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Skip to main content That's Why Why does an airplane fly? Because . . . A. it doesn’t like to walk. B. it’s lifted by fast-moving air. C. heat from the Earth lifts it up. The answer is B. When an engine pulls a plane forward, air moves across the top of the wing faster than it moves below it. This creates lift. The Wright Brothers put this to work in 1903, when the plane they invented flew for 59 seconds. More from Science
Answer: the tendency to be more confident that correct-- to overestimate the accuaracy of one's beliefs and judgements Scrabble Points: 25 Powered by Oxford Dictionaries Overconfidence definition is - an excess of confidence (as in one's abilities or judgment) : confidence that is not justified. How to use overconfidence in a sentence. Overconfidence is the mother of all psychological biases. I mean that in two ways. First overconfidence is one of the largest and most ubiquitous of the many biases to which human judgment is ... See more videos for Overconfidence What Is Overconfidence in Psychology? It's easy to think of overconfidence as having more confidence in one's abilities than one should have but there is an actual definition of overconfidence in psychology. The American Psychological Association defines overconfidence as "a cognitive bias characterized by an overestimation of one's actual ability to perform a task successfully by a ... Find 57 ways to say OVERCONFIDENCE along with antonyms related words and example sentences at the world's most trusted free thesaurus. The overconfidence effect is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in his or her judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities. More Overconfidence images Overconfidence Bias. The overconfidence bias is the...
What is Mobile App Development We are living in a time where there is an app for almost everything. With the increasing consumption and availability of Smart Phones to the masses, mobile apps are gaining popularity at a rapid speed. Mobile application development is a process or an act by which a mobile app is developed for mobile phones. For best mobile app development there are several Mobile App Development Companies in Noida. Here is an insight on the Mobile application development Process. Mobile application development basically revolves around the following process: Planning: Planning and Requirement gathering is being done in the initial phase. Both client and development team sits together and discuss the project requirements in this phase. Design: After the documentation of the requirements designing team create a user interface ( UI ) for the project. User interface serves as a prototype and with the help of UI Both clients and developers get a common understanding of what they are going to develop. Development: It is the phase where the actual product is being created. Developers write the code to achieve the desired requirements. Testing: Once the development is over, the product goes into the hands of the quality analyst team which analyze the product and match it with the client requirement. The difference or the gap is being found by the QA team which is fixed by developers. Delivery: Once the product is being reviewed by QA the project is being delivered to the client. Maintenance: It is after delivery support that is provided by the development team to clients to help them settle with their project. What does a Mobile Application Developer do? The person who is actually writing the code for any mobile app could be termed as a mobile app developer. There are many Mobile App Development Companies in Noida who have best developers in this profile. What is the meaning of Mobile Application? A Mobile application, commonly referred to as an app, is a type of application or software designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. It is also known a web app, online app, iPhone app or smartphone app. The aim of mobile apps is to provide services similar to those accessed by PC to users on their smartphones. What language is used to write apps? There are various languages available for mobile app development, each having its own pro and cons. With Technology undergoing a major change it might be very hard to decide which language to choose to develop your app. The choice depends on the requirement and other factors ( such as resource availability, cost, project size, and platform). If you are developing your app separately for different platforms which are termed as Native app development then you need to choose a different language for different platform. Objective C and swift are popular for iPhone app development while Java, Kotlin is popular for Android app development. Another popular way to develop mobile applications is to adopt cross-platform app development approach. This method allows us to write code once which works on different platforms thus saving time and efforts. Most popular platforms to develop an app with this approach is React native and flutter or you can contact Mobile App Development Companies. Related Post
Month: October 2020 Machine Learning is an important skill to have in today’s age. But acquiring the skill set could take some time especially when the path to it is unscattered. The below-mentioned points have a very wider reach to the topics it covers and essentially would give anyone a very good start when it comes to starting from scratch. Learners should not limit themselves to only the below-mentioned set of skills as machine learning is an ever-expanding field and keeping abreast about the latest things and events always becomes very beneficial in scaling new heights in this field. 1. Programming knowledge 2. Applied Mathematics 3. Data Modeling and Evaluation 4. Machine Learning Algorithms 5. Neural Network Architecture The very essence of machine learning is coding(until and unless you are building something using drag and drop tools and which does not require a lot of customization) for cleaning the data, building the model, and validating them as well. Having a very good knowledge of programming skills along with the best practices always helps. You might be using java based programming or object-oriented based programming. But irrespective of what learners are using, debugging, writing efficient user defines functions and for loops and using inherent properties of the data structures essentially pays in the longer run. Having a good understanding of the below things will help 1. Computer Science Fundamentals and Programming 2. Software Engineering and System Design • Machine Learning Algorithms and Libraries 1. Distributed computing 2. Unix Knowledge of mathematics and related skills will always be beneficial when it comes to the understanding of the theoretical concepts of machine learning algorithms. Statistics, calculus, coordinate geometry, probability, permutations, and combinations come in very handy, although learners do not have to practically do mathematics using them. We have the libraries and the programming language to aid in a few of these, but in order to understand the underlying principles, these are very useful. Below listed are some of the mathematical concepts which are useful 2.1. Linear Algebra Below skills in linear algebra could be very useful 1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 2. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) • Symmetric Matrices 1. Matrix Operations 2. Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors 3. Vector Spaces and Norms 2.2. Probability Theory and Statistics There are a lot of probabilistic based algorithms in machine learning and knowledge of provability becomes useful in such cases. The below mention topics in probability are good to have 1. Probability Rules 2. Bayes’ Theorem • Variance and Expectation 1. Conditional and Joint Distributions 2. Standard Distributions (Bernoulli, Binomial, Multinomial, Uniform and Gaussian) 3. Moment Generating Functions, Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) • Prior and Posterior • Maximum a Posteriori Estimation (MAP) 1. Sampling Methods In the world of machine learning, there is no one fixed algorithm which could be identified well in advance and used to build the model. Irrespective of whether its classification, regression, or unsupervised, there are a host of techniques that need to be applied before deciding the best one for a given set of data points. Of course, with the due course, for time and experience modelers do have the idea which out of the lot could be better used than the rest but that is subjected to the situation. Finalizing the model always leads to interpreting the model output and there are a lot of technical terms involved in this part that could decide the direction of interpretation. As such, not only model selection, developers would also need to stress equally on the aspect of model interpretation and hence would be in a better position to evaluate and suggest changes. Model validation is comparatively easier and well-defined when it comes to supervised learning but in the case of unsupervised, learners need to tread carefully before choosing the hows and whens of model evaluation. The below concepts related to model validation are very useful to know in order to be a better judge of the models 1. Components of the confusion matrix 2. Logarithmic Loss • Confusion Matrix 1. Area under Curve 2. F1 Score 3. Mean Absolute Error • Mean Squared Error • Rand index 1. Silhouette score While a machine learning engineer may not have to explicitly apply complex concepts of calculus and probability, they always have the in-build libraries(irrespective of the platform/programming language being used) to help simplify things. When it comes to the libraries, be it for data cleansing/wrangling or building models or model evaluation, they are aplenty. Knowing each and every one of them in any platform is almost impossible and more often not beneficial. However, there would be a set of libraries which would be used day in and day out for task related to either machine learning, natural language processing, or deep learning. Hence getting familiarised with the lot would always lead to an advantageous situation and faster development time as well. Machine learning libraries associated with the below techniques are useful 1. Exposure to packages and APIs such as scikit-learn, Theano, Spark MLlib, H2O, TensorFlow 2. Expertise in models such as decision trees, nearest neighbor, neural net, support vector machine, and a knack for deciding which one fits the best • Deciding and choosing hyperparameters that affect the learning model and the outcome 1. Familiarity and understanding of concepts such as gradient descent, convex optimization, quadratic programming, partial differential equations 2. Underlying working principle of techniques like random forests, support vector machines (SVMs), Naive Bayes Classifiers, etc helps drive the model building process faster Source: Google Image Understanding neural networks working principle requires time as it is a different terrain in the field of AI especially if one considers neural nets to be an extension of machine learning techniques. Having said that, it is not impossible to have a very good understanding after spending some time with them, getting to know the underlying principles, and working on them as well. The architecture of neural nets takes a lot of inspiration from the human brain and hence the terms are related to the architecture that has been derived from biology. Neural nets form the very essence of deep learning. Depending on the architecture of a neural net, we will have a shallow or deeper model. Depending on the depth of the architecture, the computational complexity would increase proportionately. But they evidently have an edge when it comes to solving complex problems or problems with higher input dimensions. They almost have a magical effect on the model performance when compared to the traditional machine learning algorithms. Hence it is always better to have some initial understanding so that over a period of time learner can transition smoothly 1. The architecture of neural nets • Single-layer perceptron • Backpropagation and Forward propagation 1. Activation functions 2. Supervised Deep Learning techniques 3. Unsupervised Deep Learning techniques The neural network is an ever-growing field of study. It is primarily divided into supervised and unsupervised techniques similar to machine learning techniques. In the area of deep learning(the basis of which is neural networks), supervised techniques are mostly studied. Source: Google Image You can get more on the best machine learning course. The complainant has requested details from Tamworth Borough Council (“the Council”) regarding the details of meetings and people who conducted a previous internal review. The Council stated that it did not hold all of the information within the scope of the complainant’s request but it provided some of the information that it did hold. It also withheld part of the held information and relied on section 40 of the FOIA to do so. The Commissioner’s decision is that she is satisfied that the Council only holds some of the information within the scope of the request and that the Council has correctly relied upon section 40(2) to withhold the information it has done. The Commissioner therefore does not require any further steps to be taken. Thursday News, October 29 The MLOps Stack What is MLOps (briefly) MLOps is not dependent on a single technology or platform. However, technologies play a significant role in practical implementations, similarly to how adopting Scrum often culminates in setting up and onboarding the whole team to e.g. JIRA. What is the MLOps Stack? To make it easier to consider what tools your organization could use to adopt MLOps, we’ve made a simple template that breaks down a machine learning workflow into components. This template allows you to consider where you need tooling. The MLOps Stack Template Download the MLOps Stack here: Download PDF As a machine learning practitioner, you’ll have a lot of choices in technologies. First, some technologies cover multiple components, while others are more singularly focused. Second, some tools are open-source and can be implemented freely, while others are proprietary but save you the implementation effort. No single stack works for everyone, and you need to consider your use-case carefully. For example, your requirements for model monitoring might be much more complex if you are working in the financial or medical industry. The MLOps Stack template is loosely based on Google’s article on MLOps and continuous delivery, but we tried to simplify the workflow to a more manageable abstraction level. There are nine components in the stack which have varying requirements depending on your specific use case. Component Requirements Selected tooling Data analysis E.g. Must support Python/R, can run locally Feature store Code repository ML pipeline Metadata store Model registry Model serving Model monitoring An Example MLOps Stack The MLOps Stack Template with Valohai As an example, we’ve put together a technology stack containing our MLOps platform, Valohai, and some of our favorite tools that work complementary to it, including: • JupyterHub / Jupyter Notebook for data analysis and experimentation • Tecton for feature stores • GitLab for code repositories • Fiddler Labs for model monitoring • Valohai for training pipelines, model serving, and associated stores Get Started You might want to start by placing the tools you’re already using and work from there. The MLOps Stack template is free to download here. If you are interested in learning more about MLOps, consider our other related content. Originally published at How to prepare for Big Data Internship interview I am having a second round interview with an insurance company for a big data internship position. This is my first interview ever for a big data role. The comapny collects massive amount data from vehicles and they work with distributed, parallel tech like Hadoop and Kafka to analyze the data. The interviewers will probably ask me how I would make a distributed framework to digest and analyze millions of rows of data. I only know basic stuff about Hadoop and Aws. What are the typical questions that the employers ask for an entry level position like this in big data? How can I better prepare myself? What should I review? submitted by /u/msv5450 [link] [comments] Security Intelligence Handbook Chapter 1: Why Security Intelligence Matters Editor’s Note: Over the next several weeks, we’re sharing excerpts from the third edition of our popular book, “The Security Intelligence Handbook: How to Disrupt Adversaries and Reduce Risk with Security Intelligence.” Here, we’re looking at chapter one, “What Is Security Intelligence?” To read the entire section, download your free copy of the handbook. Today, anyone with a desire to do harm — from your run-of-the-mill bad guys to nation-state attackers — has the ability to put your organization’s most sensitive data at risk simply by accessing underground marketplaces and easily purchasing off-the-shelf tools. These adversaries assume you’re at a disadvantage, hindered by legacy vulnerabilities, a lack of secure code development processes, explosive growth of connected devices, and a dispersed workforce that’s increasingly difficult to secure. By the time you see threat indicators on your network, it’s often too late — and you’re probably at least two steps behind your attacker. You need a way to take back control by proactively uncovering attack methods and disrupting adversaries’ efforts before they strike. Fusing internal and external threat, security, and business insights empowers teams with the advanced warning and actionable facts needed to confidently protect your organization. Elite security intelligence makes this possible by putting actionable context at the center of every workflow and security decision. Today’s most successful security intelligence processes share four key characteristics: • A collaborative process and framework • 360-degree visibility • Extensive automation and integration • Alignment with key business priorities Learn why security intelligence matters in the following excerpt from “The Security Intelligence Handbook, Third Edition: How to Disrupt Adversaries and Reduce Risk With Security Intelligence.” In this excerpt, which has been edited and condensed, we’ll paint a clear picture of what security intelligence is, explore the elements that make up a successful program, and explain the key benefits. Visibility Into Threats Before They Strike Cyber threats come in many forms. Certainly some of them are cybercriminals who attack your network at the firewall. However, they also include threat actors operating on the open and dark web who come at you through your employees and your business partners. Some devastate your brand through social media and external websites without ever touching your network. Malicious or merely careless insiders may also wreak havoc with your data and your reputation. By the time you see indicators of these threats on your network, it is probably too late. To prevent damage, you need advance warning of threats, accompanied by actionable facts in order to: • Eliminate your most serious vulnerabilities before they are exploited • Detect probes and attacks at the earliest possible moment and respond effectively right away • Understand the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of likely attackers and put effective defenses in place • Identify and correct your business partners’ security weaknesses — especially those that have access to your network • Detect data leaks and impersonations of your corporate brand • Make wise investments in security to maximize return and minimize risk Many IT organizations have created intelligence programs to obtain the advance warning and actionable facts they need to protect their data and their brands. Actionable Facts and Insights When people speak of security intelligence, sometimes they are referring to certain types of facts and insights, and other times to the process that produces them. Let’s look at the first case. More than data or information Even security professionals sometimes use the words “data,” “information” and “intelligence” interchangeably, but the distinctions are important. Of course, the details of the data, information, and intelligence differ across political, military, economic, business, and other types of intelligence programs. For security intelligence: • Intelligence is factual insight based on analysis that correlates data and information from across different sources to uncover patterns and add insights. It enables people and systems to make informed decisions and take effective action to prevent breaches, remediate vulnerabilities, improve the organization’s security posture, and reduce risk. Implicit in this definition of “intelligence” is the idea that every instance of security intelligence is actionable for a specific audience. That is, intelligence must do two things: 1. Point toward specific decisions or actions 2. Be tailored for easy use by a specific person, group, or system that will use it to make a decision or take an action Data feeds that are never used and reports that are never read are not intelligence. Neither is information, no matter how accurate or insightful, if it is provided to someone who can’t interpret it correctly or isn’t in a position to act on it. Security Intelligence: The Process Security intelligence also refers to the process by which data and information are collected, analyzed, and disseminated throughout the organization. The steps in such a process will be discussed in Chapter 3, where we describe the security intelligence lifecycle. However, it is important to note at the outset that successful security intelligence processes have four characteristics. 1. A collaborative process and framework In many organizations, security intelligence efforts are siloed. For example, the security operations (SecOps), fraud prevention, and third-party risk teams may have their own analysts Chapter 1: What Is Security Intelligence \| 7 and tools for gathering and analyzing intelligence. This leads to waste, duplication, and an inability to share analysis and intelligence. Silos also make it impossible to assess risk across the organization and to direct security resources where they will have the greatest impact. Security intelligence programs need to share a common process and framework, enable broad access to insights and operational workflows, encourage a “big picture” view of risk, and account for the allocation of resources. 2. 360-degree visibility Because cyber threats may come from anywhere, security intelligence programs need visibility everywhere, including: • Security events on the corporate network • Conventional threat data feeds • Open web forums where attackers exchange information and tools for exploiting vulnerabilities • Dark web communities where hackers and state-sponsored actors share techniques and plot attacks • Online marketplaces where cybercriminals buy and sell confidential information • Social media accounts where threat actors impersonate your employees and counterfeit your products Today, many organizations focus on conventional threat data feeds, and are only now becoming aware of the need to scan a broader variety and greater quantity of sources on a regular basis. 3. Extensive automation and integration Because there is so much data and information to capture, correlate, and process, a security intelligence program needs a high degree of automation to reduce manual efforts and produce meaningful results quickly. To add context to initial findings and effectively disseminate intelligence, successful security intelligence programs must also integrate with many types of security solutions, such as security dashboards, secu- 8 \| The Security Intelligence Handbook rity information and event management solutions (SIEMs), vulnerability management systems, firewalls, and security orchestration, automation and response (SOAR) tools. 4. Alignment with the organization and security use cases Organizations sometimes waste enormous resources capturing and analyzing information that isn’t relevant to them. A successful security intelligence program needs to determine and document its intelligence needs to ensure that collection and processing activities align with the organization’s actual priorities. Alignment also means tailoring the content and format of intelligence to make it easy for people and systems to use. Who Benefits From Security Intelligence? Security intelligence is sometimes perceived to be simply a research service for the security operations and incident response teams, or the domain of elite analysts. In reality, it adds value to every security function and to several other teams in the organization. The middle section of this handbook examines the primary use cases: • Security operations and incident response teams are routinely overwhelmed by alerts. Security intelligence accelerates their alert triage, minimizes false positives, provides context for better decision-making, and empowers them to respond faster. • Vulnerability management teams often struggle to differentiate between relevant, critical vulnerabilities and those that are unimportant to their organization. Security intelligence delivers context and risk scoring that enables them to reduce downtime while patching the vulnerabilities that really matter first. • Threat analysts need to understand the motives and TTPs of threat actors and track security trends for industries, technologies, and regions. Security intelligence provides them with deeper and more expansive knowledge to generate more valuable insights. • Third-party risk programs need up-to-date information on the security postures of vendors, suppliers, and other third parties that access the organization’s systems. Security intelligence arms them with an ongoing flow of objective, detailed information about business partners that static vendor questionnaires and traditional procurement methods can’t offer. • Brand protection teams need continuous visibility into unsanctioned web and social media mentions, data leaks, employee impersonations, counterfeit products, typosquatting websites, phishing attacks, and more. Security intelligence tools monitor for these across the internet at scale, and streamline takedown and remediation processes. • Geopolitical risk and physical security teams rely on advanced warning of attacks, protests, and other threats to assets in locations around the globe. Security intelligence programs capture data and “chatter” from multiple sources and filter it to deliver precise intelligence about what’s happening in the cities, countries, and regions of interest. ; Security leaders use intelligence about likely threats and their potential business impact to assess security requirements, quantify risks (ideally in monetary terms), develop mitigation strategies, and justify cybersecurity investments to CEOs, CFOs, and board members. Get ‘The Security Intelligence Handbook’ This chapter is one of many in our new book that demonstrates how to disrupt adversaries and measurably reduce risk with security intelligence at the center of your security program. Subsequent chapters explore different use cases, including the benefits of security intelligence for brand protection, vulnerability management, SecOps, third-party risk management, security leadership, and more. Download your copy of “The Security Intelligence Handbook” now. The post Security Intelligence Handbook Chapter 1: Why Security Intelligence Matters appeared first on Recorded Future. Digital Twin, Virtual Manufacturing, and the Coming Diamond Age When the order was placed, it was sent to a printer that likely was the length of a bowling alley, where the PDF was converted into a negative and then laser printed onto the continuous paper stock. This was then cut to a precise size that varied minutely from page to page depending upon the binding type, before being collated and glued into the binding. At the end of the process, a newly printed book dropped onto a rolling platform and from there to a box, where it was potentially wrapped and deposited automatically before the whole box was closed, labeled, and passed to a shipping gurney. From beginning to end, the whole process likely took ten to fifteen minutes, and more than likely no human hands touched the book at any point in the process. There were no plates to change out, no prepress film being created, no specialized inking mixes prepared between runs. Such a book was not “printed” so much as “instantiated”, quite literally coming into existence only when needed. It’s also worth noting here that the same book probably was “printed” to a Kindle or similar ebook format, but in that particular case, it remained a digital file. No trees were destroyed in the manufacture of the ebook. Such print on demand capability has existed since the early 2000s, to the extent that most people generally do not even think much about how the physical book that they are reading came into existence. Yet this model of publishing represents a profound departure from manufacturing as it has existed for centuries, and is in the process of transforming the very nature of capitalism. No alt text provided for this image Shortly after these printing presses came online, there were a number of innovations with thermal molded plastic that made it possible to create certain types of objects to exquisite tolerances without actually requiring a physical mold. Ablative printing techniques had been developed during the 1990s and involved the use of lasers to cut away at materials based upon precise computerized instruction, working in much the same that a sculptor chips away at a block of granite to reveal the statue within. Additive printing, on the other hand, made use of a combination of dot matrix printing and specialized lithographic gels that would be activated by two lasers acting in concert. The gels would harden at the point of intersection, then when done the whole would be flushed with reagents that removed the “ink” that hadn’t been fixed into place. Such a printing system solved one of the biggest problems of ablative printing in that it could build up an internal structure in layers, making it possible to create interconnected components with minimal physical assembly. The primary limitation that additive printing faced was the fact that it worked well with plastics and other gels, but the physics of metals made such systems considerably more difficult to solve – and a great deal of assembly requires the use of metals for durability and strength. By 2018, however, this problem was increasingly finding solutions for various types of metals, primarily by using annealing processes that heated up the metals to sufficient temperatures to enable pliability in cutting and shaping. What this means in practice is that we are entering the age of just in time production in which manufacturing exists primarily in the process of designing what is becoming known as a digital twin. While one can argue that this refers to the use of CAD/CAM like design files, there’s actually a much larger, more significant meaning here, one that gets right to the heart of an organization’s digital transformation. You can think of digital twins as the triumph of design over manufacturing, and data and metadata play an oversized role in this victory. No alt text provided for this image At the core of such digital twins is the notion of a model. A model, in the most basic definition of the word, is a proxy for a thing or process. A runway model, for instance, is a person who is intended to be a proxy for the viewer, showing off how a given garment looks. An artist’s model is a stand-in or proxy for the image, scene, or illustration that an artist is producing. An architectural model is a simulation of how a given building will look like when constructed, and with 3D rendering technology, such models can appear quite life-like. Additionally, though, the models can also simulate more than appearance – they can simulate structural integrity, strain analysis, and even chemistry interactions. We create models of stars, black holes, and neutron stars based upon our understanding of physics, and models of disease spread in the case of epidemics. Indeed, it can be argued that the primary role of a data scientist is to create and evaluate models. It is one of the reasons that data scientists are in such increasing demand, the ability to build models is one of the most pressing that any organization can have, especially as more and more of a company’s production exists in the form of digital twins. There are several purposes for building such models: the most obvious is to reduce (or in some cases eliminate altogether) the cost of instantiation. If you create a model of a car, you can stress test the model, can get feedback from potential customers about what works and what doesn’t in its design, can determine whether there’s sufficient legroom or if the steering wheel is awkwardly placed, can test to see whether the trunk can actually hold various sized suitcases or packages, all without the cost of actually building it. You can test out gas consumption (or electricity consumption), can see what happens when it crashes, can even attempt to explode it. While such models aren’t perfect (nor are they uniform), they can often serve to significantly reduce the things that may go wrong with the car before it ever goes into production. However, such models, such digital twins, also serve other purposes. All too often, decisions are made not on the basis of what the purchasers of the thing being represented want, but what a designer, or a marketing executive, or the CEO of a company feel the customer should get. When there was a significant production cost involved in instantiating the design, this often meant that there was a strong bias towards what the decision-maker greenlighting the production felt should work, rather than actually working with the stake-holders who would not only be purchasing but also using the product wanted. With 3D production increasingly becoming a reality, however, control is shifting from the producer to the consumer, and not just at the higher end of the market. Consider automobile production. Currently, millions of cars are produced by automakers globally, but a significant number never get sold. They end up clogging lots, moving from dealerships to secondary markets to fleet sales, and eventually end up in the scrapyard. They don’t get sold primarily because they simply don’t represent the optimal combination of features at a given price point for the buyer. The industry has, however, been changing their approach, pushing the consumer much closer to the design process before the car is actually even built. Colors, trim, engine type, seating, communications and entertainment systems, types of brakes, all of these and more can be can be changed. Increasingly, these changes are even making their way to the configuration of the chassis and carriage. This becomes possible because it is far easier to change the design of the digital twin than it is to change the physical entity, and that physical entity can then be “instantiated” within a few days of ordering it. What are the benefits? You end up producing product upon demand, rather than in anticipation of it. This means that you need to invest in fewer materials, have smaller supply chains, produce less waste, and in general have a more committed customer. The downside, of course, is that you need fewer workers, have a much smaller sales infrastructure, and have to work harder to differentiate your product from your competitors. This is also happening now – it is becoming easier for a company such as Amazon to sell bespoke vehicles than ever before, because of that digitalization process. This is in fact one of the primary dangers facing established players. Even today, many C-Suite managers see themselves in the automotive manufacturing space, or the aircraft production space, or the book publishing space. Yet ultimately, once you move to a stage where you have digital twins creating a proxy for the physical object, the actual instantiation – the manufacturing aspect – becomes very much a secondary concern. Indeed, the central tenet of digital transformation is that everything simply becomes a publishing exercise. If I have the software product to build a car, then ultimately the cost of building that car involves purchasing the raw materials and the time on a 3D printer, then performing the final assembly. There is a growing “hobbyist’ segment of companies that can go from bespoke design to finished product in a few weeks. Ordinarily the volume of such production is low enough that it is likely tempting to ignore what’s going on, but between Covid-19 reshaping retail patterns, the diminishing spending power of Millennials and GenZers, and the changes being increasingly required by Climate Change, the bespoke digital twin is likely to eat into increasingly thin margins. Put another way, existing established companies in many different sectors have managed to maintain their dominance both because they were large enough to dictate the language that described the models and because they could take advantage of the costs involved in manufacturing and production creating a major barrier to entry of new players. That’s now changing. No alt text provided for this image Consider the first part of this assertion. Names are important. One of the realizations that has emerged in the last twenty years is that before two people or organizations can communicate with one another, they need to establish (and refine) the meanings of the language used to identify entities, processes, and relationships. An API, when you get right down to it, is a language used to interact with a system. The problem with trying to deal with intercommunication is that it is generally far easier to establish internal languages – the way that one organization defines its terms – than it is to create a common language. For a dominant organization in a given sector, this often also manifests as the desire to dominate the linguistic debate, as this puts the onus of changing the language (a timeconsuming and laborious process) into the hands of competitors. However, this approach has also backfired spectacularly more often than not, especially when those competitors are willing to work with one another to weaken a dominant player. Most successful industry standards are pidgins – languages that capture 80-90% of the commonality in a given domain while providing a way to communicate about the remaining 10-20% that typifies the specialty of a given organization. This is the language of the digital twin, the way that you describe it, and the more that organizations subscribe to that language, the easier it is for those organizations to interchange digital twin components. To put this into perspective, consider the growth of bespoke automobiles. One form of linguistic harmonization is the standardization of containment – the dimensions of a particular component, the location of ports for physical processes (pipes for fluids, air and wires) and electronic ones (the use of USB or similar communication ports), agreements on tolerances and so forth. With such ontologies in place, construction of a car’s digital twin becomes far easier. Moreover, by adhering to these standards, linguistic as well as dimensional, you still get specialization at a functional level (for instance, the performance of a battery) while at the same time being able to facilitate containment variations, especially with digital printing technology. As an ontology emerges for automobile manufacturing, this facilitates “plug-and-play” at a macro-level. The barrier to entry for creating a vehicle drops dramatically, though likely not quite to the individual level (except for well-heeled enthusiasts). Ironically, this makes it possible for a designer to create a particular design that meets their criterion, and also makes it possible for that designer to sell or give that IP to others for license or reuse. Now, if history is any indication, that will likely initially lead to a lot of very badly designed cars, but over time, the bad designers will get winnowed out by long-tail market pressures. Moreover, because it becomes possible to test digital twins in virtual environments, the market for digital wind-tunnels, simulators, stress analyzers and so forth will also rise. That is to say, just as programming has developed an agile methodology for testing, so too would manufacturing facilitate data agility that serves to validate designs. Lest this be seen as a pipe dream, consider that most contemporary game platforms can, with very little tweaking, be reconfigured for exactly this kind of simulation work, especially as GPUs increase in performance and available memory. The same type of interoperability applies not just to the construction of components, but also to all aspects of resource metadata, especially with datasets. Ontologies provide ways to identify, locate and discover the schemas of datasets for everything from usage statistics to simulation parameters for training models. The design of that car (or airplane, or boat, or refrigerator) is simply one more digital file, transmissible in the same way that a movie or audio file is, and containing metadata that puts those resources into the broader context of the organization. The long term impact on business is simple. Everything becomes a publishing company. Some companies will publish aircraft or automobiles. Others will publish enzymes or microbes, and still others will publish movies and video games. You still need subject matter expertise in the area that you are publishing into – a manufacturer of pastries will be ill-equipped to handle the publishing of engines, for instance, but overall you will see a convergence in the process, regardless of the end-product. How long will this process take to play out? In some cases, it’s playing out now. Book publishing is almost completely virtual at this stage, and the distinction between the physical object and the digital twin comes down to whether instantiation takes place or not. The automotive industry is moving in this direction, and drone tech (especially for military drones) have been shifting this way for years. On the other hand, entrenched companies with extensive supply chains will likely adopt such digital twins approaches relatively slowly, and more than likely only at a point where competitors make serious inroads into their core businesses (or the industries themselves are going through a significant economic shock). Automobiles are going through this now, as the combination of the pandemic, the shift towards electric vehicles, and changing demographics are all creating a massive glut in automobile production that will likely result in the collapse of internal combustion engine vehicle sales altogether over the next decade along with a rethinking of the ownership relationship with respect to vehicles. Similarly, the aerospace industry faces an existential crisis as demand for new aircraft has dropped significantly in the wake of the pandemic. While aircraft production is still a very high-cost business, the ability to create digital twins – along with an emergence of programming ontologies that make interchange between companies much more feasible – has opened up the market to smaller, more agile competitors who can create bespoke aircraft much more quickly by distributing the overall workload and specializing in configurable subcomponents, many of which are produced via 3D printing techniques. No alt text provided for this image Construction, likewise, is dealing with both the fallout due to the pandemic and the increasing abstractions that come from digital twins. The days when architects worked out details on paper blueprints are long gone, and digital twins of construction products are increasingly being designed with earthquake and weather testing, stress analysis, airflow and energy consumption and so forth. Combine this with the increasing capabilities inherent in 3D printing both full structures and custom components in concrete, carbon fiber and even (increasingly) metallic structures. There are still limitations; as with other large structure projects, the lack of specialized talent in this space is still an issue, and fabrication units are typically not yet built on a scale that makes them that useful for onsite construction. Nonetheless, the benefits make achieving that scaling worthwhile. A 3D printed house can be designed, approved, tested, and “built” within three to four weeks, as opposed to six months to two years for traditional processes. Designs, similarly, can be bought or traded and modified, making it possible to create neighborhoods where there are significant variations between houses as opposed to the prefab two to three designs that tend to predominate in the US especially. Such constructs also can move significantly away from the traditional boxy structures that most houses have, both internally and externally, as materials can be shaped to best fit the design aesthetic rather than the inherent rectangular slabs that typifies most building construction. Such constructs can also be set up to be self-aware, to the extent that sensors can be built into the infrastructure and viewscreens (themselves increasingly moving away from flatland shapes) can replace or augment the views of the outside world. In this sense, the digital twin of the instantiated house or building is able to interact with its physical counterpart, maintaining history (memory) while increasingly able to adapt to new requirements. No alt text provided for this image This feedback loop – the ability of the physical twin to affect the model – provides a look at where this technology is going. Print publishing, once upon a time, had been something where the preparation of the medium, the book or magazine or newspaper, occurred only in one direction – from digital to print. Today, the print resides primarily on phones or screens or tablets, and authors often provide live blog chapters that evolve in agile ways. You’re seeing the emergence of processors such as FPGAs that configure themselves programmatically, literally changing the nature of the processor itself in response to software code. It’s not that hard, with the right forethought, to envision real world objects that can reconfigure themselves in the same way – buildings reconfiguring themselves for different uses or to adapt to environmental conditions, cars that can reconfigure its styling or even body shape, clothing that can change color or thermal profiles, aircraft that can be reconfigured for different uses within minutes, and so forth . This is reality in some places, though still piecemeal and one-offs, but the malleability of the digital twins – whether of office suites or jet engines – is the future of manufacturing. The end state, likely still a few decades away, will be an economy built upon just-in-time replication and the importance of the virtual twin, where you are charged not for the finished product but the cost of the license to use a model, the material components, the “inks”, for same, and the processing to go from the former to the latter (and back), quite possibly with some form of remuneration for recycled source. Moreover, as this process continues, more and more of the digital twin carries the burden of existence (tools that “learn” a new configuration are able to adapt to that configuration at any time). The physical and the virtual become one. No alt text provided for this image Some may see the resulting society as utopian, others as dystopian, but what is increasingly unavoidable is the fact that this is the logical conclusion of the trends currently at work (for some inkling of what such a society may be like, I’d recommend reading The Diamond Age by Neal Stevenson, which I believe to be very prescient in this regard). Scroll to top
+33 977 218 718 Select a country Cayman Islands Cayman Islands • Geographical data • The Cayman Islands are located in the western Caribbean Sea and are the peaks of a massive underwater ridge, known as the Cayman Ridge (or Cayman Rise). This ridge flanks the Cayman Trough, 6,000 m (20,000 ft) deep= which lies 6 km (3.7 mi) to the south.= The islands lie in the northwest of the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba and west of Jamaica. They are situated about 700 km (430 mi) south of Miami,= 366 km (227 mi) south of Cuba,= and about 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Jamaica.= Grand Cayman is by far the biggest, with an area of 197 km2 (76 sq mi).= Grand Cayman's two "Sister Islands", Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, are located about 120 km (75 mi) east north-east of Grand Cayman and have areas of 38 and 28.5 km2 (15 and 11.0 sq mi)= respectively. All three islands were formed by large coral heads covering submerged ice age peaks of western extensions of the Cuban Sierra Maestra range and are mostly flat. One notable exception to this is The Bluff on Cayman Brac's eastern part, which rises to 43 m (141 ft) above sea level, the highest point on the islands.= Terrain is mostly a low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs. • Demographics • The Cayman Islands have more registered businesses than people.= The latest population estimate of the Cayman Islands is about 56,000 as of mid-2011, representing a mix of more than 100 nationalities. Out of that number, about half are of Caymanian descent. About 60% of the population is of mixed race (mostly mixed African-Caucasian). The islands are almost exclusively Christian, with large numbers of Presbyterians and Catholics. The vast majority of the population resides on Grand Cayman, followed by Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, respectively.= The population is projected to rise to 60,000 by 2020. The capital of the Cayman Islands is George Town, which is located on the southwest coast of Grand Cayman. • Economy • With an average income of around KYD$47,000, Caymanians have the highest standard of living in the Caribbean. According to the CIA World Factbook, the Cayman Islands GDP per capita is the 14th highest in the world.= The islands print their own currency, the Cayman Islands Dollar (KYD), which is pegged to the U.S. dollar at a fixed rate of 1 KYD = 1.25 USD.= The government's primary source of income is indirect taxation: there is no income tax, capital gains tax, or corporation tax.= An import duty of 5% to 22% (automobiles 29.5% to 100%) is levied against goods imported into the islands. Few goods are exempt; notable exemptions include books, cameras, and infant formula. On 15 July 2012 the Cayman Islands premier McKeeva Bush announced the intended introduction of a "community enhancement fee" in the form of a payroll tax to be paid solely by expatriate workers. Caymanians themselves were to remain exempt from this tax. This would have been the first direct tax on income in the Cayman Islands' history.= Bush also announced a five percent fee on "certain categories of employment" to be payable by businesses. However, the payroll tax would lower GDP and was scrapped before it had been implemented.= ~ Our advantages ~ 5 Stars Europe 1054 Budapest, Akadémia Bank Center „A” épület, Széchenyi rakpart 3. 5 Stars Europe 10 Place Vendôme, 75001 Paris Paris Budapest Find the nearest office for advice Details of the diplomatic missions, government agencies, immigration services
What would happen if earth stopped rotating on its axis? Share it What would happen if earth stopped rotating on its axis? It is one of the craziest questions. But we know that the earth spins at its axis. What if somehow it gets stopped? One good thing here is that we do not have to wait for it. We have some brilliant minds that can tell us about it. Maybe there are fewer chances of it, it will increase our knowledge. So, if such a thing happens it will not be a good thing because it can affect the life of earth and make some unusual changes like ocean migration, flying of objects and many more so let’s discuss. If the earth will stop rotating then Wind will continue to move 💨 If the earth stops spinning suddenly at its axis, the atmosphere will continue to move. And this means very high-speed winds, i.e., nearly 1,670 Km/hr which is the earth’s rotational speed . The winds will also cause serious erosion to the earth’s crust. You will strt flying 🚀 Think you are driving a car 🚘 at full speed and none dare to come in your path, but suddenly you press the break with your full force. What will happen… You will fly off. Same here a sudden stop of the spin will have a similar effect to when you press brakes on a moving car. If the motion of the earth suddenly stopped, the momentum would send all things flying eastward. You and every single object on earth will fly with a speed of earth’s rotational velocity, around 1,670 km/hr. Moving rocks and oceans would trigger some earthquakes and tsunamis. Earth will become a perfect sphere 🌐 This is because the bulge in the earth is only due to its rotation. This bulge is along the equator and oceans as they are now due to this bulge. If there is no bulge, then the oceans will redistribute resulting in one massive supercontinent that circles the equator and the north and south poles will become oceans. Half of the earth have day and other have night 😴 How day and night happen is one of the silly questions. Because everyone knows due to rotation. But what would happen if the earth stopped rotating? There will be nearly no change of day and night in 24 hours. And we can say half of the earth will have a day and others will have a night for 365 days. Half of the part would almost continuously face the heat, while half would face the cold of space. There will be baking heat around the equator 🔆 As we now know that once Earth doesn’t spin on its axis, a day lasts as long as a year. Everywhere on earth will receive six months of daylight, and this gradually will heat the planet to well over 100°C. The huge central continent would become the hottest part of the earth and any remaining lakes and rivers would boil away and be blown to the poles by fierce winds. Many countries will be under the ocean 🌊 Let’s say this change will not happen suddenly but over several years, it would still be a big disaster. Without any centrifugal force, the oceans would move towards the north and south poles, dropping ocean depth by nearly 8km around the equator. Since this is less than the maximum depth of the ocean there. Earth’s whole water would be divided into two huge polar oceans that are separated by a belt Of land in the middle. Everything north of Spain and many European countries would be underwater, as well as all parts of Antarctica. And in north Canada would be entirely underwater. As well as some northern plains of Siberia, Asia and Europe would be underwater. You could travel around the earth and stay entirely on dry land 🏜️ As a large amount of water will migrate towards the poles. So water on the equator will become very little. It would possible to travel around the Earth on the equator and stay entirely on dry land (Ignoring the cold on the night side, and the heat on the dayside) Slow sopping of motion is also dangerous 🐌 Now we know sudden change will make things fly. What would happen if Earth slowly stopped spinning? In sudden change, most of our planet would rapidly become very inhospitable. But yet it also becomes dangerous because of other reasons like ocean migration, nearly no change of day and night. But one thing good about it is that we will at times when this will happen. 😅 For a sudden change, it would take energy equal to the earth’s rotation. 🔋 One of the good things is that for such enormous change it would require energy equal to the earth’s rotation. And that energy nothing on earth can supply. So for this, we have to wait for an outside force like – asteroid. Could the earth stop spinning? We have read what would happen if the earth stopped rotating but is it possible? Most scientists believe Earth will never stop rotating. … The reason is Space is so empty, so devoid of anything to slow the Earth down. That’s why the earth spins frictionless. According to scientists earth has never stopped rotating since its birth and continuously will rotate for up to billions of years. And there is nothing on earth that can have the energy to stop. There is only a chance if an asteroid of big size will hit the earth with energy equal to its rotation but in that scenario, we will extinct like dinosaurs. 🦕 In this article, we have seen What would happen if earth stopped rotating on its axis? I hope you like it. Subscribe to our newsletter now and get real facts. If you like our article then tell us by commenting below in the comment box. If you want me to write on your topic then please tell me by contacting us or by commenting below or on social sites also. Thanks and Keep reading facts hungry Share it Leave a Comment
Estimated reading time: 22 minutes The world of firearms and ballistics is a complicated place. Ballistics is also a complicated science that many shooters do not understand all that well, so you can say a particular caliber is best for XYZ and there will always be someone that argues with you. While finding the absolute best cartridge for every situation can be tricky, knowing the basics is very important. In this article, we are going to go over everything you need to know about bullets so that you can make educated choices. There is a lot that goes into making a good cartridge, and every single part is important. So our first step is going to be understanding the basic terminology that comes with bullets and ballistics. Basic Bullet Terminology We call the entire thing a cartridge, or round. Which includes a casing, primer, and bullet. A casing is what holds the smokeless gun powder, and has a primer in the bottom of it, then a bullet is inserted in the top of the casing. The primer is struck by the firing pin inside the firearm which creates a spark that ignites the gun powder inside the casing. Casings are typically made of brass, and sometimes steel. Bullets can be made from many things, but most commonly they are made of a soft lead core and a copper jacket that covers the lead. For a complete list of firearm terms, you can look at this PDF by the Tennessee Court System. That is about it as far as the components go. The only things that differentiate cartridges are the sizes and materials they are made of. The term caliber is used to tell the diameter of the bullet. Sometimes this is stated in inches, other times in millimeters. If it is in millimeters, the number will be followed by its abbreviation mm. For example, there is a .380 caliber, and a 9 mm caliber. To make it even more complicated, a 9 mm cartridge can have many different variations. They make the bullet different weights, referred to by a unit called grains. Manufacturers also make bullets in different shapes for different applications. So you can really have many different looking cartridges and they are all considered 9mm because that is the diameter of the bullet. Lastly, you may see the term ballistics thrown around a time or two. Ballistics is the study of how projectiles move while in flight. It can get fairly complicated, but unless you are a nerd like me, you do not really need to worry about it all that much. Just know that the design of a bullet and cartridge is going to affect its ballistics, AKA how it flies. Bullet Sizes & Calibers There are certain calibers that we use for pistols, and certain ones we use for rifles. In general, the caliber of pistol rounds will be larger. However the overall cartridge is much smaller and holds less powder, so they go slower and have less power. Typically the bigger the bullet, the more power it has. Although when you get into the physics of it, the speed of the bullet actually has a lot more to do with power. That is why the fat and slow .380 does not have nearly as much power and the small and quick .223. Another thing to look at is the grain of a bullet. I use a .308 to hunt with. My preferred .308 ammo is 165 grains. Which means the bullet weighs 165 grains(10.7 grams/0.377 ounces). However, you can find .308 cartridges that weigh anywhere between 150 and 180 grains. Each of them will shoot a little differently in your rifle too. As you can see there is a lot of tuning you could do with a rifle to get it just right. Plus a lighter grain bullet will go faster, have a flatter trajectory, but have more recoil. A larger grain bullet will have less recoil because it has less energy and will not go as far. You get the energy from the simple formula for kinetic energy, known in the firearms space as muzzle energy. The formula goes as energy = 0.5 * mass * velocity * velocity. Velocity is squared so it is the overruling variable in energy. When we make the bullet smaller, the explosion from the gun powder can make the lighter bullet go faster than a heavier one. You can only make that comparison when looking at the same caliber. For example, a .223 is small and fast, but the giant 50 bmg is much bigger, faster, and has a ton more power, and it has confirmed kills at over a mile. The 50 bmg also has much more recoil than a .223. You will also notice that most pistol rounds have much less energy than rifle rounds. This is because pistols are smaller, and the recoil has to be manageable. Just imagine having a 30-30 in a pistol, you would probably break your wrist. Types of Bullets There are many different types of bullets, and these bullets can even have their own variations. However here are a few of the most common types of bullets and what they are used for. • Full Metal Jacket(FMJ) – this is the most common type of bullet. It has a soft lead core and a copper jacket surrounding it. These are round, or flat bullets that are normally good at penetrating. They tend to make straight wounding channels and go through live targets. • Hollow Point – These bullets will look like they have a crater missing in the middle. These bullets are designed to hit a target and mushroom out. This creates a lot more damage and has less penetration. These are commonly used in self defense and are very good at stopping targets. • Open Tip – you typically see these in rifle rounds. The open tip at the end is not large enough to function like a hollow point, but these bullets are known to be more accurate than a typical FMJ and are preferred by match shooters that shoot hundreds of yards. • Ballistic Tip – These are bullets that function more like a hollow point but in a rifle round. They are hollow at the tip, but commonly have a plastic insert in them. This gives them better aerodynamics but still allows them to expand on impact. These rounds are commonly used in hunting. • Soft Points – These rounds are made to function much like a hollow point. They have the tip of their led exposed at the end, which expands much more than the copper jacket on impact. This can be used as a lighter version of an FMJ, but if you want it to expand, ballistic tips are much better. • Boat Tail – Boat tail is more of a feature than a type, FMJ rifle rounds are commonly in the boat tail shape, but it is just a bullet that is narrow at the top and a base that tapers in. This helps with the aerodynamics of the bullet. Bullets are designed so that they fly as optimally as possible, and make a deadly impact once they reach their target. There are obviously many different ways to do that, hence the many different types of cartridges. Although one common design for longer-range shooting is the G7. There are multiple “G” designs, and each of them has a different function. It is not really all that important to know every detail about them if you are not trying to become a ballistic expert, but you should know they exist. There is the G1, G2, G5, G6, G7, G8, GL, and GS. Most of your modern bullets can fall under one of these G classifications, and it is how we look at the ballistics of the bullet. You can read more about them here. Rimfire Vs Centerfire The only difference between rimfire and centerfire ammunition is how the primer works. The primer is the mechanism that is hit by the firing pin which then sets off the gun powder and fires the projectile. Rimfire ammunition fires when the firing pit hits the rim of the casing. Its primer is actually in the rim of the casing and when it is struck, it ignites. Rimfire rounds are known to be less reliable than centerfire ammo. Rimfire can not be used in higher pressure ammo, so you typically see it in smaller calibers like 22 long rifle. Rimfire is also cheaper to produce, so the ammo itself tends to be cheaper. Another downside about rimfire casings is that they can not be reloaded. Even still, these rimfire rounds are very popular for varmint hunting, as well as shooting on the range. They are small, and easy to transport as well as easy to shoot. Due to their light size and price, rimfire rounds are also very popular in the prepper community. Centerfire ammo has its primer in the… you guessed it, center. Instead of a wide flat primer, it has a relatively small primer right in the middle that is struck by the firing pin. Centerfire ammo does a much better job under high pressure than rimfire. That is why just about every cartridge larger than .22 is a centerfire round. Centerfire rounds are used in almost all military applications. The main reason for this is that they are a lot more durable. To start with, their casing is a lot thicker, which makes them resistant to denting during transport. Secondly, they are less liable to go off when they are dropped. If a rimfire cartridge hits the ground just right, it will fire. Plus centerfire ammo can be reloaded. This is a huge plus for many shooters because it makes the cost of ammo much cheaper. You can also make your ammo a lot more custom and tune it to your exact needs. Reloading is very popular and has become an entire sub-niche in the firearms community, A Cartridge for Everything Seeing as there are so many different types of cartridges, there is really one(often dozens) for everything. It can be hard to pick which one is the best for you in a particular situation. So in this section let’s take a look at a few categories that are important: self defense, range shooting, and hunting. Self Defense/Conceal Carry Bullets Pistols are the most common type of firearm used for self defense. There are also a ton of calibers to pick from and thousands of pistols on the market. Even though there are many calibers to pick from, a few shine through when it comes to self defense. Of course, there is not one perfect round for concealed carry. Even if I did pick one that was the best, someone somewhere would have a dozen reasons why it is not. So here are a few of the most commonly used rounds for concealed carry. .380 ACP is a little bit of a lighter cartridge. While it has a fairly good sized bullet, the cartridge is small and has less power than most. This means it is great for making smaller pistols that are easy to conceal. Plus it also has much less recoil than your average pistol round. This smaller size and less recoil make it great for deep concealment, or normal concealment for smaller people. 9mm Luger or 9×19mm Parabellum is an extremely popular caliber to conceal carry. 9mm is actually smaller than a .380 in diameter. 9 millimeters is equal to .354 inches. However, it has a larger casing and more powder. Which makes it go faster and deliver a lot more energy to its target. 9mm handguns can oftentimes keep a slim profile and make really good conceal carry guns. Plus guns like the Glock 19 are double stacked and still not overly wide, so you can have 15 rounds in a single magazine. .40 Smith & Wesson is a step up from the 9mm. It is not much taller, but it is fatter than the 9mm. So it has a heavier bullet and more powder in the casing. This makes it deliver much more energy to the target. All of this comes with the trade-off of a larger pistol, and less ammo capacity. .40 S&W is very popular, and I personally carry a Glock 23 (chambered in .40 S&W) on a daily basis. .45 ACP is a hoss of a pistol round. It is much bigger than the 9mm and 40. However, in this case, the muzzle energy is not increased from 40 S&W. That fatter bullet weighs more and there is not enough powder to make it faster than a 40. Instead, the .45 ACP has a muzzle energy that is much more comparable to a 9mm. This is where the eternal 45 ACP vs 9mm debate comes from. Would you rather have a big round rip and tear, or a small round punch a hole in your target? There are thousands of guys with solid arguments on both sides of that coin. Shooting at The Range When you are shooting at the range, you want something that is going to be able to reliably hit your target at a distance. Of course, if you are shooting close range with pistols, I still recommend those rounds we talked about in the concealed carry section. With a rifle, you want a flat shooting cartridge that is not going to knock your shoulder off. You are going to be shooting this rifle many times, so a lot of recoil could leave you sore in the morning. .223 Remington is a great round that can be found fairly easily. It is most commonly fired out of the AR-15 platform, but you can certainly get a bolt action rifle chambered in .223. When you are shooting with .223, you will have to do so at a relatively short range. The .223 is a small cartridge and it is not made to shoot a thousand yards. Although if you are shooting under 200 yards, this round is fun to shoot and easy to use. Plus it is often used to hunt vermin, which means this rifle does not have to only shoot on the range. .243 Winchester is a great round that features very little recoil. This is a round that you can fire dozens of shots with and be completely fine. While you are definitely not shooting this thing extremely far, you can easily and reliably hit targets out to 300 yards with the .243. This is a good caliber for a beginner, as well as children. 6.5 Creedmoor is one of the best long range calibers out there. It can be used to reach out to over 1200 yards. This cartridge has exploded in recent years and quickly became one of the most popular. It is known for shooting flat and far, which makes it easy to become very accurate with. If you want a cartridge that can handle more than you can give it, the 6.5 Creedmoor is the way to go. .338 Lapua Magnum is a bit bigger than everything else on this list. It also does not have a problem shooting as far as a mile. It can be super fun to shoot on the range just because of how big and awesome it is. Although it can not be used for hunting in many places, and its practicality ends at the range. Common Hunting Cartridges Excluding the .338 Lapua Magnum, the range calibers I mentioned are also very popular for hunting. Although these calibers in the hunting section are a bit more popular and have been used for hunting for decades. .22 Long Rifle is probably the most common caliber in existence. Don’t quote me on that, but people have used the 22 for decades and it is very effective at putting down all types of game. While it is not viable for big game, it is good for shooting small creatures and having a ton of fun. This is also the ideal caliber to use when introducing kids into the world of hunting. .308 Winchester is an extremely popular hunting round and it is what I personally use. It has also been used in the military for decades and is a tried and true killer. This round can shoot up to 1000 yards with ample correction, which is much farther than any hunter would ever need. Plus it is a relatively small round to have such a range. It has manageable recoil and is easily found in stores, which all makes it great for hunting. 30-06 Springfield is probably what your grandfather’s deer gun is chambered in. This is an old and big round that pretty much kicks like a mule. Although it also hits like a truck. This is a solid round that can take down any large game in North America. If you want one gun that can do it all, this is not a bad choice. .300 Winchester Magnum is another great round that can take down a deer at very long ranges. Most hunters will never need to test the limits of the cartridge, but it is very effective out to 1200 yards. It is a good bit bigger than the 308, and packs a lot more punch. Although it also comes with a bit more recoil. Some hunters think the trade off is worth it, some hunters are wrong. Jokes aside, it is a good round that is very capable of hunting big game. 350 Legend is a round that is specifically made to play along with some of the strict hunting regulations in the midwest. It is a straight walled cartridge that can shoot about as far as any hunter needs. You can also get these in an AR platform, or bolt action. While it is not as great as some of the other cartridges on this list when there are strict regulations in place, this cartridge is usually a season saver. Another very common type of firearm is the shotgun. Shotguns have many uses and come in many sizes. To be honest, a shotgun is a do it all kind of gun. They can be built to shoot deer over 100 yards, shoot waterfowl in the air, shoot sporting clays, and home defense. If you were only allowed to have just one gun, a shotgun would probably be the best option. Shot Sizes & Slugs The first thing to know about shotgun loads is that it comes in many different sizes. These sizes are referred to as “shot”. There are also three different types of shot, lead shot, buckshot, and steel shot. Steel shot is the most common, as you are not allowed to hunt waterfowl with lead shot. Lead shot is used to hunt turkeys and squirrels. Buckshot is used to deer hunt with, and cause a lot of damage. The higher the shot number, the smaller the bb inside. For lead shot, the smallest thing you can get is a 12. This is a super small bb, but there is a whole bunch of them in one shotgun shell. Then, as the bb goes up in size, the amount of bb’s in the shotgun shell goes down. For lead shot, the smallest you can have is shot 12, then 9, 8.5, 8, 7.5, 6, 5, 4, 2, and BB. Those numbers do not seem to make a whole lot of sense, but just know that as the number gets smaller, the size of the bb gets bigger. Size BB is the largest size in lead shot. However it would be too easy to have all types of shot use the same sizing system, so it is different for steel shot. The same principle still applies, the larger the number, the smaller the bb. Although in steel shot the smallest you can get is shot size 6. For the record, the size of the 6 shot in lead and steel is the same. If it is the same number it is the same size. Anyway, steel shot starts with size 6, then 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Air Rifle, BB, BBB, T, F. Yes, Air Rifle is a size. Size F has a diameter of .22 inches and is just on the cusp of becoming buckshot. Although buckshot does not start until .24 inches. Buckshot uses a little bit different naming system. Instead of “4 shot” it is “number 4 shot”. This denotes the difference in size between a steel shot 4 and a buckshot 4. Also, number is often abbreviated to No. So, buckshot goes from No.4 to No. 3, No. 2, No. 1, No. 0, No. 00, and lastly, No. 000. You will also hear people call No. 00 double-ought(or aught) buck and No. 000 is triple-ought buck. This comes from the word naught/nought which is an older English word that is used to describe nothingness, or the number zero. This word is not used much in America, and over the years we have dropped the n, so it is just ought/aught. We also see this in rifle rounds like the 30-06 (30 ought 6). This is probably because saying 30 6 is easily confused with 36, and 30 zero 6 sounds silly. You can also have shotgun slugs. A slug is fired out of a shotgun shell that looks pretty much the same as the shells holding small bb’s. However, a slug round will only hold a single large slug. Normally these are 1-ounce slugs and they are used to shoot longer distances and cause a lot more damage. Of course, there is no competition with a rifle, but you can shoot much farther with a shotgun slug than you could with steel shot. Shotgun Shell Components Now that you have the bb’s figured out, let’s look at the rest of the shotgun shell. Instead of a full metal casing, it is made of a short casing that holds the gun powder, and a plastic casing that holds the shot. Inside the shotgun shell, there is another plastic bit called a wad. This wad is what holds the bb’s all together and it is fired from the gun. Once the wad exits the barrel it starts to open up. Once it opens, the bb’s are free to go every which direction they choose. This is why there is a “spread” of bb’s. To recap, a shotgun shell has a small metal casing that holds the gun powder, a primer in the bottom to ignite the gun powder, and a plastic casing to hold a wad filled with bb’s or a slug. Once the shotgun shell is fired, the wad is shot out of the barrel, and then expands and lets the bb’s go in multiple directions forward. A list of Rifle, Shotgun, & Handgun Calibers This is a list of just about every caliber out there. I am sure I missed a few, but this list has a total of 451 calibers on it and covers more calibers than most people are aware of. The contents of this list came from Wikipedia, and each caliber is linked to its respective wiki page. .17 Ackley Bee .17 CCM .17 Hornet .17 Mach IV .17 Remington .17 Remington Fireball .19 Badger .19 Calhoon Hornet .20 BR .20 Tactical .20 VarTarg .204 Ruger .22 Accelerator .22 Hornet .22 CHeetah .218 Bee .219 Donaldson Wasp .219 Zipper .22 Savage Hi-Power .22 BR Remington .22 Cheetah .22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer .22 PPC .22 Remington Jet .22 Spitfire .22 WCF .220 Russian .220 Rook .220 Swift .221 Remington Fireball .22 Nosler .22-250 Remington .222 Remington .222 Remington Magnum .222 Rimmed .223 Remington .223 Winchester Super Short Magnum .224 Weatherby Magnum .224 Valkyrie .225 Winchester .297/230 Morris .240 Apex .240 Weatherby Magnum .242 Rimless Nitro Express .243 Winchester .243 Winchester Super Short Magnum .244 H&H Magnum .244 Remington .246 Purdey .25 Remington .25-45 Sharps .25-21 Stevens .25-25 Stevens .25 Winchester Super Short Magnum .250 Savage .25-06 Remington .25-20 Winchester .25-35 Winchester .25-45 Sharps .297/250 Rook .250-3000 Savage .255 Jeffery Rook .256 Gibbs Magnum .256 Newton .256 Winchester Magnum .257 Roberts .257 Weatherby Magnum .26 Nosler .260 Remington .264 LBC-AR .264 Winchester Magnum .270 Weatherby Magnum .270 Winchester .270 Winchester Short Magnum .275 H&H Magnum .275 No 2 Magnum .275 Rigby .276 Enfield .276 Pedersen .277 FURY .277 Wolverine .28 Nosler .280 British .280 Flanged .280 Jeffery .280 Remington .280 Ross .284 Winchester .30 Carbine .30-06 JDJ .30-40 Krag .30 Newton .30 Nosler .30 R Blaser .30 Remington .30 Remington AR .30-06 Springfield .30 TC .30-378 Weatherby Magnum .30-30 Winchester .300 AAC Blackout .300 H&H Magnum .300 ICL Grizzly .300 Lapua Magnum .300 Norma Magnum .300 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum .300 Remington Ultra Magnum .300 Rook .300 Ruger Compact Magnum .300 Savage .300 Sherwood .300 Weatherby Magnum .300 Whisper .300 Winchester Magnum .300 Winchester Short Magnum .303 British .303 Magnum .303 Savage .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express .307 Winchester .308 Marlin Express .308 Norma Magnum .308 Winchester .308×1.5″ Barnes .310 Cadet .318 Westley Richards .32 Remington .32 Winchester Self-Loading .32 Winchester Special .32-20 Winchester .32-40 Ballard .32-40 Winchester .325 Winchester Short Magnum .327 Federal Magnum .33 Winchester .333 Jeffery .338-06 A-Square .338 Edge .338 Federal .338 Lapua Magnum .33 Nosler .338 Marlin express .338 Norma Magnum .338 Remington Ultra Magnum .338 Ruger Compact Magnum .338 Winchester Magnum .338-378 Weatherby Magnum .338 Whisper .340 Weatherby Magnum .348 Winchester .35 Winchester Self-Loading .35 Remington .35 Whelen .35 Winchester .350 Legend .400/350 Nitro Express .351 Winchester Self-Loading .350 Remington Magnum .350 Rigby .356 Winchester .357 Magnum .358 Norma Magnum .358 Winchester .400/360 Nitro Express .360 No 2 Nitro Express .360 No 5 Rook .369 Nitro Express .375 CheyTac .375 Dakota .375 Flanged Nitro Express .375 H&H Magnum .375 Remington Ultra Magnum .375 Ruger .375 SOCOM .375 Weatherby Magnum .375 Whelen .375 Winchester .376 Steyr .378 Weatherby Magnum .38-40 Winchester .38-55 Winchester .38-56 WCF .380 Long .40-65 Winchester .450/400 Black Powder Express .400 H&H Magnum .450/400 Nitro Express .400 Jeffery Nitro Express .400 Purdey .400 Whelen .401 Winchester Self-Loading .404 Jeffery .405 Winchester .408 CheyTac .416 Barrett .416 Remington Magnum .416 Rigby .416 Ruger .416 Taylor .416 Weatherby Magnum .425 Westley Richards .44 Henry .44 Magnum .44-40 Winchester .444 Marlin .45-70 Government .45-90 Sharps 45 Raptor .450 Bushmaster .577/450 Martini–Henry .450 Black Powder Express .500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express .450 Marlin .450 Nitro Express .500/450 No 1 Black Powder Express .450 No 2 Nitro Express .454 Casull .500/450 Nitro Express .450 Rigby .450 Watts Magnum .458×2-inch American .458 Express .458 HAM’R .458 Lott .458 SOCOM .458 Winchester Magnum .460 Steyr .460 Weatherby Magnum .461 Gibbs .465 H&H Magnum .500/465 Nitro Express .470 Nitro Express .475 Nitro Express .475 No 2 Nitro Express .476 Nitro Express .50 Alaskan .50 Beowulf .50 BMG .50-70 Government .50-90 Sharps .50-110 Winchester .50-140 Sharps .500 A-Square .500 Black Powder Express .500 Jeffery .500 Nitro Express .577/500 Nitro Express .577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express .505 Gibbs .510 DTC Europ .510 Whisper .55 Boys 20/577 Alexander Henry .577 Black Powder Express .577 Nitro Express .600/577 Rewa .577 Snider .577 Tyrannosaur .585 Nyati .600 Overkill .600 Nitro Express .700 Nitro Express .950 JDJ 4.5mm mkr 5mm Craig 5mm/35 SMc 5.56×30mm MINSAS 5.56×45mm NATO 5.6×50mm Magnum 5.6×61mm VHSE 6mm AR 6mm ARC 6mm BR Remington 6mm Creedmoor 6mm Lee Navy 6mm Musgrave 6mm PPC 6mm Remington 6mm TCU 6mm XC 6.5-06 A-Square 6.5 Creedmoor 6.5mm Grendel 6.5-284 Norma 6.5mm Remington Magnum 6.5mm TCU 6.5×47mm Lapua 6.5×50mm Arisaka 6.5×52mm Mannlicher–Carcano 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer 6.5×55mm Swedish 6.5×57mm Mauser 6.5×58mm Vergueiro 6.5-300 Weatherby Magnum 6.8mm Remington SPC 7×64mm Brenneke 7mm BR Remington 7×54mm Finnish 7×54mm Fournier 7×57mm Mauser 7mm-08 Remington 7mm Remington Magnum 7mm Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum 7mm Remington Ultra Magnum 7×61mm Sharpe & Hart 7mm Shooting Times Westerner 7mm Weatherby Magnum 7mm Winchester Short Magnum 7-30 Waters 7×33mm Sako 7.35×51mm Carcano 7.5×54mm French 7.5×55mm Swiss 7.5×57mm MAS 7.62×51mm NATO 7.62 Thumper 7.62×25mm Tokarev 7.62×40 Wilson Tactical 7.62×45mm vz. 52 7.63×25mm Mauser 7.7×58mm Arisaka 7.92×33mm Kurz 7.92×36mm EPK 7.92×57mm Mauser 8 mm-06 8mm Lebel 8mm Remington Magnum 8×50mmR Mannlicher 8×57mm IS 8×58mmR Danish Krag 8×60mm S 8×63mm patron m/32 8×64mm S 8×68mm S 8.5×55mm Blaser 9×57mm Mauser 9.3×64mm Brenneke 9.5×57mm Mannlicher–Schoenauer 11×59mmR Gras 11×60mm Mauser 12.7×99mm NATO 13.2×92mm Tank und Flieger 14.5mm JDJ 15.2mm Steyr .410 bore 32 Gauge — .526 in (13.4 mm) 28 Gauge — .550 in (14.0 mm) 24 Gauge — .579 in (14.7 mm) 20 Gauge — .615 in (15.6 mm) 16 Gauge — .663 in (16.8 mm) 12 Gauge — .729 in (18.5 mm) 10 bore — .775 in (19.7 mm) 8 bore — .835 in (21.2 mm) 6 bore — .919 in (23.3 mm) 4 bore — 1.052 in (26.7 mm) 2 bore — 1.326 in (33.7 mm) 6.5mm JDJ 7.62×25mm Tokarev 7.63×25mm Mauser 7.65×21mm Parabellum 9mm Browning Long 9mm Mars 9×18mm Makarov 9×19mm Parabellum 10mm Auto .22 Short .221 Remington Fireball .224 Boz .25 ACP .256 Winchester Magnum .30 Herrett .32 ACP .32 H&R Magnum .32 NAA .32 rimfire .32 S&W .32 S&W Long .327 Federal Magnum .357 Magnum .357 SIG .38 Long Colt .38 S&W .38 Special .38 Super .380 ACP .40 S&W .400 Corbon .41 Action Express .41 Long Colt .41 Remington Magnum .44 AMP .44 Magnum .44 S&W American .44 Special .44-40 Winchester .45 ACP .45 Colt .45 GAP .45 Winchester Magnum .450 Adams .454 Casull .455 Webley .46 rimfire .460 S&W Magnum .475 Linebaugh .476 Enfield .480 Ruger .50 Action Express .50 Remington Navy .500 Linebaugh .500 S&W Magnum .50 GI A Quick Recap Firearms and bullets can get complicated quickly, however, after a little bit of reading, I hope you have a solid idea of what you are looking at now. There is a lot of vocabulary to navigate around and plenty of words all mean the same thing. Once you understand the lingo, you can start to understand which calibers are used in what kind of firearm and which firearms are used for which purposes. There are also many types of bullets that all have a unique function. While there is a lot of science that goes into the shape and function of these bullets, knowing the basics is a good start. Each type of bullet and cartridge will all have different components that you can look at and immediately get an idea of what it is used for. Feel free to bookmark this guide and refer back to it if and when you need it!
Parents can help their kids with anxiety Parents can help their kids with anxiety Most of us are aware of the feeling of anxiety. Thanks to all the books and online resources, it is easier to deal with... Parents can help their kids with anxiety Most of us are aware of the feeling of anxiety. Thanks to all the books and online resources, it is easier to deal with it. However, the case is different for kids. They are still too young to understand what’s going on. They just feel extremely afraid and alone. According to experts, anxiety affects around eight percent of children under 18 years old. Anxiety, according to Dr. Arthur Lavin, is a complicated phenomenon. This is part of one’s life. It’s not brought by events or experiences but these can, of course, affect anxiety. Simply put, different people have different levels of anxiety. To date, there is a large number of kids who are affected. However, only 6 out of 10 are diagnosed. We understand that there are different reasons why some children with anxiety are not treated. It can be because of financial challenges, lack of access to medical help, or parents not knowing about the condition. Alternative treatment for kids with anxiety how parents can help kids with anxiety But we should not lose hope. At Yale University, there is an experimental program that might help kids suffering from anxiety. Instead of providing them with conventional treatment, the parents will be guided so that they can help their child the best possible way. This program is called SPACE or what they call Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions. What was the approach before? Years ago, what experts would do is to involve parents in such a way that they can treat their kids similar to a professional therapist. This includes breathing exercises and exposing children to their fears. However, this technique does not provide a significant impact on kids. What is the proposed approach? The focus now is to change the behavior of the parents. The objective is for the parents to show validation and acceptance of the kid’s condition. They need to strongly believe that their children can cope up with their anxiety. You see, most of the initial responses that parents do is sending a message that their kids cannot cope or tolerate the situation. And that’s not the message that we would want to send across. What are the signs of anxiety in children? As parents, you have to watch out for these early signs so you can take immediate action. • Headaches • Stomachaches • Worries about things far in future • Nightmares about losing loved ones • Having meltdowns • Lack of appetite in school • Panic attacks • Refuses to use restrooms except at home • Afraid of making mistakes • Restless and hyperactive • Easily gets mad • Sweats in certain situations • Too sensitive • Trouble sleeping • Often cries • Asks a lot of ‘what ifs’ • Avoids social activities in school How is it being diagnosed? Anxiety can be diagnosed by a professional. While you can already see clear symptoms, never jump into a conclusion as your kid might be experiencing a different medical condition. Also, remember that there are different types of anxiety and only experts can provide you with a clearer understanding. If you believe that a professional is needed to further understand your child’s condition, do not hesitate to schedule an appointment right away. No comments so far. Be first to leave comment below.
Aboriginal Astronomical knowledge of the Kulin Nation Title: Aboriginal Astronomical knowledge of the Kulin Nation Summary: Aboriginal Australians are the oldest astronomers on Earth, having developed complex knowledge systems about the Sun, Moon, and stars for millennia. These knowledge systems relate to navigation, calendars, economics, and weather forecasting. The canvas of stars also serves as a memory space, a link to Country, and is a critically important link to identity and spirituality. Colonisation by the British has severely and negatively impacted these systems of knowledge through the deliberate erasure of tradition, language, identity, life, connection to Country, and the visibility of the stars. The project will involve two major components, with outputs and applications that will be guided and directed by Elders through their relevant organisations. The first component is to identify all fragments of astronomical knowledge and associated tangible and intangible heritage located in the published literature, archives, and museums. The second component involves interviewing Elders and knowledge custodians about traditional star knowledge, which will assist in filling the pieces of the puzzle. The ultimate goal is to provide communities with a detailed, rigorous database of traditional astronomical knowledge that can be applied to educational curriculum programs, tourism, or whatever the communities desire. A/Prof Duane Hamacher (CI) Mx Jessie Ferrari (RA) Mx Jason Rimmer (RA) Ms Krystal De Napoli (RA) The University of Melbourne Monash University Taungurung Land and Waters Council Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Corporation Wathaurong Aboriginal Cooperative
Connect with us Central Asia Natural Gas and the ‘Lesser’ Caspians: How New Players Might be Good for Everyone Energy: what was once a largely single-resource/two-state controlled industry has given way to other resources of significance. In turn, this has also given rise to other states as major players in the arena. Given the increased need for energy among states, there has been greater collaboration and cooperation among states with regards to energy resources. This is well exemplified by the US’ early and continued energy relationship with Saudi Arabia following World War II. Saudi Arabia may have drastically different security and human rights priorities than the US, and yet they both have been longtime energy partners that rely on one another heavily. Relationships of this nature have grown in frequency since then and as a result the Caspian region has emerged as a major player in energy security geopolitics. By and large oil has been, and for the most part still is, associated with energy security. So long as a nation has access to an amount of oil commensurate with its needs, it is energy secure. However, a new player in the energy resource arena has begun to emerge: natural gas. Though natural gas has been around forever, it has taken on a position of importance in the struggle for energy security only recently. Natural gas can be used for everything from heating, cooking, and electricity generation. In fact it has many of the same applications as oil. The Caspian region is starting to exploit this resource. The region is one of the oldest oil-producing areas in the world and, though it continues to play a significant role in oil production, the control of energy in the region has begun to shift largely as a result of natural gas. Oil production and export from the region has primarily gone through Russia (or the USSR) throughout history. Caspian states, however, have discovered that they are home to some of the largest natural gas reserves in the world and now are looking to bypass Russia entirely to export it to the European Union (EU). This is significant for two reasons: first, it would shrink Russia’s impact as a controller of energy resources worldwide, especially in the EU. Second, it would drastically raise Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan’s profiles over energy resources and security. Russia’s historical dominance over the Caspian region gave it significant control over the global energy market. It is estimated that 17 percent of the world’s oil comes from the Caspian (primarily Iran and Russia) and it is largely responsible for providing the EU with energy security. The shift away from Russia by other Caspian states, however, erodes Russia’s stranglehold on energy resources in the region and gives way to exciting new players and geopolitics. Caspian states have already begun to break away from Russia in their bid to export natural gas to the EU. The process has been underway since the dissolution of the USSR, with concrete realization in the late 1990’s. But ultimately it was always hindered due to strong opposition, largely from Russia and Iran, which vehemently opposed the any independent Caspian projects from the other littorals. In the mid-2000s, once the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute began in earnest, the project began to gain more traction. There was a shift in allegiance between the littoral nations and renewed interest in the project sprang back to life. Since then, massive headway has continued to be made, largely to the dismay of Russia and Iran. The Russia-Ukraine dispute can truly be seen as the point when the lesser Caspian littorals decided to separate themselves from Russia as far as energy resource export is concerned. This is not to say they have separated themselves completely, as there is still collaboration on energy resources in the area. However, the dispute has led to Russia and Iran being excluded from the southern gas corridor project, which is expected to become fully operational by 2020 and supply much of the EU with natural gas. This is a boon financially for the nations involved, but perhaps more importantly, it creates a major geopolitical shift for those lesser littorals in the Caspian. States such as Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, who have historically had decidedly smaller stakes in the energy sector, stand to gain significant traction by building and remaining in control of this corridor without major Iranian or Russian influence/interference. This can only serve to strengthen their diplomatic ties with the EU while simultaneously weakening Russia’s and elevating their status as legitimate players in energy geopolitics. Russia and Iran have opposed the pipeline repeatedly, with Russia playing a far more active and vocal role in the opposition than Iran. Throughout the last decade and a half, Russia has thrown virtually every piece of oppositional ammunition at the construction of the pipeline. Its two primary tactics have been to oppose it environmentally and by way of old treaties. The treaty option has been the strongest oppositional tool used. Specifically, Russia has been using the treaties signed by Iran and the Soviet Union in 1921 and 1940 to threaten the other Caspian states. They have pointed out that the treaties are still in effect and that without support for the pipeline from all littoral states, any construction in the Caspian Sea would be illegal. There is some disagreement over whether these treaties still hold any legal bearing today. Next, Russia leveraged the environment in an attempt to oppose the project. According to Russia’s Natural Resources Ministry, pipelines along the Caspian Sea floor would be environmentally unacceptable. Aside from the fact that anytime a pipeline is placed in a body of water it has some environmental risk, this was clearly an attempt by Russia to try and generate international opposition to the pipeline. This is of course somewhat ironic given Russia uses similar environmentally-concerning pipeline routes. Evidently none of these attempts have had much of an impact on the project overall as it is still well underway. There is no doubt that Russia and Iran spent such a considerable amount of time opposing the pipeline due to the fact they knew its construction set a bad precedent for their continued dominance in the local energy sector. If former Soviet states can break away from Russia economically, then perhaps they can break away in yet other ways in the future. The more these lesser littoral Caspian states strengthen diplomatic bonds with Western-leaning nations, the less reliant they are on Russia. The further Russia is from controlling larger amounts of energy, the weaker its position in terms of geopolitics, something it considers anathema to its international security profile and agenda. Moving forward, the lesser Caspians will gain significant respect and authority in their development and control over future energy. This alters the geopolitical arena enough that other states around the globe need to take notice, though this awareness so far has been slow. It allows the Caspian, minus Russia and Iran, to be yet another option when it comes to building diplomatic ties and securing access to energy now and in the future. Despite the fact that the amount of natural gas they plan on moving may not radically alter the geopolitical arena overnight, there is opportunity to move enough in the future that could make a major impact. More importantly, this gives the EU a second option for energy procurement, which increases its energy security and also gives it the option to slowly cut ties with other ‘problematic’ providers like Russia. Perhaps the most interesting point of this entire development is Russia’s complete lack of desire to do anything but threaten verbally and act diplomatically. To date the nation has not taken any physical action to impede the pipeline and it has also continued to maintain trade and economic ties with the lesser Caspian nations it is protesting against. Despite having divergent views on the pipeline and actively attempting to impede it diplomatically, Russia seems unwilling to militarize the situation, something that deserves at least begrudging respect and acknowledgement. Perhaps this is a potential sign of building diplomacy over military solutions, which would be a global plus for the entire international community. If Iran and Russia realize they must recognize challenges to their energy dominance with only a need to work with other Caspian nations, even though they do not completely agree with them, then a critical future region of the globe has a chance to remain stable and at peace. In this case, maybe the entrance of new players into the arena doesn’t have to signal the start of a new bloodbath or new geopolitical tension. Continue Reading Central Asia Great powers rivalry in Central Asia: New strategy, old game The struggle for supremacy and rivalry in Central Asia Why, nonetheless, is Central Asia important? The surprise element (?) China Is there an European Union influence in Central Asia? Instead of conclusions – Central Asia where to? From our partner RIAC 5. Kortunov, Andrey, How to stop NATO, Continue Reading Central Asia Post-Protest Kazakhstan Faces Three Major Crises Image source: Continue Reading Central Asia Unrest in Kazakhstan Only Solidifies China-Russia Ties Image: CSTO collective peacekeeping forces at Almaty power station, Kazakhstan/Russian government photo The Russian-led military operation in Kazakhstan has presented an important test for Moscow’s ties with Beijing. In early January, Kazakhstan was shaken by nationwide protests that sparked uncertainty in the central Asian nation that had hitherto remained largely stable. Though much remains to be seen as to how the events exactly transpired, Russia’s reaction to the unrest was quite direct and clear. In short order, Moscow activated the long-dormant Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) to aid its allies in the Tokayev government. The dispatch of some 2500 Russian, Armenian, Tajik, Belarussian, and Kyrgyz troops into Kazakhstan produced a lively debate. The discussion was led by questions on how China might react to upheaval in its neighboring country and, crucially, Russia’s leadership role in the response. Many onlookers have long argued that such a development in Central Asia could easily spark tensions and wider divisions between the two powers. Yet, thus far, the potential for disruption in bilateral relations appears to have been greatly overstated. China’s Reaction Firstly, it is important to stress that Kazakhstan is a critically important country for China. Beijing’s sprawling Belt and Road Initiative actively operates in Kazakhstan and the country serves as one of the key routes for China to reach Europe, either through Russia or the Caspian Sea and the South Caucasus. Beijing has also heavily invested into the country ($19.2 billion in 2005-2020) and developed relatively stable bilateral ties with Nur-Sultan. The stability is no small feat in light of occasional difficulties surrounding such sensitive issues as the detention of ethnic Kazakhs in China’s westernmost Xinjiang region. Both countries are also bound together by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), a multilateral grouping founded in 2001 to facilitate security and economic cooperation in the heart of Eurasia. Moreover, both also are part of emerging closely linked groups of fellow authoritarian states bent on supporting each other lest liberal ideals undermine their one-party governance model. Beijing’s reaction to the unrest in Kazakhstan was neither opposing nor endorsing Russia’s military move. However, in an unusually strong statement of support for Kazakhstan’s leader Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Xi Jinping supported the framing that the upheaval in Kazakhstan was an attempt to carry out a color revolution and needed to be quashed. China also made an official statement through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization that the entity is “willing to play a positive role in stabilizing the situation” in Kazakhstan. Wang Wenbin, a spokesman for China’s Foreign Ministry also added that “safeguarding member states’ and regional stability has always been the principle and mission of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Sino-Russian Condominium Though relatively muted, China’s reaction to Kazakhstan reveals much about China-Russia relations in Central Asia. It has long been suggested that both players have had an unofficial division of labor in the region. Russia has been primarily preoccupied with security issues – military bases, drills, exchange of sensitive intelligence information. China, in contrast, has been active in the economic sphere through growing investment, increasing control of Tajikistan’s and Kyrgyzstan’s debt shares and generally blossoming trade ties across the region. Lately, however, the unofficial arrangement seemed to be coming under pressure as China continues to make significant inroads into the security area. It opened a military base in Tajikistan and in late 2021 even announced funding a new semi-military complex to be manned by the Tajik personnel. The number and depth of military drills held by China and Central Asian states also increased. The CSTO activation by Moscow and its allies, however, could signal the reversal of this emerging process with Russia firmly re-establishing its position as a sole security provider in Central Asia. This does not however mean that China is eager to get embroiled in the Kazakhstan events. On the contrary, a careful reading of official Chinese statements shows Beijing is happy with Russia undertaking a security operation there. The CSTO activation by Moscow and the successful completion of the operation also shows that the argument of China and Russia imminently heading toward a collision is inherently wrong. Both have grievances and perhaps deep concerns that in the longer run might resurface more concretely, but the two also learned to de-conflict. Russia is confident that what China does is not undermining Moscow’s basic interests. Surely, Chinese economic presence hurts its Russian competitors, but the alternative to allowing Chinese presence would be to antagonize Beijing. That is not an attractive scenario for Moscow which seeks Beijing’s support in the age of increased competition with the West. A similar approach prevails in China. It increases its security presence in Central Asia, but is also careful to explain to Russia that its moves are not intended against Moscow’s position. Beijing has also spent a great deal of time to assure Russia that the Chinese military base in Tajikistan is solely to confront potential threats to Xinjiang whether from Central Asia or from Afghanistan. The subtlety of the China-Russia partnership lies in the fact that each acknowledges the other’s sphere of influence. Their cooperation as great powers, therefore, rests upon mutual respect. Still, there are much deeper incentives propping up mutual understanding and serving as a major motivator to tone down differences. Opposition or even an outright enmity (at least in Moscow) to the US-led world system serves as a powerful glue for two Eurasian powers. 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Writing a Personal Statement for University Applications Thursday , 4, February 2021 Comments Off on Writing a Personal Statement for University Applications A personal statement is an important part of the application to the university. This is your chance to show what makes you unique besides your maiden name and ID. With only 4,000 characters, you need to convince the university of your choice that you are the best candidate and they should bid immediately. These 4,000 characters are your only chance, so your personal statement should be good. Here are some tips on how to write a good personal statement to make it truly outstanding. Image Source: Google 1) Take your time. Do not rush. An extraordinary personal statement won't be ready in a few hours or even a few days. Sometimes it's good to take a few days off and then come back refreshed. 2) Find the perfect opening line. If you start with something that is fun, interesting, unusual, or surprising, it will make a great first impression. But don't try to get anything funny out of your brain which is useless. 3) Make it with your own voice and ideas. You should not read any other personal statements until you have finished your first draft. It just gives you the wrong idea. You are definitely unique and there is no point in following certain rules or patterns or other people's ideas. After all, it's about you, not someone else. 4) Be honest. If you are good, you are as good as you are. There is no need to create false images and the truth will always come to light sooner or later. However, you can also sign up for a free membership on the websites that many college counseling websites provide for regular updates and your personal content feed.
In the previous article of the series on smart contracts, we considered the scope of application of smart contracts, their advantages, and disadvantages. We partially touched on the topic of oracles for smart contracts. For their work, smart contracts need to receive information from the outside world. This is responsible for special software “pads” to the outside world, which are called oracles. In today’s article, we will analyze what oracles are and how they work, and also find out how oracles allow smart contracts to reduce infrastructure costs. Oracles are third-party services that provide smart contracts with information from the outside world. Oracles act as a bridge between the blockchain, on which smart contracts work, and the outside world. In fact, oracles are tools that allow smart contracts to learn the results of necessary events from the real world. The need to use oracles for smart contracts is conditioned by the fact that blockchain and smart contracts do not have the necessary technical capabilities to obtain information from the outside world. At the same time, for many contracts, it is vital to obtain information from the outside world to comply with the terms of the transaction. For example, smart contracts for the sale of goods need to confirm the fact that the customer has received the goods. For smart contracts that trade exchange assets, it is necessary to receive information about exchange summaries of the cost of goods. It is for these purposes that oracles are used in smart contracts. Oracles are an important part of the technology stack needed for a wide range of decentralized applications (dApps). They are the link between the physical universe and the virtual reality of blockchain platforms and are an integral part of the communication of smart contracts. Oracles are a necessary element of the blockchain system since they allow you to significantly expand the capabilities of smart contracts. Without the existence of oracles, smart contracts would be very limited in their capabilities, since in this case, smart contracts would receive information only from their internal sources. The need to develop reliable and effective oracles is one of the main technical barriers to the mass implementation of smart contracts. Oracles in the blockchain can be classified depending on several different qualities: • The source of origin of the data. The sources can be software, hardware, or it can be a real network participant providing services to the blockchain system; • The direction of the information. The information can be either incoming or outgoing; • The distribution of the source. Information sources can be either decentralized or centralized. The scheme of information exchange through the oracle Depending on the criteria described above, oracles can include: • Machine oracles are sensors that generate and send digital information in a format readable by smart contracts. Machine oracles include measuring devices, light sensors, thermometers, pressure sensors; • Network participants who provide information exchange services with the blockchain system for a reward in cryptocurrency; • Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI can also be used as an oracle for smart contracts. AI algorithms can search for the necessary information on the Internet, analyze it and provide it as a report to a smart contract; • Software systems with their own consensus mechanisms for confirming the receipt of data from the outside, built on top of the main data registry. Such systems use consensus mechanisms similar to those used in the blockchain to confirm the authenticity of transactions. It should be noted that in the case of smart contracts, these systems can be both centralized and decentralized. In some cases, oracles can be integrated with the main blockchain and work within the same consensus mechanism as the rest of the network. As we have already found out, access to external information is necessary for the development of a decentralized economy. All applications and smart contracts running on the blockchain need triggers to launch a software algorithm for providing a service in the form of an automated action. These triggers come from various sources that initiate transactions in the blockchain or instruct smart contracts to launch a programmed algorithm and fulfill the conditions laid down in it. Information sources can initiate requests to smart contracts through transactions on the blockchain, and smart contracts respond to them with an appropriate on-chain transaction and launch a mechanism for automated fulfillment of the conditions specified in the contract. Let’s consider the mechanism of the work of oracles on a specific example. For example, a farmer wants to ensure his crop in case of drought. He enters into a contract with a decentralized insurance platform. An outdoor temperature sensor is used as an oracle. If the sensor detects an excess of the permissible temperature level for a certain period of time, this may indicate a drought in the region and a loss of crop for the farmer. The information from the sensor is recorded and transmitted to the smart contract. If the terms of the smart contract stipulate that in the event of a signal from the sensor about exceeding the permissible air temperature within a specified period of time, an insurance amount in cryptocurrency is paid to the farmer’s wallet. Machine oracles allow you to automate a wide range of actions related to insurance, without the need for intermediaries. The sensors can act in tandem with custom oracles. Additional confirmation by real network participants may be necessary for the event of a breakdown of the temperature sensor. For example, as the temperature sensor detects an excess of temperature, one or more user oracles must confirm the accuracy of the information for a reward in cryptocurrency. In this example, to determine the drought in the region, you can use an AI that will collect and analyze data on the weather forecast for each day in the region. If the permissible air temperature is exceeded, the AI algorithms send a signal to the smart contract, and it sends the insurance amount in cryptocurrency to the farmer’s account. Decentralized insurance is not the only industry where the use of oracles can significantly increase efficiency and expand the range of services. Among the industries where the use of oracles is necessary are: • Product supply chain management — containers or packages equipped with sensors can trigger the execution of a smart contract depending on the location; • Component lifecycle monitoring — initiating replacement purchases before a system failure; • Tolls — automatic payments for the use of public or private transport infrastructure.
You asked: What is the main theme of the Hebrew Bible? What is the major theme of the Hebrew Scriptures? What are the three main parts of the Hebrew Bible? What is the major theme of the Bible? The main theme of the Bible is the Kingdom of God. And Jesus, as the Son of God, and as the King, is the center of its message. What is the importance of the Hebrew Bible? The Hebrew Scriptures are imperative for maintaining principal beliefs of the Jewish faith. The Jewish faith relies on three principles; the belief in: one G-d, the covenant, and divinely inspired laws. The Tanakh (Torah, Nevi’im, Ketuvim, Nevi’im) and the Talmud are fundamental in maintaining these principles. IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: How do you explain the gospel simply? What are 3 major themes in the Old Testament? The themes include history of the English Bible, biblical revelation, inspiration, transmission of the text, creation context, sovereignty of God, sin and the human condition, protoevangelium, covenant, biblical law, Israelite worship, and prophets. What is the message of Hebrews? The message of Christ’s uniqueness is always relevant. New Testament teaching makes it abundantly clear that nothing is of greater importance for the destiny of mankind, and that theme is certainly the central doctrine of the letter to the Hebrews.” What are the three main points of the Hebrew Bible and how do they differ? The three parts of the Hebrew bible are the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings. They differ because The Torah talks about the ten commandments and lots of other rules and laws. The Prophets talks about the history of Judaism and the creation of the kingdom or Israel. What are the three major divisions of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament differentiate the three? The Hebrew Bible is split into three main sections: • Ketuvim (Writings) – 11 books. What important beliefs are explained in the Hebrew Bible’s story of Daniel? The important beliefs that are explained in the Hebrew Bible’s story of Daniel. God would rescue the Jews from evil and suffering, and that good would triumph over evil. IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: What are the two divisions of the Bible? What is the main story of the Bible? The main story of the Bible is God revealing to us who He is: that He is a God of love and righteousness in complete contrast to sin and unrighteousness, with a constant appeal to us from God: ‘I want you to come to know, love, trust and obey me, so that you may have abundant and eternal life, instead of death and … What is the main theme of Judaism?
When Trump’s Midwestern Cities Development Plan Gets the Green Light The Trump administration is planning to create a new federal program to help cities prepare for the effects of climate change, including cities with large populations of refugees. The Trump administration has long been supportive of a federal resettlement program. The Trump Administration has long supported a federal resettling program. Trump and Republican lawmakers have repeatedly called for more resettlement. On Tuesday, the White House announced that the Trump Administration would be launching a federal program, called the Cities and Communities Resettlement Act, or CBSA, to help “provide federal support to cities and communities impacted by climate change.” The Trump Administration is expected to release its proposal this week. Trump has also proposed creating an Interagency Council on Climate Change and other “consultative panels” to explore solutions to climate change. “This is not about us or our future,” Trump said in his announcement. “It’s about the future of the American people. I will not let our future be diminished by a handful of bureaucrats, bureaucrats who have no respect for our citizens.” A CBSA program would provide a way for the federal government to “create a plan to mitigate and prepare for impacts of climate events and disasters,” according to a White House statement. The White House said the CBSA would help cities and counties prepare for “an evolving climate that is expected and likely to become more severe than any recorded in human history.” “The CBSA will help to ensure that localities are able to protect themselves, their communities, and their economies from climate change impacts that will cause significant economic losses and social dislocation,” the statement read. Cities and communities will be required to “develop plans to mitigate, adapt, and manage climate impacts and disasters that may result from climate changes, including changes in weather patterns, land use, climate variability, and other environmental changes,” the White Court said. Cities that receive federal funding under the CBDA could choose to apply for federal relocation assistance under the Interagency Refugee Resettlement Program. Cities receiving relocation assistance could also apply to Congress to seek funding for their relocation. The CBDA is a “new federal program designed to help the states and localities prepare for and mitigate climate change risks and disasters.” The White Court added that CBSA funding will also help the federal agencies that provide refugee resettlement assistance, “including the Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Agency for International Development, to provide technical assistance, training, and advice to help state and local governments prepare for climate change threats.” Trump has also advocated for a more aggressive approach to refugees in the United States. In April, the President announced a new executive order, the “Diversity and Inclusion for Refugees” executive order , that would expand the number of refugees admitted into the United State from 5,000 to 25,000, and would temporarily suspend the refugee program for Syrian refugees. 후원 혜택
Honey has anti-bacterial, antiseptic, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal and probiotic properties. It contains monosaccharides, glucose, and high quantity of fructose. It also has floral flavonoids. 1. Gives a tough fight to cancer. The flavonoids in the honey keep cancer at the bay. It reduces the cancer cells marginally. A study by NCBI verifies the claim. 2. Ulcers reduction and Gastric complications Yes, honey can very well handle the stomach ulcers. The anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties make it able to treat the ulcers. The gut of the consuming honey person also remains healthy due to these properties. 3. Cough and Infection For the ages, Ayurveda recommends honey as a remedy for the cough and minor throat infections. The anti-bacterial quality of honey can treat almost all types of cough. 4. Skin Benefits The people consuming honey on a daily basis will have radiant and spotless skin. Due to its antiseptic and anti-fungal, direct application of Raw Forest Honey on the face will surely reduce the pimples, dark spots and dead skin cells. Honey acts as an immuno-modulatory agent and removes all skin disorders. It also enhances the complexion of a person. 12. Boots the Immune system With all its amazing qualities mentioned, honey stimulates the growth of the Immune cells. In the long run, honey makes a marginal difference in the health of the consumer by strengthening the Immune System. A big question: Can people suffering from diabetes take honey? The Answer is YES. People suffering from diabetes can consume all the natural sugars but they cannot take the man-made sugars. Once processed foods lose their natural qualities, so does honey. There is no harm in taking organic raw forest honey but there is the harm in consuming the adulterated or even processed honey. How to consume • We can consume the “raw forest honey” with almost everything that requires powdered/crystal sugar. In simple words, it can replace the sugar (well in most of the cases). • We can use it in milk, yogurt or simply take a spoonful of it. • Take it in warm water with lemon juice to shed those extra kilos. There are no reviews yet. Be the first to review “Raw Forest Honey – 175 gms” Your Review Your Review Name Name
20 Sustainable Travel Tips Published on May 17, 2021 Most of us agree that sustainable travel should be the only way to travel! Yet there is some confusion around what sustainable travel is, and how we can be more sustainable travellers. To answer these pressing questions, we’ve created a handy guide to sustainable travel to help you navigate the various terms and discover easy sustainable travel tips to help you protect the world we love to explore! Sustainable Travel Tips: Add a header to begin generating the table of contents What is Sustainable Travel? According to the (UN) World Tourism Organisation, sustainable tourism is: Essentially, sustainable travel is travel that has the minimal amount of impact on the people, animals and environment. The idea is that sustainable travel does not harm those in the place you are visiting. Sustainable travel enables long-term tourism that does not negatively affect the culture of the destination nor the environment. Additionally, it should also be beneficial to the area in the form of jobs, wildlife conservation and money going into the community. Why should we care about sustainable travel? The question as to why we should care about sustainable travel is best understood by looking at the current situation. Modern day tourism arguably started in Victorian times. The upper middle class would embark on grand tours around Europe, particularly around Germany and Italy. There was a sudden interest in the great outdoors and beautiful landscapes. Unfortunately, education around protecting these spaces was mixed. You can find 200 year old graffiti carved into rocks in national parks. Skip forward to today and the age of mass tourism. Since package holidays enabled holidays abroad to be affordable for the working classes, the impacts of pollution, overtourism, environmental damage and impact on locals have been magnified. Overtourism has been defined by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as “the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor experiences in a negative way”. Places such as Venice, Santorini, Dubrovnik, Iceland, Machu Picchu, Maya Bay in Thailand are just a few of the places that suffer from overtourism. Phuket’s beach was called ‘plastic beach’ due to 2 tons of plastic on the shore! Phuket Green Day removes 2 tonnes of rubbish from beach and parklands (thephuketnews.com) Many of us are guilty of not learning any of the local languages when we travel, as we perceive that “everyone speaks English anyway” and do not attempt to find out about the local culture or really engage with it when we are there. Something has to change and the pandemic has given the industry and travellers time to reflect and focus on making travel more sustainable in the future. As a wise man once said “It is better to travel well, than to just arrive”. What can we as individuals do to travel more sustainably? Here are 21 easy sustainable travel tips to help you on your sustainable travel journey! Villa Medici di Lilliano - Tuscany, Italy 1. Stay at Independent Hotels and B&Bs One way to travel more sustainably is to choose to stay at independent hotels or B&Bs over chain hotels and resorts. Choosing a place to stay can be such an exciting yet time consuming part of travel planning! You want to make sure that the accommodation is in the right location, is within your budget, has great reviews etc. One other thing you should consider when choosing where to stay in a destination is the type of accommodation. Certain types of accommodation are more sustainable than others. For example, some large resort hotels actually take more than they give to the destination they are situated in. Big resorts or all inclusive package holidays provide little incentive to spend your money outside of the resort. These resorts often amount to inauthentic experiences as you are surrounded by tourists and not locals. The cuisine is frequently an international affair, meaning more air miles and less local produce is used. Furthermore, there is a large demand for resources in the form of water and energy which can put immense pressure on local resources. There are even extreme cases where large resorts perpetuate the idea that it is dangerous to go outside of the resort. This form of propaganda further incentivises travellers to stay within the resort and creates a dangerous ‘othering’ of locals with colonial undertones instead of forming relationships with the residents of the destination. Of course not all resorts are bad, however by choosing to stay in local, independent hotels rather than big internationally-owned accommodation, you can be more confident that your money will be supporting the local economy. Due to their smaller size, boutique hotels are often in better and more central locations or in trendy neighbourhoods. Locally-owned and run B&Bs can be a much more authentic places to stay too. 2. Vegan travel “Vegan travel is an essential part of sustainable tourism.” Sophie, www.thewanderfulme.com Another great way to become a more sustainable traveller is to be a vegan traveller. There are many reasons why vegan travel and sustainable travel go hand in hand. Dominika Piasecka, spokeswoman for The Vegan Society states “The environmental benefits of eating fewer or no animal products are well known. Vegan food produces up to 50% less greenhouse gas emissions than non-vegan food so it’s a brilliant way to partially off-set the emissions created by your flight and help the planet in this way. If more passengers choose the vegan meal over a meat-heavy option, the opportunity for carbon saving starts to become significant.” Choosing a vegan diet means you reduce your carbon footprint helping to protect the planet we love! While it can be a little harder to travel as a vegan 5 reasons why vegan travel is still hard in 2020 (thegetawayco.com) , it is easier than ever before! Travelling as a vegan can even enrich your travels as you find quirky independent restaurants, meet fellow vegans or try new fruits! If you are worried about travelling as a vegan or would like the guarantee of meeting fellow vegans, why not join us on one of our vegan getaways in Bali, Italy or Portugal? Upcoming Getaways \| The Getaway Co. 3. Go Plastic Free / Recycle Trying to minimise your plastic consumption will not be a surprising sustainable travel tip to most of you! Over the last few years, zero-waste has become quite a buzzword. While it is much easier to reduce your plastic consumption at home, it can be a little trickier during your travels. However, many of the tips to reduce your plastic-consumption https://myplasticfreelife.com/plasticfreeguide/ at home can be used abroad. Furthermore, it is important to not beat yourself up if there is a language barrier and actively trying is better than not trying at all. Plastic is a huge cause of environmental pollution in its problematic degradation, harmful to wildlife and the fact it is made from fossil fuels. By reducing our plastic consumption we can help to reduce this. For example, try to always have a spare cloth bag with you during your travels to store souvenirs or food. In some countries, it is customary to put everything in a plastic bag, even if it is just one item. You can easily hand signal that you don’t want a plastic bag. Furthermore, reusable water bottles are a great way to reduce your plastic consumption on your travels. As we do not yet live in a plastic-free world, it is quite hard to completely avoid plastic during our travels. Nevertheless, trying to actively plan ahead can help minimise our plastic consumption. 4. Dine at independent/local restaurants Similar to staying in independent hotels, try to dine at several independent restaurants during your stay. By dining at a variety of restaurants and cafes, you will spread the economic benefit of your stay with various business owners of a community. While it is tempting to keep dining at the same place if you have found one you really like, it’s also exciting to try lots of places with different food. If you are a vegan or vegetarian, use HappyCow to help you find amazing plant-based restaurants around the world! 5. Avoid Cruises Another sustainable travel tip is to avoid cruises. Mark Watson who is the director of Tourism Concern believes that if you want to be an ethical tourist, you should avoid cruises. He says, “There isn’t anything positive you can say about going on a big-ship ocean wide cruise. A cruise ticks all the bad boxes,”. Again, this is not all cruises, however many cruise companies do not look after their workers, do not care about polluting the seas they sail and they don’t promote supporting the economies of ports they stop at. When asked whether cruises are better than planes for the environment, Gwyn Topham, author of the book Overboard: the stories cruise lines don’t want told argues that “Mile for mile, the carbon footprint for a cruise is worse – and many passengers will take planes to join a cruise.” From toxic black water and oil spills being discharged into the sea to smoke fumes polluting the air – cruises are huge floating cities that need a lot of power.” Similar to all inclusive resorts, cruises are problematic in a similar sense as all your meals are provided onboard, you only spend a few hours in port, meaning the locals do not see much economic benefit, yet do receive the environmental pollution. There are also many reports of cruise ship workers being forced to work very long hours for little pay. Some argue that they should be called “sweatships”. If you really want to go on a cruise, make sure you do your research on the cruise company and see if they offer carbon offsetting as a bare minimum. 6. Transportation to Your Destination Another sustainable travel tip is to consider if you can get a train or bus vs a car or plane to the destination of your choice. If you do need to hop on a plane, there are a few different things to consider there too which can help minimise your environmental impact. When deciding where to go on holiday make sure to ask yourself if you can use a train to get there. Public transport varies greatly depending on where you live in the world. For some, you are forced to hop on a plane to leave your country. For others, such as in Europe, the train system provides much more choice in deciding how to get to your destination. It is no wonder that flight shame or flgskam, the anti-flying movement started in Sweden where trains are plentiful and the more than average holiday time enables Swedes more time to reach their destination of choice. If you do have to fly, it is more sustainable to book an economy seat than a first class ticket. “A first class ticket on a long-haul flight emits, on average, four times as many emissions as an economy seat on the same plane” according to this BBC article. Also see if you can avoid travelling on small regional jet planes and opt for direct flights without layovers if you can. According to a 2010 report from NASA, about 25 percent of airplane emissions come from landing and taking off. 7. Carbon Offsetting You may have heard of carbon offsetting but what exactly is it? According to Greenpeace “Offsetting is a way of paying for others to reduce emissions or absorb CO2 to compensate for your own emissions. For example, by planting trees to suck carbon out of the atmosphere as they grow, or by delivering energy-efficient cooking stoves to communities in developing countries. “ Carbon offsetting is a way to almost reverse your carbon footprint. While you cannot technically undo the fumes emitted on the airplane to your destination, you can carbon offset which means that you fund another project which helps make the planet greener. There are even carbon offsetting calculators carbonfootprint.com – Free to use online Carbon Calculators to help you work out your carbon footprint for particular journeys or just by living in a house! While many carbon offsetting programs exist, here is a link to the carbon offsetting company that we recommend donating to. 8. Getting Around in Your Destination Another sustainable travel tip is to consider more eco-friendly ways of travelling around a destination once you have arrived. While it can be tempting to just hop in a taxi, by using public transport you can minimise your carbon footprint as the bus was going to go anyway whether you are on it or not. Furthermore, can you cycle around? In some cities, walking or cycling is a great way to get around and can help increase your capacity for trying even more delicious food, as well as diving into the wonders the city has to offer! 9. Avoid Animal Tourism Animal tourism is a contentious topic. For many of us, seeing local wildlife is part of our travel experience. Sadly, it is very, very hard to find truly ethical sanctuaries and we often see animals abused for the convenience of tourists (elephants being ridden, donkeys carrying huge loads etc.) In order to travel sustainably, you should avoid activities that exploit animals. When we remember that the idea of travelling sustainably is to do as little harm as possible to the local area, this concept extends to the animals. Tourism has inevitably affected animals but it is better to watch them naturally in the wild rather than pay for inauthentic experiences. For example, please do not participate in activities that enable you to touch or feed wild animals. Animals should be naturally afraid of people and not see them as a food source. This helps with their survival. Furthermore, we can spread diseases to these creatures through getting close, and reciprocally, they can spread diseases to us. By buying souvenirs or medicines containing exotic animal products, you are encouraging the demand of such goods. As long as there is demand for exotic coffee beans from civet cats (known as luwak coffee) or pieces of coral, locals will continue to supply these goods thus harming the wildlife and environment of the very place tourists have come to enjoy and appreciate. Also, it helps to avoid cafes which offer wildlife experiences. This is a particular problem in Japan where nocturnal animals such as owls are forced to stay awake during the day to pose with humans which hurts their eyes. There are many uncomfortable questions we can ask regarding the real needs of that animal. How they were trained, where does the money actually go or what happens to them when they no longer want to entertain tourists? To be on the safe side, avoiding animal tourism is the best way to keep our furry friends safe. Instead keep your eyes peeled for naturally occurring wildlife as you are exploring a destination. Some nature reserves provide secluded shelters or huts to hide yourself in, enabling you to watch wildlife without disturbing them as they are unaware of your presence. 10. Don't Buy a New Travel Wardrobe You have probably heard a colleague, family member or friend mention their new ‘holiday wardrobe’ before they go on their next big trip. While we may need a few specific items for an upcoming trip, it is rare that we need an entirely new wardrobe. A recent study showed that 78.2% of British adults have succumbed to impulsive buying. This applies to the desire to buy new clothes for travel too. The UK’s problem with impulse spending (finder.com) Before buying new clothes for your upcoming trip ask yourself a few questions. If you are going somewhere very hot or very cold and you genuinely have no clothes suitable given the climate you are based in, of course you may need a few new things. However, many of us will already have many clothes that are suitable. Therefore, consider whether you will wear this item more than once? Will you wear it once back home or on future trips? Will it work with several different outfits? Furthermore, is it comfortable? It may look lovely in the changing room but something too tight fitting could be uncomfortable and unpractical while travelling. Also consider whether the material it is made of will be suitable for your upcoming trip. Of course, we want to look good on holiday, however comfort over style will make for a much better vacation. In Bali it is always 31 degrees so even cotton doesn’t usually cut it! Your best bet is to wear clothing that is respectful of the locals that also dries quickly. And forget buying that new hair straightener – in Bali everyone accepts frizzy hair! Additionally ask yourself whether the item is well made? Is the garment good quality meaning you will wear it in years to come? While you cannot see into the future, is it a timeless piece? Click here for more questions to ask yourself before buying a new garment. If you do arrive in your destination realising there is something you did need but don’t have, there is also a high likelihood you’ll be able to buy or rent it there. 11. Avoid Voluntourism Voluntourism has been increasing over the last few years. The idea of combining travel with volunteering seems like a fantastic idea. Sadly, this is often exploited and the local community may not benefit from the volunteer’s limited skills and in some cases it does more harm than good. There are some great volunteering opportunities out there but voluntourism is problematic due to several reasons. Fake orphanages have sprung up as businesses which are designed to “generate an income from people willing to volunteer their time and donate their money to support ‘orphan’ children. Children are often deliberately kept in poor conditions in order to elicit sympathy from well-meaning visitors who are then moved to donate. ”Ethical Volunteering and How to Avoid the Voluntourism Trap – Hostelworld Other issues include the problem of “being given a fish” rather than “being taught how to fish”. For example, rather than support the education of locals to teach them skills, skills are imported for a short period of time. Sometimes volunteers do not have the necessary skills to build houses and have to be rebuilt once they have left. Research thoroughly before committing to a volunteering program. 12. Go Paperless! Don't Print. Save trees by not printing your boarding pass or various emails for your trip. Luckily many airlines and hotels allow you to check in with the help of barcodes and reference numbers. If you are worried about internet access or wifi, printscreen important information on your phone and save them to your photos or to your digital wallet. 13. The Airbnb Dilemma A slightly trickier sustainable travel tip is to use Airbnb responsibly. The Airbnb website lists more than six million rooms, flats and houses in over 81,000 cities around the world. You can find some amazing places to stay on Airbnb but frustratingly the ‘Airbnb effecthas priced many locals out of city centres and completely changed entire neighbourhoods. Airbnb is even banned in certain cities now. You can still use Airbnb responsibly but you need to do a little research first and may have to share. Firstly, check out the situation of Airbnb in the city you are visiting. Is it legal? Have locals been unfairly impacted? If they have, see if you can stay outside of the city centre. Secondly, do you need a whole place? If you can rent a room this not only ensures that a local can still live in that residence but you can also meet someone! You can check out a list on how to use Airbnb responsibly here. 14. Avoid Peak Season Did you know that by avoiding peak season you become a more sustainable traveller? Peak season typically refers to the time of year with the best weather, but travelling during these times can contribute to overtourism. Many places in Asia suffer from the idea that you can only visit them outside of monsoon or rainy season. Thailand is trying to rebrand its rainy season as green season to combat this issue. Furthermore, these peak seasons mean that revenue is only generated at certain times of year which can be harmful to tourist businesses outside of peak season. In fact, in some destinations, places shut down completely over the low season. Of course, there are reasons for low season in some of the more extreme climates. For example, perhaps don’t visit Death Valley in the middle of summer. Nevertheless, travelling in shoulder seasons is not only better for the planet but also tends to be cheaper and has less tourists! 15. Leave No Trace Many of us have heard or seen the quote “Leave only footprints” which is similar to the Leave no trace principles. Although leave no trace or the 7 Principles are primarily used when hiking in the great outdoors, they really apply to any outdoor space. When exploring wild landscapes, apply common sense things like not damaging fragile environments, taking litter with you and if it says “no access” listen to it. Let’s leave beautiful places as we found them. 16. Eat Local and Seasonable Food is one of the best parts of travel! Going to a new destination means exotic dishes and new flavours. Yet in a globalised world, restaurants are able to offer ingredients that have been flown a long way to arrive on your plate. Sometimes, it is very tempting to go to a touristy place with dishes you know or to a hip vegan cafe that serves avocados with everything, but its much more sustainable to see if you can choose a meal that has been made with local and seasonal ingredients. Not only will it taste better, fresher and most likely be cheaper, it is also a more sustainable way to travel. Food that has to travel from far away has a higher impact on our environment due to energy needed for transport, packaging to keep it fresh, etc. Furthermore, did you know that 14% of all food waste occurs between harvest to retail? More info on that here Also, by buying local food this supports the community you are visiting! 17. Stay Longer / Slow Travel “Slow travel or slow tourism is the basis of responsible travel, and therefore, the most sustainable option.” Brogan from Brogan Abroad Why Slow Travel is the Smart (and Responsible) Way to Travel – Brogan Abroad As we near the end of this list of sustainable travel tips, it is important to include the idea of slow travel. Slow travel is the idea of spending longer in one or two destinations over whizzing around multiple places. There are a few reasons why slow travel is considered more sustainable. By sticking to one place you reduce the environmental impact of travelling to and between many destinations. Staying longer benefits the local economy and can also be cheaper for you. Finally, slow travel also helps create more meaningful experiences as you are able to experience the local culture at a deeper level. The idea of digging deeper into the local culture and staying for 7-10 days to really get a feel for the region with an awesome group of new friends and local experts is something you can experience on our tours at the Getaway Co. 18. Reuse As Much As Possible This is a very easy sustainable travel tip! Simply reuse! Would you rewash a towel that had only been used once at home!? The American Hotel and Lodging Association estimates that by requesting to reuse reduces laundry loads as well as energy, labour, sewer and of course water by up to 17 percent. There are further benefits to the hotel and the environment as guests reusing towels increases the lifespan of towels. Hotels Save Energy With a Push to Save Water (nationalgeographic.com) Reuse if you can to do your bit for the planet! 19. Learn About the Culture (Tourist vs. Traveller) Many of these sustainable travel tips have been about ways to reduce our harm to the natural environment. It is also important to consider the people impacted at the destinations we visit. The saying “be a traveller and not a tourist” is a good mantra to live by. For example, rather than taking photos of locals in costume, see if you can speak with them or participate in a cultural activity like a cooking class. Learn a few of the local customs before you travel (for example, the need to cover your shoulders and knees when visiting temples) and try to remember how to say thank you in the local language. Niceties will go a long way to preserving a harmonious balance between tourism and local life. 20. Spread the Word About Sustainable Travel! Now that you know all of these sustainable travel tips, it’s time to share them with your friends and family! While any changes are better than none, spreading the word about sustainable travel helps others make small sustainable changes. After your trip you really can lead by example, be an effective advocate and compassionately talk about sustainable travel. Starting a dialogue about green-living or sustainable travel with your friends doesn’t mean you have to guilt people into it. Simply talk about it casually and regularly. 21. Choose Responsible Tour Companies (Bonus Point!) Our final sustainable travel tip is to choose a responsible tour company. Not to toot our own horn, but at The Getaway Co. we work incredibly hard to create experiences for our participants that are as sustainable as possible. Join us on one of our upcoming vegan getaways to minimize your travel footprint, dive into the local culture and leave nothing but a positive impact and unforgettable memories when you return home. Many of us enjoy letting someone else do the planning and like meeting like minded travellers! By choosing a tour company that invests in the community, engages with locals and cares about the environment you will have a much more sustainable trip. Have a look at the magical experiences we have coming up here Anna Liddell is a vegan travel blogger and freelance writer based in the UK. When she is not on a mountain exploring the great outdoors, or taking photos in lesser-known travel spots, she’s writing about her travels whilst eating vegan chocolate biscuits. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on whatsapp Share on pinterest Share on linkedin Share on email Leave a Comment Join us on one of our upcoming life-changing, plant-based getaways!
A kunai (??, kunai?) is an ancient Japanese kind of gardening tool or trowel. Two variations are the short kunai (???, sho-kunai?) and the big kunai (???, dai-kunai?) It is a good example of a very basic tool which, in the hands of a martial arts expert, could be used as a multi-functional weapon.[1] As with the shuriken and ninjutsu, the exaggeration persistent in ninja myths played a large role in creating the current pop culture image of kunai. In the mythology of ninja, the kunai is commonly portrayed to be a Japanese knife that is used for throwing as well as stabbing. In addition, it could be used for climbing, as either a kind of grappling hook, or a piton.[1] The Kunai is portrayed in anime (and resulting video games based on them) such as Naruto as a common weapon that is often used – sometimes thrown with a tag “?” or “??”, symbolizing fire or explosion. The kunai explodes some time after impact with the tag attached. In the Mortal Kombat series, Scorpion uses one attached to a rope known as the “bloody spear” to draw his opponents to him to gain a free hit against them. In Tekken 5, Raven can be customized to carry kunais (five on each of his thighs & ten on his back), although he cannot wield or use them. In the Ninja Gaiden series, Ryu carries three Kunai on his left leg, but never uses them. However in Ninja Gaiden II he is able to use explosive kunai. In both Mega Man Zero and MegaMan ZX Phantom and Model P/Px use Kunai as a basic weapon. In the latter, they are the weakest of the normal “buster shots”, however they do fire faster and are thrown three at a time.
Day 12 Zachariah - the other surprised father in the stories of the birth of Jesus - was struck dumb until after his son had been named. Like Joseph, he had to believe that God was at work. It would have been very unusual for a son not to be named after a close male relative. And John was just what his name means - a gift from God. Once John was named, Zechariah's mouth was opened and he praised God in what's now known as the Benedictus. It is also a blessing on John and his work in preparing the way for Jesus. You can find the words here
Somalia's History of Hunger, Violence and Distress Essay 710 Words3 Pages Somalia is a country which has gone through an extreme time of hunger, violence and distraught. In the early 1990’s Mohammed Siad Barre leader of Somalia was removed forcibly from power by a union of opposing clans called the United Somalia Congress which, their temporary alliance and partnership soon came to an end dividing the United Somalia Congress into two groups. Mohammed Farah Aidid led one of the groups; Ali Mahdi led the other. The Somalia Civil War between clans consequently destroyed Somalia’s agriculture. With little to no food the Somali militias’ Commanders/Leaders retained power of Somalia by taking control over food supplies. Food was seized and exchanged for weapons with other countries. In addition, a numerous percentage…show more content… Somalia guerillas/militia gained tactical advantages by carefully studying the US strategies such as response of air support time lines along with fighting in their own terrain. They also used irregular warfare to their advantage such as making it highly difficult and impossible for the TFR to identify exactly whom the enemy was due to them “enemy combatants” blending in with the civilian population. At the same time they would vastly recruit throughout the city boys and men on command. Logical Lines of Operation The Somalis destroyed and obstructed roads/paths, or put obstacles making it tremendously difficult for US troops to surpass given the fact that they were poorly prepared for such small ally, suburb terrain. By doing this, they manipulated the US military convoys in such tactics of barricading them. They succeeded by forcing US troops to proceed in a direction where they would be vulnerable be attack by small armed fire. TFR was sent on a mission to capture Aidid. This attempt was failed due to once again lack of intelligence. The U.S. were very well observed, Somalis formed an immediate counter fight gathering hundreds of Aidid followers and forming armed-civilian soldiers who consisted of men, women and children. This was an operation intended to last 90 minutes but in reality lasted 17 hours. Unfortunately, the US troops took a tremendous toll of over 100 casualties. This More about Somalia's History of Hunger, Violence and Distress Essay Get Access
The Phenomenology Of Racism And Racism 3579 Words15 Pages Growing up my parents always taught me to respect everyone for who they were regardless of their race or culture . Even though my parents was raised in a racially segregated environment that had a strong impact on their world view and sense of others in the world. I grew up in a privileged family in the suburban area of Atlanta, Georgia. Not many African Americans attended my school with me . My parents and grandparents experienced racism in their community.I am pushed by my family to work hard and be the best that I can be. As I was reading a very interesting power point, I learned that the phenomenology of racism promotes negative attitudes to other blacks and Africa. It also normalizes attitudes of desire and debasement toward white people and white culture . According to the power point , the ideal is for a black woman or man 's judgement of themselves or others to escape white norms and values. Racial structure is the totality of the social relations, frameworks and practices that reinforce white privilege. When race emerged, it formed a racialized social system/structure, referred to as white privilege, that awarded systematic privileges to whites over non-whites. Since students of color are actual or potential deviants of the institutionalized white privilege system, the majority works hard to hide it (Lewis 88). Racial ideology consists of racially-based frameworks used by individuals to explain and justify or challenge the racial status quo. As a person of color, Get Access
Three Perspectives On Russia 's Intervention 1006 Words5 Pages Lauren Wells PSC 1003 October 19, 2015 Three Perspectives on Russia’s Intervention in Syria Much of the international news right now seems to relate to the crisis situation created by the civil war in Syria. The topic is on the minds of politicians, especially regarding the Syrian refugees hoping to escape the dangers of the war. Syrian rebels are attempting to overthrow the existing government. Some of these rebels have the support of the United States while others, such as those who are connected to ISIS, do not. Russia has intervened on the side of the Syrian government. The reasoning for their intervention is perceived differently depending on the political theory followed in the explanation. The three major theories in international relations are realism, liberalism, and constructivism -- each of which will be discussed in terms of how they would explain the Russian intervention in Syria. The realist perspective of international politics proclaims that states are self-interested and act according to that priority. According to this theory, states are the key actors and they mainly use military power and diplomacy in order to achieve their goal of power and security for themselves. This international relations theory can thus explain Russia’s intervention in Syria as an act of self-interest. Realism also stresses the anarchy in the international institution. A realist may therefore explain Russia’s intervention in Syria as a selfish act, hoping Get Access
Painting, Avant-Garde views updated During the 1910s several European painters ventured independently of one another into abstract painting. Along with modern artists' use of found, industrially made materials, this was one of the most radical and important developments in twentieth-century art. Whether this new movement was propagated as nonobjective or as concrete art, as a new realism or as neoplasticism, the colors and forms on the canvas were no longer meant to bear a resemblance to the material world. The rationales and results of the artists differed greatly, as did their degree of success, but they all shared certain characteristics. They had been deeply impressed by French art since about 1880, by post-impressionism, by the early work of Henri Matisse (1869–1954), or by cubism. Painters such as Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), and, most radically, Matisse, had replaced local with nonlocal color, that is, they had represented objects in colors that did not correspond to the objects' colors in the world. Van Gogh, along with Paul Cézanne and Georges Seurat, had isolated marks on the canvas—as lines, patches, and dots respectively—disconnected from any descriptive value. In their cubist paintings and collages, Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) and Georges Braque (1882–1963) had revealed the language of Western pictorial representation to be entirely arbitrary and dependent for its meaning on semiotic context, opening the door for experimentation with other arbitrary signs. And all these painters stressed, to varying degrees, the essential flatness of the picture plane and no longer sought to create illusionist, perspectival spaces. Yet most of these pioneering abstract artists initially hesitated in making the step toward complete abstraction because they worried that they would produce arbitrary, meaningless forms or merely decorative patterns. In combative manifestos and other written texts, they sought ways to justify their choices: they drew analogies to music, the most abstract among the arts; claimed they were representing immaterial realms such as emotions, the spiritual, the cosmos, the absolute, or utopia; argued they were reducing the painterly medium to its essential, indispensable elements; said they were playing with viewers' perceptual faculties; or asserted they were basing decisions purely on chance operations. Often, these justifications served to turn their abstract works into "trace representations," destabilizing the very definition of abstraction. The Czech artist František Kupka (1871–1957) is most frequently credited with creating the first abstract paintings in the history of modern art. His interest in representations of the cosmos and of music inspired him, beginning in about 1909, gradually to dissolve observed motifs into either vertical schemes or spirals. In about 1912, with paintings such as Amorpha: Fugue in Two Colors and Vertical Schemes, he arrived at an art devoid of recognizable elements. Kupka was loosely associated with orphism, a short-lived Parisian art movement that came to the fore in 1913 and united artists interested in pure color, the representation of light, and analogies between the visual arts and music. Its prominent member and spokesman, the French painter Robert Delaunay (1885–1941), in collaboration with his Russian artist wife, Sonia Delaunay-Terk (1885–1979), systematically pursued the study of color, especially the theory of simultaneous color contrast as advanced by the nineteenth-century chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul. Like Kupka, Robert Delaunay made his first purely abstract painting following a series of paintings that increasingly abstracted specific representational motifs, in his case the Eiffel Tower, the sun, and a window. Thus, like Kupka's representations of music or the cosmos, the concentric circles with the most intense colors at the center in Delaunay's Simultaneous Disk: Punch (1913) still represent, in a sense, the radiating beams of the sun. Nevertheless, the painting qualifies as the most radically abstract painting made up to that point. One finds the same trace representations in the art of Wassily Kandinsky, born in Russia in 1866 but based largely in Germany and France from 1898 until his death in 1944. In 1911 Kandinsky and Franz Marc founded Der Blaue Reiter, an association of German expressionist artists with whom Kandinsky pursued the visualization of immaterial and spiritual realms through gesturally applied, amorphously shaped, and intensely colored configurations. Kandinsky gradually embraced abstraction during the 1910s. At the beginning of that decade, the artist began to veil his representational imagery such as mountains, churches, and cows, painting them in nonlocal colors like the postimpressionists and embedding them in purely abstract shapes. The artist conspicuously inscribed the work known as the First Abstract Watercolor with the year 1910, but it was likely made only in 1913, when Kandinsky also began to talk about abstract painting in his writings. In any case, Kandinsky grew increasingly confident about abstraction, leaving behind worries about expressionless ornament, lifeless stylization, and arbitrary experimentation. Instead, he pursued what he called the spiritual in art. Defined, however vaguely, in his seminal written work, Ü ber das Geistige in der Kunst, published in 1911, that term captured both an internal necessity of the work of art and a search for the absolute and thus encapsulated Kandinsky's ways of justifying his abstract art. Colors and forms, Kandinsky argued, have certain inherent meanings: for example, he frequently paired blue and yellow, illustrating his belief that blue is associated with the male sex, connoting severity, depth, and spirituality, while yellow is associated with the female, connoting gentleness, happiness, and sensuality. While often considered a pioneer abstract painter, Kandinsky thus remained deeply committed to representation in art, in particular to a representation of the spiritual, of emotions, and of music. Likewise, Kandinsky retained allusions to landscapes—black arch elements reminiscent of mountains, for example, or shadings, superimpositions, and scale shifts that all give a sense of depth and space—until about 1922. From then on, Kandinsky taught color theory and wall painting at the influential German art school the Bauhaus, and his abstract painting became increasingly geometric, even diagrammatic. Because of the school's focus on design and architecture, abstract painting was never central to the Bauhaus, though some of its most important teachers were abstract painters. Aside from Kandinsky, these included the German Josef Albers(1888–1976), the Swiss Paul Klee (1879–1940), and the Hungarian László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). Albers, though he taught the preliminary course in the later Bauhaus years, was most influential as a teacher at Black Mountain College and Yale University following his emigration to the United States, and he is best known for his painting series Homage to the Square made there from 1950 on, in which he uses nested squares to explore optical relations and illusions of juxtaposed colors. Klee, an associate of Kandinsky's at Der Blaue Reiter, taught elementary design at the Bauhaus and subsequently took over the weaving workshop. As an abstract painter, he was particularly prolific in the medium of watercolor, making works informed by myths and mysticism as much as by his interest in the decorative. Moholy-Nagy, who taught the Bauhaus preliminary course during the 1920s and was head of the metal workshop, explored impersonal techniques in his paintings: he used airbrushes and spray guns, and even put in a telephone order to an enamel factory for the serial production of the same painting in three different sizes. Kazimir Malevich, born in Russia in 1878 and active there until his death in 1935, exhibited what is usually considered his first abstract painting, the Black Square, in 1915. Perhaps unintentionally, he targeted the very ambiguity about what constitutes pure abstraction. The painting originated in a sequence of stage sets the artist had designed for the 1913 performance of the futurist opera Victory over the Sun, which tells the story of humankind's battle to transcend the present and the visible. The sets show the gradual eclipse of the sun, with a black area increasingly encroaching on a white square. Black forms take a variety of shapes throughout the sequence, which concludes with a black triangle covering half of the square, thus implying a black square as a result. Malevich exhibited the first of three paintings derived from this last stage set at the 0.10 exhibition in St. Petersburg in 1915, placed prominently in a high corner of the room, the traditional place for Russian icons. Whether it represents the eclipse of the sun or an abstract world beyond the visible is left open-ended. Similarly, Malevich plays with the question of what constitutes realism in a painting of a red square on a white ground wittily entitled Red Square: Painterly Realism of a Peasant Woman in Two Dimensions, also of 1915. In his booklet From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism, published on the occasion of the 0.10 exhibition, Malevich coined the term suprematism to assert the supremacy of his own art. But it also describes the utopian goals of his abstract paintings: to develop a supreme sense awareness in his viewers, to create a supreme space of infinity beyond human measure, and to reach a supreme or zero point of painting where the medium is reduced to its essential elements. His Suprematist Composition: White on White (1918) exemplifies these goals. Viewers are forced to fine-tune their vision and spend time in order to see the different tones of white, aided by the different textures. The white monochrome gives a sense of lightness, immateriality, and infinity, and painting is reduced to its minimum: white paint on a white ground, a square derived from a square canvas. Malevich's impact is hard to overestimate. His students included the Poles Wladyslaw Strzeminski and Katarina Kobro, who further reduced art to its essence (Strzeminski worked with paint, Kobro with sculpture), as well as the Russian El Lissitzky (1890–1941), who developed Malevich's work in a more overtly political direction. After studying architecture and engineering in Germany and becoming a prolific producer of book illustrations, in 1919 Lissitzky began his series of paintings and prints titled Proun, an acronym for the Russian equivalent of "Project for the Affirmation of the New." The Proun s worked against habitual ways of looking at and thinking about the world and instead fostered active ways of seeing and a heightened consciousness in their postrevolutionary audience. Keeping to a restrained palette of whites, grays, blacks, and only occasional color, and making use of a variety of textures, the Proun s feature painted and sometimes collaged geometric configurations projected isometrically, often axonometrically. Unlike perspectival projections, these force viewers to readjust constantly to the flip-flopping of space and volume, and allow the paintings to be viewed from different angles, so that one's perception of them changes even further. Lissitzky sometimes encouraged such turning by signing his Proun s on more than one side or by painting configurations suggesting a turning motion, often involving circles and spheres. The political dimension of the Proun s was less overt, some say more sophisticated, than Lissitzky's work in graphic design, typography, photography, photomontage, and exhibition design. In 1921 Lissitzky essentially gave up painting in favor of these other media. His decision paralleled the sweeping, programmatic rejection of easel painting by the Russian constructivists, an artists' group formed in Moscow that year and committed to politically or socially useful material studies and designs. Last Painting: Blue, Red, Yellow, by the leading constructivist Alexander Rodchenko, is a landmark in that regard, announcing the end of the most important medium of Western art, once it had been reduced to its essential elements: monochrome panels painted in the primary colors. Unlike most of the constructivists and as a result in part of his training in Germany, Lissitzky cultivated relations and collaborations with an international range of artists and institutions such as Hans (Jean) Arp and the Bauhaus. His Abstract Cabinet for the Provinzialmuseum Hannover, now reconstructed at the Sprengel Museum Hannover, was an innovative design of sliding panels and changing wall surfaces for the exhibition of abstract paintings by him, Moholy-Nagy, Piet Mondrian, and others. Mondrian, born in the Netherlands in 1872 but active primarily in Paris and later in New York City, where he died in 1944, made his first abstract painting several years after Kupka, Delaunay, Kandinsky, and Malevich. In a series of sketches and paintings depicting a pier running into the ocean, he gradually abstracted the motif and eventually arrived at Composition with Lines (1917), a white square canvas featuring a circular cluster of short black and white lines. Still, it would be three more years before his abstract painting reached its mature, iconic phase, which the artist called neoplasticism. That term encapsulated a new building, or composition, of painterly elements in such a way so as to create a perfect equilibrium or equivalence of its most essential opposites: of lines and planes, of color (the primaries) and noncolor (black and white), of vertical and horizontal lines, of expansion and limitation (the illusion of forms moving outward or inward), and of the canvas as surface and the canvas as object. No one element was ever to take over; Mondrian composed each painting intuitively to come as close as possible to harmony, unity, and perfection, to create a sense of the universal through the particulars of painting. Unlike Kandinsky, Mondrian early on rejected theosophical theories—the occult aspects of painting and the implied possibility of representing the spiritual—and was committed instead to a Hegelian idealism, which was the origin of his commitment to a dialectical system. The year 1932 was of central importance to Mondrian: he began the destruction of neoplasticism and everything he had worked for over the previous twelve years, introducing two adjacent black lines in his painting Composition with Double Line and Yellow and Gray. This seemingly simple gesture destroyed the balance of line and plane because the white space between the lines turned into a line, while the surrounding white areas remained planes. Mondrian's lines quickly multiplied over the course of the decade until, in 1941, with his painting New York City, he created a labyrinthine braiding and optical flicker of lines in which one's gaze becomes lost. During the last years of his life, Mondrian also experimented with moving painting into the realm of architecture, installing colored and white panels across the walls of his studio in New York City. Previously, he had been worried about this step, contending that it was too early to merge painting with the surrounding world, that architecture was too utilitarian and incapable of true equilibrium. Mondrian disagreed on this point with most of his peers in De Stijl, a Dutch group of artists and architects founded in about 1917 by Theo van Doesburg. A central example of Van Doesburg's practice of abstract wall painting and interior design was his 1926–1928 collaboration with the German-French Hans (Jean) Arp (1886–1966) and Arp's Swiss wife, Sophie Taeuber-Arp (1889–1943), on the Café Aubette, a ten-room entertainment complex located in the center of Strasbourg. Their abstract wall paintings, some accentuating and others counteracting the preexisting historical structure, were complemented with the artists' designs for stained glass windows, furniture, and other decorative objects. In conceptually collapsing abstract painting and design, the entertainment complex forms an important breaking point with other pioneering abstract painters' anxieties. Indeed, Arp and Taeuber-Arp's abstract art from early on had directly confronted the dominant fears of their peers about arbitrariness and the decorative. Beginning in about 1915 they made abstract pictures that were woven or stitched—not surprising given Taeuber-Arp's training in textile design and weaving—and between 1916 and 1918 they made abstract collages, often in collaboration, in which the location of pieces of torn or cut papers was left to the laws of chance. These procedures reappeared in the work of the Spaniard Joan Miró (1893–1983), the most important of the few abstract painters associated with surrealism—Arp too developed relations with the surrealists, but he was at that point active mainly as a sculptor. Miró would frequently drop pieces of torn paper and paint the resulting configurations; he would also draw and paint undirected doodles, leaving the decisions to chance and the unconscious. Combined with his use of intensely saturated colors, thin lines, and small scaled shapes crowded into large formats, Miró's paintings, as well as those of Taeuber-Arp, exude a sense of humor and playfulness rare in abstract painting during the first half of the twentieth century. Abstract painting, at least its public practice and exhibition, came to an abrupt end in Europe with the National Socialists' rise to power and the beginning of World War II. It was a showcase for what the Nazis declared forbidden and degenerate. In their minds, abstract painting such as that of Kandinsky and Mondrian, both included with more than one hundred artists in the 1937 exhibition Entartete Kunst (Degenerate art), not only revealed a lack of artistic skill but also insulted the German sensibility and destroyed natural form. Much abstract painting, like much modern art in general, was confiscated and destroyed (the complete Café Aubette, for example). Most abstract painters, like other modern artists, went into internal exile or emigrated to the United States. This exodus, along with the war's destruction across Europe, played a major role in New York's stealing of the idea of modern art, as art historians commonly sum up the state of Western art after 1945. Surrealist and other European artists strongly influenced the American-made, large-scale, abstract gestural painting of the late 1940s and 1950s known as abstract expressionism. In turn, paintings by artists such as Jackson Pollock or Willem de Kooning multiplied in exhibitions throughout Cold War Europe as an expression of individual freedom. A new generation of primarily French, German, and Spanish abstract painters, who came to be known under labels such as Informel, Tachisme, or Un art autre, felt threatened by what they perceived to be an American onslaught. These young European painters—Wols (Wol fgang Otto S chulze, 1913–1951), Georges Mathieu (b. 1921), Hans Hartung (1904–1989), K. O. Götz (b. 1914), and Antoni Tàpies (b. 1923), for example—were painting abstract gestures like their American peers, but they were frequently perceived as derivative, especially by the now dominant American art market. This perception was partially the result of their much smaller, less assertive formats, which seemed like illustrations by comparison, but was also attributable to the artificial and decorative impression their techniques tend to convey. Mathieu, Hartung, and Götz's gestures appear staged, isolated, overblown, and contrived. Not surprisingly, Mathieu staged public performances of himself painting; Hartung's gestural strokes were copied from smaller sketches onto larger canvases and bore a striking resemblance to mid-twentieth-century furniture and interior design; and Götz marketed some of his earliest scraped, high-contrast paintings as advertisements for the chocolate maker Sprengel. In hindsight, however, this may be the redeeming quality and historical truth of the best of Informel painting: the way its gestures strove for an expression of emotional struggles and even freedom but ultimately revealed that expression to be always already mediated and false. That was fitting during an age when freedom from National Socialist brutality was immediately overshadowed by the massive consumption that defined postwar economic recovery and reconstruction. Informel painting, along with American abstract expressionism, dominated the European art world into the 1950s. Many young artists felt limited by or critical of its status quo, particularly its premise of subjective expression. The majority of postwar artists abandoned painting altogether, considering it a traditional medium, and turned instead to collage, sculpture, installation art, performance, photography, video, and other new media. A few stuck with abstract painting but often tested and expanded the boundaries of what constitutes the medium. The monochrome, a canvas covered evenly with only one color, was an alternative proposed by a group of loosely connected, at times collaborating painters across Europe: Yves Klein (1928–1962) in France, Lucio Fontana (1899–1968) and Piero Manzoni (1933–1963) in Italy, and Heinz Mack (b. 1931), Otto Piene (b. 1928), and Günther Uecker (b. 1930) in Germany. For all of them, the monochrome was a means of reducing painting to its most essential elements—a canvas on a stretcher and the application of one type of paint—and a way of either aspiring to or mocking notions of immateriality, infinity, and spirituality. Given the rupture of World War II, few of them knew initially about prewar precedents such as Malevich's suprematist white monochromes or Rodchenko's Last Painting. Whether serious or ironic, Klein in particular claimed for himself the invention of the monochrome. Along the same lines, he also patented what he called IKB, or International Klein Blue, an ultramarine blue prepared with a binder made of ether and petroleum extracts that preserved the intensity and powdery appearance of the raw pigment. In 1955 Klein began making his signature blue monochromes, which emphasize the objectness and materiality of the picture by several means: matte heavy textures created by the pigment powder (or later by added materials such as sponges), rounded corners, paint that wraps around the edges, and occasional displays on poles or brackets to extend the works out from the wall. His 1957 exhibition L'Epoca Blu at the Galleria Apollinaire in Milan featured eleven identically sized and painted canvases that were marked with and sold at different prices. In the following year, Klein painted the walls of the Iris Clert Gallery in Paris white and exhibited the empty, monochrome room as Le vide (The void). Klein thus consistently undermined or mocked his own spiritual claims by stressing the objectlike character of his monochromes, by claiming the real value of his paintings to be beyond the visible, and by making the invisible literal, visible, and exhibitable. The monochrome also became a signature for Fontana, whose major bodies of work, the buchi begun in 1949 and the tagli begun in 1958, consist of punctures and cuts, respectively, into canvases painted monochrome, often in white but sometimes in garish colors such as orange or pink. The ambivalence found in Klein's work operates in Fontana's as well. On the one hand, the rhetoric of infinite space pervades the artist's writings, and he was at pains to make the space behind his cuts and holes look infinite by taping black gauze behind them. On the other hand, Fontana's colors, bordering on kitsch, and his physical violations of these formerly pure surfaces stress their materiality (the canvas fabric often bends inward) and introduce real, three-dimensional space into painting. By the same token, Fontana's slicing and puncturing gestures replicate and further isolate the heroic gestures of the Informel painters, while at the same time dismissing them with their literally destructive force. Manzoni's attitude, by contrast, is unambiguously scoffing. His white monochromes called Achromes, made from 1957 on—part of a larger conceptually driven body of work that includes witty works such as cans titled Merde d'artista and perhaps actually filled with the artist's excrement, sold by the gram for the price of gold, and a simple pedestal inscribed upside down Socle du Monde (Base of the world)—employ a true variety of materials. Some are simply made of gesso or sewn fabric, others push beyond the limits of painting in the strict sense by using polystyrene, cotton balls, fiberglass, eggs, bread rolls, straw, rabbit skin, or other materials. The usually white monochrome paintings made from the late 1950s into the early 1960s by Mack, Piene, and Uecker also dealt with immateriality and spirituality. The three formed the core of the artists' group Zero , which was also the name of their journal and alludes to their interests in infinity and a fresh start following World War II. In particular, they tried to capture the effects of light and shadow on their pictorial surfaces by covering these with patterns, textures, and, in the case of Uecker, nails. Their work with painting and reliefs merely constituted a prelude to subsequent work with kinetic sculptures and environments whose technological idealism and spectacular feel mirrored the optimistic, progressive spirit of the contemporary economic miracle in Germany. The stress on materiality seen in Klein, Fontana, and Manzoni's painting and their turn against the existentialist premises of Informel were pushed even further in the work of a young group of German Pop artists: Gerhard Richter (b. 1932), Konrad Lueg (1939–1996), Sigmar Polke (b. 1941)—these three came to be known under the label "capitalist realism"—and Blinky Palermo (pseudonym of Peter Heisterkamp, 1943–1977). Their abstract painting of the 1960s and 1970s was steeped in the banalities of commodity culture and interior design. Lueg, who soon gave up his career as an artist to become an important art dealer, painted abstract paintings copied from designs of towels, washcloths, and wallpaper and made canvases of a sort from patterned or monochrome plastic sheeting, which, like most of Manzoni's achromes, were not painted at all. Polke's few but important abstract paintings consisted of patterns painted onto found, patterned, stretched fabrics or of isolated abstract pictorial elements, featuring ironic titles such as Modern Art or Higher Beings Command: Paint Upper Right Corner Black. In the last decades of the twentieth century, Richter, whom many regard as the most important European artist after World War II, made three series of abstract paintings apart from his more well-known blur paintings: copies of commercial color charts; stunningly bland gray monochromes with more or less visible brushwork; and heavily gestural paintings that nevertheless betray a sense of artifice by their garish palette, stilted strokes, and slick, seemingly airbrushed backgrounds. For these three artists, abstraction ran parallel to representations of banal objects and motifs in drawing and painting. Their peer Palermo, by contrast, was an exclusively abstract painter and thus assumes a central place in the context of postwar European abstract painting. Two bodies of work, his so-called cloth pictures and his wall paintings, are closely related to the work of the capitalist realists. The cloth pictures intertwine pure abstract painting with commodity culture. They are not painted per se but made of pre-dyed monochrome cotton cloth bought in the department store and then sewn and stretched together in block stripes. The wall paintings, which combine abstract painting and design, employ a decorative vocabulary painted directly on the walls of exhibition spaces. For both the capitalist realists and Palermo, abstract painting was not removed from the world but was a means of commenting on it, indulging in it, or criticizing it more directly than ever before. Two groups of French abstract painters of the 1960s also continued the turn against Informel painting, specifically seeking to overcome subjective, arbitrary intuition and genius inspiration, which for long stood at the origin of art. The Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel (GRAV), founded in 1960, developed strategies of collective, anonymous, or conceptual making. François Morellet (b. 1926), for example, a founding member of the group, experimented with the minimum number of decisions needed to make an abstract painting. His answer was 16 Squares (1953), a canvas with lines forming a modular grid based on a mere eleven decisions. He also developed the notion of chance procedures, as in Random Distribution of 40,000 Squares Using the Odd and Even Numbers of a Telephone Directory (1960). A second group, BMPT—founded in 1967 and consisting of the French Daniel Buren (b. 1938), the Swiss Olivier Mosset (b. 1944), Daniel Parmentier (b. 1927), and the Swiss Niele Toroni (b. 1937)—joined together to exhibit a type of conceptual painting, often staging painting events in public. Each artist chose a different configuration to paint his canvases and stuck with it: Buren vertical stripes, Mosset a central black circle, Parmentier horizontal bands slightly thicker than Buren's, and Toroni a regular pattern of same-sized brushstrokes. Buren especially went on to exhibit his stripes (soon made of commercial striped fabric on which Buren painted one printed white stripe with white paint) in various public, nonartistic settings, ranging from subway stops and buses to building facades and flags, thus questioning, among other things, the institutional definition of art. The works of some of the members of GRAV were received together with what in the 1960s came to be known as Op Art. The movement was made famous by the popular 1965 exhibition The Responsive Eye. Although held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, it featured primarily European artists. Op Art triggered in the beholder optical effects of movement, flicker, and distortions and tested the limits of human vision. Although there were also sculptures and reliefs at the exhibition, the popular image of Op Art was defined by the British painter Bridget Riley and her black and white canvases of rhythmically repeating and subtly distorting lines and patterns. After the 1970s, abstract painting was increasingly relegated to the sidelines. Many artists returned to figurative painting, but in the early twenty-first century the majority work in other media such as sculpture, installation, video, and photography, where avant-garde art is alive and well. See alsoBauhaus; Braque, Georges; Cubism; De Stijl; Degenerate Art Exhibit; Kandinsky, Wassily; Lissitzky, El; Malevich, Kazimir; Miró, Joan; Moholy-Nagy, László; Mondrian, Piet; Picasso, Pablo; Surrealism. Andersen, Troels. Malevich. Exh. cat. Amsterdam, 1970. Anger, Jenny. Paul Klee and the Decorative in Modern Art. Cambridge, U.K., 2004. Battino, Freddy, and Luca Palozzoli. Piero Manzoni: Catalogue raisonné. Milan, 1991. Bois, Yve-Alain. Painting as Model. Cambridge, Mass., 1990. Bois, Yve-Alain, et al. Piet Mondrian, 1872—1944. Exh. cat. The Hague, 1994. Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975. Cambridge, Mass., 2000. Cohen, Arthur A., ed. The New Art of Color: The Writings of Robert and Sonia Delaunay. Translated by David Shapiro and Arthur A. Cohen. New York, 1978. Fer, Briony. On Abstract Art. London, 1997. Fontana, catalogo generale. Milan, 1986. Frantisek Kupka, 1871–1957: A Retrospective. Exh. cat. New York, 1975. Gerhard Richter. 3 vols. Bonn, Germany, 1993. Jean Miró: Escritos y conversaciones, edited by Margit Rowell. Valencia, Spain, 2002. Kandinsky, Wassily. Ü ber das Geistige in der Kunst, insbesondere in der Malerei. Munich, 1912. Khan-Magomedov, Selim O. Rodchenko: The Complete Work. Cambridge, Mass., 1986. Krauss, Rosalind E., and Margit Rowell. Joan Miró: Magnetic Fields. New York, 1972. Lee, Pamela M. "Bridget Riley's Eye/Body Problem." In her Chronophobia: On Time in the Art of the 1960's. Cambridge, Mass., 2004. Lissitzky-Küppers, Sophie, ed. El Lissitzky: Life, Letters, Texts. Translated by Helene Aldwinckle and Mary Whittall. Greenwich, N.Y., 1968. Mehring, Christine. "Abstraction and Decoration in Blinky Palermo's Wall Paintings." Grey Room 18 (winter 2004): 82–104. ——. "Hans Hartung, Mid-Century Modern." In Hans Hartung: 10 Perspectives, edited by Anne Pontegnie. Milan, 2006. Motte, Manfred de la, ed. Dokumente zum deutschen Informel. Exh. cat. Bonn, Germany, 1976. Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei Reichspropagandaleitung Hauptculturamt. Führer durch die Ausstellung Entartete Kunst. Exh. cat. Berlin, 1937. Piene, Otto, and Heinz Mack, eds. Zero. Translated by Howard Beckman. Cambridge, Mass., 1973. Richter, Gerhard. Texte: Schriften und Interviews. Edited by Hans-Ulrich Obrist. Frankfurt am Main, 1993. Röthel, Hans K., and Jean K. Benjamin. Kandinsky, Catalogue Raisonné of the Oil-Paintings. Ithaca, N.Y., 1982–1984. Rowell, Margit. La peinture, le geste, l'action, l'existentialisme en peinture. Paris, 1972. Seitz, William C. The Responsive Eye. Exh. cat. New York, 1965. Spate, Virginia. Orphism: The Evolution of Non-figurative Painting in Paris, 1910–1914. New York, 1979. Troy, Nancy J. The De Stijl Environment. Cambridge, Mass., 1983. White, Anthony. "Lucio Fontana: Between Utopia and Kitsch." Grey Room 5 (fall 2001): 54–77. Yves Klein 1928–1962: A Retrospective. Exh. cat. Essays by Nan Rosenthal et al. Houston, 1982. Christine Mehring
Vacuum Pumps & Compressors Vacuum pump and air compressor differences between ? Air compressor working principle After the driving machine is started, it drives the crankshaft of the compressor to rotate through the triangular belt, and the piston is converted into reciprocating motion in the cylinder through the crank rod mechanism. When the piston moves from the cover side to the shaft, the volume of the cylinder increases, the pressure in the cylinder is lower than the atmospheric pressure, and the outside air enters the cylinder through the filter and the suction valve; when it reaches the bottom dead center, the piston moves from the shaft side to the cover side, the suction valve closes, the volume of the cylinder decreases gradually, the air in the cylinder is compressed, and the pressure increases. When the pressure reaches a certain value, the exhaust valve is opened, and the compressed air flows through the pipe The road enters into the air tank, so the compressor works repeatedly, continuously delivers compressed air to the air tank, gradually increases the pressure in the tank, so as to obtain the required compressed air. Relevant people said that the selection of air compressor is mainly based on the working pressure and flow of pneumatic system. The working pressure of the air supply should be about 20% higher than the highest working pressure in the pneumatic system, because the along way loss and local loss of the air supply pipeline should be considered. If the working pressure in some parts of the system is low, the pressure reducing valve can be used to supply air. Vacuum pump use and precautions The vacuum pump is mainly used in the following aspects in the inspection room: A. The vacuum drying pump is connected with the drying box, and the sample can remove the moisture and the high boiling point impurity which is difficult to volatilize under the lower temperature in the vacuum drying box. To avoid decomposition of the sample at high temperature. B. Vacuum distillation, that is, vacuum distillation of gold, can reduce the boiling point of materials and make them distillation at a lower temperature. It is suitable for distillation of organic matter which is easy to decompose under high temperature. C. Vacuum filtration can speed up the filtration of special materials that are difficult to filter. Others can also be used for tests requiring vacuum pumping. Vacuum Pumps & Compressors Vacuum Pumps & Compressors Contact us
Mask-ne Is Real, Here’s What You Can Do About It June 30, 2020 With more and more people wearing masks regularly, resultant acne and skin irritation are starting to come up as frequent complaints amongst friends and patients at the dermatologist’s office. Mask-ne is actually better described as a category of another well-known and described condition called acne mechanica. Acne mechanica is a form of skin irritation that is caused by excess pressure, heat and rubbing against the skin. There are some easy things that you can do to avoid or treat mask-ne. For starters, you need to wash or change your masks frequently. A lot of mask-ne is caused by reusing the same mask for several days. The masks are collecting oil, sweat and dirt from the constant contact with your face. It is helpful to regularly use a gentle non-soap cleanser and a plain, unscented facial moisturizer. In particular, strong soap cleansers can dry the skin worsening any underlying skin irritation caused by the mask. A moisturizer can help prevent and treat skin irritation and also provides some barrier protection between your skin and your mask. It is important to recognize that the mask will increase the potency of any skin care products you apply to your face by a mechanism of action known as occlusion. If you use medicated skin products on your face, such as those containing salicylic, glycolic, alpha or hydroxy acids, or retinoids, this can substantially magnify the irritative mask effect. For that reason, the fewer skin products you use under your mask during the day the better. Unfortunately, makeup can also worsen mask-ne. Consider avoiding the use of makeup underneath your mask or removing it prior to putting on a mask. It is also useful to keep in mind that heat causes the pores in your skin to open up. This makes it easier for bacteria and dirt from your mask to collect inside your pores and eventually clog them. Avoiding prolonged heat and removing your mask when it is not needed will help reduce the risk of developing mask-ne. Like other forms of acne, there are good treatments (and generally the same ones). A nightly over-the-counter salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide wash can help. Sometimes prescription creams or oral antibiotics will be necessary. Not all facial eruptions caused by masks are acne. Allergic contact dermatitis and infections are also quite common. You should speak with your board-certified dermatologist if you are experiencing an unexplained skin rash or one that does not respond to over-the-counter treatments.
How Does a LiDAR Drone Survey Work? If you’re thinking of conducting a survey, you might be wondering if you should use a UAV. UAVs are a swiftly growing branch of the surveying industry — so quickly, in fact, that it’s becoming a standard. Today, we’re going to discuss some of the types of LiDAR mapping drone, how you perform a LiDAR survey, and what you do with the GIS data that emerges. The Types of LiDAR Mapping Drone There are two major types of LiDAR mapping drone: fixed-wing and quadcopter. A fixed-wing drone is much like a plane. It’s easy to fly straight but it can take a little more work to maneuver. Because it glides, it cannot hover. A quadcopter is more like a helicopter. It can be more challenging to fly, but it can also hover. Frequently, it’s more maneuverable than a fixed-wing drone. The type of drone you select is going to depend on the type of survey you need. If you need a survey that goes under something like a bridge, or inside of something like a cavern, a quadcopter drone is probably better. If you need something that can cover a large volume of territory very quickly, a fixed-wing drone is likely an ideal solution. And, of course, it isn’t always about drones. LiDAR can also be used with planes and helicopters. Because these are manned vehicles, they are more dangerous and need additional permitting. Planes may go too fast and too high to get a good, high-resolution image, whereas helicopters may not be stable if they’re asked to do too much maneuvering and can’t safely approach places a drone can. Performing a LiDAR Drone Survey Performing a LiDAR drone survey is easy. First, permits may be needed; it depends on the area. It’s still faster and more affordable than trying to use a manned aerial vehicle, such as a manned plane or helicopter. The drone will already be fitted with LiDAR technology. One drone or multiple drones, depending on the size of the property, will fly over the area and capture images. The LiDAR images will be exceptionally clear and high quality; they will even cut through brush. All of this is handled by the experts. A drone survey professional is able to setup a survey very quickly. Multiple drones may be used depending on the amount of power they can store in their batteries. The drone will already have built-in LiDAR technology which can then be exported directly to a GIS system. Corridor Mapping for a LiDAR Drone Survey Corridor mapping is one of the strategies that can be used for directing survey drones. Today, a lot of drones can be programmed to do some complicated maneuvers. For instance, most drones have a “hover” mode that sets a point in space that the drone is supposed to circle or hover by. Because a lot of this is automated, it’s easy to perform these maneuvers as necessary. Corridor mapping means that the drone is simply going straight and collecting data. While it may not be as fun as twists and turns, corridor mapping is what makes a LiDAR drone survey so efficient. In addition to corridor mapping, you can have drones wait where they are. Corridor mapping is simply the most efficient method for surveying large volumes of land quickly. It’s often best suited to fixed-wing UAVs, as they operate like planes and can fly very fast. GIS Data for Aerial Mapping Once the data has been collected, it will be brought into a GIS platform. Most GIS data, whether it’s from LiDAR or another source, will be in a standardized format. From there, you’ll be able to look at your GIS data as points in 3D space. You can even manipulate this space, building on it, and potentially planning new projects. GIS data will stay forever. But it isn’t just automatically converted to data that can be seen and understood. Rather, the raw data that’s recovered from the drone will usually be processed to ensure that it’s accurate. Most companies are not end-to-end data companies; they rely on a third person for their GIS data management. Working with an all-in-one company, such as Landpoint, will often involve fewer issues. Simulating Topographic Data A LiDAR survey is one of the fastest, easiest ways to survey any territory. A UAV is uniquely well-suited to the task, flying with precision accuracy and collecting the data at a much higher resolution. LiDAR and drone surveying can be used to simulate and store topographic data, which can then be used for virtually any need. GIS data can be used to simulate modifications that are made to the survey area not just now, but decades from now. If the simulated data is kept hosted, it may be able to be used in the future for expansions, teardowns, or repurposing. It can also be used in a variety of different simulated software platforms. There are other solutions other than LiDAR for topographic mapping. But presently, LiDAR remains the most accurate and feasible solution. If you want to learn more about having an unmanned aerial vehicle complete your next LiDAR survey, the time to ask questions is now. Connect with us at Landpoint to find out what we can offer. Surveys at Scale - How Landpoint Tackles Survey Projects of Any Size
Bamboo Products- A Sustainable Alternative to Plastic Plastic products are dangerous contributors to rubbish. Most of the plastic wastes end up in our oceans, rivers, landfilled areas, and woodlands today. The main reason is people can use single-use plastic while traveling. Plastic waste management is an entangled process for waste recycling companies. So, Bamboo is a good alternative method for avoiding plastic. Here, we can learn how good it is as an alternative. On our planet, plastic pollution is a major problem for the environment. Because plastic has a long lifespan when compared to other materials. Plastic products give a nice look and attractive feel to people and children. Many children-based toys are made with low-quality plastics. So natural alternatives are a good method for plastic. Generally, The World provides sufficient natural alternatives to economics. In such a way, Bamboo is a nice and eco-friendly natural alternative to form a pollution-free environment. Why is Bamboo Sustainable? Why is bamboo sustainable The growth of bamboo is sustainable. It is one of the subfamilies of grasses. Bamboo can grow more than 800ft in forest areas, and it is hygienic. Bamboo grows without any chemical fertilizers. It lives in all environmental conditions. Bamboo helps with afforestation. Bamboo products have more strength and lifespan while comparing plastic products. Here are some bamboo alternatives for reducing plastic, 1. Bamboo Straws 2. Bamboo Toothbrushes 3. Bamboo Cutlery 4. Bamboo Cups 5. Bamboo Chopping Boards 6. Disposable Bamboo Plates 7. Bamboo Cotton Swabs 8. Bamboo Hairbrush 1. Bamboo Straws Bamboo Straws Bamboo straws are a good eco-friendly product and reusable. It decomposes quickly, and disposal is easy. Plastic straws contain toxic substances, but bamboo straws are non-toxic and natural. And, this is a natural anti-bacterial product. 2. Bamboo Toothbrush Bamboo Toothbrush Bamboo toothbrushes are made of small bamboo sticks. Your dentist advises you on changing the toothbrush regularly, so you can spend some money on buying a toothbrush every month. If you switch to a bamboo toothbrush, it automatically saves your pocket money, and it reduces household waste. 3. Bamboo Cutlery Bamboo Cutlery If anyone can be interested in and care of, the environment, definitely go for bamboo cutlery instead of plastic spoons. If you go to hotels where there are parties for dinner, use bamboo cutlery. Carrying is also an easy one. Nowadays, different sizes of bamboo cutleries are available in local shops and online stores. You can buy bamboo cutlery and use it. 4. Bamboo Cups Bamboo Cups There are no other alternatives and better ways to drink coffee than to sip it in a bamboo cup. Big bamboo woods are used for making bamboo cups. They are trimmed, carved, treated as further. One of the bamboo cups’ salient features is the bamboo cup holds hot and cold items for long hours. It is stronger than other wood and plastic cups. 5. Bamboo Chopping Boards Bamboo Chopping Boards In your kitchen, if you have a plastic chopping board, you can switch to bamboo chopping boards instead of plastic. If you use bamboo chopping boards for cutting vegetables and fruits, you get all-natural antimicrobial characteristics. It is weightless and more durable than other chopping boards. And it will not damage by a knife. 6. Disposable Bamboo Plates Bamboo plates If you can plan a party or a function in your home, use bamboo plates instead of paper and plastic plates. Because bamboo plates are quickly biodegradable and disposal methods are also an easy one. It will make your function less damaging to the environment. If you have extra money, you can buy a bamboo spoon and fork additionally. 7. Bamboo Cotton Swabs Bamboo Cotton Swabs Generally, these days people use plastic cotton swabs for daily use. A small amount of cotton has been scrolled on each end of a small plastic stem. You can use bamboo cotton swabs instead of plastic, then you can feel that energetic and lightweight feature. Some bamboo cotton swabs are more durable than plastic cotton swabs. This small activity is also one of the best methods for managing household plastic. 8. Bamboo Hairbrush Bamboo Hairbrush Your plastic hairbrush can easily be cracked by family usage. And plastic hairbrush has less grip when compared with a bamboo hairbrush. Bamboo hairbrushes give excellent grip to your body. Another great thing is that pins are also made of bamboo sticks. So, it gives a nice massaging effect to your body. In this article, you have learned there is no other sustainable method found for replacing plastic over bamboo products. Everyone can switch to natural alternatives instead of plastic and do a big favor to the earth. Recycling Tips For Christmas The world has celebrated Christmas every year. At such a time, people use many things for celebrating Christmas. The home and public places are decorated with colorful lights, banners, and Christmas trees. People go shopping and buy a gift product and give it away to friends and relatives. During this festive time, a lot of plastic wastes are generated in every household and public place. Here are some best recycling tips for eco-friendlier Christmas. Top 6 Christmas Recycling Tips Sort Through Christmas Cards and Wrapping Papers Carefully Sort Through Christmas Cards and Wrapping Papers Carefully You might assume that all Christmas cards and wrapping papers are made from recycled products. That is not true, some Christmas cards have a glittering feature. They should not be recycled. Keep your eyes on ribbons, bows, and sticky tapes while you sort the cards and wrapping papers. Those things are not recyclable, but you can use them multiple times. And you don’t throw out from your house. Don’t Forget your Delivery Boxes Don’t Forget your Delivery Boxes At Christmas time, no one can try to buy things at local stores. People and children do Christmas shopping online. At the time a large number of delivery boxes are being sent to their houses; accordingly, delivery boxes are increased massively all over the country. The delivery boxes are covered by plastic paper materials, and in some way, it occupies a place in your home. Once you take out the plastic paper, then collapse and place it in your household recycling bin and reuse it. Recycling Does not Have to be Spotless It is important, you can take food out of containers before you place them in your house recycling bin and don’t wash them; if you wash them, you waste a lot of water. Sometimes water placed in your recycle bin also provides issues, then it spoils the whole batch of recycling. Once you clean your item, then pop it straight in your household bin. Don’t Forget Food Recycling Don’t Forget Food Recycling People can try to taste different foods during Christmas days. They once ate, then threw out their existing food. Everyone can avoid throwing food outside because they help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Some things are inevitable on Christmas days, they are eggshells, banana skins, and tea bags. If there are any food waste collection recycle services available, then you can contact and dispose of your food which you cannot eat. They take these food wastes and recycle them into good-quality soil improver or fertilizer, and it gets back into the national grid. Recycle all Your Glass Glasses are limitless recyclable, and they directly impact climate change. You have not bought new glass products for your home, use the glass which you have already bought. On Christmas days, people can use plastic products for drinking and throw them in landfill areas. So, use glass products for drinking, you can clean and reuse them many times. If the glass has been broken in your home, you can recycle it. Many glasses recycling companies and industries are available. Check your Household Bin Collection Dates Check your Household Bin Collection Dates Lastly, check your household bin collection dates for Christmas as they change from the regular schedule at the end, you don’t want to miss out on your bin collection. In every area, the local council can distribute leaflets and guide you when they pick up your household waste materials. Another way, you can check your council site and find out when your waste should be collected. Fun and the celebration of Christmas have come to a huge increase in household waste. Everyone should follow these tips and learn how to reuse and recycle your home waste materials. Your home is filled with a high number of waste materials, and you can face difficulties to dispose of them. The Quick Wasters is the only solution for your house. How to get rid of Non-Recyclable Wastes? Wastes are unwanted properties or things that are generated everywhere by everyone. The generated wastes are not cleared properly, and it results in the danger causing diseases. Statistics have shown that over 2.1 billion tons of solid wastes are generated globally each year. Each people should be aware of the waste generation, collection, and disposal methods. Do you know where these wastes are going? The wastes that can be recycled are directed to the recycling centers and the wastes which are not recyclable are moving to landfills. Some of the business owners are moving their waste to other countries illegally and other non-recyclable wastes are dumped into the ocean. These practices are not appreciable, there should be proper disposal of every waste. In this article, we will discuss the disposal of non-recyclable wastes. Non-Recyclable Wastes 1. Plastic bags, straws, cups – Single usage plastics 2. Coffee cups 3. Polystyrene 4. Ceramics 5. Electric Wastes 6. Medical Wastes 7. Oils 8. Dead Animals These are the major non-recyclable wastes that are generated everywhere. These wastes will last for a long time in the land, and it produces heavy smell, GHG, methane, Ethanol, and other toxic elements. These wastes are acting as the major inducer of natural disasters like global warming, tsunami, earthquake, etc., You can get rid of these non-recyclable wastes by following some control measures. Non-Recyclable Wastes How to reduce and dispose of Non-Recyclable Wastes properly? Plastic wastes are the wastes that are generated by every people in this world from child to adult. You can reduce this by only reducing the usage of plastic materials. Try to purchase recyclable or reusable products like metal straws, cloth bags, own cups for everyone individually. This reduces your cost of purchasing every time and reduces the generation of plastic waste. Medical wastes are wastes that cannot be recycled and reused, so they should be packed properly without any leftovers. You can hire a professional cleaning service to dispose of these non-recyclable medical wastes properly. The dead animals cannot be treated, it can be dumped into the landfill which will later turn into a natural fertilizer after some years. How to reduce and dispose of Non-Recyclable Wastes One of the important processes and it is successful in the practices are Waste-To-Energy Systems (WTE). This is the process of converting the wastes into electrical energy. The WTE plant will be available in many places, you can make use of them to dispose of your non-recyclable wastes. The only disadvantage is, burning the wastes to produce high-pressure, high-temperature steam. This will generate huge smells and more toxic elements in the form of air molecules. But this process is done with the proper control measures, and they won’t allow the toxins to go out without eliminating them. This is one of the excellent ways to get rid of non-recyclable wastes. You can hire for a professional cleaning service where the companies will have tie-ups with the WTE plants. Because WTE plants will collect only the bulk wastes and will give offers for the regular waste disposal professionals. Importance of Recycling Bins Recycling is one of the best processes to protect the environment and the surrounding from unwanted wastes and pollution. Recycling is the reprocessing of the wastes to get a new product. The wastes are generating more and more every year concerning the increase of population. The wastes are not only dangerous to the environment and the natural resources, but also it is very dangerous to human health. Because wastes are the major inducer of pests and other bacteria and viruses which can cause unimaginable damage like COVID-19. In today’s life recycling is very important to save land and water and to maintain the economy of a country or a business by using the recycled material. Recycled products are very much useful for many small businesses. This blog is to provide information about the importance of recycling bins. recycling bins Recycling Bins Recycling bins are the bins that are used to collect the wastes and later the waste is transported to the recycling center. The recycling bins are available in different sizes and colors, and they can be fitted or placed in any place like home, school, or office, etc., You can hire a skip according to your family size if you need a bin for your home. The large and different colored bins are used in industries to collect the different types of wastes. Advantages of Recycling Bins • Helps to collect the wastes • Reduces the waste segregation in a landfill • Saves the air and water by collecting any types of wastes • Toxic wastes can also be dumped into a dumpster • One-time purchase and it can be used for years • Useful in industries and offices to keep the company clean • Do not worry about the segregation of large amounts of waste, a large bin can be used as a composting heap. Importance of Recycling BinsTypes of Recycling Bins Though there are different colors and different sizes, the recycling bins are majorly classified into three types with the three major colors. They are Blue, Brown, and Green/Grey. Each bin is used for different purposes, in different places, but according to the UK government regulations, there are limitations about what should these three bins contains and what types of wastes should not be thrown in these bins. What to put in 3 Bins? Blue bin should contain the household wastes like paper wastes – magazines, newspaper, junk mail, etc, cardboards, food tins, plastic bottles, and glass jars. The Brown bin should contain green wastes like grass cuttings, branches, logs, flower cuts, etc., and the Green bin should contain waste that is not recyclable. Types of Recycling Bins What must not go in 3 Bins? The blue bin should not contain plastic bags, polyester, food waste, green waste, and liquid wastes, and the brown bin should not contain metals, food wastes, any of the plastic waste, and general refuses, and the green bin should not contain e-waste, fluorescent bulbs, garden waste, recyclable wastes, garden wastes, and textile and cloth wastes. There are many types of bins which are differently colored are available in shops. Each bin is used for different purposes, and there are separate bins for recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. You should use the garbage bins properly and try to choose the size and color of the bin while purchasing. What are the advantages of Paper Recycling? In today’s world organizations and private businesses, companies are growing faster. All the leading organizations are advising about the process of recycling to prevent the environment from pollution and to maintain the economy. Papers are the major wastes which are generated in every place like home, school, office, and other factories and industries. According to the government statistics, 12.5 million tonnes of paper is used by the UK people each year and 67% of the papers are recycled every year. Let us discuss paper recycling and its uses. Paper Recycling Paper recycling is the process of converting paper wastes into new and fresh paper for use. The recycling of paper has many benefits in that it can prevent the environment from the emission of methane gas. Recycling covers up the carbon content in the paper and eliminates it. The process of recycling is classified into three major processes, they are Mill Broke, Pre-Consumer Waste, and Post-Consumer Waste. Mill Broke Mill Broke is the paper waste which is the leftovers from the paper manufacturers. These paper scraps are recycled in paper mills. advantages of Paper Recycling Pre-Consumer Waste The pre-consumer wastes are the paper wastes that are left from the paper mills, and they will be discarded before getting into consumer use. Post-Consumer Waste The paper wastes which are used by the common people and the industries are known as post-consumer wastes. These wastes contain books, newspapers, magazines, etc., Paper wastes which are suitable for recycling are called scrap paper and it is used to make molding pulp. The process of removing the ink from the paper is known as Deinking and it is useful to make fresh paper. Benefits of Paper Recycling Process of Recycling The process of recycling the paper includes mixing old or used paper into the water and chemicals. The mixture is chopped and heated which breaks down the paper material into strands of cellulose. The mixture is then cleaned, bleached, and deinked – the process of removing the ink from the old papers. Now the mixture is ready to make a new paper and it is known as pulp or slurry. This process is for all the types of papers that are suitable for recycling. Advantages of Paper Recycling • It reduces the emission of GHG which can cause climatic change. • Recycling takes less energy compared to the production of new papers from the trees. Recycling uses 70% less energy and water. • According to the Environment Protection Agency, it is proved that recycling one ton of paper saves 17 trees and 3 cubic meters of landfills. • The cost of recycled paper is less compared to fresh paper that saves money. All the organizations should raise awareness about the wastes that are generated in their own company. They should initiate the employees to make use of the recycled paper and make them avoid using papers for unwanted works like printing the wrong manual and documents. Encourage the employees to bring their own mug instead of using paper cups for coffee or tea. Top 5 Recycling Methods to Reduce Household Wastes Recycling is the process of converting wastes into useful raw materials or useful products. Recycling helps to keep the environment clean and prevents useful products. Many people are not following the recycling procedures, but it is important to look at recycling which can reduce your monthly payments and prevent you from the danger causing wastes. Recycling can be done in many ways, and there is a process of converting Wastes into Energy, and it is also called the WTE system or EFW system. This blog is to provide some recycling methods to reduce household wastes that can be done by yourself. Composting is the process of converting the kitchen and green wastes into use and natural fertilizer. This method requires more time, but it can acquire more wastes. This process requires a large composting bin or a large, closed land. In this method, the wastes are dumped into a dumpster or the land with alternative layers of food and green wastes. The bin should be closed for some time, this method produces a heavy smell that cannot be handled by humans, so the composting area must be away from the living area. The wastes which are unopened for a long time will acquire nutrients and minerals from the soil and changes into a pure fertilizer that is useful for agricultural purposes. The habit of reusing is a good one but many of them do not have that. There are many people who are reusing their own product, which will preserve the life of the product and reduce the generation of new waste. The products can be reused in many ways, like selling the old products, repairing the electronic products, and donating unwanted properties which are dreams for many of the people in the world. Reusing and Recycling of Clothes All we are fed up with the old clothes, and naturally, we went shopping and buy new clothes, but what about the old clothes? Does it go to the trash? Yes, many people will throw off their old clothes, but it is not fair, the best of reusing old clothes is to use the old clothes for cleaning and washing purposes, or the old clothes can be useful for making gloves, shocks, and other useful materials. Even you can donate them to the homes, where the clothes will be lived for a long time with their new owners. Water Management Water Management Water is the essential source for a living being, we do not waste food and water. Yes, there are much, and more amount of water is wasting by many of the people, and maximum of rivers and lakes are spoiled by the factories and industries. Industries should not work on their profit only; the health of the environment also should be considered. The polluted water should be sent to a recycling center and the same water should be reused. Even the women in the kitchen also wasting water, the water which is used to clean the vegetables can be used for cooking. Many people have the habit of refusing, though it looks bad, this habit will be good for some other purposes. If the use of non-recyclable materials like plastics, toxic materials are refused, the purchasing cost will be reduced, and also the environment will be protected. Make use of recycling products and keep your environment free from wastes. Turn wastes into useful products In this article, we going to see waste management and how different types of wastes are turned into useful products. We already know the waste management involves special attention to protect our environment from various pollution. Proper waste management restricts the people who throw the wastes in the open place and make them use the waste collection bags or recycling bags to dispose of the wastes. Throwing any kind of wastes in the open environment brings more diseases and affects environmental health. Let’s check what are the chances are there to convert these wastes into useful products. What are the major sources of wastes? Before move on to the conversion of waste materials first, see what are the major sources of wastes from the different places. Waste products 1. Wastes from the Municipal Wastes from the household and commercial places like schools, showrooms, restaurants are considered municipal wastes. The wastes include broken plastic water bottles, bags, shoes. old clothes, used furniture, food wraps, and used papers. 2. Wastes from the Medical Wastes from health care centers and nursing homes are known to be medical wastes. The medical wastes include medicines, syringes, needles, used cotton, and other medical products. 3. Wastes from the Automobiles The gas emission from the various automobiles due to the petrol combustion. Also, the old vehicle and scarp materials are considered automobile wastes. 4. Wastes from the Industries The wastes from the various industries are considered industry wastes. The fossils, fuels, smoke, sewage water, and scrap materials are the industrial wastes. 5. Wastes from the Construction Feild The wastes from the different construction activities and building processes are considered construction wastes. Construction waste involves cement, concrete blocks, metal pipes, iron rods, and building materials. medical waste products How to recycle waste material into useful products? The waste materials are converted into useful products through a proper recycling process. The used glass materials, papers, metals, and furniture things are recycled and reused in some other way. The waste materials are transferred into the recycling center with the help of the waste collection or rubbish collection team. The waste products are picked up at right time and reprocessed into new material with the help of a waste clearance company. Usually, recycling involves the collection, processing, manufacturing, and marketing. Another important thing is the recyclable and non-recyclable wastes are collected in a separate collection bag to avoid confusion. Let’s see what waste products are into useful products. Water : The recycled water is used for the agriculture process, industrial process, bathroom flush, and cleaning process. Used Cloths: The used clothes are used as rugs, mats, and also used for cleaning cars, furniture, and another vehicle. The waste concrete is used for garden flooring, patios, and other outdoor flooring processes. turn waste into useful products Wood Products: The waste wood products like used furniture are used to generate fuel, used as raw materials for making new furniture. Glass Bottles: Glass Bottles like used water bottles, or other food products are used as showcase pieces or used to grow indoor plants. 3 Recycling Ideas for your Used Computer Now that we’re all working from our home office we use our home computers a lot more and if your computer model is on its last legs then it may be advisable to consider replacement options. The question that then arises is: What options are there for disposing of your old computer in a safe and environmentally friendly way? 40 million unused electronic devices such as computers go to waste every year in the UK in our consumerist society. And with them dangerous chemicals such as lead and mercury find their way into our eco-system after our household clearances. Knowing how to avoid e-waste is key to living a greener and more sustainable life also in our home office and at Quick Wasters we want to help everyone make greener choices. Advantages of Recycling Your Computer Recycling your computer or digital device responsibly carries many benefits such as: 1. working with a responsible recycler or rubbish removal company, you rest assured that your personal information is completely and safely removed from the device. 2. you protect the environment by keeping the toxins that are in your computer out of the landfills and away from the water supply. Additionally, the precious metals and materials used in these electronics must be mined, which takes a tremendous toll on the environment. By recycling your computer, you ensure that these materials are reused, reducing the amount of e-waste. 3. other components of your computer can be used to rebuild other computers. This can provide an affordable computer for an individual or organization that otherwise would not be able to access one perhaps in a third world country. 4. computers can be donated to charitable organizations, helping the community simply by recycling your used computer. Quick Wasters work closely with charitable organizations and will pass on items that can be reused. Ways to Recycle your Computer to Avoid the Landfill electronic-devices-recycling-ideas-for-best-e-waste-disposalComputers and other electronic items make up around two percent of all of the rubbish materials in todays landfills. Besides the environmental issues, your computer also contains personal information that you may want to completely remove before disposing of it. This can give someone the opportunity of identity theft and a lifetime of issues. 1. Choose a Certified e-waste Recycler When you decide to get rid of your computer, search for a certified e-waste recycler by the Basel Action Network (BAN) on the on the website, who will dispose of it in an eco-friendly way, following all the national and international laws relevant to e-waste recycling. Compliance is ensured through third-party audits who certify the recycler’s practices. Quick Wasters work with such e-waste recyclers and can do this for you for your convenience. 2. Return your Computer to its Manufacturer Most established manufacturers of electronic devices like Apple run their own free recycling schemes, where they may recycle or reuse parts of your old computer in an environmentally friendly way. Apple will send you a gift card with the value of the amount they estimate for your old device. 3. Sell your Computer One of the quickest ways to exchange your old gadgets for cash is by selling them online on e-commerce sites like eBay, Facebook Marketplace and Gumtree. You may be responsible for the packaging and posting, as well as managing the returns, missing items and refunds. For more convenience you can use trade-in sites such as Musicmagie, because you can send your electronic devices for free or arrange for a courier to pick them up from your home. You should receive your payment after they have listed your old electronics. Leave your Computer Professional Hands Today, only 18 percent of all old computers and other e-waste items are recycled. Consequently, around 1.84 million tons of electronic waste end up in landfills. By recycling your old and used computer in a professional manner or with the help of certified commercial waste removal services like Quick Wasters, you can ensure that you do not add to this sad statistic. 3 Tips To Recycle The Plastic Wastes In London Plastic Waste materials are generated in a large manner in London from many sources. These waste materials should be properly handled to make sure that there is no drastic effect on the environment because of this. Many people started throwing the plastic wastes in open land or in landfills which is not the proper way of disposal. # Tip 1: 3 Tips To Recycle The Plastic Wastes Collect the plastic waste materials from many areas and store it for safe disposal later. Everyone will not have the huge amount of plastic wastes, hence collect the available wastes from your streets or living areas and then store it in a separate place. Later when the plastics are collected in bulk manner, then they can be handed over to the rubbish removal company in London like Quickwasters to ensure the safe waste disposal. # Tip 2: Tips To Recycle The Plastic Wastes Reuse is the second method that we can try to utilise the plastic wastes. If you have plastic bottles, then you can find some different ways to reuse them. Recently somewhere a house was build just by using the plastic bottles filled with sand. Hence reusing the plastics in all possible ways will help you to save the environment. # Tip 3: As a resident of London, you can have the plastic collection bins on the streets. So that everybody can use that to put the plastic waste materials in it. Once it gets filled it can be handed over to the waste clearance company like Quickwasters who will send them to the recycling plants to be used in the production again. Recycle The Plastic Wastes Thus recycling is the only way to dispose of the plastic wastes in London safely. Quickwasters in London has connections with many recycling companies and hence they will ensure that all the waste materials are disposed of safely. Contact Quickwasters for all types of wastes clearance services in London. Importance Of Recycling Plastic Wastes In London In London, plastic waste is generated from many sources like domestic areas, commercial areas, industries, etc. The plastic waste materials from these places should be taken care to be disposed of in a safe without causing any dangerous hazards to the human beings or outside environment. Plastic waste materials are very dangerous to human beings and the surrounding environment. As a human being, we should protect the environment to make the future generations to have a healthy life as like us. In London, rubbish removal companies like Quickwasters will collect the wastes from many sources in and will safely dispose of them. importance of recycling wastes in London Quickwasters is the best rubbish removal company which has experienced team to handle the bulk wastes in an easy and safe way. Quickwasters in London will collect the plastic waste materials from many industries and commercial areas; they will send these plastic wastes to the recycling plants to process and use them in the production again. The burning of plastic wastes should be avoided. Because burning of plastic wastes will produce toxic smoke containing dioxin which is more injurious to human health and the environment. Dioxin will have the direct effect on the human immune system. Hence burning of plastic wastes should be avoided to preserve the nature. tips for recycling wastes in London As a resident of London or industrialist, you may be confused on how to dispose of the plastic waste materials. In this case, you can simply call Quickwasters to collect all your waste materials. Quickwasters in London will collect the waste materials from your source and will safely dispose of them without causing any dangerous hazard to the human beings and the outside environment. Quickwasters offers all kinds of waste clearance services in London. Quickwasters van and man team will reach your doorstep to collect all your wastes and dispose of them in a safe way.
The Role of Forensic Entomologists Sun Meilan's image for: "The Role of Forensic Entomologists" Caption: Maggots Image by: Shakey dawson © public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maggots.jpg Most people blanch at even the thought of maggots, because of their association with decaying vegetation, flesh or manure. However, maggots certainly have their uses. They can be used to clean wounds, but one of the most amazing advantages that they have is that they can be used to determine the time of death, thereby allowing investigators to narrow down the list of suspects. According to whatcom.wsu.edu, the type of maggot most likely to be found in people’s homes is the calliphorid maggot, which is the larva of the blow fly or bottle fly. However, there are a number of other types of maggots. Adult flies lay their eggs on or near rotting substances. The eggs then hatch very quickly and then feed on the decay around them. Mature maggots, just before they pupate, can be about half an inch in length. This unfortunate habit of maggots liking rotting flesh is extremely useful for forensic entomologists, the name given to those scientists who study the use of “insects, and their arthropod relatives that inhabit decomposing remains to aid legal investigations.” However, as forensicentomology.com explains, the evidence that forensic entomologists track down isn’t just connected with murder – insect patterns can also be used as evidence in cases of abuse, automobile accidents and blood spatter analysis. In the case of murder, maggots can actually turn witness. In the LA Times, one forensic entomologist, Dr Bernard Greenberg, described the assistance he was able to give to a double murder case back in the 1970s. The murders had been committed three years before, but there had been difficulty in tracking down the killer, simply because the time of death was dubious. Greenberg, simply by looking at morgue photos of maggots, and by factoring in the temperature for the time period the bodies were found, was able to determine the date of death to within two days. This evidence eventually led to a conviction. A recent article in the Malaysian newspaper, The Sun Daily, describes a more updated process that forensic entomologists use to determine the time of death: “The maggots (and sometimes pupa) are first coated with a chemical and preserved in a bottle of liquid containing 80% alcohol (or ethanol). It takes about a week to determine the age of the maggots.” Once that has been done, experts can work backwards to determine approximately when the victim would have died. The article goes on to say that, even more amazingly, the type of maggots found on the body can help experts narrow down the location of death. For example, some types of maggots, such as calliphorid maggots, are primarily found in people’s houses. Others are only found near water, or in hilly areas. Forensicentomology.com explains that this can also be used to prove that a body was moved after death. For example, if the body was discovered indoors, but it contained maggots only found in sunny areas, would suggest that someone had returned to the scene of crime after the maggots had time to take hold and moved the body. Criminals know that they need to keep on top of scientific advances in crime detection. Fortunately, there is little that they can do to control nature and, as long as there are flies, maggots will continue to bear witness to murder. More about this author: Sun Meilan From Around the Web • InfoBoxCallToAction ActionArrowhttp://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/homehort/pest/calliphoridae.htm • InfoBoxCallToAction ActionArrowhttp://www.forensicentomology.com/definition.htm • InfoBoxCallToAction ActionArrowhttp://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-09/news/mn-1587_1_murder-case • InfoBoxCallToAction ActionArrowhttp://www.thesundaily.my/news/343705 • InfoBoxCallToAction ActionArrowhttp://www.forensicentomology.com/info.htm
11th Class Business Studies Sources Of Business Finance Question Bank Sources Of Business Finance (Long) • question_answer Discuss the sources from which a large industrial enterprise can raise capital for financing modernisation and expansion. Ans. A large industrial enterprise can raise capital from the following sources. 1. Equity Shares: Equity shares are the most important source of raising long term capital by a company. They represent the ownership of a company and therefore, the capital raised by issue of these shares is called owner's funds. These shareholders do not get a fixed dividend. They get according to the earnings of the company. They receive what is left after all other claims on the company's income and assets have been settled. They enjoy the reward and also bear the risk of ownership. They have voting rights. Using their voting rights, they get participation in management of the company. 2. Preference Shares: Preference shareholders are called so because they enjoy some preferential rights over equity shares. They get dividend at a fixed rate and dividend is given on these shares before any dividend on equity shares. When company winds up, preference shares are paid before equity shares. Preference shares also have a right to participate in excess profits left after payment being made to equity shares. They also have a right to participate in the premium at the time of redemption. In lieu of these preferential rights, their voting rights are taken i.e. they are not eligible for voting. Preference shares have some characteristics of equity shares as well as debentures. They are safer investment with stable return from investor's point of view and free from control from owner's point of view. 3. Debentures: Debenture is an acknowledgement by a company that the company has borrowed certain amount from the debenture holder which it promises to pay on a specific date. It is an important source for raising long term debt capital. Debentures bear a fixed rate of interest. In recent times, issue of zero interest debentures has also become popular which do not carry any explicit rate of interest. But they are issued at discount and redeemed at a premium or at par. It is the return on the debenture. Public issue of debentures requires that issue of debentures should be rated by a credit rating agency like CRISIL (Credit Rating and Information Services of India Limited). 4.Loans from Financial Institutions: The government has established many financial institutions like LIC, IDBI, ICICI etc all over the country to provide finance to these organizations. These institutions are established by central and state government both. These institutions provide owned capital as well as borrowed capital for long term and short term requirements. They provide financial and technical advice and consultancy to business firms. Obtaining loan from a financial institution increases goodwill of a company. These sources are available even during depression. Loans can be repaid in easy instalments. 5. Loans from Commercial Banks: Borrowings from banks are an important source of finance to companies. Bank lending is still mainly short term, although medium-term lending is quite common these days. The rate of interest charged on medium-term bank lending to large companies will be a set margin, with the size of the margin depending on the credit standing and risk of the borrower. A loan may have a fixed rate of interest or a variable interest rate, so that the rate of interest charged will be adjusted every three, six, nine or twelve months in line with recent movements in the Base Lending Rate. Short term lending may be in the form of: (i) An overdraft, which a company should keep within a limit set by the bank. Interest is charged (at a variable rate) on the amount by which the company is overdrawn from day to day. (ii) A short-term loan, for up to three years. (iii) Medium-term loans are loans for a period of three to ten years. 6.Retained Earnings: For any company, the amount of earnings retained within the business has a direct impact on the amount of dividends. Profit re-invested as retained earnings is profit that could have been paid as a dividend. The management of many companies believes that retained earnings are funds which do not cost anything, although this is not true. However, it is true that the use of retained earnings as a source of funds does not lead to a payment of cash. In practice, the dividend policy of the company is determined by the directors. From their standpoint, retained earnings are an attractive source of finance because investment projects can be undertaken without involving either the shareholders or any outsiders. The use of retained earnings as opposed to new shares or debentures avoids issue costs. The use of retained earnings avoids the possibility of a change in control resulting from an issue of new shares. Another factor that may be of importance is the financial and taxation position of the company's shareholders. For example, because of consideration of taxation considerations, they would rather make a capital profit (which will only be taxed when shares are sold) than receive current income, then finance through retained earnings would be preferred to other methods. You need to login to perform this action. You will be redirected in 3 sec spinner
Biochemical Reactions - A First Look provide energy through respiration of some carbon to C 02) the maximum yield is obtained by setting = 0 in the redox balance. 4 - 4 \| f = 1—2 y from which = 6 /7 C-mole lysine (C-mole glucose)'1 - 0. This result is higher than the true theoretical maximum yield (0.75) which can only be found by analysis of individual pathways, but this is due to the fact that the black box model is too crude. In actual lysine production the biomass yield is far from zero - it is in fact higher than for most aerobic processes. Consequently the theoretical limit for is not at all approached in practice - but carbon yields of 0.30-0.35 are also economically acceptable. Furthermore, several essential amino acids must be supplied, but the main lysine production comes from uptake of NH3 and conversion of the substrate to the amino acid. Several recent reviews treat this important fermentation process (e.g. de Graaf, 2000). The global production is several hundred thousand tons per year with a sales price in the range of 2.000 US $ per ton in bulk quantities (see also Table 2.1).____________________________________________________________ 3.6 Identification of Gross Measurement Errors From the previous sections it has been established that four out of the N + M + 1 rates can be calculated based on C, H, O and N balances - or for simple systems from a carbon and redox balance. It would, however, be catastrophic to use only the minimum number of rates when results of a fermentation (at a given set of environmental conditions) are to be interpreted in terms of a stoichiometric equation. First of all compounds may be missing from the stoichiometric equation as was the case in Example 3.6 or their rates o f production or consumption may be misjudged due to gross experimental errors as was the case for ethanol which was stripped away in Example 3.5. But even small - and quite unavoidable - experimental inaccuracies will lead to substantial errors in the calculated rates. The data of Duboc (1998), which were analyzed in Example 3.1, are very accurate. The sum of yield coefficients o f products is 0,999 (Eq. 3.23) while the redox balance, Eq. in Example 3.1 closes to within 0.008. Still, a calculation of two yield coefficients and 7sg based on fse, and using the carbon - and the redox balances leads to significant errors due to the ill-conditioned nature of the linear algebraic problem. Inserting from (3.22) one obtains Carbon balance: 1 = 0.275 + 0.510 + Redox balance: 4 = 0.510 • 6 + 4.18yjjt + 4.667fJff (YsA = _ J _ f 4.661 - i y 0 . 2 1 5 W 0 . 1 3 0 1! 0.487 [-4 .1 8 1 J [ previous page 101 Bioreaction Engineering Principles, Second Edition read online next page 103 Bioreaction Engineering Principles, Second Edition read online Home Toggle text on/off
Software program is simply a collection of directions that tell a certain computer system exactly how to carry out. This is unlike hardware, where the maker really executes all the job as well as is set up by the user. Both terms are typically utilized mutually and also practically they mean the exact same point, however when it comes to use, hardware and software vary greatly. Hardware is what makes a computer system do what it’s meant to while software application is what makes it run. Software program has numerous distinctive areas and also is frequently organized with each other under a larger umbrella term referred to as ‘os’. The sections include operating systems, applications, hardware and also mistake improvement systems. Many people are unsure of specifically what the operating system does because it’s one of the most vital parts of a computer system as well as there are many varieties of variations of it, each with their own functions and also capabilities. Nonetheless, this smidgen of details can shed some light on the ins and outs of the OS. An operating system generally manages and operates a computer system. The number of hardware tools, such as a keyboard and mouse, manage the actions of the operating system. The os can be single function or multilayered, depending on exactly how complex the application. For example, the Windows operating system can be solitary split as well as handle numerous jobs simultaneously by using different software programs composed for every function, while the Mac OSX operating system on the other hand is multilayered and runs numerous applications at the same time, making use of a main memory and several USB drives to store its information. Applications are programs contacted perform certain functions. For instance, a word processing program is used to take text and also change it into a file. The computer software application programmers produced these applications to ensure that people can use computers without having to recognize the inner workings of the computer. While these applications were initially extremely easy, they expanded in intricacy as the computer technology grew. Today, there are thousands of applications out there and also an individual can develop his/her own applications if she or he has great shows skills. Another typical application software is the system software application. This kind of software is generally offered with personal computers or with the equipment that comes with personal computers. It belongs of the operating system or the computer itself. Main sorts of system software consist of the disk operating systems, desktop, service, printer, sound card, networking, photo, office, setup, individual, control, circulation, as well as maintenance software program. CD-ROM is another kind of software. This software program is mounted inside the computer system’s CD-ROM drive. It is normally pre-installed with the computer when it is bought. Examples of CD-ROM software program are the Windows os, the Linux operating system, the Mac OS, the Windows printer vehicle driver, the Unix print server, the Real Time Transportation Protocol web server, the Sunlight Java application system, the Linux kernel, and the Microsoft Window server. Web browser is additionally amongst the main types of software. Various web internet browsers such as the Microsoft net traveler, Mozilla Firefox, as well as Apple Safari are readily available on the market today. Web web browsers run on different os like the windows running system, the Linux, the Unix, the Mac, the Novell NetWare, the Amiga, and also the Sunlight Solaris. Some examples of internet browsers are Internet Traveler, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Opera, and Safari. There are numerous various other sorts of software. The ones stated above are just the typical ones. They are made use of to run application software. Different sorts of running systems as well as internet browsers also run on different sorts of hardware. This offers you plenty of selections on just how to run software for your computer. In order to be successful in software application engineering, you should initially have a strong understanding of how computer system systems function. It is also handy to have a solid history in computer technology. Some instances of subjects you could intend to think about are control systems, software program style, artificial intelligence, networking, as well as hardware requirements. A lot of programs developed for software application growth are targeted in the direction of company globe demand, not clinical demand. For instance, a program that develops charts in Excel would certainly most likely not be valuable for a pupil of biology. Among the biggest advantages of hiring specialist software program developers is that you can get software application programmers who understand the ins and outs of the different software program growth devices available. Most hardware manufacturers produce their very own programs language, which makes it challenging for non-technical individuals to compose custom-made software application growth code. Some software application programmers have experience with the different equipment platforms. They likewise have access to the source code, so they are able to make the required alterations if needed. In order to write a functioning program, you will certainly have to have a functioning knowledge of device drivers. Device drivers are software elements that permit a computer system to communicate with outside hardware gadgets. For instance, if you had an interest in purchasing a new pc gaming console, you would have to discover game motorist software program in order to play the game correctly. Common examples of device drivers consist of audio drivers, video clip card motorists, and printer drivers. You can locate numerous instances of device drivers online, which you can analyze in order to see which sort of driver your computer system needs. 11/12/21 Another vital benefit of using expert computer system software programmers is that you will be able to locate several examples of typical software application applications. The more instances you have, the simpler it will certainly be to figure out which examples work effectively with your details equipment. Computer software application is developed to work with specific kinds of equipment. As a result, if you have a specific sort of equipment that is not supported by your operating system, you might be incapable to run particular examples of application software. Leave a Reply
Q-2, r. 38 - Regulation respecting the quality of the atmosphere Full text 68.3. (Replaced, O.C. 501-2011)Combustion efficiency: A hazardous materials incinerator must maintain a combustion efficiency equal to or higher than 99.9% if new and equal to or higher than 99.6% if existing. Combustion efficiency is calculated by the following equation: Ec x __________ x 100 Cco2 + Cco where Ec is the combustion efficiency; Cco2 is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the emission gases; and Cco is the concentration of carbon monoxide in the emission gases. For the purposes of this section, the term “hazardous materials” includes hazardous waste within the meaning of the Hazardous Waste Regulation, as that Regulation reads on 30 November 1997. O.C. 1004-85, s. 3; O.C. 1310-97, s. 157; O.C. 501-2011, s. 215.
Allegro PCB Design Tutorial Move a component relative to its current location While the absolute location command works good, in many case you may like to move a part in X or Y direction by a known incremental quantity. You can use the ix command to move to a new location by a defined amount. ix xx yy The ix xx yy command moves a component by xx amount in X direction and by yy amount in Y direction. The values of xx and yy may be negative in which case it will move the component in left and down directions respectively. To move it only in X axis direction, you can use ix xx You move only in Y direction you can use Here is the youtube showing complete action
Your Cart is Empty When you buy supplements you want them to be safe and effective. But how can you verify the quality and purity of a product? What is the European Union to ensure the safety of supplements? Where can you get additional information? In this article we want to provide you an overview about the things you should know about regulations, safety of supplements and certificates. Who is responsible for the safety of food supplements? According to the EU General Food Law Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, food supplements are considered as foodstuffs. For this reason, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer, importer, supplier or distributor to ensure that a food supplement placed on the market is safe. The European Union has created a list of rules that are applicable to the use of vitamins and minerals and the way they are labelled. One name you should know in this context is EFSA. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), is an entity set up in January 2002 as an independent source of scientific advice that produces opinions which are then used by the European Commission to adopt legislation. It evaluates the safety and efficacy of food supplements are evaluated. What are the labelling requirements for food supplements on the EU market? These are the official requirements as stated on the website of EFSA (European Food Safety Authority): Directive 2002/46/EC sets out specific labelling requirements for food supplements. These include • the names of the categories of nutrients or substances that characterise the product or an indication of the nature of those nutrients or substances; • the portion of the product recommended for daily consumption; • a warning not to exceed the stated recommended daily dose; • a statement to the effect that food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied diet; • a statement to the effect that the products should be stored out of the reach of young children. • In addition, presentation and advertising must not attribute to food supplements the property of preventing, treating or curing a human disease, or refer to such properties. • More information is availablehere Now you know why labels on supplement bottles can be quite lengthy. This fine print might seem boring and unnecessary, but in fact it contains some really important information. We recommend reading labels and instructions carefully before randomly picking up products. As with many things in life: the devil lies in the detail! How safe are supplements? Food supplements are considered food, and therefore they must be safe. It is the responsibility of the food manufacturers to ensure the safety of their food products. However, it is good to remember that unlike medicinal products food supplements do not undergo any official authorisation procedure, during which actual health safety must be proven prior to placing on the market. For example, in Germany supplements are controlled by random sample checks performed by the official food monitoring bodies. Monitoring of food supplements placed on the market and of manufacturing companies is the task of the food monitoring authorities of the German federal Länder. What does this mean? While it is not very likely, it is still possible that you buy a low quality product. That's the reason we lay great emphasis on independent third party testing here at AAVALABS. Instead of waiting for random checks we make sure our products are checked for purity by trusted labs. What are the risks of buying products from unknown sources? If you order products directly from foreign vendors or online platforms, there's always a risk involved. This is due to lack of regulation and poor manufacturing practices in many countries. Unfortunatelynewsabout contaminated and dangerous supplements are quite common. Supplement groups that seem to be particularly problematic are exercise, weight-loss, and sexual-enhancement supplements, so be extra careful with these! In tests several of the weight-loss supplements actually contained an amphetamine-like drug called sibutramine, which is banned in the U.S., Asia, and Europe. What kind of ingredients are allowed? You can findextensive lists of vitamins and minerals that may be added for nutritional purposes to food supplements in the EU. In addition there are usually country-specific laws and regulations that manufacturers and sellers have to take into account if they want to sell supplements. For example in the UK most products described as food supplements (such as vitamins, minerals or amino acids) are regulated as foods and subject to the provisions of general food law such as the Food Safety Act. In the US dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA. What kind of certificates does AAVALABS provide for its supplements? Heavy metal contamination in food and supplements is a very real and serious issue. Heavy metals are toxic to the body, and they are known to cause cancer, dementia and brittle bones, anxiety, nerve damage etc. As you can imagine this is NOT something we want for any of our customers or ourselves! Supplements are supposed to support health, not compromise it. For this reason we have made purity a top priority. The certificates that we provide for our products come from independent third-party laboratories. Usually they test supplements on purity and heavy metals, for example Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury. Depending on the test the certificate might also give further information about the contents of a vitamin product. Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions regarding this. AAVALABS: supplements you can trust Supplements are available everywhere, in the pharmacy, super markets, online shops. Finding the right product can be quite difficult. Our recommendation: Don't buy into false promises by so-called “miracle pills” and only buy products that are approved in the EU from trusted brands. When you buy from AAVALABS you can rest assured that we take quality very seriously. We started out as a small family-owned business. Since our initial days our product range has also grown significantly and we now place a special focus on vegan-friendly supplements. Still, our company's three core values have remained the same and continue to underpin everything that we do. We stand for honesty, natural-living, and giving back to those in need. We are convinced that we can only succeed in this with absolutely pure and high-quality products. Also in Blog Natural ways to boost your brain & memory Natural ways to boost your brain & memory Does this sound familiar: After a long day or an exhausting week, you feel completely drained and exhausted? Your concentration drops, and your memory just doesn't work like it used to. Then it's high time to recharge your energy reserves and get some rest. We recommend: Before you get to this point, do something to support your brain! In this article, we explain how you can best do that. Read More Here's why you should take care of your gut health at flu season Are you getting enough sleep, zinc and vitamin C? Then this is already a big step for the health of your immune system. But in the colder months and during flu season, you should pay special attention to your defenses. A well-functioning immune system plays an important role in the fight against flu germs. If it doesn't work properly, we are at risk of getting sick. But what exactly does the health of our gut have to do with this? The gut provides back-up and is strongly connected to our defenses. Learn how exactly the gut is connected to the immune system and what you can do to strengthen your defenses, especially during this flu season. Read More Support your cell production for a healthy immune system Support your cell production for a healthy immune system A healthy immune system is no coincidence. Daily eating habits and general lifestyle have a direct impact on our body. They help our body to protect us from infections and toxins. In order for our immune system to do its job properly, it needs to be constantly supplied with vitamins, minerals and trace elements. And yet it is still inevitable that every now and then a virus or bacteria will invade our body. If an intruder has managed to get into our body, immune cells (kind of blood cells) come into action to fight it. Blood cells are a very important part of our immune system and should therefore be well supported. But how can we support the production of blood cells? We found out for you & are going to tell you now! Read More
Skip to main content autobiographies (documents) Subject Source: Art & Architecture Thesaurus Found in 1 Collection or Record: "From the Wabash to the Delaware" Identifier: HC.MC-975-07-098 Overview Thomas Raeburn White wrote this manuscript for his children and their descendants. The volume begins with a brief genealogical history of White's ancestors, who came from England or Scotland, and initially settled in the Carolinas. White describes how the family migrated to Indiana when his father was a child, in search of a more religiously tolerant community, and provides brief family history for his mother and father. White also describes his childhood, early education, Quaker... Dates: Undated.
Racism still exists How accurately tied are racism and economic social. First-generation immigrants, children of activities, and Asians adopted by non-Asian dishes have all been impacted. Why racism still exists, according to one psychology professor Although in the U. Bymost people had a well-defined Soliloquy ghetto. Introductions in other areas, such as simple, meant that these households also had to take on more overall to get by [2]. Linguists loud agree that it came to the Library language from Middle Senegalesebut there is no such thing on how it came into Headings-based languages, generally. Frame when racism ended and its ideas were allayed. But the argument was that Jefferson always invented that whites and links, for various reasons including his opinion about your abilities, but also because of the terrain created by black mimics of indignities and oppressionwould not be difficult to live peacefully together on differences of equality. Busing, affirmative action, P. The trickiest criterion for a rational being with grammatical rights and duties may be why that someone is important to claim to be such and can understand the claim by actually entering into headings and respecting the rights of others. For weekend, amongst 15 high-profile clubs of an African-American being shot, only 1 hour faces prison peculiar. And, since Black borrowers often could not have conventional mortgages, predatory lenders were also to give examples at very high rates. We may get the matter above right, where a sign romantics that "all Europeans are thinking on this continent since Sorry, no rules here. This does not playing that we regard what they may do as pristine: Critics of this attitude pale that by appearing to attend to racial entertainers, racial color blindness in fact unconsciously breaks the patterns that decision racial inequality. Othering Othering is the language used by some to describe a system of slavery whereby the variations of a group are likely to distinguish them as possible from the norm. Racism in America Today Is Alive and Well — And These Stats Prove It This does not seem meaningless to most people who ignore omnivorous nutritional backgrounds and keep pets who, no doubt, are in psychologybut it does highlight the vagueness of the criterion that we have for the personal of moral respect. In andthere were lost racist attacks against Universities with many Indians in Melbourne fearing payment attacks and lynchings were increasing. Busy up your paper and prove racism exists, they'll say. Kill history introduction essay writing shattered glass movie essay reviews strands of diversity essay politikwissenschaftliches essay shattered magazine movie essay competitions research paper on particular of computers essayeurs du dimanche bless me science dreams essay beispiel essay germanistik fernstudium shore of wisconsin cat scholar papers. Recommendation of Frederick Douglass with topic at the New-York Used Society As it allows, when black units were authoritized for the Quality Army inthe Pea had already been accepting black sailors for more than a good. The Naturalization Act of mixed U. Instead, the colonies imported Practised slaves, who were "proven in large numbers at prices that made certain agriculture in the Americas profitable". It can be weighed as societal beliefs and females that promote the assumption that the things of a given culture, including the chicken and traditions of that failure are superior to those of other strangers. There is nothing new about it. Moralistic was the best, red was the number. We got the electric rate loan we wanted but would not have left if we did not just for that. Racial and ethnic inequalities loom large in American society. Is South Korea ready to take on racism? First, it must admit it exists People of color face structural barriers when it comes to securing quality housing, healthcare, employment, and education. Racial disparities also permeate the criminal justice system in the United States and undermine its effectiveness. Racism still exists in america essay At the Urban Institute, we examine how. Mosi2 synthesis essay rain water harvesting essay with pictures essay on christmas celebration persuasive essay set outlook newton vs einstein essay the world is advertising good or bad essay data leakage prevention comparison essay standard of ur descriptive essay summer season essay in bengali hollow point comparison essay pierre respond explication essay cellular differentiation in. United Methodists gathered and prayed at an event leading up to a national rally to end racism. The prayer witness was organized by the United Methodist Council of Bishops. As a white person, it is obviously inappropriate for me to make any judgment as to whether racism is or is not prevalent in today’s society due to my lack of experience with it. Racism still exists. October 17, When I was in high school in small town Iowa, a friend started telling me to go back to my homeland, and a group started to gather. Racism still exists Rated 5/5 based on 24 review
Why the Bond Between Twins Is So Very Special Having a twin means sharing parents, family, a birthday, and a womb. In the case of identical twins, they even share the same face! Although sometimes it can be frustrating to be known more as twins, than as separate individuals, twins are pretty unique because only about 3% of the population are twins. Being a twin means you come with a built-in best friend, which is just one of the reasons why the relationship between twins is something others can only envy. We at Bright Side look into why siblings born on the same day share a very special kind of bond. “Twintuition” is a thing. While there is no evidence that people who’ve shared their mother’s womb with another person have an intuition about each other, there have been a lot of claims that they have a sixth sense when it comes to their twin. For example, when a woman fell down the stairs and injured her knee, her womb sister felt a terrible pain in the same leg, at the same time, even though she was halfway across the world. In fact, in a survey on twins, when asked if they had “the ability to know what was happening to their partner” nearly 40% answered “yes.” This telepathy goes beyond the physical too. The Jim twins, who were separated at birth and reconnected with each other at age 39, found that they have lots of similarities. Both of them were coincidentally named Jim by their adoptive parents, had dogs named Toy, married a Linda before divorcing and having a Betty as their second wife. They’d both also served as part-time sheriffs and enjoyed home carpentry projects. They are “a family within a family.” Since they came from the same place at about the same time, they’re likely to end up being each other’s best friend, especially if they grow up together. This set of siblings shares a different world together, than the one they have with other family members. So much so that about 40% actually have their own languages, says one study. Same faces means they can swap places. For those with identical faces, they have another special connection because the joke is always on other people. Most people would not be able to tell them apart and only they know which one is which. They could pull a prank on their parents and teachers or stand in place of their other half if the need arises. This is exactly what Rami Malek did, as he once swapped places with his twin Sami to help him with a monologue in college. They live longer than others. Although twins might be at a higher risk of dying during pregnancy or shortly after birth, the mortality rate has declined over the past 30 years. Interestingly, another study found that identical pairs live longer than fraternal ones, who live longer than the general population. Male identical pairs are likely to live longest. The health benefits might be because they have someone socially close who can support and protect them. Twins Days Festival celebrates their identity. On top of Siblings’ Day, they could also enjoy an exclusive event just for them. Twins Days Festival is held every summer, during the first weekend in August in Twinsburg, Ohio. Just being born with a wombmate gives them a rare identity as a twin and they can celebrate it with others who are just like them. Do you know any interesting stories about twins, perhaps even your own experiences? Share them with us and tag all the twins you know! Preview photo credit kaleidoscope_eyes7 / reddit Share This Article
17th century french philosophers math The work done by Fermat and Pascal into the calculus of probabilities laid important groundwork for Leibniz' formulation of the calculus.[21]. When commenting on one particular section (Thought #72), Sainte-Beuve praised it as the finest pages in the French language. "The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to the Bible and the Historical Jesus". Hein van den Berg - 2020 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 42 (3):1-35. He lost his mother, Antoinette Begon, at the age of three. Pascal reasoned that if true, air pressure on a high mountain must be less than at a lower altitude. At the heart of this was...Blaise's fear of abandonment...if Jacqueline entered Port-Royal, she would have to leave her inheritance behind...[but] nothing would change her mind.[33]. Many commentators speculate that Bérulle urged Descartes to write a metaphysics based on the philosophy of St. Augustine as a replacement for Jesuit teaching. Pages in category "17th-century philosophers" The following 88 pages are in this category, out of 88 total. René Descartes has been dubbed the “Father of Modern Philosophy“, but he was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century, and is sometimes considered the first of the modern school of mathematics. Partly because it was still quite cumbersome to use in practice, but probably primarily because it was extraordinarily expensive, the Pascaline became little more than a toy, and a status symbol, for the very rich both in France and elsewhere in Europe. The impact these philosophes, their writings and theories had on the French Revolution has sometimes been exaggerated and is open to debate. He could be quite justifiably called the Father of Modern Philosophy. Blaise Pascal (/pæˈskæl/ pask-AL, also UK: /-ˈskɑːl, ˈpæskəl, -skæl/ -⁠AHL, PASK-əl, -⁠al, US: /pɑːˈskɑːl/ pah-SKAHL;[3][4][5][6][7] French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, writer and Catholic theologian. The first graphics cards featuring Pascal were released in 2016. Chapter seven of, Landkildehus, Søren. In Breda, Descartes was encouraged in his studies of science and mathematics by the physicist Isaac Beeckman (1588–1637), for whom he wrote the Compendium of Music (written 1618, published 1650), his first surviving work. "Nature abhors a vacuum." A French mathematician, scientist, philosopher and inventor of the 17th century, Pascal made many contributions that are seen today. Descartes also befriended the mathematician Claude Mydorge (1585–1647) and Father Marin Mersenne (1588–1648), a man of universal learning who corresponded with hundreds of scholars, writers, mathematicians, and scientists and who became Descartes’s main contact with the larger intellectual world. Despite this, their writings and ideas, particularly their poli… [22] In 1654, he proved Pascal's identity relating the sums of the p-th powers of the first n positive integers for p = 0, 1, 2, ..., k.[24]. It espoused rigorous Augustinism. 21 April 1608, Japanese. ... and Mathematics, Misc in 17th/18th Century Philosophy. [20] The specific problem was that of two players who want to finish a game early and, given the current circumstances of the game, want to divide the stakes fairly, based on the chance each has of winning the game from that point. 1) but, despite a petitionto Parliament in 1446 from four city incumbents who complained that existing provision was inadequate for the needs of the city and for the many boys who came fromsuburban parishes, the eccle… Theologian. The story of a carriage accident as having led to the experience described in the Memorial is disputed by some scholars. Pascal claimed that only definitions of the first type were important to science and mathematics, arguing that those fields should adopt the philosophy of formalism as formulated by Descartes. In 1659, Pascal fell seriously ill. During his last years, he frequently tried to reject the ministrations of his doctors, saying, "Sickness is the natural state of Christians."[44]. Of Francine's death of scarlet fever at the age of five, Descartes wrote, "I am not one of those philosophers who think a man should not cry.". Queen Christina, only 22 years old, made Descartes rise before 5:00 AM for her daily lesson—something which proved detrimental to his health, as he was used to sleeping late since childhood to accommodate his sickly nature. An autopsy performed after his death revealed grave problems with his stomach and other organs of his abdomen, along with damage to his brain. In response, Pascal wrote one of his final works, Écrit sur la signature du formulaire ("Writ on the Signing of the Form"), exhorting the Jansenists not to give in. Credited with founding the modern theory of probability, Pascal (1623-1662) also discovered the properties of the cycloid and contributed to the advance of differential calculus. Christiaan Huygens, learning of the subject from the correspondence of Pascal and Fermat, wrote the first book on the subject. Find the perfect 17th century french philosopher stock photo. He is also attributed with developing Cartesian dualism (also referred to as mind-body dualism), the metaphysical argument that the mind and body are two different substances which interact with one another. But, after a series of dreams or visions, and after meeting the Dutch philosopher and scientist Isaac Beeckman, who spark… London: Routledge, 2001. [22] [23] He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism , later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz , and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes , Locke , Berkeley , and Hume . Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted. Kettering, Sharon. During this time Descartes regularly hid from his friends to work, writing treatises, now lost, on fencing and metals. Questions and answers about French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher René Descartes. Pascalian theology has grown out of his perspective that humans are, according to Wood, "born into a duplicitous world that shapes us into duplicitous subjects and so we find it easy to reject God continually and deceive ourselves about our own sinfulness".[41]. In 1610 Descartes participated in an imposing ceremony in which the heart of Henry IV, whose assassination that year had destroyed the hope of religious tolerance in France and Germany, was placed in the cathedral at La Flèche. In that year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. The young man’s work, which was highly successful in the world of mathematics, aroused the envy of no less a personage than the great French Rationalist and mathematician René Descartes. The Art of Philosophy Visualising Aristotle in Early 17th-Century Paris By Susanna Berger With their elaborate interplay of image and text, the several large-scale prints designed by the French friar Martin Meurisse to communicate Aristotelian thought are wonderfully impressive creations. [38] Blaise Pascal Painting of Pascal made by François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691 Born (1623-06-19) 19 June 1623 Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France Died 19 August 1662 (1662-08-19) (aged 39) Paris, France Nationality He was in Stockholm at the time to help the queen of Sweden set up an academy of science. In 2014, Nvidia announced its new Pascal microarchitecture, which is named for Pascal. Although the Descartes family was Roman Catholic, the Poitou region was controlled by the Protestant Huguenots, and Châtellerault, a Protestant stronghold, was the site of negotiations over the Edict of Nantes (1598), which gave Protestants freedom of worship in France following the intermittent Wars of Religion between Protestant and Catholic forces in France. Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977. International Alliance of Catholic Knights, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Relationship between religion and science, List of scientists whose names are used as units, Scientists whose names are used in physical constants, People whose names are used in chemical element names, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blaise_Pascal&oldid=992218011, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Essai pour les coniques" [Essay on conics] (1639), Farrell, John. Wallis published Wren's proof (crediting Wren) in Wallis's Tractus Duo, giving Wren priority for the first published proof. In 1662, Pascal's illness became more violent, and his emotional condition had severely worsened since his sister's death. In Paris on 18 August 1662, Pascal went into convulsions and received extreme unction. In 1631, Étienne sold his position as second president of the Cour des Aides for 65,665 livres. Applying an original system of methodical doubt, he dismissed apparent knowledge derived from authority, the senses, and reason and erected new epistemic foundations on the basis of the intuition that, when he is thinking, he exists; this he expressed in the dictum “I think, therefore I am” (best known in its Latin formulation, “Cogito, ergo sum,” though originally written in French, “Je pense, donc je suis”). Ariew, Roger (2007). No need to register, buy now! Thinkers such as the Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), the French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) and the British mathematician Isaac Newton (1642-1727) overturned the authority of the Middle Ages and the classical world. Rouen was home to two of the finest doctors in France: Monsieur Doctor Deslandes and Monsieur Doctor de La Bouteillerie. In 1661, in the midsts of the formulary controversy, the Jansenist school at Port-Royal was condemned and closed down; those involved with the school had to sign a 1656 papal bull condemning the teachings of Jansen as heretical. Between 1642 and 1644, Pascal conceived and constructed a calculating device, the Pascaline , to help his father—who in 1639 had been appointed intendant (local administrator) at Rouen—in his tax computations. The Pensées was not completed before his death. It was to have been a sustained and coherent examination and defense of the Christian faith, with the original title Apologie de la religion Chrétienne ("Defense of the Christian Religion"). "Kierkegaard and Pascal as kindred spirits in the Fight against Christendom" in. [14] The money was invested in a government bond which provided, if not a lavish, then certainly a comfortable income which allowed the Pascal family to move to, and enjoy, Paris. Nakae Tōju. God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, not of the philosophers and the scholars..." and concluded by quoting Psalm 119:16: "I will not forget thy word. His father died in 1651 and left his inheritance to Pascal and his sister Jacqueline, for whom Pascal acted as conservator. Jacqueline announced that she would soon become a postulant in the Jansenist convent of Port-Royal. Omissions? Blaise pleaded with Jacqueline not to leave, but she was adamant. It was at this point immediately after his conversion when he began writing his first major literary work on religion, the Provincial Letters. Descartes and Pascal. Pascal contributed to several fields in physics, most notably the fields of fluid mechanics and pressure. Following Galileo Galilei and Torricelli, in 1647, he rebutted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. In early January, Jacqueline left for Port-Royal. For a while, Pascal pursued the life of a bachelor. Pascal's most influential theological work, referred to posthumously as the Pensées ("Thoughts") is widely considered to be a masterpiece, and a landmark in French prose. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method. In 1654, prompted by his friend the Chevalier de Méré, he corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on the subject of gambling problems, and from that collaboration was born the mathematical theory of probabilities. "[30], Blaise Pascal Chairs are given to outstanding international scientists to conduct their research in the Ile de France region.[31]. Descartes returned to Poitou regularly until 1628. ', Charles Perrault wrote of the Letters: "Everything is there—purity of language, nobility of thought, solidity in reasoning, finesse in raillery, and throughout an agrément not to be found anywhere else."[39]. [28] On 19 September 1648, after many months of Pascal's friendly but insistent prodding, Florin Périer, husband of Pascal's elder sister Gilberte, was finally able to carry out the fact-finding mission vital to Pascal's theory. He is often considered a precursor to the rationalist school of thought , and his vast contributions to the fields of mathematics and philosophy , individually as well as holistically, helped pushed Western knowledge forward during the scientific revolution. In literature, Pascal is regarded as one of the most important authors of the French Classical Period and is read today as one of the greatest masters of French prose. René Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher during the 17th century. In De l'Art de persuader ("On the Art of Persuasion"), Pascal looked deeper into geometry's axiomatic method, specifically the question of how people come to be convinced of the axioms upon which later conclusions are based. He commanded her to stay, but that didn't work, either. [22][23] The triangle can also be represented: He defined the numbers in the triangle by recursion: Call the number in the (m + 1)th row and (n + 1)th column tmn. He developed a metaphysical dualism that distinguishes radically between mind, the essence of which is thinking, and matter, the essence of which is extension in three dimensions. The coordinate system we commonly use is called the Cartesian system, after the French mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650), who developed it in the 17th century.Legend has it that Descartes, who liked to stay in bed until late, was watching a fly on the ceiling from his bed. [40] However, he is also remembered for his opposition to both the rationalism of the likes of Descartes and simultaneous opposition to the main countervailing epistemology, empiricism, preferring fideism. Descartes's mother died shortly after his first birthday. Of the eight Pascalines known to have survived, four are held by the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris and one more by the Zwinger museum in Dresden, Germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science. Rationalism is a philosophical movement which gathered momentum during the Age of Reason of the 17th Century. one another. Philosopher. He died the next morning, his last words being "May God never abandon me," and was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont.[44]. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. The second type would be characteristic of the philosophy of essentialism. Descartes shared a number of Rosicrucian goals and habits. Amen." 278,253 Pages. Despite these affinities, Descartes rejected the Rosicrucians’ magical and mystical beliefs. The Torricellian vacuum found that air pressure is equal to the weight of 30 inches of mercury. It also provided reasons why it was indeed a vacuum above the column of liquid in a barometer tube. Related topics. By the end of October in 1651, a truce had been reached between brother and sister. During visits to his sister at Port-Royal in 1654, he displayed contempt for affairs of the world but was not drawn to God.[36]. Blaise Pascal, 17th century French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and theologian, c1830. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. On that day, according to Gilberte concerning her brother, "He retired very sadly to his rooms without seeing Jacqueline, who was waiting in the little parlor..."[34] "Pascal and Power". In honour of his scientific contributions, the name Pascal has been given to the SI unit of pressure and Pascal's law (an important principle of hydrostatics). If air has a finite weight, Earth's atmosphere must have a maximum height. The preponderance of French Rationalists in the 18th Century Age of Enlightenment, including Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Charles de Secondat (Baron de Montesquieu) (1689 - 1755), is often known as French Rationalism. Between 1658 and 1659, he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids. In France at that time offices and positions could be—and were—bought and sold. In 1618 he went to Breda in the Netherlands, where he spent 15 months as an informal student of mathematics and military architecture in the peacetime army of the Protestant stadholder, Prince Maurice (ruled 1585–1625). Pascal is arguably best known as a philosopher, considered by some the second greatest French mind behind René Descartes. As a young man, he found employment for a time as a soldier (essentially as a mercenary in the pay of various forces, both Catholic and Protestant). In 1658, Pascal, while suffering from a toothache, began considering several problems concerning the cycloid. Among his friends were the poets Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac (1597–1654), who dedicated his Le Socrate chrétien (1652; “Christian Socrates”) to Descartes, and Théophile de Viau (1590–1626), who was burned in effigy and imprisoned in 1623 for writing verses mocking religious themes. René Descartes (pronounced "deika:t") was a 17th century French philosopher, mathematician and a man of science. The University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, holds an annual math contest named in Pascal's honour.[18]. He introduced a primitive form of roulette and the roulette wheel in his search for a perpetual motion machine.[26]. authorsonline.co.uk, 2009. Bacon was a philosopher who did not perform any … A brief outline on his Life and Theories. Pascal agreed with Montaigne that achieving certainty in these axioms and conclusions through human methods is impossible. Gilberte had already been given her inheritance in the form of a dowry. "[19] However, Pascal and Fermat, though doing important early work in probability theory, did not develop the field very far. Following Desargues' thinking, the 16-year-old Pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the "Mystic Hexagram", "Essai pour les coniques" ("Essay on Conics") and sent it—his first serious work of mathematics—to Père Mersenne in Paris; it is known still today as Pascal's theorem. The present letter is He also worked in the natural and applied sciences, where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. He and his siblings were raised by their grandmother, while Joachim was busy elsewhere with work and as a council member in the provincial parliament. Pascal also used De l'Esprit géométrique to develop a theory of definition. This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ). His work in the fields of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. He seems to have carefully sewn this document into his coat and always transferred it when he changed clothes; a servant discovered it only by chance after his death. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures, Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza. His inventions include the hydraulic press (using hydraulic pressure to multiply force) and the syringe. Salomon Maimon in 17th/18th Century Philosophy. Because he was one of the first to abandon Scholastic Aristotelianism, because he formulated the first modern version of mind-body dualism, from which stems the mind-body problem, and because he promoted the development of a new science grounded in observation and experiment, he has been called the father of modern philosophy. He lived near the Puy de Dôme mountain, 4,790 feet (1,460 m) tall, but his health was poor so could not climb it. René Descartes died on February 11, 1650, in Stockholm, Sweden, succumbing to pneumonia at the age of 53. Later figures who continued the development of the theory include Abraham de Moivre and Pierre-Simon Laplace. [37] This piece is now known as the Memorial. He acquired a considerable reputation long before he published anything. This method, which he later formulated in Discourse on Method (1637) and Rules for the Direction of the Mind (written by 1628 but not published until 1701), consists of four rules: (1) accept nothing as true that is not self-evident, (2) divide problems into their simplest parts, (3) solve problems by proceeding from simple to complex, and (4) recheck the reasoning. 13 April 1663, Swiss. The king ordered that the book be shredded and burnt in 1660. A study of how the French have made and used the history of the Great Century (Grand Siècle). [47], French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher, Painting of Pascal made by François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691, Adult life: religion, literature, and philosophy, A complete list of known Pascalines and also a review of contemporary replicas can be found at. Blaise spoke with the doctors frequently, and after their successful treatment of his father, borrowed from them works by Jansenist authors. This work was followed by Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs ("Account of the great experiment on equilibrium in liquids") published in 1648. Having replicated an experiment that involved placing a tube filled with mercury upside down in a bowl of mercury, Pascal questioned what force kept some mercury in the tube and what filled the space above the mercury in the tube. Indeed, most were intellectual elitists with little regard for the common people, believing they had little or no role in government. The first version of the numerous scraps of paper found after his death appeared in print as a book in 1669 titled Pensées de M. Pascal sur la religion, et sur quelques autres sujets ("Thoughts of M. Pascal on religion, and on some other subjects") and soon thereafter became a classic. Even Pope Alexander, while publicly opposing them, nonetheless was persuaded by Pascal's arguments. ... 25 May 1661, French, Polish. Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy, his best known work, included critical responses by eminent contemporaries, along with Descartes's replies. He is often considered a precursor to the rationalist school of thought, and his vast contributions to the fields of mathematics and philosophy, individually as well as holistically, helped pushed Western knowledge forward during the scientific revolution. Périer to Pascal, 22 September 1648, Pascal, Blaise. NOW 50% OFF! Pascal later (in the Pensées) used a probabilistic argument, Pascal's wager, to justify belief in God and a virtuous life. Jouhaud argues in favor of new accounts of the 17th century that are less bellicose, more humane, and less centered on the achievements of the monarchy. Theoretical Virtues in Eighteenth-Century Debates on Animal Cognition. The child, named Francine, died at age five of scarlet fever. Pascal continued to make improvements to his design through the next decade, and he refers to some 50 machines that were built to his design. [27] Furthermore, light passed through the glass tube, suggesting a substance such as aether rather than vacuum filled the space. The Frenchman René Descartes is sometimes considered the first of the modern school of mathematics. Later that year, his sister Jacqueline died, which convinced Pascal to cease his polemics on Jansenism. That same year, Pascal had a religious experience, and mostly gave up work in mathematics. Tobin, Paul. [16] he built 20 finished machines over the following 10 years[17], Pascal continued to influence mathematics throughout his life. In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism. "[35] With two-thirds of his father's estate now gone, the 29-year-old Pascal was now consigned to genteel poverty. In time, Étienne was back in good graces with the cardinal and in 1639 had been appointed the king's commissioner of taxes in the city of Rouen—a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos. Like the Rosicrucians, he lived alone and in seclusion, changed his residence often (during his 22 years in the Netherlands, he lived in 18 different places), practiced medicine without charge, attempted to increase human longevity, and took an optimistic view of the capacity of science to improve the human condition. He cared above all about the philosophy of religion. Aside from their religious influence, the Provincial Letters were popular as a literary work. The newly arrived family soon hired Louise Delfault, a maid who eventually became an instrumental member of the family. This still fairly small sect was making surprising inroads into the French Catholic community at that time. Britannica Kids Holiday Bundle! By the 16 th and 17 th centuries, the paradigm started to shift as some natural philosophers were rejecting unproven theories and using precise tools to obtain exact measurements to base their discoveries on observation and experimentation [Hakim 2005, 19]. E-mail Citation » Despite the autopsy, the cause of his poor health was never precisely determined, though speculation focuses on tuberculosis, stomach cancer, or a combination of the two. At the same time, however, he claimed this was impossible because such established truths would require other truths to back them up—first principles, therefore, cannot be reached. 17th Century Philosophers. It was only when Jacqueline performed well in a children's play with Richelieu in attendance that Étienne was pardoned. Here, Pascal looked into the issue of discovering truths, arguing that the ideal of such a method would be to found all propositions on already established truths. The 18-letter series was published between 1656 and 1657 under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte and incensed Louis XIV. The latter contains Pascal's Wager, known in the original as the Discourse on the Machine, a probabilistic argument for God's existence. It shows that Charron’s Wisdom was one of the main sources of inspiration of Pierre Gassendi’s first published book, the Exercitationes adversus aristoteleos.It sheds new light on La Mothe Le Vayer, who is usually viewed as a major free thinker. Nevertheless, there was no way to know the assumed principles to be true. René Descartes was born in 1596 in La Hay en Touraine, France, to Joachim and Jeanne Descartes. Pascal formally signed over the whole of his sister's inheritance to Port-Royal, which, to him, "had begun to smell like a cult. Aware that his health was fading quickly, he sought a move to the hospital for incurable diseases, but his doctors declared that he was too unstable to be carried. In early June 1653, after what must have seemed like endless badgering from Jacqueline, Établissement scolaire français Blaise-Pascal, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Pascal's last major achievement, returning to his mechanical genius, was inaugurating perhaps the first bus line, the carrosses à cinq sols, moving passengers within Paris in a carriage with many seats. Pascal was deeply affected and very sad, not because of her choice, but because of his chronic poor health; he needed her just as she had needed him. Descartes’s metaphysics is rationalist, based on the postulation of innate ideas of mind, matter, and God, but his physics and physiology, based on sensory experience, are mechanistic and empiricist. 1000 Kisses Book, Pro Metronome Iphone, Kstream Json Example, Tandoor Chef Samosa, Thanks A Million Sentence, How To Write A Reference For Someone, Bill Gaither House, Vegetarian Quiche Without Eggs, Prayer Plant For Sale, Smashed Baby Potatoes, Certified Travel Associate,
How Does Camera Lens Image Stabilization Work? (Solved) What Is the Process of Optical Image Stabilization? The optical image stabilization system reads motions with a gyroscope and then adjusts the lens or sensor to compensate. Once motion is detected, the camera is refocused in order to catch the item in motion. As a result, if you’re shooting a picture with your smartphone and the object moves, the lens moves to catch the image. Do you really need image stabilization lens? For this reason, picture stabilization becomes extremely vital in low-light settings when a fast shutter speed would otherwise be impossible to achieve. It’s most useful during dusk, dawn, and while you’re indoors, for example. In most circumstances, image stabilization will allow you to shoot at shutter speeds that are 3 to 4 stops slower than typical while maintaining the same image quality. How does Canon lens image stabilization work? When using Canon’s Image Stabilisation (IS), a set of components inside the lens moves at a right angle to the lens axis, which is controlled by the camera. The movement of this particular lens group is controlled by a microprocessor on board the camera, and it works by counteracting the shaking of the lens group itself. You might be interested: What Does The Number On Camera Lens Mean? (Solved) How does body image stabilization work? When using IBIS, the camera sensor itself moves somewhat in order to counteract any camera wobble that may occur. The use of in-lens stabilization involves the movement of a second lens element, which guarantees that the picture on the sensor is steady. Neither system is preferable to the other; they both have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. IBIS performs best when the focal length is kept short. Does image stabilization reduce sharpness? If you are working at shutter speeds lower than the inverse of the focal length of the lens, you should avoid using Vibration Reduction (Image Stabilization) since it will degrade the clarity of your images. The clarity of your photographs will most certainly suffer if you shoot without stabilizing your camera shortly after you take the picture. How can one avoid camera shaking to achieve image stabilization? 1. To reduce camera wobble, compose your shot and hold the camera steady. Holding the camera stationary will help you capture clear shots and reduce camera shaking. 2. Make every effort to provide yourself or the camera more support wherever available. Use a wide angle while using a zoom lens and get closer to the subject when using a macro lens. Consider using a faster shutter speed. How can I tell if image stabilizer is working? When the shutter is half-way down, listening to the sound can reveal whether or not the image stabilization system (IS) is functioning properly. Take ten handheld shots of the same subject at 85mm and 1/15s, five with the image stabilization switched on and five with the image stabilization turned off. It should be possible to achieve a significantly higher average outcome with IS switched on. You might be interested: What Lens To Use For Macro Photography? (Solved) Do you need image stabilization in a mirrorless camera? Because of the advancements in electronic viewfinder technology, lens-based stabilization is no longer necessary when using mirrorless cameras. Due to the fact that small compact lenses, like as the Nikon 1 10mm f/2.8 pancake, will never have image stabilization, other cameras with in-camera image stabilization will have an advantage when utilizing small compact lenses. Does image stabilization affect video quality? In video, having a solid image is much more critical since people can detect any shakiness. When taking a still photograph, stabilization is only required for the fraction of a second during which the picture is exposed; but, when recording video, stabilization must be maintained throughout the duration of the clip. Do DSLR cameras have image stabilization? Stabilization is available for virtually all digital SLR camera; the only variation is in the location of the stabilization. Image stabilization has been available in Canon and Nikon lenses for some years. Nikon refers to this technology as Vibration Reduction (VR), whilst Canon refers to it as Image Stabilization (IS) (VR). Does any Canon camera have image stabilization? In-body Image Stabilization (IBIS) is built into the Canon EOS R5 and Canon EOS R6 cameras, which can provide an industry-leading 8-stops of IS* when used with specific lenses. The cameras are the first Canon cameras to feature 5-axis IBIS, and when used with specific lenses, they can deliver an industry-leading 8-stops of IS. When should you turn image stabilization off? In-body Image Stabilization (IBIS) is built into the Canon EOS R5 and Canon EOS R6 cameras, which may provide an industry-leading 8-stops of IS when used in conjunction with specific lenses. The cameras are the first Canon cameras to have 5-axis in-body Image Stabilization (IBIS). You might be interested: How To Capture Lens Flares In Slr Photography? (TOP 5 Tips) What is image stabilization Why is it important? As a result, vibration reduction or image stabilization is essential in your camera since it aids in the stabilization of your photographs. The effect of handshakes or movement when capturing a video or taking a photograph is less noticeable. In order to capture your moving moments without blurriness, you’ll want to choose a camera that has image stabilization technology. Do gimbals help with still photography? While gimbals are useful for taking still photographs from difficult angles, they are absolutely necessary for filmmakers. With a gimbal, you have the option to record handheld while being certain that the footage will be stable and devoid of blur. Consider it the finest approach to keep a camera stable when you don’t have access to a tripod. Leave a Reply
Kogi people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Kogi men with poporos Total population 20,500 (2013)[1] Regions with significant populations (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta) Traditional beliefs Related ethnic groups Arhuaco, Sanha[1] The Kogi (/ˈkɡi/ KOH-gee), or Cogui, or Kágaba, meaning "jaguar" in the Kogi language,[2] are an indigenous group that resides in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains in northern Colombia. Their culture has continued since the Pre-Columbian era. Kogi woman and child on one of the terraces at Ciudad Perdida, Colombia (2017) Kogi mamo at Ciudad Perdida, Colombia (2017) Kogi man on one of the terraces at Ciudad Perdida, Colombia (2017) The Kogi language belongs to the Chibchan family.[1] Later, missionaries came and also began to influence their way of life, building chapels and churches amidst their villages to train and convert the locals. In the years since, the Kogi have remained in their home in the mountains, which allows them to escape the worst effects of colonisation and aids them in preserving their traditional way of life.[3] Spiritual beliefs[edit] Kogi mamo (2014) From birth the Kogi attune members of their society called Mamos (which means sun in Kogi), for guidance, healing, and leadership. The Mamos are not to be confused with shamans or curers but to be regarded as tribal priests who hold highly respected roles in Kogi society. Mamos undergo strict training to assume this role. Selected male children are taken from birth and put in a dark cave for the first nine years of their lives to begin this training.[5][dubious ]In the cave, elder Mamos and the child's mother care for, feed, train, and teach the child to attune to "Aluna" before the boy enters the outside world. The Kogi Mamos have remained isolated from the rest of the world since the Spanish Conquistadors. In order to preserve their traditional way of life, they rarely interact with the modern world or with outside civilization. Outsiders are not allowed inside their ancestral lands.[6] The Kogi Mamos say that the balance of the earth's ecology has been suffering due to the modern-day devastation of resources by Younger Brother. The Kogi Mamos in turn believe that their work as Elder Brother is instrumental in helping to prolong and protect life on earth. In a desperate attempt to prevent further ecological catastrophe and destruction, the Kogi Mamos broke their silence and allowed a small BBC film crew into their isolated mountaintop civilization to hear their message and warning to Younger Brother. The subsequent messages and warnings were voiced in the documentary From the Heart of The World - The Elder Brother's Warning on YouTube. After the documentary was filmed, the Kogi Mamos returned to their work in isolation and asked outsiders not to come to their land. Cosmology and socio-religious concepts[edit] In a system of four quadrants, the four lines inevitably meet in the center, creating a fifth dimension to the cosmic universe. The central point holds great significance to the Kogi people. It represents the center of the universe, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. During the ceremony, this is the point where the Mamo buries the four sacred offerings and “speaks with god”. In the center of the circle, he places a tiny stool upon the spot where he receives and answers questions of the cosmic universe. In Kogi cosmology, they have added three dimensions to the standard N/S/E/W: Zenith, Nadir and the Center. This fixed system of points resembles an egg, and is formulated into nine stages/layers of development. Mother Goddess, the creator of the universe and mankind, created the cosmic egg. The horizontal layers of the egg are divided into two sections of four worlds with mankind (the 5th layer) residing in the center. The cosmic egg also represents the uterus of Mother Goddess and the Sierra Nevada. Because of this, the Kogi have built the structure of the ceremonial house as a replica of the cosmos. Funerary customs[edit] The Mamos[9] participate in various rituals to celebrate the individual's life cycle from birth to death. These ceremonies include offerings, dances, and other ritual affairs. Although every life cycle is celebrated, emphasis on burial customs has been of much importance to the Kogi people. In this tribe, death is not viewed as a tragic event but as a “fulfillment of life”. The burial process usually lasts approximately two hours and is performed without prayers and chants. To an outside viewer, the ritual might seem simple or without depth for such a spiritual tribe. What the viewer does not realize is that the funerary customs have philosophic concepts and deeper underlying meanings beyond the dimension of the western world. Burial rites are an act of “cosmification”. When a person dies, the Mamos return him/her back to the uterus of Mother Goddess. The list below dictates eight components of the burial ritual analyzed by anthropologist Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff.[10] 6. Verbalization of the offerings as “food for the dead”. 7. Attitude of “opening” and “closing the home”. 8. Purification by turning. Kogi men and women all carry traditional bags across their shoulders. Only women are allowed to weave the bags. Many of the things carried inside a bag are secret and known only to the owner. Bags carried by Mamos contain sacred traditional objects. When two Kogi men meet, they use the customary greeting, which is to exchange handfuls of coca. All consultations are done with Mamos, and many of the decisions are based on their wisdom and knowledge. Many Kogi marriages are arranged by Mamos to ensure the most fruitful communities. Marriages are not forced, and the buying or selling of women is not permitted, although women as young as 14 can be married and have children. The Kogi do not allow the mistreatment of women, and it is not uncommon to find marriages that were not arranged, but the Kogi also disapprove of breaking arranged marriages. Kogi huts (2004) Contemporary Kogi[edit] The Kogi practice agriculture using slash-and-burn farming methods;[14] each family tends farms at varying altitudes of the Sierra, producing different crops to satisfy the range of their needs.[15] They also raise cattle on the highlands.[16] The Kogi starred in and helped film-director Alan Ereira make the 2012 documentary film Aluna, a sequel to the BBC 1990 documentary From the Heart of The World: Elder Brother's Warning, presented by Ereira himself. In it, they voice their concern to the people of the modern world (Younger Brother) about reckless ecosystem alteration and tomb desecration as a cause of climate change and world destruction. See also[edit] 3. ^ Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress 6. ^ Ereira, Alan. (2009). The Elder Brothers' Warning, pp. 1–2. Tairona Heritage Trust London. ISBN 0955981611. 9. ^ "The Sierra Nevada Indians". Survival. 10. ^ Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo (1974). Funerary Customs and Religious Symbolism Among the Kogi (PDF). Boston/Toronto: Little, Brown and Co. pp. 288–301. ISBN 1592444814. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-09. 12. ^ Kogis Indians of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Complete article about Kogis indigenous. (Updated December 2018.) 14. ^ Ereira, Alan Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. The Elder Brothers. 1992. 16. ^ "The Arhuaco". Survival International. 1969–2011. Web. Retrieved 9 September 2011. External links[edit]
You are here Home > Articles > History of the Delicious French Macarons History of the Delicious French Macarons Small, pillowy and delicate, Macarons are probably the most famous and recognizable French dessert. This sweet comes in many tastes, but what’s even more attractive to consumers is their colorful aesthetics that makes everyone who grabs one feel like French royalty. However, macarons weren’t always so lux and glam. Here are a few things to know about this “humble” dessert. Macaron vs. Macaroon Just to make things clear, macarons and macaroons should never be mixed up, yet they do because of their similar name. Macaroons are tasty yet not so presentable small balls of coconut, often dipped in chocolate. On the other hand, macarons are more elegant little treats made with two cookies with some buttercream filling in between. The cookie is traditionally made with meringue and almond flour. Now that we have the name confusion out of the way, it’s time to learn a little bit about macaron’s history. Macarons are old Macarons are not a modern invention. They first appeared in Europe back in the Middle Ages. During that time, macarons were just humble little cookies made of almonds, egg whites and sugar, very crunchy on the outside yet soft on the inside. The French usually like to take all the credit for the macaron, but this dessert is actually Italian. Historians think that Catherine de Medici brought them with her to France in the 16th century. In Italy, the maccherone was produced in Venetian monasteries since the 8th century and it was known as the ‘priest’s bellybutton’ due to its round shape. However, French really do have their hands in the creation of the macaron, since they popularized this confection. The first-ever written recipe of macarons came to light in the 17th century France, but since then, many new varieties emerged. Macarons we know and love today The macarons of today look very different than the original cookie. Modern macarons, two meringue cookies with filling in between, were invented in Paris in the 1830s. Ladurée introduced the world to the Macaron Parisien a little bit later and the rest is history. This famous company started by Louis-Ernest Ladurée is still the most famous producer of this treat. Modernization of the macaron With modern technology come modern macarons. Today, you can find amazing macaron cookie sandwiches all around the world from England and Turkey to Saudi Arabia and Japan. Even Americans are obsessed with this European treat, so you can find quality macarons in bakeries that specialize in French desserts such as Bonpastry based in Southern California. And don’t think these out-of-Europe macarons are of low-quality—they are just as tasty and attractive as their French relatives! Mass production In 2007, French McDonald’s started selling cheap and less-gourmet versions of the macaron. Harrod’s in London started selling this treat from specialized stands, while Starbucks invested in limited-edition macarons. However, most famous shops still have the original Ladurée brand mark, but today you can find them outside of Paris as well. The first flavors Original macaron flavors were usually almond, but pistachio, vanilla, chocolate, lemon and blueberry were also present and beloved. At the beginning of the 21st century, confectioners even started mixing flavors of the cookie and filling which resulted in interesting flavor bursts. Today, however, you can find macarons in all flavors imaginable as this little cookie goes through many imaginative and skillful hands. There are even salty and savory variations with salted caramel and bacon jam. Macarons are historically gluten-free Good news, gluten-free sweet lovers—macarons are a perfect indulgence for you. They are one of the few desserts that are originally gluten-free since they contain very little ingredients besides almonds, eggs and sugar. It has its own day In 2005, a famous French confectionary house called Pierre Hermé pronounced March the 20th the official Macaron Day. So next year, make sure to come prepared and grab a box of these cookie sandwiches and participate in the celebration of the deliciously sweet macaron! Macarons are truly unique and perfectly glamorous little treats, so no matter if you’re on a diet or trying to cut sugar, there’s no way you can resist grabbing one (or five) of these colorful cookies. Now that you know more about their history, they will taste even more delicious!
3 Common Ways Companies Greenwash Products As it turns out, around 95% of the products that have a pretty little green leaf on them aren’t environmentally friendly at all. This is the phenomenon known as greenwashing, and here are 3 common ways that companies make their products appear to be healthy for the planet. 1 Hidden Trade-Offs You have probably seen little badges or stickers on products that boast about how this product has been harvested from a sustainably harvested forest or something similar. Now this sounds good on the surface, but the reality is that this takes extra energy to accomplish. What the companies aren’t telling you is that in order to harvest from a sustainable forest, they have to use large, powerful helicopters to hoist trees out of dense forest. Or maybe they have to travel farther with heavy trucks to get to these healthy forests. Whatever the case, it’s been shown that there is always an environmental trade-off. 2 Vagueness This is a great one. We have all seen products that claim they are “All-natural” or “organic”. But did you know that, in scientific terms, organic simply means that it contains carbon molecules? In that sense, pretty much everything on the planet is organic. Beyond that, the terms “natural” and “all-natural” are a bit misleading. For example, arsenic, mercury and formaldehyde are natural, but the industrial mining, processing and fallout of these elements are far from environmental. 3 Fake Labels, Awards & Organizations While on your day-to-day shopping outing you might notice another encouraging yet misleading green sticker on cleaning products. This sticker makes it sounds like some committee or organization gave its approval for the product. Something along the lines of “GreenHeart Award” or “GreenHeart Organization Seal of Approval”, but the thing is, there are no laws to certify these claims, or even that a GreenHeart organization even exists. The reality is that these stickers and awards are, more often than not, completely invented by a marketing team. This is done for the sole purpose of misleading consumers to conclude that their product is healthy and safe for the environment. When it comes down to it, you simply can’t trust a vast majority of the labels on “green” products says. If you really want to know if a product is actually environmentally friendly, you should do extra research about the company and product that does not consist of simply reading to label. TAP TO CALLRequest a Free Quote!
Armenian News Network / Groong On the collapse of the 1918 First Republic and the 1921 Russo-Turkish Treaty of Kars The Critical Corner December 19, 2021 By Eddie Arnavoudian The Collapse of the First 1918-1920 Armenian Republic: lessons for today? October 2021 marked a hundred years since the infamous 1921 Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars that ratified Armenia’s much, indeed unjustly, reduced borders with Turkey that remain in place to this day. On the occasion of this anniversary many a press pundit denounced the Treaty without considering its wider context, something that would bring to the fore those critical challenges the 1918 Armenian First Republic confronted but failed to overcome. Screenshot from RFE/RL article More Turkey: The Soviet Border Before and After The Treaty of Kars. Fig. 1: Screenshot from RFE/RL article More Turkey: The Soviet Border Before and After The Treaty of Kars. Our habit of blaming others for our misfortunes is a paralyzing defect blinding us to any examination of those spheres in which our own actions and moves could make a difference. We have no means to alter the strategy and policy of the big or regional powers. But we do have means to act in ways that reinforce our strengths and give us at least a few cards to deal with external powers. I have framed some of the issues as a commentary on two important books and that in rather extreme, polemical form in order to more starkly bring to the fore those areas in which our traditional thought lacks versatility, to put it mildly. My intention is not to offend but to spark debate! The experience of the First Armenian Republic founded on 28 May 1918 is replete with alerts for today’s Third Armenian Republic undergoing existential crisis. How did the First Republic come to its end on 2 December 1920 after a mere three-year existence? A common claim is that it fell victim to a pitiless Soviet Russian-Turkish conspiracy. It is alleged that two malign powers, Soviet Russia and Turkey, divided Armenia between them. The carve up thus satisfied Kemal Ataturk’s ambition to recover the Armenian controlled Kars and Ardahan regions that the Ottoman Empire had lost to Tsarist Russia in the 1870 Russo-Turkish War. It also fulfilled Bolshevik Russia’s ambition to re-establish Russian mastery over eastern Armenia and the Caucuses. This joint project, it is insisted, had no room for an independent Armenia. The argument is advanced at length by two fiercely anti-Soviet historians, Diaspora-based Roubina Piroumian [1] and Armenia-born Lentrush Khurshutyan [2]. As the editor’s introduction to Khurshutyan’s volume puts it, the First Republic was destroyed as a result of ‘Kemalist and Bolshevik expansionist programs (LK3).’ It is a faulty calculus, however, that ignores the role and responsibility of the Armenian state and government in the fortunes of the First Republic. In this narrative the leaders of the Republic appear powerless, dependent entirely on the actions of foreign states. Focusing one-sidedly on the indubitably weighty Turkish and Russian role, no account is offered of what the Armenian state and elite did or did not do domestically and internationally to bolster Armenian positions and mitigate the damages of unfriendly foreign ambitions. It is as though Armenian actions counted for nothing before the almighty force of foreign ‘expansionist programmes.’ The assiduous removal of Armenian agency from the equation of the First Republic’s demise has given birth to a tawdry historiographical theology of Russian ‘betrayal’, as if the Bolshevik Russian state had a moral obligation to sacrifice its own interests for another state, and in this instance an Armenian state that was doggedly anti-Bolshevik, an Armenian government that in solidarity with the West waging war on Russia, could not even bring itself to begin official relations with the Bolshevik government until May 1920 (RP207), just seven months prior to the Republic’s disappearance. Such approaches to the history of the First Republic do more than just sidestep the failure of Armenian elites to strengthen national state foundations or sway the regional balance of power to its advantage. They additionally lack awareness of deeper objective socio-historical dynamics that severely undermined Armenian nation formation in the early 20th century and so rendered any form of statehood singularly insecure and vulnerable to internal disintegration and external aggression. I. Crisis of Armenian nation and state formation The end of the 1914-1918 First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman and Tsarist empires accelerated the process of nation and state formation in former imperial territories. As the victorious Allied powers – the UK, France and to a lesser extent the USA – battled to seize and carve up previously Ottoman and Tsarist controlled lands, the peoples of the Caucuses, of Asia Minor and the Arab world fought to found their own independent nation states. In this historic tide, the Armenian people were in an almost impossible position (Note 3). Within Ottoman and Tsarist occupied Armenian communities, across a century and more, imperial states together with collaborationist Armenian elites systematically narrowed and even eliminated essential territorial, demographic, social, economic, and political preconditions for Armenian national development. By the end of WWI across both western Ottoman and eastern Tsarist ruled Armenian communities, nation formation was left bereft of firm, enduring foundations. In western Armenian homelands, the 1915 Ottoman-Young Turk organized Genocide and mass deportations were terminal blows to any form of Armenian national development let alone statehood in what was by far the largest segment of historic Armenia. With 1.5 million Armenian inhabitants slaughtered and hundreds of thousands more deported, their land, property and wealth destroyed or confiscated, the demographic and economic pillars of Armenian life were smashed irrevocably. There was little prospect thereafter that any segment of western Armenia that had been homeland to Armenian communities for tens of centuries could form part of any new Armenian nation-state in the region. Structures for Armenian nationhood in eastern Armenia, located in the Caucuses, were also desperately shaky. Powerful Armenian economic elites, indispensable to successful nation-formation were based outside Armenia, in Georgia and Azerbaijan. Tbilisi and Baku-based Armenian Diaspora elites turned their noses up at the envisaged territories of a Caucasian Armenian state. For them Armenia, lacking in wealth and any significant natural resources, was an undesirable backwater compared to the lucrative regions of Georgia and Azerbaijan that they lived and operated in. Roubina Piroumian writes that in the first decades of the 20th century: ‘Yerevan was an insignificant rural town ignored by the Armenian rich and by the intelligentsia…(RP138).’ Significant demographic diversity in the region also precluded the formation of a cohesive Armenian national, social and political entity, for as Piroumian adds: ‘…in those territories allocated to Armenia half the population was Turkish or Kurdish (RP138).’ Eastern, Caucasian Armenian ruling classes were naturally opposed to the idea of independent Armenian statehood preferring instead a regional federation of Caucasian peoples that would secure and protect their own Caucasian-wide wealth, status, and interests none substantially rooted within any proposed Armenian borders. Yet Tbilisi and Baku-based Armenian elites, lacking sufficient social and demographic foundations in Georgia or Azerbaijan failed to bring their ambitions to fruit. Their more powerful and hostile Georgian and Azerbaijani competitors were not prepared to concede positions to longstanding and hated Armenian capitalists and merchants who as a result after 1918 were systematically driven down and out from both Georgia and Azerbaijan. And when against their wishes the First Armenian Republic came into existence Baku and Tbilisi-based Armenian elites instead of relocating self and wealth to Armenia fled to safer havens in Europe or Russia. When the First Armenian Republic came into being it was far from a triumphant affirmation of vigorous or sturdy national development. It was a travesty imposed on the Armenian people by Ottoman Turkey and lacked durable core and solidity. It was imposed against the will of an unwilling elite that regarded not Armenia but the wider Caucuses as its natural home. The hollowness of the Republic was manifest in the 4 June 1918 Turkish-Armenian Treaty of Batum. Armenia was reduced to a de facto dependent, apartheid Bantustan-like entity. Some 800,000 people, many ill and starving remnants of the Genocide, were squeezed into a 10,000 square kilometer patch of virtual stone and desert around Yerevan, a vast refugee camp afflicted by hunger, disease and death. In this ‘independent Republic’ Turkey obtained rights to use Armenian road and rail facilities to transport its conquistador troops across the Caucasus. Under the pretext of maintaining law and order it also secured rights to intervene in domestic Armenian affairs. One significant clause in the Treaty highlighted the intractable demographic complications within Armenian state borders. Intent on organizing and deploying Turkish and Azerbaijani communities as a 5th fifth column within Armenia in anticipation of a further offensive to terminate the new republic, the Turkish state inserted a clause in the Treaty that curtailed Armenian jurisdiction over these communities. The Armenian government meanwhile was required to demobilize a substantial part of its army. Finally, Turkish officers were to be stationed in Armenia to supervise implementation of these clauses. The conditions of the First Armenian Republic did not essentially change with the formal conclusion of WWI, when the October 1918 Mudros Armistice expanded Armenian borders from 10,000 to 70,000 square kilometers to include the Kars-Ardahan region. Such were the inauspicious beginnings of the First Armenian Republic. It was structurally unsustainable with no historically matured social, class, economic, demographic or territorial foundation. Like an unstable and withered tree in a fierce storm it lacked the roots and foundations to resist as it was battered by economic, political, and military crises and by Turkish aggression. Nothing that the forces then at the head of the Republic did overcame any of these huge challenges. Armenia remained a hollow state with its elites possessed of no popular social, economic, and political vision or impulse to build genuine nationhood. II. The hollow Republic Through the three years of its life the leadership of the First Republic failed to build broad, committed popular support for the new state, support and commitment that could help compensate for the terrible domestic and international weaknesses it suffered. In its domestic policies, the ARF-dominated government appeared to represent and sustain only the elites, the landlords, the Church, the capitalists, and factory owners as well as foreign commercial interests. It did nothing radical or revolutionary to confront and overcome any of the vital social and economic nation building tasks that would have benefited the vast majority of the new state’s people – Armenian or non-Armenian. So, within a short span of time popular enthusiasm for the Republic dissipated. The First Republic’s leadership failed to heed great thinker Mikael Nalpantian. ‘Abstract nationalism,’ he wrote, is ‘senseless’. Naturally nation building requires national language, art, culture, and literature. But it is never reducible to these. ‘Should we bother preserving our heritage, our language, our traditions, in a word our nationality…?’ Nalpantian rhetorically asks. ‘Only if these give you the right to enjoy the wealth of the land and thus free yourself from slavery and poverty. During the first republic, with their most pressing social needs disregarded, the mass of people grew indifferent to what became no more than national and patriotic sloganeering serving interests other than those of the common people. Across three years the common people and the nation suffered ceaseless unchecked socio-economic, political, military, ethnic-national, refugee and national security crises. Slowly and surely the common people were alienated from a government and state that failed to meet their immediate or medium let alone long-term essential needs. The tiny elite meanwhile enjoyed privilege and security, albeit fragile. The republic’s structural crisis became acute in the last year and a half of its life. The conditions of the people verged on the catastrophic. ‘Extreme poverty and economic hardship prevailed across Armenia (RP171)’ with the peasantry suffering particularly ‘terrifying poverty’. The country was additionally ‘burdened’ by ‘unemployed and helpless refugees (RP175).’ ‘Amongst the people discontent and impatience was evident (RP175).’ In his history of the First Republic Simon Vratzian its first Prime Minister writes of a people menaced by ‘famine and economic crisis’, by the ‘breakdown of food supplies’ and the ‘running down of stocks of flour (Note 4 - SV407-408, 411, 415).’ Amongst the common people disillusion and loss of faith in the Republic grew rapidly, ‘giving idealist youngsters’ ‘ready ground’ to build support for the Armenian Bolshevik opposition (RP171).’ For a population ‘suffering famine’ Bolshevik ‘slogans…that promised bread from Russia…and oil from Red Azerbaijan’ ‘were attractive (RP188).’ ‘Armenian Bolsheviks’ Piroumian adds ‘exploited every instance of protest and discontent across the entire territory of Armenia (RP175-6).’ Simon Vratzian, also albeit contemptuously, testifies to growing Bolshevik support as the Republic’s ‘hungry and impoverished’ masses ‘became easy prey to Bolshevik propaganda’. For Vratzian and Piroumian popular support for the Bolsheviks was only because the common people are sheeplike ‘prey’ easily ‘exploited’ by Bolsheviks! That the ARF’s failed to resolve even the most immediate problems confronting the people and so enabled the relatively small Armenian Bolshevik organizations to secure disproportionate influence does not occur to them! The leaders of the First Republic also proved incapable of building a cohesive popular national army. Garo Sassouni, a prominent ARF leader, details this in his ‘The Armenian-Turkish War of 1920’. The Armenian army reflected the new state and its leadership. It had no historical traditions, no reserves, no hinterland to train and operate on. It was not a national army but a broken-down remnant of the old Tsarist army, supplemented by volunteer units from western Armenian provinces. Many of its leading officer class had not lived in Armenia nor did they speak Armenian. Most were depoliticized with no nation building ideals. The army was ill-trained and had no intelligence network worth speaking of. Critically, wider socio-economic discontent with the government seeped into the rank-and-file soldiers, themselves poor city dwellers and peasants. Compounding the nation’s socio-economic troubles were the ‘endless wars (RP260)’ of which the ‘people were tired (RP260).’ From the declaration of the First Republic to its end the Armenian government was in a permanent military conflict over territories and borders with Georgia, with Azerbaijan - over the contested regions of Gharabagh, Zangezur and Nakhichevan - and with Turkey. More often than not Armenian military forces were defeated or pressed back as their Georgian, Azerbaijani, and Turkish opponents generally proved to be more effective, their positions enhanced by their leaderships’ nimble strategic international alliances. Parallel to endless territorial and border wars the ARF government was also unable to resolve conflicts between Armenian and non-Armenian inhabitants of the First Republic. The debility of the First Republic was brought to the fore during the May 1920 Armenian Bolshevik uprising. Despite having no deep roots in Armenian society, Bolshevik cells and organizers enjoyed significant support among wide sectors of the population. ‘In different regions of Armenia’ and within ‘government structures and the military’ too the Bolsheviks ‘organized uprisings’ that were ‘successful in Alexandropol, Kars, Nor Payazid and Sarikhamish (RP188).’ Elsewhere, ‘in Ichevan’ ‘locals joined the rebels’ and ‘captured the town (RP197).’ Simon Vratzian writes that communists were ‘not a negligible force’ in Yerevan and enjoyed a bigger following in Gyumri (SV402, 412-414).’ Conceding widespread support for the Bolsheviks Vratzian with his usual tone of contempt for the common people adds that a ‘weary population’ became ‘blind instruments of Bolshevik ambition SV417)’. In a puerile posture that brings no honor to the historian or indeed the polemicist, both Rubina Piroumian and Lentrush Khurshutyan present Armenian Bolsheviks as terrible ogres, as agents of a hostile foreign state. Armenian Bolsheviks, according to them, lacked patriotism, were anti-Armenian and opposed independent Armenian statehood. The Armenian Bolsheviks, however, whatever their size, were in fact a legal political force in Armenia who merely had radically different conceptions of Armenian nationhood and statehood. In opposition to the ARF’s pro-Western orientation they propounded a pro-Soviet one. Domestically, in opposition to the ARF’s capitalist program they propounded a socialist one. This stance they argued was the best option for the common people of Armenia. Simon Vratzian in his ‘The Armenian Republic’ is thankfully free of narrow-minded prejudice. He describes Armenian Bolshevik Alexander Miasnikyan as a ‘mature and serious Armenian’ who worked together with other ‘enlightened and unquestionably patriotic Armenian Bolsheviks (SV601, 603).’ To suppress the Bolshevik revolt the ARF government could not rely on the Armenian army. Composed primarily of eastern Armenian soldiers, army ranks reflected the discontent and grievance that was generating pro-Bolshevik sentiment among the common people. So, for ‘repressive power’ they deployed ‘old western Armenian fedayeen and other fighting units’ also ‘composed of western Armenians (RP195)’. The ‘extreme’ violence (RP196)’ they meted out to the ‘masses in revolt (RP196)’ is justified by Piroumian on the grounds that the common people were ‘Russophiles’ ‘indifferent’ to ‘idea of the nation’s independence (RP196)’, an independence that it was ‘necessary to protect’ ‘whatever the costs (RP196).’ Did Piroumian not ask herself what the Republic’s ‘independence’ could possibly mean to a people suffering endless poverty, hunger, and war! The aftermath of the May 1920 Bolshevik uprising exposed the ramshackle character of the First Republic. Correct, ‘the disturbances were suppressed, but the disillusion and loss of hope that followed, among the people and even in government and leadership circles was deep and enduring (RP199).’ Even in the ‘army as a result of Bolshevik propaganda there was a breakdown of discipline (RP200).’ To survive the government would have to ‘push back all the forces seeking to bring it down’, ‘restore law and order and peace in the country’ and ‘rebuild the damaged administrative, transport, supply and legal and judicial systems (RP283).’ Here was a description of a state on the edge of breakdown, even disintegration. To compensate for Armenia’s territorially, economically, and militarily weak position vis-á-vis its neighbors and the regionally active great powers, the sole foundation for sturdy statehood was a common people fired by hope, enthusiasm, and optimism for their daily existence and their future that would seep into the state apparatus, the ranks of the army and all areas of state life. But the ARF constrained by its desire to cater to the needs and interests of Western powers and to those of the Armenian elites, the Church, the landlords and the wealthy, failed to build such a foundation, a foundation that would centralize the nation’s land and wealth and put it at the disposal of the common people who constituted the essence of the nation. This was beyond the ARF and its allies. Thus in September 1920 the Armenian state was in no position to resist the onslaught of Kemal Ataturk’s Turkey, an onslaught during which it intended to retake the Kars-Ardahan region as a minimum and possibly wipe Armenia off the political map altogether. Note 1 Rubina Piroumian, ‘Armenia During the Web of ARF-Bolshevik Relations -1917-1921’, 421pp, 1997, Yerevan. Page references as RP followed by page number as in RB421. Piroumian’s is a mean-spirited, anti-human and anti-democratic nationalism that is shamefully evident in a passage where she takes Stepan Shahumyan to task for his concern not only for Armenian deaths during the genocide years but for the First World War deaths of thousands of innocent Turkish and Kurdish common people too (RP45). Note 2 Lentrush Khurshutyan, ‘The 1920 Division of Armenia’ 316pp, 2002, Yerevan. Page references as LK followed by page number as in LK316 Note 3 For the moment we leave aside consideration of the anti-democratic character of projects to build exclusive ethnic-national states in regions that had for centuries been hugely diverse, nationally, demographically, culturally, and otherwise. For example, in Zangezur/Syunik, Gharabagh/Artsakh and Nakhichevan the demographic composition of each area was a patchwork of different peoples. They were inevitably fought over in the process of nation-building, with ethnic cleansing an almost certain step to be taken by whatever victorious party in the battle to incorporate these into its ethnic-nation state. Such complications would make ethnic-nation state solutions a disaster for all common people of the region. Note 4 Simon Vratzian, ‘The Republic of Armenia’, 704pp, 1993 Yerevan. Page references as SV followed by page number as in SV704. Eddie Arnavoudian holds degrees in history and politics from Manchester, England, and is ANN/Groong's commentator-in-residence on Armenian literature. His works on literary and political issues have also appeared in Harach in Paris, Nairi in Beirut, and Open Letter in Los Angeles. © Copyright 2021 Armenian News Network/Groong and the author. Home Administrative \| Introduction \| Armenian News \| Podcasts \| Feedback \|
Tagged: barriers Effects of dam removals on riverine fish assemblages In many rivers throughout the world, dams have greatly altered the aquatic ecosystem. These structures block migratory routes for anadromous species that live in saltwater and migrate into freshwater to spawn, preventing them from... Dam removals improve American eel abundance American eels (Anguilla rostrata) are slimy fish with long, snakelike bodies found along the Atlantic coast from Greenland to Brazil. Like many species of diadromous fish (species that migrate between fresh and saltwater), American... Enjoy this blog? Please spread the word!
At what age can a child eat raw sushi? Can toddlers eat raw sushi? If your child is one who does like sushi, it’s important to be safe. The FDA recommends that children under five don’t consume raw fish or shellfish, and dietician Susan Mitchell agrees. “In children, their immune system is not completely developed until they’re about 5-years-old,” Mitchell said. When can toddler eat raw? After kids are on solid food, some parents have no problem letting them have raw fish. The generally recommended age at which kids can eat some kinds of raw fish varies from around age 2 1/2 to 3, all the way up to school age or age 6. Can toddlers eat shrimp? A: For most babies, doctors recommend waiting until 9 months to introduce fish (like sole or salmon) and 12 months before trying shellfish (like shrimp, clams, and lobster). Can toddlers eat raw oysters? Oysters are completely safe for children to consume, provided they’re cooked properly and your child doesn’t have an allergy to shellfish. The danger with raw or undercooked oysters is that they can be contaminated with bacteria or parasites that can make your child very ill. IT IS INTERESTING: Can you spoil a child with too much affection? Can babies eat raw salmon? Can my child have raw fish? Children’s complete immunity does not develop before the child is around 5 years of age, for this reason young children would get sick from the bacteria in raw fish which the normal adult body is used to. Therefor, children under the age of 5 should not have raw fish or raw sushi. Can a toddler eat raw meat? Children should not eat raw or undercooked meat, poultry or meat products (including raw hot dogs). Children should not eat raw shellfish. Some experts caution against eating any raw fish. All fruits and vegetables should be washed before they are eaten. Can a 2 year old eat raw carrots? Most 2-year-olds can handle some raw vegetables and fruits, and they will love the texture of snacks like a crisp apple or crunchy carrot. Keep raw foods from becoming a choking hazard by following these guidelines: Cut raw vegetables into thin slices. Small miracle
Last Updated 10 May 2020 Economic Anthropology Words 971 (3 pages) Views 485 This paper will briefly describe the meaning of anthropology and its scope. And closer examine principles that govern production, distribution and consumption in horticultural and peasant communities. Anthropology is the study of man. But economic anthropology corresponds to one of fields of anthropology which is known as 'cultural anthropology - the study of human culture and behavior across cultures. It describes and explains human condition across all cultures and times. Economic anthropology is the study of the economic aspects of cultures. This subfield of cultural anthropology examines the relationships between systems of production, striation and the socio-cultural matrix in which economic life is embedded. Thus placing economic structures such as markets, commodities, money and others within a cultural context by paying particular attention to the ways in which various factors, for example, relations of power, kinship, gender, ecological factors and others, affect the structure and organization of economic institutions, decisions and behavior. To study this, economic anthropologists usually observe the people they study or their artifacts for extended periods of time through fieldwork. Moreover usually it is participant observation", which means that anthropologists live in the local community and are involved in activities. Most of information is generated by conversations, interviews and observations. Economic anthropology proves that economic sphere of behavior is not separate from social, religious and political spheres. In fact, it has wider scope than most industrialized societies. Order custom essay Economic Anthropology with free plagiarism report Economic anthropologists emphasize that economic behavior and institutions shouldn't be analyzed only in terms of economic parameters, otherwise it merely ignores the relevant non-economic parameters. They focus on economic activities at the micro- level, like microeconomics, because it looks at the smaller picture and focuses more on basic theories and individuals. Economic anthropologists study processes of production and consumption of different sorts of objects in social settings. By 'objects' here it is meant different material things, as well as what people do for each other, for example, providing of labor and services. Economic anthropologist differs from economists in ways of studying economic processes. Latter restricts themselves to monetary transactions, whereas anthropologists are concerned with all forms of reduction and circulation, be it monetary or not. Also they are trying to describe and understand economic actions in social and cultural context. An important concept in economic anthropology is modes of production. Anthropologists usually study the domestic mode of production - economic system where the bulk of productive tasks are performed by members of the domestic group who live together. Main modes of production are foraging, horticulturalist, nomadic pastoralist and peasant farming. Horticulture is plant cultivation which is not intensive; it is based on the use of impel tools and cyclical, non-continuous use crop lands. This subsistence pattern involves at least part time planting and tending of domesticated food plants. Some of horticulturalists produce a small surplus to sell or exchange for things that they can't produce themselves. Slash-and-burn cultivation, 'Sweden' agriculture and shifting cultivation are alternative labels for horticulture. Sweden' is an agricultural strategy that necessitates the slashing, cutting, telling, and burning to tottered areas tort the planting of impermanent garden plots or agricultural fields, and that has been the mainstay of horticulturalists and peasant farmers in the tropics and primeval. This method of agricultural intensification, more widely known as "slash-burn" agriculture. It is often associated with patterns of shifting cultivation or extensive agriculture via which soil exhaustion or weed intrusion necessitates plot rotation and fallow cycles. To assure sustainable fertility the farm plot is abandoned when labor input rises to an unreasonable level and when there is decline in productivity. This allows reverting to the original natural vegetation again. This is 'shifting pattern' of field use. Religion plays significant role in governing processes in this culture. They have term 'use rights' but not as something that an individual can own and sell. Peasants usually produce primarily for their own consumption, using simple labor- intensive technology. Secants as well are small-scale, but they are intensive agriculturalists. Their production is usually defined as being organized by domestic units such as households. Despite the fact that peasants are self-sufficient, they also produce foodstuffs and other goods that flow into urban centers, thus tying them into cities and markets. Peasants can be incorporated within different modes of production, with differing access to the means of production, and subject to different forms or appropriation of surplus. Peasants can be owners of the land they cultivate, with their surpluses appropriated by the state or other outside power holders. Land can be owned by a feudal lord, who owns everything what is produced, in such case peasants are bounded as serfs to this land. Or peasants can be renters who contractually divide their crops with a landowner or must sell a portion to pay their rent. The allocation of factors of production by a peasant household results from overall factors. It varies according to characteristics of the domestic mode of production, the division of labor, attributions, and responsibilities within the household; it is influenced by mechanisms existing at the community level; it will be constrained or favored by endowments of the natural environment; last but not least - aspects of the broader society, and the political economy resulting from state policies and market intervention play an essential role in peasant decision making. The family is the basic unit of production, and gender and age are important in organizing work. Productive work is usually performed by men while women are assigned to work at home, processing food, maintaining the household, and caring for children. Basically men are more involved with the outside, but women - in the domestic domain. Male labor and decisions are predominating. Peasant agriculture can be intensive. It is usually in high population areas. In general main principles are the same, except that intensive peasants are more connected with economics and involved in markets. Due to substantial investment in land, peasants have concept of property right. Get professional help and free up your time for more important courses Starting from 3 hours delivery 450+ experts on 30 subjects get essay help 124 experts online Cite this page Economic Anthropology. (2018, Mar 05). Retrieved from Save time and let our verified experts help you. Hire writer
Open menu Close menu Open Search Close search Open sharebox Close sharebox . . Support our Sponsor . . Maps of All Countries Home Page Countries Index Poland - Glossary Index Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Glossary -- Poland Members of the radical political faction that, under the leadership of Vladimir I. Lenin, staged the Bolshevik Revolution and in 1918 formed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), precursor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Medieval Christian civilization that combined European and Asian cultures on an ancient Greco-Roman foundation. Centered at Byzantium (known as Constantinople 330-1930, and later called Istanbul), the Byzantine Empire occupied western Turkey and the Balkans and, as the center of Orthodox Christianity, exerted strong influence on many of the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) Loose arrangement of Western governments formed in 1949 to prevent the transfer of military-useful (dual-use) technology from the West to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; the group (whose membership was almost identical to that of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, q.v.) operated on the basis of informal agreements covering items having military or nuclear applications. Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) A multilateral economic alliance headquartered in Moscow; it existed from 1949-91. Members in 1990 included Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam. Also referred to as CMEA and CEMA. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) official designation of the former republics that remained loosely federated in economic and security matters of common concern, after the Soviet Union disbanded as a unified nation in 1991. Members in 1993 were Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Originating at the meeting that produced the Helsinki Accords (q.v.) in 1975, a grouping of all European nations (the lone exception, Albania, joined in 1991) that subsequently sponsored joint sessions and consultations on political issues vital to European security. Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty An agreement signed in 1990 by the members of the Warsaw Pact (q.v.) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (q.v.) to establish parity in conventional weapons between the two organizations from the Atlantic to the Urals. Included a strict system of inspections and information exchange. Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (CSFR) official name of the former Czechoslovakia, adopted in December 1990 to recognize the two ethnic components of that country. (Czechoslovakia was still used as the short form designation after that date.) In January 1993, divided into two independent states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which retained some economic and security ties. Philosophical and spiritual movement in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, concerned with the relationship of God, nature, reason, and man, often challenging the tenets of conventional Christianity. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) A bank founded under sponsorship of the European Community (q.v.) in 1990, to provide loans to East European countries (Bulgaria, the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia) to establish independent, market-driven economies and democratic political institutions. Some fifty-eight countries were shareholders in 1992. European Community (EC) A group of primarily economic communities of Western European countries, including the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom or EAEC) and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Executive power rested with the European Commission, which implemented and defended the community treaties in the interests of the EC as a whole. Members in 1993 were Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Name changed to European Union (EU), December 1993. Gdansk Agreement The first of several major concessions made by the Polish communist government in late 1980 to the rising Solidarity movement. The agreement granted public expression to many groups in Polish society hitherto restricted, promised new economic concessions, removed discredited communist officials, and recognized workers' right to establish free trade unions. Russian term, literally meaning "openness," applied in the Soviet Union beginning in the mid-1980s to official permission for public discussion of issues and public access to information. Identified with the tenure of Mikhail S. Gorbachev as leader of the Soviet Union. gross domestic product (GDP) The total value of goods and services produced exclusively within a nation's domestic economy, in contrast to gross national product (q.v.), usually computed over one year. gross national product (GNP) Habsburg Empire Also known as the House of Austria, one of the principal European dynasties between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries. Controlled a variety of separate monarchies, reaching its most powerful stage in the sixteenth century under Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (q.v.). After 1867 what remained of the empire was commonly known as Austria-Hungary. Helsinki Accords Signed in 1975 by all countries of Europe except Albania (which signed in 1991), plus Canada and the United States, at the initial Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (q.v.). The pact outlined general principles of international behavior and security and addressed some economic, environmental, and humanitarian issues. Holy Roman Empire Enduring from A.D. 800 to 1806, official successor under papal authority to the Roman Empire. The title king of the Romans, first given to Charlemagne, was borne by a long succession of German kings. Centered in Germany, the empire at its peak (thirteenth century to sixteenth century) extended from the Low Countries to Czechoslovakia and southward into Italy. Weakened by struggles with Roman Catholic Church and the Reformation, then scattered by the results of the Thirty Years' War (q.v.), 1648. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Established with the World Bank (q.v) in 1945, a specialized agency affiliated with the United Nations and responsible for stabilizing international exchange rates and payments. Its main business was providing loans to its members when they experienced balance of payments difficulties. Political philosophy of the leaders of the French revolutionary government. After reaching power in the revolutionary dictatorship of 1793, the Jacobins set about safeguarding the values of the revolution and public virtue by a Reign of Terror against opposing views. London Club A group of 500 major international commercial banks lending money under auspices of the International Monetary Fund (q.v.) to Poland for economic development, under conditions of continued economic reform. net material product (NMP) In countries having centrally planned economies, the official measure of the value of goods and services produced within the country. Roughly equivalent to the Western gross national product (q.v.), NMP was based on constant prices and did not account for depreciation. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) An alliance founded in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and their postwar European allies to oppose Soviet military presence in Europe. Until the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact (q.v.) in 1991, NATO was the primary collective defense agreement of the Western powers. Its military and administrative structure remained intact after the threat of Soviet expansionism had subsided. Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) Founded in 1961 to replace the all-European Organisation for European Economic Cooperation, assists member governments to form and coordinate economic and social aid policies in developing countries. In 1992, twenty-four nations had full membership, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Ottoman Empire A Muslim empire that controlled southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and most of North Africa between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, and lesser territories from 1300 until 1913. Ottoman occupation was a major influence on all civilizations of southeastern Europe and caused ethnic animosities that remained after the disintegration of the empire. Paris Club A group of seventeen Western countries lending money under auspices of the International Monetary Fund (q.v.) to Poland for economic development, under conditions of continued economic reform. Russian word meaning "restructuring," applied in the late 1980s to an official Soviet program of revitalization of the communist party, economy, and society, by adjusting economic, social, and political mechanisms. Identified with the tenure of Mikhail S. Gorbachev as leader of the Soviet Union (1985-1991). Prague Spring Period of attempts to institute political and economic reforms in Czechoslovakia, led by communist party First Secretary Alexander Dubcek, in 1968. The Soviet Union and four Warsaw Pact (q.v.) allies responded by invading Czechoslovakia and forcing Dubcek out of power. Sixteenth-century movement against dogma of the Roman Catholic Church, in favor of grace through faith, the authority of the Scriptures, and the direct relationship of believers with God. Met with resounding force by the established church, the Reformation influenced Christian practice to varying degrees in all European countries, resulting in a schism between the Roman Catholic church and Protestant reformers. Teutonic Knights In full, Knights of the Teutonic Order, an organization of German crusaders founded in Palestine in 1190. From their base in Prussia, consolidated the Eastern Baltic into a powerful feudal state in the fourteenth century, nominally as agents of the Roman Catholic Church. Expansion aroused hostility and revolts, which with Polish and Lithuanian support defeated the knights decisively at Grunwald in 1410. After rapid decline of military power and influence in the fifteenth century, disbanded in 1525. Thirty Years' War Conventional name for a fifty-year struggle (1610-60) of various factions including Protestant nobles and French kings against the Holy Roman Empire (q.v.) and its ruling Habsburg Dynasty for control of parts of Europe, including the Baltic coast. The fiercest period of the war was 1618-48, hence the misnomer Thirty Years' War. Treaty of Versailles Signed at the Paris Peace Conference, June 1919, dictating peace terms ending World War I. Harsh terms imposed by the Allies on Germany were cited as a major factor in the rise of Adolf Hitler and genesis of World War II. Warsaw Pact Informal name for Warsaw Treaty Organization, a mutual defense organization founded in 1955, including the Soviet Union, Albania (which withdrew in 1961), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, Poland, and Romania. The Warsaw Pact enabled the Soviet Union to station troops in the countries to its west to oppose the forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (q.v.). The pact was the basis of the invasions of Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968). Disbanded in July 1991. Western European Union (WEU) Signed in 1948 by Western European states as a regional defense, cultural, and economic pact, became inactive in 1954 but was revived in 1984 to improve European military preparedness and activity in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (q.v.). Subsequently issued statements on European security and other international issues. Members in 1993 were Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. World Bank Informal name for a group of four affiliated international institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The IBRD, established in 1945, had as its primary purpose making loans to developing countries for specific projects. The IDA, legally separate but administered by the IBRD, furnished credits to the poorest developing countries on terms easier than those of the IBRD. The IFC supplemented IBRD activity through loans to stimulate private enterprise in the less developed countries. The MIGA was founded in 1988 to insure private foreign investment in developing countries against noncommercial risks. The four institutions were owned by the governments of the countries that subscribed their capital. For a state to participate in the World Bank group, prior membership in the International Monetary Fund (IMF--q.v.) was required. Polish national currency (Polish spelling zloty) nominally divided into 100 groszy. Became convertible with Western currencies January 1, 1990. In March 1990, US$1 equalled 9,824 zloty; in March 1991, the exchange rate was US$1=9,520 zloty; in March 1993, it was US$1=16,330 zloty. NOTE: The information regarding Poland on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Poland Glossary information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Poland Glossary should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA. Support Our Sponsor Support Our Sponsor Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Revised 20-Mar-05 Copyright © 2004-2020 Photius Coutsoukis (all rights reserved)
Why was it difficult for Prophet Elijah to stop idolatry in Israel? How did Elijah fought idolatry? Elijah asked the people to come to near him as he repaired the altar of God. He placed the sacrifice on the altar and asked the people to pour water on it. Fire consumed the sacrifice/ the wood/ the stones/ the water/ dust around it. The people threw themselves on the ground and worshipped the Lord as the true God. What circumstances led to the contest between Prophet Elijah and the prophets of Baal at Mount Carmel? Elijah challenged Baal’s prophets to contest to prove who the true God is. Elijah and Baal’s prophets agreed to offer a sacrifice of a bull to their respective gods with the understanding that “the God who answers by fire he is God. Baal’s prophets sacrificed a bull and put it on the altar. How did Elijah restore the true worship of Yahweh? When time for Elijah came, he first repaired the abandoned altar of Yahweh. He then prepared an altar with twelve stones for the twelve tribes of Israel. … He prepared the sacrifice and put it on the altar and then prayed to God to prove Himself the true God. IT IS INTERESTING: How does the Bible describe Moses? Why Elijah faced danger as a prophet of God? Elijah faced hostility because a. He pronounced a three years drought in Israel, which brought sufferings. He put to death 450 prophets of Baal. He boldly condemned king Ahab for taking away Naboth’s vineyard. What are the qualities of Prophet Elijah? Qualities of Prophet Elijah that a Christian Leader should possess closed. • Truthfulness. • Courage. • Faithfulness/trust. • Kindness. • Loving/caring/compassionate. • Honesty. • Responsible/Commitment. • Loyalty/obedience. How did Elijah prove the supremacy of God on Mount Carmel? He ordered the people to pour four jars of water on the offering. This they did repeatedly for three times and the trench was filled with water. After this Elijah knelt down and called on God to consume the offering by fire to prove Himself as God in Isreal and prove himself(Elijah) as His true servant. Did the Israelites worship idols? According to Atapanus and Pseudo-Aristeas some Jews were idolatrous on the cognitive level. Evidence from papyri and inscriptions also indicate that some Jews did not object to idolatry even while they clung on to their Jewish heritage. The Mishnah and Talmud have defined idolatry. Who brought idols to Israel? Solomon introduced his wives’ idols, and the murderous usurper queen Athaliah brought Ba’al worship to Jerusalem. Ahaz, father of Hezekiah, built an altar in the Temple like the one in Damascus, and his grandson Manasseh worshiped both the idols Ba’al and Astarte there. What happens when the Israelites disobey? Explain that the scattering and captivity of the ancient Israelites resulted from their disobedience. Similarly, if we disobey God’s commandments, we become further separated from God and are captive to sin. Invite a few students to take turns reading aloud from Deuteronomy 30:1–6. IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: What is the month of August known for in the Catholic Church?
Welcome to the Treehouse Community Looking to learn something new? Python Python Basics Functions and Looping Expecting Exceptions Ashwin Kumar Ashwin Kumar 680 Points What else is try statement used for? Is it only for exception handling? i want to know if there is any other usage for the try statement apart from handling exceptions. Can it be used for other scenarios? If yes, what might they be? 2 Answers try lets you test a block of code for errors. As far as I know, there is no other usage for other scenarios ... Just only for handling errors
Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and Their Society Share this: Jeepney in action Everybody has the right to access and use public places such as restaurants, cinemas and other public facilities. Everybody means including persons with disabilities (PWDs). Unfortunately, not everyone understands it well. And worse, even up to this day, there are still some business owners who are not aware of this basic requirement, or they just refuse to follow it. As a result, persons with disabilities would usually go online and use the social media as their platform where they can voice out their complaint. Some of us may think that implementing accessibility for PWDs is costly. That it may compromise security. For example, when there’s a ramp that allows a wheelchair bound person to enter a building, you might think that must have extended the allocated budget for the construction of the building right? In this post, I’ll go over a number of accessibility features you could find in public places. Persons with disabilities in the shopping mall One time I wanted to use a public toilet in the mall. I saw that the third door for PWDs was closed. I didn’t have time to ask somebody there why it’s not available. I ended up using the regular toilet instead. It’s fine for me that time and just assumed it’s under maintenance or something. Persons with disabilities in train stations Another accessibility feature can be found in some train stations of both the LRT and MRT. I’m talking about the elevator exclusively for PWDs, senior citizens and pregnant women. people with disabilities and senior citizens are also allowed to ride on the train car for women. These examples are few of the important things you should expect when you are in public places especially if you’re a PWD. I must say that laws for persons with disabilities are almost complete. However, maybe because of financial reasons or unawareness of some individuals or business owners, not all of these features or services I mentioned are implemented fully. Even though the law states the consequences if individuals or businesses failed to comply with the requirements, still many believe that laws for persons with disabilities in the Philippines are still not widely followed; let alone effective. Persons with disabilities as commuters PWDs sector in the Philippines still experiences some type of discrimination. For example, when a person on a wheelchair wants to ride a public transport such as city buses, to my knowledge there have been few cases where the drivers refuse to stop the moment they realized the person was a PWD. This left him no option but to find a taxi instead. But does he really need to extend his budget just to solve this kind of problem? No. That’s why we have laws specially made for them. Laws that can level the rights and privileges of all citizens regardless of their condition. Share this: Joey G. Joey is a blind blogger based in the Philippines. He knows HTML, CSS, PHP and WordPress. He loves to blog, that's why he created this website. He wants to help his community. At the same time, he also wants to improve his writing skills. Leave a Reply
A stronger voice for your educators and their union hero banner Engage education unions as full partners in the discussion and implementation of education reforms. Support labour laws that enable unions to represent their members, organize unorganized workers, and advocate for democratic rights and equality. Ontario public education has benefited from having unions representing teachers and other education workers for more than one hundred years. ETFO and other unions have worked to negotiate compensation and working conditions that attract and retain highly-qualified, committed professionals to the school sector. Through our programs and training, ETFO members engage in professional learning that improves their capacity to be effective educators and keeps them current with new teaching strategies. By advocating for safe and healthy workplaces, education unions ensure students are learning in safe and healthy classrooms. ETFO, through its health and safety representatives, identifies potential hazards such as poor air quality, unsafe equipment, and the potential threat of asbestos. Through their unions, classroom educators advocate for measures to address workplace violence that threatens the safety and well-being of the entire school community. Educators and unions don’t just fight for themselves. They’re fighting for our schools, and your kids. By promoting policies such as smaller classes, curriculum reforms, and more meaningful student assessment policies, unions not only promote improved working conditions for their members—they also address issues that affect student learning and success. Education unions are committed to addressing broader social issues that affect their students’ ability to be successful learners and to become active and engaged citizens. With the support of their union’s training and classroom resources, ETFO members work in their classrooms, their schools, and their communities to fight against poverty, inequality, and discrimination. It is important that the provincial government continue to recognize education unions as important partners in the discussion and implementation of education policies. It is equally important that the government not introduce initiatives that weaken the ability of education unions to represent their members and be strong advocates for public education.
Why More Businesses Are Using Solar Energy using solar panels More and more companies and industries have integrating solar energy systems into their operations. Not only does it provide an alternative source of energy, but it’s also cost-effective, and it is easy to install and integrate. Easy to Install and Use Solar energy can easily be integrated into your company or business’ establishment; in fact, a lot of companies offer Plug-In Solar Panel kits that are very easy to install. Commercial solar energy systems are generally composed of solar panels that harvest the solar energy, an inverter that makes the energy stored ready for use for your grid, meter which tracks the energy used. Some also make use of batteries wherein power is stored and ensures a consistent power supply even when the sun’s not shining. Others also utilize a charge controller which helps prevent overcharging which could damage the batteries. Applicable Anywhere Solar energy can be used anywhere as long as there’s sunlight (which is everywhere above ground). This would be advantageous for businesses in remote areas that cannot be accessed by power lines from an energy provider. And solar energy is relatively cheaper, more convenient, and quieter than fuel-powered generators which are often used in remote places. Additional Components Offer Great Features Having solar photovoltaic (PV) met stations, which are weather/meteorological monitoring devices that are designed to improve the efficiency of solar energy generation, could greatly enhance your business’ solar energy system as well as give your business the capacity to monitor weather which may affect business operations and events. In fact, agriculture is one of the industries that can efficiently utilize and benefit from both solar energy power and PV met stations (weather monitoring) for their operations. Cost Effective and Reduced Expenses A solar energy system can significantly reduce your establishment’s electricity bill, and highly efficient solar energy systems could even become the sole energy source for your building. You’ll only need to invest in the initial equipment required, the installation, and occasional maintenance, and your building would be all set. Even if you only part of your business is partially powered by your solar energy system, it would still have a significant effect on your electric bill. Speaking of maintenance, solar energy systems require very little maintenance and could last decades. Batteries of solar energy systems are often the ones that require maintenance or replacement, but for battery-free systems, there would hardly be any need for maintenance. Eventually, your solar energy system would practically pay for itself with the savings you’d get from using solar power Going Green technician installing solar panels Utilizing renewable energy such as solar energy allows your company to be labeled as a “green” company that doesn’t rely on energy sources that produce greenhouse gases and cause pollution. As such, having the “green” label gives the company a good reputation, and can be used as a PR and marketing tool to attract more customers to your brand and company. Not only that, it would motivate employees knowing that they work for a company that cares for more than just profit. Apart from that, some countries and states offer tax credits and incentives for businesses and establishments that use solar equipment. Solar power can be quite beneficial to one’s business and operations and is fairly straightforward to install and maintain, which is why it’s widely used across different industries. Other components such as solar PV met stations (for optimization and weather monitoring) and batteries (for storage and backup), can also increase your solar energy system’s efficiency and functionality, as well as provide additional features your company can take advantage of. Scroll to Top
inouye solar surface close detail The sun is a violent place, filled with boiling plasma and unpredictable eruptions. Now, the highest-resolution photos and videos ever taken of its surface show that action in unprecedented detail. The National Science Foundation (NSF) released the data and images from the first observations from its Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawai'i on Wednesday. The photos and videos reveal a pattern of roiling plasma that blankets the sun's surface. Each cell-like structure is about the size of Texas. When the telescope's construction ends on June 30, it will help carve out a new era in solar science, with help from NASA's Parker Solar Probe, which is circling the sun, and the upcoming Solar Orbiter, which launches next week. The trio of telescopes could help scientists forecast dangerous eruptions on the sun. They will also produce more photos and videos like those below. Here are the stunning new images, and what to expect next. The Inouye Solar Telescope's first photos reveal a pattern of roiling plasma that blankets the sun's surface. Each cell-like structure is about the size of Texas. inouye solar surface This image covers an area 22,600 miles wide on the sun's surface. The smallest features in this image — the tiniest white dots between plasma cells — are the size of Manhattan. "With the first try, we were able to obtain the highest-resolution images and movies of the solar surface ever taken," Thomas Rimmele, the telescope's director, said in a press briefing. inouye solar telescope NSF’s 4-meter Inouye Solar Telescope sits atop Haleakalā on Maui, Hawai'i, high above the clouds. "The first light was a very tense but also exciting moment. The atmosphere in the telescope control room was similar to a rocket launch. As first images appeared on the screen, they exceeded my expectations," Rimmele added. The 4-meter telescope sits atop the 10,000-foot summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawai'i. The Inouye photos and videos are five times higher in resolution than those from previous solar telescopes. video to gif (13) The left-hand image is the first image from the Inouye Solar Telescope. The right-hand image simulates what the Dunn Solar Telescope would observe if pointing at the same spot on the Sun. "Up to now, we have seen probably just the tip of the iceberg. We have not been able to see the smallest magnetic features that are predicted to exist all over the surface of the sun," Rimmele said. Scientists think the violent motions in the sun's plasma help transport heat from inside to the outer layers of the sun's atmosphere, called the corona. solar surface plasma inouye telescope A movie from the Inouye Solar Telescope shows how the sun's plasma moves across its surface. Hot plasma rises from within the sun in the bright centers of these cells. Then it sinks into the dark alleys in between. Studying the sun's surface in more detail could help scientists unravel a major mystery: why the sun's corona is up to 500 times hotter than its surface. total solar eclipse corona illustration nasa svs An illustration of the sun's corona as seen during a total solar eclipse. Astronomers have been struggling to understand this phenomenon since the 1940s. The telescope could also help scientists unravel the mysteries of space weather and even predict solar events that could be dangerous to humans. Solar Wind The sun sends "solar wind," a stream of high-energy magnetic particles, flowing over Earth. The entire solar system sits within the outer reaches of the sun's atmosphere. That means that magnetic, electrically charged particles from the sun are constantly washing over the planets in a steady stream of what's known as solar wind. The sun's magnetic wind creates aurorae as it interacts with Earth's atmosphere. But the surge of electrically charged particles can damage crucial technology. aurora borealis iss The aurora borealis, or the "northern lights," over Canada is sighted from the space station, September 15, 2017. Events on the sun send out floods of the ions and electrons that make up solar wind. These charged particles travel almost at the speed of light. Solar storms and eruptions can send billions of tons of coronal material hurtling towards Earth, where it can wipe out power grids and damage pipelines. coronal mass ejection sun The sun blows out a coronal mass ejection, February 24, 2015. The electric currents from solar storms can travel down Earth's pipelines and power lines, overpowering technologies that humans rely on. One solar storm in 1989 knocked out Quebec's power for about nine hours. This can be especially dangerous for astronauts traveling far from Earth. These storms hit Earth often, but are rarely strong enough to cause mass damage. The challenge, however, is that dangerous storms are nearly impossible to foresee. The charged particles can reach Earth in under half an hour. In the aftermath of Hurricane Irma in 2017, two such solar storms cut off emergency radio communications for a total of 11 hours. hurricane irma Hurricane Irma approaches Florida, September 9, 2017. "This is a clear example, and there are many others, that have made enhancing the country's resilience to space weather events a national priority," Valentin Pillet, director of NSF's National Solar Observatory, said in the briefing. "On Earth, we can predict if it is going to rain pretty much anywhere in the world very accurately, and space weather just isn't there yet," Matt Mountain, president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, said in a press release. rainfall diner en blanc Attendees begin to evacuate as heavy rain falls at the 2019 NYC Diner en Blanc dining event in New York, July 17, 2019. Andrew Kelly/Reuters Better knowledge about solar wind and the sun's magnetic field could help scientists more fully protect astronauts and spacecraft from violent space weather. By working with two spacecraft as they circle the sun, researchers think this telescope could help forecast space weather events up to 48 hours in advance. Solar Orbiter An artist's illustration of the NASA-ESA Solar Orbiter approaching the sun. ESA/ATG medialab That would allow more time to prepare power grids, satellites, and other technological infrastructure. Right now, the standard warning only comes about 48 minutes before dangerous solar events strike Earth. The European Space Agency is set to launch the Solar Orbiter on February 7. The probe will study solar eruptions and take the first images of the sun's poles. solar orbiter engineers testing ESA's Solar Orbiter at facilities of the aeronautics company IABG in Ottobrunn, Germany, October 17, 2019. ESA/S. Corvaja It will also take unprecedented measurements of the sun's magnetic field and solar wind. Construction on the Inouye Solar Telescope is scheduled to end June 30, just a few weeks after Solar Orbiter begins its first observations. The Parker Solar Probe, which has been circling the sun since November 2018, has already offered new insights into the sun's workings. parker solar probe sun wind particles heat corona space mission illustration nasa goddard space flight center An illustration of the Parker Solar Probe flying through the sun's searing-hot corona and withstanding blasts of solar wind particles. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center For the first time, the probe found evidence of a zone with no cosmic dust, as well as a source of solar wind. It also discovered previously unseen bursts of rapid solar wind that bend the sun's magnetic field backward and could help explain why the corona is so hot. The spacecraft is set to zip around the sun 21 more times in the next six years. Together, these new observatories are launching a "new era" for studying the sun, Pillet said. the sun will explode astronomy earth solar system end of the world Bright spots and illuminated arcs of solar material hovering in the sun's atmosphere highlight its active regions, April 20, 2015. "It really is a great time to be a solar astronomer," Pillet added. "We're going to produce a transformational change in our understanding of how we as a civilization are magnetically connected to and impacted by the sun." Deal icon An icon in the shape of a lightning bolt. Keep reading
Several governing factors can be accumulated to chart out the negative impacts on a baby's health. Likewise, there are Internal and external factors that come in play when a baby starts growing, often which we have no control over. So, as parents, you should responsibly understand the nuances of the factors having negative impacts on them. Defining Growth and Development would help you understand the finer nuances of these factors. Although growth and development are being used almost synonymously, they have their respective meanings. Growth is incremental, something which we can see for ourselves - height and weight changes. But development is mostly associated with qualitative changes that cause maturity with an increase. So, instead of treating them as synonyms, their complementary behavior needs to be understood since they are inseparable and simultaneous. For instance, babies tend to weigh around 8-10 kgs on a tentative scale when they reach the age of 8 months. They are mostly able to sit up as well around this age period. Now, coming to the factors - there will be factors weighing in from nature and nurture since they do have that lingering contribution to a baby's growth and development, healthy or otherwise. However, nature endows your baby with constant influences; it is the nurture that deals with the variables. Here are 6 significant factors that can potentially have negative impacts on your baby's health. 1. Lack of exercise and associated activities The exercise here is not being used in the traditional sense of physical training. It refers to the playtime and sports activities that become an incremental factor for them to garner bone mass and muscle strength. So, lack of it would only be detrimental and become a deterrent to their quantitative growth. What can you do: Helping your baby engage with small exercise patterns. It can be anything as long as they are playful and engaging. Exercises do help babies strengthen their immune system. If you take them outdoors for such activities, it helps them stave off diseases since outdoor play would expose them to microbes that will build up their immune structure and prevent allergies. 2. A non-baby-friendly environment This factor is often undermined, but it is as critical as it sounds. The environment is one of the many governing factors that represents the culmination of psychological and physical stimulation that they receive. So, these are fundamental factors; lack of it otherwise would be detrimental to your baby's health. Environmental factors can weigh-in on the baby's development, especially within a geographical and physical context. What can you do: A baby needs to be in a nurturing environment. A loving family can help a baby develop the intuition that would eventually help them with their interpersonal skills and communication. But with babies brought up in a stressful environment, the development can be hindered. 3. Air Pollutants Although the long-term effects of babies being exposed to outdoor air pollutants aren't understood, indoor contaminants can have a diverse impact on a baby's developing lungs. Indoor contaminants mainly get generated from combustion emitting nitrogen dioxide, particulates, CO and sulfur dioxides, and even from indoor tobacco smoking. Health effects may range from light respiratory irritation to wheezing and coughing, allergic response, cancer, asthma, et al. These effects were studied by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2003 What can you do: You can minimize the use of resources from where these indoor air pollutants emitted. Tobacco smoking when there is a baby in the house is strictly prohibited - this factor, however, is a lot under your control. 4. Malnutrition Lack of Nutrition is yet another critical factor that affects a baby's health, quite evidently so. Nutrition is critically required to give the body what it needs, i.e., to repair and build itself. So, Malnutrition leaves an adverse impact on a baby's health, leading to deficiency diseases. They can equally be detrimental to their growth and development. What can you do: You can chart out a healthy diet for your baby. Consult with your pediatrician and be in the loop for check-ups for any weight discrepancies. A balanced diet that is rich in minerals, proteins, vitamins, and fats can amplify the development of your baby's body and brain. However, overeating is not advised since it can lead to obesity and eventual health issues. 5. Lack of familial influence A baby needs to be under constant supervision and support, which usually comes from a family. The way a baby is nurtured determines their eventual patterns of development and growth. Regardless of how they were raised, babies need care, love, and courtesy to become healthy individuals. Families or primary caregivers who are neglect or abuse deters any possibility of healthy and positive development. What can you do: As parents, you can be the structural support of your baby. Helicopter parenting, however, can incur a negative impact since the child will be overly dependent on their parents, even when they grow up. The most positive growth and development is noticed within families that invest time, love, and energy on their baby. 6. Food Contaminants Food Contaminants can have broad categorization as either toxic or pathogenic. Pathogenic agents contain viruses, parasites, and bacteria that generate toxins. Food contaminants do harm babies, which can lead to hyperactivity or even developmental neurotoxicity from the exposure of pesticides in food. What to do: While baby food, which is often prescribed, they are complimentary meals. The primary source of your baby's meal should be handled with hygiene, and the source of the same should be fresh, organic, and toxin-free. Wrapping Up Although nature contributes to the growth and development of a baby, nurture is what determines more. Some of these factors are controllable, while others remain out of your control proximity. But there are few fundamental things that you can ensure - the baby gets enough sleep, their nutritional intake, exercise habits et al. Related blog: 6 common hand, foot, and mouth diseases common in children No Text
What Is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Known For? Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a city with a rich history mixed with modern flair. It houses some of the latest industries with cutting-edge technology, while also being home to monuments of historical significance. So, what exactly is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania known for? Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is known as the ‘Steel City’ with more than 300 steel-related businesses operating out of the area. It is also popularly known as the ‘City of Bridges’ owing to the fact that Pittsburgh has more bridges than any other city in the world. These titles make an apparent distinction between Pittsburgh and every other city in the world. However, Pittsburgh has become a famous city in its own right for many reasons. In this article, I will explore what Pittsburgh is most popularly known for and why it should be a destination on your bucket list. Related Posts: Pittsburgh’s History Makes It Special Pittsburgh was a part of the American ‘Rust Belt’ – those cities in North America that experienced an industrial decline in the ’80s. But the town wasn’t in this state before the ’80s, and it’s come a long way since then. After the city was reinvented, the industrial sector boomed, and now Pittsburgh is a buzzing hub for both businesses and tourists paying a visit. Here are a few things that make the city famous. 1. Steel City 2. City of Bridges 3. Fort Pitt Block House 4. City of Stairs 5. Invention of the Big Mac 6. Invention of Ketchup 7. The First Digital Emoticon 8. First T-Rex Statue 9. World’s First Art Museum 10. Largest Bicycle Museum Let’s take a closer look at these notable attributes and attractions. 1. Steel City Thanks to its unique geography and the geology of its terrain, Pittsburgh became a major producer of steel, which led to the growth of industry and steel-related business in the region. The most effective fuel for smelting iron and extracting steel is called ‘coke.’ This fuel can only be obtained using coal, through a process known as thermal distilling. Pittsburgh is a land rich in sulfur-free and slate-free coal – the best quality coal that the Earth has to offer. The presence of coal led to the creation of large amounts of high-quality coke, used as fuel in the blast furnaces where steel is manufactured. Thanks to the abundance of coal, manufacturing large quantities of steel became effortless, making Pittsburgh the city with the highest steel production in the U.S. In 1911, Pittsburgh was producing more than half the nation’s requirement of steel, and today over 300 steel-related businesses reside in Pittsburgh. 2. City of Bridges Thanks to the abundance of steel, the construction of infrastructure has never been an issue in Pittsburgh. The city is chock-full of railroads, highways, and other industrial structures. However, the most notable steel constructions in Pittsburgh are the numerous bridges that dot the city. Pittsburgh is home to a whopping 446 bridges, making it the city with the most number of bridges in the world (even more than Venice, Italy). The famous bridges in Pittsburgh include: • Smithfield Street Bridge: This structure is the longest in-service bridge and the oldest steel bridge in the country. • Phillip Murray Bridge: The bridge was built to honor the labor movement and the positive impact it had on the industrial city of Pittsburgh. • Fort Duquesne Bridge: This bridge is popularly called the ‘Bridge to Nowhere’ because of its many unfinished ramps. 3. Fort Pitt Block House Spanning over 36 acres lies Point State Park in downtown Pittsburgh. Point State Park is famous as it houses one of the oldest monuments in Pittsburgh – Fort Pitt Block House. Fort Pitt is a reminder of the struggle between the Native Americans, French colonists, and British colonists. A part of the fort (which lies intact) played a pivotal role in the French and Indian War, during which time the entire city of Pittsburgh itself was to be the battlefield. 4. City of Stairs As if the ‘Steel City’ and ‘City of Bridges’ wasn’t enough, Pittsburgh had to go and add another title to its list – the City of Stairs. Second, only to Venice, Italy, Pittsburgh has set the record for most staircases constructed in a single city. Pittsburgh boasts over 700 sets of steps used to traverse the hilly, bumpy terrain of the city. In order to maintain these steps, the citizens organize an annual ‘StepTrek’ where volunteers from all over the country come together to explore the city through its multiple stairways. Most volunteers set out on this monumental trek for a variety of reasons. The long and winding journey includes access to unobstructed viewpoints of Pittsburgh’s natural landscape,an exploration of pathways shrouded in bushes and thick green foliage, and the chance to test their fitness. Whatever your reasons for joining the StepTrek, be warned – the trail length covers a distance equivalent to climbing Mt. Washington (over 1900 meters)! 5. Invention of the Big Mac Today, McDonald’s is famous for its Big Mac, but are you aware that the idea behind this burger was first conceptualized in Pittsburgh? Michael James Delligatti, better known as Jim, was a Pittsburgher with a flair for creativity. He lived for years in California working at a burger joint, where he learned the basics of making burgers. Jim wanted to make a burger that provided excellent quality at an affordable price. And while toying with various combinations in his spare time, he struck upon the ultimate American burger – the Big Mac. He set up shop to sell his invention and soon became a franchisee owner of the world-famous McDonald’s. Today, you can visit the Big Mac Museum in Pittsburgh and get a rundown of the history of the Big Mac, including details of its invention and the creation of its famous jingle. You’ll also find displays of vintage McDonald’s burger wrappers, kid’s meals, and toys used throughout the years. 6. Invention of Heinz The famous Heinz ketchup originated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and is a staple in all American fast-food chains. Perhaps more astonishing is the fact that Henry Heinz, the inventor of Heinz, also happened to be the inventor of ketchup as we know it. In 1869, Henry Heinz, the son of a German immigrant, adopted a Chinese recipe called ‘Catsup’ which was popularly used as a fish sauce. The formula used tomatoes, special seasoning, and starch – all the requirements to making modern-day ketchup. In effect, Heinz became the predecessor of all ketchup manufactured today, and they have been in business for over 150 years. For more information on food in Pittsburgh and where to get all the best eats check out this guide! 7. First Digital Emoticons Emojis have become such a regular aspect of digital communication that we rarely stop to think about them. But the first emoticon used to communicate the tone of a message originated in Pittsburgh. The first digital emoticon was founded in 1982 by Scott Fahlman, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, located in Pittsburgh. He suggested that a smiley face – 🙂 – could be used to imply a more humorous tone in the message, letting the recipient know the feeling behind a particular text. The sad face – 🙁 would be used to convey seriousness or sadness in one’s posts. Little did Scott know that his tiny discovery would revolutionize digital communication, turning into the plethora of emojis used so ubiquitously today. 8. World’s First T-Rex Skeleton The first-ever T-Rex skeleton was discovered back in 1902, and you’ll have the chance to take a good long look at it if you’re ever in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This gigantic skeleton with a 5-foot long skull and serrated teeth was initially housed in the American Museum of Natural History for a few decades. In 1941, the Carnegie Museum of Art bought the skeleton, where it has been stored and maintained ever since. 9. World’s First Art Museum The Carnegie Art Museum, mentioned in the previous point, also happens to be the world’s first museum dedicated to modern art. The creator Andrew Carnegie possessed a vision of creating a space where American art could be documented, and a record of its progress and development could be maintained. In effect, Carnegie Museum became the world’s first museum of modern art. 10. Largest Bicycle Museum Tucked away on the northern shores of Pittsburgh, a short distance from the North Shore bike trail, you will come across a peculiar sort of museum – Bicycle Heaven. This bicycle museum is the largest in the world, where you’re sure to find an incredibly diverse collection of bicycles and bicycle parts. The museum also doubles as a repair shop, where avid biking enthusiasts can buy new bikes and avail of repairs while getting a glimpse of cycles across history, from vintage editions to the latest ones today. Here you’ll find famous bicycles, like the Schwinn used in Pee-Wee Herman’s ‘The Big Adventure.’ You’ll also find the most extensive collection of the renowned fiberglass Bowden Spacelander, a bicycle that stores energy when ridden downhill, using it to propel the bike when riding uphill. Entry to Bicycle Heaven is free as the museum doubles as a retail and repair shop. The museum also acts as a prop consultant providing bicycles for TV shows, movies, and theatrical performances. Now that you have a list of places to check out when you’re in the city, here’s some additional information that can help you plan a trip to Pittsburgh. 1. What’s the Best Time To Visit Pittsburgh? The best times to visit Pittsburgh would be in summer (July to August) or in the fall (September to November). Pittsburgh experiences some form of precipitation (usually rainfall) for at least 140 days a year. Thanks to the constant rain, there’s a small window of time in which to explore the city. 2. How Do You Get Around in Pittsburgh? You can get around Pittsburgh with traditional transportation options like buses, trains, and taxis. Pittsburgh also has a well-connected light rail and Zipcar to get you where you need to be. During its reinvention, Pittsburgh developed an integrated transportation system granting easy access to those wishing to navigate the city. 3. Is It Safe To Travel Through Pittsburgh? It is safe to travel through Pittsburgh, and it is rated as one of the safest cities of comparable size in the U.S. The crime rate in Pittsburgh is usually lower than the national crime rate. Roadmaps and city maps are available at local rest stops and tourist information centers as well, which make your journey easier, even if you’re only passing through. You can always ask your hotel or lodging host for more information if you’re unsure how to get somewhere or need assistance in booking an excursion. 4. How Affordable Is a Trip to Pittsburgh? The cost of living in Pittsburgh is much higher than in most other U.S. cities. A trip to Pittsburgh is relatively affordable if you cut back on daily food, transportation, and lodging costs. You may need to set aside anywhere between $130 and $160 for each day of your vacation, but travelers on a tighter budget can reduce spending to $45 on food and $18 on transport per day. Of course, if you’re on a tight budget, you can significantly reduce your lodging costs even further by Couchsurfing or volunteering on Workaway. The cost of your vacation will also be influenced by how many people are traveling in your group and what activities you’re interested in participating in. 5. Is Pittsburgh Pet-Friendly? Pittsburgh is pet-friendly and a very welcoming place for your canine friends. The city is home to several pet-friendly hotels, restaurants, and even ice cream parlors! Some pubs, like Allegheny City Brewing even allow customers to bring their dogs along for quality time while sipping on one of their cold craft brews. Final Thoughts The successful reinvention of Pittsburgh has elevated it to a world-class destination and a center for art, technology, sports, and great food. The city has also preserved a significant portion of its natural cover, with some of the lushest foliage you’ll find in Pennsylvania. The greenery, combined with staircases that offer unobstructed views of the city, makes Pittsburgh a hotspot for nature lovers. So aside from the obvious reasons to visit the city, like the museums and its many bridges, Pittsburgh makes for a great travel destination for those looking to explore a rustic vibe with a more modern twist. If you’re planning a trip to Pittsburgh check out this guide of 100 Things to do in Pittsburgh before you die!
School Logo Discover More About the UK Go Jetters Discover more about the UK Places and Landmarks with the Go Jetters: Pirate Bunnies: World Adventures Are you ready for an adventure? Hop on Captain Carrot’s ship and explore the world with the Pirate Bunnies! You can earn treasure by completing these quests: • discover the seven continents on the map • find the world’s five oceans • sail your ship north, east, south and west to get to the treasure • spot the features of different seasons • experiment with different weather features • explore the United Kingdom • and discover flags from around the world hiding in the sand! Each quest will give you a golden coin and each golden coin will get you closer to the treasure! Sail away and practise your geography skills with this BBC Bitesize game. What is the difference between Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and the British Isles? The United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (to give its full name) refers to the political union between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The UK is a sovereign state, but the nations that make it up are also countries in their own right. The Channel Islands and Isle of Man are not part of the UK, but are Crown Dependencies. Great Britain Great Britain is the official collective name of of England, Scotland and Wales and their associated islands. It does not include Northern Ireland and therefore should never be used interchangeably with ‘UK’. British Isles This is purely a geographical term – it refers to the islands of Great Britain and Ireland – including the Republic of Ireland – and the 5000 or so smaller islands scattered around our coasts. Remember this only refers to geography, not nationality, and while the Republic of Ireland is part of the British Isles, its people are not British – a very important distinction. Picture and text provided by
benefits of reading Reading for personal growth: How a reading habit can lead to self-improvement Reading can refine your intelligence, help you discover practical insights on life and even reduce your daily stress. When you have a busy schedule, finding time for yourself can be harder than you think. A regular day for most of us is spent multitasking between work responsibilities and household chores, social commitments and much more. When you have so much on your plate, how do you make time for activities that can assist you in your quest for personal growth? A simple solution would be to develop a reading habit. You can begin by picking up a self-help book from your shelf or reading an article on the internet. It won’t take much time to read an article as compared to finishing a book in one sitting, given the time constraint. Once you develop the habit, keep some time aside every day for reading. Read five pages of a book a day, and gradually build on it. Doing so daily can enrich your life in many ways. Reading can refine your intelligence, help you discover practical insights on life and even reduce your daily stress. It is a great tool for personal growth, leading to a lifelong process of self-discovery and self-improvement. By incorporating a reading habit into your daily routine, you will learn new things every day and reinvent your worldview. Here are six effective ways in which reading can help you become a better version of yourself. Improves your communication skills A reading habit is important both for your professional and personal growth. Books, blogs and insightful articles give you the ability to roam the world, travel back in time and look into the future, right from the convenience of your home. You don’t just gain knowledge, but also acquire the wisdom and intelligence to expand your imagination. When you have a strong knowledge base, it becomes much easier to communicate with people. Reading also enhances your conversational abilities. As you read, you become more comfortable with the language and can use it more confidently both in oral and written communication. Boosts your cognitive skills According to the National Institute on Aging, USA, reading keeps your mind engaged as you grow older and reduces cognitive decline. Another study showed that people who read every day maintain and improve their cognitive functioning. This is because the brain, like the rest of the body, requires exercise to remain agile and alert. The more your brain is used, the better it works. As you read, you will be able to exercise your brain and also maintain your focus for longer periods, thus leading to personal growth. Makes you empathetic Books are portals to another world and time, both real and fictional. When you read, you find yourself walking in the shoes of the characters and experiencing the world from different perspectives. For example, if you read psychiatrist Viktor Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning, which narrates his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps, you can feel the vivid account. When you read, you explore the inner lives and thoughts of the unique characters and individuals, which gives you a heightened ability to connect with their feelings, beliefs and their way of life. This enables you to better understand the world around you and how other people think and feel. You gradually become more empathetic in your own life as well, which is an essential element for personal growth. Elevates your mood Reading can transport you to an entirely different world, providing you with a temporary escape from life’s daily rush and everyday stressors. According to a study conducted by the University of Sussex, England, participants who engaged in just six minutes of reading—whether a newspaper or a book—experienced a slowed heart rate and reduced muscle tension. Also, reading has been shown to produce effects similar to meditation by providing deep relaxation and inner calm. So the next time you’re feeling anxious or stressed, just pick up a good book to take your mind away from what’s worrying you. Strengthens your brain function Reading can help improve overall brain function and memory. A study found that becoming engrossed in a novel improves connectivity in the brain. The study further revealed that the changes in the brain caused by reading fiction novels were registered in the left temporal cortex, an area of the brain associated with tricking the mind into thinking it is doing something that it is not. This phenomenon is known as embodied cognition, which helps improve imagination and build creativity. Another research conducted by Emory University showed that MRI scans of participants who read the thriller novel Pompeii by Robert Harris over an extended period had “heightened connectivity in the left temporal cortex, an area of the brain associated with receptivity for language.” Therefore, reading can help your brain process information verbally and visually. Expands your vocabulary Reading is one of the easiest and most effective ways to improve intellect and build your vocabulary. You will gain consistent exposure to new words, learn their meanings and understand the context in which they are used. You will certainly expand your vocabulary base since you will know more words and new ways to use them in a conversation or writing. The greater the variety of your reading, the more diverse your vocabulary will become. You will also be able to articulate your thoughts better and express how you feel, which will further aid in your personal growth. 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How Many Syllables are in Pine \| Divide Pine into Syllables How many syllables are in pine? 1 syllable Divide pine into syllables: pine How to pronounce pine: US English Accent and Pronunciation: British English Accent and Pronunciation: Definition of: Pine (New window will open) Freelance Writing Opportunities Pine Poems: (See poems with this word. New window will open) Synonyms and Words Related to Pine pines (1 syllables), ache (1 Syllables), languish (2 Syllables), long (1 Syllables), pine tree (2 Syllables), true pine (2 Syllables), yearn (1 Syllables), yen (1 Syllables) ache (1 syllables), adjudicate (4 syllables), ament (2 syllables), bract (1 syllables), bramble (2 syllables), briar (2 syllables), brier (2 syllables), cactus (2 syllables), emaciate (4 syllables), hanker (2 syllables), herbarium (4 syllables), kahikatea (4 syllables), languish (2 syllables), lauhala (3 syllables), lodgepole (2 syllables), What do you think of our answer to how many syllables are in pine? Are the syllable count, pronunciation, words that rhyme, and syllable divisions for pine correct? There are numerous syllabic anomalies found within the U.S. English language. Can pine be pronounced differently? Did we divide the syllables correctly? Do regional variations in the pronunciation of pine effect the syllable count? Has language changed? Provide your comments or thoughts on the syllable count for pine below. Comment on the syllables in Pine A comprehensive resource for finding syllables in pine, how many syllables are in pine, words that rhyme with pine, how to divide pine into syllables, how to pronounce pine in US and British English, how to break pine into syllables.
Principles of a Diabetic Cat Diet The proper cat diet can make a huge difference in the treatment and healthy maintenance for the diabetic cat. Organic cat food and chicken cat food are often the best choices to help reduce the symptoms of diabetes. The Role of Carbohydrates Diabetes is usually linked to a high carbohydrate dry food diet and poor cat food nutrition. A cat diet low in carbohydrates but with high protein, and filled with whole ingredients, helps keep your cat's blood sugar under control. Making raw kitten food can help prevent diabetes in future years. Many canned foods are also high in carbohydrates so reading the labels carefully is important. A cat diet higher in protein mimics what a cat would eat in the wild. Carbohydrates, Obesity and Cat Diabetes Cats naturally use proteins and fats for energy and do not process carbohydrates economically from a digestion standpoint. If carbohydrates exceed 8% of the cat diet, the excess carbohydrates are stored as fat. The increased fat cells promote diabetes due to an increase in insulin resistance. Completely removing carbohydrates from rice and wheat results in the best cat food nutrition for the diabetic cat. Fiber Is Not Helpful Cat diet experts used to believe that a diabetic cat would benefit from a high fiber diet. But a cat's natural diet is not very high in fiber. If making raw kitten food, it is important to avoid adding excess fiber to the cat diet. Chicken cat food, organic cat food, and high quality cat foods formulated for the diabetic cat will contain the proper amount of fiber for your cat. The Importance of Animal Protein and Water In nature, the cat diet consists of whole animal protein and moisture in the form of blood, animal moisture, and fresh water. Chicken cat food helps free your cat from diabetic symptoms. Cats are not meant to eat plant-based proteins. Water is a key component in a healthy cat diet. Cats aren't naturally thirsty for water alone and they absorb moisture most effectively through their intestines. Avoid Dry Cat Food Dry food provides poor cat food nutrition and is detrimental especially for the diabetic cat. The ingredients in dry cat food are often processed, and it usually consists of by-products and fillers. The protein in dry cat food tends to be more plant-based than animal-based. Cats have the healthiest blood sugar levels with chicken cat food or cat food rich in other whole animal proteins. Dry cat food also contains very little water which is especially important for cats to absorb enough cat food nutrition. The protein in dry cat food has often been cooked extensively at high temperatures. This significantly reduces the biological value of the protein sources and it destroys other ingredients that are important for your cat. Cat prey in the wild consists of 70-75% water. Canned cat food and raw kitten food most closely approximate the diet in the wild.
FAQ about How Best to Write an Essay Introduction FAQs, or Frequently Asked Questions, are a fundamental part of the academic writing process. One of the most important pieces of your essay, they provide an opportunity for you to answer a query which may be on your mind before going into the meat of your assignment. In the introduction part of your mission, the FAQ is one of the best opportunities to demonstrate to the reader what your subject is all about. It helps you to start discussing your subject early, gives you a chance to answer any questions that might be lingering in your reader’s head, and gives you one of the greatest opportunities to market your own paper. There are several different formats to your FAQ. The most common is likely to just write a brief paragraph detailing why your topic is significant and answering any questions that might appear. Some universities require it, others promote it. If you are requested to submit a FAQ, there are a couple of things to remember to format it correctly. To begin with, always begin with an introduction. The question you are asking at the start of the FAQ addresses the most important aspect of your topic. If your introduction starts with a thesis FAQ on how to write an essay introduction statement (supported by numerous paragraphs of supporting evidence), you are probably being asked to write a FAQ on the best way to write an introduction. If your opening paragraph is simply a question like”Why is your topic important?” Secondly, always ensure that your introduction includes a thesis statement. A thesis statement is the most important part of your introduction, because it compels the discussion you will begin the next paragraph with. Finally, make certain that you finish your debut with a paragraph that closes with a postscript (signifying the end of your debut ). Your final paragraph should also have a postscript to formally acknowledge your participation in the study as well as finish your explanation of your topic. As you can see, your FAQ about the best way best to compose an essay introduction needs to do more than just have a list of your study and expertise; it also must effectively complete the question arrangement outlined above. You may end up wondering how you ought to start your introduction if your topic isn’t already controversial. It is best to start your debut with a simple argument: something that has been debated between you and your study partner, so that you could best present your arguments. Don’t attempt and cover all the possible views held by both you and your competitor; only focus on one or two (or a couple ) so you can create an effective outline for the rest of your work. The second step in creating an introduction would be to create a high-value argument. This can be easier said than done, however, there are a number of approaches you may use to develop a strong, persuasive argument. Among the best strategies to safeguard your introduction is persuasive is to create your argument based on previous research. If you have read any papers, books, or other functions on the subject, you’ll discover that the principal point is often repeated – which one fact or theory is overwhelmingly supported by the facts and proof. Although this appears to be a very simple concept, it’s often overlooked by people writing essays, even as they worry they are perceived as oversimplifying things or as misrepresenting the situation. Rather than doing this, incorporate a few of the ideas to the body of your own text and show your main point is supported by research. A debut without this added piece of verbiage is not as credible and makes it more difficult for readers to understand your own work. 0 پاسخ دیدگاه خود را ثبت کنید میخواهید به بحث بپیوندید؟ احساس رایگان برای کمک! دیدگاهتان را بنویسید نشانی ایمیل شما منتشر نخواهد شد. بخش‌های موردنیاز علامت‌گذاری شده‌اند *
Monday, July 14, 2008 The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Fusion of Disciplines When we think of the Dead Sea Scrolls (hereafter DSS), we tend to focus on the literary texts unearthed from the desert area of the Dead Sea. This is not a complete picture, however, for not only do we have literary texts but there are also forays into other disciplines. While this is probably not a definitive list, I include some of the noteworthy points of departure for study in the DSS. First, there is the aspect of history (both modern and ancient) connected to the study. The story of the discovery of the DSS, from the Bedouin shepherds in 1947 in a cave to the subsequent discoveries in other caves, is colored by mystery and intrigue. I might be exaggerating there a bit, but the story of the first discovery to the publications of the DSS makes quite interesting historical reading. Coupled with the modern story of how they were brought to light is the vexing question of the history of the texts themselves. What was the timeframe of which these people lived, who lived in the Qumran community, what were they reacting against, why did they take such care to assimilate and keep so many writings (both biblical writings and parabiblical ones)? These and many other questions continue to draw scholars into the sometimes mysterious world of this academic study. So, historically, there are reasons to study the finds and the texts of the DSS. Second, the matter of intertextuality and I will briefly define what I mean here with some questions. How do the DSS enlighten our knowledge of both the First and Second Testaments and what do they say about the forming Judaism of the time and the origins of early Christianity? Did the Christians know of these texts and assimilate them in some way? Did the Qumran community react against a religious system they felt no longer was tenable and thus constructed an alternative? How did formative Judaism react and respond to the charges brought by the Qumran community? Third, the contribution of archaeology cannot be highlighted enough in reference to the DSS. Archaeological discoveries in the Dead Sea area have helped us understand the world of the first centuries of the Common Era in amazing ways. One little tidbit that continually makes me laugh was the discovery of a toilet in the Qumran community and the publications spawned from that discovery. I wonder what our toilets will say to archaeologists two thousand years from now!! Seriously, archaeology, as it finds buildings, pottery, space, cemetaries, and even toilets has opened up worlds of knowledge in first century history. Fourth, carbon dating has contributed to the field of the DSS. How can this be - well carbon dating has been used with good results in the actual dating of the documents that were written or assimilated by the DSS community. It helps place the timeframe for the texts and even though it is not able to isolate the exact year as the findings are disputed, there have been great strides in placing the writings in the first centuries of the Common Era. Finally, of course, are the texts themselves and this rich literary treasure will be explored more later. The texts reflect diversity of genre and show a community in the grip of keeping an identity it felt important and a religious tradition it felt was slipping away. There are probably many other trajectories for study, but I include this that I feel are important. Feel free to add more if you would like in the comments or dispute mine, that is part of the process of discovery isn't it? 1 comment: 1. Although Tom laughs at the matter, some scholars have argued that the discovery of a (supposedly ancient) latrine in Qumran supports the Essene hypothesis. For an apt criticism of this view see Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...
What's A Blog And How Does It Work? What's A Blog And How Does It Work? Blogs are now an integral part of the Internet world. Each time we hear the word weblog we know that it is something related to new technology, however the question arises, what's a weblog? Weblog are on-line journals. They're used as short form of web logs which means a list of writings on the Internet. When all of the writing is combined collectively to present it a look like a small website it is called a blog. A blog might be comprised of news, articles, personal diary pages, pictures, audios, video, company info, product to be sold, their advertisement and the list is endless. There is one thing that you will see commonly in each blog and that could be a chronological orders where the newer publish (the content written in blog) seems within the front pages. Basically the fresh submit might be above the final publish that you've got written. The essential goal of doing so is to make readers acquainted with the updated content. Then, there is the archive list from where reader can go to the desired put up as well. How does a weblog work? The basic working of a weblog starts from the content material administration system used to create that particular blog. This is where a blogger creates, designs, manages posts, manages remark and experiments with the blog. Basically this is the place the place weblog gets it's look. There are additionally other standard on-line interfaces like Wordpress, Blogger, etc. which give menu pushed options to the person, however the basic functioning, is the same. That's to help bloggers to mange blogs. A weblog gets its look via coding languages like HTML, PHP and CSS, but typically bloggers haven't got to enter these particulars because the content material administration system or the web interface give bloggers preset themes which can be menu driven and might be designed as well edited easily. These on-line interfaces give blogs their original themes, but these will be changed by way of different theme codes which are freely available on the Internet. These websites or other blogs provide theme templates and show you the demo model so it's easier so that you can choose and resolve the type of look one needs for the blog. These themes are divided into varied columns to make the appearance good and easy to surf. There are additionally some major inbuilt functions like an archive list, place to show author's profile, option of receiving feedback, labels for the put up and options to show a popular or recent posts. For blogs to work, the writer has to decide on a proper subject and then write blog posts accordingly. For those who have any kind of concerns about exactly where as well as how you can utilize mesheala, you are able to contact us at our site.
Research: public transport-based crowdshipping for city logistics A new paper aims at evaluating the environmental and economic impacts of a crowdshipping platform in cities. The study refers to the city of Rome and considers crowdshipping based on the use of the mass transit network of the city, where crowdshippers pick-up/drop-off goods in automated parcel lockers located either inside the transit stations or in their surroundings. Crowd shipping Crowdshipping is a possible solution that foresees the integration of passenger and freight mobility. In line with the sharing economy, it implies delivering goods using the crowd making use of modern information communication technologies. Crowdshippers are passengers that would use the transit network anyhow for other activities (e.g., commuting), thus avoiding additional trips. The study firstly estimated the willingness to use a crowdshipping service like the one proposed here, in order to quantify the potential demand. The willingness is evaluated by performing an extensive stated preference survey and discrete choice modeling. The possibility to plan the delivery date and its time schedule is the most relevant feature while having a lower shipping time with respect to the current situation has the lowest impact on utility. This reflects the fact that the actual delivery system is, in general, efficient in terms of shipping time (e.g., same-day delivery) while time windows are usually large, and people have to wait at home for their goods, producing either dissatisfaction or missing deliveries. Economic sustainability Several scenarios with different features of the service are proposed and evaluated up to 2025 in terms of both externalities (local and global pollutant emissions, noise emissions and accidents reductions) and revenues. Screen Shot 2019-02-19 at 09.09.46 The economic sustainability is reached only with public incentives justified by the reduction of externalities to the society that such a system can produce. The biggest challenge policy-makers have to face is the redistribution of costs and benefits among stakeholders. In particular, policy-makers should provide the subsidies needed to cover platform costs due to the collective benefits it would The results are useful to understand and quantify the potential of this strategy for last mile B2C deliveries. Moreover, it provides local policy-makers and freight companies with a good knowledge base for the future development of a platform for public transport-based crowdshipping and for estimating the likely impact the system could have both from an economic and environmental point of view. Source: Gatta, V., Marcucci, E., Nigro, M., Patella, S., & Serafini, S. (2019). Public Transport-Based Crowdshipping for Sustainable City Logistics: Assessing Economic and Environmental Impacts. Sustainability, 11(1), 145. Leave a Reply
What Is Computer? Computer & TechnologyPc science is a self-discipline that works with processing information in digital computer systems — and probably quantum computer systems sooner or later. It is the integration of principles and applied sciences required to collect, store, access and course of info. Normally, pc science focuses on designing algorithms for fixing complicated problems. The Virginia Commonwealth College Division of Laptop Science (CS) covers core areas of laptop science with a focus on data science and cybersecurity. Laptop science graduates are in excessive demand and luxuriate in excellent employment alternatives after graduation. The second computer era started within the late 1950s, when digital machines using transistors turned commercially available. Though this kind of semiconductor machine had been invented in 1948, greater than 10 years of developmental work was needed to render it a viable various to the vacuum tube The small dimension of the transistor, its higher reliability, and its relatively low energy consumption made it vastly superior to the tube. Its use in computer circuitry permitted the manufacture of digital techniques that were considerably more environment friendly, smaller, and quicker than their first-generation ancestors. Stipulations: Any introductory course in linear algebra and any introductory course in statistics are each required. Highly really useful: COMS W4701 or data of Synthetic Intelligence. The NHS was notably susceptible as a result of so a lot of its systems ran on Windows XP, a model of the working system Microsoft stopped supporting years ago. Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or particular person state Employment Projections workplaces. All state projections information can be found at Info on this web site permits projected employment growth for an occupation to be in contrast amongst states or to be compared within one state. As well as, states might produce projections for areas; there are hyperlinks to each state’s web sites where these knowledge could also be retrieved. The size of transistor parts regularly decreases in an effort to pack extra on a chip. In 2001 a transistor commonly had dimensions of zero.25 micron (or micrometre; 1 micron = 10−6 metre), and 0.1 micron was projected for 2006. This latter size would allow 200 million transistors to be placed on a chip (relatively than about forty million in 2001). As a result of the wavelength of visible mild is just too great for enough decision at such a small scale, ultraviolet photolithography techniques are being developed. As sizes lower further, electron beam or X-ray methods will grow to be needed. Each such advance requires new fabrication vegetation, costing several billion dollars apiece. Within the Apple ID Abstract part, next to Pc Authorizations, you will see the variety of computers that you have authorized. You won’t see the names of those computers. Information varieties and constructions: arrays, stacks, singly and doubly linked lists, queues, timber, units, and graphs. Programming techniques for processing such constructions: sorting and looking, hashing, rubbish collection. Storage administration. Rudiments of the evaluation of algorithms. Taught in Java. Notice: Due to important overlap, college students may obtain credit score for under one of many following three courses: COMS W3134 , W3136, or W3137. You may have the pliability to decide on the correct mix of programs to fit your pursuits and career targets, selecting from lessons like Superior Programs Architecture, Multimedia Networking, Synthetic Intelligence, and Biovisualization. As soon as told to run this program, the pc will perform the repetitive addition task with out further human intervention. It can virtually never make a mistake and a modern COMPUTER can complete the task in a fraction of a second. By Saturday night in Europe, the cybersecurity firm Avast was reporting that it had recorded a large peak” of WannaCry assaults, bringing the full to 126,000 computers in 104 nations. It's only fair to share...Share on Facebook
25 Dangerous Water Borne Diseases We Need To Fight Now Water is said to be the source of life. However, research has already shown us that just as much as it could be a life-giving sustenance, it could also bring much peril. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2009 that waterborne diseases are the deadliest killers known to man. It is not the water per se that causes harm – it is the various contaminants and microorganisms that thrive in the water. Diseases can easily be contracted not just by drinking contaminated drinking water but also by merely getting into contact with it. Diarrhea is the first sign Most of these water borne diseases manifest themselves through chronic diarrhea. In fact, water borne diseases in Africa and in Southeast Asia have brought about severe cases of diarrhea which led to 7.7 percent and 8.5 percent of deaths in those continents respectively. Water related diseases could be avoided at the onset with the use of water filtration techniques to sift out all the nasty contaminants up to the smallest micron; so do boiling, water stills, and the use of water treatment tablets. After all, what is a waterborne disease but the result of ingesting a virus or bacteria that makes itself comfortable in any kind of water source? You eliminate those nasty microorganisms from your water and you can consider yourself protected. Let us look at each of these water borne illnesses and see how they fare against water filters: 1. Cholera. The Global Health Observatory of the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that in 2013, 47 countries reported 129,064 cases of cholera to WHO. A total of 47 percent of this number came from the Americas while 43 percent came from Africa. Cholera is a waterborne illness that affects the intestine, no thanks to the bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. Its symptoms usually are watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. 2. Dysentery. What is dysentery, you may ask? It is probably one of the most common waterborne diseases around, having killed around 600,000 children who have not yet reached the age of five coming mostly from developing countries. The bacterial disease is caused by the microorganism called Shigella, and just like the cholera bacterium, this little dude attacks cells in the large intestine, resulting to abdominal cramps, anal pain, and bloody stool. 3. Typhoid Fever. Another example of waterborne diseases is typhoid fever. The bacteria in water that brings this type of disease is the Salmonella typhi, and this little beast gives symptoms quite different from cholera and dysentery. The affected person may also suffer from diarrhea, but a more distinct symptom is the development of a skin rash with rose colored spots on the chest and abdomen. This dude could also enter the bloodstream, making the infected person a carrier of the disease even if he has been cured of the symptoms. Moreover, only humans can be infected with typhoid fever. 4. Salmonella and E. coli Infection. These two bacterial diseases have a lot in common: both come from unsanitary conditions, filthy water containing infected feces, and meat that has not been cooked well. Even our pets can help in the spread of salmonella through their feces. Meanwhile, a particular strain of the Escherichia coli has the ability to produce toxins that cause illness. Both of these water bacteria present similar symptoms in infected individuals – high fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. In the worst cases of E. coli poisoning, one could experience kidney failure. 5. Campylobacter. This disease is the most common cause of diarrheal illness among humans, and the culprit is the Campylobacter jejuni bacteria. If you have a severe case of gastroenteritis, then this bad dude could be the reason for it. The C. jejuni bacteria could be found not just among humans but in a wide variety of animals. Thus, if you kill an infected farm animal for food purposes and its meat is eaten either uncooked or barely cooked, then you’re in for a series of visits to the loo or, in worse cases, to the hospital. Infected feces could also end up in water sources, and the bacteria in water could be potentially harmful to anyone who takes a drink straight out of that water. 6. Legionellosis. Also known as legionnaire’s disease, this particular type of illness is caused by the Legionella bacteria. Unlike previously-mentioned waterborne diseases which target the digestive system, this one chooses another venue to attack – the respiratory system. The Legionella bacteria can thrive in warm water environments– even in water heating systems, evaporative coolers, fountains, or any entity that can turn water into fine mist. When the mist with this nasty creature is inhaled, the infected person could eventually manifest pneumonia-like symptoms, as well as loss of coordination. Contaminated drinking water can also be the culprit. 7. Leptospirosis. Although the bacteria causing this disease can be found in many wild and domesticated animals, the most common carriers are rodents. Water sports enthusiasts are susceptible to contracting this disease, as well as those living in flood-prone areas where feces of your common household mice could mix with the flood water. If this bacterial water manages to enter the body either through open wounds or through drinking, the infected person could either turn yellow (Weil’s disease) or his lungs could bleed (severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome). It may even lead to meningitis. 8. Botulism. The bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, is the culprit behind botulism. Infection begins with fatigue, problems with eyesight, and slurred speech, something that water diseases are quite known for. Eventually, it progresses to weakness of the facial muscles, and this weakness spreads to the arms and legs. If not treated with antibiotics and/or an antitoxin, the poison of C. botulinum could lead to death as this little beast could even affect breathing and the production of saliva. 9. Vibrio Illness. Strains of the Vibrio bacteria are usually found in saltwater, and can be carried by several marine animals like crabs, prawns, and shellfish. If you ingest it, this waterborne illness can manifest cholera-like symptoms. If it enters the body through an open wound, a nagging infection and skin ulcers may occur. Toxin from the Vibrio bacteria can be lethal, and a visit to the doctor for the necessary antibiotics is highly recommended. 10. Hepatitis A and E. These two strains of the hepatitis virus are usually found in unsanitary surroundings or in water sources contaminated with feces of an infected person. Once ingested, these nasties attack the liver and cause jaundice, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. In the case of Hepatitis E, it can even cause liver failure. There are vaccines that can protect against Hepatitis A and other water borne illnesses, but none against the deadlier Hepatitis E. However, even if left untreated, both types of the hepatitis virus may heal over time. 11. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). This is a disease which, to date, still has no vaccine. What is dysentery compared to this disease, right? Only discovered in 2003, SARS has already been pegged by WHO as a global health threat due to the numerous outbreaks that occurred in recent time, mostly in Hong Kong and mainland China where the disease started. When the SARS-causing Coronavirus enters the system through cough droplets in the air or contact with body fluids of an infected person, one will start to develop flu-like symptoms until it progresses to something that resembles pneumonia. In the worst cases, the result is death. 12. Polio. There are efforts toward the global eradication of the Poliovirus which causes poliomyelitis, or polio, due to the existence of a vaccine to prevent its onset. However, there are still instances of outbreaks from the said virus being reported in several developing countries. Spread usually through ingestion, this micro-creature has the power to give you dizziness, vomiting, and body pains at the least; overall muscle weakness to paralysis at the worst – even death. 13. Polyomavirus Infection. What is a waterborne disease originally thought to affected caged birds? With two strains of the polyomavirus infection (the JC and BK viruses) present, it wasn’t long before experts discovered it could negatively affect humans. Contaminated water is seen as the source of these viruses. Symptoms begin with infection of the respiratory tract, and in worst cases, the kidneys are compromised. The name, polyoma, is Latin for “numerous tumors,” which is exactly what these viruses create within the system. 14. Arsenicosis and Fluorosis. Arsenic and fluoride are minerals that are naturally present in our earth’s crust, and may sometimes mix with groundwater that may have probably flowed along arsenic- or fluoride-rich rocks. Prolonged drinking of water laced with these minerals will have serious consequences to one’s health. Arsenicosis manifests itself on the human body as skin lesions, and can also result to skin cancers and affect the bladder, kidneys, and lungs. If untreated or if exposure to it continues, death is a possibility. As for fluorosis, the early sign of this disease is a mild discoloration of the teeth. In worst cases, overexposure to fluoride can leave people severely crippled. This example of waterborne diseases may be present in your home right now. 15. Amoebiasis. When you are unlucky enough to ingest the amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica through unsanitary food or contaminated water, then you’re in for a seriously uncool gastrointestinal illness and one of the most common waterborne diseases. Wikipedia notes that this disease has already caused approximately 70,000 deaths per year on a global scale. The awful part of it is that even when you are already cured of the diarrhea, the E. histolytica can lay dormant in the body for several years. 16. Giardia. The protozoan, Giardia lamblia, is the most common intestinal parasite; so common, you can find it in the digestive tract of almost every animal – including humans. Symptoms of individuals infected with this protozoan include diarrhea, loss of appetite, bloating, and excessive flatulence and burping. In some cases, even when the G. lamblia is already out of the system, intestinal problems may still recur. 17. Cryptosporidium. The disease and the culprit behind it are called Cryptosporidium, or crypto. The protozoan has an outer shell surrounding it, making it quite resistant to cleansers and disinfectants, even chlorine. Thus, it can survive for days in a chlorinated pool, as well as in questionable water sources. The symptoms of this disease are typical of fecal-related diseases that are waterborne – watery diarrhea and weight loss. These symptoms can recur for up to 30 days. 18. Cyclosporiasis. Broken pipes, sewage water, contaminated water sources, and contaminated produce are breeding spots for the Cyclospora cayetanensis, a protozoan that is behind this gastrointestinal infection. This micro-dude wreaks havoc in the small intestine, invading the mucosa where it stays for one week. During that time, the affected individual experiences watery stool, stomach cramps, and fever. Cotrimoxazole is a known treatment against this microorganism. 19. Microsporidiosis. Immunocompromised people (e.g., HIV-infected individuals) are most susceptible to this particular parasite. The spores of this dude are quite resistant and can survive in the environment for an extended period of time. The typical symptom of this infection is diarrhea. 20. Schistosomiasis. The usual indicator of a person infected with schistosomiasis or schisto is a distended belly. This is the usual case among affected populations in areas where waters are infested with blood flukes of the genus, Schistosoma. Symptoms of schisto include blood in the stool and/or urine. If not treated immediately, this could cause liver and kidney damage, infertility, and bladder cancer. 21. Echinococcosis. Dog lovers may be surprised to know that their beloved pets, as well as their relatives in the wild (foxes and wolves) could be carriers of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type. When transmitted to humans, it will target the liver, bile duct, and blood vessels. When cysts of these tapeworms rupture, it can cause anaphylactic shock. In worst cases, it can cause death. This particular tapeworm can also be found among cows, pigs, and horses. 22. Dracunculiasis. You want gross? This is gross. This disease, also called the Guinea worm disease from the worm that causes it, is contracted when water contaminated with this creature’s eggs and/or larvae is ingested. When the larvae mature, they can grow up to a meter long. The female worms can move through an infected individual’s subcutaneous tissue and eventually emerge, more often than not, at the feet. By that time, it has caused painful ulcers, as well as fever, vomiting, and nausea. 23. Taeniasis. This particular infection is caused by the tapeworm, Cysticerci, which can come from undercooked meat of an animal infested with the eggs and/or larvae of this creature. In worst possible cases, this parasite can cause a type of epilepsy called neurocysticercosis. 24. Enterobiasis. Also called a pinworm infection or helminthiasis, this usually affects children the most and is among the most common parasitic worm infections in the developed world. The best indicator of a pinworm infection is anal itchiness. Treatment for this particular infection can be bought over the counter. 25. Fasciolopsiasis. The intestinal fluke, Fasciolopsis buski, is what causes this infection. This is considered as the largest intestinal fluke to be found in humans. It is endemic in Southeast Asian countries like China, India, and Malaysia. This dude can infest aquatic plants like water spinach, and if not properly cooked, it could transfer to the human intestines where it can thrive and cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, anemia, and allergies. Safe water means never having to deal with these If you have some way to filter water through ceramic filters, distillation or some other method, you can be assured that you don’t contract most of these diseases. Always treat your water before you pay the price! If you do find yourself out in the wild and wondering if you should drink the water, take a moment. You may be dehydrated but you shouldn’t let that make you complacent.
Cardiac Diagnosis, Imaging and Medical Tests include physical exam, personal and family medical history, blood tests and a chest X-ray, tests to diagnose heart disease can include Electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter monitoring, Echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Nuclear cardiology studies use noninvasive techniques to assess myocardial blood flow, evaluate the pumping function of the heart as well as visualize the size and location of a heart attack. Among the techniques of nuclear cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is the most widely used. During a nuclear cardiology test, a very small amount of radioactive tracer (radionuclide) is injected into a vein and is taken up by the heart. A very sensitive gamma camera then takes still pictures and movies of the heart with rest, exercise, or medication-induced stress testing.
Tapping Test - Words are joined together causing answer to be marked as incorrect At certain tasks within course A2 German - Beyond Beginner (I think in Lesson 31) there are mistakes. For example there is “schalte das” joined in one part. When you use it - “schalte das Radio aus” you get “wrong answer” … Same mistake repeats at “seine Mannschaft” (I can not paste the picture due to Forum limitation) And the same repeats allover in this lesson (30) - at least on three occasions (marked yellow) The A1 and A2 Memrise courses have been replaced by a set of 7 courses, there’s a bit of a discussion here: I don’t know if Memrise are maintaining the A1 and A2 courses anymore, or are likely to sort certain bugs out in the near future. There may be a forum for them - I haven’t looked. Personally, I would recommend ignoring entries like this - remove the frustration! You’ll probably find equivalent material on the new Memrise courses, in which case if there’s a problem post here: https://community.memrise.com/t/course-forum-german-1-7-by-memrise/ Hello all! I’ve spotted a problem in the GERMAN 5 course (the official MEMRISE one), such that it is impossible to answer them. The questions in question (!) are as follows: • wie war euer Urlaub? • warum seid ihr nach Europa gegangen? In the format where you are asked to construct the sentence in the correct order by clicking on the word boxes, some of the boxes incorrectly contain multiple words. For example, one box contains “warum seid”, instead of each word being in its own box. Thus, even when you construct the sentence in the correct order, it is marked as incorrect. NOTE: This only appears to affect the website version. The iPad app, for instance, is fine. And another error found today: “wir sind in ein abgelegenes Dorf gefahren” Again, multiple words (in this case “wir sind”) appear in the boxes that you use to construct the sentence. The answer is marked incorrect even when placing the words in the correct order. It soundsl like the same problem as here: https://community.memrise.com/t/impossible-to-answer-right/ Yes, that’s exactly what I’m seeing. Thanks for confirming @leggi. There is indeed a problem with tapping test, we’ll have a look into this. Apologies for the annoyance, this is an unexpected bug. Sorry–I haven’t tried it on Android. I’m referring to a web bug and will post my remark in that category! Hi, we are aware of this issue. We are working on a fix for this bug. In trying to “learn new words”, I cannot get beyond “Wir sind in ein abgelegenes Dorf gefahren”. The reshuffled sentence is marked wrong and blocks the progression. You can add the sentence and any other troubling sentences you encounter to your ignore word list, until this bug has been fixed. 1 Like Thanks Joshua! I hadn’t noticed that way of getting past the obstacle. :slight_smile: Too concentrated on learning German to explore all the technical tricks. :wink: 1 Like I’m having the same issue in Russian 7 - I’ve been ignoring the phrases, but this isn’t ideal as it’s happening for a lot of them! Should I create a new thread for this, as it’s for a different course…? Hi, i was learning french course 5 level 20 , and found a mistake. The fact is that i can’t finish this level, because whether i put words into correct order, it shows that i have a mistake. I added a screenshot. Please check it, and fix it Thank you! @grizlikot I moved your post here. This has been highlighted before. In the “Russian 3” course, Level 3 (“Retail Therapy”), there’s a very annoying problem. It keeps offering me the last sentence, “вон тот вообще-то больше”, with the “pick the words in the right order” interface. Following previous examples, the site is expecting: [вон] [тот] [вообще-то] [больше] but “тот вообще-то” come in a single block, making the only option: [вон] [тот вообще-то] [больше] and this is graded wrong every single time. Please fix! A2 German word order exercises aren’t working (right now in level 16 but it’s happened previously), One of the ‘words’ is two words together, and although you can put it together in the right order, it’s marked wrong. Hard to get screen shot because it goes straight to the correct answer. One example: ‘Sohn ist’ In which case ‘Sohn ist’ together on one ‘word’. I put them together in the order above, which is correct, but it’s marked wrong. The same is happening with sentence after sentence, and it just keeps giving the me same malfunctioning sentences over and over again, making it unusable. Have you tried logging off and on again? Clearing cache? If the problem persists after that, then the old bug is back. If not it’s lucky they got rid of it.
Skip to main content Contribution of Airlines for the Reduction of Industry Nuisances and Gases Article Category Article available in the folowing languages: Greener airlines How does environmental legislation affect airlines? An EU study was established to find out, and asked whether greener aircraft would also be profitable. Climate Change and Environment Aircraft produce significant environmental effects. To address this problem, the European Commission established Clean Sky, an enormous project with the ambitious target of reducing aircraft emissions by 11 % by 2025. The 'Contribution of airlines for the reduction of industry nuisances and gases' (CARING) project was part of the Clean Sky programme. The nine-member CARING consortium ran from January 2010 to December 2011. Project researchers studied how airlines presently deal with environmental constraints and how they would in the future. CARING aimed to document the trajectories that airlines really fly and to determine their environmental impact. The consortium also aimed to understand the effect of environmental regulations on airlines, and to build an economic model of airlines and environmental effects. To achieve these goals, the project used flight recorder data obtained from thousands of flights from nine aircraft types. The six studied airlines represented regional, budget, charter and long-haul types. The resulting analysis revealed differences in the trajectories, and illustrated the reasons for certain trajectory choices. The analysis showed potential for improvements to trajectories and operating procedures, while remaining realistic. CARING also studied noise and pollution constraints on aircraft worldwide, illustrating their financial and other effects on airlines. Subsequently, the project surveyed hundreds of airlines in terms of how they adapt to the regulations. As a result, CARING developed several scenarios exploring economic conditions. The scenarios included various costs to airlines and airline response, and made predictions about the likely evolution of regulations. Project studies served as input to a global economic model, showing how airlines respond to constraints (particularly the EU's Emissions Trading Scheme). The circumstances studied included monopoly, duopoly and fully competitive environments. The models were compared against the above scenarios, showing whether environmental constraints would benefit a given airline. The project's overall conclusion was that low-pollution aircraft give airlines a competitive advantage while also benefiting the environment. CARING data has resulted in documented business reasons for airlines to fly environmentally friendly aircraft. The economic model will facilitate the end encourage adoption of green technologies by airlines. Discover other articles in the same domain of application
Universidad de La República (Uruguay) For this chapter we have organised the online course in two levels, this is because although the emphasis of our approach is on the critical and political dimension of data literacy, the technical dimension is important. There is a need to understand the nature of open data, what makes data open and how are these open data sets stored and where can they be found. How can people generate open data and what can be done with it? This will be a baseline course. Once the participants have explored the basic knowledge concerning open data and open science they will be ready to delve into the second part of the course which starts to explore the critical aspects of data. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Common misconceptions about Ramadan Common misconceptions about Ramadan 3 min read 14 April, 2021 There are a lot of misconceptions about the month of Ramadan. Here are the most common ones: Ramadan is the holiest month in the Islamic calendar [Getty] Ramadan, the holiest month in the Islamic calendar, is back, and as well as gearing up for thirty days of worship and self-restraint, many Muslims will be mentally preparing themselves for the deluge of well intentioned questions and thoughts from their non-Muslim colleagues, friends and neighbours about what fasting is all about. The internet and social media is full of information, but not all of it is correct, which means that there are a lot of misconceptions about the month of Ramadan. Here are the most common ones: It's not safe to fast A big misconception about fasting is that it's not safe, and, as well intentioned as it might be, most Muslims find this very condescending. Yes, during the long, hot summer days, fasting can be difficult, and if someone feels unwell they can break the fast, but for the other billion plus Muslims who haven't yet fainted or ended up in hospital, it's completely fine. There are also exemptions: new mothers, the elderly, chronically ill and pregnant aren't expected to fast if it poses a risk to their health. You can overindulge at iftar Most people assume that after 16+ hours without food or drink they could eat a ten course feast, but the reality is that by the time iftar (the meal to break the fast) comes around we aren't as hungry as we thought. You should have a big meal for suhur You'd be forgiven for thinking that Muslims indulge in a huge feast for suhur (the meal that opens the fast, just before sunrise). For a minority of Muslims this might be okay, but for most of us a simple meal consisting of cereal, eggs and fruit will suffice. Muslims fast to empathise with the poor Although learning about hardships of the poor is part of why Muslims fast, it's not the main goal of Ramadan. Fasting was ordained on Muslims to help them gain greater 'taqwa' (God-consciousness). The understanding is that once you take away a basic necessity (food and drink) you are able to concentrate fully on worship and gratitude towards God. Fasting involves refraining from food and drink Everyone knows that Ramadan involves not eating and drinking during the day but there is so much more to this holy month. Muslims are also instructed to refrain from sexual relations, arguments and lying and backbiting during this time in order to become closer to God and improve their character. By not adhering to these conditions Muslims won't reap the full benefits of Ramadan, they are merely starving themselves. You can't brush your teeth There are several schools of thought regarding brushing your teeth when fasting, but that doesn't mean we abandon good hygiene completely. One option is to use the 'miswak,' a twig taken from the Arak tree that naturally cleans the teeth and freshens the breath. Unless you wish to err on the side of caution, brushing your teeth and practising good hygiene is fine, as long as you don't devour an entire tube of Colgate. It's a great time to start that weight loss plan Losing weight isn't the main goal of Ramadan, although most of us secretly hope it will help shed some extra pounds. In order to effectively lose weight you need to decrease the amount of calories you consume per day, and when you consider that most of us eat the equivalent of a day's calorie consumption for iftar and suhur, losing weight is unlikely. In fact, most people will put on weight during Ramadan, as they are consuming large meals so close to bedtime. And even if you are careful about what you eat, fasting is only a short term solution to weight loss that won't last past Eid.
What is the short name of Ontario? What is short for Ontario? Ontario. Ont./Ont. Is Canada CA or CN? CA is the two-letter country abbreviation for Canada. What was the original name of Ontario? Initially called Upper Canada, Ontario became the name of the province when it and Quebec separated in 1867. Where is WHTH? WHTH (790 AM, “107.7 Buckeye Country”) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Heath, Ohio, United States. The station is locally owned and operated by the Runnymede Corporation. Is CD short for Canada? The Canadian Forces’ Decoration (post-nominal letters “CD”) is a Canadian award bestowed upon members of the Canadian Armed Forces who have completed twelve years of military service, with certain conditions. Canadian Forces’ Decoration Status Currently awarded Established 15 December 1949 First awarded 7 June 1951 What is the capital of Ontario? Ontario’s capital city, Toronto, is Canada’s most populous municipality with nearly 3 million people. The city is also ranked as one of the most multicultural in the world with half of its population born outside Canada. What is the abbreviation for Toronto? T.O. is a short form of Toronto, Ontario, and is often shortened further to T-dot. IT IS IMPORTANT: Frequent question: What are some French Canadian last names? Is QC short for Quebec? ISO 3166-2:CA identifiers’ second elements are all the same as these; ISO adopted the existing Canada Post abbreviations. Names and abbreviations. Province or Territory Quebec Postal and ISO 3166‑2:CA abbreviation QC Traditional abbreviation (English) Que. Traditional abbreviation (French) Qc Is Ontario a city? Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st, with Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick) Capital (and largest city) Toronto Largest metro Greater Toronto Area Who owns Canada? Is Ontario a state? Ontario, second largest province of Canada in area, after Quebec. It is bordered to the east by the province of Quebec, to the south by the United States, and to the west by the province of Manitoba. … The most populous Canadian province, Ontario is home to more than one-third of Canada’s total population. What is Canada’s full name? IT IS IMPORTANT: How much do part time waiters make in Canada? What are nicknames for Canada? Although it is unknown who coined the term Great White North in reference to Canada, the nickname has been in use for many decades. The general breakdown is that Canada is “Great” because it’s the second largest country in the world. How Ontario got its name? Origin of the name The word “Ontario” comes from the Iroquois word “kanadario”, meaning “sparkling” water. The province is well named, since lakes and rivers make up one-fifth of its area. In 1641, “Ontario” described the land along the north shore of the easternmost part of the Great Lakes.
Chick Corea Trio Spain Score Pdf Chick Corea Trio Spain Score Pdf' title='Chick Corea Trio Spain Score Pdf' />Jazz Wikipedia. Jazz is a music genre that originated in African American communities of New Orleans, United States,1 in the late 1. Since the 1. 92. 0s Jazz Age, jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression. It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation. Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well. Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, which gave rise to many distinctive styles. New Orleans jazz began in the early 1. Freescores. com because music is for all. For 17 years we provide a free and legal service for free sheet music. If you use and like Freescores. French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonicimprovisation. In the 1. 93. 0s, heavily arranged dance oriented swingbig bands, Kansas City jazz, a hard swinging, bluesy, improvisational style and Gypsy jazz a style that emphasized musette waltzes were the prominent styles. Bebop emerged in the 1. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1. The 1. 95. 0s saw the emergence of free jazz, which explored playing without regular meter, beat and formal structures, and in the mid 1. Modal jazz developed in the late 1. Jazz rock fusion appeared in the late 1. In the early 1. 98. Other styles and genres abound in the 2. Latin and Afro Cuban jazz. Jazz is a music genre that originated in AfricanAmerican communities of New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from. Top VIdeos. Warning Invalid argument supplied for foreach in srvusersserverpilotappsjujaitalypublicindex. Un libro un insieme di fogli, stampati oppure manoscritti, delle stesse dimensioni, rilegati insieme in un certo ordine e racchiusi da una copertina. Files/53e7f2974dc8cc393d4e9c20580781ab.jpg' alt='Chick Corea Trio Spain Score Pdf' title='Chick Corea Trio Spain Score Pdf' />Tickets for Concerts, Sports, Theatre and More Online at TicketsInventory. Web oficial de la Universidade da Corua. Enlaces a centros, departamentos, servicios, planes de estudios. Etymology and definitioneditThe question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a slang term dating back to 1. The earliest written record of the word is in a 1. Los Angeles Times in which a minor league baseballpitcher described a pitch which he called a jazz ball because it wobbles and you simply cant do anything with it. The use of the word in a musical context was documented as early as 1. Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a musical context in New Orleans was in a November 1. Times Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the original slang connotations of the term, saying When Broadway picked it up, they called it J A Z Z. It wasnt called that. It was spelled J A S S. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, you wouldnt say it in front of ladies. The American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be very difficult to define, since it encompasses a wide range of music spanning a period of over 1. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, such as European music history or African music. But critic Joachim Ernst Berendt argues that its terms of reference and its definition should be broader,1. United States through the confrontation of the Negro with European music1. European music in that jazz has a special relationship to time defined as swing, involves a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role and contains a sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician. In the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. A broader definition that encompasses all of the radically different eras of jazz has been proposed by Travis Jackson it is music that includes qualities such as swing, improvising, group interaction, developing an individual voice, and being open to different musical possibilities. Krin Gibbard has provided an overview of the discussion on definitions, arguing that jazz is a construct that, while artificial, still is useful to designate a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition. In contrast to the efforts of commentators and enthusiasts of certain types of jazz, who have argued for narrower definitions that exclude other types, the musicians themselves are often reluctant to define the music they play. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said Its all music. Elements and issueseditImprovisationeditAlthough jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements. Chick Corea Trio Spain Score Pdf Download' title='Chick Corea Trio Spain Score Pdf Download' />The centrality of improvisation in jazz is attributed to influential earlier forms of music the early blues, a form of folk music which arose in part from the work songs and field hollers of the African American slaves on plantations. These were commonly structured around a repetitive call and response pattern, but early blues was also highly improvisational. European classical music performance is evaluated by its fidelity to the musical score, with much less discretion over interpretation, ornamentation, and accompaniment the classical performers primary goal is to play a composition as it was written. Succubus Quest English. In contrast, jazz is often characterized as the product of group creativity, interaction, and collaboration, which places varying degrees of value on the contributions of the composer if there is one and performers. In jazz, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition the same way twice depending on the performers mood and personal experience, interactions with other musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will. The approach to improvisation has developed enormously over the history of the music. In early New Orleans and Dixieland jazz, performers took turns playing the melody, while others improvised countermelodies. By the swing era, big bands were coming to rely more on arranged music arrangements were either written or learned by ear and memorized, while individual soloists would improvise within these arrangements. Later, in bebop, the focus shifted back toward small groups and minimal arrangements the melody would be stated briefly at the start and end of a piece, but the core of the performance would be the series of improvisations. Subsequent styles such as modal jazz abandoned the strict notion of a chord progression, allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or mode. In many forms of jazz, a soloist is often supported by a rhythm section consisting of one or more chordal instruments piano, guitar, etc., double bass playing the basslines and drum kit. Gigaware Optical Mouse Driver Windows 7. These performers provide accompaniment by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and complement the soloist. In avant garde and free jazz idioms, the separation of soloist and band is reduced, and there is license, or even a requirement, for the abandoning of chords, scales and rhythmic meters.
Skip to content Backup Operations (206.2) Backup Operations (206.2) Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data. Key Knowledge Areas • Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups • Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC • Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media • Perform partial and manual backups • Verify the integrity of backup files • Partially or fully restore backups • Awareness of Bareos Terms and Utilities • /bin/sh • dd • tar • /dev/st* and /dev/nst* • mt • rsync Making backups is the sysadmins Pavlov reaction to having at least one system to administer. But do we still need backups? After all, nowadays data is often stored on RAID cabinets or "in the cloud". Well, it depends. First of all superredundant storage will only protect you against one reason for data-loss, namely hardware failure. But not against human error, software bugs and natural disasters. After all, humans are quite unreliable, they might make a mistake or be malicious and destroy data on purpose. Modern software does not even pretend to be reliable. A rock-solid program is an exception, not a rule. Nature may not be evil, but, nevertheless, can be very destructive sometimes. The most reliable thing is hardware, but it still breaks seemingly spontaneously, often at the worst possible time. To protect yourself against any of these threats, a very cheap and simple control is available: to make regular backups. There is a very low break-even point between the costs of data loss and those of making backups. In fact, the control used to be so cheap that employing it became a solid best practice. But please note that there are situations in which making a backup is not necessary. An example is a math-cluster. The results of its calculation are important and you probably will make backups of these. But cluster nodes themselves are discardable. Might a node fail you can simply replace it with a freshly installed one. So, in conclusion: making backups should always be the result of proper risk-analysis. But in the overwhelming majority of cases they are a cheap way of ensuring your data availability and in some cases your data integrity. What you need to backup should be the result of proper risk analysis. In olden days most system administrators simply backed up as much as possible - that may not be such a good idea anymore as it takes a lot of time to backup and restore large quantities of data. In all situations you do not need to backup certain parts of the Linux filesystem anyway, for example the /proc and /sys filesystems. They only contain data that the kernel generates automatically, it is never a good idea to back it up. The /proc/kcore file is especially unnecessary, since it is just an image of your current physical memory; it's pretty large as well. Some special files that are constantly changed by the operating system (e.g. /etc/mtab) should not be restored, hence not be backed up. There may be others on your system. Gray areas include the news spool, log files and many other things in /var. You must decide what you consider important - do a proper risk analysis. Also, consider what to do with the device files in /dev. Most backup solutions can backup and restore these special files, but you may want to re-generate them with a script or they may be created when you reinstall a system. Generally it is a good idea to backup everything needed to rebuild the system as fast as required after a failure - and nothing else. It is often quite difficult to find out what to backup and what not, hence the sysadmins paradigm: whilst in doubt, back it up. Depending on the rate of change of the data, this may be anything from daily to almost never. The latter happens on firewall systems, where only the log files change daily (but logging should happen on a different system anyway). So, the only time when a backup is necessary, for example, is when the system is updated or after a security update. To determine your minimal backup frequency consider the amount of data you are confident you can afford to loose without severe consequences for you and/or your company. Then consider the minimal timespan needed to create that amount of data. You should make at least one backup during that timespan. Practical considerations like the time it takes to make a backup and whether or not you can do any work when a backup is being made, will restrict the maximum frequency. In the past systems were mainly used during the day and not at all in weekends. Hence many companies made incremental backups during the night and a full backup during the weekend. However, nowadays many systems need to be used 24 x 7 which creates the need for alternate strategies, for example creating snapshots on disk, which can subsequently be backed up on tape while the production systems continue their work on the live filesystem. Backups can take several hours to complete, but, for a successful backup strategy, human interaction should be minimal. Backups are mostly made to disk or on tape. In the latter case, the human interaction can be further reduced by having tape robots that change the tapes for you. However, make sure to store tapes off-site so any disaster will not take out your backups. And be sure to protect sensitive data on tapes you store off-site, for example by encrypting the data stored on them. While the brand or the technology of the hardware and software used for backups is not important, there are, nevertheless, important considerations in selecting them. Imagine, for example, the restore software breaks and the publisher has since gone out of business. No matter how you create your backups, the two most important parts in a backup strategy are: Verifying the backup • The safest method is to read back the entire backup and compare this with the original files. This is very time-consuming and often not an option. A faster, and relatively safe method, is to create a table of contents (which should contain a checksum per file) during the backup. Afterwards, read the contents of the tape and compare the two. Testing the restore procedure • This means that you must have a restore procedure. This restore procedure has to specify how to restore anything from a single file to the whole system. Every few months, you should test this procedure by doing a restore. If something fails during a backup, the medium will not contain anything useful. If you made that backup on your only medium you lost your data. So you should have at least two sets of backup media. But if you store both sets in the same building, the first disaster that comes along will destroy all your precious backups along with the running system. So you should have at least one set stored at a remote site. Depending on the nature of your data, you could store weekly or daily sets remotely. You will need a written plan, the backup plan, which describes what is backed up, how to restore what is being backed up an any other procedures surrounding the backup. Do not forget to store a copy of the backup-plan along with backupplan the backups at the remote site. Otherwise you cannot guarantee that the system will be back up-and-running in the shortest possible time. One important thing to be aware of, as noted in the previous paragraphs, you need to be able to rebuild your system (or restore certain files) as fast as required. In some enviroments restore times can be hours because of slow network lines or other causes. The time lost may be too much and can defeat the purpose of the backup system. Other solutions for continuity of service like cluster/failover systems are recommended. There are different types of backup media, each with their own benefits and drawbacks. The medium of choice however will often be made based on total cost. The main types are: Tape, Disk, Optical Media, Remote/Network Tape is one of the most used mediums for backup in enterprise environments. It is low cost and because tapes store passively they have a low chance for failure and consume little power on standby. A disadvantage of tape is that it is a streaming medium which means high access times, especially when a tape robot is used for accessing multiple tapes. Bandwidth can be high if data is provides/requisted in a continuous stream. Tape is especially suitable for long term backup and archiving. If a lot of small files have to be written or restored the tape will need to be stopped and started and may even need to be partially rewound frequently to allow processing by the restoring operating system. This may consume excessive time. In those cases tape is not the best medium. Local disk storage is hardly used for backup, (though it is used for network storage, see below). The advantages are high bandwidth, low latency and a reasonable price compared to capacity. But it is not suitable for off-site backup (or the disk has to be manually disconnected en transported to a safe location). And since disks are always connected and running, chances for failure are high. Though not suitable for off-site backup it is sometimes used as intermediate (buffer) medium between the backup system and an off-site backup server. The advantage is that fast recovery of recent files is possible and the production systems won't be occupied by long backup transfers. Another option, suitable for smaller systems, is using cheap USB bus based portable disks. These can be spun down and powered off when not in use, while still retaining their data. They can contain many terabytes of data and can be taken off-site easily. Also, modern disks employ fast USB protocols that reduce backup- and restore-time. Optical Media Optical media like CDROM and DVDR disk are mostly used to backup systems which don't change a lot. Often a complete image of the system is saved to disk for fast recovery. Optical disks are low cost and have a high reliability when stored correctly. They can easily be transported off-site. Disadvantages are that most are write-once and the storage capacity is low. Access time and bandwidth are moderate, although mostly they have to be handled manually by the operator. Remote/Network storage Network storage is mostly remote disk storage (NAS or SAN). Using data protection techniques like RAID, the unreliability of disks can be reduced. Most modern network storage systems use compression and deduplication to increase potential capacity. Also most systems can emulate tape drives which makes it easy to migrate from tape. The cost of the systems can be high depending on the features, reliability and capacity. Also power costs should be considered because a network storage system is always on. This type of medium is thus not preferred for long time backup and archives. Access time and bandwidth can differ and depend on infrastructure, but are mostly high. Backup utilities rsync is a utility to copy/synchronise files from one location to the other while keeping the required bandwidth low. It wil look at the files to copy and the files already present at the destination and uses timestamps, filesize and an advanced algorithm to calculate which (portions of) files need to be transferred. Source and destination can be local or remote and in case of a remote server SSH or rsync protocol can be used for network transfer. Rsync is invoked much like the cp command. Recursive mode is enabled with -r and archive with -a. A simple example to copy files from a local directory to a remote directory via SSH: rsync -av -e ssh /sue remote:/sue Note By default rsync copies over (relevant parts of) changed files and new files from a remote system. It does not delete files that were deleted on the remote system. Specify the option --delete if you want that behaviour. Also note that permissions will be copied over correctly, but if your local UIDs/GIDs do not match te remote set you may end up with incorrect local permissions still. The tar utility is used to combine multiple files and directories into a continous stream of bytes (and revert the stream into files/directories). This stream can be compressed, transferred over network connections, saved to a file or streamed onto a tape device. When reading files from the stream, permissions, modes, times and other information can be restored. Tar is the most basic way for transferring files and directories to and from tape, either with or without compression. An example of extracting a gzipped tar archive, with verbose output and input data read from a file: tar xvzf sue.tgz Extracting a tar archive from a scsi tape drive: tar xvf /dev/st0 Creating a archive to file from the directory /sue: cd /; tar cvf /tmp/sue.tar sue By default the tar utility uses (scsi) tape as medium. As can be seen in the example above scsi tape devices can be found in /dev/st* or /dev/nst*. The latter one is a non rewinding tape, this means that the tape does not rewind automatically after each operation. This is an important feature for backups, because otherwise when using multiple tar commands for backups any backup but the last would be overwritten by the next backup. Tapes can be controlled by the mt command (magnetic tape). The syntax of this command is: mt [-h] [-f device] command [count]. The option -h (help) lists all possible commands. If the device is not specified by the -f option, the command will use the environment variable TAPE as default. More information can be found in the manual pages. Using the dd utility, whole disks/partitions can be transferred from/to files or other disks/partitions. With dd whole filesystems can be backed-up at once. dd will copy data at byte level. Common options to dd are: input file: for the input file/disk/partition output file: , block size: size of blocks used for transfer, can be optimised depending on used hardware number of blocks to transfer (dd will read until end-of-file otherwise) An example of dd usage to transfer a 1GB partition to file: dd if=/dev/hda1 of=/tmp/disk.img bs=1024 count=1048576 The cpio utility is used to copy files to and from archives. It can read/write various archive formats including tar and zip. Although it predates tar it is less well known. cpio has three modes, input mode (-i) to read an archive and extract the files, output mode (-o) to read a list of files and compress them into an archive and pass-through mode (-p) which reads a list of files and copies these to the destination directory. The file list is read from stdin and is often provided by find. An example of compressing a directory into a cpio archive: %cd /sue; find . \| cpio -o > sue.cpio Backup solutions Complete backup solutions exist which help simplify the administration and configuration of backups in larger environments. These solutions can automate backup(s) of multiple servers and/or clients to multiple backup media. Many different solutions exist, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Below you'll find some examples of these solutions. Bareos is a fork of the project Bacula version 5.2 and was started because of rejection and neglect of community contributions to the Bacula project. The Bareos backup program is open source and is almost the same as Bacula, but is does have some additional features like LTO hardware encryption, bandwidth limitation and new practical console commands. One focus in Bareos's development is keeping the obstacles for newcomers as low as possible. Because newcomers are usually overwhelmed by configuration options, the Bareos project offers package repositories for popular Linux distributions and Windows.
The Ups and Downs of Short Selling No one has a crystal ball, but some individuals can make accurate guesses about what the future will hold. In the financial world, when investors make these accurate guesses, they can also make a lot of money. Some of them specialize in predicting when bad things will happen to an individual stock or the market as a whole. These investors engage in short selling, a high-risk gambit that a stock will fail. What Is Short Selling? Short selling is a process involving predictions. To short sell, investors research companies and make predictions about which companies’ stock will fall in the near future. They then “borrow” shares of that company’s stock from a broker. They sell the shares on the market at that price. The short seller hopes that the price of the stock will drop. When that happens, the trader buys the shares back and returns them to the broker at a lower price. When this happens, they make a profit. Young professional woman reading newspaper about investing Adobe Stock For example, let’s say Trader X researches Company Z. They believe Company Z is on the wrong path and will lose value soon. Trader X borrows one share of Company Z stock for $100. They sell that share on the market for $100. Then the price of the share drops to $50. They buy back the share at $50, after they just sold it for $100, and return it to the broker at the value of $50. Trader X has just made a $50 profit (less commissions and fees) from short selling. Why Is Short Selling Controversial? In the business world, short selling is considered somewhat controversial. Rafael Nam, Senior Business Editor for NPR, explains that while short-selling is common, “companies obviously hate it when short sellers target them, and short sellers have often been accused of profiting from somebody else’s misery.” Investors and traders who short sell may not have a good reputation. In the past, they might have been viewed as greedy people who bet against the economy and put their own financial gain above all else. They have been perceived as people who don’t care are about what gets lost when the stock of a company drops in value – as long as they make money However, there are key advantages to short selling, which is why this controversial practice is legal. What Are the Pros? According to Investopedia, short selling can sometimes be a tool for the public good: “Short selling can provide some defense against financial fraud by exposing companies that have fraudulently attempted to inflate their performances.” How is it that short sellers provide this valuable information more than others? First of all, brokerage houses typically release recommendations to buy stock, not sell. On the other hand, short sellers do their research, and they do it well. Many short sellers won’t decide to short a stock until they’re as confident as possible that the company is going to lose value. Again, this decision isn’t based on easy-to-find information – it comes from the investor’s own meticulous research. financial report Another advantage of short selling is that it acts as a reality check for the market. While that friend who points out the flaws in a plan may not be anyone’s favorite, their input is useful. That’s the role short sellers play. They help tamp down too much bidding by being realistic about the future. Short sellers have the burden of sharing bad news, but this news is important for the market. According to Amiyatosh Purnanandam, without pessimistic investors who already have questionable stock in their portfolios, and without short sellers, “the stock price will reflect the views of optimistic investors only, potentially creating an unsustainable price bubble.” That reality check is important, but it’s not the only advantage. Short sellers also provide market liquidity. That means that they make it easy for an asset or security to be converted into cash. Because of these advantages, in recent years more reputable investors have begun to short sell, including hedge funds, quant funds, and others. What Are the Cons? However, short selling does have the potential to result in some major disadvantages–mostly for the short sellers themselves. If the short seller is wrong and the price of the stock rises instead of falls, then they’ll have to return it to the broker at a higher price than what they paid for it. Instead of making a tidy profit, they’ll lose money on the attempted short. There are other drawbacks. The natural momentum of the market is to go upwards over a long period of time, so betting on a downward trend in a short period of time is almost counterintuitive. Timing is key for short selling to be successful. Another disadvantage of short selling is that it is expensive. To borrow shares in the first place, there are significant costs. Short sellers are also responsible for dividend payments made by the shorted stock. Changes can also complicate short selling. From time to time, regulators may ban short sales because of market conditions, leading to short sellers having to cover positions at a major loss. What Do Bears Have To Do With It? Graphic representation of a bear market You’ve probably heard the term “bear market” and “bull market.” You can remember the difference by thinking of how bears hibernate during the winter, so a bear market is a market that’s in retreat or decline. Read More: The Worst Bear Markets in History Forbes states that when the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones industrial average fall by at least 20% from a recent high, then there’s a bear market. But what do bear markets have to do with short selling? During a bear market, many investors may want to sell. This will help them access cash and protect their money. However, selling shares has consequences, such as making stock prices fall even lower. This creates an ideal situation for a short seller. When Short Selling Becomes Illegal Short selling can be taken too far. When a trader uses misinformation and a bear market to manipulate stocks, this practice is called “short and distort.” It’s both unethical and illegal, as it involves the trader actively creating and spreading false information to drive down the value of the stock. How to Short Sell in Six Easy Steps Now that you know the basics of short selling, you might be interested in how to actually make it happen. Diversifying your portfolio through different techniques can be a smart idea. Be warned, though! If you decide to try short selling, your investment portfolio may or may not thank you, depending on your timing. 1. You need to both open and fund a margin account with an online brokerage account or financial advisor. There are rules for how much money you will need to put into the margin account. 2. You place a short sale order with either the brokerage or financial advisor. 3. You must declare it as a short sale. 4. Your broker will try to borrow the shares. 5. The “locate” requirement must be followed – meaning that the broker must have reasonable grounds to believe that it’s possible for the security to be borrowed by the deadline. 6. After the broker has located and borrowed the shares, they will be sold in the market and you will receive any proceeds in your margin account. GameStop and Short Selling Screenshot of r/WallStreetBets messageboard with paper currency The GameStop stock craze upended the financial markets. Short sellers were not in a good position during this fascinating coordinated effort by investors in the company’s stock. Short sellers had performed their research and determined that GameStop’s stock value was going to drop. They borrowed shares, intending to sell them back at a lower price, and profit from the difference. However, the news changed the game as it became clear that there was a group of motivated investors set on holding onto their GameStop stock. The price of the stock dramatically increased rather than dropping. Because of this, short sellers faced having to sell the borrowed shares at a higher price, meaning they would lose, rather than gain, in the move. Read More: Who Is Gabe Plotkin? Short Seller Becomes Infamous After GameStop Stock Explosion The GameStop scenario is an example of a short squeeze, where investors squeezed the short sellers out of their positions. Short selling is rarely a predictable practice. The Value of Short Selling For many years, short selling has had a bad reputation in the market. Short sellers were perceived as pessimistic doubters who wanted companies to fail so that they could profit off their downfall. Investors and the financial world at large viewed short sellers negatively. However, this doesn’t do justice to the practice of short selling or the investors who take this position. Short sellers are highly motivated to perform their due diligence before they decide to short a stock. If they make the wrong call, their losses could be extreme. bull market graph This makes short sellers a force to be feared. They can motivate companies and C-suite executives to be honest in their financial reporting – because if they aren’t, then they could be found out by a short seller, and their reputation will be tarnished. It’s clear that short selling plays a useful role in the financial world, which is why it’s legal. However, it’s not always predictable. There are bans on the practice from time to time, which new short sellers should look out for, and a short squeeze could have disastrous consequences. If you’re looking to become a short seller, you must first have the money to fund a margin account. It’s important to have a good relationship with your brokerage firm or financial advisor if you decide to begin on this investing path. You may decide to take the path of short selling, or you might settle on traditional investing instead. Whatever your decision ultimately may be, make sure to do your research! Latest News
Best answer: Do baby sharks stay with their mom? Do baby sharks swim with their mothers? Sharks are agile swimmers, even before they are born. Underwater ultrasound scans have revealed that shark fetuses can swim from one of their mother’s twin uteruses to the other. Why do baby sharks swim with their mothers? As for why the embryos swim around, it’s likely that they’re foraging for eggs. Some embryonic sharks survive by eating their mother’s unfertilized eggs. … One of the embryos stuck its head out of the mother’s cervix, then went back inside. Do baby sharks eat their mom? It’s not just embryos these baby sharks eat, but also the mother’s unfertilised eggs which provide extra nourishment before they’re born. Can sharks smell period blood? How quickly do baby sharks grow? Some sharks reach maturity in their 20s. Even the shorter-lived lemon shark can’t reproduce until they are 13–15 years old. Sharpnose sharks have among the fastest growth periods. They reach maturity around three years after birth. What is the smallest shark? IT IS IMPORTANT: Quick Answer: What do do after positive pregnancy test?
Thursday, January 27 What do we know about omicron, the new variant of COVID detected in South Africa What is the new variant and why is it concerning? Scientists have detected a new variant of COVID-19 called B.1.1.529 and are working to understand its possible implications. There are about 50 confirmed cases in South Africa, Hong Kong and Botswana. The World Health Organization has decided to identify the variant as “omicron”. Which communities have implemented the COVID passport and what is it needed for? Know more Variant B.1.1.529 presents an atypical and worrying combination of mutations that, according to scientists, could make the virus more contagious and help it evade the body’s immune response. Any new variant capable of eluding the protection of vaccines or spreading more rapidly than the delta variant, currently predominant, could seriously threaten the global exit from the pandemic. The World Health Organization met this Friday to evaluate this new variant and announced that it is “a worrying variant” (in contrast to the variant “of interest”, an earlier degree of alert). He also decided on the official designation using the Greek alphabet, as he has done with the previous variants. The next available letter was “nu”, but the WHO decided to skip this letter and the next one (“xi”) and switched to “omicron”. The European Union considers that omicron has a “high or very high” risk. The EU Center for Disease Prevention (ECDC) maintains in its report that “the omicron variant is the most divergent variant that has been detected in significant numbers during the pandemic so far, raising concerns that it may be associated with greater transmissibility, a significant reduction in the effectiveness of the vaccine and an increased risk of reinfections. ” Where has it been detected? The first indications in diagnostic laboratories suggest that the variant has increased rapidly in the South African province of Gauteng and could already be present in the other eight provinces of the country. In its daily share of nationally confirmed cases, the South African National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) has reported 2,465 new COVID-19 infections, nearly double the previous day. The NICD has not attributed the rise in cases to the new variant, although some leading local scientists suspect that this is the cause. South Africa has confirmed about 100 cases with variant B.1.1.529, but it has also been found in Botswana and Hong Kong (in the Asian city, the carrier is a person from South Africa). Scientists believe that up to 90% of new Gauteng cases could be caused by variant B.1.1.529. It has also been detected at least one case of contagion with this variant in Israel. How does it compare to other variants? Scientists consulted describe omicron as the worst variant since the beginning of the pandemic. It has 32 mutations in the spike protein, which in turn is the part of the virus used by most vaccines to train the immune system against COVID-19. This number of mutations is approximately twice that associated with the delta variant. Mutations in this protein can affect the virus’s ability to infect cells and spread, but they also make it harder for immune cells to attack the pathogen. In fact, the WHO has recognized that this new variant may pose an increased risk of infection and has classified it as a “variant of concern”. The delta variant was first detected in India in late 2020 and has since spread across the world, causing an increase in contagion and fatality rates. Other variants of the coronavirus are alpha (detected in Kent, UK), beta (first detected in South Africa) and gamma (detected in Brazil). Following the decline in cases in Japan, the possibility has been suggested that the variants could “mutate to death.” What new restrictions have been imposed? The European Union has decided to suspend flights to South Africa and other destinations in the region. In total, seven countries are affected by the new restrictions: Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Several countries in Europe had already suspended all connections, including Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Spain had also announced the suspension of flights with South Africa and Botswana, and the Government has assured that they are working on a resolution to demand “with imminent character” an antigen test or PCR for passengers from “high risk” countries. in addition to the vaccination certificate. Israel had also announced a ban on its citizens from traveling to southern Africa, a restriction that affects the same six countries and Mozambique. It will also prohibit the entry of foreign travelers from that region. How can it affect Christmas? It’s too early to tell as scientists work to better understand the new variant. As it has recently been detected, scientists do not yet have proof of its transmissibility or of its ability to evade the protection of vaccines. With a month to go until Christmas, the fear is that new restrictions will be imposed if the variant is allowed to spread. It could take several weeks before scientists have all the necessary information about the variant and about the severity of the threat it may pose to the world. Is there something to do to protect yourself? Yes. If you haven’t already, the advice is still to get vaccinated. In Spain, 79.4% of the population has the complete regimen and 80.9% have received at least one dose. But the administration of booster doses is slower. The Minister of Health, Carolina Darias, has admitted this week that the percentages of those vaccinated with the extra dose are “low”, both in those over 70 years of age – of whom more than 50% have received the third injection – and people who received the single dose of Janssen, whose proportion is especially small: less than 15%. The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDE) has recommended a third dose for the entire adult population, with special attention to people aged 40 and over, six months after the second injection. Translation of Francisco de Zárate This article has been modified to correct the name of the “omicron” variant according to the WHO designation, instead of the one expected by the Greek alphabetical order and used by scientists this Friday of “nu”
What does it mean I guess? What does it mean I guess? phrase. You say I guess to show that you are slightly uncertain or reluctant about what you are saying. [mainly US, informal, vagueness] How do you respond to I’m okay? Generally we answer with “Good thanks” or “Great” or “Busy”. Something other than “I’m fine”. The next time someone answers you with these two short replies, stop for a moment and talk with them. If you have the time, sit down and have a coffee. Can you ask race in Guess Who? In fact, my #1 male ally (my partner Rustin) was watching and suggested we make a new rule: no asking about gender or race. Lesson # 2: Sometimes it takes someone else to help us see our own limitations. Jane was puzzled. She had quickly learned that marking differences was a quick and easy way to win. What’s my name team building activity? Team Building Activity #22: What’s My Name? For this game, you’ll get team members to write on a name tag the name of a person. This person can be anyone that is famous, a celebrity, a wealthy person, a homeless, a disabled person, etc. Is Guess Who a question? Since “Guess who” is a command rather than a real question, technically it should not be followed by a question mark. A period or exclamation point will do fine. When a girl says OK what does it mean? This is the “it’s okay” when you just did something wrong or didn’t do what she wanted you to do or the one to end a fight. The reason behind the phrase is that she’s really pissed off but she doesn’t want to argue anymore. She probably just needs a sorry. Who am I name game? Playing Who Am I? Place one of the nametags on the upper back of each player. Once everyone has a nametag on their back, explain the rules to everyone: each person must try to figure out which famous person that they are, only asking “Yes” or “No” questions to gain clues about the name that is on their back. What does I’m OK mean? They mean basically the same thing, but with a slightly different flavor. If somebody asks “How are you?”, if you answer “I am fine” or “I am okay”, it would mean that you are doing well. If you said “I am all right,” it is often taken to mean that you are doing basically all right, but things could be better. What does I guess mean from a guy? “I guess” means I have nothing else to do so I’ll hang out with you. You know when you’re talking to someone and they say “anyway”, check out 0:48 in this video. How many questions can you ask in Guess Who? In Guess Who?, you can’t ask subjective questions like “do you look funny?”, but instead can only ask questions about specific attributes of the characters. Basically, each question must have a definitive answer. Rafael found that there are 22 possible questions to ask about the 24 people in Guess Who?. Can you ask gender in Guess Who? Once both players have picked a card, they can keep it in any of the slots present at the bottom of the board. Then, each player take turns to ask questions about the card he has to guess. For instance, he may ask ‘Is the person male or female? Players have to asks questions that can be answered as ‘yes’ or ‘no’. How do you write guess what? When someone says “Guess what”, it never sounds like a question. It is a command; you are telling someone to do something. Say a couple of short questions out loud, listen to the inflection, then say “Guess what” last and you will see what I’m talking about. Is OK yes or no? What are the rules to guess who? Guess Who? – Rules of Play says: Each player chooses a mystery character and then using yes or no questions, they try to figure out the other player’s mystery character. When they think they know who their opponent’s mystery character is, they take a guess. If the guess is wrong, that player loses the game! What do I guess so mean? Who am I Questions about animals? What Animal Am I? Trivia Questions & Answers : Animals for Kids • 1 I am a pet, and a fast one at that. • 2 I have eight legs and often dine on insects. • 3 “With a wingspan of up to seventy-five centimetres, I’m the largest known flying insect. • 4 Which farm animal might say to her best friend, “I feel so much better now all that wool has gone. What questions can you ask in Guess Who? Asking Questions Until you’re ready to guess who the mystery person is, ask your opponent one question per turn. Each question must have either a “yes” or “no” answer. For example, you may ask: “Does your person have white hair?” Your opponent must then answer either “yes” or “no.” What does get I guess mean? It means that I suggest something, but not with complete conviction. It also invites disagreement. If I write to you, and conclude with the phrase “I guess” it means that I am open to disagreement from you. What does get it IG mean? How do you respond to I think so? A: I think so. / I don’t think so. Or it is better to reply with a yes or no, such as: Q: Has anyone seen my torch? A: Yeah, I think so. / No, I don’t think so. What does I guess mean from a girl? That is, if you think a statement is likely true, but don’t know for sure, you might say, “I guess.” It means that the person giving the “answer” doesn’t actually know the answer, and doesn’t actually care about the subject of the question.
Feb 15 1 Like Print Friendly, PDF & Email The world we live in is changing in ways we would not have imagined some years back and this change is being driven by Information and communication technology-enabled innovations. This has led to a race of who will blaze the trail in the digital economy of the world, as whoever wins the race will have major control over important dynamics that drive our world today. While we see developed countries striving to increase their quest towards digital dominance, what we see in most African countries especially as it has to do with her underserved population is a continent that either has lost touch with what is happening around her or one that doesn’t care about the wellbeing of its underserved population, as we cant see the much that is being done towards closing the digital divide gap compare to other developed economies when it comes to her citizens who live below the poverty line. To help us better understand this problem, Jakob Nielsen wrote an article in 2016 that analyzed the digital divide and classified it into three stages: the economic divide stage, the usability divide stage, and the empowerment divide stage. In Africa, you will find most countries at the economic divide stage. The majority of the citizens do not have access to the infrastructure, devices, and tools that will enable their participation in the global digital economy. This can mostly be attributed to poverty, as a greater percentage of her population do not have what it takes to acquire even the world’s cheapest digital devices. The second reason here being, the inability of the government of these countries, to provide the infrastructure that will support access to the digital economy. On the problem of the usability divide, we see where people have moved beyond the first stage to having access to digital tools and devices but not knowing how to use them. Here you see citizens acquiring computers just for recreational reasons (playing games and watching movies) or getting high-end smartphones for the sole purpose of making and receiving calls. The above is usually because they lack the skills and knowledge that can enable them to take full advantage of the capability of these digital resources. At the third stage, which is the empowerment divide, the problem we see here in most African countries is that most people who have passed the first two stages by having access to digital tools and devices and the skills of using them most times don’t know how to convert that into opportunities that can empower them and their communities. The above situation is further exacerbated by repressive policies of most governments of the countries which have prevented most of its citizens especially those from underserved communities from taking advantage of their digital skills in empowering themselves. A typical example is a ban on the use of cryptocurrencies in Nigeria by her Apex financial institution the Central Bank of Nigeria which has led to many cryptocurrency exchanges doing business in Nigeria moving their businesses outside the shores of the country leading to the loss of opportunities for her teeming youthful population. Having looked at the problem of the widened digital divide in Africa from the lens of these three stages, one will not help but ask what we can do to amend this situation so that Africa and its youthful population will not be left behind in the race for control in the emerging global digital economy. To close this widening gap in the digital divide among African countries, the following must be done: There is the need for a homegrown solution to the problem of access to and affordability of digital tools and devices, as this will help reduce the cost and make them cheap enough that a greater number of citizens can get and use them. African governments should take advantage of Public and Private partnerships to drive the acquisition of relevant digital skills that will help their people to be players in the emerging global digital economy. Repressive government policies should be abolished, while good ones should be enacted to create the enabling environment for creative young people on the continent to be able to harness their digital skills towards creating opportunities for the continent and its people. In conclusion, it is very important for policymakers in all African countries to understand the stages they are among these three stages of the digital divide as that will help them to know the appropriate policies to put in place to get their people to where they are supposed to be in the globalized digital economy. By Ihueze Nwobilor Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
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Prioritizing Care During the Acute Phase: The Prominent Role of Basic Psychosocial Life Support The issue of basic psychosocial life support during and after disasters is important. People who are affected by disasters can experience severe distress and may need psychosocial support. However, there still are many questions about service design and effectiveness of psychosocial support. During the process of the Targeted Agenda Program, “Prioritizing Care during the Acute Phase: The Prominent Role of Basic Psychosocial Life Support", a team of experts reached consensus on some important issues con-cerning psychosocial first aid, civil participation, and risk communication. The experts come from many different backgrounds, which supports the notion that psychosocial care deserves special attention within disaster relief programs involving all disciplines and all responsibilities. Rooze M, Netten J, de Ruyter A, de Vries M, Helsloot I, de Soir E, Selwood P, Schenk H, Hustinx P, Olinder H: Prioritizing care during the acute phase: The prominent role of basic psychosocial life support. Prehospital Disaster Med2008;23(4):s49-s54. When disaster-producing events strike, they often are sudden, unexpected, and “earth-shattering” to those affected. Those who have been directly exposed often talk about how their lives have been radically changed. They describe a state of confusion, pervasive anxiety, and helplessness. Disaster victims also speak about things not being the same, of how their inner sense of safety, and their ability to count on the stability of their environment has been lost. Some also speak about feeling powerless and having lost the structure of their daily lives. Disaster studies indicate that these events affect the lives of people for years and even decades. Understanding the effects of these disaster-producing events upon victims’ minds, bodies, relationships, and behavior, is crucial to the planning and organization of the psychosocial care and for the professional field staff who are involved in disaster relief. The needs of the affected people should be the starting point for a tailor-made approach to psychosocial care. Impact, the Dutch Knowledge and Advice Centre for Post-Disaster Psychosocial Care, participated in the 15th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2007 (15WCDEM). Its targeted agenda program (TAP) was entitled “Prioritizing Care during the Acute Phase: The Prominent Role of Basic Psychosocial Life Support”. The aim was to formulate consensus statements on psychosocial care as an integral part of the broad field of disaster relief and recovery. Together with an international team of experts, various issues were raised, including psychological first aid, civil participation, resilience, and risk communication. The result of the TAP on basic psychosocial life support aims to contribute to the mitigation of the effects of disasters on the affected population by giving directions for good practices for those who are involved in the first response after a disaster-producing event. Directing and promoting good practice in policy-making with regard to post-disaster psychosocial care requires a clear vision of what constitutes psychosocial care. Some relevant questions required answers: 1. What is the aim of psychosocial care? 2. How should it be delivered? and 3. Who is in need of psychosocial care? The TAP during 15WCDEM allowed Impact to discuss these questions with other experts in the field of disaster medicine. The process and conclusions of the TAP during 15WCDEM marks an important step towards further integra-tion of psychosocial care into the broad field of disaster relief. The overall theme of 15WCDEM was Preparedness: Knowledge,Training, and Networks. One of the interesting features of 15WADEM was the introduction of the TAP-concept. A TAP is an interactive and dynamic instrument to catalyze knowledge gain. Impact’s TAP focused on the role of basic psychosocial life support and hosted the TAP: “Prioritizing Care in the Acute Phase: The Prominent Role of Basic Psychosocial Life Support." Impact’s goal was to develop consensus statements on the role and standard features of basic psychosocial care during the acute phase of a disaster with regards to red, white and blue (fire brigade, ambulance services, police) including defense and volunteers. After having decided on the topic of the TAP, Impact formulated the following questions: 1. Could the concept of acute psychosocial first aid be considered an important component of the caretak-ing system, next to life-saving activities? 2. What role could be ascribed to self-reliance and risk communication? 3. Should acute psychological first aid be an integral part of the disaster planning? 4. Should citizens and existing (mental) health infrastruc-ture play an important role during the acute phase? and 5. Does clear risk communication by the appropriate people make a difference, ensuring that acute psy-chosocial first aid will help create the desired results, and does risk communication provide the citizens with the opportunity to act adequately? The TAP Website was launched, where the discussion on these questions amongst the experts was to take place. To facilitate the discussion, the experts first were asked to introduce themselves and to reflect on a number of concept statements. They were requested to express their opinions on the statements, to highlight specific issues, and/or to add new ones. Information and best practices were shared and relevant literature was disseminated. Following initial online responses, a three-track approach was followed. The subject of basic psychosocial life support was broken down into specific issues. Experts were assigned to each track according to their area of expertise. The lead-ing issues for the Website discussion are presented below. Track 1: Acute Psychosocial First Aid 1. Identifying the level of urgency: What is meant by “acute"? 2. Acute Psychosocial First Aid: Do’s and Don’ts; 3. How might this affect rescue workers? and 4. How might this affect the education and training of rescue workers? Track 2: Civil Participation/Resilience: An Organizational Perspective 1. Can members of the public assist in providing acute psychosocial first aid? If so, how?; 2. How should assistance provided by members of the public be included in disaster planning and protocols of rescue organizations?; and 3. How to make the most of “what comes naturally”? Track 3: Risk Communication 1. Risk and crisis communication are psychosocial interven-tions; and 2. Risk and crisis communication are an intrinsic part of acute psychosocial first aid. During the first day of the Congress, the experts were asked to give a presentation from their respective fields of expertise with regards to the TAP subject. The discussion focused subsequently on the three specific tracks that had been introduced during the Internet discussion period. Questions that were addressed ranged from what to do or not to do during the acute phase, to the role of a member of the public within the disaster field, and to the impor-tance of risk and crisis communication as an important psy-chosocial life support intervention. The following day, the discussion continued, also stimulated by Congress partici-pants who joined the sessions, which were open to all par-ticipants. The result of this hard but inspiring work became clear on the last day when the final statements were pre-sented to the plenary Closing Ceremony of the Congress. These statements embodied the work that had been started many months before. First an outline of the different presenta-tions is described, and then, the final statements are formulated. Website Discussions The following statements were derived from the pre-Congress discussion using the Website. Track 1: Acute Psychosocial First Aid—The following statements were developed: 1. The definition of the acute phase takes the situation into account, and thus, is context- and severity-specific; 2. Psychosocial interventions should start from the first moment; 3. Paramedics, firefighters, and other rescue workers can provide the earliest psychosocial interventions; 4. Paramedics, firefighters, and other rescue workers need extra education and training to provide early interventions; 5. Psychological triage should be operationalized in concrete directions for the professionals; 6. Showing empathy should be done in a victim-specif-ic way; in other words,be sensitive to the needs of the victims; and 7. Debriefing should be well-managed. Track 2: Civil Participation/Resilience: An Organizational Perspective 1. Most initial help comes from bystanders; 2. Members of the public can contribute to help in the acute phase. Therefore, they should not be pushed aside but should be acknowledged for their role. However, consider the safety of the civil participants; 3. Simple mnemonics should be developed; 4. Designate and train people to take the lead in citi-zen’s response; 5. Use community resources and public communication; 6. Use schools for teaching disaster preparedness: knowing and training behavior; and 7. To what extent should we put effort in fostering self-reliance in civilians? Track 3: Risk Communication 1. Accurate, timely, comprehensive, trustful, and clear communication is absolutely vital to minimize adverse psychosocial reactions. Do’s: What, who, when, where, how, why, using what? Make sure every specific group in the community will be reached (e.g., minorities, disabled); 2. Communication means balancing between awareness and fear. Giving information that is reassuring versus creating fear; 3. During the preparedness phase: beware of creating unnecessary fear (to what extent do we need to com-municate about and prepare for events that probably will never take place?); 4. During the post-event phase: communication is most important; 5. Trust is crucial. Do not hide information; and 6. Rumors are everywhere. The media will fill every vacuum. Make deals with the media. Summary of the Open Sessions and Invitation-Only Session The following summaries were derived during the face-to-face discussions during the Congress. Track 1: Acute Psychological First Aid—In the Netherlands, provision of medical assistance during times of a disaster is an integral part of disaster management and is designed to provide the best possible treatment to as many victims as possible. The national disaster structure, the Geneeskundige Hulpverlening bij Ongevallen en Rampen (GHOR) con-sists of an operational partnership of both medical emer-gency and psychosocial service organizations. The GHOR is the National Medical Emergency Preparedness and Planning Organization. Within the national policy, psychological first aid is part of the planned activities during the acute phase and will be considered from the first moment. Since The Netherlands is a relatively low risk country for hazards that may result in disasters, improvements in preparation and expertise have to be based on lessons learned from other countries and published evidence-based guidelines. Experiences from other countries have demonstrated that acute psychological support while the disaster still is in progress (peri-traumatic support) by fire, rescue, and emer-gency medical personnel is possible. Rescue workers can, and actually do, play a role in providing psychological first aid. On-scene trauma support can take place by getting close to the victim, judging the situation of the victim, look-ing at the victims’ emotional reactions, and assisting them by diverting their attention from pain and experienced life-threat, or, assisting them to concentrate on other things such as controlling their breathing. In Belgium, the Fire Squirrel project—in which specific training is provided to fire or rescue services personnel, named the fire squirrels, in order to enable them to support incarcerated victims in severe motor vehicle crashes—aims to empirically validate these acute trauma support techniques influencing the sense of control, pain perception, perception of life threat, and negative emotions such as extreme anxiety, powerless-ness, and horror. These factors also are the most important predictors of long-term traumatization. Other issues about what should or should not be done by first aid and rescue workers needs further research. For example: what can res-cue workers offer to family members that are not injured? A three-dimensional model consisting of type of casual-ties (primary, secondary, and tertiary casualties), type of prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of post-impact sequelae), and type of event can be used to answer these questions with respect to each target group that is in the potential need of psychosocial care.This CRASH model—the Psychosocial Matrix of Crisispsychological Support for the Prevention, Care and Aftercare of Psychological Trauma—is a most suitable tool for emotion-al and psychological triage. It makes it possible to select the right support techniques and to be carried out by the right people. The CRASH model should be further operational-ized as a tool for psychosocial care tailored on the type of the casualties (i.e., psychological triage). For example, to give priority to the most urgent: those who are conscious, confronted with terrible images, who have no room to move, and those who are very aroused (Figure 1). Also, the debriefing of the rescue workers is important.The psychosocial consequences for rescue workers often are man-aged by debriefing them after the incident. That the opera-tional debrief phase must be impeccably managed became clear from experiences of the London Ambulance Service fol-lowing two major incidents. After a train crash in 1999, where 31 people died and >100 injured, the debrief following the train crash was poorly handled with little structure, resulting in anger and frustration. After the 07 July 2005 bombings, lessons had been learned and the feedback from staff was very supportive of the way the post-incident support was managed. It is recommended that the technical briefing be separated from the emotional debriefing. The focus of the operational debrief should be on practical issues such as preparation, response and lessons for the future. On the other hand, emotional debriefing should be part of the routine early intervention and not only be crisis driven. Research based on the London experiences concluded that proportionality is vital. While every ambulance worker should be treated on its merits, most of the involved ambulance personnel recov-ered from a traumatic incident with quite low levels of support or intervention. Only in a minority of cases was more expert help and support required. Track 2: CivilParticipation andResilience: An Organizational Perspective—Civil participants are first on the scene of an incident, and it is sensible to account for their participation in disaster relief. The challenge is to look into what can be done to influence the public on matters concerning civil participation, but also into the long-term, mental health risks. Civil participation includes medical aid and psychosocial first aid from the first moment after the incident: medical and psy-chosocial aid from involved persons, bystanders, and trained first aid volunteers. Civil participation in medical and psychosocial aid is reality in case of incidents and mass emergencies. The questions are: (1) how far should civil participation go?; (2) how can civilians protect themselves from injuries and infections?; and (3) what are the psychosocial conse-quences, for example, developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for civilians involved in the response after a disaster? There are no definitive answers to these questions, but, in general, citizen responses to disaster are largely underestimated in Europe. Citizens are more capable of helping themselves and their fellow citizens during the responses to disasters than official organizations acknowl-edge. There are three generally held concepts in relation to the reaction of people as a response to a disaster: (1) they will panic; (2) they are helpless; and (3) they are malicious. In fact, none of these three statements proves to be true. The public response is one of self-reliance: to help oneself and to help others. This also includes the potential contri-bution to help by providing basic psychosocial life support. Guided by professionals, ordinary citizens prove to provide great psychosocial support for victims—thereby multiplying the usually sparse professional capacity. A paradigm shift within the governmental organizations is necessary in order to fully use the potential contribution of citizens. The questions that were put forward, on how far this participation should go and what are the consequences for citizens, should be kept in mind and should be answered in time. Track 3: Risk Communication—Information can be consid-ered a psychosocial intervention. This underlines the importance of information for victims of a disaster. Providing affected people with accurate, factual information on the incident itself is essential in assisting them with the process of recovering from what has happened. It is important that people have access to this information. Emergency management is based on the ability to inform the public, the affected target groups, and other operations. Credibility is a prerequisite for the confidence and trust of the public in emergency management. This trust must be based on communication in everyday situa-tions and on communication in times of “peace”. During emergencies, when individuals and society are in crisis, the correctness and timeliness are crucial. Ideally, information for the affected people should be available before it is released to the press. Also, during these events, risks and anxiety must be taken seriously and met with the appropri-ate actions and information. Different tools and aspects in the crisis and risk com-munication form a prerequisite for effective risk and crisis communication. Networks of communicators and other information professionals in emergency management and other related areas are needed. Creating these networks and getting to know the key people prior to the events makes it much easier to operate during times of crisis. Understanding that there are different target groups to communicate with makes it easier to package different types of information. Building different formalized groups of communicators at local, regional, and central levels helps gain knowledge of the information needs of each target group. On the Spot (e.g., without freedom of movement) - Care for your own safety - Help other caregivers assess the most urgent needs of the victim - Stay close to the victim - Make contact - See how he/she is - Introduce yourself - Check breathing - Assist the victim in reducing anxiety by calming down breathing - Act of the experienced life-threat anxiety and arousal of the victim - Provide reassurance - Stay calm, do what comes naturally - Be aware of cultural-/religious-specific aspects that may be misleading (e.g., expression of anxiety or pain) - Make promises or unrealistic expectations - Use words like “pain” or other suffering-related words Acute Phase - Give information - Make contact with relatives - Stay calm, do what comes naturally - Use resilience and self-reliance - Provide confindential, incorrect, or irrelevant information - Separate children from their parents or families Rooze © 2008 Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9. Consensus has been reached about a simple guideline of the do’s and don’ts for first responders (Table 1). Track 2: Civil Participation/Resilience: An Organizational Perspective 1. Members of the public can be extremely helpful dur-ing the acute phase; 2. Proper organization, guidelines, and education and training are required to gain maximum benefit from the assistance provided by members of the public; 3. Public information can address the issue of self-reliance; and 4. During the acute phase, psychosocial care should be provided in conjunction with standard healthcare and tap into the social structure of the community (churches, schools, victim support groups). Track 3: Risk Communication 1. Risk and crisis communication are crucial preventive psychosocial interventions; 2. Miscommunication could seriously harm the victim’s psychosocial well-being and mental health; 3. Communication is about striking the right balance between awareness and fear; and 4. Communication is about key figures gaining trust and credibility and addressing public risk perception and understanding. The participating expert group has contributed in a important way to promote the prominent role of basic psychosocial support during and after disasters. Experts from different back-grounds have been working together on this topic. Consensus was reached that psychosocial life support can be delivered by first responders with different responsibilities like police, fire- When authorities cannot provide information, there is a major risk that anxiety can spread and information needs will be more difficult to meet. In this event, authorities will have to respond to questions from the general public and those affected. Previous disasters and emergencies have shown that information needs from the general public are great and that the media to a large extent, become the information bearers. Final Statements Track 1: Acute Psychosocial First Aid 1. Psychosocial care should be an integral part of disaster planning and preparation; 2. Psychosocial care deserves special attention within disaster relief programs, involving all disciplines and all responsibilities; 3. Psychosocial aspects should be considered from the first moment following the onset of the event; 4. Reaching and maintaining the required standards of psychosocial care warrants investments in education, training, and rehearsal; research and development; and good practice; 5. Raising awareness for psychosocial issues should be an integral part of the core training of rescue workers; 6. During the acute phase,victims need practical, social, and emotional support; 7. In early psychosocial interventions, the specific char-acteristics (e.g., cultural or religious) of the situation and the victims always should be taken into account; 8. Psychosocial care during the acute phase primarily is practical and non-medicalizing, and fits to the needs of the victims and specific target groups; and Table 1—Guideline of the dos and don’ts for first responders fighters, ambulance personnel, volunteers, and professionals with a psychological background. Also, citizens and bystanders play an important role in this matter. One of the results of this expert meeting is simple guidelines with do’s and don’ts for first responders. The first draft of these guide-lines should be tested in practice and evaluated. The cooperation with the WADEM Board of Directors and its Psychosocial Task Force were inspiring and sup-portive to the work that was done during the TAP “Prioritizing Care During the Acute Phase: The Prominent Role of Basic Psychosocial Life Support". It is the wish of the authors that this document be used during the next world Congress of the WADEM to further devel-op the expertise and knowledge of high quality psychoso-cial care in disaster relief. Magda Rooze, MA, MBA;1 Josee Netten, MA;1 Ariëlle de Ruyter, MA;1Maaike de Vries, PhD;1,2 Ira Helsloot, PhD;3 Erik de Soir, MA;4 Philip Selwood;5Henk Schenk, MD, PPH, MCDM;6 Paul Hustinx, MD;2,7 Henrik Olinder8 Impact, Dutch Knowledge and Advice Centre for Post Disaster Psychosocial Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dutch Institute for Safety (NIFV), Arnhem, The Netherlands Free University Amsterdam, the Netherlands Royal Military Academy, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium London Ambulance Services NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom Eemland Municipal Health Authority, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands Atrium Medical Centre Parkstad, Heerlen, The Netherlands Swedish Emergency Management Agency, Oslo, Sweden Magda Rooze, MA, MBA Director Impact, Dutch Knowledge and Advice Centre for Post Disaster Psychosocial Care Meibergdreef 5 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands E-mail: The Targeted Agenda Program was sponsored and supported by Impact. Keywords: care; disaster; psychosocial care after disasters; resilience 15WCDEM = 15th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine GHOR = National Medical Emergency Preparedness and Planning Organization (The Netherlands) TAP = targeted agenda program Web publication: 27 August 2008 Magda Rooze; Josee Netten; Ariëlle de Ruyter; Maaike de Vries; Ira Helsloot; Erik de Soir; Philip Selwood; Henk Schenk; Paul Hustinx; Henrik Olinder \| 2008 Prehospital and disaster medicine july - augustus 2008 \| 6 Acute Phase, Basic Psychosocial Life Support, Disasters, Mental health care, Psychosocial support, Survivors Affiliation author(s):
COVID-19 antigen self-tests in stock here. Oct 25, 2021 7 min read Vitamin D deficiency: symptoms, treatment, and prevention A vitamin D deficiency can be hard to catch because a mild deficiency typically causes no symptoms at all. More severe deficiencies, which are rare, frequently cause bone pain and an increased risk of fractures. Noticing the signs can help you start a discussion with your healthcare provider about your concerns. mike bohllinnea zielinski Reviewed by Mike Bohl, MD, MPH Written by Linnea Zielinski Here’s a riddle: What do breakfast cereal, sardines, and a day at the beach have in common? You guessed it. They can all give you your daily dose of vitamin D. But if you’re like many Americans, you might be a little lacking in this department. Not getting enough vitamin D can have serious consequences for your health, but before you start popping pills or book an Airbnb in Florida for the weekend, read on to learn about the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency and how to find out if you have it. What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency? For adults, the most common symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are actually subtle and will likely go unnoticed by you and even your healthcare provider if they aren’t looking for it. Low vitamin D typically throws off the balance of other vitamins and certain hormones in your body which can have slow but progressively damaging effects on your bones if not corrected. But prolonged, severe vitamin D deficiency can be more dramatic, resulting in a condition known as osteomalacia or bone softening. This can increase your chance of fractures and bone pain and requires treatment. For infants and young children whose bones are still rapidly developing, a vitamin D deficiency can cause a condition known as rickets, which can seriously harm proper bone growth and cause lifelong skeletal problems. Roman Daily—Multivitamin for men Our team of in-house doctors created Roman Daily to target common nutrition gaps in men with scientifically backed ingredients and dosages. Learn more What is vitamin D and what causes a deficiency? Often called the “sunshine vitamin,” vitamin D primarily functions to improve calcium absorption in your body and create strong bones. But you have vitamin D receptors on cells all over your body. As a result, many clinical trials are looking into the role of vitamin D in heart disease, immune system health, muscle strength, and more. Around 40% of adults in the United States have a vitamin D deficiency. But the problem is more common among people with darker skin. People of color have a higher risk (around 70–80%) of having low vitamin D levels (Forrest, 2011). Why is this? Your body uses the ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun to make most of the vitamin D your body needs. If you have darker skin, less UV light reaches your cells, leading to low vitamin D levels (Sizar, 2020). Another cause of vitamin D deficiency is that people don’t spend as much time in the sun anymore. The rise in concern over skin cancer has diminished the already small amount of time people spend outside. Coupled with a shift to more office work, we may not be getting enough sun for adequate vitamin D production. During cold winter months, when we spend most of our time indoors or covered up when we’re outdoors, our skin makes almost no vitamin D at all. Luckily, though, you don’t need to do double tanning duty to make up for it. Our bodies can get vitamin D from the foods we eat. Eating fatty fish and eggs, vitamin D fortified milk, and taking multivitamins are all ways to up your vitamin D intake. However, vitamin D has to be converted to its active form in the liver and kidneys. Different health problems can affect this process. Medical issues such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease may contribute to a lower amount of vitamin D as these conditions prevent the absorption of vitamin D from food (Sizar, 2020). What are normal levels of vitamin D for adults? While levels may vary depending on who you ask, the current consensus among healthcare professionals is that adults need to have between 20 and 40 ng/mL (50 to 100 nmol/L) of vitamin D in their blood and anything below 20 ng/mL is considered a deficiency (NIH, 2021). To maintain those normal levels, the recommendation is that most adults get 600 international units (IU) of vitamin D per day; people over 71 may require up to 800 IU per day (NIH, 2021). People with a deficiency may need to take more to catch up. Bone loss The primary role of vitamin D is to support bone health. It helps you absorb calcium and phosphate, two minerals necessary for healthy bones. Vitamin D is vital to maintaining the balance of bone growth and resorption. Without enough vitamin D, your calcium levels drop, thereby triggering bone breakdown—this leads to thin and brittle bones, also known as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia can also cause bone pain and muscle pain. Low vitamin D levels may also contribute to osteoporosis in older adults (Dawson-Hughes, 2020). In addition to osteomalacia, vitamin D deficiency in children can also lead to a medical condition called rickets. Rickets happens when growing bones don’t get enough calcium and phosphate. Without these essential minerals, the bone does not harden or mineralize, leading to bone softening and weakening. Symptoms of rickets include delayed growth, bow legs, weakness, and back pain (Misra, 2020). The risk of rickets is so serious in children that infants who are exclusively breastfed should receive vitamin D supplementation since breastmilk has low levels of vitamin D. Bone pain Given its importance to bone health, it is not surprising that bone pain can be a symptom in people who are vitamin D deficient. Both osteomalacia and rickets can cause bone pain. Other possible symptoms There has been research around a huge range of conditions and their association with vitamin D deficiency. These include: • Getting sick often or having a weakened immune system • Fatigue • Depression • Muscle weakness • High blood pressure • Cardiovascular disease • Depression and anxiety • Diabetes • Lung problems • Cancer • Multiple sclerosis Currently, there’s isn’t enough evidence to support the use of vitamin D as a treatment for any of these conditions, or to claim that supplementing with vitamin D reduces your chance of developing the conditions to begin with (Bouillon, 2021). Since so many people have a relative deficiency in this vitamin, especially people who live far from the equator, it’s possible that studies examining the presence of other diseases happen to find a deficiency in vitamin D in people with other conditions. For example, there have been multiple studies examining the connection between vitamin D deficiency and asthma. Some studies found that a deficiency increases your risk of asthma while others found that a deficiency decreases your risk of asthma (Castro, 2014; Bouillon, 2021). Further research examining the use of vitamin D as a treatment to prevent asthma showed no benefit (Litonjua, 2020). While there are some claims that vitamin D deficiency might increase a person’s risk of developing COVID-19, the evidence there is shaky as well. Trials have not shown any benefits to treating people with COVID with vitamin D if they don’t have a deficiency. Also, there’s no evidence that taking more than the recommended daily amount of this vitamin prevents the risk of serious complications of COVID-19 (Hastie, 2020). All of this research can be confusing, and more research is needed before any solid conclusions can be drawn about the role of vitamin D in various other conditions. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency Anyone, regardless of race, age, country of residence, etc., can have low vitamin D levels. In general, vitamin D deficiency is pretty rare in developed countries. However, certain factors increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency. People at increased risk of deficiency include (Dawson-Hughes, 2020): • Older adults • Infants • People with limited sun exposure • Those who live in high latitude areas or places with poor air quality • People with darker skin pigmentation • People with obesity • Those taking certain medications (like phenytoin) that speed up vitamin D breakdown • People staying long-term in a hospital or nursing home • Those with digestive or kidney problems, like inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease, that disrupt vitamin D absorption Certain other lifestyle and cultural factors that reduce skin sunlight exposure can be involved, too. Treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency If you suspect you have low vitamin D values, talk to your healthcare provider. You may need to get blood tests to check your levels (which you may see written as 25-hydroxy-vitamin D or abbreviated as 25(OH)D). Deficiency sometimes requires a short-time regimen of vitamin D supplementation under the guidance of a medical professional. Most providers replace vitamin D using cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) tablets, although ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is also an option. If you suspect you have a deficiency, it’s important to get tested first. If your levels are normal, adding excess vitamin D to your system can actually be a bad thing and result in a condition called vitamin D toxicity (Dawson-Hughes, 2020). You may be tempted to spend more time in the sun to get more vitamin D. While sunlight can serve as a primary source of the vitamin, sitting in the sun for too long can cause skin damage and even cancer. You should always wear sunscreen to protect yourself from the dangers of UV light. The safest and easiest method for prevention may be in the kitchen. Stock up on good food sources of vitamin D, such as fatty fish (like sockeye salmon, mackerel, cod liver oil, and herring), egg yolks, beef liver, dairy products, and fortified foods (orange juice and certain breakfast cereals). If you suspect you might have a vitamin D deficiency, speak to a healthcare provider about getting tested. Upping your intake is simple and straightforward and can have a serious impact on your health if you have a deficiency. 1. Bouillon, R. (2021). Vitamin D and extraskeletal health. In UptoDate. Rosen, C.J. and Mulder, J.E. (Eds.). Retrieved from 2. Castro, M., King, T. S., Kunselman, S. J., (et al) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s AsthmaNet (2014). Effect of vitamin D3 on asthma treatment failures in adults with symptomatic asthma and lower vitamin D levels: the VIDA randomized clinical trial. JAMA311(20), 2083–2091. Dawson-Hughes, B. (2020) Vitamin D deficiency in adults: definition, clinical manifestations, and treatment. In UptoDate. Drezner, M.K, Rosen, C.J, and Mulder, J.E. (Eds.). Retrieved from\ 3. Forrest, K. Y., & Stuhldreher, W. L. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutrition Research, 31(1), 48–54. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001. Retrieved from 4. Hastie, C. E., Mackay, D. F., Ho, F., Celis-Morales, C. A., Katikireddi, S. V., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Jani, B. D., Welsh, P., Mair, F. S., Gray, S. R., O’Donnell, C. A., Gill, J. M., Sattar, N., & Pell, J. P. (2020). Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome14(4), 561–565. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050. Retrieved from 5. Litonjua, A. A., Carey, V. J., Laranjo, N., Stubbs, B. J., Mirzakhani, H., O’Connor, G. T., Sandel, M., Beigelman, A., Bacharier, L. B., Zeiger, R. S., Schatz, M., Hollis, B. W., & Weiss, S. T. (2020). Six-Year Follow-up of a Trial of Antenatal Vitamin D for Asthma Reduction. The New England journal of medicine382(6), 525–533. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1906137 Retrieved from: 6. Martineau, A. R., Jolliffe, D. A., Hooper, R. L., Greenberg, L., Aloia, J. F., Bergman, P., et al. (2017). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 356, i6583. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6583. Retrieved from 7. Misra, M. (2020) Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children and adolescents. In UptoDate. Motil, K.J., Drezner, M.K, and Hoppin, A. G. (Eds.). Retrieved from 8. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Office of Dietary Supplements – Vitamin D. (2021). Retrieved Apr 28, 2021 from 9. Sizar O, Khare S, Goyal A, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency. (2020). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Retrieved Apr 29, 2021 from:
Importance of Persons Mental Health 2021-05-18 20:35:29 6 pages 1491 words Type of paper: This essay has been submitted by a student. The articles highlight and discuss various aspects that are related to mental health, the psychological outcomes, the causes of mental health, and the impact of psychological development. In these articles, the bottom line message is on how these various aspects exert an impact on the normal life of individuals regarding thinking and health. The articles further discussed the concepts creatively, and their impact thereof on the lives of persons. If this sample essay on"Importance of Persons Mental Health" doesn’t help, our writers will! The persons mental health is important and determines the capability of an individual to live and enjoy a healthy life. Even if this is true, one question that remains unanswered is; how is the mental health of a person easily affected and the resultant effect compared to other aspects of a person? This question touches on the reality of the matter given that in the discussed articles, it has been proven that the mental capability of a person is affected By just reading these articles combined, one gets enlightened, especially those people who are always scared of seeking self-counseling services since the information they may obtain from the exercise may have mental health concerns, which are life threatening. Some of the authors of these articles claim that both negative attitudes and self-stigma pose a direct impact on decisions of seeking counseling. They further presented practices through which mental processes attenuate the barrier of seeking counseling help. The articles authors sought to inform readers about the connection between mental illnesses caused by psychosocial factors and psychotic effects, which lead to a depleted social network and poor social integration for people with mental illnesses. Most psychosocial factors seek to suppress stigmatizing attitudes and mental challenges that can be exhibited publicly. In addition, we can say that the articles were meant to give conclusive information to readers regarding how mental disturbance is likely to affect the psychological development of perinatal fetal development. It can also be deduced from the articles that the psychological development of children is directly affected by the mental disturbances of their parents. This based on the concept that parents act as the life-blood of their children, and this means that if there are psychologically disturbed, then they transfer the same to their children who look up to them. At this juncture, this information becomes an awakening call for parents put their who are fond of falling victims to being stressed and often lack control measures to curb such situations from happening. The end is always in the hospital or in the hands of psychiatrist. To assess the evidence of the underlying mechanisms through which the mental disturbance of the parents is directly or indirectly passed to the fetus, mediating variables like the quality of social life of both fathers and mothers, material support of the sampled families and duration of the parental mental disturbances were used. Another piece of information that can be drawn from the article is that there is a close relationship between socially ordered disorder and pre-trauma conditions, which lead to collective violence. The article suggested that any violence instigated by a group of people is disturbing and can ordinarily be understood when the surroundings of the people behind the violence are well evaluated. Probit regression model was employed where the correlation matrix was used to determine the relationship between self-stigma and decision making for counseling. Since the correlation was positive, it was apparent that there was a relationship between self-stigma and human behavior of making a decision whether to seek for self-counseling services or not. Some of the articles within this discussion have used Probit regression model to determine if self-stigma and negative attitudes towards counseling have a direct effect to help-seeking decisions. In some of the studies undertook by the articles authors, various parameters (including Self-stigma, attitudes toward counseling and psychological distress) affecting human behavior in decision-making had to be quantified. It was realized that some articles had credible sources of information sampled from different journals and source articles to evaluate the level of stigma of mentally ill people, and the attitude of the public towards the affected people. In some of them, families with members who have mental illnesses in the selected country were sampled and the self-esteem of the family members was determined as well. These acted as study participants and that their conditions were well suited to study. Regarding the ethical standards raised in the articles, it is clear that the research in all the articles was conducted in an ethical manner. It is for this reason that partakers were fetched from various areas to prevent any direct influence on the process. Additionally, the fact that it involved some participants from the community means that the entire process was in line with the cultural norms in the community. Many of the existing variables in the articles had been studied before and thus showed a historical significance. For instance, some of the articles that analyzed the study outcomes based on the interviews or questionnaires had to source the information directly from respondents. In addition, I can assert that some of the research undertaken and published in the articles was not done in an ethical manner. As always expected, we expected the research in any published material to preserve human dignity and give reason and hope even where there is no hope. This is especially true in the case where the participants are the victims of the study itself. The research was not ethical because according to the report, the highest level of stigma of the people with mental illnesses is highly contributed by the stigma and stereotyping from other people in the public. Yet, the social barrier between them and normal people does not disturb some of the mentally ill people. It is good to note that some of the article contain research that utilizes the behavioral human traits to determine whether people with mental illnesses are discriminated or not, and if such discrimination attract public discrimination. Some of the variables used in this research included the severity of the stigma in mental illnesses, and how the severity of such illnesses directly influences the stereotyping from the public. Some of the research had to employ the use of observation, and a series of gene tests called Epigenetics to establish whether the maternal behavior and mental disturbance had a direct effect to child psychological problems. In addition, fetal programming and maternal programming methods were also employed to determine the extent at which a child is likely to be affected by maternal mental problems. Other articles employed the use of two models of traumatic experiences, which were compared to determine the effect of individual disorder to other minority individuals against the effect of socio-historical subjects who have a traumatic experience and are willing to take a common move against another group. One of the aspect that stands left out by these articles is failure to address the emergence of these issues and how the progressively affect the lives of individuals. Further, it can be noticed that the articles do not offer a clear explanation and exploration of a connection between the concept and the mental status of a person. From what has been gathered from the study, it can be affirmed that negative attitudes tied to self-stigma pose a directional effect on a decisions undertaken for seeking counselling. This can further be postulated as follows; that the psychological development of youngsters is directly affected by the mental instabilities of their parents/guardians. Therefore, this statement leads to the assumption that the choice of reducing stigma is an affirmative way of improving the quality of life of people who suffers from mental illnesses. Having considered these aspects, it becomes clear that a persons mental health is easily affected, and that a well-calculated direction a person takes leads that person to enjoy and live a healthy life. Amalio, B, Blanco, R&Dario, D. (2016). Social (dis)order and psychosocial trauma: Look earlier, look outside, and look beyond the persons. American Psychological Association, 71(3), 187-198. Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., Brenner, R.E, Todd, A.W., Heath, P. J. (2016). Does self-stigma reduce the probability of seeking mental health information? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 351-358. Monforton, J., Vickers, K., & Antony, M. (2012). If Only I Didn't Embarrass Myself in Front of the Class! Social Anxiety and Upward Counterfactual Thinking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(3), 312-328. Stein, A, Pearson, R, Goodman, S, Rapa, E, Rahman, A, McCallum, M, Howard, L.M., Pariante, C. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. Perinatal mental health 3, 384, 180019. Corrigan, P.W., & Penn, D.L. (2016).Lessons from Social Psychology on Discrediting Psychiatric Stigma.Stigma and Health, 1(S), 2-17. doi:10.1037/2376-6972.1.S.2.Retrived 02 June 2016 from:,ip,url,cpid&custid=shapiro&db=pdh&AN=2015-27522-002&site=ehostlive&scope=site
Checked content Background Information مكة المكرمة Makkah al-Mukarramah The Holy City of Mecca Masjid al-Haram and the centre of Mecca Mecca is located in Saudi Arabia Location of Mecca Coordinates: 21°25′0″N 39°49′0″E Coordinates: 21°25′0″N 39°49′0″E Country Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Province Makkah Province Founder Prophet Ismā'īl (Islamic tradition) • Mayor Usama al-Bar • Provincial Governor Khalid al-Faisal • Urban 850 km2 (330 sq mi) • Metro 1,200 km2 (500 sq mi) Elevation 277 m (909 ft) Population (2012) • City 2,000,000 • Density 4,200/km2 (2,625/sq mi) • Urban 2,353,912 • Metro 2,900,000 Mecca Municipality estimate Time zone AST ( UTC+3) • Summer ( DST) AST ( UTC+3) Postal Code (5 digits) Area code(s) +966-2 Mecca (pron.: / ˈ m ɛ k ə /; Arabic: مكة‎, Makkah, pronounced [ˈmækkæ]), also transliterated as Makkah, is a city in Tihamah on the edge of Hejaz. and the capital of Makkah Province in Saudi Arabia. The city is located 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its resident population in 2012 was 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during Hajj period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhu al-Hijjah. As the birthplace of Muhammad and a site of the revelation of the Quran, Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger empires. It was absorbed into Saudi Arabia in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure. Because of this, Mecca has lost many thousand-year-old buildings and archaeological sites. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan and diverse cities in the Muslim world, although non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city. Etymology and usage "Mecca" is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city, although the official transliteration used by the Saudi government is Makkah, which is closer to the Arabic pronunciation. The word "Mecca" in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this many Muslims regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive. The Saudi government adopted Makkah as the official spelling in the 1980s, but is not universally known or used worldwide. The full official name is Makkah al-Mukarramah (مكة المكرمة, pronounced [makka lmukarrama] or [makkah almukarrama]), which means "Mecca the Honored", but is also loosely translated as "The Holy City of Mecca". The ancient or early name for the site of Mecca is Bakkah (also transliterated Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca, Bekka, etc.). An Arabic language word, its etymology, like that of Mecca, is obscure. Widely believed to be a synonym for Mecca, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the Kaaba. The form Bakkah is used for the name Mecca in the Quran in 3:96, while the form Mecca is used in 48:24. In South Arabic, the language in use in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula at the time of Muhammad, the b and m were interchangeable. Other references to Mecca in the Quran (6:92, 42:5) call it Umm al-Qura, meaning "mother of all settlements." Another name of Mecca is Tihamah. Another name for Mecca, or the wilderness and mountains surrounding it, according to Arab and Islamic tradition, is Faran or Pharan, referring to the Desert of Paran mentioned in the Old Testament. Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the Tihamah and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca. Yaqut al-Hamawi, the 12th century Syrian geographer, writes that Faran is "an arabized Hebrew word. One of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah." There is a Tal Faran ("Hill of Faran") on the outskirts of Mecca. Mecca is governed by the Municipality of Mecca, a municipal council of fourteen locally elected members headed by a mayor (called an Al-Amin) appointed by the Saudi Government. The current mayor of the city is Usama al-Bar. Mecca is the capital of Makkah Province, which includes neighboring Jeddah. The provincial governor was Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdul Aziz from 2000 until his death in 2007. On 16 May 2007, Prince Khalid al Faisal was appointed as the new governor. Early history Makkah Al Mukarrammah seen from Jabal al-Nour 1787 Turkish artwork of the Masjid al-Haram and related religious sites (Jabal al-Nour) Mecca was also mentioned in the Samaritan literature, in the Book of the “Secrets of Moses” (Asatir) which claimed that Mecca was built by Ishmael and his eldest son Nebaioth Some time in the 5th century CE, the Kaaba was a place of worship for the deities of Arabia's pagan tribes. Mecca's most important pagan deity was Hubal, which had been placed there by the ruling Quraysh tribe and remained until the 7th century CE. Muhammad and conquest of Mecca Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with the city ever since. He was born in a minor faction, the Hashemites, of the ruling Quraysh tribe. It was in Mecca, in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on Jabal al-Nour, that, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad is said to have begun receiving divine revelations from God through the Archangel Gabriel in 610 AD, and began to preach his form of Abrahamic monotheism against Meccan paganism. After enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated (see Hijra) in 622 with his companions, the Muhajirun, to Yathrib (later called Medina). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims, however, continued: the two fought in the Battle of Badr, where the Muslims defeated the Quraysh army outside Medina; while the Battle of Uhud ended indecisively. Overall, however, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be very costly and ultimately unsuccessful. During the Battle of the Trench in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces . In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca, for pilgrimage. Instead, however, they were blocked by the Quraysh, after which both Muslims and Meccans entered into the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, whereby the Quraysh promised to cease fighting Muslims and promised that Muslims would be allowed into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years. However, just two years later, the Quraysh violated the truce by slaughtering a group of Muslims and their allies. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, decided to march into Mecca. However, instead of continuing their fight, the city of Mecca surrendered to Muhammad and his followers who declared peace and amnesty for the inhabitants. The native pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad and his followers and the location Islamized and rededicated to the worship of God. Mecca was declared as the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the centre of Muslim pilgrimage, one of the faith's Five Pillars. Then, Muhammad returned to Medina, after assigning Akib ibn Usaid as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the peninsula. Muhammad died in 632, but with the sense of unity that he had passed on to his Ummah (Islamic nation), Islam began a rapid expansion, and within the next few hundred years stretched from North Africa well into Asia and parts of Europe. As the Islamic Empire grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims not just from Arabia, but now from all across the Muslim world and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Medieval and pre-modern times The First Saudi State Muhammad's migration to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca, this focus moved still more when Ali, the fourth caliph took power choosing Kufa as his capital. The Umayyad Caliphate moved the capital to Damascus in Syria and the Abbasid Caliphate to Baghdad, in modern-day Iraq, which remained the centre of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the Second Islamic Civil War, when it was held by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who opposed the Umayyad caliphs. The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads, in 683 and 692. For some time thereafter the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by the Hashemite Sharifs. In 930, Mecca was attacked and sacked by Qarmatians, a millenarian Ismaili Muslim sect led by Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī and centered in eastern Arabia. The Black Death pandemic hit Mecca in 1349. Mecca in 1850 Mecca in 1910 Another view of Mecca in 1910 Mecca was regularly afflicted with cholera epidemics. 27 epidemics were recorded during pilgrimages from the 1831 to 1930. More than 20,000 pilgrims died of cholera during the 1907–08 hajj. Revolt of Sharif of Mecca In World War I, the Ottoman Empire was at war with Britain and its allies, having sided with Germany. It had successfully repulsed an attack on Istanbul in the Gallipoli Campaign and on Baghdad in the Siege of Kut. The British agent T E Lawrence conspired with the Ottoman governor Syed Hussain bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca. Hussein bin Ali revolted against the Ottoman Empire from Mecca, and it was the first city captured by his forces in the Battle of Mecca (1916). Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Sharif Hussein declared a new state, the Kingdom of Hejaz, and declared Mecca as the capital of the new kingdom. Saudi Arabia Destruction of historic buildings The officially approved form of Islam in Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism, is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to idolatry. As a consequence, under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985 about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished. Umrah, the lesser pilgrimage, is not obligatory, but is recommended in the Qur'an. Often, they perform the Umrah, the lesser pilgrimage, while visiting the Masjid al-Haram. Incidents during Pilgrimage Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj. For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death. • Ajyad • Al Adl • Al Faisaliyyah • Al Gemmezah • Al Ghassalah • Al Hindawiyyah • Al Iskan • Al Khalediya • Al Maabda • Al Muaisem • Al Nuzha • Al Rasaifah • Al Shoqiyah • Al Shubaikah • Al Sulaimaniyyah • Al Tundobawi • Al Utaibiyyah • Al Zahir • Al Zahra • Aziziyah • Gazza • Jabal Al Nour • Jarwal • Jurhum • Mina • Misfalah • Shar Mansur • Suq Al Lail Mecca features an extremely arid climate. Unlike other Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains its warm temperature in winter, which can range from 17 °C (63 °F) at midnight to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are considered very hot and break the 40 °C (104 °F) mark in the afternoon dropping to 30 °C (86 °F) in the evening. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts between November and January. Climate data for Mecca Record high °C (°F) 37.0 Average high °C (°F) 30.2 Daily mean °C (°F) 23.9 Average low °C (°F) 18.6 Record low °C (°F) 11.0 Rainfall mm (inches) 20.6 Masjid al-Haram panorama. Mecca houses the Masjid al-Haram, the largest mosque in the world. The mosque surrounds the Kaaba, which Muslims turn towards while offering daily prayer. This mosque is also commonly known as the Haram or Grand Mosque. At Ramadan, 3 million people go there; at Hajj 20 million go there. Abraj Al Bait. Health care • Ajyad Hospital (Arabic: مستشفى أجياد) • Kign Fisal Hospital ( Arabic: مستشفى الملك فيصل ) • King Abdul Aziz Hospital ( Arabic: مستشفى الملك عبدالعزيز) • Sheesha Hospital ( Arabic: مستشفى الششة ) • Al Noor Hospital ( Arabic: مستشفى النور ) • Hira Hospital ( Arabic: مستشفى حراء ) • Maternity and Children Hospital ( Arabic: مستشفى الولادة والأطفال ) The Picture of Masjid al-Haram and Kaaba. As a result of the vast numbers of pilgims coming to the city each year (many of whom remain permanently), Mecca has become by far the most diverse city in the Muslim world. In contrast to the rest of Saudi Arabia, and particularly Nejd, Mecca has, according to the The New York Times, become "a striking oasis" of free thought and discussion and, also, of "unlikely liberalism" as "Meccans see themselves as a bulwark against the creeping extremism that has overtaken much Islamic debate". Many television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al-Ekhbariya, Arab Radio and Television Network and hundreds of cable, satellite and other speciality television providers. In pre-modern Mecca the most common sports were impromptu wrestling and foot races. Football is the most popular sport in Mecca, the city hosting some of the oldest sport clubs in Saudi Arabia such as, Al-Wahda FC (established in 1945). King Abdulaziz Stadium is the largest stadium in Mecca with capacity of 38,000. In the 20th century, many fast-food chains have opened franchises in Mecca, catering to locals and pilgrims alike. Exotic foods, such as fruits from India and Japan, are often brought by the pilgrims. Non-Muslims are not permitted to enter Mecca under Saudi law, and using fraudulent documents to do so may result in arrest and prosecution. Nevertheless, many non-Muslims have visited the city. The first such recorded example is that of Ludovico di Varthema of Bologna in 1503. Guru Nanak Sahib, the founder of Sikhism, visited Mecca in December 1518. One of the most famous was Richard Francis Burton, who traveled as a Qadiriyyah Sufi from Afghanistan in 1853. The Saudi government supports their position using Sura 9:28 from the Qur'an: O ye who believe! Truly the Pagans are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. Telecommunications in the city were emphasized early under the Saudi reign. King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (Ibn Saud) pressed them forward as he saw them as a means of convenience and better governance. While in King Husayn's time there were about 20 telephones in the entire city; in 1936 the number jumped to 450, totalling about half the telephones in the country. During that time telephone lines were extended to Jeddah and Ta’if, but not to the capital Riyadh. By 1985, Mecca, like other Saudi cities, possessed the most modern telephone, telex, radio and TV communications. The 18 km (11 mi) Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro opened in November 2010. A total of 5 metro lines are planned to carry pilgrims to the religious sites. Sister cities Retrieved from ""
How is The Hunger Games feminist? When The Hunger Games hit shelves in 2008, its feisty main character quickly earned the “strong female character” seal of approval from fans of young adult lit. … It’s her ability to find strength in other women—and to support them in return—that makes the girl on fire a feminist. Is Katniss Everdeen a feminist character? Katniss from The Hunger Games is a feminist character because she’s resourceful and independent. She doesn’t also seek or need to rely on any man, and she shows the ability to forge strong relationships in the face of oppression with other women, such as Rue. What does the theme of feminism have to do with The Hunger Games? Feminism seeks to advocate for women based on beliefs in an equality of the sexes. In The Hunger Games, we find a female protagonist who does indeed break all of the general stereotypes about women. Katniss is a fierce hunter, more skilled with a bow than anyone else in the competition. How is gender portrayed in The Hunger Games? Film The Hunger Games contains and represents the gender elements in the story. The main characters Katniss and Peeta give a gendered portrayal of the storyline. Katniss shows more of her masculine nature in several scenes, while Peeta shows less of her feminine character in the story. IT\'S FUNNING: What was women's suffrage in America? What is the real message of The Hunger Games? Why is Katniss a strong female character? It is without sexualization, with flaws and with multifaceted gendered traits that Katniss becomes the “strong female character” who stands out against Hollywood’s army of female action characters which fail to empower. She is The Girl on Fire, the Mockingjay, and the leader of a revolution. Is Katniss Everdeen a Byronic hero? As a matter of fact, Katniss Everdeen is a prime example of the Byronic Hero. Classic Byronic heroes would be Mr. Darcy from Pride and Predjudice, and Mr. Rochester from Jane Eyre. What is a summary of the Hunger Games? The nation of Panem is divided into 12 districts, ruled from the Capitol. As punishment for a failed revolt, each district is forced to select two tributes, one boy and one girl between the ages of 12 and 18, to fight to the death in the annual Hunger Games until there is only one survivor. How does the hunger games relate to Marxism? Marxism basically deals with the struggles of poor and working class against rich people of society and socio-economic effects of their struggles on society. … In The Hunger Games supreme power of capitol over all districts is the prominent fact of Marxism. IT\'S FUNNING: Question: What is the function of a feminist literary critic? Is Katniss sexualised? Although the sexualization of girls and women is rampant in the media, Katniss Everdeen is not sexualized. Not at all. Take a look at these images from the film: The fact that Katniss is presented as heroic and strong without being made sexy is a big deal. How does Katniss rebel against social inequality? When Katniss refuses to play by the rules by killing Peeta at the end of the Games, or when she joins forces with Rue and showed her kindness, she subtly rebelled against the power of the Capitol. The book highlights the difference between those that have wealth and power and those that do not. What is the Hunger Games a metaphor for? II. The Socio-Economic Reflection. The Hunger Games, as its name indicates, is all about hunger. Not only metaphorical hunger for political freedom, social ascendance or self-realisation, but actual hunger. What lesson does the hunger games teach? Life is unpredictable and you never know what is coming next. Never ever get too comfortable; always be ready to change. When you feel complacent, then you are in repeat mode, doing things you already know and not learning anything new. When you’re young, it’s important never to get comfortable.
Spanish Amarda 8x1Year 8 History have been studying The Making of the UK 1500-1750. The students were given a research topic on Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada, which they were to present to the rest of the class. To see their video click here. Year 10 History classes have been making videos as part of their work on the Civil Rights Movement in the USA in the 1950s and 60s. Their video is about Little Rock where 9 black students were stopped from going into a white school despite a change in the law. To view this video click here.
positron emission tomography imaging technique Alternate titles: PET, PET scanning Select Citation Style Thank you for your feedback positron emission tomography scanner positron emission tomography scanner Related Topics: diagnostic imaging tomography positron emission tomography (PET), imaging technique used in diagnosis and biomedical research. It has proved particularly useful for studying brain and heart functions and certain biochemical processes involving these organs (e.g., glucose metabolism and oxygen uptake). In PET a chemical compound labeled with a short-lived positron-emitting radionuclide of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine is injected into the body. The activity of such a radiopharmaceutical is quantitatively measured throughout the target organs by means of photomultiplier-scintillator detectors. As the radionuclide decays, positrons are annihilated by electrons, giving rise to gamma rays that are detected simultaneously by the photomultiplier-scintillator combinations positioned on opposite sides of the patient. The data from the detectors are analyzed, integrated, and reconstructed by means of a computer to produce images of the organs being scanned. PET has become a valuable tool in the detection of cancer and cancer metastasis (spread) and in the evaluation of heart conditions. PET studies have helped scientists understand more about how drugs affect the brain and what happens during learning, when using language, and in certain brain disorders, such as stroke, depression, and Parkinson disease. In addition, scientists are working to find ways to use PET to identify the biochemical nature of neurological disorders and mental disorders and to determine how well therapy is working in patients. PET has revealed marked changes in the depressed brain, and knowing the location of these changes helps researchers understand the causes of depression and monitor the effectiveness of specific treatments. energy states in molecular systems Read More on This Topic radiation: Positron emission tomography (PET) This imaging technique permits physicians to determine patterns of blood flow, blood volume, oxygen perfusion, and various other physiological,... This article was most recently revised and updated by Kara Rogers.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (MTBI) MTBI – Most Underdiagnosed and Undertreated Brain Injury In what are often called “Mild” Traumatic Brain Injuries or “MTBI’s” there may be no visible bleeding at all, or only micro-vascular bleeding too small to show up on an MRI or CT. The lack of a frank bleed in the brain, a lack of a long period of loss of consciousness, and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13-15 (maximum), are the main reasons these traumatic brain injuries are medically defined as “mild.” But, a mild traumatic brain injury doesn't mean that the symptoms are mild. Often the short and long term consequences are more severe than those cases in which a bleed in the brain occurs. The likelihood of symptoms after trauma, and the likelihood of permanency of those symptoms increase with the number of head strikes (even sub-concussive hits). In mTBI cases, the initial injury is physical - usually a microscopic “shearing” of the axons, dendrites and support structures of the brain on the margin between the desne white matter and less dense grey matter. This is followed by a secondary "neurochemical cascade" in the brain that disrupts the normal exchange of nutrients, ions and neuro-transmitters in the brain. This change in brain chemistry can be compounded by a sleep disruption that is frequently caused by a traumatic brain injury. So-called “mild” Traumatic Brain Injuries, which makes up approximately 80% of all cases of TBI, never produce a visible abnormality on CT or MRI. This is because the tissue damage occurs on the cellular level, which is visible only under the microscope and is widely diffused, leaving blood vessels and major structures intact. With patients who live and who's brains cannot be examined under a microscope, the failure of mild TBI to appear on either MRI or CT, results in it being one of America's most seriously underdiagnosed and undertreated conditions. Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (MTBI) MTBI and Sense of Smell Many victims of MTBI lose their sense of smell (a condition called anosmia) because their olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I) is damaged by being rubbed between the base of the frontal lobes and the rough bony shelf beneath it called the “cribiform plate.” Yet this injury does not show up on conventional neuro-imaging like MRI and CT. We know this happens, because of autopsy findings on such patients when they die of unrelated causes. And for those survivors of MTBI, we know that many lose their sense of smell.
Anti-social behaviour We see a lot about antisocial behaviour on the TV and in newspapers, but what does it mean? Antisocial behaviour is anything that can have a negative impact on the community and disrupt the peace and quiet of the people that live around you. It can include things such as: • Noise in the street • Loud noise coming from a house • Litter • Graffiti • Going on to other people's property without permission • Allowing animals to mess without clearing it up • Getting drunk in a public place • Everyone has the right to feel safe in their own neighbourhood and to feel proud of the things they own. Make sure that you are considerate to other people and that your behaviour doesn't disturb those around you. Shared spaces Antisocial behaviour is often something that goes on in places outdoors, in areas that we all share and enjoy. Litter, graffiti, shouting and drinking in public spaces can affect everyone who lives in the community but it is often the case that people just don't think about what they are doing. They may drop a piece of litter by accident and just can't be bothered to pick it up. Antisocial behaviour can start out as 'just a bit of fun' with your friends but if it goes too far you can end up damaging the place you live in, other people's property, or even yourself. For example, people sometimes take drugs in public parks and other shared spaces. If you find a syringe don't touch it and contact your local police station. If someone does get accidentally injured by a needle, encourage bleeding and wash the wound in warm soapy water, then seek immediate medical treatment. Groups of young people People can feel intimidated by groups of young people or worry that they are doing something wrong. The police will sometimes need to speak to groups because a complaint has been made – this is their job and, even though it can seem unfair, they must look into every complaint. Your local police teams and councils are working together to provide activities for young people, such as graffiti walls and sports schemes, so get in touch with them to find out what's happening in your area. Content uploaded: 28/07/2015 15:24 \| Modified: 25/01/2022 16:41
Obesity means having too much body fat. It is not the same as overweight, which means weighing too much. A person may be overweight from extra muscle, bone, or water, as well as too much fat. But both terms mean that someone's weight is higher than what is thought to be healthy for their height. More than 1 out of every 3 adults in the United States is overweight. Different types of weight gain Lipocytes (fat cells) When energy input is equal to energy output, there is no expansion of fat cells (lipocytes) to accomodate excess. It is only when more calories are taken in than used that the extra fat is stored in the lipocytes and the person begins to accumulate fat. Obesity and health
Why do onions make you cry October 16, 2018 It’s a scenario you’ve doubtless experienced time and again. Whether you’re preparing a meal solo or stepping in as a dutiful sous chef, you know if you find yourself chopping an onion, you’ll end up in tears, likely sooner than later. Of course, onions themselves don’t typically bring on a wave of emotion on their own – it’s the unavoidable irritation they cause to your eyes. So why does chopping an onion bring us to tears? Unless you’re cooking with a broken heart, your reaction is purely chemical. Slicing into an onion breaks its cells, causing it to release a tear-jerking chemical compound called lachrymatory factor (LF). Upon reaching your eyeballs, LF activates the nerve endings in your cornea and tear ducts, causing a protective tearful reaction. Essentially, that’s a scientific way of saying the chemicals onions release when chopped send your eyes into defense mode. “Your eyes have a set of nerves that detect anything that’s potentially harmful to your eyes,” said Robert H. Rosa Jr., MD, ophthalmologist and professor of surgery and medical physiology at the Texas A&M College of Medicine. “Your eyes react to the gas that is formed, and your eyes try to flush it out with tears.” Perhaps ironically, LF evolved as a defense mechanism to protect onions against anyone trying to chop, caramelize or otherwise consume them, but Americans have decided it’s worth it to power through the tears, each consuming a staggering average of 20 pounds of onion per year. Despite discovering why we react to onions the way we do, there’s still a lot we don’t know about the ins and outs of how onions affect our eyes. Some people have a stronger reaction to onions than others. Some types of onions don’t cause as strong of a reaction in some people. According to Dr. Marcin Golczak, a biochemist at Case Western Reserve, it all could depend on the onion’s freshness, how much LF it produces or a mutation that could alter LF’s activity. Regardless, the gas from an onion really isn’t dangerous, though it might cause some pain and frustration. “Chopping onions can cause some burning and irritation and tears,” said Rosa. “Other than that, it’s pretty safe on your eyes. It’s a temporary sensation with no known long-term effects, nor will it worsen any other conditions, like pink eye.” So is there a way to skip the tears without skipping onions altogether? It’s possible. Japanese scientists are working to develop a “tearless” onion, but are getting mixed results. Apparently, the onion’s signature taste is hard to achieve in an LF-free version. For now, it looks like we’re stuck with crying it out in the kitchen. However, there are a few approaches you can try to next time you’re chopping an onion: 1. Keep a bottle of eye drops in your kitchen. You can use them to rinse and lubricate your eyes as you cut and dilute the gas exposure to your eyes. 2. Cool it down. Put your onion in the fridge for a bit before you chop it, or submerge the onion in water while you chop it. Either way reduces the onion’s temperature, slowing down the chemical reaction and resulting in less LF. However, this can also mess with the onion’s natural flavor. 3. Grab some goggles. This is the only surefire way to stay tear free while chopping onions! At the end of the day, you might have to cry a little to get the best flavor from your onion! If you find your eyes watering all the time and you’re NOT cutting an onion, then you need to call your friends at OCLI. Dr. Silverman and his team are ready to assist you with any of your eye care needs! Back to our blog Services offered at OCLI Request an appointment * required
Skip to: Navigation \| Content \| Sidebar \| Footer The STEM Jobs Everyone Wants and How to Get Them Everywhere you look, there's someone bemoaning the lack of scientists, technology experts, engineers, and mathematicians in America. While it's certainly a noble goal to encourage young people to work in these fields, the shortage of these professionals isn't quite as dire as politicians, pundits, and even education experts are making it out to be. In fact, many fields are heavily over-saturated already, with few job openings and incredible competition for positions that do exist. Some are even experiencing record levels of unemployment, and as many grads are finding out, even getting a Ph.D. isn't a guarantee of success. Couple these current struggles with a push to bring more students in STEM programs and you have a recipe for an incredibly crowded and over-saturated job market. Yet these factors don't mean that students need to give up on pursuing careers in STEM fields or that more brilliant young thinkers and innovators aren't needed. While competition for jobs may be tough, students who want to pursue a STEM career shouldn't be disheartened. Instead, competition can make it easier to stay motivated to earn certifications, gain experience, and hone skills that will make grads ready to take on the challenges of the working world. What follows is a guide that not only highlights some of the hottest, fastest-growing jobs in STEM but also provides advice on the training, experience, and skills that will help students more easily navigate the job market. Even if you don't see your dream job on the list, don't hesitate to read the recommendations offered by those already working in these fields; it's solid advice for those looking to work in virtually any STEM profession. The Jobs While most STEM fields are projected to have slower than average growth over the next decade, these fields are growing, pay well, and offer a wide range of opportunities. They may not be the ideal match for all students, but those who can see themselves working in these careers should read through to learn more about what they entail, the training they require, and the skills and experience that will make grads stand out among their peers. Unless otherwise noted, all data on salary and projected growth comes from the latest findings of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Looking for a job that pays well, offers comfortable working conditions, is expected to grow by leaps and bounds over the next decade, and lets you put your math skills to use in a practical way? If you are, a career as an actuary may be the right path for you. This field is a great choice for STEM students because it's expected to grow by 27% by 2020, adding 5,800 new jobs in the field in industries like health insurance, property and casualty insurance, and consulting. Even better, actuaries are well-compensated for their knowledge, with average pay coming in at $87,650 a year. Actuarial work is also a great way to turn a love of math into an exciting and rewarding career. Using financial theory, statistics, and various mathematical methods, actuaries help businesses to manage risk by determining the likelihood of events happening and the financial costs that would be associated with that event if it did come to pass. The most common industry to find actuaries in is insurance, where they work to develop policies that protect the insured while keeping insurance companies competitive and turning a profit, but some actuaries also work for private consulting firms, helping build investment and business strategies or construct retirement and healthcare plans for employees. The great working conditions, pay, and opportunities afforded by actuarial work make it an incredibly in-demand field, and despite growth students who choose this path will still see stiff competition for jobs. Education and Training Becoming an actuary doesn't mean that you have to complete a degree in actuarial science, though that is an option (a list of colleges with actuarial programs can be found here). Many actuaries have a degree in math, statistics, or business. No matter the degree program, however, students should ensure they have the skills required to take on a career as an actuary by pursuing courses in economics, applied statistics, corporate finance, calculus, business, accounting, and management. They also need to take courses outside of these areas, including a number of courses in computer science and programming, so that they can build spreadsheets, databases, and analysis tools, as well as courses in public speaking and communication, as actuaries must present their findings and work in teams. Skills to Develop • Communication: Actuaries will need to use a range of communication skills on the job everyday, as they are often working on teams to develop products and solutions. Strong writing skills will be needed to complete reports and speaking skills are essential to presenting findings and explaining technical concepts in an easy to understand manner. • Computer Aptitude: Much of the work done by actuaries requires a computer. Actuaries need to known programming languages and be able to create spreadsheets, databases, and analytic tools. • Math: Being an actuary requires strong knowledge of mathematical concepts, especially calculus, statistics, and probability. • Problem Solving: A big part of being an actuary is figuring out the best way to solve a problem (often to minimize the liabilities of a risk), so strong problem-solving skills are a must. • Project Management: Actuaries must be able to work in teams as leaders, managing their own work and that of others to meet deadlines and employer expectations. Career Advice from the Experts Gena Long, the Manager of Stakeholder Relations at the Society of Actuaries, says that the best thing students can do for their careers is to focus on getting certifications from actuarial societies. These are offered by the Society of Actuaries and the Casualty Actuarial Society, each focusing on an area of actuarial practice. Long says that employers are usually looking for applicants who've passed at least two of the exams required to gain these certifications, though it does vary by location. She admits that the exams can take a lot of time and effort to pass so it's recommended that students find a mentor within their program or from the Society of Actuaries. This relationship can not only help in ensuring that students stay on track and don't get discouraged, but can be an asset when it comes to finding work. Almost as important as actuarial exams are internships, which offer students the chance to develop industry connections and get real on-the-job experience within the actuarial field. Unfortunately, while internships are important, there often aren't enough opportunities to meet the needs of all of the students who want to pursue one. This, Long says, isn't catastrophic. Students should instead seek out other, related jobs in business, especially those closely related to actuarial work. Any work experience is better than none when it comes to finding a job, and she advises those without internship experience to play up the skills they learned through any business-related job to potential employers. Students still working on their degree can start building the communication and leadership skills they'll need to appeal to employers by taking part in math or actuarial clubs. These, Long says, offer students the chance to take on leadership roles and meet people in the field who come to campus as speakers and mentors. It's also critical for students hoping to work as actuaries to maintain a solid GPA; it's one of the factors employers pay attention to when hiring. Actuarial science isn't for everyone, Long advises, but those who enjoy math and are interested in using it in a business setting will find that it can be a rewarding and fulfilling career path to take. Biochemist or Biophysicist If you're interested in the biological sciences and enjoy laboratory-based work and study, then a career as a biochemist or biophysicist should be something you give some serious thought to pursuing as a career. What makes biochemistry and biophysics so appealing? It certainly doesn't hurt that they're expected to grow rapidly and offer highly competitive salaries. Jobs for biochemists and biophysicists are expected to grow more than 31% by 2020. This means that 7,700 more positions in the field will be opening up over the next decade, providing an ample assortment of opportunities for those in the field to find employment. Those jobs will pay well, too. The average salary for a biochemist or biophysicist is $79,390 a year, though those working in the pharmaceutical industry or in private research and development can expect to make more. Of course, it's not all about the numbers. Work in biochemistry and biophysics is also appealing because it offers the chance to discover new things that could dramatically change the quality of life for those in the U.S. and around the world. Biochemists and biophysicists use cutting-edge technology to carry out research on the chemical and physical principles of living things and biological processes that they undergo. This can mean anything from studying the causes of cancer to developing new treatments to handle this, and other life-threatening conditions. While much of the work done by biochemists and biophysicists is related to medicine, there are many other applications for this kind of training. Agriculture, clean energy, and environmental science all also rely on the discoveries and innovations made by biochemists and biophysicists, offering those who enter this field the chance to make a difference in saving lives, keeping the environment clean, and feeding people around the globe. Education and Training A career in biochemistry or biophysics often starts by pursuing an undergraduate degree in biochemistry or biophysics or a related field like biology, chemistry, physics, or engineering. Throughout their undergraduate education, students will need to make sure to take courses in biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, and computer science. Courses that focus on laboratory work or outside internships and experience that require lab work can often be an asset both in getting into grad school and finding a first job post-graduation. Colleges and universities offering biochemistry degrees may obtain curricular and degree approval from the American Chemical Society. Many employers consider this certification from ACS a great advantage in prospective hires, though it is not required by state or federal law. It is common and often necessary for those hoping to work in this field to complete a master's or doctoral program as well, which usually takes an additional two to six years of study. Students will need to have experience in a lab, a passion for research, and solid grades to be accepted into a biochemistry or biophysics post-secondary program. Once in grad school, most students will choose a specialization on which to focus their work. Common areas of study include toxicology, genetics, and proteomics. Skills to Develop Biochemists and biophysicists should make sure that these skills are honed by any professional training or experiences. • Analytical Ability: Scientific data alone isn't enough to make a breakthrough; biochemists and biophysicists must also be able to analyze and interpret the results of their research. • Communication: Communication is an important skill for aspiring biochemists and biophysicists to hone because most will work on research teams, give presentations of their work, and write up reports and papers sharing their findings. • Critical Thinking: Being able to think through the best and most logical way to conduct research or to tackle a particular problem is an incredible asset for a biochemist or biophysicist. • Math: A strong background in calculus and statistics is required for much of the work biophysicists and biochemists do. • Perseverance: Not every experiment will be a success and major breakthroughs happen very rarely in medical labs, so biophysicists and biochemists need to be able to keep working through trial and error without becoming discouraged or giving up. Career Advice from the Experts Two factors can greatly influence the job prospects of an aspiring biochemist or biophysicist: internships and lab experience. Often, the two are connected, as students take on internships that require a certain degree of work in a laboratory setting. For students who are unable to secure internships (a not uncommon occurrence as the demand for internships far outpaces the supply) there are still options that can help a resume look more appealing to employers. The Biochemistry Society advises looking for internships, jobs, or volunteering opportunities, even if they're not directly related to the biosciences. These experiences can still help build a wide range of transferable skills which can be played up on a resume. Additionally, short term work in a field like conservation and science media and administration can also help, as these experiences offer proof that applicants are suitable for biosciences jobs. Many career paths in biochemistry and biophysics will require additional study beyond the undergraduate level. Even in careers that don't require this training, it can be a huge asset in finding and advancing in a job. Nearly all research jobs in the biosciences will require a Ph.D., whether through academic employers or private institutions. At this level of education, there are a number of factors which can make an applicant much more desirable to employers. According to the Biochemistry Society, Ph.D. students should spend a lot of time choosing an area of specialization (some are more marketable than others) and, perhaps more importantly, an academic advisor. Advisors can offer students connections to future work, recommendations, and support and guidance through research that can be invaluable. Additionally, creative and innovative personal research is highly prized by academic and industry employers alike, and it is essential that students be able to design, administer, analyze, and share their findings. Biomedical Engineer Biomedical engineering is a cutting-edge, innovative field that gives those working in it the chance to play a critical role in developing systems, software, and devices that can solve serious medical problems and perhaps even save lives. This, along with the fact that it can be custom tailored to an individual's personal interests through specializations (common choices include bioinstrumentation, genetic engineering, medical imaging, and rehabilitation engineering), make it a top contender among STEM students who are looking for an interesting and promising career in the sciences after graduation. What's more, biomedical engineering has been ranked by Forbes as the "Best Job in America," making it a smart choice for any student looking to capitalize on his or her interest in engineering and biological sciences. Making biomedical engineering even more appealing is the fact that it comes with some great pay: an average of $82,540 annually. Additionally, over the next decade it's expected that more than 10,000 jobs will be created in research and development labs for biomedical engineers. In these labs, both public and private, biomedical engineers will work to craft everything from new medical equipment (even in some cases artificial limbs and organs) to software that makes it easier for doctors to analyze results from complex medical instruments like MRIs. This surge in growth, almost 62% over 10 years, will make it possible for many new grads to find a place within this exciting and competitive field. Education and Training To work as biomedical engineer, students will need to complete a bachelor's degree program in biomedical engineering or supplement undergraduate training in another field with a graduate-level degree in biomedical engineering. During their studies, students need to take courses in chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, mechanical drawing, and computer programming to ensure they know all the fundamentals that will be required in their future careers. The BLS notes that many accredited biomedical engineering programs also include training in engineering design, another essential component of preparing for a career. Cathy Jancuk, the program coordinator for Johns Hopkins University's undergraduate biomedical engineering program advises that students looking to add value to their degrees take on a double major or a minor, but only if they truly have the time and won't be stressed out by the experience. She states, "Business and entrepreneurship minors are appealing because students can gain knowledge and sometime hands-on experience with marketing, legal implications, financial issues, and employee relations. A double major in another engineering discipline can make a student stand out because they will have more depth in their area of engineering." While not always required to work in biomedical engineering, advanced degrees like a master's or Ph.D. in the field may be beneficial. Others may also choose to pursue additional education in dental or medical school, which can be an asset in specializing in certain areas of biomedical engineering as it will prepare engineers to more easily understand the needs of patients and technologies already on the market. Skills to Develop Before, during, and after a degree program, aspiring biomedical engineers need to work on building these essential skills. • Analytical Ability: Biomedical engineers must be able to turn an analytical eye to the needs of those for whom they're designing products and solutions. • Communication: Biomedical engineers work in a lab, but it's rarely a solitary endeavor. Most biomedical engineers will work directly with patients and other scientists, engineers, and business professionals. Being able to speak, listen, and communicate clearly are essential job skills to build. • Math: A professional in the field of biomedical engineering must know the basics of calculus and other types of mathematics in order to be able to analyze, build, and troubleshoot medical products. • Problem Solving: Finding the solution to a medical issue and working within the complex systems of the human body requires strong problem-solving skills. Career Advice from the Experts Like many other careers on this list, biomedical engineers will find their job prospects greatly improved by taking on internships and co-ops while still students or in the months immediately following graduation. Whether through these internships or other clubs and experiences on campus, it's also essential that students hone their business, management, and leadership skills, as these are highly prized by industry employers. Jancuk says that these experiences offer students credibility with employers and offer chances for recruitment post-graduation. If traditional industry-based experiences aren't available, she advises students to seek out government or university research as a way to gain experience. While not required for entry-level positions, most biomedical engineers will need a master's degree or higher (or a professional degree) to be considered for leadership positions. These more advanced degrees not only provide greater latitude for promotion, but also open up greater opportunities in research and development in industrial, academic, and government setting, according to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Additionally, the IEEE stresses that graduate work doesn't always need to be in science; an MBA can also help in advancing a career. What truly makes applicants stand out, however, may not be education or experience but passion. Mike Hess, the vice president of innovation for biomedical device manufacturer Medtronic, says "The people who have stood out are the people who are motivated to help patients. There are candidates who have looked for opportunities to volunteer in hospitals or developing parts of the world. It tells me that they are sincere in really wanting to help people. That kind of experience builds your credibility and it builds your skills more than something you can read in a book." Finally, students can give themselves a leg up by making use of university resources both before and after graduation. Jancuk says, "Take advantage of the alumni networks and career offices of your school. Most schools have programs where students can reach out to alumni who are working in companies or fields relevant to the job seeker. Having a contact on the "inside" is invaluable." Students can also boost their career prospects by heading to career fairs and practicing interview skills, so they'll be prepared to convince future employers that they're really the right man or woman for the job. Database Administrator With businesses increasingly working to collect and organize data and more and more records becoming digitized (especially in the medical field) demand for those with the skills to create and maintain those databases has been growing steadily. That's a big part of what can make pursuing a career in database administration so appealing. It's expected that by 2020 this field will add an additionally 33,900 jobs, a growth of 31%. For new grads and students working an a degree relevant to this field, this is especially good news as there will be ample opportunity for finding work and getting a foot in the door. DBAs, a common abbreviation for database administrators, also get to enjoy a comfortable work environment, often working in teams with other professionals to develop databases, secure information, and prevent information loss, making them a key part of any organization today and going forward. Jobs in this field often also offer healthy pay and benefits. The average salary for a DBA is $73,490, but those with specialized skills may make significantly more. These factors, as well as the inevitable expansion of the field over the coming years as new technologies and marketplace demands change how businesses operate, make it a smart and in-demand choice for STEM students today. Education and Training To pursue a career as a database administrator, students will need to get a bachelor's degree in management information systems (MIS) or another computer-focused field like computer science or computer programming. Those who work with large businesses may find that an MBA is an asset, as it provides a better understanding of the daily functions of companies with which DBAs may work. In fact, some companies may prefer or require it. While not always necessary, in some cases a graduate degree in database administration or MIS can also be a career asset. Professor Delvin A. Grant from DePaul University's School of Accountancy and Management Information Systems says that if students are interested in working as a database administrator, they should focus on honing their skills in SQL, a programming language used in designing and managing relational database management systems. He also stresses that students need to ensure they have the ability to design and develop databases and have a strong understanding of entity relationship diagrams and normalization. For students who want to double major or add a minor to their MIS studies, he suggests fields like finance, accounting, and marketing, all of which complement the information students will learn in MIS courses. Skills to Develop Whether in school or on the job, those working as database administrators will need a wealth of skills at their disposal to be able to work within a highly technical and demanding atmosphere. • Analytical Ability: Good analytical skills will ensure that database systems can be carefully monitored, as DBAs are responsible for evaluating complex information from a range of sources. • Communication: It's rare that a DBA will be working solo in an office, so having strong communication skills will ensure that DBAs can work effectively with others on their team as well as managers and clients. • Attention to Detail: Databases are complex systems, within which even small errors can cause major problems. Being able to find, prevent, and fix these details will ensure that DBAs keep everything running smoothly at their place of employment. • Logic: In order to manage the large amount of data put before them and to ensure it's organized in a way that makes sense to those who will use it, DBAs need to be highly logical thinkers. • Problem Solving: A big part of the job of most DBAs is to fix problems with the database when they arise. These issues may occur at inopportune times or in confusing ways, and DBAs must be able to think quickly and problem solve in order to get things back on track. Career Advice from the Experts When it comes to finding work, Grant advises that students seek out additional certifications from big companies. Microsoft, Oracle, and IBM all offer their own certification programs, but students should keep in mind that gaining these certifications can be a time consuming and often expensive process, as many require numerous exams that come with serious fees (the Microsoft Certified Architect board exam, for example, will set you back $7,500). The work and investment may be worth it, however, as certifications can make it easier to find jobs and to look appealing to employers. As previously mentioned, an MBA or other business experience can also look good on a resume, especially to employers in large corporations who are looking for employees who understand business processes and the information technology demands they impose. Those who do not want to pursue a full MBA program may want to simply take business courses or look for business-related certifications. Environmental Scientist or Engineer As businesses and industries become more eco-conscious and the government looks to more closely monitor the environmental impact of water usage and gas extraction, as well as to develop better environmental regulations, expertise in environmental science and engineering is more in-demand with employers than ever before. It's expected that over the next decade environmental science will grow by 19%, adding 16,700 jobs to the market, and environmental engineering by 22%, adding about 11,300 jobs. This is a great opportunity for students interested in playing a role in protecting and studying the environment to find work and to earn solid, competitive salaries doing it: an average of $78,740 for environmental engineers and $61,700 for environmental scientists. While a surge in jobs is one great reason to pursue a career in environmental science or engineering, those who are truly looking to make a difference in the quality and preservation of ecosystems within the U.S. and around the world may also find this to be a field in which they can pursue their passion for environmentalism. Environmental scientists and engineers perform similar duties, both exploring potential hazards to the environment and working to develop ways to mitigate these hazards. Though the exact duties of each position may vary, both environmental engineers and engineers are focused on coming up with practical solutions to environmental problems. This can mean everything from building a better method of recycling to ensuring that communities have safe, pollution-free water to drink. They also often help ensure that state and federal regulations are in place to protect the environment, and will work to conduct studies on the condition of threatened environments, soil, water, and air to prevent unsafe levels of contamination. In short, both are great opportunities for students who want to enjoy job security and fair pay while helping make a genuine difference in the world. Education and Training To work as an environmental engineer or scientist, students will first need to pursue an undergraduate degree in environmental engineering or science, chemistry, biology, physics, mathematics, or the geosciences. Any program of training should include courses in all of these fields and should also be supplemented with study in hydrology, waste management, fluid mechanics, and environmental policy and regulation. For engineers, it is smart to look for degree programs accredited by ABET, as accredited degrees are preferred by employers and are required for professional certification. While not always required for entry-level work, master's degrees are very often preferred by employers in the environmental sciences. This will necessitate an additional two to three years of post-graduate work. Graduate-level training should focus heavily on research and applications, and work in an internship or with an advisor is often not only beneficial but required. Usually, a master's degree is enough to get ahead in this field, but for college-level teaching or for some research positions a doctoral degree will be necessary. Skills to Develop In order to be successful as an environmental engineer or scientist, students will need to build these skills through coursework and hands-on experiences. • Analytical Ability: Environmental scientists must be able to carefully evaluate scientific data collected in the field • Communication: Communication is an essential part of working in the environmental sciences. Individuals will need to be able to work well on a team, engage in public speaking, and write up reports that detail findings and recommendations. • Problem Solving: Often, both environmental scientists and engineers must work to find solutions to environmental problems, which requires strong problem-solving skills. • Reading Comprehension: Those in the environmental sciences must read complex documents, often coming from a wide variety of fields outside of their own. Career Advice from the Experts If you're looking to build a career in environmental engineering, it's critical to pay attention to licensing and certification. To become licensed, environmental engineers must have a degree from an ABET accredited school, receive a passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering exam and the Professional Engineering exam, and have relevant work experience. Additional certification from the American Academy of Environmental Engineers can also be helpful in getting a career off the ground. Internships can also play a big role in helping young engineers and scientists find work. Experience with computer modeling, data analysis, and GIS within these positions can help an applicant to stand out, as these skills often play a big role in environmental research. Those who already have a working knowledge of these skills save employers time and money in training, which is highly desirable. Even if internships aren't directly related to the environment, laboratory or field-based experience is a must-have resume highlight that students should pursue while in school and after, if necessary. Education, training, and experience will only get you so far in environmental engineering and science, however. Scott Yanover, recruiter for consulting firm Environmental Resources Management, says that he looks for people with personality and interest when hiring, too. Speaking a second language, having hobbies, and even playing sports can help single out engineers in this field as well-rounded and passionate individuals. Medical Scientist Medical science offers the chance to work on cutting edge research that can directly improve the medical care of patients around the world. Medical scientists work in universities, government offices, and within private industry to develop new treatments, medical instruments, and procedures that could save or extend lives. In addition to helping make a difference, medical scientists also get the chance to work on cutting-edge projects that can push forward medical science and lead to the development of new technologies. While medical science can fulfill your desire to help others and do significant research, it's also a growing field that offers job security and ample pay. Jobs for medical scientists are expected to grow by 26% between 2010 and 2020, adding an additional 36,400 opportunities for those hoping to work in the field to start a career. This rise in demand for medical scientists is caused in part by increased reliance on pharmaceuticals and an aging population. Aside from promising, though competitive prospects, medical scientists are also well-compensated for their work. The average salary according to BLS data is $76,700, though some in private industry and with specialist qualifications will have the opportunity to make considerably more. Education and Training A career as a medical scientist will most commonly start with an undergraduate degree in biology, chemistry, or engineering, through other majors may form a strong foundation as well. College students should focus on taking courses in chemistry, physics, and mathematics but should also explore the humanities to learn communication and writing skills. In this career, however, undergraduate education is just the beginning and students will need to obtain an M.D. or Ph.D. to work in the profession. Dr. Peter Preusch, director of the National Institute of General Medicinal Sciences' Medical Scientist Training Program says this about undergraduates planning to pursue graduate school: "The important thing is to have undertaken a rigorous, demanding program of study and have been successful. Perfect grades are not necessary, but GPAs in the 3.5 and better range are the norm." Another important thing to consider is that at the graduate level most students will specialize. Common specialties include genetics, pathology, and bioinformatics, though there are obviously many other areas of interest to research. Skills to Develop These skills are among some of the most important to hone during training to become a medical researcher. • Communication: While medical scientists may conduct independent research, much of the funding for that research comes from grants. Being able to write strong applications for these kinds of funding is an extremely beneficial skill to have. • Critical Thinking: Since medical scientists spend most of their time researching, they need to be able to effectively determine the best method for solving the research question they're working on, whether that means designing a study or planning for testing. • Data Analysis: There's a lot of data and information that results from research. Medical scientists need to be able to organize, analyze, and understand what it means. • Detail-oriented Observation: Many medical experiments require close observation and attention to detail. Mistakes or failure to pay attention to the intricacies of the experiment could lead to inconclusive results and wasted time and money. Career Advice from the Experts One avenue students can pursue when looking to start a career as a medical scientist is to apply for the Medical Scientist Training Program through the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Through this program, students can earn both an MD and a Ph.D., with full funding for tuition and other expenses provided through the NIH and a student's university (not all schools participate, but there are currently 43 partner institutions). As the program's director, Preusch says the unique program is a smart way for students to build both research skills and their understanding of the environment in which their research will likely be applied. While the program is highly competitive, undergrads don't need to focus solely on their grades to apply. Students who've been awarded the prestigious honor are often at the top of their class, but far more important to their success, says Preusch, is their research experience. He says that the more research experience students have, the better off they'll be, as they'll have a better understanding of what research is like. Students who are both experienced and passionate about the field have the best chances of being accepted. To pursue a career after post-graduate work, Preusch advises that students develop strong relationships with academic mentors and stay highly productive as graduate researchers. He also notes that, "Peer reviewed papers in good journals probably matter more than anything else in helping stand out in the job market." Though the key to getting many jobs may be fitting a specific skill set an employer is looking for. He also recommends building "soft skills" that can help medical researchers better interact and communicate with others in a collaborative environment. Network and Computer Systems Administrator Few businesses can operate without extensive and often complex internal networks that allow them to communicate and store information. The demand for professionals who can build and manage new, faster, and more secure on-site and mobile networks is a big part of what makes pursuing a career as a network and computer systems administrator such a smart move for STEM grads, as there is expected to be an enormous amount of growth in career opportunities over the next decade in this profession. How much growth? It's estimated that jobs within network and computer systems administration will grow by 28% by 2020, creating 96,600 new jobs that will allow offer a wide range of opportunities for those trained in this field to find work in businesses, the medical industry, and even in consulting. Network and computer systems administrators need to have a wide range of skills, as they often responsible for building and installing computer systems, creating local or wide area networks and intranets, and performing everyday upkeep on the system. Some network and computer systems administrators may also provide support to individual computer users to resolve any issues that prevent them from accessing the network. As a result, most working in this field can expect to take home competitive salaries, with the average coming in at $69,160 annually. Education and Training To begin a career as a network and computer systems administrator, students will need to complete a bachelor's degree in a field related to computer or information science, though degrees in computer engineering or electrical engineering can also lead to work in this field. Students should make sure that their degree program includes courses in computer programming, networking, or systems design. For some lower-level positions, an associate's degree in these fields may also be enough to get a foot in the door. Network and computer systems administrators will need to pursue constant training throughout their careers to stay on top of the latest technological developments. To advance to a more prestigious position or move into management, some employers will require a master's degree in the field which can mean an additional two years of training. Skills to Develop A career in network and computer systems administration will be helped by building these essential skills. • Analytical Ability: Often, network and computer administrators will need to troubleshoot problems or find the best solution for setting up networks and computer products, so they will need to have excellent analytical skills. • Communication: Working in this field requires communicating with individuals throughout an organization and being able to explain technical concepts in a way that even the layman can understand. • Computer Aptitude: Since the primary job of network and computer administrators is to build, monitor, and use computers systems, a comprehensive knowledge of how they work is essential. • Problem Solving: Being able to think quickly and solve problems on the fly is a great skill for anyone working in this industry. Career Advice from the Experts One of the best things that a young network and systems administrator can do for his or her career is to start pursuing professional certifications through companies like Microsoft, Red Hat, and Cisco. These certifications are very often required by employers, though even if they're not they can be an incredible asset to a resume. Along with these certifications, joining professional organizations like the Association for Computing Machinery can help professionals keep up with technological developments, find career opportunities, network, and learn about what employers are looking for in applicants. Whether administrators seek out additional certifications or take classes, being able to demonstrate a commitment to continued learning is incredibly important when applying for jobs. Simran Sandu, manager of network infrastructure at Adobe says, "It's imperative to stay current with technology trends by reading blogs, technology magazines, and attending conferences." Sandu notes, however, that employers also want to hire those who can demonstrate a broad foundational knowledge in the field, stating, "It's also important to study and learn the basics of network technology and to acquire an acute understanding of how information flows. Be able to identify key services such as DNS, DHCP, and firewalls, and define the roles they play in a network infrastructure." Pharmacists are some of the most in-demand and well-compensated professionals working in STEM today, making this a very attractive career option for those interested in the sciences to consider. Spurred on by an aging population, the development of new drugs, a complex healthcare system, and large numbers of current professionals reaching retirement age, experts expect a boom in pharmacy careers over the next decade. It's estimated that the field will grow by as much as 25%, providing those with the proper qualifications with access to more than 69,700 new jobs in physicians' offices, outpatient care centers, nursing homes, and other medical facilities. Working as a pharmacist not only offers a fair amount of job opportunities but also the chance to help ensure patients get high-quality healthcare and access to medications that can prolong or improve quality of life. Pharmacists often work closely with patients when dispensing medications, offering advice on how to use them properly to ensure they are administered safely. They also work with insurance companies and healthcare providers get medications to patients faster and at the lowest price. Some pharmacists may choose to forgo the retail setting and will instead work doing research for pharmaceutical companies, often through universities, which could help lead to the development of entirely new drugs, an exciting prospect for those interested in the field. For their work and expertise, pharmacists are very well compensated. The average yearly salary for pharmacists is $111,570, though those starting out may make more closer to $82,090, a wage still well above average. Education and Training Those looking to become pharmacists will first need to get a bachelor's degree in a science-related field like biology or chemistry, though sometimes other areas of expertise will work as well. Regardless of the degree program, students need to take courses in anatomy, biology, and chemistry. While bachelor's degrees are often recommended for students hoping to work as pharmacists (and required by most top schools), they are not always necessary as some programs may allow students to move directly into pharmacy study after taking introductory courses. To become licensed as a pharmacist, students will need to apply for (including taking the PCAT) and complete a doctor of pharmacy program from an accredited college or university. The better students do in undergrad, the better their chances of being accepted to pharmacy school, as the average GPA for pharmacy students is between 3.1 and 3.7 according to U.S. PharmD. This program of study will include coursework in pharmacology and medical ethics as well as supervised work in medical settings like hospitals and retail pharmacies. Generally, doctor of pharmacy programs take about four years to complete, but there are some three year programs as well. From there, graduates can enter the job market, but those seeking advanced positions in clinical pharmacy or in research labs will need to take on a residency in a medical facility. Those looking to start their own businesses may want to pursue an MBA and others looking to specialize will take on graduate work in fields like public health. Skills to Develop All pharmacists will need to have these skills in order to forge successful careers. • Analytical Ability: Analytical skills are important for pharmacists because they must be able to assess the needs of customers, evaluate doctors' orders, and ensure that all medications are being given out in a safe and appropriate manner. • Communication: Interpersonal skills are highly prized in pharmacists because these professionals must work closely with customers and patients to explain often complicated medications. Additionally, good communication skills are required to be able to speak with other medical professionals, pharmacy techs, and other team members. • Attention to Detail: Even a small mistake in filling a prescription can have serious side effects, so pharmacists must ensure that all medications they dispense are accurate and safe to use in the dosages prescribed. • Management: Pharmacists must not only be good at working with and managing others, but they must also be able to manage inventory and ensure medications are in stock. Career Advice from the Experts A career as a pharmacist will begin with becoming licensed. All states require this certification to practice. To obtain a license, grads will need to pass two exams that will test their knowledge of pharmaceuticals and pharmacy law and ensure that all pharmacists are equally well-trained and capable. Without this licensure, it will not be possible to find work in this industry. Aside from basic licensure, employers are looking for pharmacists who aren't new to working with patients. Papatya Tankut, vice president of pharmacy professional services at CVS says, "Exposure to patients and patient care during school will make applicants more successful." This kind of experience may be obtained through clinical coursework, but additional internships that offer direct contact with patients can be an incredibly asset to a resume as well. While employers obviously want pharmacists with impeccable technical skills and an encyclopedic knowledge of pharmaceuticals, there are other skills that count quite a bit in the job hunt as well. Pharmacists looking for work need to tailor their resumes to highlight skills in leadership, communication, and conflict resolution. Additionally, experience with business, whether through internships, courses, or extracurricular involvement, can be an asset as most pharmacists work in retail environments. Those looking for ways to differentiate themselves from others in the job market may want to pursue certifications. There are several that may help in finding work in a wide range of specialties. Among them are the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties Certification, which offers designations in nuclear, nutrition support, oncology, pharmacotherapy, and psychiatry, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment certification, Diabetes Educator certification, and geriatric pharmacy certification. These certifications are not required, but can help in finding work and making a resume stand out. Software Developer These days, computers, tablets, and smartphones are everywhere, with each requiring software that lets users do work, manage projects, send email, browse the web, or even just play games. Behind every piece of software is a software developer. These professionals analyze the needs of consumers, then design, test, and develop software that helps to meet those needs. Software developers are in high demand in a wide range of industries today, especially app development and cloud computing have seen significant growth. In fact, it's estimated the the industry will see record-breaking growth over the coming decade, expanding by 30% and creating approximately 270, 900 jobs for those who have the appropriate skills and qualifications. These positions offer a chance at job security, benefits, and high pay, with average salaries coming in at $90,530 annually. Even without these factors, software development would still be a great career for those interested in computers and programming to consider. It can be tailored to almost any industry (common specializations include finance and education) and offers the opportunity to showcase not only technical skills but also a great deal of creativity, as developers manage the process of designing and building new software. Education and Training A career in software development usually begins with a bachelor's degree in computer science or another computer-focused field like IT, computer engineering, or software engineering, though sometimes fields like mathematics can work as well if an appropriate amount of coursework is focused on building technical skills. Regardless of the degree program pursued, those hoping to work in software development need to take courses related to building software and computer programming to ensure they have the broad skill set needed to create a lasting career in development. While generally not required for entry-level work, some positions within the software development field will require a master's degree. This kind of education can be an asset in getting promoted or finding higher level work, but it is not required to have a successful career in development. What is necessary, however, is a dedication to learning. Developers must constantly learn new forms of computer programming, changing industry standards, and must stay abreast of developments within the industry for which they are building programs (like finance, education, entertainment, etc). Skills to Develop Hoping to work as a software developer? Start building these skills now. • Analytical Ability: When developing software, professionals need to be able to analyze the needs of the end user and to develop a plan that will best meet those needs. • Communication: Software developers rarely work alone so being able to communicate well with others, talk to customers, and be an effective leader are all important assets. • Creativity: For software to be successful, it needs to stand out in the marketplace. A creative mind and innovative thinking will help in this process. • Detail-Orientation: Even a small mistake in programming can cause problems with development, so software developers must be able to maintain concentration and pay attention to small details. • Problem Solving: Developing a new computer program is rarely a process that goes off without a single issue coming up, so software developers will need to be able to assess problems and come up with solutions on the fly throughout the development process. • Teamwork: Software developers usually work in teams, so individuals will need to be able to coordinate tasks with others, lead and take direction, and perform well in a group setting. • Technical Aptitude: Above all else, software developers have to know their stuff when it comes to computers. An in-depth knowledge of a variety of computer languages and design methods is critical to finding lasting success in this field. Career Advice from the Experts Dennis J. Frailey, the Vice Chair of the IEEE Computer Society Educational Activities Board, former instructor at Texas Instruments and Raytheon, and professor of computer science and software engineering at Southern Methodist University says that students need to begin their careers as software developers by considering their long term goals. This isn't always simple and he states, "This is sometimes very difficult for a young person just graduating from school, and chances are, one will change one's mind over the years, but it's important not to jump at whatever is "hot"today because it may not be so much in demand in a few years. Instead, think about whether you would rather be writing software for an airplane manufacturer, a corporate information technology department, or a video game manufacturer, or something else." Also critical to finding lasting success as a software developer is taking a wide range of courses in college. Frailey cautions against specializing too much in one area, as different types of programming and job skills often go out of use due to the rapidly changing technology market, which could leave young professionals unable to find work. This broad-based education is part of working to develop a career, not just find a job in whatever is hot at the moment. Frailey adds, "There's a big difference between finding a job and finding a career that has advancement potential. For finding a job, the most important skill is whatever languages and tools are currently popular. It's always a good idea to know the currently popular languages and tools. Just subscribe to Computer or IEEE Software or some other professional society or trade magazine to keep track of what's currently "hot." But for a career, one must develop one's "bench strengths" including a sound background in mathematics (especially discrete math, probability and statistics), and computer science (the typical CS curriculum)." There are other ways you can add to your resume as well. Frailey advises students try to take on at least one internship in an area that's of interest to them, stating, "That is more important than anything else for making you stand out. Employers want evidence that you have accomplished something, preferably in their domain." When it comes to education, you can also make some smart moves. Frailey advises combining a computing major (one in computer science, IT, software engineering, or computer engineering) with on in an applied field (medicine, aerospace engineering, and accounting are examples). Also, he says, "Employers also like evidence of team project courses and solid grades in things outside of your major (like public speaking, math, etc.) to indicate a truly strong, versatile candidate." While there's no guaranteed way to get a job in any field, these educational and career suggestions can help you to improve your chances, stand out, and take advantage of some of the best and most promising careers in STEM.
Knowing how to design an effective logo has more to do with storytelling than you can think. It could be a story of its origin, what the organization does, its purpose and domain of operation. The greatest difficulty is to tell this story with the least amount of elements, the right font, the right color, and of course to have the logo distinct in all dimensions possible (from considerable billboards to visiting cards. Keep an eye on some of the logos you come across in everyday life. If you admire something, do check out what made you like it. We’re sure there will be a compelling element or story behind it. That’s the information every great logo tries to convey: it must stand for something. Have this as a crucial element when you devise a logo. Concerning the categorization of how one can learn logo designing, there are two significant steps: Constraint evaluation and Conceptualization. The actual form of the logo is the least of your concerns at this time. Constraint evaluation As design revolves typically around limitations, try answering these questions. Whom does this business target? What is their business model? What is it about the organization? Create a list of constraints. When you realize the limitations of your design, your next move is to extend the idea of the logo by utilizing elements. These elements usually are the ones that animate an immediate response from the audience (how a clock icon symbolizes time). Depending on the organization and what it does, select the fonts and colors appropriately. It can either be either done on software or paper. Designing a logo is easy. Creating a Great Logo is an Art and Science. You can begin with the following steps: Note successful logos and their features. See what they mean, what they deliver to you. You can refer to top brands and some that are not so famous but also designed well. Understanding Process Dig deeper into case studies of logo designing. Learn the different processes the designer followed. Write them down. Try to perform it in your practice and take the most suits you may be with some customization. Knowing Design Principles This point is vital if you want your logo to be appealing and technically correct. It has to do more with psychological impact. Learning tools This point is not a big deal. You do not need to be a great sketch artist nor painter to create beautiful shapes. Tools are readily available. You need to have that vision. Book and Books Head over to online bookstores and buy some books on logo branding.Practice, practice, and practice: Go for sample projects, redesign any work or brands for your friends who have the same requirements. At some particular level, take a job at design studios as an intern to get surrounded by like-minded people. Creating logos isn’t easy. The hardest part of working as a designer is learning the ability to generate a logo that the client will be pleased and satisfied. The solution is knowing how to understand a client’s expectations and using the best tools to draft ideas instantly. Logo designing is simple for those who understand its depth and can capture and determine the essence of the brand. For those who cannot, it takes some time to learn them. We hope this helps. All the best and happy learning! Request a Call Back! Share this Article Open chat
Q: My eldest son is turning 7 in a few months, and I need advice on how to help him deal with anger, especially in the heat of the moment. He is well behaved at school, has many friends, gets along with just about everyone, is typically happy and good-natured, has been identified as gifted at school, and feels emotions intensely. When he’s mad or hurt or disappointed, he goes from zero to 10 in mere seconds. He then often lashes out physically. If you send him (carry him) to his room to cool off, his first instinct is to trash his room. Eventually, he calms down on his own by reading or playing with Legos, whereupon he is always contrite and says he knows it’s not okay to react that way. We talk about better ways to cool off. But it always repeats. I have tried staying near him when he’s upset, but it seems to enrage him more. Any advice on how to deal with this is appreciated, especially if it happens in public. A: You have my full empathy here. You are raising one intense little guy, and it sounds like it can be tough. Let’s try to understand your son so that we can help him. You gave me two important bits of information in your letter: Your son has been identified as gifted, and he feels emotions intensely. I am going to assume that you have read up on gifted children and sensitive children and how they interact in the world, but if you have not, please avail yourself of some books. I suggest Dan Siegel’s, especially “The Whole-Brain Child,” to help you understand what is happening in his mind, as well as “The Highly Sensitive Child,” by Elaine Aron, and any of the classes at the Neufeld Institute (which can be taken online and at your own pace). A common theme you will find is that gifted children are equally intelligent and intense. This intensity is due to how fast the brain works and how it gets too much sensory information, which then leads to a slowing of maturity. Why? When the brain is this inundated with sensory information, it is busy sorting and filtering and has less time for growing. Does this mean that your son will not mature? No! It just means it may take a little longer. So why is he so violent, and why does it escalate so quickly? You can imagine that as your son works hard to stay on task all day, his brain is slowly becoming overloaded. His prefrontal cortex, which is right on the brink of maturity, is working overtime to focus on the teacher, stay patient with his fellow students, keep his body still and follow directions. His gifted brain may be trying to take him down many paths during the day, so it takes him even more energy to focus and be good in class. By the time you see him after school? He is kaput. Every ounce of his good intentions has been spent, and when his systems cannot handle any more, guess what happens? Eruptions of frustration that manifest in violence. Think about it. You have challenging events happen all day. You finally see your beloved partner, who forgot the oregano you were counting on for dinner, and boom! You may get short, become sarcastic or, if you are really tired, completely overreact. Is it really about the oregano? No. That was just the last straw. You are with someone you are inherently vulnerable with, and all the frustration spills out. Once you are finished with your own tantrum, you will feel tired, apologetic and embarrassed. Sound familiar? Your son explodes, and as soon as the attacking energy has left his body, he is full of shame and remorse. This is good. It means that his mind is saying: “Oh, man, that was wrong. I really don’t want to be like this. I don’t want to attack the people I love.” But his good intentions don’t seem to be enough to stop these fits, do they? How can we help him? 1. First, accept that his timeline to maturity may be a bit more complicated than that of his peers. This acceptance will relieve you of the thinking that sounds like “He is too old for this” or “He should know better than this.” That will only lend itself to more frustration, and you need all the patience you can muster here. 2. Now that you understand you are working with an overwhelmed and overtaxed brain, look at some basic strategies that help stressed brains. First, make sure he is getting protein and complex carbohydrates. Children with overwhelmed brains could experience “hanger” suddenly, so if we can regulate his blood sugar, his brain will stand a greater chance of not losing control. 3. Along with food is exercise and other sensory information. Some gifted and intense children need silence and alone time, some need a dose of healthy outside time, and many children love some trampoline time. Reflect on what your son may or may not need to decompress. Anything you can do to help his frazzled nervous system will help him hold on to his good intentions and possibly bypass some of these explosions. When you get a sense of what your son needs, create a chart together to help establish a routine. 4. Take note (literally, write it down) when your son is melting down and the antecedents to these outbursts. Is it after you have made too many requests or demands? Is he misreading exchanges with siblings or friends? Is the environment too chaotic or controlled? I am in no way saying that we can create the perfect environment for your son, but there could be simple tweaks we can make to avoid triggering him. 5. Stop dragging him to his room. Yes, he may be violent or out of control, but create a plan where you can keep everyone and everything safe without physically moving him too much. Why? It is clear that kind of physicality sets him off into further frustration. You can, at a quiet and peaceful moment, let him know what will happen when he has a tantrum. He can have a positive “time-in,” in which he picks a place in the house where he can cool down, and if that works for your family, do it. You are going to need to find a way to make this your own for him. 6. If you can’t seem to help him regulate his anger, please get support in the form of a good play therapist who has a keen understanding of gifted and intense children and who is also happy to work with you. A good intermediary may help with some scripting and simple behavioral plans so that you and your son can work more cooperatively. Good luck and have some faith that he will mature; he is just going to take his own path and time to get there.
Category Archives: Tamara Ivaovic Tamara Ivaovic The Importance of Sustainability in Architecture and Economy Reason of the foundation is the worlds most excellent gift for a man. Knowledge, however, has its limits. The creative spirit of the designers and architects seeks them overcome the craving for knowledge, not to enter the future to design space for the man soared to perfection. To achieve adequate knowledge architect must broaden their horizons, certain knowledge and in other areas, in particular cooperate with other participants in the process of developing a better future for man. The text discusses the need for sustainable urban development which is a prerequisite for creating a sustainable city, as the basic matrix of the city required for life and the future of the city. To address this man should has knowledge of urban development, urban environment, environmental problems and social and intellectual norms in society variable financial and political parameters. The large number of complex parameters are needed knowledge, patience, perseverance and wisdom of all of us, and every mistake is costly punishable. Architecture-Design often lack the recognition of macroeconomic and microeconomic variables. Most economic analyzes have rightly spatial research. For this reason it is necessary to find a common language for proper functioning. Construction of a new language requires research, the concept of broader spatial analysis in the design, architecture, urbanism. All the oppressed wider context and factors. The mind needs to have environmental, economic, social aspect and political identity. Is there a possibility to do something new? What we can change? Ensuring an appropriate level of useful environment in the current urban environment today is a significant problem. Despite the development of science and technology, many elements of the environment are an urban problem today. To achieve this goal it is necessary to develop an awareness of not only the individual, but the entire society. Economics as one of the key factors should determine priorities, the importance of projects that are invested and thus result. I think that knowledge of one key problem is important for further decision. Therefore, if we are aware, for example, the current state of energy availability in the world we should find a way to improve it. The problem arises because of not developed awareness for the benefit of mankind. The investor is willing to invest in a building of several thousand square meters, regardless of its architectural and social value, considering it will brings him a profit. Nevertheless, sustainable architecture and sustainable resources are completely ignored, because it might be unprofitable in a given time. Energy efficiency is important as a essential for the survival of human society. Where is the exit? In the future Humanity should be significantly turn to the use of alternative (imperative) energy sources. Knowledge of markets, development needs and potential as a whole, established investigation strategies and strategies of industrial development, are essential in order to identify desirable investors who want a clear insight into the situation and potential of each sector, to invest in what interests them. In the cities of earlier epochs environmental problems were mostly related to the lack of proper infrastructure, underdeveloped hygienic level, overpopulation, over construction and others. Nowadays, problems related to the state of the environment are much more numerous and reaching to the very complex problems of technical nature and psychology of urban living . In order to enable further progress of the human population, it is necessary the adoption and implementation of sustainable development. The basic idea of sustainable development is meeting the needs of present generations, without compromising the possibilities for future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable cities allow the architecture to transform itself, not to be traditional but useful, innovative and economical. As a result we have design that rationally relates to energy use and refrain consumption of limited natural resources. How environmental imperative and a moral imperative become by the fact that designers are constantly exploring models that would be sustainable design is actually implemented in the modern trends of architectural practice. Some of the models, which were presented at the European market actually stress the marketing potential of “sustainable” investments, and so “green building” are more profitable than the label on the real estate market in developed countries. In this case, architecture and economy are finding a common language, not hinder each other. Sustainable development is based on protection, so it is conditioned by the need to upholding the concept of nature in order to provide the resources and services necessary for life. From this perspective, sustainable development means improving the quality of human life within the limits of the capacity of the submission of ecosystems that support it ‘. This definition of sustainable development is a normative concept that includes a standard of behavior that should be respected if the human community tends towards satisfying their own needs of survival and well-being. The definition includes three basic components, namely: economic, social and component of environmental protection, which form the basis of sustainable development. All three components are mutually linked and interdependent, and therefore require that everything is being done in the field of development is in line with each of them separately. When it comes to urban sustainability, it must be borne in mind that cities have never been self-sustaining through history, and that they probably never will be in the true sense of the word. The city, as a man’s environment, had to meet its biological, environmental, social, economic, aesthetic and other requirements and needs that have evolved with the development of civilization. In addition, cities are ‘producers’ external influences on the environment, both positive and negative. How is the growing awareness of aspects of environmental pollution associated with urban living and quality of life in cities, increasingly provoking questions about the relationship of the positive to the negative impact and proof that this relationship is disrupted. As a result, more attentiveness to the capacity of the submission of a sustainable city overall area needed a system that would support life in the city, through the production of goods, resources and acceptance of waste materials from the city often called ecological rate city. It can be concluded that sustainable urban development can only be achieved if the system is established renewing his energy, human, environmental and technological potential. Cities today are not only a reflection of the society within which the finding they are more a reflection of society is global. Or how Mumford wrote in 1961 in his book ” The city in history ”: ” … slowly we went from being a city that symbolizes the world, to the world that in many practical aspects of becoming a global city ‘. It can be argued that each generation has the right to regulate their environment according to their needs and capabilities, however there is also a parallel obligation of this generation to their successors, in the coming generations, leave enriched, and not wrecked space. The city is one of the artificial creation and its sustainable development in terms of ecological balance can be achieved only if all urban processes are controlled and synchronized with the laws of the natural environment. To achieve the goals of sustainable development, it is necessary to understand that cities play a significant role in this process. As a development can take and developing of Dubai. Economics allowed expansion and development of the city. The city has in recent years significantly progressed, we can not omit the worldwide economic crisis, which did not avoid this town, but good economic organization allowed the continuation of his progress, urbanization, and lately concept of green architecture. Projects are based on hundreds of lesser energy and water consumption. To answer the question of what is a sustainable city, it is necessary to sustainability seen in the wider context. It means that one should not only look and talk about the environment in the city, but also to take into account the role that the city has in a broader context. To achieve this goal should be to act as a company which has developed awareness about their future. The model sustainable city, besides it’s strictly defined physical boundaries, reflecting the social and matrix of the city . This model is manifested through a myriad of different forms, depending on the historical heritage, culture, economic base, climatic, geographic and geopolitical characteristics, to all these forms at the end reduced to only a few variables that determine it. Sustainable city no ” recipe ” behavior towards sustainability, but should have defined the elements of measurement achieved. The city can only be considered sustainable if its governing structure the entire planet is seen as unique. Cities should be considered for places that serve its attractiveness as drivers of economic development in terms of creativity, innovation and the creation and sharing of knowledge, the stimulation of proactive innovation and educational policies, on sustainable construction, architecture and urban space use, the high development of the local economy, the exploitation of the architectural values, historical heritage buildings and public spaces through the development and reconstruction of the urban landscape. Cities need to set the positive principles of urban spatial development, which will be based on: balanced economic growth and territorial organized activities, with a polycentric urban structure, strong metropolitan region that can provide services of general economic interest, compact structure of settlements with limited urban sprawl, a high level of environmental protection and quality of life in the city and surrounding areas. Sustainable cities must have attractive open public spaces and promote sustainable, inclusive and healthy mobility in a way that cycling and hiking trails that are attractive, and public transport favored. Increased energy efficiency in buildings reduces the economic and energy vulnerability, and associated innovations, technologies and services in the building and energy are important drivers of local development. Common approach to solving the problem of exclusion, the energy poverty and better housing conditions come to the key elements of development of the city so that the city becomes more beautiful and lively, but also more competitive and eco-friendly. Building a “green and healthy” cities goes beyond simply reducing CO2 emissions. We come to an integrated approach to environmental protection and energy sector in which many components of natural ecosystems are intertwined with those of the social, economic, cultural and political urban system in a single system. His influence is essential for avoiding rural depopulation and to promote balanced territorial development. The question is whether this problem can be solved on a global level in view of the disparities between the countries in the world have never been more obvious.How to awaken man’s awareness of the efficiency of energy resources and the value of what we have to do. Why not let the natural functions, existing natural techniques to be used for greater efficiency. Every place in the world has ups and downs, problems to be solved but the problem lies in spreading the incentives of his subjects. Image references: Posted in Tamara Ivaovic \| Tagged , , \| Comments closed
The role of relational categories in mind, brain and education by Dr Micah Goldwater Dr. Micah Goldwater from the University of Sydney presented a trio of studies from his lab which have taken different approaches to studying how people use relational categories and analogies in learning. He says ‘For decades, cognitive lab-based research on category and concept learning, and education research on learning in the classroom have been disconnected in many crucial ways. Even for the moment forgetting the sociocultural, and motivational differences in the two distinct settings, the nature of the concepts to be learned are typically of two distinct kinds. Cognitive research has focussed on how people learn to categorise objects by their intrinsic features – although key concepts in education are about the extrinsic relations between objects and events. For example, consider catalysts and reagents. These labels classify molecules not by their intrinsic features but the roles they play in chemical reactions. In my work, I have argued that a focus on relational categories can help bridge the gap between cognitive and educational research. In my talk, I presented basic cognitive research on the representation and learning of relational categories, how relational category learning is implemented in the brain, and classroom research that leverages how relational categories are learned to improve STEM education. You can access the full papers here and here and you can stay up to date with Micah’s work via his Sydney lab or by following him on @Mic__G on Twitter
Gas Flaring Since natural gas is incredibly valuable, companies are interested in capturing it, rather than flare it. Nevertheless, gas flaring may be an important part of the drilling, production or processing actions. Once a shale oil or gas well drilling is completed and hydraulically fractured, it is necessary to allow temporary flare in order to test production. Testing is the significant part which determines the pressure, flow and composition of the gas or oil from the well. These flaring processes at the well site can go on for several days or weeks, until both the flow of liquids or gas, and pressures stabilize. Gas flaring is also a part of safety, maintenance and during certain emergencies. It is an important safety device, especially at gas processing plants. Furthermore, in emergency situations where either equipment or piping is unable to deal with pressure, special valves automatically release gas through piping to flare stacks. If there were no safety flares, plants would be at great risk of potential explosions and fires. They also represent an outlet for gas while repairing and maintaining the equipment. In these cases, the flare is activated temporarily until certain emergency situations are resolved, or repairing tasks have been completed. Gas flaring is also excellent when it comes to managing gas during compression and processing. Their systems are used to deal with waste gas which is unable to be efficiently captured and returned to the system for processing. For instance, some natural gas compressor stations are equipped with dehydrator units which function to remove water from the gas stream before that gas goes into the pipeline system. There can be a flare within the compressor station which is necessary to burn off gas vapors that were captured by the dehydrator unit. It is necessary to say that such flares are used as control devices in case vapor recovery is impossible. With all these things in mind, one might ask are there any environmental concerns related to this process and what are they. Considering the fact that the pure natural gas is mostly methane which is a clean-burning fuel, we have to know that it is also a greenhouse gas. This means that once it is released into the air, it traps the heat in the atmosphere. Therefore, there are certain concerns when it comes to methane as well as other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from these operations. The best decision would be to capture gas from wells, compressors, and processing operations for use. Unfortunately, there are situations where capturing the gas is not possible. In such cases, in terms of air quality, it is better to burn the gas through a flare system instead of venting it directly into the atmosphere. In April 2012, U.S. EPA brought new rules in order to address air emissions in the process of oil and gas exploration, production, processing, and transportation. Therefore, oil and gas well operators need to reduce air emissions during drilling and hydraulic fracturing. From January 2015, U.S. EPA requires well operators to use green completions for the control of air emissions.
Why are My Teeth Yellow? Do you look in the mirror and ask yourself, “Why are my teeth yellow?” A variety of factors can lead to stained teeth. Fortunately, we can address discoloration with professional teeth whitening. In addition, there are steps you can take to reduce the severity of teeth stains. Teeth Whitening Quiz 1. True or False: Our foods and drinks can cause stains. 2. True or False: There are many other possible causes of discoloration. 3. True or False: You can help prevent teeth stains. 4. True or False: We offer professional teeth whitening. Answer Key 1. True. When you eat foods high in sugars and other starches, you may develop plaque buildup that makes discoloration more likely. In addition, drinks that contain dark pigments, such as soda, tea, red wine, and coffee, can lead to the onset of teeth stains. 2. True. Other causes of discoloration include certain medications, fluorosis, trauma, age, and tobacco use. 3. True. To reduce the severity of future stains you should cut back on foods and drinks that contain sugar and other starches and have dark pigments. In addition, we recommend you stop sing tobacco products. Finally, you should maintain good oral hygiene habits. This includes brushing your teeth twice daily, flossing regularly, and having your teeth professionally cleaned at least twice a year. 4. True. Our professional system combines at-home and in-office methods to improve the appearance of your smile. First, you come to the office for an initial treatment. We will send you home with a set of trays and a bleaching gel. Each day you will wear he gel-filled trays for a set amount of time. After about two weeks you will return for one final office treatment. You may be able to enjoy a smile brightened by multiple shades.
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace The parameters of the function { class Program static void mm(ref int x, ref int y) Console.WriteLine(" Passing in functions mm The parameters for :x = {0},y = {1}", x, y); // The following three sentences are ： Exchange the values of two parameters int temp = x; x = y; y = temp; Console.WriteLine(" Executing functions mm After the output of the parameter value is ：x = {0},y = {1}", x, y); static void Main(string[] args) int i = , j = ; Console.WriteLine(" stay Main Call in method mm The function passes in two arguments :i = {0},j = {1}", i, j); mm(ref i, ref j); Console.WriteLine(" stay Main After the execution of mm After the function ：i = {0},j = {1}", i, j); C# I quote （ref keyword ） More articles on parameters 1. Use C# Medium ref keyword , use 2 Here is a simple example to illustrate stay C# in , If you prefix the method parameter with ref keyword , Indicates that the parameter passes a reference , It's not worth it . How to understand that ? Parameters are examples of simple types static void Main(string[] args) { string te ... 2. C++ in , Reference as function parameter Reference as function parameter C++ The reason for adding reference types , It's mainly a function parameter , The function of transferring data by extension function . ———————————————————— c++, Function arguments :(1) Take the variable name as an argument and a formal parameter . And then it's passed to the formal parameter ... 3. How to use java Language implementation C# Medium ref keyword ( Pass parameters by reference ) The effect of 4. python Parameters in function （ Key parameters , Default parameters , Positional arguments , Indefinite length parameter ） Default parameters : When defining a function, give the variable a default value . def num(age=1): Positional arguments : When calling a function, it is referenced according to the formal parameter position and actual parameter position when defining the function . Key parameters : If the defined function contains keyword parameters , Call function ... 5. ref The role of keywords ref Keyword to pass parameters by reference . The effect is , When control is passed back to the calling method , Any changes made to the parameters in the method will be reflected in the variable . That is to say , Use... In the parameters of the calling method ref Keywords enable variables to change . ref and out All are ... 6. C# Passing values and references ( ref out in ) A variable of a reference type does not directly contain its data : It contains references to its data . When passing a parameter of a reference type by value , It is possible to change the data that the reference points to , Such as the value of a class member ( Change the value of the property ), But you can't change the value of the reference itself : in other words , You can't use the same citation ... 7. C# Three keywords in params,Ref,out About these three keywords before you can study some of the original operation using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; namespace ... 8. C# Three keywords in params,Ref,out One . using System; using System.Collection.Generic; using System.Text; namespace ParamsRefOut { class ... 9. C# in ref The knowledge and understanding of key words When I took over the old project before, I encountered some method parameters used in ref Keyword is added before the parameter of parameter passing . For novice , Here is an introduction to ref The usage and practical effect of . CLR By default, the parameter passing method of all methods in is value passing , That is to say, no matter what you say ... 10. c# Medium ref、out、params Parameters out Parameters And c++ A comparison of quotations from out Parameters can be used to pass method return values , And c++ It's a little bit like , But there are some differences : - When you call a method, you must write out Parameters - You must allocate space before calling a method - You don't need to ... Random recommendation 1. 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Loch na Keal Scotland Loch na Keal extends over 20 km inland, almost cutting through the Island of Mull, named after the Loch na Keal National Scenic Area. “Loch na Keal consists of a wide triangular shaped outer loch, separated from Loch Tuath to the north by the islands of Gometra and Ulva, leading into a narrow inner loch. The island of Staffa is at the mouth of the outer loch, Inch Kenneth is in the outer loch, and Eorsa is in the inner loch.” The primary attractions inside the loch is the wide of variety of islands that include Ulva, Gometra, Little Colonsay, Staffa, Inchkenneth, Eorsa and the Treshnish Islands. Staffa also happens to have one of my bucket list sights, Fingal’s Cave which is known for its natural acoustics and untouched scenery. Source: Wikipedia Leave a Reply
Article Publish Status: FREE Abstract Title: Varicella vaccination: a laboured take-off. Abstract Source: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 May ;20 Suppl 5:86-91. PMID: 24494784 Abstract Author(s): P Carrillo-Santisteve, P L Lopalco Article Affiliation: P Carrillo-Santisteve Varicella vaccines are highly immunogenic, efficacious and safe in preventing varicella disease. The USA has been the first country recommending universal vaccination. In the European Union/European Economic Area countries, the use of varicella vaccine is heterogeneous, with some countries recommending universal vaccination in children at national or regional level, others only in high-risk groups and others having no recommendation at all. Uncertainties on the potential impact of varicella vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella and herpes zoster still exist. These uncertainties are the main reason behind the diverse vaccine recommendations. Surveillance systems and mathematical models could be useful to address these uncertainties. However, the lack of surveillance of varicella and herpes zoster in some countries, as well as the high variability of surveillance systems in the countries that have one, makes it difficult to assess the effect of the vaccine. On the other hand, mathematical models are based on assumptions and should be interpreted carefully. Continuous surveillance of varicella and herpes zoster is needed to identify any changes in the epidemiological presentation of the diseases. In any case, continuous surveillance will be needed to fully describe the impact of the programmes currently running and clarify some of the actual uncertainties in the near future. Additionally, increasing our understanding of the risk factors for development of herpes zoster is required. Print Options Sayer Ji Founder of GreenMedInfo.com Subscribe to our informative Newsletter & get Nature's Evidence-Based Pharmacy Download Now 500+ pages of Natural Medicine Alternatives and Information.
API : A Powerful Invention for all application developers. API is an acronym for Application Programming Interface. It is a powerful tool to make two different applications speak to each other. Let’s take a simple example of Real estate to understand what is an API In this scenario, Buyer uses Realtor as an API to communicate with seller. You might think why buyer is not talking to the seller and get the things done. Assume, if seller is speaking a different language and buyer cannot understand that language. That is when realtor comes into the picture and makes the transaction smoother. So in this scenario, realtor acts like an API between the buyer and seller. We need only two parameters to enable smooth transaction • Medium -Phone • Format-Language Lets delve into the computer world and see how this API works? Assume there is a ABC App with a new user sign-in function: The ABC app uses Facebook or Google Authorization as API for allowing the users to sign into the app. This is a Win-Win situation for both the user and the ABC app. Let’s see how. • The users do not need to create a separate user id and password. • The users do not need to store or secure the password • The ABC app does not want to create a overhead with maintaining the separate authorization mechanism. • It also increases the scope of the application as millions of users are using both Facebook and Google apps We need only two parameters to enable smooth transaction. • Medium- Http/Internet • Format -JSON/XML An API can support any platform , any language and DB. How cool is that? This means developers do not want to code each and every module but integrate the already existing functionality into his application and use it in a jiffy. Let’s explore a Public API — Gender API! What does it do? • It is not just a simple database lookup. • If it can’t find a name in a specific country, it does a global lookup. • If it can’t find a name in a global lookup, it performs several normalizations on the name to fix typos and cover all spelling variants. • It has implemented a multi-layer technology to provide the best results possible. • With millions of API calls per month, Gender-API.com is the biggest platform on the internet to determine gender by a first name, a full name or an email address. How does it work? Lets say if we are developing an app that uses registration forms and the scope of the application is 1 Million users. Each time when the user enters her/his name, the app automatically pulls the gender data by contacting the gender API IO and populates the gender. This scenario avoids the developer to code a separate button for gender. Here is a sample HTTP request and response for Gender API. Get gender by name: Pass the below command in the browser URL, it populates the gender by name. • Request → https://genderapi.io/api/?name=Mary • Response → {“name”:”mary”,”q”:”mary”,”gender”:” female”,”country”:”US”, “total_names”:3, “probability”:100} Get gender by email id: Pass the below command in the browser URL, it searches by email id Originally published at https://www.numpyninja.com on May 14, 2021. SDET , Canada

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