targets’ scenario from 2020.
Again Ireland and the UK are signed up. But it isn’t enough. Some countries have declined to sign up to certain clauses in the agreement.
Clause 2 states signatories will “transition away from unabated coal generation in either the 2030s for major economies,” or 2040s otherwise. Morocco didn’t sign up to this.
Clause 3 states that signatories pledge “to cease issuance of new permits and stop new construction for any planned coal plants which have not already achieved financial closure”. Indonesia, the Philippines and Botswana bowed out on this while Poland said it won’t phase out coal until 2049.
Analysis found the statement delivers far from the required 80 per cent reduction in coal burned to create electricity from 2010 levels.
Subsidies will be a big issue here. Currently more aid goes to subsidising fossil fuels than tackling air pollution. While the burning of fossil fuels is the source of most greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, 'fossil fuel' has never made it into the final official document published at the end of the COPs.
Thermometer from CAT 'Glasgow's credibility gap report. Credit: Climate Action Tracker
Zero emissions in transport
CAT estimates current signatories of the COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100 per cent zero emission cars and vans are collectively expected to deliver below 0.1 GtCO2e.
If all governments and vehicle manufacturers had signed up, this could have been as much as 0.75 GtCO2e.
Again, Ireland and the UK are among the 22 countries that agreed to the move which aims to ensure all new cars and vans are zero emissions by 2040 globally and no later than 2035 in leading markets. Major car manufacturing countries Germany, Japan, the United States, China and France are missing.
The agreement also calls on signatories to ensure all public transport fleets are zero-emission by 2035 and business fleets by 2030.
Deforestation pledge
More than 100 countries, including Ireland and the UK, signed up to the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use “to halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030”.
It could deliver 1.1 GtCO2 of additional emissions reductions in 2030 compared to the CAT ‘pledges and targets’ scenario.
CAT also said “the lack of progress by many signatories in keeping to previous commitments to end deforestation under the New York Declaration on Forests, brings into question how this Glasgow declaration will be converted into concrete action on the ground”.
Climate activists take part in a protest outside the Cop26 summit in Glasgow during the Cop26 summit in Glasgow. Picture date: Thursday November 11, 2021.
A privileged COP
Due to prohibitive costs of getting to and living in Glasgow for two weeks, as well as issues with visas and accreditation, the most climate-vulnerable people were underrepresented at this year’s COP. And that’s before we get into the vaccine disparity between rich and poor nations. It's also worth noting that young people and women will suffer more due to climate change.
When Greta Thunberg declared COP26 a failure, she was talking in part about how privileged those in attendance were. The Guardian reported that two-thirds of civil society groups who give voice to climate-vulnerable people and nations did not send delegates this year.
Out of the 14 Pacific Island states, all of which are threatened by sea level rise, just three were able to send delegates to COP26, according to Reuters.
Meanwhile, the fossil fuel industry had more delegates in attendance than any individual country. The country with the largest delegation, Brazil, is responsible for huge deforestation and is one of the world’s most consequential polluters.
The draft policy document
Language in the draft political documents that dropped on Friday morning outlines new UN work to increase greenhouse gas cuts, to be reported at COP27, says the Global Strategic Communications Network (GSCN).
All countries are being urged to raise new climate targets by 2022 to keep 1.5 to 2C alive and to deliver net-zero by 2050.
They also include calls to accelerate the move away from fossil fuels and coal to renewable energy.
And wealthy nations are being asked to deliver on the $100 billion promised to developing countries by 2025, with the can being kicked down the road on this again.
Greenpeace is not happy. Their COP26 lead Juan Pablo Osornio told GSCN: “If offsets are a scam, double counting of emissions reductions is a slap in the face... negotiators must stop the greenwashing monster that the UN Secretary General warned against. We cannot leave Glasgow with an Article 6 Agreement that is littered with loopholes that undermine real climate action.”
Financing a transition away from fossil fuels
After the 2015 Paris Agreement, rich countries agreed to pay poor ones $100 billion a year to help finance their transition away from fossil fuels and towards clean energy and a climate-resilient economy. This promise was not achieved in its time frame.
Poor nations called on industrialised ones to follow through on that promise now and provide more aid. The Adaptation Gap report from the UN finds that developing countries need five to 10 times more funding for climate adaptation than they are currently getting. That amounts to $300 billion per year by 2030.
At the conference, vulnerable nations sought “loss and damages”. This is a process for establishing responsibility and compensation for the now inevitable and irreversible harm big polluters have caused them. The BBC reports that rich, polluting countries don’t want to take on responsibility for losses and damages to other countries as that means accepting liability which, in turn, risks them getting sued by the countries who are not historically responsible for climate change but will feel its worst effects.
As Heated put it: “Climate damage claims would start pouring in to developed nations and fossil fuel companies like the ocean is pouring into Kiribati. But Kiribati has no delegates at COP26 this year. And that’s making it easier for their demands to go unheard.”
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To read the previous article in this series, The Roadmap to Your Teenager's Inner Worlds, click here.
We often use the expressions "good self-esteem" or "poor self-esteem" to describe people's evaluation of their own worth. When people have good self-esteem, they tend to view life from a positive perspective, seeing their potential value. Poor or low self-esteem cause people to feel that everything they do in life is a losing battle and that they always get the short end of the stick.
Low self-esteem can be very painful and difficult to overcome. Self-esteem is something we come into the world with; it follows us through life like a shadow. If we lose it, we are lost. If we have we it, we can face all of life's trials and tribulations and maintain our sense of satisfaction and emotional well-being.
Self-esteem is also profoundly affected by what happens to us along life's path. Many circumstances may contribute to low self-esteem in teenagers, including:
• Divorce
• Learning disabilities
• Lack of friendships
• Illness
• Physical or emotional abuse
• A sick parent
• A death in the family
For parents trying to connect to teenagers with low self-esteem, the best strategy is not to focus on the teens' negative patterns of behavior but rather to find ways to nourish their inner sense of self. Parents can take many steps to help build their teens' self-esteem. Here are just a few:
• Help them to be realistic and accept the fact that they aren't perfect at everything and they don't have to be.
Individuality is a very powerful part of being a teenager and the need for it grows as children get older. Young children's identities are often enveloped in the family's identity and they have little opportunity to express their own sense of self. But as they become teenagers, they have a greater need to establish their unique identity among their family and peers.
For teens at risk, parents need to take the time to acknowledge their teenagers' unique positive qualities. Unique qualities distinguish every human being. The fact that a teen may be depressed or difficult to relate to does not mean that the teen has no positive personality traits that need to be highlighted. For example, a fifteen-year-old girl who is doing poorly in school excels as an artist and musician. Or a fourteen-year-old boy with ADHD is a talented carpenter and has many practical and social skills that will help him to succeed in the business world.
Unfortunately we tend to demand the same level of success academically from all children, even though school achievement may not be an appropriate measuring stick with which to evaluate their success in life. Try to look at all teenagers as diamonds that need to be polished. When you help identify people's unique qualities, you are helping them to remove their rough exterior and allowing their G‑d-given brightness to shine.
At the same time, a teen's individuality must be moderated in relation to many other factors, including the need to be part of the family, school, and society. The challenge of individuality is for parents to nurture their teens' sense of uniqueness and at the same time help them to integrate their identity into the greater whole.
Love and Friendship
Love is one of the most important ingredients of life that can contribute to a person's emotional well-being. It is experienced when a person senses feelings of affection and fondness from others, especially from family and friends.
Although we usually think about love as a necessity for young children, teens also need the same special feelings of love and affection from their parents as they get older. The way love is expressed by parents, however, may need to be changed according to the various stages in teens' lives. Love for teenagers does not mean buying them a lollypop or allowing them to stay up a little longer. Love for most teenagers is best expressed when a parent is able to understand their needs and is willing to listen to their inner issues. For a teenager, "to understand me" means "to love me."
Although teens aren't always easy to deal with and your relationship with your teenager may be strained, it's crucial to continue to express feelings of love and kindness and give your child a sense that you care about him or her. More than anything else, teenagers at-risk need friendly and loving parents who are able to spend enjoyable time with them without criticizing them or making them feel that they are being unjustly controlled.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a condition affecting the gut. Sufferers experience cramping, bloating and pain. Some people with IBS have diarrhoea, some constipation, while others alternate between the two. The condition is common. The *IBS Network says between 10-20% of people living in western countries will have IBS at any one time.
• Abdominal cramps, bloating & pain
• Diarrhoea, constipation or both
• Excessive wind & urgent need for the toilet
• Urge to go to the loo even after emptying your bowels
• Passing mucus when you go to the toilet
• Depression and anxiety due to discomfort of IBS
What causes IBS?
The exact cause of IBS is unknown and the condition is not linked to structural damage in the bowel. Most experts believe it relates to changes in how the digestive system works and by increased sensitivity in the gut. It's thought psychological factors can trigger IBS or it can occur after an episode of food poisoning.
When working normally, the body contracts and releases the muscles of the intestines to squeeze food through the system. But with IBS this process get disrupted. Food either moves too fast - leading to diarrhoea - or too slowly resulting in constipation.
It's also thought the condition relates to oversensitivity of the nerve signals that relay messages between the brain and the gut. This means that mild indigestion may be experienced as pain in people with IBS. Stress and some foods prompt an increase in a chemical called 5-hydroxytryptamine which may be linked to IBS.
How is IBS treated?
Diarrhoea can be treated with antidiarrhoeal medicines which slow contractions in the gut so more water can be absorbed making stools (poo) less runny. Constipation can be treated with laxatives to increase bowel movements or soften stools. Spasms and pain are relieved with antispasmodic agents. A pharmacist can advise on the best treatments. Most are available without prescription.
If antispasmodic medicines fail to control cramping and pain, a form of antidepressant - tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) - may be prescribed to relax your digestive muscles.
Antidepressants may also be prescribed if the IBS is linked to depression or anxiety.
Psychotherapy can also prove helpful.
Alternative Remedies & Self-help
• A well-balanced diet, regular meals and regular exercise are all known to reduce IBS symptoms.
• Probiotics used as a dietary supplement may also help - these promote 'friendly bacteria' in the gut.
• Hypnotherapy has been shown to help some people with IBS cope with discomfort.
• Acupuncture and reflexology are also sometimes used - although there scant evidence to prove their effectiveness in treating IBS.
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What Is The Difference Between Jewish Religion And Ethnicity?
A “ethnic Jew” is sometimes used to refer to non-practicing Jews as well as practicing Jews. In addition to non-observant Jews, non-religious Jews, non-practicing Jews, and secular Jews are also included. In addition to referring to Jews who do not adhere to Judaism, the term may also refer to non-Jewish people.
What Is The Jewish Religion Known As?
The ancient Hebrews developed Judaism as a monotheistic religion. The Jewish faith is characterized by the belief that a God who reveals himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets, and who lives according to Scriptures and rabbinic traditions, is the Messiah.
What Are The Main Beliefs Of The Jewish Religion?
Monotheism, identity, and covenant (an agreement between God and his people) are the three main pillars of Judaism. Judaism teaches that there is a God who wants people to do what is just and compassionate, and that God is the only one who can fulfill this.
What Are The 4 Major Beliefs Of Judaism?
• Law and Obediance. Jewish people believe in justice and righteousness. Justice means kindness and fairness to all people, regardless of their criminal activities.
• There are ten constitutional amendments that make up the most important law.
• The pursuit of justice and the pursuit of truth.
• The monotheism of the mind.
• They both hold different beliefs about God.
• The education of the people.
• What Are The Main Differences Between Christianity And Judaism?
The Jewish faith holds that individual and collective participation in an eternal dialogue with God is a key element of the Jewish experience. The Christian faith generally holds that a Triune God, one who became human, exists. In Judaism, God is viewed as a One Being, not a Christian concept.
What Are The 3 Key Moral Principles In Judaism?
Justice, healing the world, charity, and kindness are some of the moral principles. In addition to the concept of saving a life (Pikuach Nefesh), the importance of human life is also emphasized.
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Scientists decode how to survive 'Game of Thrones'
Scientists decode how to survive 'Game of Thrones'
The Iron Throne is seen on the set of the television series Game of Thrones in the Titanic Quarter of Belfast, Northern Ireland. (Reuters File Photo)
Staying loyal leads characters of the popular TV series 'Game of Thrones' to an early death, say scientists who analysed over 300 deaths in the show to decode who is more likely to survive the next season.
The research, published in the journal Injury Epidemiology, shows that characters were more likely to survive if they switched their allegiance.
For example, Tyrion Lannister avoids death by switching allegiances between the houses Lannister and Targaryen.
Researchers at Macquarie University in Australia evaluated the deaths of all important Game of Thrones characters across seven seasons of the show.
The risk of death was also greater for characters that were 'lowborn' (not a Lord or Lady), compared to those that were 'highborn'.
"The risk of death is high among characters in Game of Thrones," Reidar Lystad, an injury epidemiologist at the Australian Institute of Health Innovation.
"By the end of the seventh season, more than half of the characters had died -- 186 out of the 330 characters we included in this study -- with violent deaths being the most common by far," said Lystad.
"While these findings may not be surprising for regular viewers, we have identified several factors that may be associated with better or worse survival, which may help us to speculate about who will prevail in the final season," he said.
Researchers found that the majority of deaths occurred in Westeros (80.1 per cent), and the most common place of death was in the home.
The most common causes of death were injuries (73.7 per cent), and particularly wounds of the head and neck, including 13 decapitations.
Only two deaths from natural causes occurred across the seven seasons of the show: Maester Aemon and Old Nan, who both died of old age.
The remainder of deaths were from burns (11.8 per cent) or poisonings (4.8 per cent).
The most common circumstances of deaths were assault (63.0 per cent), operations of war (24.4 per cent), and legal executions (5.4 per cent).
The probability of dying within the first hour after first appearing on screen was around 14 per cent.
The survival time of characters ranged from 11 seconds to 57 hours and 15 minutes. The median survival time was estimated to be 28 hours and 48 minutes.
The researchers collected data on mortality and survival of 330 characters from all 67 episodes from seasons one to seven of Game of Thrones.
They recorded data on the socio-demographic status of the characters, including their sex, social status, type of occupation, religious affiliation, and allegiance, alongside their survival time, and the circumstances of their death
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How bad is lead for you, really?
As the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention explains,
Lead is highly toxic, especially to young children. It can harm a child's brain, kidneys, bone marrow and other body systems. At high levels, lead can cause coma, convulsions and death.
According to a group of Virginia Tech researchers, it's bad enough to meet the EPA's definition of "toxic waste."
Since 2014, 10 people have reportedly died in Flint from legionnaires' disease, a form of atypical pneumonia, caused by water contamination.
In a statement, Snyder said,
In a press release, Schuette said,
Still, even with the attorney general's investigation, the people of Flint are taking no chances, and together, they have filed a class-action lawsuit.
Here are a few photos, shared on Twitter, of what the water in Flint actually looks like. As you scroll, think to yourself, 'Would I drink this, or let anyone I love do the same?'
Citations: Michigan Attorney General Will Look for Criminal Wrongdoing in Flint Water Crisis (MIC), This is how toxic Flint's water really is (Washington Post)
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Why Is My Mucus Yellow?
November 7, 2019
7 minutes
If you’ve ever blown your nose and immediately wondered, “Why is my mucus yellow?” then you are not alone. When people see green or yellow mucus after blowing their nose, their first instinct is to call their doctor and request a round of antibiotics to treat an infection.
However, while the color of your mucus can tell you a lot about the infection you’re fighting, it’s not an exact science. Different mucus colors can mean multiple different things, and you can’t distinguish a bacterial infection from a viral one based on the color of your mucus alone.
So, the next time you catch yourself thinking, “Why is my mucus yellow?” don’t panic. Check out this brief guide to understanding the role of mucus and what you can do about discolored or bright yellow nasal discharge.
What is mucus and why do we need it?
Mucus is a liquid, slippery substance found lining certain tissues in the body. While it’s made up of several compounds, mucus’s name comes from its main component, a glycoprotein called mucin which is found in several of the body’s viscous solutions, including saliva and your gastric juices.
In fact, the human body produces 1-2 quarts of mucus per day!
While it’s true that mucus can be extremely annoying, it’s also one of the most beneficial products our body produces. Mucus is a vital part of the respiratory system that delivers big payoffs for your health (despite its frequently frustrating nature).
That’s because mucus keeps your sinuses moist and your airways lubricated, keeps dust and other harmful particles out of your respiratory system, and helps fight infections that can make you sick.
Because mucus plays such an important role in maintaining our health, it’s important to pay attention to changes in its consistency, changes in its color, and changes in whether or not there’s odorous or smelly mucus when blowing your nose
What does the color of mucus mean?
Perhaps the question that crossed your mind after blowing your nose wasn’t, “Why is my mucus yellow?” but rather, “Why is my mucus brown?” or, “Why is my mucus green?” Your mucus can change to different colors when other factors in the body change; in other words, the color of your mucus can sometimes give you a lot of information.
Clear mucus
Having clear mucus is a sign that everything is alright. Mucus generally contains a mix of water, salts, antibodies, and other immune cells. While some of it can escape through your nose, most of it goes down the back of the throat without you noticing. (An excess of mucus draining down your throat can cause nausea from mucus.)
Even though clear mucus is healthy, an abundance may indicate the presence of airborne irritants. If you notice your runny nose paired with itchy eyes and sneezing, there’s a good chance it’s an allergic reaction.
However, a runny nose with clear mucus that lasts for several days may signal the onset of a mild upper respiratory illness, like the common cold.
Yellow or green mucus
When you have a bodily infection, your white blood cells fight to keep you healthy. During this fight, they produce concentrated enzymes that tinge your mucus to be a different color. Usually, the result is a bright green or bright yellow nasal discharge.
Without an examination, there’s not a clear way to tell is causing this infection. It could be sinusitis (also called a sinus infection) or a sign of more serious issues, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. If your yellow mucus lasts longer than ten days, it’s best to visit a doctor for a professional opinion.
In the meantime, the build-up of mucus can cause discomfort. So how do you get rid of yellow mucus (of mucus of another color, for that matter)? For short-term relief, you can:
• Take a hot shower to thin out your mucus
• Drink plenty of liquids to keep the consistency of the mucus more viscous
• Blow your nose often with soft facial tissues to avoid irritation
• Use sterile saline rinses to wash out the excess mucus from your nose
And remember: mucus is a good thing — it’s a sign that your body is fighting the infection.
White mucus
White mucus is a sign of congestion and inflammation. As the passage of mucus is slowed down through the respiratory tract, your mucus becomes thick, cloudy, and white.
Make sure to drink plenty of water to rehydrate yourself to “thin” your mucus. If you’re still seeing thick white mucus after proper hydration, it’s possible that you’re experiencing chronic allergies or at the beginning of an infection (prior to the color change from the white blood cell enzymes).
Fact check: Can you exercise with a sinus infection?
Brown or orange mucus
Both brown and orange mucus can be indicators of dried red blood cells in your nose. There’s no need to panic — it’s normal to see brown or orange mucus if you have a dry nose or if you recently experienced nasal bleeding.
Keep an eye out for more pink or red mucus. These colors indicate more active bleeding and can be serious if they’re persistent. Be sure to visit a doctor immediately if you’re coughing blood, experiencing red or pink mucus, and noticing other symptoms like weight loss or fatigue.
Black mucus
Pitch-black mucus is rare. Most commonly, it can be caused by smoking cigarettes or using drugs. Residual particles from these can stick to the inside of the respiratory system and come out as black mucus later.
In rare cases, black mucus can be the result of a life-threatening fungal infection. Fungus spores are extremely tiny and only affect people with an already compromised immune system, such as cancer patients.
Contact your doctor immediately if you notice an onset of black mucus.
Your treatment options
Mucus is a good thing for the body. Unfortunately, mucus’s redeeming qualities don’t exactly make it any less annoying for those dealing with it in excess. Now that you know the answer to the question, “Why is my mucus yellow?” perhaps you are now wondering, “What can I do about yellow mucus?”
Sometimes, the remedy for excess or yellow mucus is to take medicine and wait until you are healthy again. Other times, the answer needs to be something more direct. If you frequently suffer from mucus issues due to acute or chronic sinus infections, acute or chronic rhinitis, allergies, severe post-nasal drip, and more, and have not responded well to traditional treatment, you may want to explore other options, such as ClariFix for rhinitis relief and balloon sinuplasty.
Balloon sinuplasty has proven especially successful at restoring proper sinus drainage and providing patients with long-term sinus relief.
If you’re asking, “Why is my mucus yellow again?” then consider calling Kaplan Sinus Relief
With balloon sinuplasty, Dr. Kaplan of Kaplan Sinus Relief has helped thousands of Americans find relief from excess or discolored mucus production. A minimally-invasive, in-office procedure, balloon sinuplasty takes less than 20 minutes and provides long-lasting relief from sinus woes and requires little to no recovery time.
Learn more about how our patients have found relief by checking out our balloon sinuplasty reviews, then call Kaplan Sinus Relief at 713-766-1818 or request a consultation online today to take the next big step towards relief.
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Tetracycline - Ophthalmic
Patient Medicine Information
Why do I need this medicine?
Tetracycline is an antibiotic. It is used to treat eye infections caused by bacteria such as conjunctivitis (redness and inflammation of the membranes covering the white part of eyes) and trachoma (an eye infection which causes scarring of the inside of the eyelid and may lead to blindness when left untreated).
It is also used to prevent conjunctivitis that may be contracted by newborns during delivery.
How do I use this medicine?
Apply Tetracycline eye ointment in the affected eye(s) exactly as directed by your doctor.
1. Wash and dry your hands before applying the ointment.
2. With your index finger, pull the lower eyelid down the eye to form a pouch.
3. Hold the tube with your other hand and place it as near to your eyelid as possible without touching it. Squeeze a thin strip of ointment (about 1-1.5 cm) into the pouch.
4. Gently close your eyes and keep them closed for 1-2 minutes and rotate the eyeball in all directions to enable the spread of the ointment on the entire eye surface.
5. Wipe any excess ointment from the eyelids and lashes with a clean tissue. With another clean tissue, wipe the tip of the tube clean.
6. Replace and tighten the cap of the tube.
7. Wash your hands to remove any medication.
Do not share your eye ointment with anyone else.
When used to prevent conjunctivitis in newborns, it is given as a single application within 1 hour after delivery.
DO NOT double a dose under any circumstances.
When should I not use this medicine?
Do not use this medicine if you ever had an allergic reaction (e.g. rashes, breathlessness, swollen eyes) to Tetracycline or similar antibiotics such as doxycycline, lymecycline, minocycline or oxytetracycline.
Do not give this medicine to children below 8 years old unless instructed to do so by the doctor.
What should I take note of while using this medicine?
Let your doctor know if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Do not wear contact lenses while you are being treated with Tetracycline.
What side effects could I experience?
Tetracycline may cause your vision to be temporarily blurred. If affected, do not drive or take part in any activity in which you need to see clearly.
Other side effects include any of the following: itching, burning or stinging sensation of the eye or eyelid, swelling of the eyelid, and excessive tear discharge.
If you develop rashes, itching and swelling of eyelids, reddening of eyes, swollen face or throat, stop using the medicine and inform your doctor quickly. These could be signs of an allergic reaction.
Can I use this with other medicines?
Inform your doctor and pharmacist if you are using any of these medicines:
• other antibiotics for the eye e.g. tobramycin
• anti-inflammatory medicines e.g. hydrocortisone, dexamethasone
What special dietary instructions should I follow?
Avoid alcohol.
How should I store this medicine?
Medicines must not be used past the expiry date.
Throw away any remaining eye ointment 28 days after opening. Mark the date of opening on the eye ointment tube so that you know when to discard it.
• Beatacycline
• Pharmaniaga Tetracycline
• Tetracycline Medochemie
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How Old Is The Castillo De San Marcos?
When was fort Castillo de San Marcos built?
What is significant about Castillo San Marcos?
Never captured in battle, Castillo de San Marcos is both architecturally impressive as the oldest surviving masonry fortress in the United States and culturally significant because its stone walls are a testament to the endurance of this nation’s Latino heritage and to the other cultural groups that have played a role
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Is The Name Of The Street Entering Lake San Marcos?
Did slaves build Castillo de San Marcos?
Construction of the Castillo He recruited large numbers of Indians, slaves, and skilled craftsmen. Augustine as skilled craftsmen, engineers, laborers and slaves became residents. By August 1695, the massive Castillo was at last complete and it was christened as the “Castillo de San Marcos” or St.
What is the oldest fort in America?
Why did fort San Marcos fail?
You might be interested: FAQ: What Is A Better Float San Marcos River, Guadalupe, Or The Comal?
Has Castillo ever been defeated?
How big is Castillo San Marcos?
Who fought over Castillo de San Marcos?
Spain remained in control of Castillo de San Marcos until 1763, at which time it was turned over to the British at the end of the French and Indian War (aka The Seven Years War).
What is the Castillo de San Marcos made of?
A Fort Made Out of Seashells? Who would think that a fort made of seashells would last 300 years? Who would think that a fort made out of seashells would last three days under cannon fire? But the Castillo de San Marcos, made of local coquina stone, did just that.
Who first landed in St Augustine Florida?
What does moonlight in teardrops mean?
– “Like moonlight” seems like a straightforward reference to something that resembles a glowing moon. – “Teardrops” would presumably be a reference to drops of water. Years pass, rain falls. – Could simply be a reminder that we are talking about events that happened long ago in a place that gets some heavy rainfalls.
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Anatomy And Physiology
Anatomy Physiology
Cynthia Wall's image for:
"Anatomy Physiology"
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It circulates the body's blood more than 1,000 times a day. It pumps 5,000 to 5,000 quarts of blood per day through 60,000 miles of blood vessels. All of this from a muscular organ the size of your fist The Human Heart.
The heart, a two-barreled, four-chambered pumper that powers your body, is located just a little to the left of the middle of your chest. The septum is a thick wall that separates the two sides of the heart. Each side has a top and bottom chamber. The top chambers are called atria. Their job is to receive all the blood returning from the lungs and body. Think of them as intake stations. The ventricles are bottom chambers which squeeze the blood out to the lungs and body. They're the sendoff stations. But a lot happens in between.
The heart connects the two circulatory systems of your body the pulmonary circulation system whose blood vessels carry blood through the lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxides and the systemic circulation system which delivers blood to the rest of the body. To re-fuel red blood cells with oxygen and send them on their way again, the heart does an incredible rhythmic dance. Let's follow the pathway of a single RBC (red blood cell) on its journey.
We'll begin just as the RBC has come back from delivering its precious load of oxygen and is entering the heart. If the RBC is returning from the upper part of the body, it will enter through the superior vena cava. If it's returning from the lower body, it will use the inferior vena cava. Both of these large veins empty into the right atrium. It is then pumped into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Valves (tissue flaps) in the heart open and close with switchman precision. If they don't close completely, there can be backflow. Improperly functioning valves produce an extra sound and are called heart murmurs. Most murmurs are benign but some are serious and require heart valve replacement. But on our journey today, everything is working fine.
From the right ventricle, the RBC is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery on into the lungs. In the lungs, through a complicated process of gas diffusion across permeable membranes, the RBC will give off CO2 and pick up new oxygen. Then the RBC returns via a pulmonary vein into the left atrium, goes through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. With a contraction about as hard as you would squeeze a tennis ball, the oxygenated blood is sent into the aorta and on its way to fuel the body with fresh oxygen. The average RBC lives about 4 months and in its lifespan, it will travel more than 950 miles.
There's another non-clinical aspect to how our heart works. It's not by accident that words like heartache, broken heart, heart-throb etc. are in our vocabulary. From the earliest of times, we have identified this beating wonder in our core with our essence of life. When we're in love, fearful, or scared, we can feel it beating faster. When something sad happens, it's not unusual to feel a pang in the chest. We talk about getting to the heart of the matter meaning the core of something, sometimes the heart of ourselves.
We draw hearts to give love, we honor St. Valentine's with red hearts, and even in death, we are sometimes able to give our heart to another to give new life. The heart with its intricate mechanics and spiritual meaning is a lesson to reflect on. In times of trouble or indecision, we are always reminded to listen to our hearts. Good advice
More about this author: Cynthia Wall
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Disputes Cast A Shadow Over Auschwitz Liberation Anniversary
World leaders gathered in Jerusalem today to mark an important Holocaust anniversary - 75 years since the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp. Modern-day geopolitics, as well as history were on display. Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called out Iran as, in his words, the most anti-Semitic regime on the planet.
PRIME MINISTER BENJAMIN NETANYAHU: A regime that openly seeks to develop nuclear weapons and annihilate the one and only Jewish state.
GREENE: Vice President Mike Pence, Russian President Vladimir Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron also spoke at the event. NPR's Daniel Estrin is in Jerusalem. He was listening to all of it and joins us. Hi, Daniel.
GREENE: So what else did we hear from Netanyahu?
ESTRIN: Well, he drew a direct line between Jews being defenseless in the Holocaust and the need for a strong state of Israel to defend itself today. He had 40 heads of state sitting before him in the hall, one of the biggest gatherings of world leaders Israel's ever hosted. And he had some tough words for the world. He said, quote, "when the Jewish people faced annihilation, the world turned its back on us."
He also said he's concerned that the world doesn't have a unified stance to confront Iran. He didn't name names, but, you know, sitting before him were the presidents of France and Germany and Prince Charles of the U.K. And all of those countries are still part of the Iran nuclear deal that Israel opposes. And earlier today, Netanyahu also nodded to his guest, Vladimir Putin. And he said that nobody should obscure the sacrifice of the Soviet Union battling the Nazi monster.
GREENE: What was he referring to? I mean, is there some sort of risk that people would doubt how much the Soviets suffered in the war?
ESTRIN: Well, this is Netanyahu winking at what is bothering Putin lately, which is a dispute that he has with Poland about their country's roles and complicity in the war. The Poles have not forgotten that the Soviet Union signed a pact - a secret pact with Germany - to divide Poland and that's what launched World War II. And Putin thinks that the world, you know, instead should be focusing on the Soviet liberation of Auschwitz. So at his - in his speech in Jerusalem, Putin said the Soviet Union lost more people than any other nation in World War II.
He accused countries - some countries of cynically manipulating the war for political ends today. You know, maybe some eyes rolling in Poland about that statement because Putin recently accused Poland of starting World War II, which isn't true. But here in Jerusalem, Putin is the big guest of honor. Putin and Netanyahu inaugurated a memorial to the victims of the siege of Leningrad during World War II. And at the Holocaust memorial in Jerusalem, Netanyahu and his wife sat next to Putin. And on the other side of them was Vice President Mike Pence.
GREENE: Who also spoke, right? What'd we hear from him?
ESTRIN: Right. I think it's important to point out, you know, these two leaders sitting next to Netanyahu, and Netanyahu seeing both of those leaders as important figures. Pence called for an end to the vile tide of anti-Semitism around the world. He spoke about Iran also, called it the one state that denies the Holocaust. And Pence gave a religious bent to this ceremony. He's, of course, an evangelical Christian. He said we bear witness to God's faithfulness to the Jewish people.
GREENE: What did this all mean for Holocaust survivors in Israel?
ESTRIN: Well, Israel is home to the most Holocaust survivors in the world. But there was a lot of criticism among some Holocaust survivors, who weren't initially invited to the ceremony, and some who were calling this a Holocaust party - some Israelis calling that - saying, too much focus on all the world leaders here, not enough focus on what the actual genocide was.
GREENE: NPR's Daniel Estrin in Jerusalem this morning. Daniel, thanks a lot.
ESTRIN: You're welcome.
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A Psychological Analysis of the Evacuation Behavior at the Great Sakata Fire
March 1985 (VOL. 3, NO. 1)
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This research studied human behavior in the great Sakata Fire. The fire, fanned by a violent wind at the time, burned continuously in the center of the city for about 12 hours. Although it rained that night, the fire was massive and spread extensively.\r\nThe research focus was on: 1) the recognition of the fire: about what time was it noted, how the fire was reported, and what were the early forecasts about it; 2) the behavior of people seeking refuge: the period of preparation for refuge, the state of the fire at the time, what people thought of doing and how; 3) information: the means used to obtain information about the fire, and rumor behavior; and 4) social disorganization: whether or not there was panic and looting behavior, details about it, and reasons why it occurred. \r\nThe fire spread at a speed of about 100 m/h, which was rather slow in spite of the strong wind. This condition is considered as the reason for the relatively smooth evacuation of people, the lack of any great panic, and the few deaths and injuries.
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The Why We Fight series depicts the Nazi propaganda machine.
The Why We Fight series depicts the Nazi propaganda machine.
A propaganda film is a film that involves some form of propaganda. Propaganda films spread and promote certain ideas that are usually religious, political, or cultural in nature. A propaganda film is made with the intent that the viewer will adopt the position promoted by the propagator and eventually take action towards making those ideas widely accepted.[1] Propaganda films are popular mediums of propaganda due to their ability to easily reach a large audience in a short amount of time. They are also able to come in a variety of film types such as documentary, non-fiction, and newsreel, making it even easier to provide subjective content that may be deliberately misleading.[1][2]
Propaganda is the ability "to produce and spread fertile messages that, once sown, will germinate in large human cultures".[3] However, in the 20th century, a "new" propaganda emerged, which revolved around political organizations and their need to communicate messages that would "sway relevant groups of people in order to accommodate their agendas".[4] First developed by the Lumiere brothers in 1896, film provided a unique means of accessing large audiences at once. Film was the first universal mass medium in that it could simultaneously influence viewers as individuals and members of a crowd, which led to it quickly becoming a tool for governments and non-state organizations to project a desired ideological message.[5] As Nancy Snow stated in her book, Information War: American Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9-11, propaganda "begins where critical thinking ends."[6]
Tools used in propaganda film
Film is a unique medium that reproduces images, movement, and sound in a lifelike manner as it fuses meaning with evolvement as time passes in the story depicted. Unlike many other art forms, film produces a sense of immediacy.[7] Film's ability to create the illusion of life and reality, allows for it be used as a medium to present alternative ideas or realities making it easy for the viewer to perceive this as an accurate depiction of life.
Some film academics have noted film's great illusory abilities. Dziga Vertov claimed in his 1924 manifesto, "The Birth of Kino-Eye" that "the cinema-eye is cinema-truth".[8] To paraphrase Hilmar Hoffmann, this means that in film, only what the camera 'sees' exists, and the viewer, lacking alternative perspectives, conventionally takes the image for reality.
Making the viewer sympathize with the characters that align with the agenda or message the filmmaker portray is a common rhetorical tool used in propaganda film. Propaganda films exhibit this by having reoccurring themes good vs. evil. The viewer is meant to feel sympathy towards the "good side" while loathing in the "evil side". Prominent Nazi film maker Joseph Goebbels used this tactic to invoke deep emotions into the audience. Goebbels stressed that while making films full of nationalistic symbols can energize a population, nothing will work better to mobilize a population towards the Nazi cause like "intensifying life".[9]
The Kuleshov Effect
After the 1917 October Revolution the newly formed Bolshevik government and its leader Vladimir Lenin placed an emphasis on the need for film as a propaganda tool. Lenin viewed propaganda merely as a way to educate the masses as opposed to a way to evoke emotion and rally the masses towards a political cause.[10] Film became the preferred medium of propaganda in the newly formed Russian Soviet Republic due to a large portion of the peasant population being illiterate.[11] The Kuleshov Effect was first used in 1919 in the film The Exposure of the Relics of Sergius of Radonezh by juxtaposing images of the exhumed coffin and body of Sergius of Radonezh, a prominent Russian saint, and the reaction from the watching audience. The images of the crowd are made up of mostly female faces, whose expressions can be interpreted ambiguously. The idea behind juxtaposing these images was to subvert the audiences assumption that the crowd would show emotions of being sad or upset. Instead the crowd could be interpreted to be expressing emotions of boredom, fear, dismay, and a myriad amount of other emotions.[12] There is nothing to prove to the audience that the images of the audience and the exhumed body were capture in the same moment or place (it is now believed the images of the crowd were filmed outdoors while the images showing the skeletal remains were captured indoors). This is what blurs the line of truth making the Kuleshov Effect an effective tool of propaganda.[12]
See also
1. ^ a b Kuhn, Annette; Westwell, Guy (20 December 2012), "propaganda", A Dictionary of Film Studies, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199587261.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-958726-1, retrieved 21 May 2020
2. ^ Bennett, Todd. "The celluloid war: state and studio in Anglo-American propaganda film-making, 1939-1941." The International History Review 24.1 (March 2002): 64(34).
3. ^ Combs, James. Film Propaganda and American Politics. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. p. 35
5. ^ Taylor, Richard. Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. London: Croom Helm Ltd, 1979. 30-31
6. ^ Snow, Nancy (2003). Information War: American Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. 22. ISBN 978-1-58322-557-8.
7. ^ Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction". Retrieved 7 November 2011.
8. ^ Resina, Joan. "Historical discourse and the propaganda film: Reporting in Barcelona". ProQuest 221441317. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
9. ^ Hake, Sabine (1998). "Review of The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism 1933-1945; The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife; Cinema in Democratizing Germany: Reconstructing National Identity after Hitler; German Cinema: Texts in Contexts; Perspectives on German Cinema". Monatshefte. 90 (1): 89–96. ISSN 0026-9271. JSTOR 30159611.
10. ^ HOFFMANN, DAVID L. (2011). Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939 (1 ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4629-0. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt7zfp9.
11. ^ Behrent, Megan. "Education, literacy, and the Russian Revolution | International Socialist Review". Retrieved 6 May 2020.
12. ^ a b MacKay, John (13 December 2013). Auerbach, Jonathan; Castronovo, Russ (eds.). "Built on a Lie". The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764419.001.0001. ISBN 9780199764419. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
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How common is miscarriage at 16 weeks?
Though late miscarriages are rare, they do happen. Though they are rare, affecting only about 2 percent of pregnancies, late miscarriages do happen. Late miscarriages are defined as those that occur between 14 and 20 weeks. It is traumatic to lose a baby you’ve carried this far.
What happens if you miscarriage at 16 weeks?
From 16 to 20 weeks
This is often called a ‘late miscarriage’. You might pass large shiny red clots that look like liver as well as other pieces of tissue that look and feel like membrane. It might be painful and feel just like labour, and you might need pain relief in hospital.
Can you have a miscarriage at 16 weeks without bleeding?
IT IS INTERESTING: How much fruit should a pregnant woman eat a day?
How common is miscarriage at 17 weeks?
A miscarriage in the second trimester is a pregnancy loss that happens specifically between 13 weeks 0 days and 20 weeks 0 days of gestation. The incidence of second trimester loss up to 20 weeks is less than 1%. 1 (After this time, the loss is more accurately classified as a stillbirth or neonatal death.)
Can stress cause miscarriage at 16 weeks?
What does a 16 week old fetus look like?
Development at 16 Weeks
The baby now measures about 4.3 to 4.6 inches and weighs about 3.5 ounces. You should be able to feel the top of your uterus about 3 inches below your belly button. The baby’s eyes can blink and the heart and blood vessels are fully formed. The baby’s fingers and toes have fingerprints.
What are the symptoms if baby dies in womb?
Why does my stomach hurt at 16 weeks pregnant?
Stomach pain in the second trimester is often due to round ligament pain. Your womb is expanding and this can cause the ligaments to stretch. This can cause pain in your lower tummy, groin or hips on one or both sides. It is important to get checked by your GP, obstetrician or midwife if you have pain like this.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is it OK to eat Mayo while pregnant?
What food can kill a baby when pregnant?
• Meats. …
• Cheese. …
• Fish. …
• Raw or Undercooked Eggs. …
• Raw or Undercooked Salad Greens. …
• Alcohol. …
• Caffeine.
13 авг. 2019 г.
What week is miscarriage most common?
What pain is normal at 17 weeks pregnant?
The main pregnancy symptom for women around week 17 is round ligament pain, felt in the lower stomach and pelvis as the uterus expands and puts pressure on the nearby ligaments.
Can you have a missed miscarriage at 17 weeks?
Can my baby feel my emotions?
What happens when a pregnant woman cries?
While a change in emotions and crying spells are a normal part of pregnancy, crying can also be a symptom of a more serious mental health concern such as depression. Telling the difference between normal pregnancy mood swings and depression can be tricky.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is tin fish healthy for a pregnant woman?
Can negative thoughts cause miscarriage?
9 months
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Responsive Design
Responsive Design
Effective Website Marketing focuses on Responsive Design.
What Exactly Is Responsive Web Design (RWD)?
Site design that makes your web content adaptable to diverse screen and window sizes on a number of devices is known as responsive design.
It is possible that your information will be shown in multiple columns on desktop screens due to the screen size. Mobile consumers will have a difficult time navigating and interacting with your material if it is divided into many columns.
With responsive design, you can create alternative layouts for different devices based on the size of the screen.
The Importance of Responsive Web Design
A newcomer to web design and development may be perplexed as to why responsive design is so important.
The solution is quite straightforward. You can’t just design for one type of gadget anymore. Mobile web traffic has surpassed desktop traffic and now accounts for more than 51% of all website traffic. A responsive website takes all of this into consideration and automatically adjusts to provide users with the greatest possible user experience, regardless of the device being used to view the site, according to its design.
How Do Responsive Websites Function?
A normal website is made up of a collection of files (each web page, such as the home page, about page, and so on, is a separate file). Each file contains HTML code as well as textual material (text and images). Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are files that are used to style web pages (CSS). For the sake of simplicity, let’s assume that a conventional (non-responsive) website is comprised of a collection of files and a few CSS files that govern the appearance of the page. Depending on the device being used to access the website, a responsive website applies a different set of CSS files. Depending on the device, the site appears and ‘responds’ in a different way.
Consider the following example: while someone accessing the site from a desktop device sees a navigation menu that is horizontally aligned, someone watching the site from a mobile device sees a navigation menu that is vertically aligned and has larger text, which is easier to read on a smaller screen.
Responsive web design has several technical components.
It’s difficult to comprehend the nature of responsive design without first grasping its technical underpinnings. Adaptable layouts, media queries, and flexible media are the three distinguishing characteristics of responsive websites.
Flexible layouts are the process of designing the layout of a website using a grid that is both flexible and adaptable. CSS is used to construct grids that are flexible. The web layout is made up of columns that automatically resize themselves to fit the size of the screen or browser window being displayed.
The use of a flexible layout strategy alone will not be sufficient to optimize the design for different screen sizes. When the layout becomes too small, it may begin to break, resulting in columns that are too small to effectively show the material on the page in question. Media enquiries come to the rescue once again.
Imagery, videos, and other media kinds should all be scalable, meaning that their size should alter in response to changes in the size of the viewport (or other media type).
When using responsive design, all assets are distributed in flexible containers, which resize themselves as the user changes the browser window or switches to a different mobile device. The max-width attribute with a value of 100 percent can be used to make media content scalable in a straightforward method.
The term “responsive” is often used to refer to the process of adapting a design to different screen sizes. But that isn’t exactly accurate. This new method of thinking about design is represented by responsive design. Making design solutions that are adaptable is the key.
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Green areas are rural regions. Tiny yellow dots scattered throughout the green areas are small towns. Together, rural and small town students account for 3 out of 10 U.S. students, but they are less likely to study science and math in college. City and suburban students, who live in the red and orange areas in the map, make up the remaining 70 percent of students. Map: National Center for Education Statistics, Status of Education in Rural America, Exhibit C.
More and more jobs require training in science, technology, engineering and math. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, occupations in these fields are projected to grow 8 percent by 2029, more than double the growth rate of non-scientific professions. There’s a pressing need to attract young students from all backgrounds to study these fields in college.
One large group trailing behind are rural and small town students, who account for 3 out of 10 students nationally. A new analysis of federal data finds that only 13 percent of rural and small town students major in math and science in college, compared with almost 17 percent of students in the suburbs. That’s a large 4 percentage point gap. Urban students also trail suburban students when it comes to studying science, but only by a little, according to the federal data.
Fewer rural and small town students go to four-year colleges and that explains part of this gap. But even rural and small town students who do go to four-year colleges are less likely to major in science or math.
It’s curious that rural students aren’t pursuing science in greater numbers. Many rural towns rely on science-heavy fields, from agriculture and mining to forestry and manufacturing. Scholars are trying to understand why more rural students don’t pursue studies that could lead to well-paying careers for themselves and a more productive economic future for their communities.
Some of the clues are contained in this June 2021 data analysis conducted by two researchers at Claremont Graduate University and Indiana University. They scrutinized a large federal dataset of more than 20,000 students across the nation who started high school in 2009 and were surveyed through to their third year of college in 2016. The students in the survey were specially selected to represent the nation and rural, suburban and city students each made up about a third of the students. (There are two different categories for non-urban students in the federal data: rural and small town. Rural accounts for about 20 percent of U.S. students. Small towns, also far from major metropolitan areas, account for another 10 percent of students. Many small towns started as market towns or as small manufacturing towns in the industrial era and are now economically struggling. One example is Harlan, Kentucky, a former coal town. Others, like Provincetown, Massachusetts, are seasonal tourist towns. See map at the top of this page.)
The demographics of rural and small town students are distinctive. Two-thirds of these students are white, a much higher percentage than either suburban or city students. Their families also tend to be poorer and less educated, particularly so for the students in economically distressed small towns.
Rural students began high school with the same interest in science and math careers as their suburban counterparts, the survey reveals. At the start of ninth grade, almost 12 percent of both groups of students said they hoped to have a career in life and physical sciences, engineering, mathematics, architecture, or information technology industries.
However, there are also warning signs that many of these rural students aren’t as well prepared for this pathway. Rural students posted lower scores on math assessments in early ninth grade than their suburban counterparts and they had taken half as many high-school level courses in middle school.
By the end of 11th grade, rural students’ desire to pursue a career in math or science dropped below 9 percent. Some suburban students became disenchanted with a life in math or science too, but their enthusiasm fell only 1 percentage point. At the same time, the math achievement gap between rural and suburban students grew even larger.
The researchers point to three explanations for the rural shift away from science: classes, teachers and extracurricular activities.
Rural and small town schools are far less likely to offer advanced math and science courses, such as Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate classes. For example, 63 percent of rural students had access to an in-person calculus class at their school compared with 83 percent of suburban students. In many cases, students who want to take an advanced class that isn’t offered can take an online version. In theory, these remote classes can prepare students for challenging college programs in, say, engineering. But Guan Saw, an associate professor at Claremont and one of the co-authors, points out that students often miss out on forming a relationship with a good teacher at their high school who can inspire a student to make the decision to major in engineering in the first place.
Teacher quality is another impediment. In the survey data, researchers discovered that rural math and science teachers didn’t participate in professional development as often or feel as confident in their teaching ability or subject knowledge as suburban math and science teachers. “Even when rural students have access to the same coursework, they are not taught by highly qualified teachers,” said Saw.
Rural students also had fewer opportunities to do math and science outside of the classroom, activities such as science fairs, robotics competitions and math clubs. Sometimes these out-of-school projects and social experiences can motivate students more than performing well in a science or math class.
Solving these problems won’t be easy. The Rural STEM Education Act proposes to improve teacher training and increase both online and hands-on science education in rural schools. It has bipartisan support, has passed the House and may become law. But it will remain hard to justify hiring an Advanced Placement physics teacher for just a handful of students in a small school and harder to recruit an excellent teacher to teach it.
There are many studies about the dearth of Black and Latino college students who pursue science but rural students, who are predominantly white, are another underrepresented group. Getting more of them to study science may not only help improve their lives but could also help revitalize economically distressed areas of our country. That’s something that could benefit all of us.
Join us today.
Letters to the Editor
2 Letters
1. I have struggled throughout my career to understand how STEM courses have much appreciable impact on most high school graduates’ outcomes.
My career has been in technology and in training technology professionals in K-12, corporate, and higher education settings. My experience includes electronics, electromechanical systems, automated systems, and (primarily) information technology.
I came from a rural school as described in the article. I took every math class available. The advanced classes I took by myself while sitting in lower level classes. In daily life, Home Economics and Shop have proven to be most useful.
In my twenty five years of teaching technologies, I have often been reminded of the importance of mathematics in my field – generally by educators and counselors with little knowledge of the field. Each time, I explain to them that there are no calculations that require anything beyond basic algebra. This often comes as a relief to the kids who are afraid of entering the field. Math expectations needlessly scare many away.
Any specialized calculations are taught in trade school or college. They must be in order to accommodate the career-changers who have not used more than basic mathematics in decades.
What I need are students who can gather fragmented and flawed bits of information and piece together solutions. They need to be able take technical topics and present them to non-technical audiences. They need to be able to express themselves in writing well enough to explain an issue and the rationale for how and why to address it. They need to be able to evaluate overwhelming situations and apply logic to throw out the clutter.
I need thinkers and communicators – not future mathematicians. In fact, a building trades or shop class may be more helpful than that calculus class.
2. I read the article with interest, but I wholeheartedly agree with Mr. Doyle McClellan who wrote to you on July 13.
My husband has been employed for 30+ years in the field of Information Technology, specifically in the area of 9-1-1 and NG9-1-1 technology. He was not a math, science, or computer science major in community college but an art and music major, and much of his early learning came from being employed first as a computer salesperson. Now he he has risen to a high position within his industry and company.
He would say that the technology changes so often and in unpredictable, non-linear ways, and that math, science, and electronics classes never meet the needs of the vast and varied technology fields. Technological innovation moves so rapidly that even computer science majors have little advantage over the hands-on learners who begin without “proper” STEM classes.
I am a classical educator, and my students mostly have been trained in history, literature, rhetoric, and languages. Yes, they have taken classes in math and the sciences, but the STEM classes today do not teach how to think, but what to think.
The jobs of the future will not all be done by those who can think formulaically, but by those who can manage workaround computations and make thoughtful decisions about outcomes and consequences.
I am not sure that your prejudice is rightly placed about a lack of STEM courses and qualified educators in rural America. From a rural person’s perspective, the students living in citified America where everything is done in a kind of vacuum away from having to do a lot of hard manual work and Gerry-rigging solutions to mechanical and technological problems, are at a distinct disadvantage for learning much that has to do with ordinary life, including access to a vaster “life” experience where thinking and education do not necessarily equate to checking off pre-configured boxes.
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Expert Answer:Negative And Positive Effects of Video Gaming Visu
Solved by verified expert:This paper is a visual rhetorical analysis of two pictures an organization created, which is also a stakeholder in my discussion. My topic is concerned with whether video games are beneficial or harmful, and the organization that is selected must support one of the sides of the debate and also have TWO original images, not from another source. A sample paper is attached to show what type of images are being utilized and how it is integrated within the text. A flaw in the sample paper is that they do not give the images proper titles, and when discussing rhetorical strategies they use the names of the rhetorical appeals (Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos) which is NOT to be mentioned directly, but rather explained. The papers total word count should be between 1200-1400, and have 3 sources in total.An introduction that clearly identifies the stakeholder and its background (context), the controversial issue, and the thesis that presents the relationship between the two images and the stakeholder’s main argument, including how the two images represent the stakeholder’s goals, which encompass its interests, missions, and messageAn analysis of the rhetorical strategies used in both images, taking into consideration audience, message, purpose, rhetorical appeals, and/or rhetorical fallacies (if they exist), and pointing to specific details from the image to support your claimAn integration of at least three sources into your visual analysis; one must be a source from the stakeholder, and the others may come from secondary sources about the stakeholder or about the images discussed.A conclusion that highlights the main points and considers forward-thinking research ideas for research/actionA Works Cited page
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Greenpeace Against Nuclear Energy
Since the invention of the atomic bomb during WWII, nuclear energy has been a hot topic
of debate. On one hand, many organizations support nuclear energy because they believe that it
helps the world economy and the environment. These groups argue that nuclear power is a
sustainable source of energy, creates jobs, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions. However,
some organizations are concerned with the waste this energy creates. The waste gets buried inside
the Earth and contaminates nearby bodies of water, threatens the health of humans, and can
permanently damage the environment. Greenpeace International, an environmental activist
organization, does not support nuclear energy. Greenpeace believes that nuclear energy provides
an excuse not to use non-toxic, renewable energy sources, such as solar energy. The group adds
that nuclear energy creates waste that leaks under pipelines and can lead to a radioactive
meltdown, and even to a nuclear holocaust. Greenpeace International successfully supports its
argument to environmentalists worldwide that nuclear energy should be stopped through two
pieces of visual rhetoric that connect nuclear energy to death and destruction.
Greenpeace argues that nuclear energy should be stopped through the two images by
highlighting potential sources of nuclear waste. For instance, Image A shows a man holding a
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yellow sign that says, “Next Fukushima is your responsibility” (Ozkan). This quote refers to the
nuclear meltdown that happened in 2011. A massive tsunami hit Fukushima, Japan; one of the
city’s nuclear power plants exploded, and several people died (Funabashi, 9-10). This is an
example of kairos appeal, an appeal to time. According to Kendra Gayle Lee, Jessica McKee,
and Megan McIntyre, “Such references are prevalent in political and social campaigns,” and
demonstrate kairos rhetoric appeal (“Pathos,” 93). Greenpeace insinuates that this photograph
was taken in an area with a nuclear disaster, such as the one in Fukushima. There are gravestones
in the foreground with yellow and black circles symbolizing radioactive waste on them and
people who have died due to nuclear accidents. It also shows that nuclear waste is buried within
the ground. Image B shows a man holding a sign that says, “Stop nuclear now” (Greenpeace
International is protesting against nuclear energy on a beach in Africa). Behind him is yellow and
black tape that is used to enclose an area. This suggests that the entire area is contaminated with
radioactive materials. Bright yellow containers marked with the black and yellow circles lie in
the middle of the plot. This suggests the containers are filled with nuclear waste. Greenpeace uses
pathos rhetoric, an appeal to emotion, within both these images. According to Kendra Gayle
Lee, Jessica McKee, and Megan McIntyre, “When a writer uses images, songs, and other types of
nontextual media, he or she is often attempting to engage a reader’s emotions. Songs and pictures
produce emotional responses” (“Pathos,” 89). The symbols, such as the gravestones, are
supposed to make environmentalists fear human casualties of nuclear waste. Other images, such
as the barrels lying on top of the litter, make the audience fear the destruction of nuclear waste to
the environment. The sign in Image B also demonstrates kairos rhetoric appeal. According to
Kate Pantelides, Megan McIntyre, and Jessica McKee, “An appeal to some particular fastapproaching moment is often a rhetor’s attempt to create a perfect kairotic moment for his or her
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message by creating a sense of urgency” (“Kairos,” 93). The two signs create this “sense of
urgency” with their messages. Greenpeace effectively uses the bright yellow color, pathos
rhetoric, and kairos rhetoric to validate its argument through these images.
Furthermore, the settings of the images are another way Greenpeace successfully argues
that nuclear waste should be discontinued. Image A takes place in a city. The image shows ethos,
an appeal to ethic, because the Hagia Sophia is featured in the background. This timeless
monument was constructed to celebrate his victory against rioting peasants. Due to its historical
significance, the Hagia Sophia has authority. According to Megan McIntyre and Jessica McKee,
“When a candidate gives a speech in front of an American flag, he or she is associating him- or
herself with the symbol and borrowing the authority it represents” (“Ethos,” 84). Just as the
American flag’s credibility is borrowed, Greenpeace borrows this Turkish symbol. Generally,
places with these types of monuments are more populated, which makes people fear that a
nuclear explosion could happen within their own cities. The barren soil, dead trees, and deserted
setting all indicate that a disaster has already occurred. Image B takes place on the coastline and
symbolizes a nuclear disaster from an environmentalist perspective. The mounds of trash imply
that the nuclear waste has contaminated the land and, since the trash is near the water, the ocean.
Greenpeace is trying to tell its audience that scientists do not know what to do with the waste, so
the environment pays the consequence. Mounds of the waste have accumulated on the shoreline.
The waves symbolize the spread of waste through the ocean to other countries around the world.
All of these symbols use pathos rhetoric because they make people fear the contamination of
land, harming people in the cities, and spreading to other parts of the world. Due to the
differences in settings, Greenpeace is able to get its viewers to see the consequences of nuclear
waste both from a human and environmental perspective.
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Most importantly, Greenpeace International effectively argues nuclear energy should be
stopped because it dehumanizes the men within the images. Both of the men become objects
within the image and are displayed to shock the audience. The images both show men in white
protective jumpsuits that cover them from their head to feet. In image A, the man is wearing a
gas mask, which reveals that the air is too lethal to breathe. Image B shows a man wearing
protective gloves and a mask over his mouth. There is an icon on the subject’s suit that
Greenpeace created. It drew it as a yellow face screaming with its hands on its face. This
indicates that the men are representing or involved with Greenpeace. All of these symbols and
protective gear show the environmentalists that the area is uninhabitable for humans. The body
language of the men in both of the images is very intense. This indicates that the men are both
angry and wary about the presence of nuclear waste. Due to the subjects both being male, their
body language, and the protective clothing, these images target men that have jobs involving
physical labor. The images use pathos rhetoric because it causes the audiences to fear and hate
nuclear waste. Dehumanizing people in their image is a bold way Greenpeace International
points out the dangers of nuclear energy.
Greenpeace International has effectively argued that nuclear energy should cease by
showing images of danger and destruction. These images both highlight potential radioactive
hazards by using bright yellow colors, different settings to give the viewers a more broad
perspective of how nuclear waste effects the earth, and the dehumanization of people to illustrate
how dangerous the lethal material really is to humans. In the future, Greenpeace International
can achieve its goal: to end the use of nuclear energy. The organization is making the threats of
nuclear waste better known every year. Eventually, Greenpeace may get nuclear energy
outlawed. The organization helped ban dumping waste into the ocean in 1983, stopped Turkey’s
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plan to build ten nuclear reactors by 2020, and still is making an impact today (“Nuclear
Word Count: 1243
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Works Cited
Funabashi, Yoichi, and Kay Kitazawa. “Fukushima In Review: A Complex Disaster, A
Disastrous Response.” Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists 68.2 (2012): 9-21. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <>
Greenpeace International is protesting against nuclear energy on the beach in Africa. Digital
image. Greenpeace. Greenpeace Africa, 2014. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.
Jarus, By Owen. “Hagia Sophia: Facts, History & Architecture.” LiveScience. TechMedia
Network, 01 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Jan. 2015. <>.
McIntyre, Megan, and Jessica McKee. “Ethos: Appeals to Authority and Credibility.” Ed. Jason
Carabelli. Rhetoric Matters: Language and Argument in Context. Ed. Brogan Sullivan.
Tampa: U of South Florida, 2014. 1-253. Print.
McIntyre, Megan, Kate Pantelides, Kate, and Jessica McKee. “Kairos: Appeals to Timeliness.”
Rhetoric Matters: Language and Argument in Context. Ed. Jason Carabelli and Brogan
Sullivan. Tampa: U of South Florida, 2014. 1-253. Print.
McKee, Jessica, and Megan McIntyre. “Pathos: Appeals to Emotion.” Rhetoric Matters:
Language and Argument in Context. By Kendra G. Lee. Ed. Jason Carabelli and Brogan
Sullivan. Tampa: U of South Florida, 2014. 1-238. Print.
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“No New Nukes.” Greenpeace. Greenpeace, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.
“Nuclear Victories.” Greenpeace. Greenpeace, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.
Ozkan, Caner. Activists from Greenpeace Turkey protest in front of the Hagia Sofia.
2013. Digital image. Greenpeace Blogs RSS. Greenpeace, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.
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To determine the generality of developmental mechanisms involved in the construction of the insect nervous system, the embryonic development of the peripheral nervous system in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria was characterized at the level of identified neurons and nerve branches and then compared to that previously described from the fly Drosophila melanogaster. For this, immunocytochemistry using a neuron-specific antibody was carried out on staged grasshopper embryos. Our results show that initially a simple peripheral nerve scaffolding is established in each segment of the animal. This scaffolding consists of a pair of intersegmental nerves that are formed by identified afferent and efferent pioneer neurons and a pair of segmental nerves that are formed by afferent pioneers situated in limb buds. Subsequently, identified sets of sensory neurons differentiate in a stereotyped spatiotemporal pattern in dorsal, lateral and ventral clusters in each segment and project their axons onto these nerves. Although segment-specific differences exist, serial homologs of the developing nerves and sensory neurons can be identified. A comparison of these results with those obtained from Drosophila shows that virtually the same pattern of peripheral nerves and sensory structures is formed in both species. This indicates that the construction of the peripheral nervous system in extremely divergent modern insects relies on conserved developmental mechanisms that evolved in ancestral insects over 300 million years ago.
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How to Write Goals, Objectives, and Outcomes For Your Online Course
Writing goals, objectives, and outcomes for your online course is essentially creating a map for you to follow as you develop your online course.
What’s the difference between goals, objectives, and outcomes and why does it even matter?
There is a difference, although some bits are interchangeable. It matters because if you don’t know exactly where you’re going, how can you get students there?
Let’s look at the difference in kind of a big picture style.
We’ll start with K-12 schools and how they do it.
In schools, goals are overarching big things. A music goal might be:
• The learner can use the elements of music to communicate new musical ideas and works.
Objectives are smaller pieces that move the learner toward the goal. In schools, these are usually based on standards, like:
• The learner can compose and arrange music.
And then there are outcomes. Outcomes are also called Indicators of Learning in schools. They are basically the specific things the learner should be able to do when the lesson is over, for example:
• The learner can compose and arrange melodies with simple harmonic accompaniments.
You can see how the goal is broad, the objective is a bit more focused, and the outcomes are very specific.
What about courses for adults?
This is how it works when you’re creating online courses for adults, too. Let’s look at one of those examples.
The goal of an online course might be:
• The learner can grow a successful backyard vegetable garden.
One of the objectives might be:
• The learner can plan a garden for their soil and zone.
Remember that a goal is broad, so it might have multiple objectives, like:
• The learner can sow a garden following best practices.
• The learner can tend a garden to harvest.
Each of these objectives has lots of little steps inside them. If we look at the first objective I in the gardening course, some outcomes/steps might be:
• The learner can analyze their soil.
• The learner can select vegetables for the soil and the amount of sun available.
• The learner can use companion planting techniques.
Ugh. It’s Too Much Work
Why is it important to break things down so much? You might be thinking. Can’t I just teach them everything I know about vegetable gardening?
Yes. Of course. What would you teach them first?
The likely answer is that you would start at preparing the soil and choosing the right plants. You wouldn’t start in the middle and you wouldn’t start at the end. It doesn’t make sense.
Setting goals and objectives puts a frame on what you know. It gives learners a map for where they are going so they stay oriented.
The outcomes are especially important. You want to clearly list out exactly what you want your learner to be able to do by the end of a lesson for two important reasons.
One, your learner knows what they are supposed to be able to do so they shoulder some of the responsibility of getting there.
And two, it helps you, the course creator, stay focused and make sure you teach them exactly what they need to be taught to be successful.
My point is this. Don’t start creating your course until you know where you’re going.
Your Turn
hink about a course that you want to create, you are currently creating, or one that you need to revamp. Write down your overall goal for the course. What transformation is your learner going to experience?
Then think about and write down the four to six general things that your learner needs to know to accomplish the course goal. These may morph a bit when you start writing your outcomes and that’s okay.
Under each of those general topics, list steps. You can write it as an outcome, such as ‘The learner will understand the importance of plant spacing’. Or you can just write a note, like ‘plant spacing’ and flesh it out after.
Each of your topics should have four to seven outcomes to keep it manageable. If you find that you have more than seven outcomes, take a closer look at the relationships between those outcomes and see if that can’t be broken down into two distinct topics.
This process isn’t neat. Here’s an example of my notes.
Handwritten organizational chart listing the goal of the backyard gardening course, the 4 objectives, and the outcomes listed under each objective.
Getting organized
Community Conversation
When you’ve completed this, post a comment on the companion video to this blog post on YouTube. Let me know if you struggled with any part of this activity or if you still have questions. I’ll try to answer all the questions I can, but if you have experience and can answer questions, please jump in!
Looking for More Help on Creating your Online Course?
Download my free ebook Online Course Creation Made Easy: 25 Activities to Engage Your Online Learners.
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Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination
Read this chapter for a more detailed look at the topic of income inequality and discrimination in the labor markets as these are real examples of market failures. Attempt the "Try It" problems at the end of each section before checking your answers.
1. Start Up: Occupy Wall Street and the World
It all began September 17, 2011, with a march by thousands of demonstrators unhappy with all sorts of things about the United States - the distribution of income, with rallying cries on behalf of the 99%; "greed" on Wall Street; the bailout of many banks; capitalism in general; and a variety of other perceived ills, from hostility to certain nonfinancial companies such as Walmart and Starbucks to calls for the United States to pull out of military operations around the world and to abolish the Federal Reserve Bank. The symbol of the movement became the occupation of a small park in the neighborhood of Wall Street - Zuccotti Park. Two months later, the park continued to be jammed with demonstrators using it as a campground, after which New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg shut it down as a place for overnight lodging.
Well before then, the "Occupy Wall Street" movement had become a national phenomenon and then an international phenomenon. The Economist in mid-October reported demonstrations in more than 900 cities and in more than 80 countries. The demonstrators generally rejected the entire concept of making specific demands, preferring instead to protest in support of an ill-defined, but clearly compelling, message - whatever that message might have been.
Whatever the makeup of the groups demonstrating throughout the world, they clearly brought the issues examined in this chapter - poverty, discrimination, and the distribution of income - to the forefront of public attention. It was not obvious why inequality and related complaints had suddenly become an important issue. As we will see on this chapter, inequality in the U.S. distribution of income had begun increasing in 1967; it has continued to rise ever since.
At about the same time as the movement was in the news, the poverty rate in the United States reached its highest level since 1993. The number of people below the U.S. poverty line in 2010 - an annual income of $22,314 for a family of four - rose to 15.1% of the population. The number of people considered to be below the poverty level rose to 46.2 million, the highest number ever recorded in the history of the United States. Those statistics came more than four decades after President Lyndon B. Johnson stood before the Congress of the United States to make his first State of the Union address in 1964 to declare a new kind of war, a War on Poverty. "This administration today here and now declares unconditional war on poverty in America," the President said. "Our aim is not only to relieve the symptoms of poverty but to cure it; and, above, all, to prevent it". In the United States that year, 35.1 million people, about 22% of the population, were, by the official definition, poor.
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There are three kinds of food at home, or “hotbed” of liver disease. Throw it away as soon as possible and don’t eat it again
In this hot and humid weather, many people just because they are lazy and don’t want to go out to buy vegetables. They will buy more vegetables at one time, put them in the refrigerator or store them. But there is always a variety of food at home, which is very tempting for greedy people.
they all say that illness comes from the mouth, so no matter what you eat, don’t drink too fast blindly. This process may cause you to get some germs or even diseases.
potatoes are one of the foods that people usually hoard. They are delicious and can cook a variety of meals. It’s delicious when it’s mashed. You don’t need to put it in the refrigerator. You can keep it at room temperature for a long time. But you can’t buy too much at once. After all, if you like to eat more, you also want to change your taste. The rest of the potato has been there, in order to prevent pests from invading themselves, they produce some substances to protect themselves.
but those substances are toxic, especially those called solanine. Can eat potato content is very low, no harm to people, you can rest assured to eat. However, if the color turns green, the sprouted potatoes will not work. If you eat a lot of solanine, you will get food poisoning. Because the harmful substances may have spread to the whole potato, just can’t be seen, so don’t cut it and continue to eat. It’s better to throw them away.
it’s not just sprouted potatoes that people cut for fear of waste and continue to eat. There are also some foods that are mildewed. Reluctant to throw, will throw away the moldy part, feel that can continue to eat the part. But in fact, the toxin has not been completely eliminated, but it may not be visible to the naked eye, which also carries the risk of damaging the liver.
the common moldy food is Aspergillus flavus, which can cause serious damage to our liver cells and even pathological changes. It is suggested not to eat moldy food any more.
the frequency of appearance on the dining table is very high, and it is convenient to make. As for agaric and fungi, which often appear in hotpot. The taste is very good, but there will be many cases of people entering the hospital because of the edible fungus.
the dried fungus itself is certainly non-toxic, but it is not the same after blistering. Many news reports will report that food poisoning occurs after eating a long time of immersion. The reason is that Auricularia auricula can easily produce a kind of pathogenic bacteria after a long time of immersion. If people eat it, it may cause abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea, and also damage our liver. If we do not get timely treatment, there may be life-threatening.
liver disease will lead to endocrine disorders, resulting in decreased metabolism. Then the ability to metabolize melanin will be weakened, which will make the skin black and dark. There will be dark circles around the eyes.
hands with poor liver usually have liver palms, which are different from those of normal people. The hands are white and not bloody, and they are very dry, and the nails may appear vertical stripes or fracture.
with the continuous improvement of living conditions, the richness of food has been improved. There are also some high-fat and high calorie foods at home. However, the frequent use of these foods is extremely bad for our liver. A lot of fat and heat will only bring a lot of burden to the liver, and not easy to metabolize, fat accumulation in the liver, but also prone to fatty liver.
therefore, we should reduce the consumption of these high-fat and high-calorie foods, and eat more natural and green foods. Fiber can not only supplement nutrition, but also can not be easily absorbed, reduce the burden of liver and relieve liver qi.
drinking water can help our body strengthen its basic metabolic capacity, promote blood circulation and improve the liver’s ability to function. If you don’t feel like drinking water, adding natural herbs will help your liver.
cassia seed: it has the function of eyesight and liver protection, and can repair the liver. And can also inhibit the synthesis of body fat, many effects. So the water can also add some cassia seed, so that the tea is no longer tasteless. CUISINE&HEALTH
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Neuromuscular Therapy
What Is Neuromuscular Therapy?
Neuromuscular Therapy (NMT) is a very specialized form of manual therapy. A therapist trained in NMT is educated in the physiology of the nervous system and its effect on the muscular and skeletal systems. The Neuromuscular Therapist also is educated in kinesiology and biomechanics and how to work in a clinical or medical environment.
1. Ischemia: Lack of blood supply to soft tissues which causes hypersensitivity to touch
2. Trigger Points: Highly irritated points in muscles which refer pain to other parts of the body
3. Nerve Compression or Entrapment: Pressure on a nerve by soft tissue, cartilage or bone
4. Postural Distortion: Imbalance of the muscular system resulting from the movement of the body off the longitudinal and horizontal planes
5. Biomechanical Dysfunction: Imbalance of the musculoskeletal system resulting in faulty movement patterns (i.e., poor lifting habits, bad mechanics in a golf swing of tennis stroke, computer keyboarding)
NMT is a thorough program of recovery from acute and chronic pain syndromes which utilizes specific massage therapy, flexibility stretching, and home care to eliminate the causes of most neuromuscular pain patterns. This specific and scientific approach to muscular pain relief will help to bring about balance between the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system. NMT enhances the function of joints, muscles and biomechanics (movement) and it releases endorphins, the body’s own natural pain killers. It can be part of a comprehensive program, complementing all other health care modalities.
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source, Author provided
Steve Henry, CSIROImagine constantly living with mice. Every time you open a cupboard to get linen, clothes or food, mice have been or are still there. When you go to sleep they run across your bed and, in the morning, your first job is to empty traps filled with dead mice. And the stench of dead mice fill the streets.
Even the cats and dogs get sick of mice and stop chasing them.
This is the dystopian reality for many towns as, over recent months, mouse numbers in northern NSW and southern Queensland have risen to plague proportions, devastating summer crops and fodder storages. One farmer told me he’s removing 100 dead mice from his swimming pool each night.
This week, for example, truckloads of sorghum from Southern Queensland farms have been rejected from sale after mouse droppings were discovered. This means loads of grain need to be cleaned before they’re suitable for sale.
No one ever forgets living through a mouse plague.
One of the largely unquantified repercussions of mice is the social and mental health impact on farmers, their families and rural communities — places only just starting to recover from the recent, devastating drought.
I work with scientists and rural communities to reduce the impact of mice. So, with no end to the plague in sight, let’s look at the issue in more detail.
Mice outbreaks in Australia
The earliest accounts of mouse outbreaks in Australia are from the late 1800s, after the house mouse, Mus musculus, was likely introduced in the late 1700s as stowaways with the First Fleet. Similar plagues are uncommon in other countries — even though mice are found worldwide — as favourable climates lead to lots of food and shelter, which sustain high mouse populations in Australia.
Outbreaks like we’re seeing now tend to follow a run of dry years. The house mouse is very well adapted to live in Australian conditions, and they can survive through protracted dry periods and thrive when there’s lots of food and moisture. While often not conspicuous, they’re present in most environments — all the time.
As climatic conditions become favourable for crop production, they’re also favourable for mouse breeding. And mice reproduce alarmingly fast.
They start breeding at six-weeks old and give birth to a litter of six to ten pups every 19 to 21 days after that. After giving birth to one litter, females can immediately fall pregnant with the next litter, meaning there’s no break in the production of offspring.
In good seasons, when the rate of survival is high, the rate of population increase is dramatic. A single pair of mice can give rise to 500 mice in a breeding season. This year, the breeding season has lasted through summer and into autumn, as the weather has been milder with lots of rain.
Desperate times, desperate measures
Mouse outbreaks or plagues occur across the cropping zone — the extensive area where crops are grown in Australia — approximately every five years. However major outbreaks like the one we’re experiencing today are less frequent.
In some towns across the cropping zone, the smell of dead and decomposing mice is becoming a significant problem in shops, rubbish bins and under buildings and homes, where mice that have been baited have gone to die.
And the outbreak is growing. I’m getting reports from farmers of high mouse numbers from other parts of the cropping zone, through southern NSW, Victoria and South Australia.
A haystack with a blue tarp over it
1,600 bales of hay, completely decimated by mice.
Adam Macrae, Author provided
Mice can cause damage during all stages of crop growth, and they don’t limit themselves to cereals. Farmers have reported significant damage in canola, lentils and other pulse crops. Likewise, mice removing freshly sown seed, browsing shoots and feeding on developing heads and seed pods all reduce crop yield.
Mice also cause significant damage to on-farm storages of grain and fodder. Contamination of grain with mouse faeces can lead to grain distributors and export markets rejecting produce (such as with sorghum in Southern Queensland).
Read more:
How to know if we’re winning the war on Australia’s fire ant invasion, and what to do if we aren’t
This year has been so bad, farmers say they’re giving up on efforts to control mice with bait, and instead ploughing their summer crops back into the ground. Other desperate measures include burying entire haystacks to protect them from total decimation by mice.
The cotton industry, rarely impacted by mice, has even sought an emergency permit to allow control of mice in cotton crops using zinc phosphide baits, the only approved chemical control measure for mice in broad-scale agriculture in Australia.
So how does this horror end?
The drivers for the end of a mouse outbreak are not well understood. It’s thought a combination of high numbers, food running short and disease leads to mice turning on each other, eating sick and weak animals and offspring, resulting in a dramatic crash in the population. Farmers, in previous outbreaks, have reported mice disappearing almost overnight.
CSIRO is developing strategies to reduce the impact of mice in agriculture.
Sharon Watt, Author provided
CSIRO, with the support of the Grains Research and Development Corporation, is working on developing a range of new ways to reduce the impact of mice in crop production systems. Key focuses include monitoring populations to make predictions about future outbreaks and developing of better predictive models.
We’re also investigating how current cropping practices influence mouse behaviour and their population dynamics. This will help us assess potential new control strategies, develop more effective baiting procedures, and consider the potential of future genetic control technologies.
Still, the introduced house mouse will be an ongoing problem in Australian farms and rural communities for years to come. We must urgently find ways to reduce the economic and social impact of mice, not only for the sustainable production of crops, but also for the mental well-being of rural communities.
Read more:
Shy rodents may be better at surviving eradications, but do they pass those traits to their offspring?
The Conversation
Steve Henry, Research Officer, CSIRO
Explainer: what is leptospirosis and how can it harm us and our pets?
When a game of fetch can harm: leptospirosis can be transmitted to dogs (and humans) from stagnant water contaminated with rat urine.
from www.shutterstock.com
Christine Griebsch, University of Sydney and Jacqueline Norris, University of Sydney
Recently reported cases of the often fatal bacterial infection leptospirosis in dogs in Sydney have raised the issue of animal diseases that also affect humans.
This zoonotic disease is spread by rats and other rodents. However, this latest cluster in dogs has not been accompanied by human cases in the Sydney area so far; dog cases aren’t always accompanied by human cases nearby.
So what is leptospirosis? And what can we do to protect ourselves and our pets from this potentially fatal disease?
Read more:
Health Check: what bugs can you catch from your pets?
There have been at least six confirmed cases of canine leptospirosis so far in Sydney’s inner west and city in 2019, with three in May and June. Five of the six dogs died.
So far, these cases have been confined to one part of Sydney but we don’t know the source of the infection. Some people have speculated that recent building work may have dispersed rats and spread contaminated water through flooding.
How is it spread?
Clinical signs might not show up in dogs for about seven days. Early signs can be vague — fever, lethargy, anorexia (loss of appetite), vomiting and diarrhoea.
Dogs can also shed bacteria in their urine without being clinically sick (“silent shedders”). This and contact with sick dogs poses a potential risk to other dogs and people coming in contact with their urine.
Read more:
Hidden housemates: rats in the ranks
Severely affected dogs can develop acute kidney failure, liver injury and jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin), uveitis (inflammation of the eyes), bleeding and in severe cases bleeding into the lungs leading to breathing difficulties. These clinical signs are the result of damage to the blood vessels (vasculitis) and resulting damage to organ blood supply.
Veterinarians can confirm the diagnosis after taking blood and urine samples. In suspicious cases, treatment with antibiotics needs to start quickly, even before the disease is confirmed by lab tests, to minimise organ damage. Severely ill dogs will require intensive care, ideally in an intensive care unit.
How do humans catch it?
As well as being exposed to bacteria from their infected pets’ urine, humans can become infected by rodents themselves. This can be directly (from a rat bite) or if a wound is exposed to soil or water contaminated with rat urine. Eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water can also be responsible for transmitting the bacteria.
Humans might not have symptoms for two to 25 days. But in 90% of human cases, these are mild and mimic influenza.
Read more:
Less commonly, more severe disease can develop, which can be similar to what we see in dogs, and is known as Weil’s disease.
According to NSW Health, these more severe symptoms include kidney failure, jaundice (yellow colouration of the skin and eye balls which indicates liver disease), and haemorrhage into skin and mucous membranes. Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain) and bleeding in the lungs can also occur. Most people who develop severe disease need to go to hospital, and severe leptospirosis can sometimes be fatal.
Leptospirosis is a notifiable disease in humans which means that laboratories have to notify cases of leptospirosis to the local public health unit. This year, 51 cases have been reported so far in Australia, but none of these have been linked to the current outbreak in dogs.
How do we prevent it?
We can prevent leptospirosis by limiting contact we and our pets have to sources of infection, and by vaccinating our dogs.
Make sure dogs don’t swim in and drink from stagnant water like ponds, lakes or puddles.
Wash your hands after contact with stagnant water, soil, urine from rodents, dogs or cats or simply after any contact with pets, especially before eating.
Similarly, avoid contact with rodents, and make sure you correctly dispose of garbage to reduce the chance of attracting rats.
Read more:
Four ways having a pet increases your lifespan
Until now, leptospirosis has rarely been reported in Sydney. So, dogs are not routinely vaccinated. But we currently advise vaccination for all dogs in the inner west and city area.
The vaccine available in Australia protects against one serovar (type of the bacterium), and we do not know if this is the only type causing recent problems. Vaccines against multiple serovars are available overseas.
To learn more about the current cluster, we have started a research project. This will investigate the geographical distribution of the recent outbreak and the serovars of the bacteria involved. We are also collaborating with Sydney veterinarians who, with pet owners’ consent, are taking blood and urine samples from dogs before they get vaccinated against leptospirosis.
Hopefully then, we can better understand this latest cluster and how we can protect animal, and ultimately, human health in the future.The Conversation
Christine Griebsch, Specialist and Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney and Jacqueline Norris, Professor of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney
See more about this at:
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Why do you think many Deaf people don’t speak?
AB: If you look at our younger pupils and preschoolers, you will notice that many children are talking. They also communicate with each other through the word. Technology is advancing rapidly, both in terms of hearing aids and implants. Perhaps many older deaf people don’t use the word because, for example, technology wasn’t as developed in the past. It also depends on the possibilities, capabilities in this direction, the degree of speech rehabilitation, etc.
JK: Maybe some people don’t even have the courage. The most important thing is to have a hearing aid, because thanks to the hearing aid you can control your voice, without hearing aid you don’t know if you are speaking softly or loudly. It is never too late to learn to speak. Deaf people are used to the assumption: I can’t because I’m deaf or the deaf are discriminated against. I see that some people at the Institute try to talk, but they are ashamed of it. They are ashamed of the voice, they feel strange.
BW: Yes. I was also interested in one of the views presented in our school about implanted students: Do these children learn Polish naturally or do they learn it as a foreign language? AB: This is also a question of the rapid development of technology. Both cameras and implants are improving. Perhaps we are approaching the time when early treatment of a child with no conjugated defects will give him the opportunity for more natural language learning, and not just boring learning. However, we still have students now for whom learning Polish is a big challenge and we should think about what and how to do it so that the results are better than before.
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Vaccine passports
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Vaccine passports are developed in some states and provinces to limit travel by people who declined or have not received a COVID-19 vaccine. They are intended to enable the general public to easily determine whether each individual has been vaccinated and limit access to businesses by unvaccinated individuals.
American states such as New York have required vaccine passports.
The Republican states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Arizona have all banned vaccine passports.
Some Canadian provinces, such as Ontario and Quebec, require proof of vaccination to enter non-essential businesses.
Digital Certificates
There is a push for a digital certification of vaccination status. The World Health Organization is promoting a digital standard for proving one's vaccination status.
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Interactive Curriculum:
Creativity, Not Rote Memorization
The interactive language development curriculum of Empower the Children was developed by speech therapists in the USA. This curriculum focuses on learning readiness and critical thinking skills.
The kindergarten curriculum introduces sequencing, shapes, colors, numbers, letters, means of transportation, animals, etc. Higher grades learn about historical events, the human body, world-wide leaders, and international currency, to name a few.
Lessons are geared toward engaging the children's imagination, which encourages creativity and the spontaneous exchange of ideas.
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Sudan crisis: What just happened in this African country?
Sudan might just have witnessed the eighth coup since 1956. Reports from Sudan said a number of civilian leaders, including PM Abdallah Hamdok, were arrested by unidentified soldiers.
Sudan crisis
Sudanese demonstrators take to the streets of the capital Khartoum to demand the government's transition to civilian rule in Khartoum. (AP photo)
Sudan might just have witnessed the eighth coup since it got freedom from the British in 1956. Reports from Sudan said a number of civilian leaders, including Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok, were arrested by unidentified soldiers. Reports indicated the beginning of another military coup in Sudan.
Hamdok was the prime minister of a transitional government that was put in place after the 2019 coup ended the over three-decade-rule of President Omar al-Bashir in Sudan. Bashir was ousted following months of street protests in 2019.
The transitional government was then formed through a power-sharing deal between the military and a coalition of pro-democratic groups calling itself the Forces for Freedom and Chance (FFC). They formed a Sovereign Council to run the transitional government until a democratic government was elected.
However, Sudan recently saw huge protests by both pro-democratic and anti-democratic groups. Reports said the military and civilian leaderships had strained relationship soon after forming the transitional government two years ago. In recent weeks, the military apparently moved to capture power in Sudan.
Yes. In 2019, when Bashir was ousted, many commentators said the Arab Spring reached Sudan late referring to the wave of pro-democracy movements beginning from Tunisia and spreading to a number of countries in the Middle-East in 2010-12.
However, there is another string of thought that the revolution saw an early beginning in Sudan that led to partition of the country in 2011.
Once the largest country in Africa, Sudan was partitioned in 2011 with Christian-majority South Sudan gaining independence from Muslim northern areas or the rest of Sudan. This followed a vote for separation from Sudan.
Having attained freedom from the British in 1956, Sudan saw seven coups till 2019. It has failed to find a stable functional political system. The military more often than not took control of the government in Sudan. The last dictator General al-Bashir had a warrant issued against him by the International Criminal Court.
The first coup was effected in Sudan in 1958, when General Ibrahim Abboud-led military toppled the government elected only a year ago. Jaafar Numeiri, who led another military coup in 1969, imposed Sharia, the Islamic legal system in Sudan in 1983.
Omar al-Bashir ruled Sudan through the 1990s up to 2019. During the course of time, he brought a new constitution in Sudan in 1998. He held elections and won them comfortably the last presidential poll that al-Bashir won was in 2015 for another five-year term.
But economic woes brought his downfall. Protests erupted across Sudan beginning January 2018 over rising prices of bread after the al-Bashir government removed subsidies. The protests grew bigger over the next one year. More than 40 people died in February 2020 in these protests.
In April 2019, the military toppled the government led by its former boss al-Bashir. Hamdok took the office of the prime minister as part of three-year power-sharing agreement between the civilian coalition and the military.
Now, the military seems to have moved again to take over Sudan a year ahead of the term of the transition government. According to the original plan, the transitional government was to hold elections and pave the way for a democratically elected civilian government in Sudan. But the latest move puts an obstacle on the path to democracy in Sudan.
Click here for’s complete coverage of the coronavirus pandemic.
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Additives for Advanced Ceramics
Advanced ceramics, also known as engineered or technical ceramics, are inorganic, nonmetallic, basic crystalline materials of rigorously controlled composition and manufactured with detailed regulation from highly refined and/or characterized raw materials giving precisely specified attributes such as superior corrosion, erosion and wear resistance, toughness, high thermal and electrical insulation, and high temperature resistance.
They are designed to be used in harsh environments and are used in a variety of application and industries including electronics (semiconductors), industrial, aeronautics, automotive, dental/medical, filtration, electrical engineering and more for their superior properties.
Dispersants for Advanced Ceramic Formulations
Advanced Ceramics are produced using highly refined and purified powders that need to be dispersed into specific media to be processes by traditional (spray drying, slip and tape casting, injection, extrusion) or more disruptive technologies like additive manufacturing.
Dispersants are used in advanced ceramic formulations to wet and disperse the fine powders in different media (like water, solvents, and waxes), and for rheology control.
The dispersion and stabilization of ceramic particles within a liquid medium is often problematic as the nature of the ceramic solid surface can vary widely with their chemical type. Good wetting and stabilization, whether that is electrostatic, steric, or electrosteric will only occur when the polymeric dispersant is firmly anchored to a pigment surface and the polymeric tail has good solubility in the solvent medium used and has sufficient chain length (MW) to counteract the attractive forces between solid particles. Lubrizol dispersants are designed to contain anchor groups which adsorb strongly onto the ceramic particle surface and are attached to a polymer chain which is designed to be compatible with the ceramic slurry media and optimized to give superior slurry dispersion stability.
Dispersants can help to decrease viscosity of the ceramic slurries and help achieve a narrow particle size distribution by reducing agglomeration. Beyond this, the process of making the advanced ceramic is extremely important and a labor-intensive process. The choice of dispersant can impact on several parameters in the processing of a ceramic part, but the key properties are to produce consistent pastes/slurries with low viscosity, optimal flow and enable de-aeration of the slurry, thus reducing any batch variations and improving flow and fill into the molds to reduce gaps or defects.
In the case of ceramic molding or extrusion processes, the dispersant will coat the individual ceramic particles completely in order to achieve optimal flow properties during the molding stage and provide a consistent and reduced shrinkage of the molded green body during firing.
In the case where water is used as a medium, the dispersant can maintain optimum rheology of the ceramic system in the mold as it becomes dry. Even as the water is drained away through the mold walls, the dispersant can prevent sedimentation and allow the ceramic particles to move around each other to form a denser ‘wet’ green body. Thus, improving green body density with hyperdispersants leads to fewer defects and reduces shrinkage of the ceramic part during removal (burning/debinding step) of the organic additives and before final firing to sinter the remaining particles together to form the final ceramic piece. Ultimately, by reducing defects in the final piece, breakages and waste can be minimized.
Although the strength of the final product from the kiln is what ceramic producers worry most about, many final product failures result from cracking/distortion/defects at the green body stage.
Therefore, the choice of dispersant can also impact on the performance of the final ceramic piece and the green body strength is an important factor to control especially as ceramic manufacturers try to meet higher tolerances in new advanced ceramic parts whether they are for larger pieces or made by new disruptive technology such as additive manufacturing.
Lubrizol Additive Technologies Bring Unique Capabilities
Lubrizol has extensive experience with dispersants for both water-based and solvent-based ink and coating systems, with a full product line that provides excellent compatibility with a wide range of solvents, resins, and other formulation components. Lubrizol began looking at using dispersants in decorative ceramics. While this application was changing from traditional analog printing to a digital printing system, this created good potential for using Lubrizol dispersants to create better products. We’re now using the experience gained in dispersing inorganic particles in solvents and water for paints, inks, plastics, and decorative ceramics to develop dispersants for application in the advanced ceramics market.
Explore Lubrizol's portfolio of Solsperse™ AC Hyperdispersants for advanced ceramics
We have more recently built on this early work to validate how dispersants can bring value to the ceramic industry. In that time, we have developed several high performance hyperdispersants to meet different requirements for the various manufacturing processes employed in the advanced ceramics market, such as in slip casting, tape casting, spray drying granules, extrusion, injection molding and dry press.
These dispersants are now available under a new Solsperse™ AC Hyperdispersants product line, a range of polymeric dispersants tailored for the most demanding ceramic applications and to the more complex formulations. Solpserse AC Hyperdispersants have been designed to have excellent adsorption to the surfaces of different ceramic particles such as aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon nitride and barium titanate, and also to have good compatibility with the solvent medium being used whether that is water, solvent, UV monomers or a plastic. Using Solsperse AC Hyperdispersants can not only help to improve the performance of slurries and dispersions, but can also impact the quality of final products and overall manufacturing costs.
Advanced Ceramics is a growing market and dispersants are critical components when formulating ceramic slurries and pastes. Contact us to learn more about our range of dispersants that can be incorporated into ceramic formulations and how we can collaborate to benefit the processing and performance of your final ceramic parts.
Ask an Expert
Get help with product recommendations, formulation questions, application issues, and more from a Lubrizol expert on Additives for Advanced Ceramics.
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Preserved ichthyosaur vertebra and neural arch
Fossil Facts > Death of an Ichthyosaur 2
First picture is a well preserved ichthyosaur vertebra and neural arch. This specimen is a bit younger than those at Lyme, it comes from the middle Jurassic. It is rare to find an uncrushed and complete neural arch that is not in hard rock.
Picture 2 is a row of articulated ichthyosaur vertebrae, The centrums are almost perfectly aligned, one against the other. You are looking straight down on the centruma, where the spinal chord would have sat. The neurals have all fallen off, but are also still articulated. They were probably still held together by strong tendons , so fell as an articulated line.
Picture 2a shows a line of three articulated vertebra that have moved slightly more. The centra are now slipped and lean against each other. Ribs are on both sides of the vertebra but have been swept back against the vertebra (possibly by water currents). Should have had this fossil the other way up really, the neurals are at the bottom of the image.
The last two images show a beautiful uncrushed ichthyosaur centrum (Ophthalmosaur from the Oxford Clay). This one comes from towards the front of the animals body. You can see the big wide groove along the top that held the spinal chord. The two circular bumps on the side of the centrum are the attachments for the ribs. If you remember from earlier I said ichthyosaurs had double headed ribs on their body but single headed on the tail (more of that later!). The second image shows centrum that was lying on its side, probably as part of aa articulated row. The weight of sediment has crushed it into an oval shape.
Last picture is an extra that I added while writing this. I keep mentioning ichthyosaurs have a double headed rib. Here is a nice example.
Tags: ichthyosaur
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What is 1% of 581?
Solution and how to solve it
1% of 581 is 5.81
• Step 1: As we know, a whole of something is equal to 100%. In this case, we want to find what 1% of 581 is. We know that 100% of 581 is, well, just 581.
• Step 2: If 100% of 581 is 581, then we can get 1% of 581 by dividing it by 100. Let's do 581 / 100. This is equal to 5.81. Now we know that 1% is 5.81.
• Step 3: Now that we know what 1% of 581 is, we just need to multiply it by 1 to get our solution! 5.81 times 1 = 5.81. That's all there is to it!
When is this useful?
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Tag Archive: Cordless Process Control
How do Remote Control Technology Systems Work?
Posted on by R Andrew Springer
Remote Control Technologies (RCT) products can seem complicated and overly technical. There is a lot of technical jargon about discrete contacts, digital contacts, dry contacts, I/Os and much more. All of that is well and good for engineering and electronics experts, but what does it mean for you?
In layman’s terms, a RCT System will allow you to control virtually any process, from a few hundred feet away, to around the world, just as if it was wired… But without the wires! Both locations (where the transmitter and receiver are) need electricity, and for remote locations RCT has solar panels and batteries. There is no need to run long lines of copper (which itself is expensive), or pay for permits to dig trenches or put up poles. RCT has products for simple switching like turning a pump on and off, or complex process where information needs to be sent and received and switching needs to be done.
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Equity is an asset class that has the highest potential for reward but also bears the highest inherent risk quotient. Investors who are risk-averse are generally told to stay away from ‘equity’. However, with easy access to information and a plethora of investment option availability, investors are no longer shying from taking some exposure to the equity segment.
In short, equity represents the stake of shareholders in a company, gained through purchasing shares issued to investors upon the company’s listing in the stock market. Let’s find out what is equity and explore the types of equity in detail.
This article covers:
What is equity?
Equity is issued to investors to raise the capital required to start, grow and expand businesses. In lieu of their contributions towards the company, investors are offered a stake in the company (in proportion to their investments).
The status of those who invest in equities is that of an owner. They receive certain rights that enable them to participate in the company’s growth and receive their share of earnings as dividends and capital gains in the future. The entire worth of any company is divided into small portions, and the smallest piece is called equity.
In case a company goes into liquidation, and all assets held by the company are realized, then after all the external liabilities are paid off, equity is the amount each shareholder will receive against their investments.
Mathematically equity is expressed as:
A = E – L
A represents the total assets of the company
E represents equity
L represents the total liabilities to be met by the company.
Even in real market scenarios, huge losses incurred by the company have wiped off the owner’s equity.
Features of equity
Limited liability
No matter what, equity investors are only liable to the company’s equity stake. They cannot be asked for anything else than the equity capital they hold. Even in the most extreme liquidation situation where assets are falling short of the liabilities, equity holders cannot be asked to bring the shortfall amount.
In most cases, companies don’t ask for the entire value of equity upfront. The remaining is asked as and when needed. The equity holders are only liable to pay these calls when asked for by the company.
Voting rights
Equity holders are part-owners of the company and thereby have rights to participate in the company’s affairs through voting rights bestowed upon by the company. Voting rights are assigned in proportion to the number of shares held in the company.
Now, there’s no guarantee to that! Equity owners might get exponential unrealized capital gains and regular flow of income if the company does well and makes profits. Or on the contrary, stakeholders might end up realizing their investment in losses if the company makes losses, the market sentiment becomes negative or the company goes into liquidation.
There is no fixed maturity period for equity investments. Equity, once issued, is permanent and the company can only claim it back at the time of liquidation of the company. The company can however make requests through a process called buyback of shares.
Types of equity
Though there are different kinds of equity, one thing that is common between them is that all of them are market securities. Hence, the returns, incidentally, are not fixed but fluctuating.
Common stock: Whether privately-owned or publicly owned, the capital of each company is divided into fractions and the smallest fraction is called a share. Shares collectively are called common stock/common shares.
Investing in common stock gives proportional part-ownership to the investors. However, returns on common stock are directly linked with the financial performance of the company and the performance of the stock in the stock market if the company is listed. A part of the profits earned by the company is distributed among the common shareholders in the form of dividends.
Preferred stock: Preferred stock also remarks ownership in the company, however, the same doesn’t carry voting rights, i.e., the preferred stockholders have no say in the affairs of the company. They enjoy preference over common stockholders in payment of dividends as well as dues in case the company is forced into liquidation.
Retained earning: That portion of the current year post-tax profits which is not paid out as dividends, and is retained in the business for future needs is called retained earnings. This money is often held with the company to meet emergencies, however, the company may use this money for its expansionary motives or any other purpose it may deem fit.
Treasury stock: When the issuing company buys its shares from the common stockholder to realign their outstanding shares, the shares repurchased are held by the company as treasury stock. Treasury stock reduces the equity capital of the company, and thus the company is relieved from paying dividends on such shares.
Lastly, mutual funds are the table toppers when it comes to generating decent returns on equity while mitigating risk. Equity-oriented mutual fund investments invest 60% or more of their portfolio in the equity markets. While the risks are on the higher side, the returns follow the higher trajectory as well.
Downsides of equity
Highly risky
Equity is an instrument where you can lose your entire capital within a short time. Your corpus is exposed to the fluctuations of the market, and there’s no guarantee for returns. While its risk-to-reward ratio is impressive, not every investor may have the stomach to digest the risks.
Associated with performance
The fate of your investments is decided by the performance of the market, sector, and, more importantly, the stock. If the mood of the market is negative or the stock performs poorly, you may end up eroding your capital.
Impact of socio-political changes
Political and social matters impact the market significantly. For example, if the government announces a corporate tax cut or on the contrary increases it, your equity investments may exhibit like-to-like movement. The opening of 100% FDI can be taken as a good example here.
Every time a company is forced into liquidation, equity shareholders are paid at last. Moreover, the shares don’t fetch their market value at the time of liquidation. Hence in case of liquidation, investors will have to bear losses.
The concept of equity is of sweeping nature and covers every possible way a company can raise capital. Investing in equity brings ownership rights among other laudable benefits ranging from voting rights to dividends. However, the type of equity to invest in will largely depend on the investment time frame and purpose of investment.
From an investor’s point of view, equity investments are a great source of regular income in the form of dividends coupled with capital gains that can be reaped in the long term.
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Read Time: 3 min
bring paradigm change: vision zero for road safety in india
January 28, 2020
The 31st road safety week 2020 is over. Once more, India’s dubious record on road safety was the front and centre of the conversation. The country, unfortunately, has the distinction of being the road traffic death capital of the world, at least in terms of the official statistics.
Between the first and the 31st road safety week, road traffic fatalities tripled from 50,000 per year to 150,000 per year. So, why are we not able to tame road crashes or road accidents as they are commonly known in our country? That’s because we have still not understood the science of road safety. Let me explain a little.
First, we need to understand that road safety is not just an “accident”. The term ‘accident’ means an event that happens by chance or that is without apparent or deliberate cause.
However, road crashes don’t happen by chance; they occur when road users, motor vehicles, and the environment interact in an unwarranted manner. Therefore, by calling it ‘accident’ – we are saying implying that nothing can be done about these deaths and injuries.
Speed Kills. Photo by Frans Van Heerden from Pexels
Say it loudly, it is road crash
It’s the price that society is willing to pay for having motor vehicles. If that is the case, then why incidents involving an aeroplane or train are called crashes and not accidents? They also transport people and good! Therefore the starting point is to change the language from a road accident to a road crash. It is vital in changing attitudes.
Now, let’s look at what causes so many road traffic deaths in India? Most of the road crash is linked to ‘rash and negligent driving,’ which means human error. One way to address this is to educate the human being. This is what we have been doing for so many years without any success.
It is therefore essential to understand that the main thrust of traffic crash prevention revolves around 4 E’s vis (i) Education; (ii) Enforcement; (iii) Engineering; and (iv) Environment and Emergency care of road crash victim.
Road designing and not just road safety
Yes, education is essential, but there is more to road safety. This would require multiples agencies working together, and that is why road safety programs in India don’t give the desired result. So what can we do? We need to look at the safe systems approach or Vision Zero, a strategy to eliminate all traffic fatalities and severe injuries while increasing safe, healthy, equitable mobility for all. Road designing plays an important role in safeguarding the most vulnerable road users, pedestrians and cyclists.
safe walking.
Vision Zero is based on an underlying ethical principle that no traffic death or serious injury is acceptable. The traditional road safety approach is based on road users bearing complete responsibility for safety. However, Vision Zero changes this relationship by emphasizing that transportation system designers and road users share the responsibility.
After Vision Zero in Sweden, Europe, and the UK, this approach has global acceptance. This is because there is clear evidence to support that it works. Countries and cities have taken a Safe System approach to road safety by accepting that people make mistakes, but they should not be penalized for their lives. These countries and cities have reduced traffic fatalities and serious injuries much more than those stuck with the traditional road safety approach.
Leading by example : Haryana vision zero program
Therefore, India needs a safe systems approach to road safety. Luckily, it has a working example in Haryana. It is the first state in India to officially adopt the vision zero approach by launching the Haryana Vision Zero program. The chief minister of Haryana launched the program on May 03, 2017. The program initially covered ten districts of Haryana and saw positive results. It has now been expanded to all the districts of the state with a positive impact.
The Hindustan Times reported that There has been a 6.7% decline in road fatalities in Haryana in the first six months of 2019, in comparison to the same time period last year.
However, a lot needs to be achieved, but it is a good beginning and much more needed to be accomplished and that too at a rapid pace to save innocent lives dying on our roads. The program has already been adopted in Punjab and many more states and cities are looking to learn from Haryana’s Vision Zero approach to minimize road accidents.
Therefore, the road safety approach in India requires a paradigm change. It’s time to revisit the traditional method as the county has lost far too many lives on roads; it cannot afford to lose any more.
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07.09.2021 // virtual event
Virtual event: Wastewater-based Epidemiology: Poop Never Lies!
Challenges, solutions and outlooks related to wastewater-based epidemiology.
Tuesday, September 7, 2021, 13:30-15:00 CEST
The monitoring of wastewater is important for a variety of health and environmental reasons. For example, it helps us increase freshwater supplies to combat water scarcity, enhance operational efficiencies and address sources of pollutants.
Screening municipal wastewater for viruses and environmental pollutants is not a new concept. However, COVID-19 has shed light on just how relevant it is. In June 2020, as part of its COVID-19 webinar series, GWOPA/GIZ opened a lively discussion between utilities on wastewater monitoring.
As part of GWOPA’s 2021 webinar series, this session will bring together experts in the urban sanitation and wastewater fields as well as water/wastewater utilities from different regions to hear about challenges, solutions and outlooks related to wastewater-based epidemiology.
Presentations will showcase the most recent state of research, before presenting and discussing utility experiences on the following questions:
• What are the benefits of using wastewater to track the spread of infectious diseases?
• What good practices, sampling methods and (low-cost) tools exist to monitor wastewater for viruses and other pollutants?
• What needs to be done to enable and/or strengthen SARS-CoV-2 monitoring as part of wastewater monitoring systems?
• What type of support do they need and receive?
• What are the possibilities around peer-to-peer exchange on wastewater monitoring?
The webinars will be simultaneously translated into English, French and Spanish.
Conference registration
erstellt von:
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MissouriFamilies.org -Housing
Quick Answers...
What are "green" homes and are they affordable?
"Green" refers to building technologies that are ecologically responsible and sustainable. In addition to being less harmful to the environment, creating healthy indoor air quality, and utilizing renewable resources, green building technologies can be affordable. Houses that are energy-efficient, for example, use less energy than their conventional counterparts, which makes them more affordable to lower-income families. Smaller designs and alternative and salvaged building products rely less on precious resources and can cost less than traditional approaches.
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New Delhi: The mind-altering property of narcotics has been extensively used by religious extremists, criminals, smugglers and terrorists to isolate, indoctrinate and recruit hapless individuals. We need to destroy the narco-terror facilities on both sides of the border.
HISTORICAL USE OF ADDICTION FOR WAR: Opium was known to relieve pain and was used for surgical analgesia in Sumerian and Roman civilizations as long ago as 2100 to 1500 BC, and was later extensively used by Arab physicians. Opium was brought to China probably in the 8th century by Arab traders for medicinal use. Initially, poppy seeds, later capsule extracts and finally by the 15th century pure opium was used. Tobacco from Central and South America was introduced in Europe by the Spanish in 1528. It eventually spread to Java through Portuguese explorers where opium was mixed with tobacco (Madak). Addiction became a problem in China when the tobacco-opium mixture was introduced in early 18th century for recreational smoking in dens. In 1729, Emperor Yung Chen issued an imperial edict banning opium smoking and smoking houses. The British East India Company had a very adverse trade balance with China and had to pay in silver for Chinese silk, ceramics and tea. They were denied trading ports and concessions by China. Realising Chinese weakness for opium, the British forced farmers in eastern India to grow poppy, extract, purify and pack opium which was then smuggled into China for silver. In 1939, 20,000 chests of smuggled opium (about 1,400 tons) were destroyed by the Chinese government, leading to the Opium Wars of 1839-42 and later 1856-60 between Qing-dynasty China and Britain. Under the Treaty of Nanjing of 29 August 1942, China had to pay a large indemnity, cede Hong Kong, and provide access to five ports for trading and residence. Other privileges like the right to travel in the interior of China for foreigners and Christian missionaries followed in supplementary treaties. France, US and other western powers soon demanded and received similar privileges. In effect they were protecting an illegal, profitable narcotics trade.
NARCO-TERRORISM: The opium industry shifted from the then North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan into Afghanistan during the 1980s. 90% of global illicit opium-heroin supply is now from Afghanistan, mainly from the poppy growing region of northern Helmand. The narcotics smuggled after processing in Pakistan under Taliban ISI supervision helps finance the terrorists and also enriches various handlers. In September this year, 3,004 kg of heroin was seized at Mundra port from a container from Kandahar in Afghanistan to a firm in Vijayawada, routed through Pakistan in a ship originating from Iran’s Bandar Abbas port. Adani Ports and Logistics then decided to stop handling containerised cargo originating from Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, leading to protests by Iran. In the first half of this year, various agencies, including state police, excise, customs etc., have seized 2,865 kilograms of heroin and 4,101 cases have been registered as per provisional figures of the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB). 3,835 kg of heroin was seized in India in 2020 in spite of the lockdown and travel restrictions. All these seizures are considered as only the tip of the iceberg. The World Drug Report 2021 by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) warns about the increasing use of darknet for the sale of narcotics with distribution by unsuspecting courier services. A very detailed report with multiple images titled “Pakistan Ramps Up Drug Produce to Shore Up Flagging Incomes” and a related article, “Pakistan Thrives in Terrorism Export Business while FATF sleeps” dated 29 January 2021 is available at https://newscomworld.com/
DESTABILISING INDIA: Opium is very addictive and hence is strictly regulated in hospitals. Heroin can be injected, snorted, or smoked and is even more addictive, leading to uncontrollable cravings and is psychoactive (mind-altering). The mind-altering property of narcotics has been extensively used by religious extremists, criminals, smugglers and terrorists to isolate, indoctrinate and recruit hapless individuals, especially the youth for their nefarious activities including as suicide bombers. The Pakistan deep state is enabling smuggling of narcotics across land borders, by air and by sea, especially targeting Jammu-Kashmir and Punjab to get local recruits for violent and terrorist acts and also to cause civil unrest and social instability. The Chinese are encouraging narcotics smuggling from Myanmar into India’s Northeast for the same purpose. Targeting our youth is targeting our future and our security. Strategically important individuals or their children are targeted with narcotics to compromise them. Another prime target has been celebrities and influencers in India especially by mixing narcotics with alcohol so as to popularise and mainstream drug usage and addiction. Just like drug addiction ruins psychological and physical health, a narcotic epidemic will ruin our national financial, psychological and social health.
NEUTRALISE HANDLERS AND HELP VICTIMS: The leadership and security forces need to destroy the narco-terror facilities on both sides of the border. All political, social, religious leaders need to realise the gravity of the problem, who our true enemies are and their intent. They need to stop fighting each other and instead unite to fight the evil forces out to destroy us. Drug and alcohol-related misconceptions spread by social media need to be cleared and factual knowledge provided instead. Fight misinformation with information about addiction as a health rather than as a moral or youth issue. Emphasis should be on education, skilling and addressing mental health issues like loneliness, depression, lack of self-confidence, sense of hopelessness and dealing with peer pressure.
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Healthcare For Prisoners
People believe that prisoners are sent to prison as punishment, and not for punishment. This implies that the loss of an individuals right to liberty is enforced by containment in a closed environment. Thus keeping the individual in the custody of the state, should not, however, have a deleterious effect on him. But this is, unfortunately, the case to some degree or another in many of the worlds prisons. Is it possible then to define what is healthy environment in a prison? Let alone, talking about a prisoners right to health services that are to be provided to him by the prison authorities?
The answer to this question is that prisoners have unalienable rights conferred upon them by international treaties and covenants, they have a right to health care, and most certainly have a right not to contract diseases in prison. Prison jurisprudence recognizes that prisoners should not lose all their rights because of imprisonment. Yet, there is a loss of rights within custodial institutions, which continue to occur. Public health policies are meant to ensure the best possible living conditions for all members of society, so that everyone can be healthy. Prisoners are often forgotten in this equation. They are in constant contact with all kinds of people who come in and out of prison every day. This constant movement in and out of prison makes it all the more important to control any contagious disease within the prison so that it does not spread into the outside community.
In India, overcrowding has aggravated the problem of hygiene. In many jails, conditions are appalling. At the tehsil level jails, even rudimentary conveniences are not provided. Prisoners in India are not even tested for specific infectious diseases, although all prisoners undergo a medical examination when they begin serving their sentence. No studies of the prevalence of viral infections among prison inmates have been done at a national level. India’s prison manuals provide for
segregation of prisoners suspected of having contagious diseases. A few jails have established informal contacts with medical and social organizations for counseling of inmates to prevent the spread of infections.
Violence in prison settings has many causes. Clashes may have ethnic causes, or rivalries between clans or gangs. The closed, often vastly overcrowded, living conditions also lead to hostilities between inmates. The tedious prison environment, lack of occupation of mind and body and just plain boredom, lead to accumulated frustration and tension. This environment leads the way to high-risk activities, such as use of drugs and sex between men. Some indulge in these activities to combat boredom. Others, however, are forced to engage in them, in a coercive play for power or monetary gain. Risky lifestyles can lead to the transmission of diseases from one prisoner to other prisoners, and pose a serious public health risk if unchecked. Contracting any disease in prison is not part of a prisoners sentence. This fact becomes even more significant when the disease is potentially fatal, as is the case with HIV/AIDS.
The Supreme Court of India in its landmark judgment in Parmanand Katara vs Union of India (1989)and others ruled that the state has an obligation to preserve life whether he is an innocent person or a criminal liable to punishment under the law. With specific reference to health, the right to conditions, adequate for the health and well-being of all was already recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESR) furthermore states that prisoners have a right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
The minimum standard rules for prisoners regulate the provision of health care for them. Apart from the civil and political rights, the so-called second generation economic and social human rights, as set down in the ICESCR, also apply to prisoners. The right to the highest attainable standard of health should also apply to prison health conditions and health care. This right to health care and a healthy environment is clearly linked, particularly in the case of HIV, to other first generation rights, such as non-discrimination, privacy and confidentiality. Prisoners cannot fend for themselves in their situation of detention, and it is the responsibility of the state to provide for health services and a healthy environment.
Human rights instruments call for prisoners to receive health care at least equivalent to that available for the outside population. On one hand, equivalence rather than equity has been called for because a prison is a closed institution with a custodial role that does not always allow for the same provision of care available outside. Prisoners are more likely to already be in a bad state of health when they enter prison, and the unfavourable conditions therein worsen the health situation. Hence the need for health care and treatments will often be greater in a prison than in an outside community. However, providing even basic health care to prisoners has proved extremely difficult in India, as the health system is chronically insufficient.
In prisons, the human environment is often one of violence and high-risk lifestyles, either engaged in voluntarily by those prisoners with positions of power, or forced upon the weaker prisoners. Prisoners have a right to live in conditions where their individual safety is guaranteed. It is paramount for the prison administration to have a thorough knowledge of how HIV is likely to be transmitted in a given prison. If sexual coercion and/or violence are the main issue, better surveillance and timely intervention to protect targeted prisoners must be enforced. HIV-positive inmates should not be denied access to recreation, education or access to the outside world.
From a strictly medical point of view, there is no justification for segregation as long as the prisoner is healthy. Solitary confinement of HIV-positive inmates should be forbidden. Any restrictions should be exceptional, such as mandatory testing for particularly risky situations, such as prisoners working as medical orderlies in hospitals or dental clinics. There may also be considerations of personal security where, for example, prisoners known to be HIV-positive request to be kept in a secure unit as they fear for their own safety.
Both prison reform and penal reform are crucial elements if the many problems affecting the Indian prisons are to be resolved. Diminishing the overall prison population will allow improvements of the physical and working conditions of the prisons, and help to ensure the security of all individuals in custody. Obviously, financial resources will have to be allotted to the prison systems as well. One effective way to curb the rise in prison populations would be to offer alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent and civil offenders.
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romeo and juliet contrast in language
Contrast Between Language of Love in the Balcony Scene and the Language of Death in the Final Scene of Romeo and JulietIn William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare introduces many themes that he continues throughout all of his tragedies, including the language of love vs. the language of death. The balcony scene is the most valuable scene illustrating the language of love, whereas in the final scene of the play the language of death is used to set the stage for their suicides, pulling together the tragic ending of the play.
Throughout the second scene of Act II, Romeo uses beautiful metaphors and similes to express his affection for Juliet:O, speak again bright angel, for thou artAs glorious to this night, being o’er my headAs is a winged messenger of heaven.(Rom. II. II, 28-30.)This passage is used to compare Juliet to an angel, somethign that is universally held as sacred and lovely. Elsewhere in the scene there are lines that describe their love for one another, and add to the romantic theme of the scene:And but thou love me, let them find me here.
My life better ended by their hateThe death prorogued, wantingof thy love.(Rom. II. II, 76-78.)In the final scene of the play, there is much talk of death by Romeo, Friar Laurence, and Juliet. Romeo announces his own demise in his soliloquy:Depart again. Here, here I will remainWith worms and chambermaids. O, hereWill I set my everlasting restAnd shake the yoke of inauspicious starsFrom this world-weariedflesh. Eyes, look your last!Arms, take your last embrace! And, lips,O youThe doors of breath to engrossing death!(Rom. V. III, 108-114.)The Friar’s Frantic wrods and actions in conflict to his previous calm stature illustrate the grim mood of the scene: Stay not to question, for the watch is coming.
Come, go good Juliet. I dare no longer stay.(Rom. V. III, 158-9.)Both the language of love and the language og death play important roles in the tragedy. They cooperate with light and dark imagery to make the play the masterpiece it is, a play of paradoxes and oxymorons, good and evil, neither one whole without the other. For without love there would be nothing to lose, and without death there would be no way to lose it.
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At the same time, a bronze statue of a female with a short-sleeved blouse and an extravagant skirt was present in Elam, which was considered to belong to 5000 BC, and was regarded as fashionable at that time. These remains show that the Elam civilization are at an enhanced stage in wool weaving. Regarding bending wool, wool could also be processed because sheep were raised in Mesopotamia since ancient times. “It is accepted that the individuals of Babylon were wearing woolen clothing in 6000 BC, and the Assyrians and Chaldeans were the initial countries to make use of wool.” “An important civilization of Ancient Asia, China contributed to the real history of clothing with silk fabrics. Based on the documents, silkworm’s BC. It is famous that it was grown in China in 2000 and silk was obtained from its cocoons &rdquo ;.
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Constitutional Question: Does the Congress of the united States have the power, under Article l, Section 8, of the Constitution; have the authority to constitute a national bank even though that power is not explicitly enumerated within the Constitution? Did Article Vic’s National Supremacy Clause forbid State taxes on federal doings or was the Maryland tax law statutory? Article l, Section 8, Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause) – Grants Congress the powers that are Implied In the Constitution, but are not explicitly numerated In the Constitution.
Article VI, Clause 2 (National Supremacy Clause) ? The Federal Government, in expressing any of the powers enumerated in the Constitution, must prevail over any contradictory or shifting state exercise of power. (2) Background Information: Throughout the early years of the State, the power of the Federal Government had continued to grow. By the sass’s, cases opposing supporters of States’ rights against those arguing for the sovereignty of the National Government came quite frequently before the Court. By the late sass’s, monetary solidity had become an issue of national concern.
While Jefferson was President, the First Bank’s charter had not been renewed. Following the War of 181 2, President Madison determined that the country was in need of the services of a national bank so it could fulfill its powers listed in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 of the Constitution. So in 1816, Congress permitted a charter to the Second Bank of the united States and gave $35 million, which was one- fifth of Its total capital, to the bank. Many government officials, local bankers, and farmers hated the bank, which they viewed as a symbol of the power and privilege of national wealthy interests. ) Opinion of the Court The Court and Chief Justice Marshall rejected the Maryland argument with an undisputed (7-0). The decision mainly centered on Marshland’s claim that because the Constitution was approved by State pacts, the States were supreme. Marshall refuted this claim, saying that the Constitution was a tool of the people, not the states. Therefore, the court proclaimed the sovereignty of the Federal constitution over the States. The Court also rejected Marshland’s argument that the Constitution did not explicitly and overtly allow a national bank.
Marshal’s argument centered around en main idea: The Constitution was intended to be a summary of simple concepts, straightforwardly understood by ordinary citizens and open to interpretation. He went on to say that while powers of government are limited, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 was Intended to extend the power of Congress to carry out Its enumerated powers. The Court ruled that Maryland did not have the power to extinguish an appropriately constituted institution of the Federal Government. Gibbons v.
Ogden (1824) (1) Constitutional Question: ‘commerce”? What exactly did the Federal Government have the authority to control ender those means? Were the steamboat permits of New York contradictory to the National Government’s authority to control commerce? Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 – Empowers Congress to regulate commerce in order to guarantee that the flow of national commerce is free from local coercion forced by various states. (2) aground Information: In 1807, Robert Fulton steamboat effectively crossed the Hudson River in New York.
Fulton and his business partner, Robert Livingston, had an agreement with the New fork State Legislature which granted them with a private, long-term contract to run ND license all steam-powered boats in New Work’s waterways, including the ones that stretched across states. Aaron Ogden acquired a Fulton-Livingston license to run steam-powered ferries on the Hudson River under this monopoly. However, Thomas Gibbons operated under a coasting license issued by the Federal Government to carry passengers from New Jersey to New York City.
Because Gibbons had no New fork license, Ogden filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of New York asking the court to give an injunction to Gibbons forbidding him landing rights to the port of New York. Gene’s lawyer argued that states frequently approved laws on problems concerning interstate matters and that states should have entirely concurrent power Ninth Congress on issues regarding interstate commerce. Gibbons’ lawyer, Daniel Mobster, contended that Congress had private nationwide power over interstate commerce permitted by Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution.
The courts of New York rejected Gibbons’ argument and found in favor of Ogden and issued an Injunction against Gibbons’. Gibbons appealed and the Court of Errors of New York confirmed the decision. He then appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. 13) Opinion of the Court: ere Supreme Court and Chief Justice Marshall rejected Gene’s argument with a unanimous (6-0). The Justices agreed that the Commerce Clause did, indeed, give Congress the power to oversee the operation of steamboats between New York and New Jersey.
Hence, the license given to Gibbons by the government to run a ferry service antiquated the license to run a ferry service given to Ogden by the state of New York. As a result of this decision, State-issued ownership of island rivers and channels ceased and commercial competition was heartened. The Gibbons decision established the rule of the National Government in all situations affecting national and overseas business. The Marshall Court’s reading of the Commerce Clause gave it permitted resistance that was later stretched to comprise federal control of railways, airlines, pipelines, etc.
Many political and constitutional professors consider the Supreme Court’s decision in the Gibbons case the Supreme Court’s finest. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Does the Eminent Domain Clause (Fifth Amendment) reject the state and the national government the power to take private property for communal use without fairly numbering the proprietor of the property? Eminent Domain Clause – Authorizes the government to take private property, both land and private possessions, for a civic associated with the market price of the property. 2) Background Information: Barron and his business partner had an extremely lucrative wharf in the city of Baltimore. It encompassed the deepest water in the wharf and allowed them to dock big boats. It all changed due to city developments which accumulated enormous amounts of sand in the wharf. Progressively, the residue left by these streams made the water very shallow. Shortly afterward, the water became so shallow that no ships could dock. Barron lost all income from his wharf and eventually lost his whole business. Its value had diminished.
Barron thought that because the city’s negligence had caused him to lose his business, the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution deemed him eligible to receive compensation for his lost business. His case ultimately went to the Supreme Court. (3) Opinion of the Court: The Supreme Court recognized that Baron’s once lucrative wharf had been diluted down to having no value and that the city was liable. However, Chief Justice John Marshall, elucidated that the Supreme Court had no authority to be involved in the case, because it against state government action and not the federal government’s.
The Fifth Amendment, had been written to restrain only the behavior of the federal government. The conduct of state governments were only restrained by their own constitutions. More than thirty years later, the Fourteenth Amendment was created and ratified. It explicitly restricted the actions of state government, prohibiting them from establishing bills as laws that dilutes the rights of citizens or rejects people life, bibber, or property, without due process of law. Since the establishment of the Fourteenth Amendment, the choice in Barron v.
Baltimore has been reversed. Reynolds v. United States (1878) Is the First Amendment’s free exercise clause contravened by the federal statute outlawing bigamy because dual marriage is part of a religious practice? Impartial Jury – The Sixth Amendment gives the accused the right to a Jury that represents the community in that area. Confrontation Clause – Gives the accused the right to have a direct confrontation with the accuser, and a chance to question the accuser. (2)
Background Information: George Reynolds, a devout Mormon living in Utah, married a second wife in violation of the federal anti-bigamy statute. He contended that because he was acting in conformity with his religious principles, chastising him for polygamy violates his rights set by the Fourth Amendment. Therefore, the law outlawing polygamy is unconstitutional. He asked the court to inform the Jury that if they realized that he married in complete fulfillment of and compliance with his religious obligation, their adjudication should be not guilty. Instead, the court informed the Jury that if Mr..
Reynolds, thinking that because it was a religious belief that it was right, had intentionally married again, while his first wife was still living, and understood he was committing a crime, and Just using his faith as an excuse to marry again, they find him guilty. Reynolds was, indeed, found guilty by the lower court, he then appealed to the Utah Territorial Supreme Court. (3) Opinion of the Court: The Utah Territorial Supreme Court agreed with the lower court and upheld did not have the authority to outlaw a belief in the in the rightness of polygamy, it could forbid the practice of it.
This was because marriage was considered the most essential aspect of social life. Lastly, the Court decided that people cannot pardon themselves from the obeying the law because of their religious beliefs. Practicing polygamy could not be excused from the law any more than practicing human sacrifice. Please v. Ferguson (1896) Nas Pulleys right to “equal protection under the law’ disturbed when the Louisiana law demanded segregated seating? Was a State law demanding separate seating on community transportation service for Caucasians and African Americans a breach of equal protection?
Should the Louisiana State law be pronounced unconstitutional? Or does “separate but equal” facilities meet the criteria of the 14th Amendment? 13th Amendment – Aimed to defend individual rights. The 13th Amendment prohibits slavery, except when it is forced on someone as punishment for a crime. Equal Protection Clause – Forbids states from rejecting any person under its authority equal protection. In other words, the state must treat someone the same way as others would be treated in a similar situation. Homer Please was a very successful entrepreneur staying in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Please had one African-American relative, his grandfather. Even though he did not recognize himself as African American, Louisiana law acknowledged him as one- eighth African American, which they called Octoroon. Coming back by train from New Orleans to Baton Rouge, Please was told to sit in the segregated part of the train. He rejected, was detained and formally charged. Please appealed to the Louisiana Supreme Court for an injunction against John H. Ferguson, the Judge of the trial court, to acquit the charges against him for the illegal breaking of state law.
He contested hat racially isolated establishments clearly desecrated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. And because he was a citizen, he should not have been deprived of any rights. He should not have been demanded to give up any free right. He also argued that because the Louisiana law was against the Equal Protection Clause, it should be considered unconstitutional. Unfortunately, the Louisiana Supreme Court rejected. Still found guilty and fined, Please petitioned to the United States Supreme Court. (3) Opinion of the Court In a unanimous 7-1 vote, the court rejected Pulleys argument, ruling in favor of Ferguson.
They noted that the law neither violated the 13th Amendment nor 14th Amendment. Justice Henry Brown stated that the 13th Amendment was only concerning slavery, and the 14th Amendment was not supposed to give African Americans social equality but was only concerned with legal equality. Additionally, the Justices repudiated the contention that the separation of the races by law forces people of color to be thought of as inferior. They argued instead that racial bigotry could not be eliminated by enforced integration and intermixing of the races, that such social views could not be altered simply by changing the law.
In conclusion, the Court said that racial segregation was completely legal as long as facilities were chains of racial hatred for nearly 60 more years. Science v. United States (1919) Nas the wide restraint on the right of free speech by the Espionage Act a violation of the First Amendment? What exactly was the meaning of the First Amendment’s broad statement that Congress cannot make a law reducing the freedom of speech? Could the Espionage Act be unconstitutional or did it deliberately violate the First Amendment?
Right to Free Speech – Right ensured by the First Amendment, giving tizzies the power to express thoughts and opinions without unjustified government constraint. Espionage Act – set up to 20 years’ imprisonment and a $10,000 fine to anyone impeding the conscription of troops or the exploitation of information concerning national defense. (2) Background Information: Charles Science was general secretary of the Socialist Party in the United States. He decided to start protesting, urging people to resist the draft as socialists thought that the war had been produced by and would end up only benefiting the rich.
To socialists, the war only brought about misery, pain and death for the thousands of economically deprived and blue-collar soldiers. Science mailed around 15,000 pamphlets to draftees asserting that the draft was illegal and complete authoritarianism and urged them to emphasize their rights and oppose the draft. Furthermore, he tried to argue that the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned forced bondage except as retribution for breaking the law or committing a crime, was contravened by the Conscription Act and that a draftee was not any better than a criminal.
In the pamphlets he emphasized the importance of the draftees asserting their rights and by not doing so they were supporting the denial and disparage of sights which is the most significant duty of all citizens of the United States to preserve. He proclaimed that many of the arguments in favor of the draft had to be coming from sly legislators and a greedy capitalist media. For these things Science Nas convicted of conspiracy to defy the Espionage Act by trying to hinder the recruitment and enlistment of men into the armed forces.
Science decided to dispute and challenge his conviction with the argument that his First Amendment rights had been violated. (3) Opinion of the Court: ere Court ruled that the Espionage Act was lawful and confirmed that Science was lilts of having dishonored the Act. The Court’s Judgment was centered on the impression that the First Amendment promises are not entirely absolute and must be applied to the specific situation in which those violations occur. The Court held that sensible restrictions can be enacted on the First Amendment’s assurance of Free Speech.
They articulated that no person can use their given privilege of free speech to place others at risk. Secure political speech was reduced in the time of war. Twilit v. New York (1925) Did the New York law opposing felonious anarchy rob GIWIST of his liberty of expression guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? Should the New York law have been declared unlawful? The Court was asked to contemplate whether or not the Fourteenth Amendment assimilated the freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights into the individual constitutions of all of the States.
In this specific case, did the Fourteenth Amendment grant GIWIST the same protections guaranteed by the First Amendment to a citizen in federal court, in State court? Due Process Clause – Emphasizes that state and local government cannot deny a person their right liberty, property or their own life. First Amendment rights – Grants people Ninth the right to free speech, free practice of religion, gives the press to freely publish news, grants people the right to appeal to government officials in support or against certain decisions that affect them, and also says that people have the right to gather in public to exercise their right to march.
Benjamin GIWIST was a devout supporter of the left wing sect of the United States Socialists Party. In 1919, the left wing proclaimed that they were disestablishing themselves from the Socialist Party at a conference in New York. They promoted more erect efforts to bring Marxist Socialism to America, incorporating the use of violence. ere newly established left wing conference formed a committee to create the Left Inning Manifesto (modeled by Karl Mar’s Communist Manifesto) under Kowtows command.
The Left Wing Manifesto supported a coup d’©tat of structured government by coercion, brutality, and other illegal means. Over fifteen thousand copies were printed, and mailed. GIWIST gave his consent to start distributing the Manifesto amongst the followers of the United States Socialists Party’s leftist wing, and Journeyed all over New York openly promoting the Manifesto and its heliotropes. The movement got more notoriety and authorities traced it back to Twilit. He was detained, found guilty under the state criminal anarchy statute and punished accordingly.
Stilton’s lawyers contended that the State could not confirm or even show that any evil had transpired from his practice of free speech and press entitled to him by the First Amendment. The Constitution protected his freedom of speech as long as it did not demonstrate “clear and present danger”. Actually, his lawyers argued there was not any proof that he had influenced anyone to take action. They argued that the New York Statue was an unlawful boundary enforced by a State on a right assured by the First Amendment.
The Fourteenth Amendment’s promise that no State can create or impose any law that will reduce the freedoms or protections of people of the United States was, they claimed, dishonored in this case. ere New York lawyers claimed that all States had the obligation and right to try to avert violence. The state government did the necessary and proper thing in creating laws to guarantee the people security. GIWIST had been involved in activities which imposed harm on the residents of New York. He was given a fair trial and his sentence should be kept the way it was.
They said that the New York Supreme Court should not interfere in the inner dealings of a state, because that would dishonor the main beliefs of federalism. Stilton’s liberty to speak was sufficiently secured by the state’s constitution. The Court agreed with the lower court’s conviction and claimed statute and Stilton’s unfavorable verdict, the significance of the situation is found in the arguments that Stilton’s attorneys demand the Court to contemplate. The Court thought about the insinuations of “incorporation”, how things that make up the First
Amendment were fused into individual state constitutions by the Fourteenth Amendment. The dispute over “incorporation” opened the entrance to milestone lodgment in years to come, Judgments tolerant to the idea of the incorporation” of the provisions of the Bill of Rights into individual state constitutions on the foundation of the fourteenth Amendment. Sauerkraut v. United States (1944) Should close examination be considered in looking at laws that deliberately discriminate against an ethnic group? Could Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 be found unlawful under such a close examination?
Did the Congress and President Roosevelt ever impose their powers by initiating an exclusion order and limiting the civil liberties of Japanese Americans? Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 – allowed the United States armed forces commandants to proclaim areas of the United States as official military areas from which some or many people may be omitted. Although it did not Imply a specific race, it was ultimately used against those of enemy descent, lapses. (2) Background Information: Fred Distributors Sauerkraut was an American native of Japanese ancestry who was brought up in California.
Sauerkraut aspired to Join the United States Navy but when e tried he was disallowed when called for service obligation due to health concerns. Instead, he was got a Job in a boatyard. When the Japanese began to be incarcerated in California, Sauerkraut eluded his order and relocated to a neighboring town. He also underwent plastic surgery, changed his name to Clyde Sarah and said he was of Hispanic and Hawaiian descent. When General DeWitt ordered that all Japanese- Americans report to internment camps by Exclusion Order No. 4, he was detained for resisting and found guilty of disobeying the Order. At the time of the verdict, there was no argument that Sauerkraut had been consistently allegiant to the United States and was definitely not a threat to the United States’ war effort. Sauerkraut appealed his unfavorable verdict on the basis that the exclusion and internment orders were way beyond the authority of Congress, any type of military enforcement and the Head of State. He also declared that to coerce these orders only on those of Japanese origin developed into supposed forbidden prejudice based on race.
The government claimed that the incarceration of Japanese Americans was completely reasonable because it was necessary to the United States’ Near effort. They believed there was proof that some Japanese Americans were participating in espionage against the United States, and disputed that because there was not any way to separate the trustworthy and untrustworthy, all persons of lapses ancestry had to be looked upon as though they were untrustworthy. The Court of Appeals agreed with the United States, Sauerkraut found this absurd and appealed to the Supreme Court. 3) Opinion of the Court: In a tough 6 to 3 vote, the Supreme Court ruled in agreement with the United States’ body did not go beyond their lawful power, and that Exclusion Order No. 4 did not dishonor the Fourteenth Amendment. Three Justices disagreed with the resolution, claiming that the Exclusion Order was mainly grounded on racism. The majority compared the case to an earlier case wherein the Court had supported a martial order forcing a time restriction on those of Japanese heritage residing on the West Coast.
In that case, the Court determined that the curfew mandate was within the Maritime powers of Congress and within the control of the President as Head of State because its main intention was to help the national defense through the course of he war by thwarting any attempts of spying and deliberate disruption. They concluded that the exclusion order in Sauerkraut’s case was acceptable in the same Nay. Because the order was issued during wartime, the Court gave Congress, the President and all of those who believed the Order necessary, great respect.
The Court also determined that Exclusion Order No. 34 did not dishonor the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. They ruled that even though the Exclusion Order only beleaguered a particular ethnic group, it was not grounded on aggression o those of Japanese descent. Actually, it was because martial authorities did not the resources to proficiently separate those who were disloyal from those who were loyal that all people of Japanese ancestry as a group were subject to the exclusion order.
If the exclusion order had been based solely on racial prejudice, however, it would be unquestionably unconstitutional. The Sauerkraut decision was significant because it ruled that the United States government had the right to exclude and forcibly move people from designated areas based on their race. Even though Sauerkraut’s invention was eventually overturned in 1983, the Sauerkraut ruling concerning the creation of exclusion orders has never been overturned. Map v. Ohio (1961) Nas it lawfully acceptable to search Map’s home and the evidence tolerable for use under the law?
Because the State Criminal Procedure Code did not discount the evidence because it was illegally obtained, was the Ohio law unsuccessful in supplying Map with her Fourth Amendment security against “unreasonable searches and seizures”? A previous case had already concluded that any evidence illegally acquired would not be able to be applied to cases in courts. Should that rule be overlooked or reexamined to make such evidence acceptable individual state courts? 4th Amendment (Unreasonable Searches and Seizures) – The Fourth Amendment safeguards people from “unreasonable searches and seizures” by law enforcement.
A search can be anything from a small pat-down by an officer to a bodily fluid examination found in someone’s car or home. 14th Amendment (Nationalization) – Nationalization in the Fourteenth Amendment specifically applies to the procedure that widened the Constitution’s rudimentary rights requirements to individual state and local administrations. In May 1957, Ms. Doodler Map was quietly enjoying her Friday night with her daughter, who lived with her in Cleveland, Ohio.
After receiving some information police went to her home and demanded she let them in, but Map denied them entrance into her home without proper search authorization and called her lawyer. After many hours of surveillance and the influx of more and more officers, the police once again tried to enter the home only this time when Map did not let them in, they were able to gain access by opening the door by force. Once they were in the house, Map asked to see the warrant they were supposed to have. The officers landed around a piece of paper asserting that it was a search warrant.
Map grabbed it and tried to put it in her dress, but one of the officers got it back and handcuffed Map for being “belligerent”. While searching her home, the police did not find the bombing suspect; however, searching her basement, they found a trunk comprising of obscene pictures, tapes and books. The police arrested her, held her in contempt and at the trial, the court charged her with possession of pornographic material with the evidence presented by police. Once convicted, Map, extremely upset, appealed to the Ohio Supreme Court.
Her lawyer disputed that she should not have been convicted because the way the officers gathered the information was illegal. And because the evidence was illegally acquired, it should also be excluded from the case. In the Ohio Supreme Court’s ruling, the Court realized that Map’s argument was sensible and that her conviction should be reversed, but the Court also indicated that the evidence found were acceptable. And because of this decision, Map’s appeal was rejected and her sentence of 1 to 7 in the Women’s Reformatory of Ohio was maintained. She then appealed to the United States Supreme Court. ) Opinion of the Court: ere Justices expressed their opinions in a 5-3 decision, favoring Map. The common ‘Tote agreed that the exclusionary rule should be applied to the states, which necessitates the prohibition and exclusion of illegally obtained evidence from trials that are in direct and indirect breach of the ban on “unreasonable searches and seizures”. The Courts decision was essentially grounded on many decisions before that had commenced the procedure of exercising the protections guaranteed by the Constitution to state and local Justice systems. Also in one of the previous cases, the
United States Supreme Court that the individual states should abide by the Fourth Amendment because it ensures the people “due process”, which is obligatory to all states under the Fourteenth Amendment. So the decision basically made it mandatory that the Fourteenth Amendment protections be applied to States, not only the federal administration. Engel v. Vital (1962) Nas the first amendment right to exercise freedom of religion violated when the New fork State Board of Regents permitted time during school hours for students to pray prayer that the state made?
Could the prayer have been considered and thought of s representing an unlawful action by the creating of a religious code by a civic organization? Was the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause trying to stop public schools from practicing spiritual undertakings? What about the separation of Church and State? 1st Amendment (Establishment Clause) – The Establishment Clause federal government is not allowed to make laws helping any specific religion or deem any religion a state religion. Many courts have utilized the Establishment Clause to articulate the separation of church and state. 2) Background Information: ere New York State Board of Regents created and implemented a nondenominational rarer for students of New York public schools to recite every morning. Believing that the prayer would be a beneficial instrument for the growth of character and teach the children to be good citizens of the United States, the Regents offered the prayer the other school boards in New York stating that participation was voluntary. But in one union-free school District in New Hyde Park, New York, a principal was told to have the class recite the prayer every morning.
Enraged, ten parents opposed and refused to let their children participate in such a thing. They filed a lawsuit against he school board wanting to have the prayer issued unconstitutional and expelled from schools, asserting that the prayer was in contradiction to their and their children’s spiritual practices. New Work’s Appeal Court maintained the prayer recitation as long as the schools did not force any student to participate over the parents’ protest. Still upset, the parents appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
They articulated to the court that the separation of Church and State necessitates the fact that the government needs to stay away from the affairs of religious activities, unless those activities are harming another person. They emphasized the fact that an official state prayer undoubtedly violated the First Amendment and, thus, should be prohibited and expelled from the schools. On the other side of the argument, the Regents’ lawyers stressed that they did not create an official religion simply by supplying students who wanted to pray, a prayer.
Numerous references to the religious legacy of the United States were made every day by many officials and politicians. They tried to convince the Court that they had made the right decision in supplying an optional – not mandatory, prayer recitation for students. And that in prohibiting the prayer from schools, the Court was being Intrusive in the affairs of the State. (3) Opinion of the Court: In a 6-1 decision, the New York Regents’ prayer was found unconstitutional.
The majority thought that the State had employed a new exercise that was not compatible Ninth the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, by have one of its schools implement a prayer recitation. They also explained that when the control and funding from the government is backing one or many religions, everyone following that or those religions would conform to the monopoly and it would be hard for people to still be devout to that religion; therefore, the Establishment Clause was superior and the founding fathers would have wanted it that way because they thought that religion was too sacred, and personal.
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Signs Of Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy, or enlargement of the heart, is a type of heart disease that makes the heart work harder to pump blood and can lead to heart failure, blood clots, valve problems, or in severe cases, cardiac arrest and sudden death. Cardiomyopathy may be genetic or caused by other risk factors such as a history of high blood pressure, having other heart conditions, alcohol abuse, or obesity.
In some cases it may be preventable with a healthy diet, regular exercise, lowering stress, and avoiding drugs and alcohol. If individuals have one or more of these signs of cardiomyopathy, they should consult a doctor right away. If indviiduals experience shortness of breath, chest pain, or fainting spells lasting more than a few minutes, they must call 9-1-1 immediately.
The first sign of cardiomyopathy is swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, abdomen, or neck veins. Swollen extremities suggest a build-up of excess fluid, also known as edema. The symptom will get worse without treatment if it is due to heart disease. It will start with some swelling in the ankles after standing and can eventually worsen to include the feet and other parts of the body. If individuals have been experiencing pressure and enlargement in their extremities for prolonged periods, it's a good idea to call a doctor.
Shortness Of Breath
Being out of breath easily after little to no exertion is a serious warning sign of heart disease. The more severe the heart disease, the more severe breathlessness will be. Blood circulation is directly related to the circulation of oxygen in the body, so heart disease can make it feel difficult to breathe. Shortness of breath can cause other related symptoms like excessive tiredness or coughing when laying down. If simple daily tasks like taking out the trash or taking short walks make someone feel out of breath and tired, they should consider getting tested for cardiomyopathy and related heart diseases.
Abnormal Heartbeats
Having abnormal heartbeats or arrhythmia is when the heart beats unusually fast or slow for the corresponding level of exertion, or is out of rhythm. Having arrhythmia can make individuals feel discomfort, pain, a fluttering sensation, or pounding in their chest. Sometimes arrhythmia does not cause any discomfort at all, but it may feel strange. An arrhythmia isn't always caused by heart disease. Often it is caused by an electrolyte imbalance or too much caffeine or nicotine. If individuals experience abnormal heartbeats regularly, however, it could be a sign of cardiomyopathy. An enlarged heart not functioning at a normal capacity will sometimes struggle to beat at a regular rhythm.
Cardiomyopathy puts a strain on many of the body's regular functions and as a result, can cause dizziness. Many individuals feel dizzy if they stand up too quickly but this should subside fairly quickly. In some cases, it could be a side effect of certain medications. Feeling light-headed frequently and with little or no outside cause could be a sign an individual's heart is not working properly. Having blood pressure that is either too high or low might be the root of the problem, and if left untreated could put extra strain on the heart. Excessive faintness can give patients an unsettling feeling of vertigo or instability. This is a sign of heart disease no one should ever ignore.
Everyone feels fatigue at some point in the day, whether it be due to lack of sleep or overexertion. Feeling exhaustion that doesn't improve with rest or sleep, however, is a sign of cardiomyopathy. That said, it is crucial to understand fatigue is more than just sleepiness. It is a deep weariness and lack of energy that is both pervasive and bothersome. Like the other symptoms of heart disease, it is a sign blood is not circulating enough for the body to receive nourishment. While there are many reasons to feel chronic exhaustion, cardiomyopathy included, it is a good idea to consult a doctor to try to pinpoint the cause.
Chest Discomfort
Chest discomfort and pain are common symptoms of certain types of cardiomyopathies, like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Most individuals experience pain and discomfort in their chest when they are exerting themselves or engaging in physical activities. In most cases, this symptom can be alleviated with rest. However, some individuals affected by cardiomyopathy experience chest discomfort and pain even at times when they are at rest.
Chest discomfort may also be described as an unusual sense of pressure or weight on their chest. Some describe this manifestation of cardiomyopathy as if someone is squeezing their chest cavity. Palpitations or an abnormal awareness of the beating of the heart can also cause a cardiomyopathy patient to experience discomfort in their chest.
Abdominal Bloating
Abdominal bloating describes when an individual feels like their abdomen is tight, swollen, or full. The type of abdominal bloating caused by cardiomyopathy is the result of an accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space within the peritoneal cavity. The buildup of fluid in the abdomen may be referred to as edema or ascites in the medical community. An individual affected by cardiomyopathy has a heart that does not pump blood very well.
This malfunction leads to decreased perfusion of blood in the kidneys, which are responsible for regulating the amount of fluid in the body. The kidneys react to reduced perfusion with the production of renin, which causes increased levels of aldosterone. This process causes the body to hold onto more sodium and fluids in the legs and abdomen than it would otherwise.
High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure can be a symptom indicative of cardiomyopathy because certain types can be caused by hypertension. Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a failure of the heart where it cannot pump blood efficiently because the coronary arteries that supply the myocardium with blood have become narrowed or blocked. High blood pressure is a common cause and finding in coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis patients. High blood pressure can also be indicative of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy because this condition can be caused by hypertension.
An individual's heart has to work harder in conditions of high blood pressure because of the increased blood volume. This heavy workload over time can cause the heart muscles to become larger and thickened, much like the repeated exercise of a leg muscle causes it to become larger. The enlarged and thickened heart walls cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or the flow of blood through the heart chambers to become impaired.
Weight Gain
Weight gain is a symptom of several types of cardiomyopathy, but the most prevalent forms that cause weight gain are peripartum cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy describes when the heart is unable to pump blood around the body sufficiently due to weakening from the excessive workload pregnancy puts on the heart. This type of cardiomyopathy develops in the last month of pregnancy or shortly after giving birth.
Fluid can accumulate in the body when the heart is weakened from this type of cardiomyopathy because the kidneys are unable to excrete extra sodium and fluids. Dilated cardiomyopathy is when the heart muscles become stretched out and thin. The thin heart muscles are not able to pump blood effectively, which also causes the kidneys to have a reduced ability to excrete sodium and fluid. The extra fluid retained in the body due to cardiomyopathy is what causes weight gain.
There are several reasons why nausea can develop in cardiomyopathy patients. All forms of cardiomyopathy cause a reduced amount of blood flow to the organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract. Reduced blood flow to the muscles that move food through the digestive tract can cause it to stagnate in the stomach or intestines for too long. When food moves through the digestive tract too slowly, bacteria can overgrown.
The bacterial overgrowth in the intestines causes nausea because the byproducts of bacterial breakdown of food are toxic. The decreased production of stomach acid and other digestive enzymes can also cause nausea by allowing bacterial overgrowth. Fluid retention caused by cardiomyopathy can result in nausea when excessive pressure is placed on the organs of a patient's digestive tract. Cardiomyopathy can also alter the amount of oxygen provided to certain brain tissues and cause nausea if the nausea center in the brain is affected.
HealthPrep Staff
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How do I style a Fieldset in CSS?
How do I change the color of a Fieldset in HTML?
Set border color for <fieldset> and <legend>
Is possible to alter the border color of the <fieldset> or <legend> tag? You can see them in action here:
How do I style a label in CSS?
To style the label elements the way they appear in the image in the introduction, you need to use the label element with the “for” attribute. Furthermore, you need to close the label element before adding the “input” element itself. The HTML for the complete form in shown in the illustration.
How do you style a text box in CSS?
If you only want to style a specific input type, you can use attribute selectors:
1. input[type=text] – will only select text fields.
2. input[type=password] – will only select password fields.
3. input[type=number] – will only select number fields.
4. etc..
How do I resize a Fieldset in HTML?
fieldset width defaults to 100% width of its container, however, you can use “display: inline-block;” to adjust its width to controls inside it.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do you use class as a CSS selector?
What is a Fieldset in HTML?
The <fieldset> tag visually groups logically related fields in an HTML form defined with the <form> tag. The tag allows breaking forms down into logical sections. In browsers, a box around the content is drawn.
What is legend in HTML?
The HTML <legend> element represents a caption for the content of its parent <fieldset> .
What is for in label tag?
Related Articles. The HTML <label> for Attribute is used to specify the type of form element a label is bound to. Attribute Values: It contains the value i.e element_id which specify the id of the element that the label is bound to. Example: This Example that illustrates the use of for attribute in <label> element.
How do you add a border to a label in HTML?
In Html, we can add the border using the following two different ways: Using Inline Style attribute.
Using Internal CSS
1. <! Doctype Html>
2. <Html>
3. <Head>
4. <Title>
5. Add the border using internal CSS.
6. </Title>
7. </Head>
8. <Body>
How do you create a text box in HTML?
So, to create the text box we have to give the value “text” in the type attribute.
1. <form>
2. Student Name:
3. <input type=”text” name=”Name”>
4. <br> <br>
5. Course:
6. <input type=”text” name=”Course”>
7. </form>
What is padding in CSS?
How do I make a textbox in HTML and CSS?
Building a basic text box is straightforward:
1. Create an input element. The <input> tag creates the general structure of the element.
2. Set the type to “text“ to indicate that you’re building a standard text element, not something more elaborate.
3. Add an id attribute to name the element. …
4. Add default data.
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Is inline CSS faster?
How can we increase the height of dynamic text box?
2 Answers. You can tweak the values to get the desired effect. To get the textarea to stretch, give this a go (jQuery): As for the height of exactly one row, you could try rows=”1″ in the <textarea> tag, as well as removing CSS styling.
How do I hide a Fieldset in HTML?
Try searching for “show hide fieldset javascript”. You then probably need to hide the fieldset otherwise than with the hidden attribute, e.g. with CSS. I agree with Frederiek, there is no hidden attribute for <fieldset>. It all has to be done with CSS and javascript.
How do I move Fieldset to center?
Use Table Align=”Center” !!! I have tried, but not succeeded. it don’t stayed in the center of the page. Give the element a left and right margin of auto, as well as a specific width.
Can I use Fieldset without form?
You can use any form elements outside of an actual form, since most of them can be used with JavaScript utilities outside the form. The form is only needed if you plan on allowing the user to submit the data with it.
HTML5 Robot
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Is There Any Difference In Transmission Between Industrial Spr
• The difference between the transmission of Industrial Sprocket and belt pulleys is settled on agricultural machinery as a case, each of which is as follows:
For various harvesters working in farmland, most of their transmission mechanisms use transmission sheaves and transmission belts, but in the transmission process, the belt mainly depends on the friction between the pulley base or the side and the belt for transmission. These frictions will produce great The heat is mainly concentrated on the belt groove and the belt. It is difficult to dissipate in the case of poor ventilation, which greatly increases the temperature of the belt during operation, accelerates the aging speed of the belt, and greatly shortens the life of the belt. At the same time, when the agricultural machinery is working, the transmission sheave is easy to get mud in the slot, which often causes the belt to drop, which affects the normal production.
Agricultural transmission sprockets are large combined sprockets, which will not slide when used. The structure is compact under the same working conditions, and the load on the shaft is small. The important point is that it can be used in an environment with high temperature and high humidity. The mechanical working efficiency is high (about 98%). The load that the sprocket can withstand is higher than that of the pulley, and the sprocket can maintain an accurate rotation ratio. The sprocket is generally uniform, meaning that the main body of the sprocket and teeth are made of the same material and cut. The material may include metal, plastic, or other suitable tough materials.
Although there are differences between the transmission sprocket and the pulley, some agricultural machinery has to choose the pulley. This is also based on the needs of the agricultural machinery. However, between the two, the mechanical sprocket will be better. Use it according to your own needs. To choose.
information about Industrial Sprocket :
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======================================== January 23, 1996 BRAIN IN THE GUT MAKES GUT REACTIONS By SANDRA BLAKESLEE Ever wonder why people get "butterflies" in the stomach before going on stage? Or why an impending job interview can cause an attack of intestinal cramps? And why do antidepressants targeted for the brain cause nausea or abdominal upset in millions of people who take such drugs? [okay, boring lead 'graph, but keep going. apologies if you co-wrote the medical articles this rehashes.] The reason for these common experiences, scientists say, is because each of us literally has two brains - the familiar one encased in our skulls and a lesser known but vitally important one found in the human gut. Like Siamese twins, the two brains are interconnected; when one gets upset, the other does, too. The gut's brain, known as the enteric nervous system, is located in sheaths of tissue lining the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. Considered a single entity, it is packed with neurons, neurotransmitters and proteins that zap messages between neurons, support cells like those found in the brain proper and a complex circuitry that enables it to act independently, learn, remember and, as the saying goes, produce gut feelings. The brain in the gut plays a major role in human happiness and misery. But few people know it exists, said Dr. Michael Gershon, a professor of anatomy and cell biology at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York. For years, people who had ulcers, problems swallowing or chronic abdominal pain were told that their problems were imaginary, emotional, simply all in their heads, Gershon said. They were shuttled to psychiatrists for treatment. Doctors were right in ascribing these problems to the brain, Gershon said, but they blamed the wrong one. Many gastrointestinal disorders like colitis and irritable bowel syndrome originate from problems within the gut's brain, he said. And the current wisdom is that most ulcers are caused by a bacterium, not by hidden anger at one's mother. Symptoms stemming from the two brains get confused, Gershon said. "Just as the brain can upset the gut, the gut can also upset the brain. If you were chained to the toilet with cramps, you'd be upset, too," he said. Details of how the enteric nervous system mirrors the central nervous system have been emerging in recent years, said Gershon, who is considered one of the founders of a new field of medicine called neurogastroenterology. Nearly every substance that helps run and control the brain has turned up in the gut, Gershon said. Major neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, norepinephrine and nitric oxide are there. Two dozen small brain proteins, called neuropeptides, are in the gut, as are major cells of the immune system. Enkephalins, one class of the body's natural opiates, are in the gut. And in a finding that stumps researchers, the gut is a rich source of benzodiazepines - the family of psychoactive chemicals that includes such ever popular drugs as Valium and Xanax. In evolutionary terms, it makes sense that the body has two brains, said Dr. David Wingate, a professor of gastrointestinal science at the University of London and a consultant at Royal London Hospital. The first nervous systems were in tubular animals that stuck to rocks and waited for food to pass by, Wingate said. The limbic system is often referred to as the "reptile brain." As life evolved, animals needed a more complex brain for finding food and sex, and so developed a central nervous system. But the gut's nervous system was too important to put inside the newborn head with long connections going down to the body, Wingate said. Offspring need to eat and digest food at birth. Therefore, nature seems to have preserved the enteric nervous system as an independent circuit inside higher animals. It is only loosely connected to the central nervous system and can mostly function alone, without instructions from topside. This is indeed the picture seen by developmental biologists. A clump of tissue called the neural crest forms early in embryogenesis, Gershon said. One section turns into the central nervous system. Another piece migrates to become the enteric nervous system. Only later are the two nervous systems connected via a cable called the vagus nerve. Until relatively recently, people thought that the gut's muscles and sensory nerves were wired directly to the brain and that the brain controlled the gut through two pathways that increased or decreased rates of activity, Wingate said. The gut was simply a disgusting tube with simple reflexes. Trouble is, no one bothered to count the nerve fibers in the gut. When they did, he said, they were surprised to find that the gut contains 100 million neurons - more than the spinal cord has. Yet the vagus nerve only sends a couple of thousand nerve fibers to the gut. The brain sends signals to the gut by talking to a small number of "command neurons," which in turn send signals to gut interneurons that carry messages up and down the pike, Gershon said. Both command neurons and interneurons are spread throughout two layers of gut tissue called the myenteric plexus and the submuscosal plexus. ("Solar plexus" is actually a boxing term that refers simply to nerves in the abdomen.) Command neurons control the pattern of activity in the gut, Gershon said. The vagus nerve only turns the volume by changing its rates of firing. The plexuses also contain glial cells that nourish neurons, mast cells involved in immune responses, and a "blood brain barrier" that keeps harmful substances away from important neurons, Gershon said. They have sensors for sugar, protein, acidity and other chemical factors that might monitor the progress of digestion, determining how the gut mixes and propels its contents. "It's not a simple pathway," he said. "It uses complex integrated circuits not unlike those found in the brain." The gut's brain and the head's brain act the same way when they are deprived of input from the outside world, Wingate said. During sleep, the head's brain produces 90-minute cycles of slow wave sleep punctuated by periods of rapid eye movement sleep in which dreams occur. During the night, when it has no food, the gut's brain produces 90-minute cycles of slow wave muscle contractions punctuated by short bursts of rapid muscle movements, Wingate said. The two brains may influence each other while in this state, Wingate said. Patients with bowel problems have been shown to have abnormal rem sleep. This finding is not inconsistent with the folk wisdom that indigestion can produce nightmares. As light is shed on the circuitry between our two brains, researchers are beginning to understand why we act and feel the way we do. When the central brain encounters a frightening situation, it releases stress hormones that prepare the body to fight or flee, Gershon said. The stomach contains many sensory nerves that are stimulated by this chemical surge - hence the "butterflies." On the battlefield, the higher brain tells the gut brain to shut down, Gershon said. "A frightened, running animal does not stop to defecate." Fear also causes the vagus nerve to "turn up the volume" on serotonin circuits in the gut, Gershon said. Thus overstimulated, the gut goes into higher gear and diarrhea results. Similarly, people sometimes "choke" with emotion. When nerves in the esophagus are highly stimulated, people have trouble swallowing. Even the so-called "Malox moment" of advertising fame can be explained by the two brains interacting, said Dr. Jackie D. Wood, chairman of the department of physiology at Ohio State University in Columbus. Stress signals from the head's brain can alter nerve function between the stomach and esophagus, resulting in heartburn. In cases of extreme stress, Wood said, the higher brain seems to protect the gut by sending signals to immunological mast cells in the plexus. The mast cells degranulate, secreting histamine, prostaglandin and other agents that help produce inflammation, he said. "This is protective. If an animal is in danger and subject to trauma, dirty stuff in the intestines is only a few cells away from the rest of the body. By inflaming the gut, the brain is priming the gut for surveillance. If the barrier breaks, the gut is ready to do repairs," Wood said. Unfortunately, the chemicals that get released also cause diarrhea and cramping. Such cross talk also explains many drug interactions, Gershon said. "When you make a drug to have psychic effects on the brain, it's very likely to have an effect on the gut that you didn't think about," he said. Conversely, drugs developed for the brain could have uses in the gut. For example, the gut is loaded with the neurotransmitter serotonin. When pressure receptors in the gut's lining are stimulated, serotonin is released and starts the reflexive motion of peristalsis, Gershon said. A quarter of people taking Prozac or similar antidepressants have gastrointestinal problems like nausea, diarrhea and constipation, he said. These drugs act on serotonin, preventing its uptake by target cells so that it remains more abundant in the central nervous system. In a study to be published soon, Gershon and his colleagues explain Prozac's side effects on the gut. They mounted a section of guinea pig colon on a stand and put a small pellet in the "mouth" end. The isolated colon whips the pellet down to the "anal" end of the column, just as it would inside an animal, Gershon said. When the researchers put a small amount of Prozac into the colon, the pellet "went into high gear," Gerhson said. The drug doubled the speed at which the pellet passed through the colon, which would explain why some people get diarrhea. Prozac has been used in small doses to treat chronic constipation, he said. But when researchers increased the amount of Prozac in the guinea pig colon, the pellet stopped moving. The colon froze up, Gershon said, which is why some people get constipated on the drug. And because Prozac stimulated sensory nerves, he said, it can also cause nausea. Some antibiotics like erythromycin act on gut receptors to produce oscillations, Gershon said. People experience cramps and nausea. Drugs like morphine and heroin attach to the gut's opiate receptors, producing constipation. Indeed, both brains can be addicted to opiates. Victims of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases suffer from constipation. The nerves in their gut are as sick as the nerve cells in their brains. Just as the the central brain affects the gut, the gut's brain can talk back to the head, Gershon said. Most of the gut sensations that enter conscious awareness are negative things like pain and bloatedness, Wingate said. We don't expect to feel anything good from the gut, but that doesn't mean such signals are absent, he said. Hence, the intriguing question: Why does the human gut produce benzodiazepine? The human brain contains receptors for benzodiazepine, a drug that relieves anxiety, suggesting that the body produces its own internal source of the drug, said Dr. Anthony Basile, a neurochemist in the Neuroscience Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. Several years ago, he said, an Italian scientist made a startling discovery. Patients with liver failure fall into a deep coma. The coma can be reversed, in minutes, by giving the patient a drug that blocks benzodiazepine. When the liver fails, substances usually broken down by the liver get to the brain, Basile said. Some are bad, like ammonia and mercaptans, which are "smelly compounds that skunks spray on you," he said. But a series of compounds are also identical to benzodiazepine. "We don't know if they come from gut itself, from bacteria in the gut or from food," Basile said. But when the liver fails, the gut's benzodiazepine goes straight to the brain, knocking the patient unconscious. The payoff for exploring gut and head brain interactions is enormous, Wood said. For example, many people are allergic to certain foods, like shellfish. This is because mast cells in the gut mysteriously become sensitized to antigens in the food. The next time the antigen shows up in the gut, Wood said, the mast cells call up a program, releasing chemical modulators that try to eliminate the threat. The allergic person gets diarrhea and cramps, he said. Many autoimmune diseases like Krohn's disease and ulcerative colitis may involve the gut's brain, Wood said. The consequences can be horrible, as in Chagas disease, which is caused by a parasite found in South America. Those infected develop an autoimmune response to neurons in their gut, Wood said. Their immune systems slowly destroy their own gut neurons. When enough neurons die, the intestines literally explode. A big question remains. Can the gut's brain learn? Does it "think" for itself? Gershon tells a story about an old Army sergeant, a male nurse in charge of a group of paraplegics. Because their lower spinal cords were destroyed, the patients would get impacted. "The sergeant was anal compulsive," Gershon said. "At 10 a.m. everyday, the patients got enemas. Then the sergeant was rotated off the ward. His replacement decided to give enemas only after compactions occurred. But at 10 the next morning, everyone on the ward had a bowel movement at the same time, without enemas," Gershon said. Had the sergeant trained those colons? The human gut has long been seen as a repository of good and bad feelings. Perhaps emotional states from the head's brain are mirrored in the gut's brain, where they are felt by those who pay attention to them. Copyright 1996 The New York Times
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Medieval Dynasty: Location of Wolves
Writer and Storywriter
The wolf is one of the wild animals in the game. Although wolves are hazardous animals, you can hunt them with a spear in your hand. The wolves in specific locations on the map are animals in the medieval Dynasty that you shouldn’t get too close to.
Medieval Dynasty: Location of Wolves
Let’s take a look at the location of wolves in Medieval Dynasty.
The Location Of Wolves In Medieval Dynasty
Wolves are wild animals, and they live away from villages like many other wild animals. If you want to hunt wolves, which can sometimes be dangerous, you need to go to the forests far from the villages.
One of the places where wolves are most common is the forest where Sombar is located. Located in the north of Borowo village, this forest is the home of many wild animals. One of the wild animals in this forest is the wolf. When you approach the wolves, the sound of the voice you hear is the harbinger of wolves’ existence. As a tip, it will be beneficial for you to be silent after hearing this sound and to hold your spear.
Also, there are different wild animals like a bear in this forest where wolves are found. Therefore, taking many spears with you while going to this forest will increase your chances of survival in the forest.
Consequently, there are wolves in the harsh living conditions in the Medieval Dynasty. The wolf, one of the wild animals in the game, is located in forest areas far from the villages. Wolves can sometimes be quite dangerous due to their very agile movement. Although the wolves are located in the forest north of Borowo village, taking many spears with you to defend yourself will ensure your survival. Also, keeping quiet when you hear howls will protect you from the attack of wolves.
READ NEXT: Bear Locations in Medieval Dynasty
Medieval Dynasty: Sambor | Where to Find
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Best Answer
A pitch is a throw. If you mean field or diamond it depends on what age group. Major league fields can go from about 200 ft from home plate to center field fence to 400 ft. It all depends on the which field.
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2013-12-28 01:47:57
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Q: How big is a baseball pitch?
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What are the differences in the sports baseball and softball?
Softball has girls playing. Baseball has boys playing. The softball is 2 as big as a baseball. Girl Pitchers pitch underarm boy pitchers pitch over hand.
What is a slow pitch in baseball called?
Although, there is no slow pitch in baseball, there is slow pitch and fast pitch in softball
What is the surface area of Big Ben?
as big as a cricket pitch.
What is the difference between a baseball pitch and softball pitch?
Baseball is a over-handed pitch. Softball is a under-handed pitch
What is the hottest coach pitch big barrel baseball bat?
I would have to say it is a tie between the easton stealth composite and the rawlings 5150!
In baseball can you pitch anyway you want?
In baseball the pitcher can pitch anyway they like. There is not a rule saying you have to pitch a certain way.
Is a softball motion easier than a baseball motion?
A softball pitch is a lot harder to master than a baseball pitch because the motion is so different than regular throwing. However, once the pitcher has the motion down, the softball pitch is much easier on the body than a baseball pitch. This is because the softball pitch is a lot smoother than the violent baseball pitch. It cause a lot less shoulder injuries than a baseball pitch.
What is the pitch that is hit the most in baseball?
The fastball is the pitch most thrown and most hit in baseball.
How big are fast pitch softballs?
What is faster a baseball pitch or softball pitch?
In terms of actual speed, a baseball pitch is much faster then a softball pitch. However, a softball pitcher throws from a shorter distance so it often looks just as fast if not faster then a baseball pitcher.
Is there such a thing as a slow-pitch fast-pitch baseball bat?
There is a slow-pitch BASEBALL bat is more for Little League. A fast-pitch BASEBALL bat is mostly 10 and under or 12 and under or even 14 and under. There isn't a slow-pitch and a fast-pitch BASEBALL bat. Meaning they cant be morphed together.
Why does baseball have an over throw pitch and softball have an under throw pitch?
Because a softball is heavier then a baseball.
Is a football pitch bigger than a cricket pitch?
Yes football pitch is big than cricket pitch
What is a bad pitch thrown in baseball?
wild pitch
What is it call when you get hit by a pitch in baseball?
HBP...hit by pitch.
How do you pitch underhand in wii baseball?
you press 2 then pitch
What is a 65 mph softball equal to in baseball?
Softball pitchers pitch from 43 feet, while baseball pitchers pitch from 60.5 feet. Therefore, A 65 mph softball pitch is equivalent to a 91 mph baseball pitch. Each reaction time is approx .45 seconds.
What are the differences between a fast pitch softball and baseball?
Fast pitch softball is pitched underhand and a baseball is pitched overhand.
How big is the olympic football pitch?
Very big indeed.
What is the gyroball baseball?
Its a type of pitch you can throw in baseball :)
High arc baseball pitch?
That's a change-up pitch.
Does AAU baseball use a mandatory pitch count?
As of 2014, AAU baseball does not have a mandatory pitch count. ASMI has set one, and all levels of Little League baseball have them.
What is a big board in baseball?
A big board in baseball is where their win scores are.
How many syllables does pictch have?
Pitch, like pitch the baseball has one syllable.
Does a big bell make a low pitch?
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Herbs for Farmers
Deep-rooting herbal leys are becoming popular on many farms as they offer huge benefits to livestock and soil structure. Using deep-penetrating roots instead of diesel-consuming tractors, herbal leys are an alternative way to aerate soil.
Agricultural herbs also provide minerals, essential for normal, healthy animal growth. Single species grass swards are often found to be lacking in these micro-nutrients. Deep-rooting herbs are a rich source of these and are currently being researched by agricultural scientists. Many expert farmers consider that adding these valuable plants to seed mixtures is a logical step.
Chicory (Chicorium intybus)
A true ‘groundbreaking’ plant with deep roots that can penetrate plough pans and grow well on the driest soil. This high-yielding perennial is a rich source of minerals and has anthelmintic effects. It is therefore excellent for sheep or cattle threatened by intestinal parasites.
Ribgrass (Plantago lanceolata)
This reliable perennial herb, also known as ribwort plantain, is relatively low yielding but has deep roots and is grown for its vitamin and mineral content (especially copper, calcium and selenium).
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Yarrow is a deep-rooting perennial and a rich source of vitamin A.
Burnet (Sanguisorba minor)
On light, alkaline soils this is a long lived perennial forage. All parts of the plant are palatable and it is extremely drought resistant.
Sheeps Parsley (Petroselinium crispum)
A short lived but useful herb which suits lighter soil types.
Date Posted: 29th January 2018
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There’s a never-ending mental list of did-you-know statements about all manner of life topics. The tidbits, fun facts, stories about things and people behind the inventions. We tend to mentally store them up to insert into conversations as a means to impress others with our niche knowledge on the latest Zoom quiz.
We don’t have many did-you-knows about beauty, unless the creator of a product happens to be the namesake of their brand, like Estée Lauder or Charlotte Tilbury. So, we rarely give much thought to the stories or facts behind the products that we use in our beauty routines everyday.
To be honest, is it even that important? Well, yes. Beauty has a tendency to excel at the art of contradiction. There’s a much-needed and continuous flow of articles, petitions and social media campaigns trying to push the beauty industry to be more inclusive. Yet, there’s a group of pioneering Black women in history whose inventions and contributions paved the way for how we consume beauty today, and we’ve either forgotten or never heard about them.
black women beauty forgot
H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock
When we think of the hairbrush that we use on a daily basis and the innovations in hot smoothing brushes, we rarely hear about Lyda Newman. As we plug in our hair straighteners in the morning and watch the plates glide through our hair, Ada Harris isn’t a name we recognise. We can list the white female founders that made their mark on beauty, but we rarely hear about Annie Turnbo Malone.
They are all Black women whose involvements in the world of beauty are at risk of being erased unless we share their incredible stories. So, let’s dive in.
Lyda Newman
Usually thrown into bags and rushed through strands, the humble hairbrush is often overlooked. We can always tell the difference when we use a more superior brush that’s perfected the balance of bristle type, handle length and cushion quality. While we spend more time brushing our hair than thinking of the innovation wrapped up in it, there’s an African-American woman whose invention helped to evolve the hairbrush into the tool we use today.
There’s a group of pioneering Black women we’ve either forgotten or never heard of.
On November 15, 1898, a United States patent was granted to hairdresser and women’s rights activist Lyda Newman. Her hairbrush was a significant upgrade as according to the patent, the improved brush was designed to allow for convenient cleaning and proper ventilation. During this time, scalps were laden with oils and animal fats and hairbrushes were used to remove the debris and in turn, clean the hair. The product build-up struggle was real, especially on afro hair and with Newman’s hairbrush, she created a recess in the back so impurities from the hair or scalp would pass through the brush openings into the back. The back of the brush could then be easily removed and cleaned.
Prior to this, most hairbrushes used boar bristles but Newman’s hairbrush used synthetic ones, which are most commonly used today. When Newman wasn’t busy evolving this popular tool, she worked in New York City on women’s suffrage. Her patent earned its place in hairbrush history, and the next time you take a walk through the aisle filled with a plethora of brush options, you’ll see her lasting contribution.
black women beauty forgot
Ada Harris
Some may call it hair straightening, others call it a coming of age ritual. Whether it’s via an at-home relaxer or a pair of straighteners that were purchased in an early 2000’s catalogue–straightening is usually a big moment in our individual hair histories. Interestingly enough, one of the major evolutions of the tool had its purpose in straightening curly hair and as the patent states, 'especially of service to; colored people in straightening their hair.'
The patent, dated April 2, 1895, was received by Ada Harris, a school teacher from Indianapolis. Her hair straighteners resembled tongs that you might find in a kitchen utensils drawer, but with two smooth plates and spring controlled handles. She wanted the device to be heated in the same way that a curling iron would. So, this would have been on a hot stove or fire. What made her tool quite unique, is the addition of a toothed, comb section that would, 'separate and comb the hair,' while the plates would press the hair. Harris, recommended that the hair was oiled before use and when the two hot plates came into contact with the hair, it would indeed make it straight.
It’s important to remember the stories of these women to show us where we’ve been.
Today, we have electric hot combs for afro hair and an array of hair straighteners and straightening brushes that can work with all hair types, even the comb chase method of running a comb through hair while you use a straightener was probably inspired by Harris’ idea. While Harris did publicly display the prototype of her straightener at an exhibition, similar to Lyda Newman she spent much of her life in service to her community and working for the advancement of her race.
Annie Turnbo Malone
Netflix recently dramatised the story of Madam C.J. Walker, the self-made African-American beauty entrepreneur. Her line of hair products and her business acumen, earned Sarah Breedlove as she was formerly known, a place in beauty history as one of the first Black women to be a millionaire in the United States. There was another incredible woman in her life, Annie Malone, who initially hired Walker as a sales agent.
black women beauty forgot
In the 1900’s, Malone got to work on creating her Wonderful Hair Grower. She wanted to use herbs, such as sage and other ingredients to help Black women look after their hair and prioritise scalp hygiene. She started going door-to-door to sell her products and also gave demonstrations and speeches. Her business eventually outgrew St Louis, and became a national company and she began operating under the trademarked name, 'Poro'.
In 1918, she opened the Poro College, a school for cosmetology where she’d also train employees in her methods. In a 1922 handbook, it stated that, 'Poro profits bring economic independence,' and Malone’s business model was designed to help Black women in particular to gain meaningful employment at a time when there were such few options.
It’s said that her business endeavours helped her to become one of the first Black female millionaires and there were eventually 32 Poro Colleges and tens of thousands of Poro Agents around the world. She too, placed huge emphasis on giving back to her community through donations and providing a meeting place for local activities. Being able to place her products in white retailers and pharmacies, would have always been tricky, so Malone intelligently adapted to this by going direct to her consumer. With brands like Glossier, Beauty Pie and Kylie Cosmetics who have all successfully adopted this model, Malone’s forward-thinking ways of creating demand helped shape the industry.
black women beauty forgot
General Photographic Agency
Today, beauty still juggles between taking strides towards greater inclusivity, while also needing to go much further in its efforts. We’re having more conversations about decolonising our make-up bags and supporting Black-owned businesses and it’s important that we remember the stories of women such as Newman, Harris, Malone and Walker, to show where we’ve been and inspire us as to where we can go next.
These women had a revolutionary and entrepreneurial spirit in common and their inventions, brands and business models have influenced both how we shop and the beauty products that line our bathroom shelves. But, we mustn’t forget their other commonality, they all worked towards making society a more equitable place for women and Black people and it could be argued that that’s their greatest collective legacy.
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Numismatic and History Discussions > Biblical & Judean Coins
Who minted the First Revolt coins?
This is an intriguing question; there's no direct evidence, the situation, like that in any revolution, was confused and shifted rapidly, and our only major source is extremely partisan, to say the least. But maybe it's possible to make some sense out of it all.
Intially, the Jewish government was made up of aristocrats, who probably did want freedom from Rome, but definitely didn't want to make concessions to the peasants, as their main agenda was doubtless to hang onto their property and power. They must have lost the trust of the peasants very quickly, if they ever had it at all. When Josephus became governor of Galilee, he was never trusted by the people, and fought a short and unsucessful campaign against a militia led by Simon bar Giora, who will crop up again later. Herestoredproperty to Agrippa II, a Roman puppet, and eventually changed sides. The rest of them were no different. Their first attempt at a government only lasted a few months; it was succeeded in the autumn of 66 by a second led by the High Priest, Ananus ben Ananus. Year 1 coinage is all AR, and consists of shekels, half-shekels, and avery rare quarter-shekel. This fits a priestly agenda, which would presumably give priority to the Temple Tax, and if it was Ananus' government which minted them, that would fit the common pattern of governments minting coin to suit their own needs; he may not have been too bothered about whether the people had Ae's to fit their wants. The shekels have no images, which fits the radicalization of Jerusalem at the time, and the inscription 'Freedom of Zion' reflects the reality of the day; Judea had indeed been freed from Roman rule.
In late autumn of 67, or the following winter, this government collapsed, and Jerusalem came under the control of peasant militias dominated by John of Gischala, a wealthy man who became the leader of the largest militia. The typical War prutoth were minted during Years 2 and 3, and if John was responible for their production, this would fit both with the period of his dominance in the city, and with his likely concerns; the people no doubt wanted coin which was free from images like the new Temple coinage. Coining of AE's in Judea had traditionally been desultory and designed purely to suit local requirements; they were produced in vast quantities, and minting probably stopped when enough had been produced. If I'm right, the 'barbarous' Year 2 prutoth would most likely have been their first attempts, and then better dies were cut as they gained skill. Hendin suggests that these could have been produced by Simon bar Giora, but he was leading an insurgency in southern Judea at the time, and the resources may well not have been avilable out in the countryside. I suspect he came into the picture later. Production of AR for the Temple tax continued as before.
In April 69, the regime was overthrown by an alliance of the high priests with Simon, who then joined the new government. He seems to have been a 'social bandit' like, say, Sancho Panza, rather than an opportunist as John of Gischala seems to have been. Josephus says that he 'proclaimed liberty to slaves and rewards to those who were free', which sounds very much like the redistribution of property and freeing of slaves required by the Law of Jubilee. Never observed in practice that we know of, this lays down that every 50th year, slaves were to be freed and property returned to the families who originally owned it. In theory there should have been no inherited wealth of poverty, and hence no extremes of wealth and poverty. This had become the radical dream of the poor, and crops up in the Gospels. After Simon established himself in Jerusalem, the inscription on the coinage changed to 'The Redemption of Zion'; I had thought that this referred to hopes of divine deliverance from the advancing Romans, but I'm now thinking that I may have been wrong, as it was only at the end of Year 4, in April 70, that the Romans arrived outside Jerusalem, and many or most of the coins were presumably minted earlier than this. The collapse of the Nero regime and the subsequent civil war must have looked providential, and there's no reason for morale to have been low at this time.
In Hebrew tradition, a 'redeemer' (go'el in Hebrew) is a relative who buys back property which has had to be sold, or a person who has had to sell himself into slavery; both of these must have been common as a result of debt. This fits with Simon's apparent aim of redistributing property to the poor, so he may well have been responsible for the change in inscription, and thus probably the production of coin.
What do the rest of you think? In particular, does Meshorer, which I don't have, have anything to say on the issue?
--- Quote from: Robert_Brenchley on August 23, 2005, 03:02:26 pm ---After Simon established himself in Jerusalem, the inscription on the coinage changed to 'The Redemption of Zion'; I had thought that this referred to hopes of divine deliverance from the advancing Romans, but I'm now thinking that I may have been wrong,
--- End quote ---
I think that your original belief was correct. Her is what hendin says on that issue:
By the middle of the year 68 Vespasian's troops had succeeded in crushing the revolt throughout Palestine. Only Jerusalem and a few zealot fortresses such as Masada remained. Masada, for now, was ignored, and Vespasian prepared to besiege Jerusalem.
He goes on to say that Vespasian was proclaimed Emperor, and sent Titus to finish up the job. So by year four, the Jews needed a miracle, and hence, "For the Redemption of Zion."
everything else you said makes complete sense to me.
:Judean_kaf_3: :Judean_alef_1: :Judean_tsad_3:
I should apologise for one error; I got distracted by my family, and said that Josephus fought Simon bar Giora in Galilee; it was in fact John of Gischala.
I think Hendin may have been exaggerating the situation a bit; Vespasian crushed the rebellion in Galilee and Samaria by the end of 67, due at least in part to the vacillations of the aristocratic leadership. He then attacked Idumea, Perea and northern Judea, but at this point Nero's fall led to a halt in the campaign. The rebels still held southern Judea and southern Perea, and Jerusalem seems to have remained an open city. Thus, they still controlled a significant area, and the Roman civil war must have significantly raised morale. Vespasian's forces captured Rome in Decmber of 69, but in the Year of Four emperors, why would they have assumed that this marked the return of stability? It's not until April 70 that Titus resumed the advance, and reached Jerusalem, leaving Southern Judea to be mopped up later. Unless you assume that the Year 4 coins were produced right at the end of the year, I don't think it fits well. I should add that I have been unable to find any Hebrew scholars who support Hendin's interpretation, but precise meanings of words are often unclear, as no word has exactly the same meaning every time it's used, and we unfortunately don't have the rebels' side of the story to explain what they meant by it.
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Basic Ideas of Constitution
Mind Map by suhanimail2003, updated more than 1 year ago
Created by suhanimail2003 about 6 years ago
Need to finish but Indian Constitution
Resource summary
Basic Ideas of Constitution
1. Preamble
1. What is a Preamble
1. Preamble is the introduction to our main constitution
1. summarises aims and objectives
1. First line states ''We, the people'' due to the constitutions stating that all power lies in the hand of the public
1. Most precious part of the constitution, the soul of it even called a jewel set upon it
2. Sovereign
1. This means that India is free to take its own decisions, both in its internal and external matters , unlike during the British Raj
1. It is also free to take its own stand in world matters
2. Socialist
1. Added during the 42 Amendment, 1976.
1. Aim of government- To bridge the gap between the rich and the poor
1. To raise standards of living for the weaker sections of society
2. Secular
1. Also added during the 42nd Amendment
1. People are free to practise and spread any religion
1. Government cannot discriminate against any citizen due to their religions as all religions are equals in the eyes of law
2. Democratic
1. Supreme power lies in the hands of the people
1. People elect the representatives and the government is formed by the will of the people
2. Republic
1. State with elected head.
1. Head of state is president whose term of office is 5 years
1. The post of President is not hereditary
2. Ideals of the Constitution
1. Justice
1. Social
1. Economic
1. Political
2. Liberty
1. freedom of thought,worship,speech and faith
2. Equality
1. No discrimination and efforts to raise quality of living for all in the country
2. Fraternity
1. As India is a country of diversity..also includes universal brotherhood
3. Features of Indian Constitution
1. Written Constitution unlike the British Constitution
1. Single Citizenship - Belonging to any state, you will still have an Indian passport
1. Blend of rigidity and flexibility- some parts an be amended by simple majority while others need a special majority
1. Federal Form of government divided between the central and state governments
1. Parliamentary government- headed by Prime minister and the council of ministers
2. Fundamental Rights
1. We were denied these rights during the British Raj
1. The struggle for freedom also included struggling to get these rights for the Indians
2. Right to Equality
1. Right to Freedom
1. Right against Exploitation
1. Right to Freedom of Religion
1. Cultural and Educational Rights
1. Right to Constitutional Remedies
2. Fundamental DUties
1. Certain responsibilities which are obligatory for every citizen living in the country
2. Amendment to our Constitution
1. Has been changed 93 times till 2003
1. Very important compilation of procedures and rules governing the issues which concern the common Indian
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The Berlin Crisis
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Conferences of the Cold War
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Bay of Pigs Invasion : April 1961
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Germany 1918-39
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History - Treaty of Versailles
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American West - Key Dates
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Harlem Renaissance Events
801 Words4 Pages
Throughout history, writers have been religiously recording the important events and emotions humanity has felt during the cheerful and depressing time. Authors, poets, and musicians have a special ability to get in touch with people’s emotions, but the artists of the Harlem Renaissance were exceptional at conveying their point of view to others. Many life changing events happened during the Harlem Renaissance, as well as the Roaring ‘20s. Of all of the writing periods the Harlem Renaissance preserved history through the diverse forms of art and writing that was produced during that time.
During the Roaring ‘20s, new ideas, thoughts and dreams started to sprout. Music started to evolve and literature captured the changes in society. This change
…show more content…
Writers at this time were looking for what little light they could find, or expressed their sorrow in elegant stories and poetry. Donald Justice, an upperclassman, records his observations in the bleak poem, Pantoum of the Great Depression. “At no time did anyone say anything in verse. It was the ordinary pities and fears consumed us, And if we suffered we kept quiet about it. No audience would ever know our story” (Justice). This quote expertly conveys the feelings of many people in the Great Depression. No one wanted to complain about their troubles, because everyone had the same or worse problems. Justice’s view is very intriguing because of his being an upperclassman. He did not have to deal with as many hardships as other families and people had to, so his perspective as an onlooker looking on people struggle is the same view that people in the present have now. They did not live through the Great Depression, but they can understand Justice’s point of view as someone who also didn’t go through many trials. Justice’s words are an important part of history and leave a powerful impact on those who read…show more content…
They are passed down, interpreted different ways by each person that hears them, and can change the entire course of someone’s life. Music can have the same the same impact. In the 1920’s, Jazz and the blues became increasingly popular because of the freeing feeling young people got from listening and dancing to it. The new sound was shunned by the older generation because of the ““vulgarity” and “depravity” (and the “moral disasters” it supposedly inspired), but many in the younger generation loved the freedom they felt on the dance floor.” (History.com Staff) This type of music has lasted through almost a hundred years now, and still brings people the same freeing feeling it did when it was first discovered. Jazz is a type of music that is improvised. Each instrument in the band will get a mini solo that they improv to show off their skills. The swinging rhythms and varying tempos tell the story of the composer. Music from the Harlem Renaissance tells the stories of those who lived through it, and continues to inspire people today.
History is an important subject to learn, because of the mistakes humanity has made. Students now and students in the future need to know the truth of what happened so they do not make the same errors. The literature and music from the Harlem Renaissance contains important lessons from history that cannot be forgotten. It includes the stories of African Americans who finally are finally able to use their
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Common Name: Alewife
Other Names: Sawbelly
Scientific Name: Alosa Pseudoharengus
Origin: Native
Adult Size: Young of the year, alewives reach a length of 2 to 3 inches by their first fall and are usually 4 to 6 inches long at maturity. Males reach sexual maturity at age 2 and females mature at age 3.
Identification: Alewives are predominantly silver, except for a grayish green back. There is also a single black spot just behind the head at eye level. The common name "sawbelly" originates from the very distinctive overlapping scales along the belly that creates a saw-like keel.
Life History: Maine alewives have two distinct life history strategies. Sea-run alewives are anadromous, spending most of their lives at sea before returning to Maine’s inland waters to spawn. Landlocked alewives complete their entire life cycle in freshwater and were first stocked in Maine lakes in 1966.
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The Borders
The Borders are a southern region of Scotland, covered with rolling hills, moorland, gentle valleys, and high agricultural plains contrasted by rocky Berwickshire coastline with secluded coves and picturesque fishing villages.
The river Tweed flows from the west to the east through the region, which is characterised by a gentle pace of life.The Borders played a big role in shaping Scottish history as they were the cradle for the spread of Christianity in Scotland and the North of England.
The main towns of the Borders are Galashiels, Selkirk, Hawick, Jedburgh, Earlston, Kelso, St Boswells, Peebles, Melrose and Tweedbank. All of them are relatively small and make enjoyable options for day trips outside of the city.
There are parks, squares and churches which spark imagination and take you back in time to enjoy the best of traditional Scotland. The Abbey in Melrose is thought to have the heart of Robert the Bruce buried in its grounds and there is a plaque marking the spot.
Because of their gently varied geography, the Borders are a perfect destination for cycling, hill walking, driving and bird watching.
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Deepest salt mine in North America helps keep Upstate NY roads clear (video)
Lansing, N.Y. -- There's no off-season at the Cayuga Salt Mine, where Central New York gets much of its road salt. About 200 workers mine an average of 10,000 tons of salt a day, year-round.
At 2,300 feet, the mine is the deepest in North America. That's deep enough, Wilczynski notes, to nearly stack two Empire State buildings, which has a roof height of 1,250 feet. The mine shaft is at Portland Point, on the eastern shore near the south end of Cayuga Lake, and the mine itself stretches north along the lake to a mile past Taughannock Point, the company's website says.
The mine stretches more than seven miles underground, tapping into a vast salt deposit that stretches from Pennsylvania to Ontario.
The mine was first opened in 1916; Cargill Deicing Technology bought it in 1970 and still runs it today.
The salt extracted from the Cargill mine is sold to highway departments and government agencies. New York state buys about half of the 2 million tons mined annually, Wilczynski said.
The mine has enough salt to keep mining for 20 to 50 years, he said.
"Folks ask me how long they think the mine will be around, and my response is as long as we need road friction for people driving cars we're probably going to need road salt," Wilczynski said. "We can be around until people start driving hovercrafts."
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Meningitis ACWY
Meningitis ACWY
Meningitis ACWY Vaccine Information Sheet (VIS)
What is Meningitis?
Meningococcal disease, which is considered to be a life threatening bacterial illness, is the top cause of bacterial meningitis in children between the ages of 2 and 18 in the U.S. Meningitis can also lead to blood stream infections that then can damage other vital organs.
Anyone can be affected by this disease; however, it is more present in babies and children, teens and young adults and older adults. Meningitis can also affect healthy individuals of any age who are traveling to certain high risk areas of the world.
Who needs the Meningitis vaccination?
Certain people are at increased risk for bacterial meningitis. Some risk factors include:
1. Age
• Babies are at increased risk for bacterial meningitis compared to people in other age groups. However, people of any age can develop bacterial meningitis. See section above for which bacteria more commonly affect which age groups.
2. Community setting
3. Certain medical conditions
• There are certain medical conditions, medications, and surgical procedures that put people at increased risk for meningitis.
4. Working with meningitis-causing pathogens
• Microbiologists routinely exposed to meningitis-causing bacteria are at increased risk for meningitis.
5. Travel
• Travelers may be at increased risk for meningococcal disease caused by N. meningitidis, if they travel to certain places, such as:
• The meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly during the dry season
• Mecca during the annual Hajj and Umrah pilgrimage
Signs and Symptoms
Meningitis symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck. There are often other symptoms, such as
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Photophobia (increased sensitivity to light)
• Altered mental status (confusion)
The most effective way to protect you and your child against bacterial meningitis is to get vaccinated.
Risks of a Meningococcal vaccine reaction
As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious side effect or injury.
How can I learn more about the Meningitis vaccine?
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Dialectic and rational arguments in philosophy
Socratic dialogue is modeled on dialectic, and for that reason it is a central part of Western philosophy. In the previous post, I pointed out that, historically speaking, dialectic contrasts with three other argumentative styles — rhetoric, scholasticism, and mathematics. Unlike rhetoric, dialectic is not about persuasion for its own sake, but the pursuit of stable conclusions (as we saw in selections from both Gorgias and Phaedo). Unlike scholasticism, the dialectician attempts to resolve disputes through engagement (i.e., the method of disputation), not through deference to written authority in the form of scripture. And unlike mathematics, dialectic investigates the worthiness of its premises (i.e., what I called the ‘collapse-and-consequence’ model), instead of treating premises as axiomatic.
Last time, I suggested that these three historical contrasts help to hone in on a particular feature of concept of dialectic, which is that dialectic is a form of second-order rational persuasion. I suggested that the constitutive point of dialectic is to convince people that some passages of thought or speech are rational, and to resolve disputes in that minimal sense of creating directed change towards a state of intellectual common ground. I called this ‘persuasionism’. A vital part of the persuasionist thesis is the idea that dialectical arguments occur in the context where they are directed towards change in mental state (what Gilbert Harman calls a “change in view”), leading to resolution of dissonance. I argued that the persuasionist theory is superior to the purity thesis, i.e., someone who thinks the collapse-and-consequence model is sufficient to characterize dialectic, and that no reference to effective perspective change is strictly necessary.
The persuasionist thesis says that dialectic involves a directed change in view accomplished by means of demonstrating the rational defensibility of a passage of thoughts in light of potential challenges. One might wonder whether demonstrating defensibility of some train of thought actually counts as “persuasion”. But a moment’s reflection shows it clearly does. As a matter of definition, to persuade just is to cause someone to believe or act in some directed fashion that they did not before. When you subject a set of reasons to potential objections, you leave the set of reasons altered — stronger, if all goes well for the defender of those reasons. This means that in the process of demonstrating defensibility, you have produced a change in view about the status of the arguments as being more reasonable than they seemed at the outset, all other things equal. And my suggestion is that this sort of directed change is not an accident or an irrelevant side-effect, but rather is a part of the dialectician’s stance of attempting to direct a change in view during the course of presentation of argument. Notably, though, it is an attempt at mutual persuasion between defender and opponent; that is to say, it is as a joint enterprise with reciprocal expectations. Hence, when the dialectician fails to persuade their good-faith interlocutor of the rational qualities of their passage of thought, they thereby gain some reason to regard those passages of thought as irrational under some description.
In the rest of this post, I provide reasons to think that persuasionism makes the most sense of dialectic in philosophy. First, I’ll make a brief remark on the consequences of persuasionism on meta-philosophy. I suggest, briefly, that is persuasionism is conducive to productive philosophy. (Indeed, I think it is even more conducive than the purist’s alternative, which I think is worse than sophistry; but I will not argue this point in this post.) Second, I will consider some attempted refutations, based on the idea that I am excluding some kinds of argument as examples of dialectic.
1. On meta-philosophy. When I say that dialectic is not just an autodidactic exercise of getting ideas clear in isolation — of studying logical implications and entailments, or (Harman again) “what follows from what” — my emphasis is on the word “just“. Dialectic involves the study of such entailments, but is not reducible to that study. I offer two reasons. First, as we have seen in the previous post, Socrates himself thought he was attempting rational persuasion. Indeed, one of the characteristic tropes of Socratic argument is his willingness to throw the whole game away, if only a good answer can be given to a master question (which he then shows cannot be done).
But second, even in a parallel world where our Hellenistic heroes thought they were just making ideas clear independently of their audience’s convictions, it is still a fact that people can do a lot of things with all sorts of side-effects, and some of those side-effects might actually be the thing that makes the activity essentially worth doing. Sometimes, a practice has a function, and that function occurs independently of the ways the practice is conceived; it, instead, has to be recovered by examination of intuitively valenced presuppositions. And that fact makes it possible to engage critically with the tropes in Socratic dialogues, to separate the stuff Socrates thought he was doing well from the stuff that he actually was doing well. Which is just to say that contemporary critical thinkers could probably do without Socrates’s leading questions, for example, or Plato’s noble lies, even if for whatever reason Plato and Socrates in our parallel world had decided these ideas were essential parts of their whole philosophical package. Revisionism is the price we sometimes pay for rational reconstruction.
2. On excluded cases. Most of this post derives from a spat I had with the author over at Siris blog, who seems to be a purity theorist. In our exchange, he argued that the persuasionist view of dialectic excludes a few cases of rational argumentation. 1) It seems to exclude cases where we apply the collapse-and-consequence model through habit. 2) It seems to exclude practice arguments, e.g., as when the student makes use of natural deduction. 3) It seems to exclude cases involving a stimulating exchange of reasons for exploratory purposes. But these examples are not on equal footing. So, my view is that (1) is not an argument at all, (2) is rational argument but not dialectic, and (3) is an unobvious kind of dialectic.
Habitual processing. I reject the idea that arguments are, or can be, merely habitual passages of thought. For a person to suggest that habitual passages of thought are not directed at change in view, is for that person to fail to attend to the internal point of view, and in particular to neglect the intuitive force of argumentation. Intuitively, there seems to be a difference between mere regularities and rules, and rational arguments are about rules, so regular habits of thought are not themselves arguments.
The point can be made in part by appealing to the philosopher’s ego. If merely habitual orderings of thought counted as philosophical arguments — if it were even possible to follow the quick turnabouts in collapse-and-consequence model into habits — then it would turn philosophy into something even worse than sophistry. Indeed, it would collapse the study of rational argument into the study of the psychology of reliable heuristics, or the study of computational processing. It is a rare philosopher who is eager to make themselves Turing-incompatible in this way.
Perhaps the purity theorist would consider it a strength of their view that they think they can rationally argue as a function of personal habits. And, indeed, much of logic feels like habitual or schematic, once it is mastered. And if they could get away with that, then to be sure, “persuasion” would drop out of the analysis. But the only *rational* way you can get away with the habitualist’s conviction is by finding some independent means of calibrating your passages of thought by placing them into an orderly rule-like quasi-sentential (propositional or imperative) structure. And it is difficult to see how habits or mere regularities could have that rule-like character — a man who “argues” with himself habitually is not engaged in inference, hence not arguing rationally at all. In that sense, the approach from habits is going to founder on the question, “What makes this rational?”, and one does not even have to be a persuasionist to suspect that it is a mistake. But even if we come up with an adequate causal account of rules (as, indeed, we might), there is the remaining requirement of needing to account for the ‘following‘ part of ‘rule-following’, which is an intentional activity that seemingly requires both identification of rules and calibration of them.
Practice arguments. A different argument proceeds by observing that, when we are doing proofs in natural deduction, we aren’t trying to persuade anyone of anything. From premises, we are given the task of showing their consistency. Sure enough, this does not look like rational argument.
In this case, I think it would be useful to remember that philosophical argument is not all dialectic. The geometric or analytical method, of deriving consequences from axioms, is one method in philosophy, though it is not a Socratic method. So, one might insist (correctly) that the geometric method has got all the bells and whistles of a rational methodology, and that this is being ignored in a conversation about dialectic. And then one might notice that practice arguments have the form of analytical arguments.
This argument has my blessing, though it is not of first importance in a conversation which is meant to be about the merits of rational argument insofar as it has been conceived of through the Socratic approach. It also reminds us that we ought to notice that a presumptive dichotomy, between dialectic and rhetoric, is a false one. The mathematician is not just doing rhetoric.
Bullshit sessions. The author of Siris also asserts, plausibly, that the persuasionist view of argument seems to make no sense of ‘stimulating thought’ exchanges, where the aim is apparently to open oneself to exchange, not to create a directed change. I agree these contexts are not obvious attempts at rational persuasion; it is easier to say that they are attempts to explore the space of reasons. In bullshit sessions, for example, rational people can take on points of view “for the sake of argument”.
But appearances are deceiving, because the difference has got to do with whether or not the attempts at change are built to last. I submit that in these cases, participants are attempting to persuade others into the view that it is rational to regard some perspective as appropriate in a context, not to persuade people that it is rational to hold the positions are true. The attempt is still to show that, in a contest of reasons, one comes out stronger, even if the contest is local, and comes to an end when the sun goes down. So they still fit with the persuasionist model of dialectic.
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The Limitations of Artificial Intelligence…
… and what they reveal about human limitations and strengths. Two quick examples:
Watch this video, which focuses on a picture book while asking important questions about how our brains work vs. how AI works. At what age will a young child understand what happened to the thieving rabbit? Can AI understand the story’s shocking conclusion?
And consider this recent article from CNET on the biases in algorithms (a topic I posted about before). People sometimes think that AI-based decisions will somehow be objective, free from biases and errors in judgment. But what data do algorithms get trained on? And who gets to say what’s a fair AI decision and what’s not?
Concerns About AI Bias Aren’t Just “PC-Ness”
People often need to frame things as a battle between two forces (“libs” vs. “conservatives,” or “SJWs” vs. “anti-SJWs”). Any concerns or opinions mentioned predominantly by one side will get automatically shot down by the other.
I’m seeing these kind of knee-jerk responses in conversations about algorithms trained to make predictions about individuals. Depending on where the algorithm is used, these predictions can affect anything from the health care you receive to whether you’re hired for a job.
One example is a medical algorithm that was significantly more likely to recommend special health care programs for white patients than black patients who were equally sick. The factor that shaped the decision-making in this case wasn’t even race, at least not directly. From a recent MIT Technology Review article on this issue:
One of the remarks I regularly hear (and read) about this topic is that these algorithms are upsetting people because they reflect “facts not feelings” and that “facts don’t lie.” Ok, maybe facts don’t lie, but what do they actually reflect? What datasets are you training these algorithms on, and what do the data really tell you about people? (Not just groups of people, but individuals who are on the receiving end of these predictions.) The fact that members of one group may have historically been more likely to receive worse health care, on average, than members of another group doesn’t mean we need to perpetuate the problem.
The biases produced by these algorithms – biases which may be based on class, income, race, sex, or other dimensions – don’t necessarily reflect unchanging truths about human nature or social problems we can never address. So it’s disheartening to see people crow about how decisions based on algorithms are reflecting the “real truth” underneath the layers of PC-ness we’re festooned with as a society.
The medical algorithm mentioned in this post was examined, and the problem got addressed. In many other cases, we don’t know why algorithms are making predictions or decisions in certain ways. We don’t know what data they’ve been trained on, and companies are keeping quiet about it. There may be little accountability or option to appeal a decision. This is a critical issue to discuss, while hopefully minimizing the knee-jerk responses and the thought-terminating clichés (chants of “facts not feelings” from people who are also acting emotionally about this issue, though they don’t recognize their satisfaction or delight as feelings).
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Mercurial Poisoning, or Salivation, when of a mild form, is indicated by a red margin of the gum, which eventually becomes somewhat spongy and tender, with a slight fetor of the breath and a metallic taste.
An increased degree of salivation, or mercurial stomatitis, is indicated by a profuse flow of saliva, intense fetor, strong metallic taste, tenderness of the gums, stiffness of the jaws, followed by ulceration and sloughing, if the injudicious use of the mercury is persisted in.
Discontinue use of mercury. Chlorate of potash, internally, gr. x, in waterTreatment 327 ss: as a gargle, to water ; or iodide of potassium in doses of gr. iij, three times a day. To correct fetor of breath, permanganate of potash solution, gr. ij to x, to the ounce of water; or washes of chlorinated soda; astringent washes during convalescence. Loose teeth should not be removed, as they will again become firm.
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Drug injection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Drug injection is a method of introducing a drug into the bloodstream via a hollow hypodermic needle, which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually intravenously, but also at an intramuscular or subcutaneous location). Intravenous therapy, a form of drug injection, is universally practiced in modernized medical care. As of 2004, there were 13.2 million people worldwide who self-administered injection drugs outside of medical supervision[clarification needed], of which 22% are from developed countries.[1]
A wide variety of drugs are injected, often opioids: these may include legally prescribed medicines and medication such as morphine, as well as stronger compounds often favored in recreational drug use, which are often illegal. Although there are various methods of taking drugs, injection is favoured by some people as the full effects of the drug are experienced very quickly, typically in five to ten seconds. It also bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver, resulting in higher bioavailability and efficiency for many drugs (such as morphine or diacetylmorphine/heroin; roughly two-thirds of which is destroyed in the liver when consumed orally) than oral ingestion would. The effect is that the person gets a stronger (yet shorter-acting) effect from the same amount of the drug. Drug injection is therefore often related to substance dependence.
In recreational-use drug culture, preparation may include mixing the powdered drug with water to create an aqueous solution, and then the solution is injected. This act is often colloquially referred to as "slamming", "shooting up", “smashing”, "banging", "pinning", or "jacking-up", often depending on the specific drug subculture in which the term is used (i.e. heroin, cocaine, or methamphetamine).
In addition to general problems associated with any IV drug administration (see risks of IV therapy), there are some specific problems associated with the injection of drugs by non-professionals, such as:
• Chance of infection – This is generally a twofold major concern:
• Increased chance of overdose[2] – Because IV injection delivers a dose of drug straight into the bloodstream, it is harder to gauge how much to use (as opposed to smoking or snorting, where the dose can be increased relatively incrementally until the desired effect is achieved; this gives a user who is in danger of overdosing a chance to seek medical treatment before respiratory arrest sets in). In addition, because of the rapid onset of intravenous drugs, overdose can occur very quickly, requiring immediate action. Another reason that overdose is a risk is because the purity of street drugs varies a great deal.
• Increased chance of addiction – The heightened effect of administering drugs intravenously can make the chances of addiction more likely.
• Social stigma – In many societies, there is a social stigma attached to IV drug use, in addition to the more general stigma around illegal drug use and addiction.
A clandestine kit containing materials to inject drugs, a bottle of a type of lean, promethazine, an antiemetic, and unidentified pills.
Regarding route of administration, much injection drug use, but not all, is intravenous injection, whereas some is subcutaneous injection or intramuscular injection (including skin popping, which often involves a depot injection).
Recreational drugs[edit]
Risks from drug injection are caused by a variety of factors, including unclean or unsafe injection practices and repeated injections at the same site.[6] Injection drug users that fail to adequately sanitize the skin or use clean injection products are at increased risk for cellulitis, abscesses, and thrombophlebitis; these infections can subsequently result in sepsis and bacteremia, which can be fatal if untreated.[6] Repetitive injections, especially those with unsafe practices, can result in additional medical concerns that include thrombosis formation and infectious endocarditis.[6] In rare cases Osteomyelitis of the chest can be caused by IV drug use.
Additional risks from unsafe injection practices result primarily from sharing materials (needles, cookers, syringes) used in injection.[6] Blood-borne pathogens, such as HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C are of particular concern among injection drug users who share supplies, and increase the likelihood of infection.[6] An added challenge, is that not only infected individuals know their positive status and continue to share supplies, placing other users at risk for infection as well.[6] 30-50% of adults will not experience acute Hepatitis B symptoms, and those that do experience lethargy, nausea, upper abdominal pain, muscle aches, or a darkening of urine will need to connect these symptoms to a possible infection to seek care and limit spreading of the virus.[6]
The injection of talc from crushed pills has been associated with pulmonary talcosis in intravenous drug users.[7]
Harm reduction[edit]
A sterile and safe injection kit obtained from a needle exchange program
Harm reduction is a public health approach that serves as an alternative to abstinence-only guidance. While it does not condone the use of illicit or illegal drugs, it does seek to reduce the harms, risks and dangers associated with illicit drug use, both for the person using illicit drugs and the wider community. Injection drug users that re-use drug delivery components put themselves and others at risk for diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, as well as increase their chances of getting a serious infection.[8][9] In 2015, the CDC performed an HIV Surveillance Report and attributed 2,392 (6%) of new HIV diagnoses to IV drug use in the US.[10]
A prominent method for addressing the issue of disease transmission among intravenous drug users are needle exchange programs (also known as syringe exchange programs, syringe service programs or needle-syringe programs), where people who inject drugs (PWID) can access sterile needles, syringes, and other paraphernalia.[9][11] In addition to providing sterile devices used in drug injection, these programs often offer access to infectious disease testing, referrals for substance use or mental health treatment programs, and more.[9] The idea behind harm reduction approaches is to slow disease transmission, such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C, and promote public health by reducing the practice of sharing used needles.
In countries where harm reduction programs are limited or non-existent, it is quite common for an IV users to use a single needle repeatedly or share with other users. It is also quite uncommon for a sterilizing agent to be used on needles and syringes. This creates a high risk population for the spread of bloodborne pathogens.
A new approach to reduce harm to IV drug users was recently started in Southern Nevada in 2017. Trac-B Exchange - Southern Nevada Harm Reduction Program was approved in early 2017 to help reduce the spread of HIV in "People Who Inject Drugs".[12] In Nevada, the sharing of needles for drug injections has led to an increase in the spread of HIV and hepatitis B and C. In an effort to reduce the spread of blood borne pathogens, Southern Nevada installed vending machines to give access to sterile needles to those using them for drug injections. Individuals who use these vending machines are required to register with Trac-B and are allowed 2 boxes a week. The boxes contain sterile needles as well as other supplies necessary to reduce the risk of spreading blood borne pathogens.[13] If this pilot program is successful in reducing the spread of bloodborne pathogens, we may see programs like this spread to other parts of the country.
Although this is a new idea in the United States, it was tested in Europe over 20 years ago. In order to combat the AIDS epidemic that was spreading across Europe, France allowed pharmacies to dispense needles without a prescription and implemented needle exchange programs. In 1996, they began a pilot program of syringe vending machines, similar to a coin-operated vending machine. The first vending machines were placed in Marseille due to its high occurrence of AIDS caused by sharing of needles. The results of their study was published in 1999. They found that when the availability of syringes increased, more and more people began to purchase sterile needles. It also provided a discrete way for people to purchase needles without having to feel embarrassed going into a pharmacy. They theorized that with greater access to sterile needles, they would expect to see a reduction in bloodborne pathogen cases.[14]
Beyond just needle exchange programs, the other major harm reduction strategy for drug users are safe injecting facilities (SIFs). These provide a sterile environment for people who inject drugs to do so cleanly, and with sterile syringes which are forced to be thrown away after use so that no re-use occurs. The first of these facilities opened in Switzerland, but there are now over 100 globally including one in Vancouver - Canada, Sydney - Australia, and most recently, Melbourne - Australia.
An alternative to syringes in the 1970s was to use a glass medicine dropper, supposedly easier to manipulate with one hand.[15] A large hairpin was used to make a hole in the skin and the dropper containing the drug (usually heroin) was inserted and the bulb squeezed, releasing it into the tissues.[16] This method was also reported—by William S. Burroughs and other sources—for intravenous administration at least as far back as 1930.
The closest method to IV/overall injection use, in terms of rapid onset, optimal bioavailability, and reduced health risks for most drugs, tends to be rectal administration via concentrated liquid solution (also known as a suppository), usually consisting of only ~1-3ml of liquid (typically not exceeding 5-10ml) assuming the drug in question possesses sufficient water solubility. While oral morphine has a general bioavailability range is only 20-40%, properly administered rectal use of liquid morphine has an effective bioavailability of roughly 70%, or more than double the overall potency of oral morphine and more than two thirds that of IV use. Swallowing tends to be the safest and slowest method of ingesting drugs. It is safer as the body has a much greater chance to filter out impurities. As the drug comes on slower, the effect tends to last longer as well, making it a favorite technique on the dance scene for speed and ecstasy. People rarely take heroin orally, as it is converted to morphine in the stomach and its potency is reduced by more than 65% in the process. However, oral bioavailability of opioids is heavily dependent on the substance, dose, and patient in ways that are not yet understood.[17]
Origin and early use[edit]
See also[edit]
2. ^ Des Jarlais D. C., Arasteh K., Feelemyer J., McKnight C., Barnes D. M., Tross S., Hagan H. (2016). "From Long-Term Injecting to Long-Term Non-Injecting Heroin and Cocaine Use: The Persistence of Changed Drug Habits". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 71: 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.08.015. PMC 5117630. PMID 27776677.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ^ COUGHLIN, P; MAVOR, A (1 October 2006). "Arterial Consequences of Recreational Drug Use". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 32 (4): 389–396. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.003. PMID 16682239.
4. ^ Strang J, Keaney F, Butterworth G, Noble A, Best D (April 2001). "Different forms of heroin and their relationship to cook-up techniques: data on, and explanation of, use of lemon juice and other acids". Subst Use Misuse. 36 (5): 573–88. doi:10.1081/JA-100103561. PMID 11419488. S2CID 8516420.
6. ^ a b c d e f g "Management of Common Health Problems of Drug Users" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009.
8. ^ "HIV and Injection Drug Use: Syringe Services Programs for HIV Prevention | 2016 | Dear Colleague Letters | NCHHSTP | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
9. ^ a b c "Syringe Services Programs | Injection Drug Use | HIV Risk and Prevention | HIV/AIDS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-09-28. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
10. ^ "Injection Drug Use | HIV Risk and Prevention | HIV/AIDS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
11. ^ Mackesy-Amiti, Mary E.; Boodram, Basmattee; Spiller, Michael W.; Paz-Bailey, Gabriela; Prachand, Nikhil; Broz, Dita; NHBS Study Group (2017-07-01). "Injection-Related Risk Behavior and Engagement in Outreach, Intervention and Prevention Services Across 20 US Cities". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 75 Suppl 3: S316–S324. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001406. ISSN 1944-7884. PMID 28604433. S2CID 3505532.
12. ^ "Do Not Share Syringes: Department of Health". www.health.ri.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
13. ^ "Health District, Trac-B Exchange, launch Southern Nevada's first needle exchange". southernnevadahealthdistrict.org. Archived from the original on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
14. ^ Obadia, Yolande (December 1999). "Syringe Vending Machines for Injection Drug Users: An Experiment in Marseille, France". American Journal of Public Health. 89 (12): 1852–1854. doi:10.2105/ajph.89.12.1852. PMC 1509009. PMID 10589315.
17. ^ Halbsguth U, Rentsch KM, Eich-Höchli D, Diterich I, Fattinger K (2008). "Oral diacetylmorphine (heroin) yields greater morphine bioavailability than oral morphine: bioavailability related to dosage and prior opioid exposure". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 66 (6): 781–791. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03286.x. PMC 2675771. PMID 18945270.
External links[edit]
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Test (assessment)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Test (student assessment))
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A test or examination (exam or evaluation) is an educational assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs).[1] A test may be administered verbally, on paper, on a computer, or in a predetermined area that requires a test taker to demonstrate or perform a set of skills.
Tests vary in style, rigor and requirements. There is no general consensus or invariable standard for test formats and difficulty. Often, the format and difficulty of the test is dependent upon the educational philosophy of the instructor, subject matter, class size, policy of the educational institution, and requirements of accreditation or governing bodies.
A test may be administered formally or informally. An example of an informal test is a reading test administered by a parent to a child. A formal test might be a final examination administered by a teacher in a classroom or an IQ test administered by a psychologist in a clinic. Formal testing often results in a grade or a test score.[2] A test score may be interpreted with regards to a norm or criterion, or occasionally both. The norm may be established independently, or by statistical analysis of a large number of participants.
"The Official Career of Xu Xianqing" - on the bottom right the imperial examination examinees sit their exam, 1590, Ming dynasty
Oral and informal examinations[edit]
Informal, unofficial, and non-standardized tests and testing systems have existed throughout history. For example, tests of skill such as archery contests have existed in China since the Zhou dynasty (or, more mythologically, Yao).[3] Oral exams were administered in various parts of the world including ancient China and Europe. A precursor to the later Chinese imperial examinations was in place since the Han dynasty, during which the Confucian characteristic of the examinations was determined. However these examinations did not offer an official avenue to government appointment, the majority of which were filled through recommendations based on qualities such as social status, morals, and ability.
Standardized written examinations were first implemented in China. They were commonly known as the imperial examinations (keju).
The bureaucratic imperial examinations as a concept has its origins in the year 605 during the short lived Sui dynasty. Its successor, the Tang dynasty, implemented imperial examinations on a relatively small scale until the examination system was extensively expanded during the reign of Wu Zetian.[4] Included in the expanded examination system was a military exam that tested physical ability, but the military exam never had a significant impact on the Chinese officer corps and military degrees were seen as inferior to their civil counterpart. The exact nature of Wu's influence on the examination system is still a matter of scholarly debate.
Englishmen in the 18th century such as Eustace Budgell recommended imitating the Chinese examination system but the first English person to recommend competitive examinations to qualify for employment was Adam Smith in 1776. In 1838, the Congregational church missionary Walter Henry Medhurst considered the Chinese exams to be "worthy of imitating."[12] In 1806, the British established a Civil Service College near London for training of the East India Company's administrators in India. This was based on the recommendations of British East India Company officials serving in China and had seen the Imperial examinations. In 1829, the company introduced civil service examinations in India on a limited basis.[14] This established the principle of qualification process for civil servants in England.[13] In 1847 and 1856, Thomas Taylor Meadows strongly recommended the adoption of the Chinese principle of competitive examinations in Great Britain in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China. According to Meadows, "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only."[15] Both Thomas Babington Macaulay, who was instrumental in passing the Saint Helena Act 1833, and Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh, who prepared the Northcote–Trevelyan Report that catalyzed the British civil service, were familiar with Chinese history and institutions. The Northcote–Trevelyan Report of 1854 made four principal recommendations: that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through standardized written examination, that candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, that recruits should be graded into a hierarchy, and that promotion should be through achievement, rather than 'preferment, patronage, or purchase'.[16]
— Civil Service Commission
Modern development[edit]
Students taking a scholarship examination in a classroom in 1940
Standardized testing began to influence the method of examination in British universities from the 1850s, where oral exams had been the norm since the Middle Ages. In the US, the transition happened under the influence of the educational reformer Horace Mann. The shift helped standardize an expansion of the curricula into the sciences and humanities, creating a rationalized method for the evaluation of teachers and institutions and creating a basis for the streaming of students according to ability.[19]
Both World War I and World War II demonstrated the necessity of standardized testing and the benefits associated with these tests. Tests were used to determine the mental aptitude of recruits to the military. The US Army used the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale to test the IQ of the soldiers.[20] After the War, industry began using tests to evaluate applicants for various jobs based on performance. In 1952, the first Advanced Placement (AP) test was administered to begin closing the gap between high schools and colleges.[21]
Contemporary tests[edit]
Tests are used throughout most educational systems. Tests may range from brief, informal questions chosen by the teacher to major tests that students and teachers spend months preparing for.
Grades or test scores from standardized test may also be used by universities to determine whether a student applicant should be admitted into one of its academic or professional programs. For example, universities in the United Kingdom admit applicants into their undergraduate programs based primarily or solely on an applicant's grades on pre-university qualifications such as the GCE A-levels or Cambridge Pre-U.[25][26] In contrast, universities in the United States use an applicant's test score on the SAT or ACT as just one of their many admission criteria to determine whether an applicant should be admitted into one of its undergraduate programs. The other criteria in this case may include the applicant's grades from high school, extracurricular activities, personal statement, and letters of recommendations.[27] Once admitted, undergraduate students in the United Kingdom or United States may be required by their respective programs to take a comprehensive examination as a requirement for passing their courses or for graduating from their respective programs.
Licensing and certification[edit]
Standardized tests are sometimes used by certain governing bodies to determine whether a test taker is allowed to practice a profession, to use a specific job title, or to claim competency in a specific set of skills. For example, a test taker who intends to become a lawyer is usually required by a governing body such as a governmental bar licensing agency to pass a bar exam.
Immigration and naturalization[edit]
Language testing in naturalization process[edit]
When analyzed in the context of language texting in the naturalization processes, the ideology can be found from two distinct but nearly related points. One refers to the construction and deconstruction of the nation's constitutive elements that makes their own identity, while the second has a more restricted view of the notion of specific language and ideologies that may served in a specific purpose.[30]
Intelligence quotient[edit]
Group memberships[edit]
Tests are sometimes used by a group to select for certain types of individuals to join the group. For example, Mensa International is a high-IQ society that requires individuals to score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardized, supervised IQ test.[32]
Assessment types include:[33][34][35]
• Formative assessments are informal and formal tests taken during the learning process. These assessments modify the later learning activities, to improve student achievement. They identify strengths and weaknesses and help target areas that need work. The goal of formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning.[citation needed]
• Summative assessments evaluate competence at the end of an instructional unit, with the goal of determining if the candidate has assimilated the knowledge or skills to the required standard. Summative assessments may cover a few days' instruction, an entire term's work in cases such as final exams, or even multiple years' study, in the case of high school exit exams, GCE Advanced Level examples, or professional licensing tests such as the United States Medical Licensing Examination.
• Norm-referenced tests compare a student's performance against a national or other "norm" group. Only a certain percentage of test takers will get the best and worse scores. Norm-referencing is usually called grading on a curve when the comparison group is students in the same classroom. Norm-referenced tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student, which is determined by comparing scores against the performance results of a statistically selected group of test takers, typically of the same age or grade level, who have already taken the exam.[36]
• Criterion-referenced tests are designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of criteria or learning standards. It is possible for all test takers to pass, just like it is possible for all test takers to fail. These tests can use individual's scores to focus on improving the skills that were lacking in comprehension.[36]
• Performance-based assessments require students to solve real-world problems or produce something with real-world application. For example, the student can demonstrate baking skills by baking a cake, and having the outcome judged for appearance, flavor, and texture.
• Authentic assessment is the measurement of accomplishments that are worth while compared to multiple-choice standardized tests. For example, an authentic assessment of arithmetic skills is figuring out how much the family's groceries will cost this week. This provides as much information about the students' addition skills as a test question that asks what the sum of various numbers are.
• Standardized tests are all tests that are administered and scored in a consistent manner, regardless of whether it is a quick quiz created by the local teacher or a heavily researched test given to millions of people.[37] Standardized tests are often used in education, professional certification, psychology (e.g., MMPI), the military, and many other fields.
• Non-standardized tests are flexible in scope and format, and variable in difficulty. For example, a teacher may go around the classroom and ask each student a different question. Some questions will inevitably be harder than others, and the teacher may be more strict with the answers from better students. A non-standardized test may be used to determine the proficiency level of students, to motivate students to study, to provide feedback to students, and to modify the curriculum to make it more appropriate for either low- or high-skill students.
• Competitive examinations are tests where candidates are ranked according to their grades and/or percentile and then top rankers are selected. If the examination is open for n positions, then the first n candidates in ranks pass, the others are rejected. They are used as entrance examinations for university and college admissions such as the Joint Entrance Examination or to secondary schools. Types are civil service examinations, required for positions in the public sector; the U.S. Foreign Service Exam, and the United Nations Competitive Examination. Competitive examinations are considered an egalitarian way to select worthy applicants without risking influence peddling, bias or other concerns.
• High-stakes tests are tests with important consequences for the individual test taker, such as getting a driver's license. A high-stakes test does not need to be a high-stress test, if the test taker is confident of passing.[citation needed]
A single test can have multiple qualities. For example, the bar exam for aspiring lawyers may be a norm-referenced, standardized, summative assessment. This means that only the test takers with higher scores will pass, that all of them took the same test under the same circumstances and were graded with the same scoring standards, and that the test is meant to determine whether the law school graduates have learned enough to practice their profession.[citation needed]
Assessment formats[edit]
Written tests[edit]
Indonesian students taking a written test
Written tests are tests that are administered on paper or on a computer (as an eExam). A test taker who takes a written test could respond to specific items by writing or typing within a given space of the test or on a separate form or document.
In some tests; where knowledge of many constants or technical terms is required to effectively answer questions, like Chemistry or Biology – the test developer may allow every test taker to bring with them a cheat sheet.
Multiple choice[edit]
In a test that has items formatted as multiple-choice questions, a candidate would be given a number of set answers for each question, and the candidate must choose which answer or group of answers is correct. There are two families of multiple-choice questions.[38] The first family is known as the True/False question and it requires a test taker to choose all answers that are appropriate. The second family is known as One-Best-Answer question and it requires a test taker to answer only one from a list of answers.
There are several reasons to using multiple-choice questions in tests. In terms of administration, multiple-choice questions usually requires less time for test takers to answer, are easy to score and grade, provide greater coverage of material, allows for a wide range of difficulty, and can easily diagnose a test taker's difficulty with certain concepts.[39] As an educational tool, multiple-choice items test many levels of learning as well as a test taker's ability to integrate information, and it provides feedback to the test taker about why distractors were wrong and why correct answers were right. Nevertheless, there are difficulties associated with the use of multiple-choice questions. In administrative terms, multiple-choice items that are effective usually take a great time to construct.[39] As an educational tool, multiple-choice items do not allow test takers to demonstrate knowledge beyond the choices provided and may even encourage guessing or approximation due to the presence of at least one correct answer. For instance, a test taker might not work out explicitly that , but knowing that , they would choose an answer close to 48. Moreover, test takers may misinterpret these items and in the process, perceive these items to be tricky or picky. Finally, multiple-choice items do not test a test taker's attitudes towards learning because correct responses can be easily faked.
Alternative response[edit]
True/False questions present candidates with a binary choice – a statement is either true or false. This method presents problems, as depending on the number of questions, a significant number of candidates could get 100% just by guesswork, and should on average get 50%.
Matching type[edit]
Completion type[edit]
A fill-in-the-blank item provides a test taker with identifying characteristics and requires the test taker to recall the correct term.[40] There are two types of fill-in-the-blank tests. The easier version provides a word bank of possible words that will fill in the blanks. For some exams all words in the word bank are used exactly once. If a teacher wanted to create a test of medium difficulty, they would provide a test with a word bank, but some words may be used more than once and others not at all. The hardest variety of such a test is a fill-in-the-blank test in which no word bank is provided at all. This generally requires a higher level of understanding and memory than a multiple-choice test. Because of this, fill-in-the-blank tests[with no word bank] are often feared by students.
The difficulties with essay items are primarily administrative: for example, test takers require adequate time to be able to compose their answers.[39] When these questions are answered, the answers themselves are usually poorly written because test takers may not have time to organize and proofread their answers. In turn, it takes more time to score or grade these items. When these items are being scored or graded, the grading process itself becomes subjective as non-test related information may influence the process. Thus, considerable effort is required to minimize the subjectivity of the grading process. Finally, as an assessment tool, essay questions may potentially be unreliable in assessing the entire content of a subject matter.
Instructions to exam takers rely on the use of command words which direct the examinee to respond in a particular way, for example by describing or defining a concept, comparing and contrasting two or more scenarios or events. In the UK, Ofqual maintains an official list of command words explaining their meaning.[41]
A quiz is a brief assessment which may cover a small amount of material that was given in a class. Some of them cover two to three lectures that were given in a period of times as a reading section or a given exercise in were the most important part of the class was summarize. However, a simple quiz usually does not count very much, and instructors usually provide this type of test as a formative assessment to help determine whether the student is learning the material. In addition, doing this at the time the instructor collected all can make a significant part of the final course grade.[42]
Mathematical questions[edit]
Open-note Tests[edit]
Though not as popular as the closed-note test, open-note tests are slowly rising in popularity. An open-note test allows the test taker to bring in all of their notes and use them while taking the test.[43] The questions asked on open-note exams are typically more thought provoking and intellectual than questions on a closed-note exam. Rather than testing what facts you know, open-note exams force you to apply the facts to a broader question. The main benefit that is seen from open-note tests is that they are a better preparation for the real world where you don't have to memorize and have anything you need at your disposal.[44]
Oral tests[edit]
An oral test is a test that is answered orally (verbally). The teacher or oral test assessor will verbally ask a question to a student, who will then answer it using words.
Physical fitness tests[edit]
A Minnesota National Guardsman performs pushups during a physical fitness test.
Common tests[45][46][47] include timed running or the multi-stage fitness test (commonly known as the "beep test"), and numbers of push-ups, sit-ups/abdominal crunches, and pull-ups that the individual can perform. More specialised tests may be used to test ability to perform a particular job or role. Many gyms, private organisations and event organizers have their own fitness tests. Using military techniques developed by the British Army and modern test like Illinois Agility Run and Cooper Test.[48]
Stop watch timing was the norm until recent years when hand timing has been proven to be inaccurate and inconsistent.[49] Electronic timing is the new norm in order to promote accuracy and consistency, and lessen bias.
Performance tests[edit]
Performance tests are commonly used in workplace and professional applications, such as professional certification and licensure. When used for personnel selection, the tests might be referred to as a work sample. A licensure example would be cosmetologists being required to demonstrate a haircut or manicure on a live person. The Group–Bourdon test is one of a number of psychometric tests which trainee train drivers in the UK are required to pass.[50]
The process of test construction has been aided in several ways. For one, many test developers were themselves students at one time, and therefore are able to modify or outright adopt questions from their previous tests. In some countries, book publishers often provide teaching packages that include test banks to university instructors who adopt their published books for their courses.[51] These test banks may contain up to four thousand sample test questions that have been peer-reviewed and time-tested. The instructor who chooses to use this testbank would only have to select a fixed number of test questions from this test bank to construct a test.
As with test constructions, the time needed for a test taker to prepare for a test is dependent upon the frequency of the test, the test developer, and the significance of the test. In general, nonstandardized tests that are short, frequent, and do not constitute a major portion of the test taker's overall course grade or score do not require the test taker to spend much time preparing for the test.[52] Conversely, nonstandardized tests that are long, infrequent, and do constitute a major portion of the test taker's overall course grade or score usually require the test taker to spend great amounts of time preparing for the test. To prepare for a nonstandardized test, test takers may rely upon their reference books, class or lecture notes, Internet, and past experience. Test takers may also use various learning aids to study for tests such as flashcards and mnemonics.[53] Test takers may even hire tutors to coach them through the process so that they may increase the probability of obtaining a desired test grade or score. In countries such as the United Kingdom, demand for private tuition has increased significantly in recent years.[54] Finally, test takers may rely upon past copies of a test from previous years or semesters to study for a future test. These past tests may be provided by a friend or a group that has copies of previous tests or by instructors and their institutions, or by the test provider (such as an examination board) itself.[55][56]
Unlike a nonstandardized test, the time needed by test takers to prepare for standardized tests is less variable and usually considerable. This is because standardized tests are usually uniform in scope, format, and difficulty and often have important consequences with respect to a test taker's future such as a test taker's eligibility to attend a specific university program or to enter a desired profession. It is not unusual for test takers to prepare for standardized tests by relying upon commercially available books that provide in-depth coverage of the standardized test or compilations of previous tests (e.g., ten year series in Singapore). In many countries, test takers even enroll in test preparation centers or cram schools that provide extensive or supplementary instructions to test takers to help them better prepare for a standardized test. In Hong Kong, it has been suggested that the tutors running such centers are celebrities in their own right.[57] This has led to private tuition being a popular career choice for new graduates in developed economies.[58][59] Finally, in some countries, instructors and their institutions have also played a significant role in preparing test takers for a standardized test.
Invigilators may oversee a test to reduce cheating methods such as copying
Several common methods have been employed to combat cheating. They include the use of multiple proctors or invigilators during a testing period to monitor test takers. Test developers may construct multiple variants of the same test to be administered to different test takers at the same time, or write tests with few multiple-choice options, based on the theory that fully worked answers are difficult to imitate.[61] In some cases, instructors themselves may not administer their own tests but will leave the task to other instructors or invigilators, which may mean that the invigilators do not know the candidates, and thus some form of identification may be required. Finally, instructors or test providers may compare the answers of suspected cheaters on the test themselves to determine whether cheating did occur.
Other types of tests and other related terms[edit]
• ordinary exam: an exam taken during the corresponding course;
• sufficiency exam or examination for credit: an exam which should be taken as a way of getting official credits from the academic institution;
• revalidation exam or equivalence exam: offering value for an exam previously taken in another institution;
• extraordinary exam: an exam taken after the period of ordinary exams corresponding to the course.
See also[edit]
International examinations[edit]
1. ^ "Definition of test". Merriam-Webster.
3. ^ Wu, 413–419
4. ^ Paludin, 97
5. ^ Kracke, 252
8. ^ a b Ko 2017.
9. ^ Kracke, 251
10. ^ Yu 2009, p. 15-16.
13. ^ a b Bodde, Derk, Chinese Ideas in the West Committee on Asiatic Studies in American Education [1]
14. ^ Huddleston 1996, p. 9.
15. ^ Bodde, Derke. "China: A Teaching Workbook". Columbia University.
16. ^ Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142.
17. ^ Wu, 417
20. ^ Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009) Psychological Testing Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
21. ^ The College Board (2003). "A Brief History of the Advanced Placement Program" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
22. ^ "GCSEs: The official guide to the system" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-04.
23. ^ "About the SAT". 2016-11-28.
24. ^ "About ACT: History". Archived from the original on October 8, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2006.Name changed in 1996.
25. ^ "Cambridge Pre-U - Post 16 Qualifications".
26. ^ "International Qualifications - University of Oxford". Archived from the original on 2010-08-22.
27. ^ "Harvard College Admissions".
28. ^ "PISA - PISA".
29. ^ "Australian Citizenship - Australian Citizenship test".
30. ^ Škifić, Sanja (2012). "Language ideology and citizenship: A comparative analysis of language testing in naturalisation processes". European Journal of Language Policy. 4 (2): 217–236. doi:10.3828/ejlp.2012.13.
31. ^ "Welcome to U.S. Figure Skating". Archived from the original on 2010-07-27.
32. ^ "How do I Join Up?". Mensa International.
33. ^ University, Carnegie Mellon. "Homepage - CMU - Carnegie Mellon University".
34. ^ "Formal vs. Informal Assessments | Scholastic".
35. ^ "What Are Some Types of Assessment?". Edutopia.
36. ^ a b Kaplan, Robert M. (2018). Psychological testing : principles, applications, & issues. Dennis P. Saccuzzo (Ninth ed.). Boston, MA. ISBN 978-1-337-09813-7. OCLC 982213567.
37. ^ North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
38. ^ "Constructing Written Test Questions For the Basic and Clinical Sciences" (PDF).
39. ^ a b c d "Types of Test Item Formats".
40. ^ a b "MFO Topic C5: Developing Test Questions".
41. ^ AQA, Command words, accessed 27 December 2018
42. ^ Tobias, S (1995). Overcoming Math Anxiety. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 85 (Chapter 4).
43. ^ "Different Exam Types - Different Approaches". ExamTime. 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
44. ^ Johanns, Beth; Dinkens, Amber; Moore, Jill (2017-11-01). "A systematic review comparing open-book and closed-book examinations: Evaluating effects on development of critical thinking skills". Nurse Education in Practice. 27: 89–94. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.018. ISSN 1471-5953. PMID 28881323.
45. ^ "Army Fitness Standards".
46. ^ "RAF Fitness Standards".
47. ^ "USMC Personal Fitness Test (Chapter 2 - Conduct of the PFT)" (PDF).
48. ^ "Welcome". Retrieved 2016-11-10.
49. ^ Mayhew, Jerry L.; Houser, Jeremy J.; Briney, Ben B.; Williams, Tyler B.; Piper, Fontaine C.; Brechue, William F. (2010). "Comparison Between Hand and Electronic Timing of 40-yd Dash Performance in College Football Players". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 24 (2): 447–451. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c08860. PMID 20072055. S2CID 35100936.
50. ^ "Group–Bourdon tool". Digital Reality. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
51. ^ WEHMEIER, Nicolas. "Oxford University Press | Online Resource Centre | Learn about Test banks". Retrieved 2016-12-09.
52. ^ "How to study for Quizzes and Exams in Biochemistry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-31.
53. ^ "Study strategies". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07.
54. ^ Weale, Sally (2016-09-07). "Sharp rise in children receiving private tuition". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
55. ^ "Past Exam Papers". Archived from the original on 2010-08-10.
56. ^ "Past papers and mark schemes". AQA. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
57. ^ Sharma, Yojana (2012-11-27). "Meet the 'tutor kings and queens'". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
58. ^ Lomax, Robert. "How to become a private tutor". Retrieved 2016-12-09.
59. ^ Cohen, Daniel H. (2013-10-25). "The new boom in home tuition – if you can pay £40 an hour". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
60. ^ "Proxy test takers, item harvesters and cheaters... be very afraid". 24 April 2008. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
61. ^ "Easy Ways to Prevent Cheating". TeachHUB. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
• Yao, Xinzhong (2003), The Encyclopedia of Confucianism
• Yu, Jianfu (2009), "The influence and enlightenment of Confucian cultural education on modern European civilization", Front. Educ. China, 4 (1): 10–26, doi:10.1007/s11516-009-0002-5, S2CID 143586407
Further reading[edit]
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Feeding Nature
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What Do Baby Chameleons Eat
What Do Baby Chameleons Eat?
What Do Baby Chameleons Eat?
A baby chameleon is the most adorable thing in the world. While you may believe they’re cute, it’s not easy to look after a cham. Baby chameleons are highly susceptible to stress, whether you get one from a shop, a breeder, or produce your own at home.
Because of stress resulting from incorrect care, many baby chameleons do not survive past their first month. As a result, you must understand how to properly care for them from the outset.
What do Baby Chameleons Eat?
Giving your baby chameleon the finest food is part of baby chameleon care. Chameleons are insectivores, which means they eat a lot of insects. Fruits, veggies, and plants may be included in the diet of older chameleons as well.
Fruits and Vegetables
Fruits and Vegetables Can Be A Part of A Baby Chameleon’s Diet
However, pinhead crickets and fruit flies are the greatest type of food for baby chameleons. You’ll want to get bugs that are tiny enough for your chameleon’s head. They should be small enough for the baby chameleon to consume and swallow. You don’t want an insect that is too big; they may struggle to swallow it. In the worst-case scenario, they might choke on the bug if it gets stuck in
Crickets are a Baby Chameleon’s Favourite Food
In general, insects are the best food for baby chameleons. Crickets are a great source of nourishment for a growing chameleon. Cricket should be their primary diet, but you may add additional insects to the mix as desired. Mealworms, flies, waxworms, moths, locusts, cockroaches, hornworms, and butterworms are some of the greatest insects to feed your baby chameleons.
Baby Chameleons Also Prefer Various Types of Worms and Other Insects
It’s critical to get the right food for your chameleon. If you feed them foods that are alive and healthy, they will be healthier in the long run. Those who are ill may have illnesses, which might be passed on to your baby chameleons. Pick each one separately and closely examine them if you obtained insects from a local.
Check for damage or symptoms of illness on the bugs. If you want to buy from a store, make sure they provide a money-back guarantee. Inspect each bug carefully before accepting them to verify that they are disease-free. You may return them if they aren’t healthy.
What do Newborn Baby Chameleons Eat?
When they’re born, chameleons are generally only hungry for a few days. This is due to the yolk sac that is connected to them when they are born. For several days, the yolk sac gives nourishment to the babies. They will mostly stay in one area and be uninterested in anything during this period.
They’ll start poking around the cage after they’re hungry. This is a fantastic moment to begin feeding them once you’ve observed them beginning to explore the cage.
Do Baby Chameleons Need Food Supplements?
Because baby chameleons develop quickly, they will require frequent vitamin and mineral supplements. Supplements are an important tool for ensuring that your chameleon gets a balanced diet. Vitamin A, D3, and E are required supplements for newborn chameleons.
What Do Baby Chameleons Eat in The Wild?
Chameleons are insectivores, which implies they primarily eat insects. These creatures may consume a wide range of insects in the wild, making it difficult to provide a complete list of what they will consume.
Regardless of where they live or species, wild baby chameleons will all consume the same sort of food. This food is typically insect, which might differ depending on the region but is frequently comprised of flies, crickets, worms, snails, grasshoppers, slugs, and even locusts.
Chameleons that live in different regions of the world eat a wide range of insects, which helps to create a well-rounded diet and ensure that the creature receives all of the nutrients it needs to survive. Depending on what they can capture and what is accessible where they live, chameleons will consume various kinds of insects.
Larger chameleons have been observed devouring a variety of tiny birds, small lizards, and even tree-climbing mice if they can get their hands on them. Veiled chameleons are another species that has been observed consuming plant material. In the wild, those veiled chameleons may supplement their diet of
How To Feed Baby Chameleons?
Baby Chameleon
A Baby Chameleon in The Wild
In the wild, chameleons consume a wide range of insects, but in captivity, they frequently do not receive all of their required nutrients. Chameleons require a diverse diet of vitamin-dusted and gut-loaded insects, such as crickets. Give your chameleon live creatures to hunt in its cage so that they may do so as they would in nature. If this approach is proving problematic for your chamaeleon, you can also offer them meals in a cup.
Step 1
Please inquire about live crickets. In captivity, crickets are the major meal supplied to chameleons. This is due to the fact that crickets are easy to maintain and produce. Chameleons also enjoy hunting for crickets in their enclosure. Live crickets can be purchased at a pet shop or from a store that specializes in selling insects. Chameleons should not be fed crickets straight from the pet shop since these insects will most likely not be fed. Gut loading and dusting are required for each species.
The length of the cricket should not exceed the width of your chameleon’s head. Every day, feed your baby chameleons. Chameleons up to three months old should be fed as many tiny crickets as they can consume. You can begin feeding your chameleon every other day as early as six to twelve months old, depending on the species. The average adult chameleon consumes between five and twelve crickets each meal.
Step 2
Other insects might be added to the chameleon’s diet. While crickets will make up the majority of your chameleon’s food, you may add other invertebrates. These creatures will be acquired, bred, and gut-loaded in the same way as crickets. Other insects, on the other hand, should be used as special snacks for your chameleon to balance out their cricket diet. This includes earthworms and other invertebrates that have previously been discussed.
Step 3
Fill the crickets with earthworms. To improve the nutrition value of chameleons, feed them special meals such as gut loads. Be sure to offer the baby chameleons with high calcium, nutritious food a few hours before feeding them for full gut loading. Leafy greens, sweet potatoes, carrots, oranges, mangoes, broccoli, and apples are all excellent options.
Step 4
Vitamin supplements can be used to repel insects. Your chameleon must get the right nutrients. You may improve your chameleons’ vitamin and calcium intake by dusting the bugs with a special mineral and vitamin powder. Sprinkle your crickets with a mineral and vitamin powder that is made just for lizards and can be found in most pet shops. Sprinkle the dust over the crickets after wetting them with water. Do this right before feeding the crickets.
You’ll need to dust young chameleons’ food with calcium supplements twice or three times a week, depending on the age. Once every two weeks, use a multivitamin powder. Only mature chameleons require their diet to be dusted with calcium once a week.
Vitamin A insufficiency is common among chameleons. While feeding insects with foods high in Vitamin A might be enough, you may also give them a vitamin A supplement dust. Twice as much calcium as phosphorus is included in superior calcium dust.
What Are The Natural Predators of Baby Chameleons?
Chameleons, the most famous reptiles for changing colors and blending into backgrounds, are at the bottom of the food chain and have evolved several strategies to do so. It has eyes that can move independently, allowing it to look in different directions at the same time. When a snake or bird is on their trail, they are also able to run fast. Man, on the other hand, is the chameleon’s greatest adversary.
In the chameleon’s native Africa, snakes will pursue it into the trees. Climbing snakes such as the Boomslang and Vine are to blame. Because boomslangs spend the majority of their time in trees, they pose a risk to chameleons. Chameleon eggs may also be stolen by snakes.
Birds will attempt to capture chameleons from tree branches. They are not as good at it as snakes because the chameleon’s camouflage makes them difficult to detect through the foliage. Chameleons are easy to keep, and they can subsist on a wide range of diets. However, coucals, shrikes, and hornbills are the most dangerous predators. Chameleon eggs may also be taken by birds in much the same way as snakes.
Monkeys have been observed eating chameleons, but this is not common. Chameleons and monkeys do not cohabit in the same region frequently, and even when they do there are more accessible food sources for primates.
How To Protect Baby Chameleons From Predators?
Chameleons rely on their natural state color, a greenish-brown, to blend in. They do use camouflage, however, which is the ability to merge into their surroundings and hide from predators such as snakes and birds. In general, they rely on their natural hue of greenish-brown to conceal themselves. They prefer to keep quiet and hidden if they are frightened, but they do have ways of defending themselves if required. They can flatten out their bodies to make them seem larger, and they can bite and stomp with their feet.
Brown chameleons live on the ground and green chameleons in trees help them blend in with their environment. These animals can hide from their prey by doing so. These animals sit still and wait for their dinner to come to them before attacking with their long sticky tongues. Chameleons have sticky mitten-like feet that allow them to firmly grasp the ground or a limb. Chameleons have distinct eyes that enable them to see two things at the same time. This talent enables chameleons to rapidly detect potential predators and prey with their unique eyes.
Are Baby Chameleons Healthy To Eat?
Chameleons are not found to be poisonous. There is no record of a chameleon-based species being poisonous when eaten, nor is there evidence that any can spit or bite to inject poison.
Chameleons are a protected species, and it is prohibited to kill them. Never eat a chameleon. If your pet has eaten part of a chameleon, there is usually no harm or responsibility involved. Reptiles are known carriers of salmonella bacteria, therefore you should visit the veterinarian simply to be safe.
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Preview Mode Links will not work in preview mode
Finding Genius Podcast
Aug 6, 2020
Researcher Brenda McManus is leading a microbiology study to better understand periodontal disease and foot ulcers in patients with diabetes.
She explains her microbial research by discussing
• How Staphylococcus aureus links molecular biology, periodontal disease, and foot ulcers;
• Why patients with diabetes are immunologically prone to these microbial vulnerabilities; and
• How she’s identifying if the staph in the nose cavity is the same as that in the foot and next steps to find if it travels through the bloodstream or through contact.
Dr. Brenda McManus is an Experimental Officer in Microbiology in the School of Dental Science at Trinity College in Dublin. She talks about her microbiology study involving dental health, foot ulcers, and diabetes with a focus on Staphylococci species. They’ve found bacteria in foot ulcers that “shouldn’t be there,” and these same bacteria are present in periodontal disease.
She establishes why patients who suffer from diabetes struggle with foot ulcers and periodontal disease, from such reasons as poor circulation or nerve damage from excess glucose. This means they can’t feel an injury to the foot or can’t feel pain when a wound is developing.
In addition, bacteria in periodontal disease can cause pockets in the gums and swelling and can ultimately lead to tooth loss. It is twice as common and more severe in people who have diabetes. She mentions additional research showing links between periodontal disease and other diseases throughout the body including heart and kidney disease. She describes her current research and says her team is comparing genomic sequences of different staph samples from the mouth, fingers, toes, and more, identifying which species are in each site.
She adds that if they identify the same species in all the different sites, they will compare the isolate genomes. If they are the same, that would be very strong evidence that there is a link between these sites. She describes next steps, therapeutic goals, and the importance of awareness of periodontal health and disease prevention.
For more, see her information on the Trinity College website,, and find her on Research Gate and LinkedIn.
Available on Apple Podcasts:
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Mountains are created when the plates push and start to get both rocks collide and stick together to form a mountain. Mountains are unique and grow four inches a year so thinks how long it takes. They usually have snow because the higher it gets the colder the apmshire gets.
Dome mountains are formed a cave in when rocks fall they most likely have lava in side and when blowing and bracking the rock and not being a dome . A BLOCK MOUNTAIN
By the name you problem know it’s a group of blocks what are really hard to find and most are Brocken down. They don’t have lava in other wise it would be extremely hard to blow because The shape.
A fold mountains are rocks when huddling together forms a fold mountains.
A brilliant information page on mountains and how they are formed. Great use of subheadings and pictures.
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Easton's Bible Dictionary
Easton's Bible Dictionary
A — Adoram
Alpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet, as Omega is the last. These letters occur in the text of Revelation 1:8 Revelation 1:11 ; 21:6 ; 22:13 , and are represented by "Alpha" and "Omega" respectively (omitted in RSV, 1:11 ). They mean "the first and last." (Compare Hebrews 12:2 ; Isaiah 41:4 ; 44:6 ; Revelation 1:11 Revelation 1:17 ; 2:8 .) In the symbols of the early Christian Church these two letters are frequently combined with the cross or with Christ's monogram to denote his divinity.
the descendants of Aaron, and therefore priests. Jehoiada, the father of Benaiah, led 3,700 Aaronites as "fighting men" to the support of David at Hebron ( 1 Chronicles 12:27 ). Eleazar ( Numbers 3:32 ), and at a later period Zadok ( 1 Chronicles 27:17 ), was their chief.
destruction, the Hebrew name (equivalent to the Greek Apollyon, i.e., destroyer) of "the angel of the bottomless pit" ( Revelation 9:11 ). It is rendered "destruction" in Job 28:22 ; 31:12 ; 26:6 ; Proverbs 15:11 ; 27:20 . In the last three of these passages the Revised Version retains the word "Abaddon." We may regard this word as a personification of the idea of destruction, or as sheol, the realm of the dead.
one of the seven eunuchs in Ahasuerus's court ( Esther 1:10 ; 2:21 ).
regions beyond; i.e., on the east of Jordan, a mountain, or rather a mountain-chain, over against Jericho, to the east and south-east of the Dead Sea, in the land of Moab. From "the top of Pisgah", i.e., Mount Nebo (q.v.), one of its summits, Moses surveyed the Promised Land ( Deuteronomy 3:27 ; 32:49 ), and there he died ( Deuteronomy 34:1 Deuteronomy 34:5 ). The Israelites had one of their encampments in the mountains of Abarim ( Numbers 33:47 Numbers 33:48 ) after crossing the Arnon.
1. The father of Adoniram, whom Solomon set over the tribute ( 1 Kings 4:6 ); i.e., the forced labour (RSV, "levy").
2. A Levite of the family of Jeduthun ( Nehemiah 11:17 ), also called Obadiah ( 1 Chronicles 9:16 ).
servant of God, ( Jeremiah 36:26 ), the father of Shelemiah.
my servant.
1. 1 Chronicles 6:44 .
2. 2 Chronicles 29:12 .
3. Ezra 10:26 .
servant of God, ( 1 Chronicles 5:15 ), a Gadite chief.
2. The first-born of Gibeon of the tribe of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:30 ; 9:36 ).
4. One of the "sons" of Shashak ( 1 Chronicles 8:23 ). This is the name also of a Levitical town of the Gershonites, in the tribe of Asher ( Joshua 21:30 ; 1 Chronicles 6:74 ). The ruins of Abdeh, some 8 miles north-east of Accho, probably mark its site.
servant of Nego=Nebo, the Chaldee name given to Azariah, one of Daniel's three companions ( Daniel 2:49 ). With Shadrach and Meshach, he was delivered from the burning fiery furnace ( 3:12-30 ).
Abel (Heb. 'abhel), lamentation ( 1 Samuel 6:18 ), the name given to the great stone in Joshua's field whereon the ark was "set down." The Revised Version, however, following the Targum and the LXX., reads in the Hebrew text 'ebhen (= a stone), and accordingly translates "unto the great stone, whereon they set down the ark." This reading is to be preferred.
Abel (Heb. 'abhel), a grassy place, a meadow. This word enters into the composition of the following five entries:
meadow of the house of Maachah, a city in the north of Palestine, in the neighbourhood of Dan and Ijon, in the tribe of Naphtali. It was a place of considerable strength and importance. It is called a "mother in Israel", i.e., a metropolis ( 2 Samuel 20:19 ). It was besieged by Joab ( 2 Samuel 20:14 ), by Benhadad ( 1 Kings 15:20 ), and by Tiglath-pileser ( 2 Kings 15:29 ) about B.C. 734. It is elsewhere called Abel-maim, meadow of the waters, ( 2 Chronicles 16:4 ). Its site is occupied by the modern Abil or Abil-el-kamh, on a rising ground to the east of the brook Derdarah, which flows through the plain of Huleh into the Jordan, about 6 miles to the west-north-west of Dan.
( Judges 11:33 , RSV; A. V., "plain of the vineyards"), a village of the Ammonites, whither Jephthah pursued their forces.
meadow of Egypt, or mourning of Egypt, a place "beyond," i.e., on the west of Jordan, at the "threshing-floor of Atad." Here the Egyptians mourned seventy days for Jacob ( Genesis 50:4-11 ). Its site is unknown.
tin, or white, a town in the tribe of Issachar ( Joshua 19:20 ), at the north of the plain of Esdraelon. It is probably identified with the ruins of el-Beida.
father of strength; i.e., "valiant", one of David's body-guard of thirty mighty men ( 2 Samuel 23:31 ); called also Abiel ( 1 Chronicles 11:32 ).
father of gathering; the gatherer, the youngest of the three sons of Korah the Levite, head of a family of Korhites ( Exodus 6:24 ); called Ebisaph ( 1 Chronicles 6:37 ).
father of abundance, or my father excels, the son of Ahimelech the high priest. He was the tenth high priest, and the fourth in descent from Eli. When his father was slain with the priests of Nob, he escaped, and bearing with him the ephod, he joined David, who was then in the cave of Adullam ( 1 Samuel 22:20-23 ; 23:6 ). He remained with David, and became priest of the party of which he was the leader ( 1 Samuel 30:7 ). When David ascended the throne of Judah, Abiathar was appointed high priest ( 1 Chronicles 15:11 ; 1 Kings 2:26 ) and the "king's companion" ( 1 Chronicles 27:34 ). Meanwhile Zadok, of the house of Eleazar, had been made high priest. These appointments continued in force till the end of David's reign ( 1 Kings 4:4 ). Abiathar was deposed (the sole historical instance of the deposition of a high priest) and banished to his home at Anathoth by Solomon, because he took part in the attempt to raise Adonijah to the throne. The priesthood thus passed from the house of Ithamar ( 1 Samuel 2:30-36 ; 1 Kings 1:19 ; 1 Kings 2:26 1 Kings 2:27 ). Zadok now became sole high priest. In Mark 2:26 , reference is made to an occurrence in "the days of Abiathar the high priest." But from 1 Samuel 22 , we learn explicitly that this event took place when Ahimelech, the father of Abiathar, was high priest. The apparent discrepancy is satisfactorily explained by interpreting the words in Mark as referring to the life-time of Abiathar, and not to the term of his holding the office of high priest. It is not implied in Mark that he was actual high priest at the time referred to. Others, however, think that the loaves belonged to Abiathar, who was at that time ( Leviticus 24:9 ) a priest, and that he either himself gave them to David, or persuaded his father to give them.
an ear of corn, the month of newly-ripened grain ( Exodus 13:4 ; 23:15 ); the first of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, and the seventh of the civil year. It began about the time of the vernal equinox, on 21st March. It was called Nisan, after the Captivity ( Nehemiah 2:1 ). On the fifteenth day of the month, harvest was begun by gathering a sheaf of barley, which was offered unto the Lord on the sixteenth ( Leviticus 23:4-11 ).
or Abi'dah, father of knowledge; knowing, one of the five sons of Midian, who was the son of Abraham by Keturah ( 1 Chronicles 1:33 ), and apparently the chief of an Arab tribe.
father of judgment; judge, head of the tribe of Benjamin at the Exodus ( Numbers 1:11 ; 2:22 ).
father of help; i.e., "helpful."
1. The second of the three sons of Hammoleketh, the sister of Gilead. He was the grandson of Manasseh ( 1 Chronicles 7:18 ). From his family Gideon sprang ( Joshua 17:2 ; Compare Judges 6:34 ; 8:2 ). He was also called Jeezer ( Numbers 26:30 ).
2. One of David's thirty warriors ( 2 Samuel 23:27 ; Compare 1 Chronicles 27:12 ).
3. The prince of the tribe of Dan at the Exodus ( Numbers 1:12 ).
father of help, a descendant of Abiezer ( Judges 6:11 Judges 6:24 ; 8:32 ).
1. The sister of David, and wife of Jether an Ishmaelite ( 1 Chronicles 2:16 1 Chronicles 2:17 ). She was the mother of Amasa ( 2 Samuel 17:25 ).
2. The wife of the churlish Nabal, who dwelt in the district of Carmel ( 1 Samuel 25:3 ). She showed great prudence and delicate management at a critical period of her husband's life. She was "a woman of good understanding, and of a beautiful countenance." After Nabal's death she became the wife of David ( 1 Samuel 25:14-42 ), and was his companion in all his future fortunes ( 1 Samuel 27:3 ; 30:5 ; 2 Sam 2:2 ). By her David had a son called Chileab ( 2 Samuel 3:3 ), elsewhere called Daniel ( 1 Chronicles 3:1 ).
father of might.
1. Numbers 3:35 .
2. 1 Chronicles 2:29 .
3. 1 Chronicles 5:14 .
4. The second wife of King Rehoboam ( 2 Chronicles 11:18 ), a descendant of Eliab, David's eldest brother.
5. The father of Esther and uncle of Mordecai ( Esther 2:15 ).
father of Him; i.e., "worshipper of God", the second of the sons of Aaron ( Exodus 6:23 ; Numbers 3:2 ; 26:60 ; 1 Chronicles 6:3 ). Along with his three brothers he was consecrated to the priest's office ( Exodus 28:1 ). With his father and elder brother he accompanied the seventy elders part of the way up the mount with Moses ( Exodus 24:1 Exodus 24:9 ). On one occasion he and Nadab his brother offered incense in their censers filled with "strange" (i.e., common) fire, i.e., not with fire taken from the great brazen altar ( Leviticus 6:9 , etc.), and for this offence they were struck dead, and were taken out and buried without the camp ( Leviticus 10:1-11 ; Compare Numbers 3:4 ; 26:61 ; 1 Chronicles 24:2 ). It is probable that when they committed this offence they were intoxicated, for immediately after is given the law prohibiting the use of wine or strong drink to the priests.
father (i.e., "possessor") of renown.
1. One of the sons of Bela, the son of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:3 ); called also Ahihud (ver. 7).
2. A descendant of Zerubbabel and father of Eliakim ( Matthew 1:13 , "Abiud"); called also Juda ( Luke 3:26 ), and Obadiah ( 1 Chronicles 3:21 ).
1. 1 Chronicles 7:8 .
2. 1 Chronicles 2:24 .
3. The second son of Samuel ( 1 Samuel 8:2 ; 1 Chronicles 6:28 ). His conduct, along with that of his brother, as a judge in Beer-sheba, to which office his father had appointed him, led to popular discontent, and ultimately provoked the people to demand a royal form of government.
4. A descendant of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, a chief of one of the twenty-four orders into which the priesthood was divided by David ( 1 Chronicles 24:10 ). The order of Abijah was one of those which did not return from the Captivity ( Ezra 2:36-39 ; Nehemiah 7:39-42 ; 12:1 ).
5. The son of Rehoboam, whom he succeeded on the throne of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 3:10 ). He is also called Abijam ( 1 Kings 14:31 ; 15:1-8 ). He began his three years' reign ( 2 Chronicles 12:16 ; 2 Chronicles 13:1 2 Chronicles 13:2 ) with a strenuous but unsuccessful effort to bring back the ten tribes to their allegiance. His address to "Jeroboam and all Israel," before encountering them in battle, is worthy of being specially noticed ( 2 Chronicles 13:5-12 ). It was a very bloody battle, no fewer than 500,000 of the army of Israel having perished on the field. He is described as having walked "in all the sins of his father" ( 1 Kings 15:3 ; 2 Chr 11:20-22 ). It is said in 1 Kings 15:2 that "his mother's name was Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom;" but in 2 Chronicles 13:2 we read, "his mother's name was Michaiah, the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah." The explanation is that Maachah is just a variation of the name Michaiah, and that Abishalom is probably the same as Absalom, the son of David. It is probable that "Uriel of Gibeah" married Tamar, the daughter of Absalom ( 2 Samuel 14:27 ), and by her had Maachah. The word "daughter" in 1 Kings 15:2 will thus, as it frequently elsewhere does, mean grand-daughter.
7. The daughter of Zechariah ( 2 Chronicles 29:1 ; Compare Isaiah 8:2 ), and afterwards the wife of Ahaz. She is also called Abi ( 2 Kings 18:2 ).
8. One of the sons of Becher, the son of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 7:8 ). "Abiah," A.V.
father of the sea; i.e., "seaman" the name always used in Kings of the king of Judah, the son of Rehoboam, elsewhere called Abijah ( 1 Kings 15:1 1 Kings 15:7 1 Kings 15:8 ). (See ABIJAH,5.)
father of Mael, one of the sons or descendants of Joktan, in Northern Arabia ( Genesis 10:28 ; 1 Chronicles 1:22 ).
3. A son of Gideon ( Judges 9:1 ), who was proclaimed king after the death of his father ( Judges 8:33-9:6). ). One of his first acts was to murder his brothers, seventy in number, "on one stone," at Ophrah. Only one named Jotham escaped. He was an unprincipled, ambitious ruler, often engaged in war with his own subjects. When engaged in reducing the town of Thebez, which had revolted, he was struck mortally on his head by a mill-stone, thrown by the hand of a woman from the wall above. Perceiving that the wound was mortal, he desired his armour-bearer to thrust him through with his sword, that it might not be said he had perished by the hand of a woman ( Judges 9:50-57 ).
4. The son of Abiathar, and high priest in the time of David ( 1 Chronicles 18:16 ). In the parallel passage, 2 Samuel 8:17 , we have the name Ahimelech, and Abiathar, the son of Ahimelech. This most authorities consider the more correct reading.
5. Achish, king of Gath, in the title of Psalms 34 . (Compare 1 Samuel 21:10-15 .)
father of nobleness; i.e., "noble."
1. A Levite of Kirjath-jearim, in whose house the ark of the covenant was deposited after having been brought back from the land of the Philistines ( 1 Samuel 7:1 ). It remained there twenty years, till it was at length removed by David ( 1 Samuel 7:1 1 Samuel 7:2 ; 1 Chronicles 13:7 ).
2. The second of the eight sons of Jesse ( 1 Samuel 16:8 ). He was with Saul in the campaign against the Philistines in which Goliath was slain ( 1 Samuel 17:13 ).
3. One of Saul's sons, who peristed with his father in the battle of Gilboa ( 1 Samuel 31:2 ; 1 Chronicles 10:2 ).
father of kindness, the father of Barak ( Judges 4:6 ; 5:1 ).
father of height; i.e., "proud."
father of (i.e., "given to") error, a young woman of Shunem, distinguished for her beauty. She was chosen to minister to David in his old age. She became his wife ( 1 Kings 1:3 1 Kings 1:4 1 Kings 1:15 ). After David's death Adonijah persuaded Bathsheba, Solomon's mother, to entreat the king to permit him to marry Abishag. Solomon suspected in this request an aspiration to the throne, and therefore caused him to be put to death ( 1 Kings 2:17-25 ).
father of (i.e., "desirous of") a gift, the eldest son of Zeruiah, David's sister. He was the brother of Joab and Asahel ( 2 Samuel 2:18 ; 1 Chronicles 2:16 ). Abishai was the only one who accompanied David when he went to the camp of Saul and took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul's bolster ( 1 Samuel 26:5-12 ). He had the command of one of the three divisions of David's army at the battle with Absalom ( 2 Samuel 18:2 2 Samuel 18:5 2 Samuel 18:12 ). He slew the Philistine giant Ishbi-benob, who threatened David's life ( 2 Samuel 21:15-17 ). He was the chief of the second rank of the three "mighties" ( 2 Samuel 23:18 2 Samuel 23:19 ; 1 Chronicles 11:20 1 Chronicles 11:21 ); and on one occasion withstood 300 men, and slew them with his own spear ( 2 Samuel 23:18 ). Abishai is the name of the Semitic chief who offers gifts to the lord of Beni-Hassan. See illustration facing page 10.
father of welfare; i.e., "fortunate."
1. The grandson of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:4 ).
2. The son of Phinehas the high priest ( 1 Chronicles 6:4 1 Chronicles 6:5 1 Chronicles 6:50 ; Ezra 7:5 ).
father of the wall; i.e., "mason", one of the two sons of Shammai of the tribe of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 2:28 1 Chronicles 2:29 ).
father of dew; i.e., "fresh", David's fifth wife ( 2 Samuel 3:4 ).
father of goodness, a Benjamite ( 1 Chronicles 8:11 ).
( Psalms 35:15 ), the translation of a Hebrew word meaning smiters; probably, in allusion to the tongue, slanderers. (Compare Jeremiah 18:18 .)
or washing, was practised,
1. When a person was initiated into a higher state: e.g., when Aaron and his sons were set apart to the priest's office, they were washed with water previous to their investiture with the priestly robes ( Leviticus 8:6 ).
3. There were washings prescribed for the purpose of cleansing from positive defilement contracted by particular acts. Of such washings eleven different species are prescribed in the Levitical law ( Leviticus 1215 -15).
4. A fourth class of ablutions is mentioned, by which a person purified or absolved himself from the guilt of some particular act. For example, the elders of the nearest village where some murder was committed were required, when the murderer was unknown, to wash their hands over the expiatory heifer which was beheaded, and in doing so to say, "Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it" ( Deuteronomy 21:1-9 ). So also Pilate declared himself innocent of the blood of Jesus by washing his hands ( Matthew 27:24 ). This act of Pilate may not, however, have been borrowed from the custom of the Jews. The same practice was common among the Greeks and Romans. The Pharisees carried the practice of ablution to great excess, thereby claiming extraordinary purity ( Matthew 23:25 ). ( Mark 7:1-5 ) refers to the ceremonial ablutions. The Pharisees washed their hands "oft," more correctly, "with the fist" (RSV, "diligently"), or as an old father, Theophylact, explains it, "up to the elbow." (Compare also Mark 7:4 ; Leviticus 6:28 ; 11: : 3236 -36; 15:22 ) (See WASHING)
This word is used,
Abrahams bosom
exalted father. (see ABRAHAM.)
RSV, one of Israel's halting-places in the desert (Num.33:34,35), just before Ezion-gaber. In A.V., "Ebronah."
father of peace; i.e., "peaceful" David's son by Maacah ( 2 Samuel 3:3 ; Compare 1 Kings 1:6 ). He was noted for his personal beauty and for the extra-ordinary profusion of the hair of his head ( 2 Samuel 14:25 2 Samuel 14:26 ). The first public act of his life was the blood-revenge he executed against Amnon, David's eldest son, who had basely wronged Absalom's sister Tamar. This revenge was executed at the time of the festivities connected with a great sheep-shearing at Baal-hazor. David's other sons fled from the place in horror, and brought the tidings of the death of Amnon to Jerusalem. Alarmed for the consequences of the act, Absalom fled to his grandfather at Geshur, and there abode for three years ( 2 Samuel 3:3 ; 13:23-38 ).
David mourned his absent son, now branded with the guilt of fratricide. As the result of a stratagem carried out by a woman of Tekoah, Joab received David's sanction to invite Absalom back to Jerusalem. He returned accordingly, but two years elapsed before his father admitted him into his presence ( 2 Samuel 14:28 ). Absalom was now probably the oldest surviving son of David, and as he was of royal descent by his mother as well as by his father, he began to aspire to the throne. His pretensions were favoured by the people. By many arts he gained their affection; and after his return from Geshur ( 2 Samuel 15:7 ; marg., RSV) he went up to Hebron, the old capital of Judah, along with a great body of the people, and there proclaimed himself king. The revolt was so successful that David found it necessary to quit Jerusalem and flee to Mahanaim, beyond Jordan; where upon Absalom returned to Jerusalem and took possession of the throne without opposition. Ahithophel, who had been David's chief counsellor, deserted him and joined Absalom, whose chief counsellor he now became. Hushai also joined Absalom, but only for the purpose of trying to counteract the counsels of Ahithophel, and so to advantage David's cause. He was so far successful that by his advice, which was preferred to that of Ahithophel, Absalom delayed to march an army against his father, who thus gained time to prepare for the defence.
Absalom at length marched out against his father, whose army, under the command of Joab, he encountered on the borders of the forest of Ephraim. Twenty thousand of Absalom's army were slain in that fatal battle, and the rest fled. Absalom fled on a swift mule; but his long flowing hair, or more probably his head, was caught in the bough of an oak, and there he was left suspended till Joab came up and pierced him through with three darts. His body was then taken down and cast into a pit dug in the forest, and a heap of stones was raised over his grave. When the tidings of the result of that battle were brought to David, as he sat impatiently at the gate of Mahanaim, and he was told that Absalom had been slain, he gave way to the bitter lamentation: "O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son!" ( 2 Samuel 18:33 . Compare Exodus 32:32 ; Romans 9:3 ).
Absalom's three sons ( 2 Samuel 14:27 ; comp 18:18 ) had all died before him, so that he left only a daughter, Tamar, who became the grandmother of Abijah.
(Heb. shittim) Exodus 25:5 , RSV probably the Acacia seyal (the gum-arabic tree); called the "shittah" tree ( Isaiah 41:19 ). Its wood is called shittim wood ( Exodus 26:15 Exodus 26:26 ; Exodus 25:10 Exodus 25:13 Exodus 25:23 Exodus 25:28 , etc.). This species (A. seyal) is like the hawthorn, a gnarled and thorny tree. It yields the gum-arabic of commerce. It is found in abundance in the Sinaitic peninsula.
sultry or sandy, a town and harbour of Phoenicia, in the tribe of Asher, but never acquired by them ( Judges 1:31 ). It was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans by the name of Ptolemais, from Ptolemy the king of Egypt, who rebuilt it about B.C. 100. Here Paul landed on his last journey to Jerusalem ( Acts 21:7 ). During the crusades of the Middle Ages it was called Acra; and subsequently, on account of its being occupied by the Knights Hospitallers of Jerusalem, it was called St. Jean d'Acre, or simply Acre.
Satan is styled the "accuser of the brethren" ( Revelation 12:10 . Compare Job 1:6 ; Zechariah 3:1 ), as seeking to uphold his influence among men by bringing false charges against Christians, with the view of weakening their influence and injuring the cause with which they are identified. He was regarded by the Jews as the accuser of men before God, laying to their charge the violations of the law of which they were guilty, and demanding their punishment. The same Greek word, rendered "accuser," is found in John 8:10 (but omitted in the Revised Version); Acts 23:30 Acts 23:35 ; 24:8 ; Acts 25:16 Acts 25:18 , in all of which places it is used of one who brings a charge against another.
gnawing = mouse.
1. An Edomitish king ( Genesis 36:38 ; 1 Chronicles 1:49 ).
2. One of Josiah's officers sent to the prophetess Huldah to inquire regarding the newly-discovered book of the law ( 2 Kings 22:12 2 Kings 22:14 ). He is also called Abdon ( 2 Chronicles 34:20 ).
anklet, Caleb's only daughter ( 1 Chronicles 2:49 ). She was offered in marriage to the man who would lead an attack on the city of Debir, or Kirjath-sepher. This was done by Othniel (q.v.), who accordingly obtained her as his wife ( Joshua 15:16-19 ; Judg. 1:9-15 ).
2. A Phoenician city (the Gr. Ecdippa), always retained in their possession though assigned to the tribe of Asher ( Joshua 19:29 ; Judges 1:31 ). It is identified with the modern es-Zib, on the Mediterranean, about 8 miles north of Accho.
is the translation of a word (tse'med), which properly means a yoke, and denotes a space of ground that may be ploughed by a yoke of oxen in a day. It is about an acre of our measure ( Isaiah 5:10 ; 1 Samuel 14:14 ).
Acts of the Apostles
1. The first of Lamech's two wives, and the mother of Jabal and Jubal ( Genesis 4:19 Genesis 4:20 Genesis 4:23 ).
2. The first of Esau's three wives, the daughter of Elon the Hittite ( Genesis 36:2 Genesis 36:4 ), called also Bashemath ( 26:34 ).
Adam, a type
Adam, the city of
red earth, a fortified city of Naphtali, probably the modern Damieh, on the west side of the sea of Tiberias ( Joshua 19:33 Joshua 19:36 ).
(Heb. shamir), Ezekiel 3:9 . The Greek word adamas means diamond. This stone is not referred to, but corundum or some kind of hard steel. It is an emblem of firmness in resisting adversaries of the truth ( Zechariah 7:12 ), and of hard-heartedness against the truth ( Jeremiah 17:1 ).
large, the sixth month of the civil and the twelfth of the ecclesiastical year of the Jews ( Esther 3:7 Esther 3:13 ; 8:12 ; Esther 9:1 Esther 9:15 Esther 9:17 Esther 9:19 Esther 9:21 ). It included the days extending from the new moon of our March to the new moon of April. The name was first used after the Captivity. When the season was backward, and the lambs not yet of a paschal size, or the barley not forward enough for abib, then a month called Veadar, i.e., a second Adar, was intercalated.
miracle of God, the third of the twelve sons of Ishmael, and head of an Arabian tribe ( Genesis 25:13 ; 1 Chronicles 1:29 ).
ample, splendid, son of Bela ( 1 Chronicles 8:3 ); called also "Ard" ( Genesis 46:21 )
( Psalms 140:3 ; Romans 3:13 , "asp") is the rendering of,
4. Shephiphon ("creeping"), occurring only in Genesis 49:17 , the small speckled venomous snake, the "horned snake," or cerastes. Dan is compared to this serpent, which springs from its hiding-place on the passer-by.
ornament, ( Luke 3:28 ), the son of Cosam, and father of Melchi, one of the progenitors of Christ.
low, one of the persons named in Nehemiah 7:61 who could not "shew their father's house" on the return from captivity. This, with similar instances (ver. 63), indicates the importance the Jews attached to their genealogies.
ornament of God.
1. The father of Azmaveth, who was treasurer under David and Solomon ( 1 Chronicles 27:25 ).
2. A family head of the tribe of Simeon ( 1 Chronicles 4:36 ).
3. A priest ( 1 Chronicles 9:12 ).
1. Ezra 8:6 .
2. Nehemiah 10:16 .
slender, one of David's warriors ( 1 Chronicles 11:42 ), a Reubenite.
earth, one of the five cities of the vale of Siddim ( Genesis 10:19 ). It was destroyed along with Sodom and Gomorrah ( 19:24 ; Deuteronomy 29:23 ). It is supposed by some to be the same as the Adam of Joshua 3:16 , the name of which still lingers in Damieh, the ford of Jordan. (See ZEBOIM)
1. A chief of the tribe of Manasseh who joined David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:20 ).
2. A general under Jehoshaphat, chief over 300,000 men ( 2 Chronicles 17:14 ).
lord of Bezek, a Canaanitish king who, having subdued seventy of the chiefs that were around him, made an attack against the armies of Judah and Simeon, but was defeated and brought as a captive to Jerusalem, where his thumbs and great toes were cut off. He confessed that God had requited him for his like cruelty to the seventy kings whom he had subdued ( Judges 1:4-7 ; Compare 1 Samuel 15:33 ).
my Lord is Jehovah.
2. A Levite sent with the princes to teach the book of the law to the inhabitants of Judah ( 2 Chronicles 17:8 ).
3. One of the "chiefs of the people" after the Captivity ( Nehemiah 10:16 ).
whom the Lord sets up, one of those "which came with Zerubbabel" ( Ezra 2:13 ). His "children," or retainers, to the number of 666, came up to Jerusalem ( 8:13 ).
lord of justice or righteousness, was king in Jerusalem at the time when the Israelites invaded Palestine ( Joshua 10:1 Joshua 10:3 ). He formed a confederacy with the other Canaanitish kings against the Israelites, but was utterly routed by Joshua when he was engaged in besieging the Gibeonites. The history of this victory and of the treatment of the five confederated kings is recorded in Joshua 10:1-27 . (Compare Deuteronomy 21:23 ). Among the Tell Amarna tablets (see EGYPT) are some very interesting letters from Adoni-zedec to the King of Egypt. These illustrate in a very remarkable manner the history recorded in Joshua 10 , and indeed throw light on the wars of conquest generally, so that they may be read as a kind of commentary on the book of Joshua. Here the conquering career of the Abiri (i.e., Hebrews) is graphically described: "Behold, I say that the land of the king my lord is ruined", "The wars are mighty against me", "The Hebrew chiefs plunder all the king's lands", "Behold, I the chief of the Amorites am breaking to pieces." Then he implores the king of Egypt to send soldiers to help him, directing that the army should come by sea to Ascalon or Gaza, and thence march to Wru-sa-lim (Jerusalem) by the valley of Elah.
1. Natural. Thus Pharaoh's daughter adopted Moses ( Exodus 2:10 ), and Mordecai Esther ( Esther 2:7 ).
2. National. God adopted Israel ( Exodus 4:22 ; Deuteronomy 7:6 ; Hosea 11:1 ; Romans 9:4 ).
3. Spiritual. An act of God's grace by which he brings men into the number of his redeemed family, and makes them partakers of all the blessings he has provided for them. Adoption represents the new relations into which the believer is introduced by justification, and the privileges connected therewith, viz., an interest in God's peculiar love ( John 17:23 ; Romans 5:5-8 ), a spiritual nature ( 2 Peter 1:4 ; John 1:13 ), the possession of a spirit becoming children of God ( 1 Peter 1:14 ; 2 John 4 ; Romans 8:15-21 ; Galatians 5:1 ; Hebrews 2:15 ), present protection, consolation, supplies ( Luke 12:27-32 ; John 14:18 ; 1 Corinthians 3:21-23 ; 2 co 1:4 ), fatherly chastisements ( Hebrews 12:5-11 ), and a future glorious inheritance ( Romans 8:17 Romans 8:23 ; James 2:5 ; Philippians 3:21 ).
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What Is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth: You’ve in all probability seen it in your smartphone, pill, Mac, or PC, and also you would possibly realize it has one thing to do with wi-fi communications or peripherals. But what’s Bluetooth—and is it just like Wi-Fi? We’ll clarify.
Table of Contents
What Is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wi-fi communications customary designed particularly for replacing wired connections in close by peripheral units like headsets, audio system, sport controllers, mice, and keyboards. It may also be used to switch recordsdata between units in the identical room.
Bluetooth originated as a undertaking to hyperlink cell telephones to laptop computer computer systems within the mid-Nineteen Nineties. With a number of low-power radio communications protocols in growth at Intel, Ericsson, and Nokia, someone proposed that they merge into an trade customary. The customary solidified in 1998 as “Bluetooth” and has been managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, a not-for-profit company, ever since.
Why Is It Called Bluetooth?
Jim Kardach of Intel named the Bluetooth customary after Harald “Bluetooth” Gormsson, a king of Denmark and Norway within the tenth century AD. Some historians guess that Gormsson might have acquired his “Bluetooth” nickname from a foul, discolored tooth. In a 2008 editorial for EETimes, Kardach states that he selected Bluetooth title as a result of the king was “famous for uniting Scandinavia just as we intended to unite the PC and cellular industries with a short-range wireless link.” Kardach initially supposed the title to only be the code title for the undertaking, however it caught.
The title alternative prolonged to the brand for Bluetooth, nonetheless in use right this moment, which is a combination of two runic letters (“H” and “B”) that initialize Harald Bluetooth’s title.
Why Is Bluetooth Needed?
The key motive for all wi-fi applied sciences is baked into their title: wi-fi. Wires—or cables—are cumbersome and typically costly. Cables cut back mobility and make units much less moveable. Bluetooth makes use of radio waves to remove the need for cables for peripherals and short-range knowledge transfers, and it does so whereas sipping power, which makes it nice for small, battery-powered peripherals and cellular units.
RELATED: Bluetooth 5.0: What’s Different, and Why it Matters
Wi-Fi vs. Bluetooth: What’s the Difference?
Bluetooth is a typical function on fashionable tablets, PCs, and smartphones. But there’s one other wi-fi function that some might confuse with Bluetooth: Wi-Fi. Why are there two completely different wi-fi requirements—why not only one?
In normal, Bluetooth is designed for advert hoc, direct device-to-device connections. It helps decrease knowledge switch speeds, however makes use of far much less energy than different wi-fi applied sciences (like Wi-Fi) consequently, so it’s nice for cellular units. As a results of the low energy utilization, it additionally has a far shorter communications vary—normally round 30 ft.
In distinction, Wi-Fi makes use of a hub-based community designed particularly for networking. It helps a lot increased knowledge switch speeds however makes use of extra energy than Bluetooth consequently. It additionally helps a for much longer vary—sometimes lots of of ft.
So when you evaluate the 2, the properties of Bluetooth make it nice for small devices you need to wirelessly hyperlink collectively throughout the similar room, however poor for high-speed community entry. And Wi-Fi is nice for high-speed wi-fi networking, however is just too power-hungry (and never ideally architected) for ad-hoc connections between units, though there are exceptions like Wi-Fi Direct.
Ultimately, requirements reside and die by how broadly they get adopted. Bluetooth has large system help for short-range connections so it can seemingly be the default technique for wi-fi peripherals for a while to return. Happy linking!
RELATED: What Is Wi-Fi Direct, and How Does It Work?
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How much of Vietnam is poor?
Is Vietnam a poor country?
In 1990, Vietnam was among the world’s poorest countries with a GDP per capita of $98. … Vietnam is now defined as a lower middle income country by the World Bank. Of the total Vietnamese population of 88 million people (2010), 13 million people still live in poverty and many others remain near poor.
Which country has highest percentage of poor?
Country Comparison > Population below poverty line
Rank Country Population below poverty line (%)
1 Syria 82.5
2 Zimbabwe 72.3
3 Madagascar 70.7
4 Sierra Leone 70.2
Why is Vietnam so poor?
Factors that characterized the poor include large size of household, low education and skills, dependency on agriculture, remoteness in rural mountainous areas, lack of supporting infrastructure (UNDP 2018).
Why are people poor in Vietnam?
Which is the poorest country in the world 2021?
South Sudan is the poorest country in the world with a poverty rate of 82.3% in 2021 (Poverty Rate By Country 2021, 2021).
THIS IS INTERESTING: How safe is Vietnam for American tourists?
Where does US rank in poverty?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the official 2017 poverty rate in the U.S. was 12.3%. However, other sources placed it as high as 17.8%.
Poverty Rate By Country 2021.
Country Lesotho
Poverty Rate (WB) 49.70%
Data Year (WB) 2017
% Less than $10/day 91.97%
% Less than $5.50/day 74.06%
Is Cuba a poor country 2020?
However, the Human Development Index of Cuba still ranks much higher than the vast majority of Latin American nations. … Despite this, the poverty level reported by the government is one of the lowest in the developing world, ranking 6th out of 108 countries, 4th in Latin America and 48th among all countries.
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Question: What countries call football soccer?
What countries call it soccer instead of football?
Name by Nation.
Team Nickname notes
South Africa soccer sokker in Afrikaans
Spain fútbol the Spanish term for football
Does Australia call it soccer or football?
As is the case in the United States and Canada, association football is most commonly referred to in Australia as soccer. Historically, the sport has been referred to as British association rules and British football.
Where soccer is most popular?
How do you say hello in Australian slang?
G’day. One of the first things you’ll hear when in Australia, is the classic “G’day, mate”, which is basically the same as saying, “good day”, or “hello”. So feel free to use this one from day 1 and watch the smiles around you as people respond with, “g’day mate”, which means “hello, friend”.
Which is older AFL or soccer?
Soccer is older than AFL as its roots date back to medieval times. However, AFL can be considered as starting in the 1850’s and was formalised earlier than soccer, which was only formalised in 1963.
IT IS INTERESTING: What is the most important offensive position in football?
Is Australia good at soccer?
Australia is the only national team to have been a champion of two confederations, having won the OFC Nations Cup four times between 1980 and 2004, as well as the AFC Asian Cup at the 2015 event on home soil. … The team has also represented Australia at the FIFA Confederations Cup four times.
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A Guide To Fluoride
Fluoride is mentioned an awful lot in dental care. In this article we will explore the ins and outs of fluoride and why it is such an important topic with regards to your lovely teeth.
Many people have the misconception that fluoride is an artificial chemical dreamed up in a lab and put into our dental products. Fluoride is in fact a naturally occurring mineral that can be found in the Earth’s crust, soil, the oceans, food and lots of other natural sources. Our teeth are actually made with fluoride!
Fluoride Toothpaste
The enamel of our teeth contains mineral that can be naturally lost (demineralisation) or gained (remineralisation) over time for a number of reasons,
Demineralisation is most problematic for adults and it is often triggered by the bacteria in your mouth that cause pesky plaque to form. You see the bacteria in your mouth thrive on sugars and other carbohydrates that enter your mouth from your diet. The bacteria (perhaps unsurprisingly) eat what you eat and their consumption process causes your saliva to become more acidic which eats away at your tooth enamel.
Fluoride helps to remineralise your enamel using your natural saliva acting as a carrier for fluoride into your enamel. Fluoride in your tooth enamel combines with phosphate and calcium that naturally exist in your enamel creating fluorapatite, a strong material that is resistant to acid attack. So fluoride can strengthen your teeth which can help to prevent cavities (holes in your teeth) in order to keep them healthy.
When your saliva is less acidic fluoride can also help. Fluoride helps to replenish other minerals your teeth need to be healthy like phosphate and calcium that help to harden your teeth making them more resistant to being worn away.
Fluoride can help keep your teeth healthy in two main ways:
1. When we were children, small doses of fluoride that are consumed through food and drink are used to form the foundations of our developing teeth from the inside out.
2. Small doses of fluoride also fuse with our saliva which carries it directly into our teeth helping to strengthen our teeth from the outside in.
Numerous studies, across multiple countries over a number of decades have shown that adding fluoride to toothpaste leads to significant reductions in cavities caused by tooth decay. In fact many dental associations around the world including The British Dental Association actively recommend that toothpastes contain fluoride for proper oral health.
Brushing you teeth with a fluoride toothpaste as directed by your dentist is considered very important for the health of your teeth. One of the most widely recommended regimes is to brush your teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste in order to help protect your teeth against cavities.
Fluoride Toothpaste
The NHS guidelines for the dosage of fluoride in toothpaste are quite clear and differ from person to person, for adults:
• Toothpastes containing 1,350ppm to 1,500ppm of fluoride are the most effective although depending on your oral health needs your dentist may advise you to use even higher strength if you are at particular risk of tooth decay.
At Waken we believe the sweet spot for fluoride in toothpaste is 1,450ppm of fluoride which is what all Waken toothpastes are formulated with.
Also, to get the most out of fluoride toothpaste it’s best not to rinse with mouthwash (or water for that matter!) at the same time or immediately after using it. This is because the mouthwash or water will wash away the more concentrated fluoride in the toothpaste making it less effective at protecting your teeth from cavities.
these are the
Fluoride is the iodised version of the chemical element fluorine. Fluorine is a highly reactive element meaning it forms chemical compounds with other elements very easily. One of its best know compounds is of course fluoride. Examples of different types of fluoride are:
• Sodium fluoride
• Sodium monofluorophosphate
• Stannous fluoride
• Calcium fluoride
Sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate are two types of fluoride commonly used in toothpaste to help protect teeth against tooth decay. Waken toothpaste gels and Waken mouthwashes contain sodium fluoride (1,450ppm) whilst Waken waterless toothpaste tablets contain sodium monofluorophosphate (1,450ppm).
Children can use fluoride toothpaste under very specific circumstances. We do not recommend the use of fluoride toothpaste for children under 7 years old. Once a child is 7 years old they can use fluorinated toothpaste as directed by their dentist.
The typical recommendation is often for children who are 7 years old or over to use a fluoride toothpaste whilst be supervised by a responsible adult where necessary and for them to spit out the toothpaste when brushing.
According to the NHS, a medical condition called dental fluorosis can affect the developing teeth of children if they are exposed to too much fluoride.
Mild fluorosis (the most common kind) is observed as fine pearly white lines or flecking on the surface of the teeth. It is often quite subtle to the point that only a dentist may be able to notice it. Sever fluorosis, can cause brown, black or grey discolouration and pitting on the surface of tooth enamel.
The good news is that fluorosis is quite a rare condition in the UK (as fluoride levels in tap water are regulated so carefully, for example by the Drinking Water Inspectorate for England and Wales). If fluorosis does occur it causes no discomfort to the child, will not affect the long-term health of their teeth and any discolouration is treatable and reversible.
spotting the
That’s right, it is entirely possible to have a fluoride deficiency which could harm your teeth, overall oral health and even bones:
• The most obvious sign of fluoride deficiency is the presence of tooth decay. If your teeth are not exposed to enough fluoride, bacteria that causes plaque (or biofilm) can grow out of control generating acids that eat away at your teeth. If your tooth enamel is worn away too significantly his can cause cavities to form on your teeth which can be painful and expensive to fix.
• More prominent in older adults when fluoride deficiency exists is the presence of brittle or weak bones.
If used properly and appropriately it is widely researched an accepted that fluoride is a safe and recommended addition to toothpastes, mouthwashes and even tap water in many countries to help people improve and maintain good oral health.
To date there is no conclusive scientific evidence linking fluoride to adverse health problems when it is used and consumed in the recommended way. The National Health Service (NHS) recommends fluoride containing dental products such as mouthwashes and toothpastes be used to care for teeth and prevent dental caries, cavities, subsequent infections and ultimately the untimely removal of teeth.
some of the
Fluoride Mouthwash
Fluoride toothpaste is not the only source of fluoride that can help care for your teeth. Other sources of fluoride include:
• Fluoride mouthwash: fluoride mouthwash is mouthwash that contains fluoride. We recommend using one that contains 250ppm of fluoride to help protect your teeth against cavities. Fluoride in mouthwash works much the same way as fluoride in toothpaste. Fluoride mouthwash can be used as an additional layer of protection when brushing may not be possible or for those who are particularly at risk of tooth decay. Fluoride Mouthwash should not replace brushing at least twice a day but instead be used to supplement this behaviour.
• Fluoride in tap water: in many countries including the UK fluoride is added to municipal water sources that don’t already contain enough fluoride. This is a public health measure in order to protect that nation’s teeth against cavities. Multiple reports, including those by Public Health England explain that ensuring water fluoridation at 0.7mg/l would reduce hospital admission for tooth extractions in some groups by up to 68%. The Drinking Water Inspectorate carefully monitor the level of fluoride in water for England and Wales and adjust if necessary to ensure it is always at safe and effective levels.
• Fluoride dentist treatments: if you are not getting enough fluoride from your toothpaste, mouthwash, tap water, etc your dentist may recommend a professional fluoride treatment performed by your dentist or dental hygienist. There are many types of fluoride treatments dentists can offer, including:
• Fluoride varnish: that your dentist will apply directly to your teeth.
• Fluoride foam: that your dentist applies to a soft dental tray that they insert into your mouth and ask you to bite down on for a number of minutes.
• Fluoride rinse: a liquid that your dentist will ask you to swish around your mouth for several minutes before spitting out.
• At-home fluoride treatments: if your dentist identifies that you are at particularly high risk of developing tooth decay they may decide you could benefit from an at-home fluoride treatment. Your dentist will prescribe a fluoride gel for you to apply to your teeth as directed.
• Fluoride supplements: are similar to vitamins or other supplements and can come in tablet, lozenge or liquid form. If your dentist believes you could benefit from fluoride supplements they will prescribe them for you. Please discuss any over-the-counter fluoride supplements with your dentist or dental professional before buying them to ensure you or your family could benefit from them.
• Bottled water: with the introduction and establishment of bottled water as a source of drinking water it has become more challenging for people to get the right amount of fluoride. The majority of bottled water brands do not contain fluoride and may affect whether you are getting enough fluoride in the following ways:
• The amount of bottled water you drink in a day
• The dosage of fluoride in the bottled water you drink (check the ingredients label of any bottled water)
• Whether or not bottled water is used in your cooking
• Whether or not you supplement bottled water with fluorinated water at work, school or elsewhere in your life
If bottled water is your primary source of drinking water, please check with your dentist to ensure you are getting the optimum level of fluoride.
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Life After Death
Previous Chapter Table of Contents Full PDF version
Section 5 – Big Picture – Past and Future – Chapter 5.1
Everyone dies, but almost no one really lives. Life after death: The evidence does not directly tell us what happens after we die, but that does not mean we cannot know. We can just take what we do know and project it into the future. When the evidence does not tell you directly what will happen, you can use extrapolation and deductive logic to know what will happen. Example: we do not know for certain that the sun will rise in the morning. All we can know is what has happened in the past and that nature will keep doing what it has done in the past unless something happens to change it. Using this method, we can be almost certain the sun will rise in the morning, because the Earth will keep turning and the sun will keep burning a while longer. Using this method, we can know what will happen after we die. The following is what extrapolating the known evidence says will happen and why.
It happened before: We know we were born into this life and world at least one time, our current lives. There is no evidence that anything else happens or can happen. The evidence says only one thing; we are born, live, die and then do the same thing over again. It shows we evolve as we go through the cycles. You are going to die! Maybe today. This book makes you ready for it.
Death: It is something we have been through countless times. It is the ending of your current physical life and body, including your mind. The only thing that survives your physical death other than your spirit is the position in the collective unconscious you achieved in this lifespan. It focuses you (your spirit) in your next life at the awareness level you achieved in this lifespan. Everyone dies with a damaged brain; death happens as the result of your brain being damaged to the point that it can no longer contain your consciousness. In the collective unconscious, you actually die at the highest level you achieved in this life before your brain was damaged, even if it was years before. Because of this, people who become mentally ill or have brain injuries that cause them to lose their memory and connection to the truth and life still go to heaven.
Guarantee: The collective unconscious locks you in when you learn the ultimate truth, not necessarily when your body dies physically. You can never lose the level of awareness you achieve in this life, no matter what happens after you learn the ultimate truth, because of the collective unconscious. If the collective unconscious did not work this way, there would be no evolution. When people die, their brains and thus their minds are compromised in one way or another. By definition, physical death causes you to lose everything physical, and this includes your brain/mind. Thus, everyone loses the truth before they die. Our essential mind, or spiritual mind, has to be preserved outside our physical self and preserving what we have learned and know, or there could not be any evolutionary progress. Since we can see that there is evolutionary progress, it has to work this way. Even Jesus lost it near the end when he was on the cross. That is why he said, “Father, why have you forsaken me?” It happens to everyone. Birth: It is the start of a new physical life cycle. Your consciousness is starting out in a new physical body and mind. Your new mind is a blank slate except for the instinctual level of mind if you are born again on the animal level. Your new mind is completely blank if you come back as a spiritual being in heaven.
You were not afraid to be born; why be afraid to die? It is the same thing. Birth and death can be seen as just one event, because that is the way you will perceive it. The transition is instantaneous from your perspective.
Guiding angel: Death is your consciousness ending in one body and beginning in another. The collective unconscious stays with you always like a guiding angel and brings what you learned with you. It is with you on a subconscious level if you come back on the animal level. It is with you on a conscious level if you come back as a spiritual being in heaven. Death is as sure for that which is born, as birth is for that which is dead. Bhagavad Gita Reincarnation: You are immortal, so it is important to know what you can come back as. You can come back as the highest form of animal life (mankind), as the lowest form of animal life (bacteria), or you can rise above the animal level and come back as a spiritual being.
If you die as an animal, you are reborn as an animal. If you die as a spiritual being, you are reborn as a spiritual being, so it is important to become one.
It all depends on your perspective and level of awareness you achieve in this life. The collective unconscious connects with you on different levels of awareness. You are connected subconsciously to other souls or spirits that are as aware of the truth and the life as you are. Birds of a feather flock together after death.
Together forever: How can we know we will be together with our loved ones after death? We will be together if our minds are together now, because they are also together in the collective unconscious which determines where and what we are reborn as after death. You will always be with those that know the truth and the life forever once you learn it. This is why you want everyone you love to know it.
The myth of heaven: One of the big selling points of the myth of heaven is you rejoin your loved ones that have died before or after you. The myth says that you see your loved ones the way they looked in this life. It's not true; you are born into new, different bodies. The only thing that is the same is the spirit.
Coming back as you are does not make sense, and no one would really want it to be true. When a child dies, the parents expect them to still be a child when they see them in heaven after they die. Does someone that dies as a child have to stay in a child’s body forever? Do old grandmas stay old? It does not happen. There is no judge or judgment when you die; you will go where life forms like you go. If you live as an animal, you'll be an animal in the next life. If you live as a spiritual being, you'll continue to be one your next life.
As John Lennon said, “It is like getting out of one car and into another.”
Ghosts: Spirits do not live without a physical body of one kind or another. Ghosts or disembodied spirits that talk to people and haunt houses do not exist. If there were ghosts where people die, every hospital would be haunted.
Your spirit needs a body to live (be conscious of life). You need functional eyes to see, or the blind could see. You need ears to hear, vocal cords to talk, etc. When you die, from your own perspective, you are instantly reborn into another body inside the womb of your future mother. When you leave the womb, you will be in a new environment that reflects the level of awareness you achieved in this lifespan. Your level of awareness in the collective unconscious mind determines the nature of your new body and environment. It is what all the evidence says is true. If you learn the truth, you are born into a family with the souls of people you are related to and/or loved in this life and past lives if they are also on the same level of awareness. You will eventually be with all your loved ones in heaven after they learn the truth.
If you are a low life, you will continue to be one in one body or another. If you live in the animal mind ,the best you can do is be as you are now again. The worst you can do is start over at the bottom of the evolutionary cycle on Earth. We’re all of us guinea pigs in the laboratory of God. Humanity is just a work in progress. Tennessee Williams
The cycle of the mind: We know it can take about three and a half billion years to evolve from plant bacteria to mankind, but we did not take that whole trip. Plant life is not conscious life; only animal life is, so we got on the evolutionary ladder when animal life began evolving about seven hundred million years ago.
Plant life does not have consciousness or a mind like animal life does.
Cambrian explosion: When life became conscious, evolution really started moving fast. Consciousness hooked up evolution more directly to the collective unconscious, and this greatly accelerated evolution. If you look at the fossil evidence, you will see that about half a billion years ago, life exploded on earth. It started evolving very fast. It did this as a direct result of consciousness. Come together: Where we are now has a lot in common with the Cambrian explosion. Then, we went from single cell animals to multiple cell animals. We had to in order to survive the future changes on the planet. Single cells came together for the benefit of all, and we are doing it again.
Without the truth, it is every man for himself. With the truth, it is one for all and all for one. The truth and communication technology are connecting us.
Human beings are like big, single cell animals. We are not connected to each other consciously, and just a little bit on the subconscious level. We are in the process of connecting with each other in order to take the next step in our evolution. We will connect spiritually when the truth is realized.
The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with followers of Christ. 1 Corinthians 12:12
The connection: The ultimate truth will connect us, and we will become like one big organism. It will make the survival of the human race possible, and transforms us into spiritual beings as individuals.
Gates of heaven: Currently, we are at the top of the evolutionary cycle of this world. There is nowhere to go except to the bottom and start over, come back as a human again, or evolve into a spiritual being.
Always getting better: Many people think that life will always get better, that we are always evolving more and more. It is just wishful thinking. The evidence does not support that. Our physical life cycle shows that you physically progress until about age thirty-five, and then you physically start going down hill, so things do not always get better and better, do they? They only do if you know the truth. The evidence shows that everything is going in a circle. You cannot come back anywhere in the middle of the evolutionary cycle, because things naturally go in a complete circle. If you cannot come back in the middle, it means you have to come back at the end. You will have to go to the end of the line, or it would not be fair to other animals in the evolutionary line. God/life is always fair.
Evolution, linear or cyclical: All animals are doing the same thing; evolving. The big question is, is it linear or cyclical? If it is linear, we are way ahead of all other animal life on earth. If it is cyclical, we are ahead and behind, because we are ahead now, at the top of the cycle, but start over at the bottom when we die. We have to assume it is a cycle, because everything else in the universe is in a cycle. We have to do what has the best chance of leaving the animal cycle for a better realm. A better realm is possible, one where you do not eat each other and there is no pain, fear, and death. Some religions call it heaven. They say the truth, learning it and spreading it, is the way. Science and common sense say the same thing, so learning and spreading the truth of life is the way to go. The truth dictates that there are only three ways to go when you die. You can go to heaven, start over at the bottom of the cycle, or come back where you are now. The best of the three options would be to move on while moving on is possible. If you start over at the bottom of the evolutionary cycle, you would have to live in the animal world, the world of the fang and claw, for millions of life spans before you get back in this position again. Who wants to do it again? We have done it at least once; why do it again?
The life you can see says you die, then start over. Why wouldn't all of evolution do the same thing? We are at the top or end of it, so it will start over for those that do not get free from it while they have the chance. Now if some evidence shows up that indicates something else, then maybe it could be different, but until then, we have to go with the truth we can check.
You only have to worry or be afraid if you choose to ignore the truth; then you would deserve to take the fall. If you are going to face the truth and live in it, you should be happy, not fear, and live in love and deserve to go to a heaven, and your awareness of the path you are on should make you even happier. True or false?
You can only leave the animal cycle and become a spiritual being when you are in our very rare position. If you realize your true nature and begin to live the life of a spiritual being, you will not go to any animal level again.
Use it or lose it: The only real difference between mankind and all other animals is our ability to reason and think at a high enough level to know the truth of life. Thus, our minds have to be what we have to use to evolve further. We have to use what evolved that set us apart from other animals.
We have to use the last step we took to take the next step.
Our only job is to become more than we are while we can.
If we do not use our ability to know the truth of life, we may lose it, and we may have to go to the end of the line.
Ultimate purpose: Since we are the only animal with a rational mind, we must use it for its ultimate purpose. We are the only animal that can learn and understand the world we live in. No other animal even knows it is going to die.
There can only be one ultimate purpose for mankind, and that is to transcend or evolve past the animal world.
Jesus said you must be born again to see heaven.
Jesus said you must be born of spirit to get to heaven.
If you die living just as ignorant of truth as an animal, you cannot be anything more in the next life. You have to change yourself while you can. You have to become more than just a smart animal while you can. You have to learn the truth of life.
Most people now are just monkeys with car keys.
Everyone is living like an animal until they know the truth and live the life.
Even people that are living a good, moral life are still animals; they are just well behaved animals. Criminals are the obvious animals, but at least they are being honest to their true nature. They are just acting how an animal acts.
Criminals: Criminals live like animals. The worst is the serial killer, a recent and alarming development in our society. Serial killers are actually doing what comes natural to animals. All predatory animals live like serial killers.
Serial killers: Do you know that serial killers and sadomasochistic killers are becoming an epidemic? These are people that get off sexually by the pain and fear of people they hurt. They get pleasure from controlling, possessing, and killing people. It is the beast, the predator/prey in its purest form.
Costs everything: It is the natural way all lower animals live and always have lived. The predator/prey relationship is the animal world, so people, a lot of people, are going back to their animal-self, because they see no other good way to go, no reason not to do it. Religion is foolish in its current form; people do not believe it even if they say they do, so it is not a powerful enough incentive to be moral and nice to others. Money/wealth does not bring fulfillment, so some figure, why not have some animal satisfaction? They are going back to animal behavior that actually does fulfill them for a short while, but it costs them everything.
Only the truth can give people a real, concrete reason to be moral. It also gives them more than animal fulfillment, so they will rise above the animal.
There is a lot of animal satisfaction in violent and predatory animal behavior, and that is why some people do it. The question they need to ask themselves is: Is it worth the price? Everyone, even good people, have to ask this question.
The stakes could not be higher; heaven forever, or millions of years and millions of fights to the death to claw your way back up the food chain. If criminals knew the truth, they would change their ways; we should tell them.
The Bible says, some will be saved by love and some will be saved by fear.
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Deforestation in Brazil: an issue that has persisted since the colonial era
Translated by Marine El Hajji
To reflect on the 54th episode of PNYX directed by my colleagues of Le Journal International, I would like to go back to the issue of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. In what way does this deforestation draw from the colonial heritage, but also from the military dictatorship of which Jair Bolosnaro, the current president of Brazil, claims to be an avid follower?
To answer this question, it is important to understand that the Amazon rainforest has always been subject to a more or less widespread deforestation depending on the historical, political or economic context.
Deforestation during the Colonial Era
Very soon after Brazil was discovered in 1500, the settlers established an economy based on the exploitation of various natural resources such as wood, ores, medicinal plants, and so on. Sugar cane gradually became part of the landscape as slave trade intensified towards the end of the 16th century. Thanks to sugar cane monoculture, Brazil became considerably richer and rose to the rank of the world’s largest sugar producer in less than a century.
At the same time, the gold rush started to take place everywhere in Latin America, exacerbated by the myth of Eldorado. As sugar production declined, the discovery of gold and diamond deposits in Minas Gerais gave new life to the economy. It is estimated that a fifth of the Portuguese population came to try its luck at extracting the precious minerals.
It goes without saying that these exploitation models were established at the expense of local populations, slaves and nature, which was perceived as nothing but a means to make money.
It was not until the 1830s, as coffee production intensified through industrialization, that deforestation increased considerably. For a long time, the coffee monoculture remained a profitable activity, as coffee lovers, who mostly lived in the United States and in Europe, grew increasingly fonder of this plant which became a mass consumption product. Soon, the industrialization of practices was also accompanied by the emergence of heavy industry which gave rise to the first railroads, allowing people to venture more easily and deeper into the rainforest.
The Military Regime Maintains Colonization of the Rainforest
The 1964 military regime focused on economy-oriented development policies, totally disregarding all environmental concerns. Among the “Great National Objectives” could be found major mining and agricultural colonization programs in the Amazon. In the 1970s, the military junta launched the construction of several infrastructures such as the Trans-Amazonian Highway or the Belém-Brasília Highway, which facilitated the colonization of the rainforest.
At the time, land tenure was based on physical occupation to define ownership of a property. Deforestation was actually a rational decision of the settlers, since it allowed them to appropriate the land. In addition, there was an ineffective control of agrarian authorities, a widespread corruption in the land market, tax incentives for large estates, not to mention the myth of the fazendeiro, which equates cattle farmers as elites. As a result, until the 2000s, deforestation was instilled by federal state directives. Deforestation spread mainly along roads and on agricultural pioneer fronts following the “arc of deforestation”.
Even if these processes were somewhat halted in the 1990s to give the country a good image at the Rio Conference, extensive cattle farming and soybean production continued to destroy the landscape of the Amazon rainforest. Indeed, within 20 years (from 1993 to 2003), the number of cattle increased fivefold to reach 160 million heads. In 2003, Brazil became the world’s largest exporter of beef with a production of around 1.5 million tons, whose vast majority was destined for export. Cattle breeding alone is estimated to account for 75 to 80% of deforested land converted to agricultural land; the scale of the phenomenon has even led some specialists to speak of a colonization “by the leg of ox” (par la patte du boeuf).
At the same time, soybean monoculture also began to play a tremendously important role in the agricultural colonization of the Amazon. With 42 million tons produced in the 2000s, soybean has become Brazil’s main crop.
Brazil has therefore always worked as a mosaic of export-oriented cells marked by various economic cycles: sugar, gold, coffee, rubber, wood, soybean, beef. While international authorities are now focusing on ecological issues, Brazilian public policies consider the Amazon a territory that needs to be opened up and developed. Like oil, the Amazon is a resource to be used not only for economic gain but also social development. For example, the integration of this territory into the rest of the country was a response to demographic pressures. Brazil is caught between two directives: on the one hand, economic development based on the “American dream”, and on the other hand, protection of natural resources. It should also be pointed out that some governments, such as Lula’s (2003–2011), have tried to reconcile economic and social development with environmental concerns. Programs promoting family farming in Southeast Pará, for instance, have shown that it was possible.
European Countries’ Responsibility in Deforestation
Nevertheless, we should not forget that European countries have their share of the blame. Indeed, like all products, beef and soybeans are subject to the fluctuation of economic markets. Since 2016, the increase in deforestation seems to be correlated to the increase in the prices of beef and soybeans, 40% of which are exported to Europe. For example, according to Comtrade that records world trade flows, in 2017 France imported the equivalent of 3,500,000 tons of soybean meal, 61% of which came from Brazil.
Deforestation raises the question of sustainable development. In short, how can we exploit forest resources to stimulate economic development, while satisfying the current welfare needs, and without compromising the sustainability of said resources, as well as the prosperity of future generations? The Amazon is undergoing major changes whose ecological and social consequences affect both local and global populations.
In the end, President Jair Bolsonaro’s rise to power and the coverage of the fires in the Amazon have only updated an issue that has existed since the colonial era.
Faure, Michel. Une histoire du Brésil. Éditions Perrin, 2016.
Chaunu, Pierre. Histoire de l’Amérique latine. Presses Universitaire de France, 2012.
Théry, Hervé. « La conquête de l’espace brésilien ». Vingtième Siècle, revue d’histoire, no 25, 1990, p. 13‑28.
Scouvart, Marie, et Éric F. Lambin. « Approche systémique des causes de la déforestation en Amazonie brésilienne : syndromes, synergies et rétroactions ». L’Espace géographique, vol. 35, mars 2006, p. 241‑54.
Demaze, Moise Tsayem. « La déforestation en Amazonie brésilienne : une rupture apparente entre le développement et environnement ». Lé déforestation en Amazonie brésilienne, 2007.
Demaze, Moïse Tsayem. « Quand le développement prime sur l’environnement : la déforestation en Amazonie brésilienne ». De Boeck Supérieur, « Mondes en développement », no 143, mars 2008, p. 97‑116.
Dagicour, Ombelyne. « Géopolitique de l’Amazonie ». Politique étrangère, janvier 2020, p. 135‑56.
Alfredo Telles Melo, João, et Deodato do Nascimento Aquino. La destruction de l’Amazonie, un projet du gouvernement Bolsonaro. Janvier 2020, p. 29‑45.
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Kick your drinking and smoking habits to curb TB
Exercise, adequate sleep and rest, a balanced diet, limiting alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking are some of the ways to help reduce the spread of tuberculosis (TB).
This is the advice from Allison Vienings, executive director of the Self-Medication Manufacturers Association of South Africa (SMASA), to commemorate World TB Day (WTBD) on 24 March.
How TB is transmitted
Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease which most commonly affects the lungs and is transmitted from one person to another via droplets from the throat and lungs of an infected person.
Read: TB deaths in SA are disgraceful, says Desmond Tutu
People who are in poor health are more susceptible to the disease; the key is therefore to lead a healthy lifestyle.
According to Vienings, “A healthy lifestyle is one of the simple ways to prevent TB, but often most difficult for people to incorporate."
Good hygiene is vital
Vienings urges every South African to start taking better care of themselves through good personal hygiene, exercise and basic lifestyle changes, and to avoid factors that may contribute to the spread of the bacteria.
She outlined five simple lifestyle changes to boost the immune system and help fight off tuberculosis bacteria:
1. Eat a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meat. Avoid fatty, sugary and processed foods.
2. Exercise often, at least 3 to 4 times a week. Try to incorporate some good cardiovascular exercise into your workouts, such as running, swimming or rowing.
3. Cut down on alcohol consumption and avoid smoking or taking drugs.
4. Get plenty of good quality sleep, ideally between 7 and 8 hours a night.
5. Maintain good personal hygiene and try to spend as much time as possible outdoors, in the fresh air.
“Take responsibility for yourself. If you think you might have any or all of the symptoms associated with TB, visit your local healthcare professional, clinic or doctor immediately,” she said.
Read: Why you need fresh air when using public transport
Vienings noted that with the different forms of TB, the symptoms are not always as clear-cut and vary from case to case.
The different forms of TB
Some of the usual symptoms include:
• Persistent coughing with bloody mucus
• Fatigue
• Weight loss, slight fever, night sweats
• Pain in the chest
“Treatment depends on whether a patient has previously received anti-TB drugs and potentially may have since acquired a resistance," said Vienings.
She added that it is crucial that the correct drugs are given for the correct period and that no medicines are skipped.
Also read:
Is TB spinning out of control in South Africa?
Exciting new MDR-TB drug to be tried in South Africa
Drug-resistant TB remains a crisis
Image: No to tobacco and alcohol from Shutterstock
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Important Functions of Transportation Network
Cities play a vital role in promoting economic growth and prosperity of a nation. The development of cities largely depends upon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure. Transport demand in most Indian cities has increased substantially, due to increases in population as a result of both natural increase and migration from rural areas and smaller towns. Urban productivity is highly dependent on the efficiency of its transport system to move labour, consumers and freight between multiple origins and destinations. The primary function of transportation is the transfer of messages and information. It is also needed for rapid movement of troops in case of emergency and finally movement of persons and goods. The political decision of construction and maintenance of roads has resulted in the development of transportation system. The entire economic, social and political life of a modern country depends upon an efficient system of transport. The benefits of transport can be studied under the following categories.
I) Economic Benefits/Functions
The economic effects of good transport facilities are as follows.
1) Extensive Market
Transport helps in the assembly of raw materials and distribution of finished goods. It makes it possible to move goods from the place of production to the place where they are to be consumed. In the earlier days, there were only local markets due to the absence of safe means of transport. Now a days, trade is not restricted to the boundaries of a nation, but has spread throughout the world. Development of the efficient means of transport has knit together all the nations of the world into the one big world market. Even the perishable articles like fish, dairy products, meat etc. are being transported to distant places of the world. But for good transport facilities, such a development in trade and commerce would not have been possible.
2) Mobility of Labour and Capital
Transport reduces the rigours of immobility of certain factors of production. Mobility of labour and capital increases with the development of transport. An efficient network of transport services encourages the movement of people from one place to another. Labour can migrate to the place where they can get better job opportunities, which reduces the exploitation of workers. The development of Australia and United States would not have been possible without immigrations from Europe. With the development of transport, the investment of capital is also channelized to new lands and other places of the world.
3) Specialization and Division of Labour
Transport helps each region and country to make optimum and efficient use of its national resources. Each region can concentrate on production of those goods for which its resources are best suited. Thus, movement of goods and people from one place to another leads to specialization and division of labour which results in minimum wastage of resources and reduction in the cost of production.
4) Economies of Large Scale Production
Transport has helped the development of large scale industries. It would not have been possible for these industries to procure raw materials, gather large number of workers and sell the finished goods, without the efficient facilities of transport. Thus, transport has made possible the various economies of large scale production which tend to reduce unit cost of production and help the economy.
5) Stability in Prices
Transport facilities iron out wild fluctuations. Goods can be transported to places where there is scarcity and the prices are high from places where there is surplus and the prices are low. Such movement of goods helps in maintaining uniform prices throughout the country and further tends to equalize the prices of goods throughout the world.
6) Benefits to Consumers
Improved means of transport benefit the consumers in many ways. The consumers can enjoy the benefit of use of many goods, which cannot be produced at their place, by transporting such goods from other distant places. Further, it helps in reducing the cost of goods of consumers and increases their purchasing power.
7) Employment Opportunities and Increase in the National Income
The various means of transport provide employment to millions of people throughout the world. The economic development of a country depends upon the improved means of transport. Thus, transport contributes substantially to the national income of the nations.
8) Discouragement to Monopoly
The scope of total income is extended by the development of the means of transport. As commodities can be quickly transported from one place to another, local producers cannot charge prices at their own will. This discourages monopoly and encourages competition.
9) Development of Agriculture
Transport has helped in the development of agriculture also. The business of agricultural products has grown to such a large extent only do to the efficient means of transport. It would not have been possible to use modern techniques of agriculture, improved quality of seeds and fertilizers, etc., but for good transport facilities.
10) Industrial Development
Transport facilitates the industrial development of a country. It helps the growth of industries by making available various factors of production. It would not have been possible to make such rapid industrial development without efficient means of transport.
11) Increase in National Wealth
Transport helps in increasing the national wealth of a country by facilitating agriculture, industry, trade and commerce.
II) Social Benefits/Functions
Transport has substantially influenced the life of the people. The various social advantages of an efficient transport are as follows.
1) Discovery of New Lands
Transport has helped the discovery of new lands and the growth of cities and urban areas. Due to the availability of long distance cheap transport, land has been utilized to the maximum advantage of the people all over the world. Even the waste lands are now being used. It also increases the value of land.
2) Diffusion of population
It reduces the concentration of population in the area of production. People can reach from distant places if there is an adequate and efficient system of transport.
3) High Standard of Living
Transport helps in the increase of production thereby raising the standard of living of the people. It is possible only through the means of transport that the ‘five M’s - Men, Material, Money, Machinery and Management’ can be assembled at the place of production. So, industries depend upon efficient system of transport and it creates new industries.
4) Mutual Understanding
It removes the problem of distance, helps the people of different regions to come in contact with each other, encourages exchange of ideas and culture and promotes co-operation, understanding the cordial relations, amongst the people of the world.
5) Ability to Face Natural Calamities
Transport enables the society to face natural calamities such as famine, earthquake, drought, floods, etc. In such emergencies, commodities can quickly be transported to the places of mishap.
6) Broadens the Outlook of the People
Transport promotes mutual understanding. It has broadened the outlook of the people of the world and has knitted together all the nations of the world.
7) Destroys Ignorance
It promotes culture, removes prejudices and destroys ignorance. It helps in spreading knowledge and furthering the cause of education.
III) Political Benefits/Functions
In addition to the economic and social advantages, transport enjoys a great political significance.
1) National Unity, Integration and Peace
Transport helps in maintaining internal peace and national unity of a country. It brings about national integration. A vast country like India cannot be held together without efficient means of transport. Transport encourages economic and political interdependence by promoting specialization and division of labour and this strengthens the need for unity and national integration.
2) National Defense
Transport is essential for strengthening the national defense of a country. In the days of war, it is only through improved means of transport that the defense personnel, material and equipment can be moved rapidly to the border areas. Defense of a country, therefore, necessitates the existence of improved transport facilities.
3) Political Awakening
Efficient means of transport help in creating political awakening in the people and the growth of civilization.
4) Source of Revenue
Transport helps in increasing the national wealth and income of a country. It is also a source of revenue to the Government.
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Database Abstraction Layer for PHP
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User Guide
List Of Tutorials
Basic Tasks
Database AbstractionUsing basic ADOdb commands to read data from and write back to the database
Data Dictionary BasicsHow to obtain information about database fields, columns and tables
Keys,Fields & Field ObjectsUnderstanding how to work with the most detailed level of data provided by ADOdb
Advanced Tasks
Multi Database Connections Controlling connections and transactional scoping in multiple databases simultaneously
Additional Documentation
Example 3: Inserting
Insert a row to the Orders table containing dates and strings that need to be quoted before they can be accepted by the database, eg: the single-quote in the word John's.
include(''); # load code common to ADOdb
$conn = adoONewConnection('access'); # create a connection
$conn->pConnect('northwind'); # connect to MS-Access, northwind dsn
* Inserting a string containing quote characters
* may cause a statement to fail if not pre-processed
$shipto = $conn->qstr("John's Old Shoppe");
$orderDate = $conn->dbDate(time());
$sql = "insert into orders (customerID,EmployeeID,OrderDate,ShipName) ";
$sql .= "values ('ANATR',2,".$orderDate.",$shipto)";
if ($conn->Execute($sql) === false)
print 'error inserting: '.$conn->errorMsg().'<BR>';
In this example, we see the advanced date and quote handling facilities of ADOdb. The unix timestamp (which is a long integer) is appropriately formatted for Access with dBDate(). Note that the date field should not be quoted. If required by the database, the field will be automatically quoted.
The correct escape character is used for quoting the John's Old Shoppe, which is John``s Old Shoppe and not PHP's default John's Old Shoppe by using qStr().
Observe the error-handling of the Execute statement. False is returned by Execute() if an error occurred. The error message for the last error that occurred is displayed in errorMsg(). Note: php_track_errors might have to be enabled for error messages to be saved.
v5/userguide/userguide_index.1458356699.txt.gz · Last modified: 2017/04/21 11:39 (external edit)
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