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Busy. Please wait. Log in with Clever show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Sign up using Clever Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Didn't know it? click below Knew it? click below Don't know Remaining cards (0) Normal Size Small Size show me how Nervous System Neurons & Interneurons What is the function of the Nervous System? to GENERATE, TRANSMIT, and INTEGRATE electrical Impulses for Sensory and Motor functions What are Neurons? FUNCTIONAL units of the NS What is the function of Sensory Neurons? carry info about the Internal or External Environment What are the 2 types of Neurons? Sensory, Motor What is the pathway of Sensory Information? Receptor Cell --> Sensory Nerve --> Spinal Cord --> Brain Which Neurons are Afferent? Sensory = TOWARD the Brain Which Neurons are Efferent? Motor = carry info AWAY from the Brain What is the function of Motor Neurons? carry signals that produce MOVEMENT What is the pathway for Motor information? Brain --> Spinal Cord --> Motor Nerve --> Muscle/Gland What is the shape of Sensory Neurons, and where are they located? Uni-polar - originates in the PNS, Cell Body in the CNS What is the shape of Motor Neurons, and where are they located? Multi-polar = single axon - origintaes in the CNS --> PNS What is the function of Interneurons? LINK Neurons in the Brain and Spinal Cord - enable Sensor INTERPRETATION and Complex ACTIONS Which cells make up most of Brain matter? Interneurons Which cells are responsible for some Emotions? Interneurons: jealousy, lust, appreciation What is another name for Interneurons? Association Neurons What is the pathway of Assoication signals? Snesory Nerve --> Interneuron --> Sensory/Motor Neuron What is the function of a Dendrite? carry info INTO the Cell Body What is the function of an Axon? carry info OUT of the Cell Body T/F. The # of Neurons a person has determines their Intelligence? F. The # of Synapses a person has formed T/F. Neurons are Amitotic, therefore a person can never become more Intelligent? F. Neurons are Amitotic, but Synapses can grow thoughout life What is the action that Motor neurons give to Muscle? Contraction What is the action Motor Neurons give to Glands? Secretion Created by: Kristel Popular Laboratory Science sets Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards
Confucius said in 500BC “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance”. image Photo by Glen Noble on Unsplash This concept has come up in a few conversations recently. As your experience and knowledge increases across a range of topics, you may not feel any more knowledgeable. Why might this be? It turns out there’s a simple explanation. As your experience and knowledge expands, you encounter more topics and understand existing topics more deeply. Your circle of knowledge increases. On the edge of this knowledge circle are the topics you may have encountered, but don’t know. As your knowledge and experience increases, you know more topics exist. As your ‘knowns’ increase so do your ‘unknowns’. You know that you don’t know more :WINK: image Circle of knowledge Ok, so this model might explain it. How does this help, what can we do with this knowledge? And our newfound knowledge of our lack of knowledge!? Imposter syndrome Imposter syndrome is a psychological pattern where you may doubt your accomplishments and fear being exposed as a fraud. You may attribute your success to luck and discount both your achievements and ability. With the above model, knowing what you don’t know plugs in here. Being more aware of this balance between knowledge & unknown can help you evaluate your true abilities and value your achievements. Dunning-Kruger effect In the opposite direction is the Dunning–Kruger effect. This is a cognitive bias where people mistakenly assess their cognitive ability as greater than it is. Related to the illusory superiority bias, a cognitive bias where people fail to recognise their lack of ability. I’ve encountered this issue regularly. The junior who over confidently proposes a risky or inappropriate solution. The manager who’s very strong opinion on a topic is misguided. Or the loud person at a party explaining something incorrectly. Unknown Unknowns Rumsfeld said it nicely with this quote When we understand the limits of our knowledge, we can make better decisions. Just identifying and recognising what we don’t know helps. We can then develop a plan to improve our knowledge, or at a minimum flag them as a risk. Four Stages of Knowledge There’s another model which explains progression of knowledge. The four stages of knowledge: image Four stages of knowledge While there might be some ignorant bliss that goes with unconscious incompetence, it’s ideal to be aware of what stage your knowledge or skill is at. Then progress as many as possible through the stages, especially from the first stage! There’s still issues with model. For anything non-trivial, conscious competence is not a singular final state. Our knowledge is always incomplete. It either contains errors or the world has moved on. What was once true, now might not be. But we can use this knowledge to help us problem solve and make better decisions. Understanding what is most likely fact, what is probable, what is unlikely and then what is false. Build our self awareness and confidence in what we know. But we should also be humble. Be aware that we might be wrong, and be aware there is always more to learn.
Read time: Want a FREE PDF version of This News Story? Complete the form below and we will email you a PDF version of "Super-sniffer mice could detect land mines and decode human olfactory system " First Name* Last Name* Email Address* Company Type* Job Function* Would you like to receive further email communication from Technology Networks? The technology, a transgenic approach to engineering the mouse genome, could also provide researchers with a way to study human odor receptors. "This is one of our five basic senses, yet we have almost no clue how odors are coded by the brain," says lead investigator Paul Feinstein, an associate professor of biological sciences at Hunter. "It's still a black box." See Also: Decoding characteristic food odors More copies of this extra string of DNA resulted in a series of super-sniffer mice with increasing numbers of neurons expressing the selected receptor, a well-characterized receptor that detects acetophenone, which has a sweet smell similar to jasmine. The mice still maintain a relatively even distribution of other odor receptors. "We don't know how the neuron performs singular gene choice yet, but we can increase the probability of a given choice occurring," says Feinstein. This visual abstract summarizes MouSensors. D'Hulst et al. have increased the total number of neurons expressing specific mouse or human odorant receptors (ORs) in the nose of a mouse by genetically controlling OR gene choice. These MouSensors show lower specific odor detection thresholds and provide a platform to study OR gene expression and odor coding in vivo. Credit: D'Hulst et al./Cell Reports 2016 In parallel, post-doctoral researcher Charlotte D'Hulst was trying to replace a mouse receptor gene with a human one. Even though such gene swapping is standard practice in other fields, it did not work. It wasn't the first time researchers had been stymied by olfaction. Repeated attempts in the field to study odor receptors by growing them in cells in Petri dishes have also led to dead ends. As a result, human olfaction receptors are poorly understood. "Without understanding how odors bind to receptors, people have no rational way of designing new odors," says D'Hulst. "They also have no way of boosting the diminished smell capacity in patients with diseases such as Parkinson's." So D'Hulst abandoned gene swapping and tried Feinstein's transgenic super-sniffer technique to insert a human receptor gene into the mouse. It worked. "We have developed a system where we can study human odor receptors and finally determine how human odor coding works," says Feinstein. The team validated that the mice do indeed have an amplified sense of smell for the given receptor. They first used fluorescent imaging in live mice to trace the activation of the amplified odor receptor in response to the receptor's corresponding odor. These tests gave visual confirmation that the receptors are functional and present in greater numbers than others. In a standard behavioral test in which animals were trained to avoid an odor known to bind the transgenic receptor, the super-sniffer mice were able to detect the presence of this unpleasant odor in water at levels two orders of magnitude lower than those detectable by mice without super-sniffer abilities. "The animals could smell the odor better because of the increased presence of the receptor," says D'Hulst. Learn More: Understanding how neurons shape memories of smells The team is now working towards commercializing their technology and has founded a company called MouSensor, LLC. The Feinstein lab has received funding from the Department of Defense to develop super-sniffing rats that can be trained to detect TNT and potentially find land mines. The researchers also envision applications of the MouSensor for developing a type of nose-on-a-chip as a means of diagnosing disease using chemical detection profiling. "We have these millions-of-years-old receptors that are highly tuned to detect chemicals," says Feinstein. "We think we can develop them into tools and use them to detect disease." Cell Press D'Hulst C et al. MouSensor: A Versatile Genetic Platform to Create Super Sniffer Mice for Studying Human Odor Coding. Cell Reports, Published Online July 7 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.047
Religion in Laos In February 1993, the Supreme People’s Assembly met and appointed Nuhak Fumsavanh as Republican President and PPRL leader, Khamtay Sifandon as Prime Minister. According to Countryaah data, the country maintained its closed political system while capitalist-oriented economic reforms continued. In 1993, three former ministers remained in prison. In 1990, they had proposed the implementation of democratic reforms. In return, Prince Suvana Fuma was allowed to enter the country as a representative of foreign companies. By the 1980s, annual inflation had reached 46%. Under IMF supervision it was now reduced to 10%. Gross domestic product increased 7%. US state aid agency AID granted a $ 9.7 million loan to improve infrastructure in various parts of the country, arguing that improved access to markets would improve living conditions. People in Laos According to thesciencetutor, forestry has become a major problem in the country. By 1964, 6,000 m 3 had been felled. By 1993, the figure had risen to 600,000 m 3. The same year, the government imposed export restrictions. Instead, illegal forestry, which in 1993 accounted for about half of total forestry, increased. In March 1994, the World Bank initially granted Laos $ 8.7 million to plant new forests. Several international environmental organizations sharply criticized the project, which relied on direct funding from the central government, without contact with the local authorities, who thus had no security to participate in the project. The organizations also criticized the great emphasis placed on planting trees for commercial exploitation. A development that would further jeopardize the forests and their inhabitants. On April 6, 1994, the “Friendship Bridge” was opened across the Mekong River between Thailand and Laos. The project was an expression of reconciliation between the two countries, and that Laos withdrew from Vietnam and approached closer economic and cultural cooperation with Thailand, which was a richer country. In a short time, Thai banks, media, transport companies and factories came to dominate the economic investment in Laos, which was increasingly deprived of its socialist principles. In March, a law was passed that removed the remnants of planning economics. Another law guaranteed professional rights and updated the regulation of professional activity. Yet the government was determined to preserve its communist identity. In mid-1995, Laos expressed its desire to become a full member of the Southeast Asian Cooperation Organization (ASEAN) within a two-year period. The opening to foreign countries was also reflected in the ratification of a border agreement with Myanmar. At the same time, the United States lifted its blockade of the country that had continued since the end of the Vietnam War and which had limited the financial assistance of the superpower. In March 1996, Prime Minister Siphandon reaffirmed the PPRL’s status as the country’s only legal party at its 6th congress, while emphasizing liberalization, efficiency and economic growth. At the December 1997 parliamentary elections, PPRL maintained its dominance as 99 MPs were elected. The election results were not surprising, as only 4 of the 159 candidates stood outside the unit party. The stock market crisis affecting several of the countries in the region also had downsides in Laos, although the scale was smaller than in Thailand and Malaysia. The main impacts were price increases on imported goods and basic consumer goods such as food. • Visit for business, geography, history, politics, and society of Laos. Also find most commonly used abbreviations and acronyms about this country. In February 1998, the Supreme People’s Congress elected Prime Minister Siphandon as new president. Instead, Sisavat Keobounphan was appointed new prime minister. Deputy President Oudom Khattigna died at the age of 69 in December 1999. Amnesty International put pressure on the country to release its prisoners of conscience. One of these – Thongsouk Saysangkhi – died in prison despite a request for release from Amnesty. Laos Religion
2 min read IoT vs IIoT: What is the difference? Featured Image What is the main difference between IoT and IIoT? One of the newer kids on the block, IoT technology is modern, fresh and exciting. Think 'smart' objects: smart home security systems, smart fridges, smart cars, and so on are all examples of objects that use the internet where they technically shouldn't, but still make it work. IoT is a great decision for businesses, helping with areas such as monitoring and boosting efficiency. Overall, IoT has been a newcomer worth waiting for. But what is IoT? And what is the main difference between IoT and IIoT? The extra 'I' in IIoT stands for 'Industrial': Industrial Internet of Things. Fundamentally, the two aren't that different, boasting the same intelligence and ability to wirelessly exchange data. IIoT is essentially IoT on a much larger, manufacture-orientated scale, being used for purposes such as construction and looking over supply chains. Untitled design (17) A little more about IIoT Essentially, IIoT is all about the change and transference of data to and between the sensors inside industrial devices: think of factory machines or engines in aeroplanes. IIoT is developed with the intention of handling important and critical machines, making the technology slightly more sophisticated than, for example, your Amazon Alexa. In fact, speaking of Amazon, the internet retail giant has used IIoT in its own way, by utilising robots that deliver shelves of products to human workers. Different products for different audiences The main difference between IoT and IIoT are their target audiences. IIoT is developed with practicality in mind and is great for the people at the top of the manufacturing chain. The reliable and high-tech nature of IIoT makes it great for monitoring machines and making sure everything is done efficiently and safely. The sensors used in IIoT are extremely sensitive and operate with ultimate precision, including technology that is location-aware with controls that are more advanced. On the other hand, IoT tech is often a little more simple: it's consumer-focused, rather than production-focused. IoT devices can be convenient and even fun, but they don't operate on the same large scale as IIoT. This means that the IoT application and tech is slightly simpler than the more sensitive and complex IIoT. To summarise: the breakdown or malfunction of your smart light switch could be a pretty large inconvenience. However, it is not likely to be life-threatening. Alternatively, a malfunction in aerospace IIoT could be detrimental. The bottom line Both IoT and IIoT are great for businesses: it all depends on the purpose of the technology and the structure of your business! To find out more about what we offer in terms of IoT, contact us at [email protected], visit Your IoT or click here to find out more about IoT SIM cards. 2 min read Which Cloud is Best for IoT? Choosing which cloud is best for IoT 2 min read Why IoT Needs 5G IoT and 5G: why they need each other 3 min read What is IoT Device Management? What is IoT device management? An explanation
The first thing you need to know about solar sail is that it’s a portable, compact, and incredibly lightweight way to beam electricity over vast distances. The biggest drawback of solar sails is that they’re heavy, weighing up to 100 pounds, and only a few of them can actually be flown at a time, so you need a lot of space to do so. But with a bit of tweaking, you can make your sail float away from your ship and fly it over vast expanses of ocean. The first step to making solar sail a reality is to buy solar sail that’s compatible with your system. You’ll want to consider what kind of power you want to use on your solar sail, what type of sail you want for your particular ship, and what kind to buy. How to buy a solar-powered sail, for instance, depends on whether you want a solar powered sail that can power your solar panels, or a solar sailing system. If you’re interested in the former, you’ll want a sail that has enough power to run the power to your solar panel (about a third of a megawatt of electricity). If you want the latter, you might want to look for a sail with enough power that it can power the solar panels. Here are the main considerations when buying solar sail: Size, weight, and power rating Solar sail systems usually come in a few sizes and weights. You can buy solar sails that can run on the same power as your solar-panel-powered boat. In addition, some solar sail systems have a maximum power rating. This is the maximum power output you can get out of a solar sails system, usually a watt or watt-hour. The watt-hours you can run out of your solar sails will depend on the sail, the size of the sail (as well as the size and shape of the solar sail), and how much power is being sent from the sail to your sail. If your solar sailing sail can run at a watt-Hour rating, you’re more likely to find a sail suitable for your sail than a solar ship that’s rated at a less-than-watt-hour rating. But a solar system rated at two watt-Hours will be less expensive than a sail rated at less-or-more-watts. For the most part, you want your solar system to be rated between two and four watts-Hours, and this is usually a fairly standard range for a solar systems. The sail you buy will also determine the type of solar sail you need. Sail sizes and shapes Solar sail types vary from ship to ship. Some solar sail designs have the sail in a circular or triangular shape, or they’re made from lightweight materials such as aluminum or carbon fiber. The shape of a sail also depends on the size or weight of the ship and the power of the sails. Some sail types are designed for more powerful sailboats. For instance, many sail designs are designed to run at the same maximum power that a sailboard can run. In these cases, you may want to pay more for a stronger sailboat that can support more sail power. The next question to answer is how much energy the sail produces. Generally speaking, a solar power system will consume more energy when it’s generating power than when it is transmitting power. A sail that generates electricity will consume a lot more power than a system that generates less power. To find out how much of a difference there is, you need an equation that looks like this: Maximum power generated = Energy consumed divided by power (in watts-hours) Maximum power transferred = Power sent from sail to sail divided by the energy sent from one sail to the other Maximum power lost = Power lost from sailboard to sailboard The most straightforward way to calculate the maximum energy that a solar boat can generate is to find the amount of power that each sailboard will send out when it sends out a power of 0 watts-Hour. This amount of energy is called the maximum sailpower. To do this, simply multiply the maximum value of each sailpower by the total sailpower, divided by 2.2. For example, the maximum number of sailpower that a single sailboard could generate is one sailpower-hour, or 0.9 watts-hour of power. In this case, the total energy the solar sailing ship can send out is the number of watts-per-hour divided by 0.91. That’s how much solar power you’re generating and how many watts-hampers you’re losing per hour of sail power lost. How much energy does a solar motor generate? The amount of electricity you can generate from a solar car battery is proportional to the square of the energy that the battery can generate. For a solar battery, you have to find an amount of electrical power that’s equal to the amount the battery is producing. For most solar sail sail
Skip to main content Brave New World by Aldous Huxley What it is About? First Chapter, First Paragraph A SQUAT grey building of only thirty-four stories. Over the main entrance the words, CENTRAL LONDON HATCHERY AND CONDITIONING CENTRE, and, in a shield, the World State’s motto, COMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY. The enormous room on the ground floor faced towards the north. Cold for all the summer beyond the panes, for all the tropical heat of the room itself, a harsh thin light glared through the windows, hungrily seeking some draped lay figure, some pallid shape of academic goose-flesh, but finding only the glass and nickel and bleakly shining porcelain of a laboratory. Wintriness responded to wintriness. The overalls of the workers were white, their hands gloved with a pale corpse-coloured rubber. The light was frozen, dead, a ghost. Only from the yellow barrels of the microscopes did it borrow a certain rich and living substance, lying along the polished tubes like butter, streak after luscious streak in long recession down the work tables. Check Out Our Other First Chapter, First Paragraph Why You Should Check This Out... This is a classic seminal work. It has influenced many generations of dystopian fiction and society’s culture. Tell me what you think!
Skip to main content Biology LibreTexts 13.4: Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra • Page ID • Communicating with Urine Why do dogs urinate on fire hydrants? Besides “having to go,” they are marking their territory with chemicals called pheromones in their urine. It’s a form of communication, in which they are “saying” with odors that the yard is theirs and other dogs should stay away. Dogs may urinate on fence posts, trees, car tires, and many other objects in addition to fire hydrants. Urination in dogs, as in people, is usually a voluntary process controlled by the brain. The process of forming urine, which occurs in the kidneys, occurs constantly and is not under voluntary control. What happens to all the urine that forms in the kidneys? It passes from the kidneys through the other organs of the urinary system, starting with the ureters. dog urinating Figure $\PageIndex{1}$: Dog urinating on hydrant As shown in Figure $\PageIndex{2}$, ureters are tube-like structures that connect the kidneys with the urinary bladder. They are paired structures, with one ureter for each kidney. In adults, ureters are between 25 and 30 cm (10 to 12 in.) long and about 3 to 4 mm (about 1/8 in.) in diameter. Urinary system structures Figure $\PageIndex{2}$: Besides the kidneys, the urinary system includes two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. Each ureter arises in the pelvis of a kidney (Figure $\PageIndex{3}$). It then passes down the side of the kidney and finally enters the back of the bladder. kidney anatomy Figure $\PageIndex{3}$: Urine collects in the renal pelvis which is continuous with the ureter. The ureter then carries the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The walls of the ureters are composed of multiple layers of different types of tissues. You can see the layers in Figure $\PageIndex{4}$. The innermost layer is a special type of epithelium, called the transitional epithelium. Unlike the epithelium lining most organs, the transitional epithelium is capable of flattening and distending and does not produce mucus. It lines much of the urinary system, including the renal pelvis, bladder, and much of the urethra in addition to the ureters. Transitional epithelium allows these organs to stretch and expand as they fill with urine or allow urine to pass through. The next layer of the ureter walls is made up of loose connective tissue containing elastic fibers, nerves, and blood and lymphatic vessels. After this layer are two layers of smooth muscles, an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer. The smooth muscle layers can contract in waves of peristalsis to propel urine down the ureters from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The outermost layer of the ureter walls consists of fibrous tissue. ureter crossection Figure $\PageIndex{4}$: This illustration shows a cross-section of a ureter. The white space inside is the lumen through which urine passes. From the lumen outward, the layers of the ureter wall include transitional epithelium, connective tissue, two layers of muscle fibers, and an outer layer of fibrous tissue. Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and stretchy organ that rests on the pelvic floor. It collects and stores urine from the kidneys before the urine is eliminated through urination. As shown in Figure $\PageIndex{5}$, urine enters the urinary bladder from the ureters through two ureteral openings on either side of the back wall of the bladder. Urine leaves the bladder through a sphincter called the internal urethral sphincter. When the sphincter relaxes and opens, it allows urine to flow out of the bladder and into the urethra. Like the ureters, the bladder is lined with transitional epithelium, which can flatten out and stretch as needed as the bladder fills with urine. The next layer (lamina propria) is a layer of loose connective tissue, nerves, and blood and lymphatic vessels. This is followed by a submucosa layer, which connects the lining of the bladder with the detrusor muscle in the walls of the bladder. The outer covering of the bladder is the peritoneum, which is a smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most abdominal organs. The detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is made of smooth muscle fibers that are controlled by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. As the bladder fills, the detrusor muscle automatically relaxes to allow it to hold more urine. When the bladder is about half full, the stretching of the walls triggers the sensation of needing to urinate. When the individual is ready to void, conscious nervous signals cause the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax and open. As a result, urine is forcefully expelled out of the bladder and into the urethra. bladder anatomy and histology Figure $\PageIndex{5}$: This diagram of the urinary bladder shows (a) a cross-sectional drawing of the entire bladder and (b) a microscopic cross-section of the tissues in the wall of the bladder. The urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice, which is the opening of the urethra on the surface of the body. As shown in Figure $\PageIndex{6}$, the urethra in a person with XY chromosomes (anatomically male) travels through the penis, so it is much longer than the urethra in a person with XX chromosomes (anatomically female). In a genetically male person, the urethra averages about 20 cm (8 in.) long, whereas, in a genetically female individual, it averages only about 4.8 cm (1.9 in.) long. In an XY individual, the urethra carries semen as well as urine, but in the XX individual, it carries only urine. Like the ureters and bladder, the proximal (closer to the bladder) two-thirds of the urethra are lined with transitional epithelium. The distal (farther from the bladder) third of the urethra is lined with mucus-secreting epithelium. The mucus helps protect the epithelium from urine, which is corrosive. Below the epithelium is loose connective tissue, and below that are layers of smooth muscle that are continuous with the muscle layers of the urinary bladder. When the bladder contracts to forcefully expel urine, the smooth muscle of the urethra relaxes to allow the urine to pass through. In order for urine to leave the body through the external urethral orifice, the external urethral sphincter must relax and open. This sphincter is a striated muscle that is controlled by the somatic nervous system, so it is under conscious, voluntary control in most people (exceptions are infants, some elderly people, and patients with certain injuries or disorders). The muscle can be held in a contracted state and hold in the urine until the person is ready to urinate. Following urination, the smooth muscle lining the urethra automatically contracts to re-establish muscle tone, and the individual consciously contracts the external urethral sphincter to close the external urethral opening. male and female urogenital sagittal view Figure $\PageIndex{6}$: The urinary bladder and urethra are colored brown to illustrate them in (a) female anatomy and (b) male anatomy. Notice how much longer the male urethra is because it travels through the length of the penis to reach the external urethral orifice. 1. What are ureters? 2. Describe the location of the ureters relative to other urinary tract organs. 3. Identify layers in the walls of a ureter and how they contribute to the ureter’s function. 4. Describe the urinary bladder. 5. What is the function of the urinary bladder? 6. How does the nervous system control the urinary bladder? 7. What is the urethra? 8. How does the nervous system control urination? 9. Identify the sphincters that are located along the pathway from the ureters to the external urethral orifice. 10. What are two differences between the male and female urethra? 11. True or False. Urine travels through the urinary system due solely to the force of gravity. 12. True or False. Urination refers to the process that occurs from the formation of urine in the kidneys to the elimination of urine from the body. 13. When the bladder muscle contracts, the smooth muscle in the walls of the urethra _________ . 14. Transitional epithelium lines the: A. bladder B. ureters C. renal pelvis D. All of the above Explore More You deposit it in the toilets and then you flush and never see it again. Could we be making use of all the pee (and poop) we usually flush away? Watch this fun and interesting TED talk to learn more about the potential use of pee and other human excrements to grow healthier plants and people. 1. Dog urinating on hydrant by Jackie, CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons 2. Urinary System by Arcadian, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons 3. The kidney by OpenStax, CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons 4. Transverseureter, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons 5. The bladder by OpenStax CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons 6. Female and Male Urethra by OpenStax CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
The visual language of helicopters As David and I walked through the Louvre’s courtyard, we discovered a display sponsored by the Museum of Flight at Le Bourget. Two real helicopters were parked there: one from 90 years ago and a modern helicopter operated by the French Marines. That reminded me that in films and TV shows that feature helicopters, we never see the landing gear retract or deploy. Up to very recently, nearly all sequences of aeroplanes taking off featured footage of the undercarriage retracting. Sometimes we see the wheels deploying before a landing. It shows that the plane has taken off and has now committed to flying off. It won’t land any time soon. For some reason I’m always looking at helicopter skis and wheels in movies. One moment they are deployed. In the next, we see a smooth bottomed vehicle flying through the air. Unless our hero needs to hang from or go out on the skis to shoot the baddies. The fact that this is never shown, means that we don’t need to see it. I suppose it’s that we know that helicopters take off and land wherever they want. Wheels and skis can be redeployed as needed. It follows that we are likely to favour shots as punctuation in the stories that we tell that seem to show a simple piece of information (‘the wheels are up’) that conveys a more advanced idea (‘they are committed to their journey – there’s no going back’). In this case, helicopters use a different language. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Saturday, July 18, 2020 Herd Immunity For Texas? Let's just say it: the governors of several southern states have decided to follow a "herd immunity" approach in dealing with COVID-19. They limit interventions to the absolute minimum level required to avoid dramatic hospital overloading. This is certainly the case in Texas and Florida. On a purely selfish basis, I can see positives in the approach Texas is taking. If they succeed in reaching herd immunity quickly, then we can go back to Texas next winter, without having to worry much about COVID-19. But can Texas get there - or rather, how long will it take to reach herd immunity? This post tries to answer this question - but let's start with a quick recap about what "herd immunity" is. What is "herd immunity"? When a new virus like the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 emerges, it keeps infecting more an more people until one of several things happens: 1. People change their behavior in a way that stops transmissions. This can be voluntary, or in response to government orders like "stay-at-home" directives. 2. A drug is found that prevents the virus from infecting others. 3. Just about everyone in a population has been infected and cannot be infected again because their immune system remembers the virus, and keeps it from causing disease upon re-infecting a person. Vaccines can be seen as a combination of the three steps above: the vaccine is a drug (#2) that people need to take (#1), and it builds immunity to prevent infection (#3). But a COVID-19 vaccine will not be available anytime soon, so we'll ignore this for the time being. At the point were enough people have been infected (or vaccinated) so that an epidemic dies out, the population has reached "herd immunity". Depending on how infectious a virus is, reaching herd immunity requires that anywhere between 50% to more than 90% of the population has been infected (or successfully vaccinated). For COVID-19, it is generally assumed that herd immunity would be reached after somewhere between 60% and 70% of a population becomes immune due to prior infection or successful vaccination. Here is a simple way of explaining this number: we know that on average, each person infected with the corona virus will infect three others. But if two of these three others are immune to the virus, then only one person will be newly infected - the epidemic stabilizes. If the "immunity rate" is a bit higher than 2 out of 3, then each person will infect less than one new person, and the number of new infections will start to decrease. How about Texas? To see how Texas might reach herd immunity, we need to look at some numbers: • Population size: about 29 to 29.9 million • Confirmed COVID-19 cases: 307,572 (as of 7/18/2020, 4:38 pm) • New cases per day: 9,748 (7-day average) • Total COVID-19 deaths: 3,735 (as of 7/18/2020, 4:38 pm) If 2 out of 3 Texans need to have been infected for herd immunity, that comes to 20 million Texans. With 307, 572 Texans already infected, that leaves about 19.6 million infections that have yet to happen. At the current rate of about 10,000 new cases per day, a very naive estimate would be that reaching herd immunity will take another 1,963 days - more than 5 years. What about untested infections? I called the first estimate above "very naive" because it assumes that every single infected person in Texas has been tested for COVID-19. We know with absolute certainty that this is not the case - some people do not have any symptoms, and others do not get tested for a variety of different reasons. For New York, antibody studies have shown that only about 1 out of 10 infected people were tested - so let's plug in these numbers to see what happens. With a "test rate" of just 10%, the number of actual cases would be 3.07 million, and the number of people who get infected every day would be about 100,000. This means that herd immunity levels would be reached in 169 days - just about when we like to become winter birds in Texas! Unfortunately, that's not good enough: after 169 days, we'd still have about 10,000 new confirmed infections per day in Texas, and this number would just start to slowly drop lower. And since we assumed that only 1 in 10 infections is tested, the actual number of daily infections would still be about 100,000. Another way of looking at the same numbers is that about 1 in 300 persons gets newly infected every day. With 2 people staying for a couple of months, the infection risk would be about 40% - too much for my taste. Bummer. Realistic scenarios for Texas The two scenarios above describe two extreme situations: what would happen if tests cover every infected person, and what would cover if only every tenth infected person gets tested. In all likelihood, the truth lies somewhere in between. There are a few things we can look at to get clues. One is the "test positive" rate - how many COVID-19 tests come back positive. In New York City during the height of the epidemic, the test positive rate was between 50% and 70%: tests were so scarce that (almost) only people got tested where it was extremely likely that they were infected - usually people with symptoms severe enough to require hospital admission. In contrast, the overall test positive rate for Texas is about 10.6%, much lower than in NYC. This indicates that tests have been more widely available, and that a larger fraction of infections has been captured by testing. The test positivity rate has recently increased in Texas, but always stayed below 20%. Another way to estimate the under-reporting factor is by looking at fatality rates. In New York during the height of the epidemic, the case fatality rate (CFR) exceeded 10%; for Texas, the raw CFR is around 1.3%. Even after doing the necessary adjustment for the delay between testing and death, the "time-adjusted" CFR for Texas is about 2% to 3%. We can use the time-adjusted CFR together with the "infection fatality ratio" (IFR) to estimate the ratio of infections to reported cases. As the upper limit for the IFR, we can use 1.45%, which is the ratio observed in New York City. Given that Texas has a younger population and that hospitals are not as overloaded as they were in NYC, this is a true upper limit, and probably too high. As a lower limit, I'll use 0.4%, which is most likely too low. This gives us a "hidden case factor" or "under reporting factor" range of between 1.5 and 6 for Texas; I'll use 2 and 5, which pretty much outline the reasonable range. If we assume an under reporting factor of 5, about 1.5 million Texans have been infected with COVID-19 already, and about 50,000 new infections happen every day. At this rate, reaching herd immunity will take 368 days - one year. If we assume an under reporting factor of 2, reaching herd immunity would take 966 days - about two and a half years. Similarly, we can use the known COVID-19 fatality rate in Texas to extrapolate how many additional COVID-19 deaths would occur in Texas until herd immunity is reached. For an under reporting factor of 5, the total number of deaths at herd immunity levels of infection would be 73,539; for an under-reporting factor of 2, it is 186,998. In both cases, the number of expected COVID-19 death per day would be about 200. A Texas-sized sacrifice of human lifes Texas is a big state. It's a very populous state, with almost 30 million people living there. The approach to COVID-19 has placed heavy emphasis on the economy. If Texas keeps following the current approach, while keeping the number of new daily confirmed COVID-19 cases stable at about 10,000 per day, Texas will reach herd immunity somewhere within the next two and a half years, and possible within one year. During this time, about 200 Texans will die each day from COVID-19 (although excess mortality data indicate that the actual death toll will likely be significantly higher). During the entire time, many hospitals will be operating at or beyond ICU capacity, which could further increase the death toll. Perhaps the most positive scenario for Texas includes a rapid development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine, and wide-spread use of this vaccine in Texas. In the most optimistic scenarios, a vaccine might become available in adequate quantities at the beginning of next year. Until then, about 40,000 Texans will have died from COVID-19 - unless the governor of Texas finally decides to (re-)impose stricter and more effective measures to reduce corona virus transmissions. No comments: Post a Comment
The growing Zika threat and what it means for FGCU In the wake of a growing Zika presence here in south Florida, there has been a question in the back of some minds: “What does this mean for FGCU?” The virus, which is known for the birth defects it causes, is becoming the spotlight of national attention as domestic cases grow. Between Lee and Collier counties, as many as 14 cases have been reported. Here at FGCU, we also see a potential for outbreak, as we are home to international students and travelers as well as Olympians who participated in the recent Rio Summer Olympics where a high number of Zika cases have been reported. So, what can we do prevent an outbreak? Although Zika could prove to be a problem, as long as individuals take the proper steps, people can avoid travesty. The problem is that there is no cure or treatment yet once it is contracted because of the scientific uncertainty regarding the virus. The only outbreak protection is found in preventative actions. Zika virus FGCU EN Illustration / Audrey Mobley “My advice to everyone as far as Zika is: avoid mosquito bites, avoid unplanned pregnancies and avoid unprotected sex,” said Kevin Collins, the head of Student Health Services. “Those are really the three big pieces of advice to students. The virus is contracted through either unprotected sex, where it can be found in semen for up to six months, or by mosquito bite.” Students can take action by picking up trash around campus to prevent mass breeding. “The mosquito that carries the virus from carrier to carrier, which is native to Southwest Florida, breeds in small containments of water such as bottle caps or empty cups,” Collins said. Zika has been around for over 50 years but was never closely studied until now. Four out five people who contract the virus will never experience any symptoms. Those that do only see mild effects, which include fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye. At this point in time, there is still very little known about the virus outside of the short term effects. Although, individuals do not need to be symptomatic in order to spread it. “We aren’t exactly sure what this means all the way through the process, if there are long lasting effects,” said Gerald Campbell, the emergency manager for UPD. “It looks like a fairly benign disease to everyone except pregnant women and their children, but we don’t know that for a fact because it hasn’t been studied that closely yet.” At this point in the discovery process, all that is known is that it is essential that the community works together to prevent the spread of Zika. Taking simple steps to help each other is the key to outbreak prevention. Simply using bug spray, avoiding mosquito contact, cleaning up our garbage and practicing safe sex are the best defenses. And, while there may not be very much known about the virus, you may still be wondering, “Should students still be afraid?” “We should never be fearful,” Campbell said. “Fear doesn’t fix anything. What we should work to be is informed, cautious and prepared.” For more information about Zika and to receive updates regarding the virus and its spread, visit
Sunscreen: Protection from the Summer Sun Time and time again, you have been told by advertisements, doctors, or other medical professionals that wearing sunscreen is essential, but it can be hard to understand the benefits of wearing it until it’s too late and you’ve got a bad sunburn! Wearing sunscreen daily, especially during the summer months, can make a huge difference in your skin’s health and appearance, especially later down the road. In fact, studies have shown that individuals under the age of 55 who use sunscreen regularly have a 24% less chance of developing early signs of aging, compared to their non-sunscreen/occasional sunscreen wearing counterparts. Sunscreen 101 dictates that wearing it lowers the risk of getting sunburns, which if severe enough have the potential to escalate to skin cancer. People who have received repeated sunburns are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with melanoma (the most dangerous kind of skin cancer) later down the road. This type of skin cancer can be life threatening to all ages, even people in their twenties. The first and most important thing to look for when shopping for sunscreen is the “broad spectrum” protection. This label means the protection offered covers both UVA and UVB rays and has gone through specific tests to receive this certification. UVB rays are what causes the standard sunburn, but UVA rays are what can cause skin cancer and signs of premature aging. It is also essential to understand that the SPF count is the percentage of protection the product offers against UVB rays. It’s recommended that you use at least SPF 30 or higher, as SPF 15 only filters out 93% of UVB rays, while SPF 30 sunscreens filter out 97%, SPF 50 filters 98%, and finally SPF 100 screens 99%. Unfortunately, there is not an SPF count that filters out 100% of protection. We should also note that the FDA requires any sunscreen with SPF below 15 to carry a warning that it only protects against sunburn, not skin cancer or skin aging. When searching for a “water-resistant” option, you should know that no sunscreen is considered water or sweat-proof, which is why it is recommended to continuously re-apply every two hours, even more often if you are in the water or breaking a sweat. When examining the ingredients list, specific ingredients are vital to making sure your sunscreen is effective, such as titanium oxide, for promoting healthy skin, octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), avobenzone (also parasol), zinc oxide, which all offer basic, everyday protection. As far as sunscreen goes, another way to protect your skin from the blazing summer sun is by simply covering up. Be sure you are wearing clothing and a wide-brimmed hat to protect your skin as much as possible. It’s also important to wear sunglasses, which can protect your eyes from 99% of UV light. Limiting direct exposure to the sun between the hours of 10am and 4pm, when UV rays are most active, will also be beneficial to your skin. We hope you find these tips helpful and beneficial with summer quickly approaching!
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Welsh 4. > 5. "How was the weather on Thurs… "How was the weather on Thursday?" Translation:Sut oedd y tywydd ddydd Iau? February 2, 2016 why are 'dydd' and 'ddydd' both correct? There are two ways to construe the phrase. It could just be "dydd Iau" ("Thursday"). Or it could be considered an abbreviation of "ar ddydd Iau" ("on Thursday"). The preposition "ar" changes a following "d" to "dd". (I'm confused by why they don't accept "ddydd" in several similar contexts.) Tywydd ends with the dd sound. From the dd sound, it can be challenging to reposition the tongue into the placement for the single d sound, so dydd can thus be softened into ddydd. I may be wrong here, but this seems consistent with the pronunciation rules I have seen thus far in Cymraeg. I was presented with three choices here, the right one being "Sut roedd y tywydd dydd Iau?", that is all well and good, but I think the option "Sut roedd y tywydd ddydd Iau?" should be presented instead, just to make it a tad more correct :P Learn Welsh in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Welsh 4. > 5. Is it an error to leave out t… Is it an error to leave out the to bach (circumflex)? In words such as pêl (ball) or dŵr (water), is it a mistake to leave out the to bach (circumflex)? That is, is it a formal spelling but pel, dwr would also be acceptable (a bit like "naïve" vs. "naive" in English, which are both possible)? Or should the to bach always be present? What about the ï letter which I've seen on the little "keyboard" beneath input fields? (In which words is it even used)? Can that be replaced by i or should it always be present? Also, regardless of whether it's considered correct or not - does Duolingo accept mistakes that consist only of missing diacritical marks? (I know that for some languages, it's forgiving of missing marks, e.g. missing Turkish diacritics are ignored in the "English from Turkish" course, perhaps because many Turks taking it are on an English keyboard.) February 4, 2016 yes, it is a mistake! circumflex, unlike some diacritics present in English, is not a relic from old times, or other language, and now irrelevant. it's a marker of vowel length. gŵydd ('goose') and gwŷdd ('loom') or mor ('so, as') and môr ('sea') sound differently, apart from having a different meaning. acute accent can be omitted because it only marks irregular stress pattern, e.g. nesáu ('to approach'). this can often be deduced without diacritics, like in this case - verbal nouns ending in -au are stressed on the last syllable. Not sure about the welsh course but naïve is a French word, admitedly imported into English, like many other French words and phrases. However, the English alphabet does not use diacritics so in my opinion it remains a French word even if it is accepted in English sentences. Personally, yes - I see it as a mistake; I teach that it should always be present and plays an important role in the spoken language, as do other accents. There was a great discussion had between myself and another contributor (all in good spirits :D) about whether or not to accept "rŵan" without the circumflex :P I don't know the answer to your question, but I did wonder about the accents myself. The above Wikipedia article says 'the grave and acute accents in particular are very often omitted in casual writing, and the same is true to a lesser extent of the diaeresis. The circumflex, however, is usually included'. The course does accept an answer if your only mistake is missing (or includiing unnecessary) diacritics. It seems to be a standard across the board with all languages. Personally I would like it to get more critical as you progress - it's nice that it ignores it and just gives a nudge when you have just started to learn, but once you reach a certain level it should expect the learner to remember them (much as an actual teacher would!) I think you can configure the strictness -- at least, I thought I remembered that Turkish was lax on diacritics on the "English for Turkish speakers" course but strict on the "Turkish for English speakers" course. Thanks for that, I had assumed it was a standard set by the Duo programmers. It is a mistake to leave out diacritic marks in all languages that have them. If Welsh is like Irish I assume they change the sound of the word and also the meaning. With Duolingo you can leave them out, it will be marked as a typo. You can also leave out punctuation marks. So if it's easier for you to type that way then it's ok in that case to leave them out. I do it myself to speed up my typing. As long as you know it's not allowed in the correct written language. Learn Welsh in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Welsh 4. > 5. "How far away is the beach an… "How far away is the beach and the sea?" Translation:Pa mor bell i ffwrdd yw'r traeth a'r môr? November 1, 2016 Although less formal I'm fairly sure "Faint mor bell yw'r traeth a'r môr?" is correct That sentence seems to have been deleted - check that you are using the latest version of the app if that is how you are using Duo. The English should be 'are' rather than 'is'. Pa mor bell ...? is the usual pattern taught on 'Welsh for Adults' courses. Faint mor bell..? also occurs in the wild. Learn Welsh in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
Military exercises primarily consist of body-weight exercises and running. These types of exercises are designed to build muscle strength and increase endurance. Body-weight exercises don't require any equipment, so you can work out almost anywhere and any time. Exercising to muscle failure can help increase muscle mass and endurance. Each time you work out to muscle failure, your muscles will be stronger and your endurance increased following recovery. Military Physical Fitness Military physical fitness is critical to success in the military. Peak physical fitness requires commitment and discipline. The soldier who is not physically ready to take on the rigors of military life or deployment can be a handicap to his fellow soldiers. Members of the military are expected to work out on a regular basis to maintain physical readiness for any situation, including combat. Regular physical fitness tests include a timed running exercise and two or more body-weight exercises. Soldiers are expected to perform a minimum number of repetitions of pushups, pullups or situps. Training to muscle failure doing each type of exercise can help build the strength and endurance required for military readiness. Training to Failure Training to muscle failure is simply doing an exercise until you cannot do another repetition using correct form. The muscles respond to training to failure by increasing muscle size, strength and endurance. There is no specific number of repetitions of an exercise that you must complete to failure. If you can only do three pushups and cannot do another one properly, this is your muscle failure number for that exercise. Rest one day and try to do one more repetition before your muscles fail. You should not train to muscle failure more than two to three times each week on nonconsecutive days. You could suffer overuse injuries, such as muscle strain or severe delayed onset muscle soreness, if you train too often. Always allow one full day of rest between strength-training sessions to give your muscle tissue time to heal and grow. Don't continue to try to perform additional repetitions of any exercise once your muscles become so fatigued that you cannot maintain proper form. That is the signal that you have trained to failure. Practicing with incorrect form can lead to injuries. All branches of the military, including the Army, Air Force and Marines, require all recruits and enlisted personnel to pass a physical fitness test upon enlistment. You also must pass regular fitness tests throughout your military career. One way you can train is to use the military physical fitness pyramid. The basic format is one pullup, two pushups and three situps. The numbers increase by doubling at each step; for example, Step 2 is two pullups, four pushups and eight situps. The top of the pyramid, Step 6, is six pullups, 12 pushups and 18 situps. Try to make it to the top of the pyramid or to muscle failure.
Have you ever woke from a deep sleep by a sudden rush or jerking motion? Category: Health 6,730 It’s a very strange phenomenon that scientists refer to as asensation called Hypnic Jerk. 70% of people experience it at some point in their lives. So What is Hypnic Jerk? During the hypnagogic stage of sleep (the space between being awake and being asleep), it?s easy for your brain to be ?jerked? back into being awake by something like an involuntary muscle twitch or movement. And that?s exactly what happens during a hypnic jerk; your muscles twitch and your brain says “WAKE UP” Why Does It Happen? Hypnic jerk is nothing to worry about in most cases It occurs when muscles begin to relax in preparation for sleep. The brain becomes confused by this, thinks the body is falling and tenses the muscles to brace for impact.. However, for some people, a hypnic jerk can actually be a real symptom of a serious health condition. Medical Causes For Hypnic Jerk: Restless Leg Syndrome Over 10% of the population suffers from restless leg syndrome, which causes individuals to experience throbbing, painful sensations in their legs. Although it could be hereditary, it has been linked to the following: • ??? Kidney failure • ??? Diabetes • ??? Alcohol abuse • ??? Sleep deprivation Brain Lesions Researchers have shown that hypnic jerks are far more common among those with brain lesions. Brain lesions are areas of brain tissue has been damaged by disease or physical trauma. A brain lesion can in some instances cause headaches, neck pain, nausea, memory loss and seizures. An individual?s risk of experiencing a hypnic jerk increases or decreases along with their stress and anxiety levels. Sleeping Disorders A lot of sleeping disorders like narcolepsy, can result in abnormal brain activity. This activity can include neurotransmitter changes and can increase the hypnic jerk response. If they are caused by sleeping disorders, hypnic jerks canm often accompanied by paralysis and hallucination. Watch this short video for more info on the hypnic jerk phenomenon: Related Articles
How to Create a Roadmap in Project Management? – 9 Simple Steps • Project As an essential part of strategic planning, project managers need to visually communicate the ambitions and key milestones of a project. That’s where project roadmaps come in handy. They help the stakeholders understand the projects’ goals, targets, allocated resources, and expected deliverables, all plotted out on a timeline. The project plan gives an overview of the tactical details while the roadmap outlines the big picture, i.e., the most important components and milestones. What is a project roadmap? A project roadmap serves as a simple, easy-to-follow source of truth for key stakeholders to visualize the project from a strategic standpoint and make critical decisions without having to sift through the minutiae. Roadmap in project management offers a clearly defined breakdown of, • how work progresses at any given time • how the allocated resources are being utilized and • overall, whether the project is on track to hit all its strategic goals and SMART project objectives within the allotted time frame. Why do you need a project roadmap? In simple terms, a roadmap in project management is important because it serves as one of the views in a project dashboard from which stakeholders can track • project progress, • and take stock of strategic details —all without having to wade through charts, graphs, comments, and updates. The roadmap essentially takes all the data generated from an ongoing project and simplifies them into structured information that project stakeholders can view with ease and make decisions based on. So, if you have stakeholders that need to be kept in the loop without having to deal with the entire project management process, you definitely need a project roadmap. Our software helped thousands of teams work more productively. How is a project roadmap different from a project plan? While the project roadmap and project plan are quite similar, in that they form some sort of outline created before project initiation, and are used for oversight when the project is being carried out, they’re quite different in their specific functions. Project Roadmap Project Plan 1. High level 1. Granular 2. Designed to show the link between various variables and their impact on project completion 2. Breaks down a project into tasks to help assign responsibilities and track progress 3. Offers a quick overview of the project 3. Offers a detailed view into the project In essence, the project roadmap is designed to show the link between the various variables and how they affect project completion. It gives a high-level picture of the project’s progress. On the other hand, the project plan breaks down the project into tasks so it’s easy to assign responsibilities and track progress from the ground up. It goes into more detail in specifying which resources are being utilized for the project, what specific targets are aimed at, and generally serving as a guidebook for carrying out the project. What are the key elements in a project roadmap? If you’re building a project roadmap, what should be in it? And, what shouldn’t? How deep should your data go? How far should you keep things to prevent it from becoming another project outline? In essence, what will project stakeholders be looking for, and how best can you offer it? Here are a few key components to include that should work their way into your project roadmap: 1. Objectives You need to outline the key project objectives clearly ascertain whether they’re being achieved on time and on budget. This answers some questions like: • What are our targets for this project? • Are we achieving them? • And how fast are we achieving them? • Are we on track to achieve them all by the time this project’s timeframe elapses? Essentially, the project roadmap plots all the targets, resources, deliverables, etc., associated with the project and plots them across the project timeline so that it’s easy to see what’s happening and whether it’s on the project schedule at a glance. 2. Milestones What achievements tell us this project is advancing towards completion? A project milestone is simply an achievement that indicates a level has been reached within a project. In that light, milestone tracking offers a unique way of measuring project progress by checking the outlined completion levels the project has achieved. 3. Deliverables What tangible results do we intend on generating from this project? Project deliverables are the material results that are planned to be derived from a project, within the allotted time frame the project lasts. With a view on deliverables, stakeholders viewing a project roadmap can quickly and easily measure project progress. Join 10,000+ Project Managers Who Manage Their Work Using Kissflow Project! 4. Resource Management How many personnel and resources are currently assigned to this project? A count of the resources allocated to a project makes it easy to measure their impact and to decide whether to increase or decrease allocated resources, depending on how well they’re doing and how fast the project is hitting objectives. 5. Project Timeline How long is this project running for? The project timeline seeks to put the project’s progress into context by tracking how long it’s estimated to take. By taking a look at the targets, deliverables, and milestones, stakeholders can check to see if they’re been achieved on target, as well as accurately visualize whether a project is on track or at risk. 6. Possible Risks What could possibly hold us back from hitting our targets? The roadmap should also contain the potential obstacles or project risks that may come in the way of successful completion. How to create a project roadmap – 9 steps Now that you know what goes into an effective roadmap, here are the nine steps on how to create a roadmap in project management. 1. Choose the right project management software In project road mapping, your work is only as good as the project roadmap tools you use since they determine how much data you will be able to put together, visualize with ease, and track with clarity. Project management software should be intuitive and pull data from other sources as required. Consider using a simple tool like Kissflow Project, especially if you aren’t familiar with the ins and outs of project management. Kissflow Project is built from the ground up to be intuitive and afford you a quick learning experience. Further, it places easy visibility and tracking at the heart of the experience it provides. Creating a project roadmap needn’t be hard, especially with Kissflow Project 2. Define project objectives Objectives can only be tracked for progress if they have been clearly defined in measurable terms. So, the question, ‘what are we aiming to achieve’ must be answered in trackable terms so the team can know when objectives are either being achieved or not. Variables that might fall into the objective category include: All these must be clearly defined before tracking starts. 3. Identify relevant data points Simply put, what measurable data points will you use for tracking our objectives? Specify figures that’ll be used to measure how well each objective mentioned above is being achieved. 4. Define the project timeline Defining the project’s timeline involves planning out how long it’s expected to last. Lay out the milestones on a calendar to create the timeline. 5. Create a mock-up of your roadmap With your chosen road-mapping tool, defined objectives, and data points available, proceed to plot the variables against the timeline for easy project time tracking. Create task dependencies that make it easy to track how well the project is doing by measuring multiple data points side-by-side. 6. Initial review After the mock-up of your roadmap is completed, take a holistic view of it to help determine if it achieves its aims. Does this roadmap offer a general overview of how this project is set to progress? 7. Create the roadmap With your project roadmap mock-up reviewed and tested, you can proceed to flesh it out in detail as it’s designed to be. 8. Sponsor review The project roadmap is designed to give key stakeholders an overall outline of how well the project is doing. Here’s where your project sponsors can review the roadmap to determine whether it meets their needs. 9. Ongoing updates With your project kicked off, you need to keep updating the roadmap to accommodate any changes that may arise as the project progresses. Check out how project kickoff meetings can set your project up for success. Start by creating roadmaps for projects As we’ve discussed, having a project roadmap handy is critical to the success of your endeavors. A capable, intuitive project management software can help make the road mapping process visual. Kissflow Project can be the solution for you! Kissflow Project • is simple and intuitive to use, • frees you from constantly tracking teammates, • offers multiple views to visualize projects • provides “Done”, “In-Progress”, and “On Hold” states for clarity on status, • gives you access to powerful reports to make data-driven decisions, and • reminds you when tasks near their deadlines. As is evident, this project tool is all about giving you clarity around your project right from the get-go. Having all stakeholders on the same page right from the outset is critical to getting the better of your project. There’s a whole lot more to Kissflow Project. Sign up for free today to get acquainted with its simple yet powerful capabilities! More Resources
Fedora The Fedora is a soft felt hat that is creased lengthwise down the crown and pinched inserted at the front on both sides. It is said that he had been invented in the years between 1910 and 1920. However, the term was used in 1891 and he appeared already in the late 19th century as a clothing accessory of the upper class. Each hat, which resembles the Filzversion, Fedora is called, which includes hats made of straw and cloth. Similar hats with a C- crown ( with an indentation for the head in the top of the crown ) are occasionally called fedoras even. It is usually worn by men, women's versions are also to be found. At some fedoras small springs are inserted into the hatband, which is set to embellish the crown. The word was borrowed from the play "Fedora " by Victorien Sardou in 1882. The heroine of the piece, Princess Fedora Romazova, there wore a hat in a similar style. The Fedora was born in the early 20th century in a representative, industrialized environment as a stylish protection from wind and weather, while he was compact enough to keep up with the newer technology, such as the automotive, can coexist. He is often associated with the Mafia and the American Prohibitionsära with private investigators and is the crowning glory of the so-called Zoot Suits. Al Capone also made sure that the Fedora a fashionable piece of clothing was, he urged his men repeated this on to wearing gray fedoras, so that they could distinguish their own kind of law-abiding citizens. The popularity of Fedora resulted in its large variety of available styles. Fedoras are conceivable in almost any color, but black, gray and brown are the most popular and widely used. In the U.S. you looked at Fedora as an indispensable part of the business or company suit. Most men did not go without leaving your home. In Hollywood movies of the 40s actors often wore fedoras, especially if they were playing private detectives, gangsters, or " Tough guys ". Notable examples are Humphrey Bogart's character in Casablanca or The Maltese Falcon dar. The Fedora is closely associated with film noir characters. As the melon lost the Fedora its popularity during the late fifties and early '60s, actually he lost on the U.S. West Coast earlier the favor of men. In the early fifties of the last century we went from long and wide skirts and ties to narrower forms, this also led to kurzkrempigeren hats, what the Fedora brought to his position as an indispensable garment. The Fedora received in recent years a small comeback, making it socially acceptable again. Only Orthodox Jews remained the Fedora over the years faithfully and wear black hats to this day. Hallmark of Harrison Ford in the Indiana Jones quadrology • In Britain, the Fedora Trilby is called. This hat has a shorter brim, significant for him is that the rear part is sharp upward. • In an Akubra is a felt hat of the same company from Australia. The company is so popular that for almost any slouch hat from Australia, the term has prevailed. Occurrence in the media world • The logo of the software company Red Hat shows a red fedora, worn by a white shade. The company Red Hat is also behind the Linux distribution named Fedora.
Home News Top 10 Programming Languages Top 10 Programming Languages by MH RISHAD - 12 Dec 2021 Well, you don’t have to worry anymore… We’ve put together this list of the top 10 programming languages of the future. 1. JavaScript The number one language to be utilized (to keep being utilized), JavaScript is a high-level, multi-paradigm dynamic programming language that will remain the most popular in the world for many more years. Mainly it is used for developing interactive and feature-rich web applications but can also be utilized for creating other software that runs anywhere: servers, browsers, mobile devices, micro-controllers, etc. 2. Python Being the most learned at the moment, Python will soon increase its utilization popularity as well. Due to elegant and simple syntax, it is considered to be the easiest language to learn and is used for teaching programming. It is widely used for machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), data science as well as for mathematics, statistics, computational science. Being both simple and powerful, Python allows streamlining the development process of robust applications: web or mobile. 3. PHP Having a large open-source community and being widely used by the industry giants like Facebook or WordPress, PHP remains on-demand even though its popularity slowly decreases. It is a general-purpose dynamic scripting language that was created for building dynamic web applications. Later the functionality of PHP expanded but it is still mainly used for web software development while constantly losing its positions to JavaScript. Despite the competition from different server-side environments like Node.js and Python, PHP remains the star of the sector. And the credit of this popularity goes to the frameworks that make it a perfect fit for scalable and robust app development and the fact that 83% of websites on the Internet are based on this backend programming language. 4. Swift Swift has not only become the preferred language for iOS development, superseding Objective-C but has also emerged as a trending programming language 2020 with a steep rise in its popularity as noted in the Google Trends graph below.Introduced back in WWDC 2014, Swift programming language is faster, easy to learn, secure, and has various other features that make it a perfect language for developing apps for iPhones, iPads, and macOS. Due to such features, it is considered as a highly efficient and flexible language. 5. R R programming language is one of the most commonly used programming languages for Data Analysis and Machine Learning. R provides an excellent framework and built-in libraries to develop powerful Machine Learning algorithms. R is also used for general statistical computing as well as graphics. R has been well adopted by enterprises. Those who wish to join “Analytics” team of a large organization should definitely learn R. 6. Java Despite similar names, Java has little in common with JavaScript. It is an object-oriented, interpreted programming language that was the first one allowing you to write the code once and run it anywhere. This language can be used for the development of applications of all sizes both web and mobile as well as for developing enterprise-level applications and working with Big Data. 7. Go Go programming language has also made its entrance into the list of 2020’s top programming languages. The language, with its concise and easy-to-embrace syntax and faster compilation characteristics, has not just become the favourite of SoundCloud, Google, Netflix, and other such popular brands. But, it has also proven to be one of the best options to get higher salaries. 8. C++ C++ appeared as an improved version of the C language introducing object-oriented features. It offers a lot of compilers and libraries to build powerful and reliable solutions that can handle high performance and rich functionality. C++ easily adapts to ecosystem or hardware changes and is a perfect option for cloud computing as well as for game development. It is also one of the most difficult languages to learn. 9. C# Developed by Microsoft, C# is a general, flexible, and open-source, object-oriented programming (OOP) language. It is primarily used for backend development, game development, web/desktop applications, and mobile application development for Windows phones. It runs on the .NET framework. C# is widely preferred thanks to its ease-of-use and well-built architecture. It has a dedicated .NET Core machine learning platform – ML.NET – to cater to Machine Learning development needs. There’s also Accord.NET and ML-Agents that allows .NET developers to develop unique ML applications. 10. Typescript TypeScript, a super-set of JavaScript is an object-oriented language that was introduced to extend the capabilities of JS. The language makes it easy for developers to write and maintain codes. TypeScript offers a complete description of each component of the code and can be used for developing large applications with a strict syntax and fewer errors. Further, it is well-structured and easy to learn. Its extended toolbox makes application development quick. Owing to the benefits it offers, TypeScript is expected to supersede JS in 2020, making it one of the most sought-after programming languages in the future. Leave a Comment Required fields are marked * Stay Connected Get all latest content delivered to your email free.
Sixoxan weekia Answer the following questions in three well-developed paragraphs (450–500 words) using APA formatting, integrating two evidence-based resources to include clinical practice guidelines as well as the course textbook.RR is 48-year-old Hispanic woman who comes to see you at the V. A. homeless clinic. The major complaint is a six-day history of worsening cough, productive of green sputum. There have been fever and chills with complaints of pain in the right mid-back with deep breathing or coughing. Further history reveals a history of tobacco use of one pack of cigarettes a day for 30 years. There is an incontainent health history as a result of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and homelessness. On examination, the skin is warm and clammy, pale; RR appears to not feel well; the temperature is 100.5° F; respiratory rate is 24 breaths per minute; pulse is 98 beats per minute; blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg; and saturation of oxygen is 96 percent on room air by pulse oximetry.Auscultation of the lungs reveals rales in the right lower-posterior lung field. The remainder of the examination is within normal limits.What organism(s) do you most suspect and why?What antibiotic would you recommend to treat RR with and why?What is the mechanism of action of this antibiotic? Provide rationaleDo you have any counseling points for RR?USE APA format atleast 2 referencesRUBRICiscussion Question RubricNote: Scholarly resources are defined as evidence-based practice, peer-reviewed journals; textbook (do not rely solely on your textbook as a reference); and National Standard Guidelines. Review assignment instructions, as this will provide any additional requirements that are not specifically listed on the rubric.Note: The value of each of the criterion on this rubric represents a point range. (example: 17-0 points)Discussion Question Rubric – 100 PointsCriteriaExemplaryExceeds ExpectationsAdvancedMeets ExpectationsIntermediateNeeds ImprovementNoviceInadequateTotal PointsQuality of Initial PostProvides clear examples supported by course content and references.Cites three or more references, using at least one new scholarly resource that was not provided in the course materials.All instruction requirements noted.40 pointsComponents are accurate and thoroughly represented, with explanations and application of knowledge to include evidence-based practice, ethics, theory, and/or role. Synthesizes course content using course materials and scholarly resources to support importantpoints.Meets all requirements within the discussion instructions.Cites two references.35 pointsComponents are accurate and mostly represented primarily with definitions and summarization. Ideas may be overstated, with minimal contribution to the subject matter. Minimal application to evidence-based practice, theory, or role development. Synthesis of course content is present but missing depth and/or development.Is missing one component/requirement of the discussion instructions.Cites one reference, or references do not clearly support content.Most instruction requirements are noted.31 pointsAbsent application to evidence-based practice, theory, or role development. Synthesis of course content is superficial.Demonstrates incomplete understanding of content and/or inadequate preparation.No references cited.Missing several instruction requirements.Submits post late.27 points40Peer Response PostOffers both supportive and alternative viewpoints to the discussion, using two or more scholarly references per peer post. Post provides additional value to the conversation.All instruction requirements noted.40 pointsEvidence of further synthesis of course content. Provides clarification and new information or insight related to the content of the peer’s post.Response is supported by course content and a minimum of one scholarly reference per each peer post.All instruction requirements noted.35 pointsLacks clarification or new information. Scholarly reference supports the content in the peer post without adding new information or insight.Missing reference from one peer post.Partially followed instructions regarding number of reply posts.Most instruction requirements are noted.31 pointsPost is primarily a summation of peer’s post without further synthesis of course content.Demonstrates incomplete understanding of content and/or inadequate preparation.Did not follow instructions regarding number of reply posts.Missing reference from peer posts.Missing several instruction requirements.Submits post late.27 points40Frequency of DistributionInitial post and peer post(s) made on multiple separate days.All instruction requirements noted.10 pointsInitial post and peer post(s) made on multiple separate days.8 pointsMinimum of two post options (initial and/or peer) made on separate days.7 pointsAll posts made on same day.Submission demonstrates inadequate preparation.No post submitted.6 points10OrganizationWell-organized content with a clear and complex purpose statement and content argument. Writing is concise with a logical flow of ideas.5 pointsOrganized content with an informative purpose statement, supportive content, and summary statement. Argument content is developed with minimal issues in content flow.4 pointsPoor organization and flow of ideas distract from content. Narrative is difficult to follow and frequently causes reader to reread work.Purpose statement is noted.3 pointsIllogical flow of ideas. Prose rambles. Purpose statement is unclear or missing.Demonstrates incomplete understanding of content and/or inadequate preparation.No purpose statement.Submits assignment late.2 points5APA, Grammar, and SpellingCorrect APA formatting with no errors.The writer correctly identifies reading audience, as demonstrated by appropriate language (avoids jargon and simplifies complex concepts appropriately).Writing is concise, in active voice, and avoids awkward transitions and overuse of conjunctions.There are no spelling, punctuation, or word-usage errors.5 pointsCorrect and consistent APA formatting of references and cites all references used. No more than two unique APA errors.The writer demonstrates correct usage of formal English language in sentence construction. Variation in sentence structure and word usage promotes readability.There are minimal to no grammar, punctuation, or word-usage errors.4 pointsThree to four unique APA formatting errors.The writer occasionally uses awkward sentence construction or overuses/inappropriately uses complex sentence structure. Problems with word usage (evidence of incorrect use of thesaurus) and punctuation persist, often causing some difficulties with grammar. Some words, transitional phrases, and conjunctions are overused.Multiple grammar, punctuation, or word usage errors.3 pointsFive or more unique formatting errors or no attempt to format in APA.The writer demonstrates limited understanding of formal written language use; writing is colloquial (conforms to spoken language).The writer struggles with limited vocabulary and has difficulty conveying meaning such that only the broadest, most general messages are presented.Grammar and punctuation are consistently incorrect. Spelling errors are numerous.Submits assignment late.2 points5Total Points100 Get started
Functionalism views the mental processes in terms of causes and effects (ex. inputs such as sensory stimuli and output such as moving an extremity). But how would free will fit into this theory if at all? One would imagine that he has at least some control over his thoughts. If a person would like to think about ice cream, for example, then he would be able to by the power of his free will. Wouldn't the decision of thinking about ice cream be a mental process itself? If it is, then the output is obvious, but there must be some input that caused the output. If the output (thinking about ice cream) is really dependent on some input, then how could free will exist? What I mean is this: It seems that any array of possible actions performed via the power of free must be at least somewhat restricted by some input(s). Environmental factors influence our behavior, such as seeing a family member or intoxication. So, some input(s) should restrict the possible actions one can choose to do, but there is always some range of outputs that can be chosen from if there really is free will. It is important that: • There are multiple outputs that can be chosen from (if there was only one then these input(s) would not allow for free will). • An agent of free will can choose which of these outputs to "pick." The action of "picking" (like "picking" to think about ice cream) seems to be a mental process as well, however. It must also be viewed in terms of input(s)/output(s) in the view of functionalism. So, in the action of "picking," what would be the input that causes one to "pick"? And if there really was this sort of input and output, then how could "picking" be an action of free will? Let's say that there are some input(s) that similarly restrict what one can "pick," but not completely so free will can be allowed for. Even if this is the case, how can "picking" the available outputs be explained in terms of functionalism? It seems that the process of "picking" some available outputs would still require an input until there is only one available output. It consequently seems that functionalism does not allow for free will. Am I wrong or correct? Source of my views on functionalism: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy's Article on Functionalism • Do you have a source for your views on functionalism? This would help put the question into context. One could always say that if functionalism does not allow for free will then functionalism has been falsified. Aug 9 '18 at 22:38 • @FrankHubeny Yes, from iep.utm.edu/functism/#H2 , "The functions in question are usually taken to be those that mediate between stimulus (and psychological) inputs and behavioral (and psychological) outputs. Hilary Putnam’s contribution was to model these functions using the contemporary idea of computing machines and programs, where the program of the machine fixes how it mediates between its inputs and standing states, on one hand, and outputs and other standing states, on the other." – MacroGuy Aug 11 '18 at 21:33 • @FrankHubeny Also, why should it be assumed that a theory that does not allow for free will should be falsified? Why assume free will does not exist? – MacroGuy Aug 12 '18 at 0:39 • It's a different perspective. I don't know if functionalism allows for free will or not. However, if it turns out that it does not then those who assume we have free will can use that to claim that functionalism is false preferring to keep free will over functionalism. Aug 12 '18 at 0:57 I think that we "get in trouble" when we think that some of these theories are "mutually exclusive" instead of thinking one is good at explaining a portion of our selves and another is good at explaining some other portion. Together, they can explain more than each individually! Let me give an actual example: It was a hot evening and as I was watching TV, I was getting thirsty. I starter thinking about getting up, going to the refrigerator, and pouring myself some cold tea. However, before I got up, I remembered that there was ice cream in the freezer, so when I got to the refrigerator, I got ice cream instead. This example shows that for this action, there was not only a "cause & effect," but also "free will" got involved. Using the analogy of a plane, functionalism would be the auto-pilot, and free will, the human pilot. Just like the human pilot decides to engage or disengage the auto-pilot, free will also decides when to allow functionalism to take, or not, control of a given situation/action. • I think that makes functionalism and free will very compatible if that is the case! Interesting! – MacroGuy Aug 14 '18 at 22:00 I agree with functionalism and I agree with free will. The way that I rationalize this is with the analogy to quantum mechanics. You can measure the speed of a particle with precision, but not its position. You can also measure position with high precision, but not if you are measuring its velocity. With the mind you can break open the skull and look at every nerve ending to establish the cause of all stimulation, but you will not see free will. It's only when the brain is isolated from observation like a black box does free will emerge due to the concerted reactions of many many complex reactions that we cannot predict from stimuli and reaction alone. • Why should an inability to "observe" free will in action mean that it exists? I would also like to further argue that we are not able to anticipate the complex reactions within a brain due to our lack of knowledge. If every physical detail of the body was known (reaction mechanisms, incoming stimuli, etc.), would we be able to predict the future actions of a person? If not, then it may suggest that free will is something that operates beyond the physical world. Why should material things be able to decide how it reacts to the world? How can that be described in terms of functionalism? – MacroGuy Aug 14 '18 at 21:56 • Hmmm. I didn't say that "we can't observe free will". I said that functionalism and free will probably can be both be observed, but not at the same time hence the analogy. "If every physical detail..." Probably not. We may have the same brains but my neural networks are different than youra because we have our own memories so it is still a complicated process. – Cell Aug 14 '18 at 22:56 • "Operates beyond physical world" Not necessarily. For example systems of equations can be entirely physical but their chaotic nature can make it difficult to predict their future behaviour. – Cell Aug 14 '18 at 23:04 • Even so, their future behavior (despite being chaotic) is determined by physical causes. The system is not deciding what its output is like a human being with free will; its output is caused by initial factors even though these factors are too complicated or unknown to us. Free will would not be a good analogy to these chaotic systems since some conscious entity can determine its output (or do what it won't do). Any initial factors (even if they are too complicated or unknown to us) would restrict that action of a human being and not allow for free will even if the relationship iscomplex – MacroGuy Aug 15 '18 at 4:57 Does functionalism of the mind allow for free will? • Guill said, "However, before I got up, I remembered that there was ice cream in the freezer, so when I got to the refrigerator, I got ice cream instead." It is probably the memory function of the mind that actually allows the capacity for free will, because it provides the basis for decision making. People with faulty or weak recall tend to make poor decisions and have great difficulty learning from mistakes. Free will is a survival mechanism. • That doesn't explain how free will and functionalism could be compatible. It could be argued that the memory function of the mind serves to provide input for future outputs (deciding to get ice cream due to the input of the memory of ice cream in the freezer). Also, why should free will be a survival mechanism? Wouldn't philosophical zombies that are "programmed" to react appropriately to their environment via natural selection be able to survive? Why is free will necessary? – MacroGuy Aug 14 '18 at 22:02 Does functionalism of the mind allow for free will? Functionalism is the view that the mind is the function that a physical realizer plays. A physical realizer can be a human brain, computer chip, Martian organ. But in the case of functionalism, they all perform the same task, they take input and provide output. Machine functionalism is a special type of functionalism which views the mind as a Turing machine. A Turing machine is symbol manipulator machine, which takes input, writes (or erases)it as symbols on a memory tape, and all of this happens according to a set of instruction called the machine table. The machine table breaks down a complex problem into small tasks, and these small tasks or states are called machine states. Machine states are seen as mental states in machine functionalism. But here is the problem. In Machine functionalism, the inputs are sensory inputs, and outputs are motor outputs. And on this view, the brain is not literally the Turing machine, it is the functional mechanism that is the Turing machine. But what is the ontological relationship between the physical realizer and Turing machine? Surely, Physical Realizer takes input and provides the output, but the Turing machine does the computation the result of which is mental states. But what does it compute? Theories of representation argue that the sensory inputs are codified into representational contents. But representational contents have semantic properties and syntactic properties. But the Turing machine can only manipulate syntactic properties of the symbol. Then, functionalism cannot explain how semantic properties of content are manipulated. Now functionalism claims that mental state can cause other mental state or physical actions. In other words, it is causally efficacious. But this claim seems to be false, because if semantic properties of symbols are not manipulated, then the Turing machine cannot provide intentional outcomes. And if it cannot provide intentional outcomes, then it cannot causally affect the physical world. Thus the idea is that if the core premises of functionalism are true then the mind takes input and computes them but it cannot really provide an output, since providing output requires semantic manipulation of representational content. The result of the computation is various mental states but the output is null. In other words, it leads to epiphenomenalism. Epiphenomenalists argue that the physical world is causally closed and that the mental states are an epiphenomenon of various physiological activities. In that sense, functionalism implies that we do not have free will. Let us say you feel pain when I pinch you. The input is pinching, and the function is feeling pain. The output is wincing, but this has nothing to do with your feeling pain, it is just your body physical body reacting to physical stimuli, that is pinching. Then according to functionalism, we do not have free will. Obviously there is something wrong with functionalism, and it can be illustrated in myriad other ways. For Further Reading: Block, N. (1989) “Can the mind change the world?” In Boolos, G.S. (ed.) Meaning and Method: Essays in Honor of Hilary Putnam. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137--170. Fodor, J.A. (1974) Special sciences (or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis). Synthese, 28 (2): 97–115. Kim, J. (1992) Multiple realization and the metaphysics of reduction. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52 (1): 1–26. Kim, J. (1998) Mind in a Physical World: An Essay on the Mind-Body Problem and Mental Causation. MIT Press. Kim, J. (2011) Philosophy of mind [electronic resource] / Jaegwon Kim. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Boulder, CO : Westview Press. Lewis, D. (1970) An argument for the identity theory. Journal of Philosophy, 63 (2): 17–25. Freewill is a monumentally huge topic, which does not have one clean definition which is sufficient to answer your questions. You have to choose definition to move forward. One definition I find very useful is to define freewill as an action which occurred at least in part because of the internal state of the entity which is not known outside of the entity. This sort of black box (or even grey box) definition provides a natural way for freewill and functionalism to coexist until you start considering omniscient entities -- but freewill gets murky there anyways. The usual counter is that you aren't "free" because you can only do what your state tells you to. And that's reasonable, for some definitions of freewill. Then the question becomes "do you have the freewill to do what you wont do?" And it becomes a fun discussion. • I agree that your definition of free will allows free will and functionalism to co-exist. I think that having the ability to do what we won't do, however, is not very compatible with functionalism unless there is some ability for functionalism to somehow be "deactivated" allowing for manual control by a conscious entity. – MacroGuy Aug 14 '18 at 22:08 • @MacroGuy The fun discussion I find is whether the idea of having the freedom to do what you won't do is compatible with whatever other definition of freewill that is brought to the table. I find it focuses the exploration and discussion on the new idea. – Cort Ammon Aug 15 '18 at 1:49 Your Answer
What is the biblical meaning of El? El is a generic word for god that could be used for any god, including Hadad, Moloch, or Yahweh. In the Tanakh, ‘elōhîm is the normal word for a god or the great God (or gods, given that the ‘im’ suffix makes a word plural in Hebrew). What does El mean in the names of God? Meaning: El is another name that is translated as “God” and can be used in conjunction with other words to designate various aspects of God’s character. Elyon literally means “Most High” and is used both adjectivally and substantively throughout the Old Testament. Who was El in the Bible? In the Bible, El was the deity worshiped by the Hebrew patriarchs, for example as El Shaddai (God Almighty) or El Elyon (God Most High) before the revelation of his name Yahweh to Moses. But El was also worshiped by non-Israelites, such as Melchizedek (Genesis 14:9). What does the name El stand for? Meaning & History From a Semitic root meaning “god”. This was a title applied to several Semitic gods. The Canaanites used it as the name of their chief deity, the father of the gods and mankind. The Hebrews used it to refer to Yahweh. INTERESTING: Your question: Is giving something up for Lent Catholic? Is El Roi a name of God? El Roy (Hebrew: אל ראי‎) is one of the names of God in the Hebrew Bible. It is commonly translated as “the God who sees me” and is both a descriptive epithet for God using the word “El” (God) and a modifier indicating a quality of God. Is El and Yahweh the same? El was the name of the god of Israel in the Bronze Age and Yahweh becomes the proper name of the god of the Israelites in the Iron Age. What does El Olam mean in Hebrew? Religion. ʿOlam (עוֹלָם‎), a Hebrew word which means “world” or “eon”, and which is used in the following Jewish phrases: Adon Olam, meaning “Master of the World,” one of the names of God in Judaism. What kind of God is El? El, the general term for “deity” in Semitic languages as well as the name of the chief deity of the West Semites. In the ancient texts from Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) in Syria, El was described as the titular head of the pantheon, husband of Asherah, and father of all the other gods (except for Baal). How long is a El in the Bible? The biblical ell is closely related to the cubit, but two different factors are given in the Bible; Ezekiel’s measurements imply that the ell was equal to 1 cubit plus 1 palm (Tefah), while elsewhere in the Bible, the ell is equated with 1 cubit exactly. Is El and Baal the same? This study finds that the words El and Baal were initially used both as appellatives and as personal names. However, both words later evolved in opposite ways – the sense of El became more generic, whereas, the name Baal developed to be more associated with the storm deity in the Ugaritic religion. INTERESTING: What does the word Selah in the Bible mean? What does El Shaddai mean in the Bible? El Shaddai is another name for God that explains another aspect of who God is. … When Abraham was 99 years old, God simply said to Abraham, “I am Almighty God.” That is what we read in the English version of the Bible but what God actually said in Hebrew to Abraham was, “I am El Shaddai.” Where is El Shaddai in the Bible? The first occurrence of the name is in Genesis 17:1, “When Abram was ninety-nine years old the Lord appeared to Abram and said to him, ‘I am El Shaddai; walk before me, and be blameless,’ Similarly, in Genesis 35:11 God says to Jacob, “I am El Shaddai: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall … How do you pray to El ROI? Monthly Prayer: My God is El Roi 1. At the heart of every human being is the desire to be seen, known, and heard. … 2. When I turn my eyes to You, Lord, I find rest from the striving. … 3. Lord, remind me how deeply you know me in the moments when I feel unseen. What does the Bible say about God seeing everything? “The eyes of the Lord are everywhere, keeping watch on the wicked and the good” (Proverbs 15:3). He sees what is behind and what is ahead, all the threats, all the dangers. “God will bring every work into judgment, including every secret thing, whether it is good or whether it is evil” (Ecclesiastes 12:13-14). INTERESTING: Is it biblical for a woman to be an elder?
The stigma of transparency: from the "spanish flu" to the South African omicron variant The deadly flu pandemic of 1918-1920, which killed between 17 and 100 million people worldwide, has become a historic event with many similarities to the current COVID-19 pandemic. At that time there were also protests against the use of masks, there were many hurries to return to normality in many regions after the first wave and there was no shortage of the various conspiracy theories about who had been responsible for its expansion (one guilt that, in many cases, the Germans unjustifiably took). Another facet of the 1918 flu that reminds us of how the same mistakes of the past are repeated over time is in the same name it received: “the Spanish flu.” Although even today it remains an enigma where the virus responsible for the pandemic originated, all the evidence suggests that Spain had nothing to do with it. When our country began to suffer the ravages of the deadly virus, it had already spread throughout the world due to the movement of military troops during the First World War. Why then did you get the name “Spanish flu”? Because Spain, unlike many other countries, reported transparently on the diseases and deaths caused by the virus in its population, since it remained neutral in the great war. The other nations, embroiled in the war, censored the news about how the flu impacted their territories, so as not to give sensitive information to the enemies. The stigma of being the first to report transparently on the emergence of a new pathogen has been borne again by South Africa, to be detected and announced before anyone else in the world the existence and expansion in its territory of the omicron variant. Following the statements to the media by the South African Minister of Health, Joseph Phaahla, about the new variant last Thursday, November 25, many countries in the world implemented tough travel restrictions to that country with the aim of trying to limit its expansion. Many experts in Public Health and the World Health Organization (WHO) have considered this measure harmful because it will not be effective in preventing the arrival of omicrons (in any case, it will delay it a bit) and because it may deter other countries in the future announce with transparency the presence of new variants, for fear of the consequences, such as the closing of borders. Although there is still a lot of uncertainty surrounding the omicron variant, one detail seems clear: the day that South Africa alerted of the existence of the new variant, this It was already circulating in several European countries for weeks, including Spain. The Netherlands, for example, detected the presence of omicron in samples between November 19 and 23. In Catalonia, remains of this have been detected new variant of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater since 2 weeks ago. As more samples of infected people are analyzed in different places, it will be confirmed that the South African country has been an early watchdog when it comes to detecting a new variant that was already present in different parts of the world. It is a totally predictable phenomenon: from the time a new variant appears until it is detected as such in the laboratories, several weeks can elapse in the best of cases. With regard to the omicron variant, it is very likely that its origin goes beyond a few weeks. Genomic analyzes of different samples with SARS-CoV-2 have observed that the most related viruses detected with this new variant date back to April-May 2020. What has happened from that date until now? There are two most likely hypotheses: Either the coronavirus was circulating continuously in an area with poor genomic surveillance, or the virus chronically infected an immunosuppressed person, giving them the opportunity to accumulate multiple advantageous mutations. As I explained a few months ago, in the lottery of new variants of the coronavirus, there are situations that favor the SARS-CoV-2 mutation and it is not by chance that it is Africa where the omicron variant has emerged, nor that South Africa has detected it. In this continent there are conditions that form a perfect storm for the potential appearance of new variants of the coronavirus: low vaccination rate, persistence of infections, reduced capacity to detect and track new variants (through genomic analysis), scarce health and socioeconomic resources to identify coronavirus infections and establish measures to cut infections, millions of people with immunosuppression … On the other hand, South Africa, unlike many other African countries, has a very robust surveillance and sequencing system, which has allowed it to identify variants such as omicron relatively quickly. It is very likely that the omicron variant emerged in an African country with hardly any genomic surveillance and that, over time, it made the leap to South Africa, which quickly detected it. This country should not be punished for having done a good scientific job in surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and for having transparently communicated its findings. Thanks to this information, scientists from many parts of the world are now working against the clock to find out what characteristics the omicron variant has so that health authorities can make better epidemiological decisions. If altruistic decisions are punished, what is rewarded is selfishness: that countries or scientists decide to keep quiet or delay the announcement of new variants to avoid the possible socioeconomic damage caused by the stigma of identifying a new variant. A dire reaction in the midst of a global pandemic. Source link
Treat your kidney infection with food Pyelonephritis, commonly known as kidney infection is a urinary tract infection (UTI) that is caused by bacteria in the urinary tract. Since this infection is quite serious, the infected individual should visit a doctor immediately. A person diagnosed with the condition is treated with prescribed antibiotics. However, the following food items will aid you in a quicker recovery from the kidney infection. Add fruits and veggies: Fruits such as papaya, watermelon, and oranges are rich in vitamins. Berries are highly rich in antioxidants and help in fighting off urinary infections. So, make sure you add a lot of blueberries and cranberries to your diet. Vegetables such as cucumber, celery, legumes, especially Asparagus are a must since they offer the necessary vitamins that aid the healing process. Also, follow a diet which contains less amount of sodium. Say yes to healthy bacteria: To fight off bad bacteria, you need to have healthy bacteria. Therefore, consuming fermented food products such as raw cheese, buttermilk and yogurt add healthy bacteria into your digestive system. Moreover, the proteins found in such foods help fortify your immune system and speeds up the process of body tissue recovery. Add seafood: Consuming healthy fats not only promote heart health but also reduce inflammation within the body. Therefore, adding a variety of fatty fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids is a good idea. The fishes of choice would be sardines, albacore tuna, salmon, and flounder. For people who do not like fish, seeds, and nuts such as flaxseed and walnuts are a good alternative since they are rich in omega-3 fatty acids as well. Avoid caffeine and junk food: A healthy diet to get rid of kidney infection should exclude and tea items like black tea, alcoholic beverage, coffee and other caffeine items. Also, try to eat fresh and homemade food as much as possible. Avoid junk food such as potato chips, popcorn, cheese puffs, crackers and other snacks with high sodium content. Stay away from ham, bacon, salami and other types of cured meat. It is recommended to consult a nutritionist before you make a change in your diet plan. Recent Posts
Associations to the word «Batman» BATMAN, noun. (military) A servant or valet to an army officer. BATMAN, noun. A unit of weight used in the East. BATMAN, proper noun. A province in Turkey. BATMAN, proper noun. The capital city of Batman Province, Turkey. BATMAN, proper noun. A fictional hero of DC Comics whose name is Bruce Wayne and who uses a bat-themed costume and equipment and regularly has the assistance of his sidekick Robin. Dictionary definition BATMAN, noun. An orderly assigned to serve a British military officer. Wise words You can change your world by changing your words... Remember, death and life are in the power of the tongue. Joel Osteen
We're nearing the end of 2019, but there are still a few astronomical events to catch before the year is s out. This Sunday—November 17—the Leonid meteor shower is expected to peak. Here's everything you need to know before viewing the spectacle. What is the Leonid meteor shower? Like all meteor showers, the Leonids are caused by meteoroids from outer space burning up on their descent toward Earth. These particular shooting stars come from the rocky tail of Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle. Each November, debris from the comet pummels the Earth's atmosphere, causing meteors to light up the sky at rates that can exceed 1000 per hour. The Leonids won't reach that frequency this year. According to EarthSky, the meteors would peak at a rate of around 10 to 15 per hour in a dark, moonless sky. But because the moon will be bright this weekend, sky-gazers will likely see less of them, with only the brightest shooting stars shining through. How to See the Leonids For your best chance of spotting the Leonids, look up the night of Sunday, November 17 and early in the morning of Monday, November 18. The shower reaches its peak after midnight. The moon will be in its waning gibbous phase at that time, so even with clear skies, viewing conditions won't be ideal. But there are ways to increase your chances of seeing as many meteors as possible. Try finding a large object to stand under—such as a tree or building—that will block your view of the moon. If you don't see anything right away, be patient: The more time you give your eyes to adjust to the darkness, the more likely you are to spot a shooting star.
Assessing Medical Students’ Understanding and Knowledge of Crisis Pregnancy Centers What Are Crisis Pregnancy Centers? Pregnancy Counseling Centers, also referred to as crisis pregnancy centers (CPC) or pregnancy resource centers, are non-medical entities whose aim is to dissuade women from seeking legal abortion to terminate pregnancy. They are intentionally advertised as comprehensive medical facilities with licensed clinical professionals. However, they only offer limited, select services and provide misinformation regarding abortion and contraception to prevent women from pursuing these options. The Search for Information If a person were to do a Google search of Crisis Pregnancy Centers, one of the first suggested searches is as follows: “What do pregnancy centers offer?” The automated answer provides quotes from “Fact Sheet: Pregnancy Health Centers,” which states that these centers “provide support services, medical care, and resources to women…” In reality, these centers are non-medical entities, which directly contradicts the misinformation provided by the search engine. Furthermore, this information is inherently biased. Among the top search engine hits is an article by the Charlotte Lozier Institute, a pro-life political activist group that aims to “reduce and ultimately end abortion...” The misinformation regarding pregnancy centers begins as early as an initial inquiry on an internet search engine. The Issue CPCs frequently mislead individuals seeking reproductive care and avoid disclosing their financial, political, or religious associations to patients and the public. Moreover, these centers often receive state and federal funding without complying to medical standards of care. According to Heartbeat’s Worldwide Directory of Pregnancy Help, there are 4116 pregnancy centers in the US, and, as of 2017, there are only 808 abortion centers. Lack of Awareness Despite the prevalence of CPCs, the general public that may seek care from these centers is often unaware of their deceptive practices. A survey done in 2020 of medical students who are members of the American Medical Association (AMA), an organization focused on healthcare policy/advocacy, showed that only 21.8% of medical students are aware of CPCs and have a comprehensive understanding of their practices, while 14.5% have no understanding at all about CPCs. Almost half of surveyed students, 47.3%, answered that they have some knowledge about CPCs. However, the content and source of their knowledge is unknown, and it is unclear whether their knowledge includes fact-based information about CPCs or includes only their exposure to false advertisements by CPCs. Considering medical students, especially those who have self-selected to be active within a healthcare advocacy organization such as the AMA, are arguably more aware than the general public of issues related to access to care, there is legitimate concern that the general public is being misled regarding practices at CPCs. Those seeking care at CPCs may not realize that they are being misinformed about their health options. Figure 1. Awareness and understanding among medical students of Crisis Pregnancy Center practices (Source: American Medical Association, 2020). The survey results highlight medical students’ lack of awareness and understanding of CPCs. CPCs lack transparency regarding their limited scope of services and their anti-contraception and anti-abortion missions. This lack of transparency results in a violation of medical ethics that can be construed as coercive. The current practices of CPCs constitute a public health emergency and pose danger to women seeking comprehensive and evidence-based reproductive healthcare in this country. While CPCs are certainly allowed their free speech and opinion on the matter of abortion, their intentional misinformation campaigns, misleading advertisements, and interference in medical care presents a concern to medical ethics and patient rights. This is an issue that deserves more scrutinizing press, less state and federal funding, and more public awareness and education. Authors: Neha Siddiqui, Carle Illinois College of Medicine; Sarah Swiezy, Indiana University School of Medicine; Pavithra Wickramage, UNT Health Science Center - Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine; Carly Polcyn, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences; Candise Johnson, University of Mississippi Medical Center; Leah Genn, Florida State University College of Medicine; Pooja Nair, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine 1. Family Research Council. A passion to serve: How pregnancy resource centers empower women, help families, and strengthen communities. 2nd ed. downloads.frc.org/EF/EF12A47.pdf. Published 2010. Accessed August 25, 2019 2. Bryant AG, Levi EE. Abortion Misinformation from Crisis Pregnancy Centers in North Carolina. Contraception. 2012;86(6):752-756. doi:10.1016/j.contraception. 2012.06.001. 3. Swartzendruber A, Steiner RJ, Newton-Levinson A. Contraceptive Information on Pregnancy Resource Center Websites: A Statewide Content Analysis. Contraception. 2018;98(2):158-162. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.04.002. 4. Covert B, Israel J. “The states that siphon welfare money to stop abortion.” ThinkProgress, 3 Oct. 2016, https://thinkprogress.org/tanf-cpcs-ec002305dd18/ 5. Waxman, Henry A. False and Misleading Health Information Provided by Federally Funded Pregnancy Resource Centers: Prepared for Rep. Henry A. Waxman; United States House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform - Minority Staff, Special Investigations Division. United States House of Representatives, 2006. 6. “Fact Sheet: Pregnancy Help Centers-- Serving Women and Saving Lives” Charlotte Lozier Institute. January 17, 2018. https://lozierinstitute.org/fact-sheet-pregnancy-help-centers-serving-women-and-saving-lives/ 7. “About Us” Charlotte Lozier Institute. 2020. https://lozierinstitute.org/about/ 8. Data Center. Guttmacher Institute. 2020. https://data.guttmacher.org/states?topics=57&state=US 9. Worldwide Directory of Pregnancy Help. Heartbeat International Affiliates. 2020. https://www.heartbeatinternational.org/worldwide-directory 10. Rosen J.D. The public health risks of crisis pregnancy centers Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2012; 44: 201-205 11. Crisis Pregnancy Centers in the U.S.: Lack of Adherence to Medical and Ethical Practice Standards. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2019, 65:6:821-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.008 Recent Posts
Archibald Campbell (9th Earl of Argyll) 1629 - 1685 Royalist. Born in Dalkeith, Campbell was a consistent supporter of the Royalist cause, fighting at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) and then imprisoned under the regime of Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1654). After the restoration he eventually regained the Earldom which had been forfeited by his less consistent father, who had been the 1st Marquis and 8th Earl. Campbell objected to the Test Act (1681) on the basis of continuing royal supremacy over the church and the inconsistency of its insistence on a Protestant monarch, when the heir to the throne had embraced Catholicism. He was imprisoned once again, but managed to escape to the Netherlands. When King James VII (1633 - 1701) acceded to the throne, Campbell landed in Scotland with the intention of restoring a Protestant monarchy (1685). However, like the Duke of Monmouth's simultaneous action in England, it failed and the Earl was captured and executed in Edinburgh. If you have found this information useful please consider making
Is it healthy to run everyday? Is it healthy to run everyday? Running every day may have benefits for your health. Studies show that the benefits of running for just 5 to 10 minutes at a moderate pace (6.0 miles per hour) each day may include: reduced risk of death from heart attack or stroke. reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Is the running diet worth it? According to Natalie Rizzo, a New York City-based registered dietitian who works with “everyday athletes,” running is a great way to lose weight since it burns a lot of calories quickly. “You’re burning more calories per minute” with running than you are with strength training or cycling, Rizzo said. Is 20 minutes a good 5K time? Whether you’re an experienced runner with several marathons or half-marathons under your belt, or you are pretty new to the running game, running a 5k in 20 minutes is an achievable goal. I’m too slow a runner; it will require too much effort to break the 20 minutes barrier. Are eggs good for runners? As a runner, routinely eating eggs will offer you a number of health benefits, which include maintaining a lean body weight, helping fight inflammation, and promoting bone strength (thanks to high levels of protein, choline and vitamin D). The quality of protein provided by an egg is fantastic. How do Fats affect sports performance? However, fats are a crucial source of energy and insulation for the human body. Whereby carbohydrates account for the majority of energy during short duration or low intensity exercise, fats make up the most part of energy during longer or more intense exercise sessions (marathons). Why do athletes need fats? Fat is the primary fuel for light to moderate intensity exercise. Fat is a valuable metabolic fuel for muscles during endurance exercise and performs many important functions in the body, although it does not provide quick bursts of energy needed for speed. What is a runner’s diet? In broad terms you need to establish a diet that consists mainly of the following: Carbohydrates (around 60 per cent) Protein (around 20 per cent) Fat (saturated and unsaturated) fruit and vegetables to make up the rest. What fats should athletes eat? Fat intake for an athlete should range between 20-35% of total daily calories. Current dietary guidelines recommend that 10% of fat intake should come from monounsaturated sources, 10% from polyunsaturated sources, and no more Page 2 than 10% from saturated fat. What drink makes you run faster? Why You Should Start Drinking Coffee to Run Faster. Caffeine is a proven performance-enhancer, shown to improve athletic ability in endurance events like distance running. This is great news because I am a coffee lover. What diet is best for runners? The best foods every runner should include in his or her meal plan are: • Oats. • Peanut butter. • Broccoli. • Plain yogurt. • Dark chocolate. • Whole-grain pasta. • Coffee. • Potatoes. Potatoes, like bananas, are a valuable source of potassium, making them a staple of every runner’s diet. Is 7k in 40 minutes good? An average good clip is about 6 minutes/mile for runs over 5 miles. 7km is about 0.6km/mile x 7km = 4.2 miles. A ”good” time would be under 40 minutes, and especially if you are over thirty-five years old, under one hour would be respectful. How can I increase my energy for running? Boost Your Energy 1. Running and Exercise. 2. 1 Give yourself a daily high. Try to run or do another form of exercise every day. 3. 2 Jump into the pool. 4. 3 Keep your options open. 5. 4 Run with the early birds. 6. 5 Make every step count. 7. 6 Dare to be different. 8. 7 Equip yourself better. Why do we need lipids fats? Within the body, lipids function as an energy reserve, regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion vital organs, and transport fat-soluble nutrients. Fat in food serves as an energy source with high caloric density, adds texture and taste, and contributes to satiety. Should athletes eat fats? Fat also is necessary for the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A,D, E, and K. Low-fat diets can cause a deficiency of these vitamins. An athlete should consume 20 to 25% of caloric intake from fat. How many days in a row can you run? In addition, you should never do harder efforts two days in a row unless you are an experienced runner working from a smart plan. So, if you are running five days a week, three should be recovery runs. If you are running six days a week, three or four should be recovery runs. How fast should I run a 5K for my age? As these are median winning times, they are faster than what people would consider average. A person able to run a 5K race in the relevant time below would likely win or finish highly in their age group….Males. Age group Time (minutes and seconds) 20–29 16:45 30–39 17:41 40–49 18:13 50–59 19:31 Is it better to run faster or longer for weight loss? Running faster burns more calories and helps you lose weight in three ways. (1) You burn about 100 calories for every mile you run. (3) High-intensity running puts a damper on your appetite. After a longer, slower jog you may well be hungry, while after a hard run, you usually don’t feel like eating.
This Is What Really Happens to Retail Food Waste Each year in the US a shocking amount of food is wasted. What happens to it next may not be what you think. Kane McCord by Kane McCord Each year, between 30-40% of food in the United States is wasted. This big number corresponds to a big problem—with a startling impact. Wasted food can end up in landfills, where it produces methane, a greenhouse gas. The resources that went into growing that wasted food are likewise wasted, including water, labor, processing, packaging, transportation, and storage. Food waste is also a moral concern, particularly in a country where as many as 42 million people experience food insecurity. Roughly 31% of wasted food comes from consumers and retailers. Consumers typically waste food simply by buying too much and throwing it out. The retail sector includes grocers, restaurants, hotels, catering, and other businesses that sell or provide food. They waste food in a variety of ways, from over-ordering to tossing out produce that doesn’t have a perfect appearance, even if it’s safe to eat. Shelf Engine analyzed data from the Environmental Protection Agency’s most recent Wasted Food Report to better understand where this retail food waste ends up. The EPA’s wasted food data was compiled from an extensive literature review of numerous academic studies, government reports, and surveys. Together these sources were used to create an estimate for the amount of food waste that came from the retail sector and what happened to it after being discarded. Shelf Engine ranked the most common destinations for retail food waste—some of which may come as a surprise. While a substantial percentage of this food waste does go to beneficial use for feeding animals, growing crops, or creating energy, the majority still ends up in landfills. In this environment, beneficial nutrients are unable to reabsorb into the soil. Instead, the food waste rots and produces the methane gas responsible for 20% of global warming. Keep reading to learn more about where food waste really ends up. #8. Land application Total: 178,070 tons (2.1%) ImagineStock // Shutterstock A small percentage of food waste is applied directly to agricultural fields where the nutrients in the food go into the ground to improve soil quality. Anyone who composts food at home to amend the soil in their garden is familiar with the basic principle of land application. Using food waste in this capacity reduces the need for commercial fertilizers while diverting thousands of tons of organic material from disposal. The most common types of food waste used for land applications are processing byproducts such as dairy whey, the solid remains of grapes after pressing (aka pomace), and brewery waste. #7. Controlled combusion Total: 250,263 tons (2.9%) Belish // Shutterstock When food waste is used in controlled combustion, it is converted into energy that can be used as heat, fuel, or electricity. This process is also called “waste-to-energy.” In the case of controlled combustion, the waste is burned in a confined and controlled manner. This process creates a renewable energy source, reduces the need for energy from fossil fuels, and diverts waste from landfills. The first waste-to-energy incinerator in the United States was built in 1885 on Governors Island in New York. The original incinerators do not meet modern safety guidelines, however, and most existing facilities have been shut down or retrofitted with air pollution control systems. #6. Bio-based materials/biochemical processing Total: 382,054 tons (4.4%) Salov Evgeniy // Shutterstock Some food waste is used in bio-based materials and biochemical processing. A bio-based material is a product that mainly consists of substances derived from biomass, which is plant or animal matter that is used as fuel. Bio-based materials are mostly by-products of food and agricultural production. For example, plastic packaging can be synthetically created from food materials, such as corn. Turning food waste into plastic packaging is especially promising, as it could replace traditional ways of producing plastic that are reliant on oil-based materials. Biochemists continue to discover new processes to convert food waste biomass into bio-based materials, and pioneer new use cases for these materials. #5. Composting/aerobic processes Total: 797,591 tons (9.2%) StudioTangent // Shutterstock In 2018, 797,591 tons of retail food waste were used for compost/aerobic processes. Composting is the process of recycling organic matter, such as food scraps, into fertilizer. These food scraps would decompose eventually, but placing them in an enclosed space allows for anaerobic processes to take place, creating the ideal environment to speed up decomposition. Compost is rich in nutrients and ideal for gardening, agriculture, and horticulture. Food waste that is not removed from the waste stream for compost ends up in landfills. There, waste is packed so tightly together that it renders aerobic decomposition—and improvements to the soil—impossible. #4. Codigestion/anaerobic digestion Total: 1.2 million tons (13.6%) Dmitry Naumov // Shutterstock Codigestion, or anaerobic digestion, is a process where organic materials such as food scraps, along with fats, oils, and grease, are added to wastewater or dairy digesters that have excess capacity. The benefit of this process is that it uses existing infrastructure to divert food waste and produces biogas, a type of renewable fuel. In California there are nearly 140 wastewater treatment plants that use anaerobic digesters. This process diverts food waste, especially high-energy food known for its higher methane-producing potential, from going to landfills and producing the dangerous gas. #3. Animal feed Total: 1.2 million tons (14.3%) Anton Havelaar // Shutterstock A sizable percentage of retail food waste is repurposed as animal feed—something farmers have been doing for centuries. It is a way of providing food to animals, and is often even less expensive than transporting the waste to a landfill. Along with donating to farms, companies may donate extra food to zoos or producers of pet food. Regulations for this vary by state. In fact, some states ban food donation for animal feed while other states simply regulate what can and cannot be donated. For example, some states prohibit dairy or meat donations. In general, businesses cannot donate foods that are high in salt or include coffee grounds because of the risk of harm to animals. #2. Food donation Total: 1.8 million tons (20.6%) michelmond // Shutterstock Retailers donate around one-fifth of the food they are unable to sell to food banks. This helps save food that is safe for consumption, but otherwise landfill-bound because it is too close to its sell-by date. Many food banks and food rescue organizations will collect food donations for free. The Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act states that as long as the donor had not acted with negligence or intentional misconduct, the retailer is not liable for damage incurred as the result of illness. In other words, companies are not put at legal risk when they donate food. This makes food donation a practical option for retailers that also creates an attractive opportunity to benefit the communities in which they operate. #1. Landfill Total: 2.9 million tons (32.9%) Huguette Roe // Shutterstock The majority of retail food waste, unfortunately, still ends up in landfills despite diversion innovations. When food goes to a landfill, it is similar to tying it up in a plastic bag. The nutrients are not able to return to the soil, the wasted food rots, and methane is produced. This is a troubling truth because methane is a potent greenhouse gas and a key contributor to climate change. In fact, landfills are among the United States’ largest sources of methane. Ultimately, there is no silver lining to the shocking amount of food waste generated in the retail sector, but there is a way forward. Companies have an opportunity to look beyond the traditional food retail practices of the past and embrace grocery demand planning and other technologies designed to curb waste. Consumers—you have a voice, too. Ask your favorite grocery stores and the restaurants you frequent what steps they’re taking to reverse this trend. We all purchase food. Consider how you can be a changemaker through your patronage. Fresh, delivered. Get the latest foodservice trends and grocery innovations from the Shelf Engine team. By providing your email, you agree to the Shelf Engine Privacy Policy. Let's talk! We’ll show you how Shelf Engine boosts sales, simplifies fresh ordering, and strengthens shopper loyalty. First Name* Last Name* Company Email* Company Name* By submitting this form you agree to the Shelf Engine Privacy Policy.
Skip to main content Full Menu Alternatives to Dissection in Biology Education • LEVEL: GRADES 9 -12 Encourage a greater respect for the intrinsic value and worth of animals. The activities in this unit will provide students with a basic understanding of the alternatives to the use of animals for dissection in biology and other science classes, the arguments for and against dissection and the environmental and social costs of using animals for dissection. Students will also be able to examine the relative merits of dissection as a teaching method and to form their own conclusions. Through a detailed examination of the alternatives to dissection, including plastic models, videos, computer programs and innovative new approaches, students will be able to determine many areas where the knowledge gained far exceeds that available through dissection. They will also learn that dissection can be detrimental to the environment and to human health through the replacement of frog and other amphibian populations with pesticides to eliminate disease-carrying and crop-destroying insects. Finally, by means of literature review and personal survey, students will determine their attitudes toward dissection, as well as its efficacy as a teaching method. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE # I: Students will be able to examine alternatives to dissection and to compare them to classical dissection as teaching aids. MOTIVATION: Have students locate and gather whatever dissection alternatives are available from libraries, science classrooms and resource centers. AIM: How do the alternatives teach the same information normally obtained through dissection and why do they do it more effectively? What do the alternatives teach over and above animal dissection? • Begin by listing what is learned through dissection. For example, dissection of frogs, earthworms, fish and cats is used to teach animal anatomy and physiology and as a surrogate for human anatomy and physiology. • Discuss the different types of alternatives, which can be divided into four different (somewhat overlapping) categories: those that teach animal anatomy, those that teach human anatomy, those that compare animal with human anatomy and those that represent innovative concepts. • Students should become familiar with several of the animal alternatives, including videos of frogs and other species in their natural environment, computer programs which simulate frog dissection and models which illustrate animal anatomy. List the important features of both the living beings in their natural habitat and their anatomy and physiology. • Students should become familiar with several of the alternatives which illustrate human anatomy and physiology, starting with the National Geographic video, The Incredible Human Machine, one of the human torsos with removable parts, diseased and health organs and computer programs such as Bodyworks. • Students should construct a list comparing human anatomy with that of several animal species. Excellent use can be made of side-by-side comparisons such as the vinyl overlay structures Biological Models. How do the vital organs compare: how do the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems compare? Can we understand why these differences exist from the environment, diet and lifestyle differences between species? What things can be learned using the alternatives which are not learned from dissections? SUMMARY: Computer programs, videos and models are available to teach all aspects of human animal anatomy and physiology. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE # II: Students will be able to understand the arguments for and against the practice of animal dissection in biology classes and tabulate student attitudes towards dissection. MOTIVATION: Students will use various sources and peer surveys to determine arguments and attitudes towards dissection. AIM: To determine whether reasons for phasing out dissections outweigh the reasons for continuing them and to determine whether students support continuing or eliminating dissection. • Discuss arguments in favor of dissection as a teaching method. Include what is learned through dissection, whether students take the dissections "seriously," and whether students are attracted to a medical or biological career by performing them. • Discuss arguments in favor of using alternatives to dissection. Include what is learned (i.e. animals and human anatomy; diseased versus healthy organs; etc.), the effectiveness of the alternatives as teaching tools, whether information learned will likely be retained longer, and whether using alternatives fosters or discourages students from pursuing medical careers. • Discuss other issues connected with the use of alternatives versus dissections. Should environmental concerns (i.e. depletion of frog or other species from a region), human health concerns (increased use of pesticides on food, increase of disease-carrying insect populations) or concerns over the cruelties associated with the supply of dissection specimens be taken under consideration? • Compare the material learned through dissections with the material learned through alternatives. Are they of equal value? Will one be of more value than the other in later life? Which will be retained longer? • Carry out a survey of students who have already performed dissections. Ask them how seriously they took the procedure, what they learned from it and what they have retained. Ask them how they felt emotionally before, during and after the dissection. • Taking all of the preceding information into consideration, formulate conclusions regarding the relative merits of dissections versus alternatives and whether dissections should continue or be phased out. SUMMARY: Information learned through alternatives is broad and of long-term value. Some students may object to dissections or not take the dissections seriously, while other students believe they are of value. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE # III: Students will learn about several innovative projects. These will supplement, not replace, basic anatomy and physiology learned through the other alternatives. MOTIVATION: Requires that availability of advances biological teaching aids such as a physiological self-study (vital sign monitors), immune system aids such as Immunity System Kit or Cell Serv cell culture kit. AIM: To learn advanced biological concepts using innovative alternatives to dissection and to illustrate the types of information that can be learned when alternatives are used in place of dissection. ACTIVITIES: Choose at least one advanced concept as a biology project and carry it out. Be sure to instruct the class and/or write a project description. • PHYSIOLOGICAL SELF-STUDY. The heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure are three key vital signs which reveal the state of health of the body. Using a simple monitor, measure these vital signs on yourself and/or other students for several conditions: at rest, after exercise, after eating, after a period of stress. How do the vital signs correlate with the activity? Using literature sources, determine what factors are most important in affecting these indicators. What are the consequences of low, medium or high values? • IMMUNITY. Our immune system works non-stop to protect us from viruses, bacteria and toxins. Using the Immunity System Kit, or its equivalent, create even sequence diagrams for several major physiological challenges, such as bacterial, infection, cancer, AIDS, measles. Show how the leukocytes, T-cells, B-cells and antibodies work to fight infections and to provide long-term immunity. What are the effects of bacterial or viral mutations? What factors strengthen or weaken the immune system? • MICROBIOLOGY. Microbiology is in part the study of living cells and the effects of various stimuli. Using Cell-Serv or equivalent, carry out experiments showing the effects of chemicals, common drugs of medicines, light and heat on cell and tissue culture health. How do toxins and other challenges act to damage living cells and tissue? What can be done to prevent or minimize such damage? SUMMARY: Students can learn many highly beneficial concepts in health, physiology and biology, using readily available teaching aids. Added to the knowledge of human physiology obtained through videos, computer programs and models, this innovative concept information will be valuable throughout the student's lifetime. 1. Compare the anatomy and physiology of meat-eating and plant-eating animals. Choose three or more species, including at least one herbivore, one carnivore and one omnivore, and including human beings. Document how their teeth, metabolisms and digestive systems differ. Prepare a list of twenty carnivores and twenty herbivores and illustrate what features are most common to each class. Also list common human features (metabolism, lifespan, digestive systems, teeth, etc.). Considering all factors, are human beings closer to herbivores or carnivores? 2. Create a display of several alternatives to dissection, including at least one example of each type: computer program, video and plastic model. Contrast alternatives to dissections for learning a) animal physiology, b) human physiology and c) comparisons of the two. Create a display which compares the information learned through alternatives and compares it with the information learned throughout adult life. Pictures from biology texts or other sources can be used to illustrate points about dissections. 3. Create a display using one or more innovative biological teaching aids such as vital sign monitors, immune system kits or cell-culture micro-biology sets. Explain how each concept works and how it leads to valuable biological and physiological information. Perform a demonstration or experiment as part of the science fair display. • Beyond Dissection : Innovative Teaching Tools for Biology Education, 1995. Available from: New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), 333 Washington Street, Suite 850, Boston, Mass. 02108, phone # 617-523-6020. • Endangered Species Handbook contains a section on humane science projects. Available from: Animal Welfare Institute, PO Box 3650, Washington, DC 2007, phone # 202-337-2332 • The Responsible Use of Animals in Biology Classrooms Including Alternatives to Dissection. Available from: National Association of Biology Teachers, 11250 Roger Bacon Drive, #19, Reston, VA 22090 • Cross Educational Software, 504 East Kentucky Avenue. Ruston, LA 71270 phone # 318-255-8921 • National Teaching Aids, 1845 Highland Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY 11040 phone # 516-326-255
Keyword Analysis & Research: wore past participle Keyword Analysis Keyword Research: People who searched wore past participle also searched Frequently Asked Questions What are the present participle verbs? Present participles are the only verb forms that are completely regular. The present participle (also known as the -ing form) is used with a form of the auxiliary be to express the progressive aspect. What is an example of past participle? Here are some examples of past participles (shaded) being used as adjectives: Here is a laminated copy to replace your torn one. Stuffed deer heads on walls are bad enough, but it's worse when they have streamers in their antlers because then you know they were enjoying themselves when they were shot. (Ellen DeGeneres) What is the past participle begin? begin (third-person singular simple present begins, present participle beginning, simple past began, past participle begun) (transitive, intransitive) To start, to initiate or take the first step into something. What is past participle for keep? keep (third-person singular simple present keeps, present participle keeping, simple past and past participle kept) To continue in (a course or mode of action); not to intermit or fall from; to uphold or maintain. to keep silence; to keep one's word; to keep possession (heading, transitive) To hold the status of something. Search Results related to wore past participle on Search Engine
The Pope in America The address by Pope Francis to a joint session of the United States Congress today represents a milestone in the rightward march of the American political establishment, which is jettisoning what little remains of its democratic heritage in favor of the open embrace of reaction. As he parades with his entourage through Washington, at the center of a massive security operation, the pope, decked out in his medieval vestments, looks out on an America whose democracy is in shambles. No pope has ever been invited to address the American legislature, from the first meeting of the Continental Congress in 1774 to the current 114th US Congress, which convened in 2015. The pope’s unprecedented address is a direct affront to the secular foundations of the American republic as well as to the US Constitution. The first clause in the First Amendment to the US Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, incorporates the principle of the separation of church and state and prohibits Congress from establishing any religion. In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the First Amendment was intended to erect a “wall of separation” between church and state, a measure considered essential for free thought and individual liberty. This fundamental democratic conception is nowhere to be found in the wall-to-wall media coverage of the papal visit or the comments of politicians. The empty-headed fawning and gushing over “His Holiness” is a slap in the face to atheists, agnostics, Jews, Muslims and all others who have a democratic right to live in a society where the state does not take any position on religion in general or any particular creed. President Obama set the tone with his official greetings at the White House, addressing the pope as “Holy Father” and “Your Holiness,” and beginning by saying, “What a beautiful day the Lord has made.” The words “God” (5), “Lord” (2), “Jesus” (1), “holy” (6) and “holiness” (2) together appeared a total of 16 times in Obama’s 10-minute welcome. For his part, the pope spoke about family values, religious liberty and the environment, making one reference to the “Creator” and concluding with, “God Bless America.” “You remind us that people are only truly free when they can practice their faith freely,” Obama declared. This was said with a straight face to the leader of the institution responsible for the Holy Inquisition, i.e., centuries of repression, torture and murder of Europe’s “heretical” scientists, philosophers and artists. This is the same Catholic Church that maintained close ties with the fascist regimes in Spain, Italy, Poland, Croatia and Slovakia, and signed the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany in 1933. Beneath his white robes, the man Obama was praising, the former archbishop of Buenos Aires, Jorge Bergoglio, is personally implicated in Argentina’s “Dirty War” (1976-1983). In the name of the struggle against Marxism, the Church under Bergoglio’s leadership supported the military junta while it caused an estimated 30,000 workers, students and intellectuals to “disappear,” and while tens of thousands more were abducted and tortured. So much for Obama’s champion of freedom! The mutual love-fest between Obama and Francis calls to mind the words of Jefferson: “In every country and in every age, the priest has been hostile to liberty. He is always in alliance with the despot, abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own.” But the American media is not concerned with such things. Instead, the various news outlets are shamelessly competing to outdo each other in kowtowing before the visiting pontiff. A deluge of articles and television programs have appeared on such subjects as the minutiae of the papal wardrobe, the papal entourage, the papal itinerary and the papal automobile. Nothing resembling democratic or historical consciousness is anywhere to be found in the vast effusion of media coverage of the papal visit. One would not know from watching this media spectacle, for example, that the United States had no diplomatic relations with the Holy See from 1867 until 1984, when relations were first established under President Ronald Reagan. Nor would the viewer have any inkling that the election of John F. Kennedy, the first Catholic president, was deeply controversial. As a presidential candidate in 1960, Kennedy was attacked on the grounds that his Catholic faith meant that as president he would be taking orders from Rome. “I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute,” Kennedy declared in a major speech responding to his critics, “where no Catholic prelate would tell the president (should he be Catholic) how to act, and no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote; where no church or church school is granted any public funds or political preference; and where no man is denied public office merely because his religion differs from the president who might appoint him or the people who might elect him.” Kennedy prided himself on his record of “declared stands against an ambassador to the Vatican,” and added, “I do not speak for my church on public matters, and the church does not speak for me.” The contrast between Kennedy and Obama could not be more stark. However, this is not a question of individuals, but a reflection of the protracted decay of American democracy over the past half-century. The Kennedy administration by no means represented a golden age, but it provides a reference point for measuring the impact of decades of political reaction and the increasing subordination of all of the country’s institutions to a criminal and ever-wealthier financial aristocracy. The first decade-and-a-half of the 21st century has witnessed a direct assault on basic democratic rights and institutions across the board, accompanied by an accelerating growth of social inequality and military aggression abroad. America is a country where the government spies on all of the activities of its citizens, where torturers and killer cops enjoy complete impunity and where the president invokes the right to order the assassination of any person anywhere in the world. The electoral process has been stripped of any genuinely democratic content, reduced to a degrading contest between various frontmen for billionaire oligarchs divided between two parties completely controlled by the corporate-financial elite, the military and the CIA. The deliberate promotion of religious obscurantism serves definite political ends. The papal visit occurs in the midst of a relentless campaign to revive medieval and reactionary notions—anti-rational, anti-scientific, anti-democratic—in order to mobilize social forces that can be used to block and suppress popular opposition. Last year, for example, the US Supreme Court decided that Hobby Lobby, a “Christian corporation,” had the “right” to impose religious views on its employees. Last month, a reactionary campaign was organized around Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis, who refused to issue marriage licenses to gay couples on the grounds of “God’s authority.” And several Republican presidential candidates are openly appealing to anti-Muslim bigotry. The socialist position on the separation of church and state was clearly stated by Lenin in 1905. “Complete separation of church and state is what the socialist proletariat demands of the modern state and the modern church,” Lenin wrote. The total prostration of the American political establishment and media before the pope underscores the basic fact that in our era, the defense of democratic rights, including the principle of separation of church and state, is completely bound up with the development of a mass socialist movement of the working class. Read more
The project “Planet Denim” with the prestigious MA Menswear course at the Royal College of Art in London, challenged the students to focus on the design and finish of the iconic “5 pocket” denim jean and to develop new techniques for pattern making, construction and especially finish, which take into account the long-term impact the design would have on the environment. Thus the idea was to create “Denim jeans for a sustainable planet”. The project was hosted and instructed by NYC based designer Johnny Diamandis. (ex design director Evisu Jeans). He was invited to do the project by Ike Rust (Head of Menswear at RCA). also got involved in the project by providing useful inputs to the students. A number of students participated in the project and the works of three students was shortlisted . We would quickly go through their project work as below : Student 1 : Aleksandra Domanevskaya Aleksandra brought out the concept of ‘Fade Jeans’ .Here is the summary of his project. Fade Jeans – The Concept Fade Jeans aim to make a small but important step towards changing consumer’s relationship with products.For the environmental form of production to succeed, western consumption habits need to change. We value things that we have made ourselves more than something that’s been bought. Fade Jeans offers customers an opportunity to modify their jeans and partake in the process of design. Consumers decide on the appearance of their jeans in terms of colour and wear. How it works: The dye on the jeans is left semi-fixed, so it fades quicker than normal jeans. Consumers wear the jeans in, wash them to their desired level of fade and then fix the colour of the jeans in the washing machine with a sachet of dye fixative provided. The Jeans are made of two fully recyclable materials, which can be easily separated, and up-cycled at the end of their life.The Fabric and Stitching threads are made of Lyocell. Lyocell fibre can be produced to meet any specifications and woven into twill fabric; it can also be melted back into polymer; up cycled, dyed and is biodegradable. Screw-in Buttons are made of Ingeo Biopolymer. Jeans are dyed with reactive dyes in a closed loop production system, using C2C principles for the choice of dyes, auxiliaries and finishing chemicals based on their impact on human and environmental health. Up-Recycling and Shipping The company will utilise existing postal networks. Jeans would be shipped in Ingeo crates, which can be reused unlimited amount of times. This way a pair of jeans comes useless-packaging-free at the shop level. On the inside back pocket area jeans have pre-paid envelope embroidered, so that when the useful life of jeans is over, they can be returned to the factory and moulded back into new fibre. Buttons, made of Ingeo can be reused infinite amount of times. Aleksandra Domanevskaya FADE JEANS 2 Aleksandra Domanevskaya FADE JEANS 3 Student 2– Emily Murry Emily brought out the concept of “Generation Jeans”. Generation Jeans – The Concept Generation Jeans are a classic straight-cut jean carefully designed to transcend trends and live a long life with you…gaining their personality and distinction as you wear them. They arrive to you in an unwashed dry denim state and have details to ensure they last as long as you want them to , until you are ready to pass them on to the next generation or send them back to us to be transformed into a new generation of jeans. Generation Jeans will basically have “An Extended Life” so that the same jeans can be used for a longer period of time. 1. 60% Organic cotton 40% Organic hemp .Hemp is easily sustainable and uses considerably less water in the processing than cotton. It is naturally antibacterial and extremely durable, helping to prolong the life of the jeans. The cotton however, helps retain the softness of the denim making them more comfortable against the skin. 2. Two-piece Tagua Nut buttons – strong and durable but biodegradable and sustainable also. 3.Reinforced gusset piece cut on bias – to allow easier movement but prolong life of jeans in thei weak area. 4.Unbleached organic cotton waistbanding and pocketing – biodegradable and non-toxic. Waistband has internal drawstring to adjust fit further, prolonging wearers use of jeans. 5.Cross-stitching reinforcement at pressure points, no use of metal rivets. 6.Contrast triple top-stitching on inside and outside leg with non-toxic dyed organic cotton thread, heavy weight for strength. Chain stitch used meaning if stitch breaks anywhere on seam it will not run, thus making jeans more durable. 7. Waistband and centre back seam with 2.5cm additional seam allowance to take trousers out. 8. Reinforcing patch behind pocket corners to prevent tearing. 9. 10cm deep button-up hem which can be let down or buttoned higher with growth or changing trends. 10. Woad -dyed denim. Woad is a natural, non-toxic dye which does not require the use of mordants or toxins for fixing. Fully biodegradable and approved by the National Soil Association. generation jeans How it works ? You receive your jeans, along with repair patches and thread, in a protective felt bag. The felt is made from the jeans textile waste and remains unbleached or dyed. It is fully biodegradable and non-toxic. With the drawstring waist pulled in and the button-up hem at its shortest, you start the love affair with your dark, dry denim Generation Jeans. Your legs have grown, so you let down your hem to the longer length, and after years of wear the colour has faded and you require a patch . The jeans look lived in and loved, and still fit you and feel as good as when you first got them. Many years later, your jeans have faded further and you had to let the waistband out a little, but your Generation Jeans are still your good old faithful in the front of your wardrobe. Finally, after years shared with you favourite jeans, its time to say goodbye. So you pack what is left of them into a freepost envelope (available from the website or store if you lost the original from years ago!) and send them back to us, where we compost them or re-use still strong parts for new generations of jeans jeans environment friendly Student 3 – Fah Chakshuvej Fah brought out the concept of ‘By-Product Jeans’ By-Product Jeans The basic concept behind By-Product jeans is to use environmentally friendly ingredients and also environment itself to provide the various effects on jeans.The jeans are basically buried in various places like farms, dirt roads etc to provide various effects on the jeans. Here is a complete picture of her project . Click on the photograph to see the larger size . by product jeans Fah Chakshuvej-BY PRODUCT JEANS 1 Fah Chakshuvej-BY PRODUCT JEANS 3 So, this was a very brief summary of some students work related to the “Project Denim”. To which of these students does your vote goes to ? About RCA: The Royal College of Art (often abbreviated RCA) is the world’s only wholly postgraduate university of art and design, offering the degrees of MA, MPhil and PhD. The University is located in South Kensington and Battersea in London, United Kingdom.The College has an international reputation for its teaching in the fields of architecture, automotive design, photography, industrial design, communication design, interior design, fashion, ceramics and silversmithing. 1. Thanks Sandeep for this very inspiring article. Compliments to the students and their faculty. Sincerely, Adriana Galijasevic
Skip to Main Content Drowning is submersion in a liquid resulting in respiratory distress or failure. Prognosis after submersion injuries depends on the degree of pulmonary and central nervous system injury and, therefore, is highly dependent on early rescue and resuscitation. Prevention is the most important means to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Up to 20% of patients who suffer submersion injuries do not aspirate water, but sustain injury due to asphyxia. Patients who aspirate water into their lungs have washout of surfactant, resulting in diminished alveolar gas transfer, atelectasis, ventilation perfusion mismatch, and hypoxia. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema results from moderate to severe aspiration. Physical examination findings at presentation vary. Lungs may be clear or have rales, rhonchi, or wheezes. Mental status ranges from normal to comatose. Patients are at risk for hypothermia even in “warm water” submersions. Evaluate patients for associated injuries (e.g., traumatic injuries to the brain or spinal cord) and underlying precipitating disorders including syncope, seizures, hypoglycemia, and acute myocardial infarction or dysrhythmias. Respiratory acidosis may be present early followed by metabolic acidosis later. Early electrolyte disturbances are unusual. A chest radiograph (CXR) is usually obtained but is frequently normal in patients who are otherwise asymptomatic. Without a history of diving or associated trauma, routine cervical immobilization and computerized tomography (CT) of the brain are not necessary. 1. Treatment for submersion events is summarized in Figure 124-1. 2. Measure core temperature. Treat hypothermia if present. (See Chapter 118, “Frostbite and Hypothermia.”) Hypothermic victims of cold-water submersion with cardiac arrest should undergo prolonged and aggressive resuscitation maneuvers until they are normothermic or considered not viable. 3. Data do not support routine antibiotic prophylaxis for pulmonary aspiration. 4. Efforts at “brain resuscitation,” including the use of mannitol, loop diuretics, hypertonic saline, fluid restriction, mechanical hyperventilation, controlled hypothermia, barbiturate coma, and intracranial pressure monitoring, have not shown benefit. 5. Patients who arrive in the emergency department in asystole or cardiac arrest after warm water submersion and are normothermic have a poor prognosis for recovery without significant neurologic handicaps. Figure 124-1 Drowning event algorithm. CBC = complete blood count; CK = creatine kinase; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; CVP = central venous pressure; CXR = chest radiograph; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; ICU = intensive care unit; PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure; PT = prothrombin time; PTT = partial thromboplastin time; Sao2 = oxygen saturation (via pulse oximetry); U/A = urinalysis. For further reading in Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th ed., see Chapter 215, “Drowning,” by Cico Stephen John, Quan Linda. Pop-up div Successfully Displayed
Rose-Lynn Fisher explored micrographs of the patterns in which different types of tears formed crystals in The Topography of Tears (Bellevue Literary Press, 2017). After having come across with this book, we posed the scientific question: could we identify the emotion which evoked a teardrop based on the images of its crystals? Could we train a computer to perform this prediction? The task was exciting: collecting a dataset of micrographs of tears from distinct emotions and individuals to train an algorithm to find these patterns. We came to the aesthetical result: we discovered the unicity of tears; each forms its own crystals. Virgil in his Aeneid tells us that Aeneas, upon arriving to Juno’s temple in Carthage and seeing it wrecked, realizes that the world is a world of tears and the burdens of mortality touch the heart (“sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt”, Aeneid 1, 462). In this world of tears our wish was to collect with our fingers all of them, totæ lacrimæ. TOTÆ LACRIMÆ is a photographic exhibition of crystals of teardrops from over 15 emotions and 20 different people. It is our ceremony to the beauty of human emotion, the burdens of mortality that touch the heart. Presentation video Universidad de los Andes \| Monitored by Mineducación Recognition as University: Decree 1297 of May 30th, 1964. Recognition as legal entity: Resolution 28 of February 23, 1949 Minjusticia. © Universidad de los Andes. All rights reserved.
How Fashion Is Transforming Clothes Waste into Wearable Clothing How Fashion Is Transforming Clothes Waste into Wearable Clothing \| MakersValley Blog Chastiny Walker Chastiny Walker Huge factories and massive land waste are impacting the Earth at an increasingly dramatic rate. We collectively dump about 2.12 billion in waste annually, but how much of this is old clothing? The average American throws away about 81 pounds of clothing each year, and most of that clothing will arrive in the landfills where it will produce methane as it decomposes. However, if it doesn’t end up in a landfill, it will likely end up in some other litter heap on land or in the ocean. Fortunately, with the help of some fashion brands and fashion recycling companies, garments are now able to be reused rather than wasted. These companies are now seeking businesses and individuals who can donate unwanted clothing and materials to help Earth become a little cleaner. Man laying in trashFast Fashion: Recycling The Old Fast fashion allows brands to create looks based on the catwalk and produce them at a lower cost. While this arm of the fashion industry has consistently grown the number of products produced and purchased, it’s also increased the amount of old clothing becoming trash. Fashion brands and individuals will always look for new ideas and trends, so fast fashion will probably never die out anytime soon. But, what can fast and luxury fashion brands do to minimize the impact their waste has on the planet? One tactic is to reduce clothing waste by recycling old, unwanted clothing and turning it into something new and fashionable. Pile of garbage Clothing companies like FABSCRAP save thrown-away clothing from landfills and even work with other brands to seek solutions to leftover material waste. They keep the textiles and save buttons, zippers, and leather from clothing. FABSCRAP then separates the unusable fabrics and materials from the usable and are able to sell approximately 60% of the material to fashion brands and individuals looking for materials. Old Clothing’s Second Life: Fine Fiber & New Clothing Mattress stuffing While fashion recycling companies' sanitation of material may come before or after the process of dismantling zippers, buttons, leather pieces, stickers, and more from the garment, some of them work transform old clothing into mattress stuffing instead of new garment materials. In Italy, some fashion recycling companies sell fine fluffy fibers that come from shredded recycled clothing fabric to mattress makers. First, the recycling factory receives donated clothing and clothing that is too old for charity shops from around the world. Next, it sorts the clothing by color and material and dismantles the clothing. Next, it cleans impurities from the material using a sanitizing machine. After the clothing is sanitized, it is sent to a washing machine, then shredded into fine pieces and dried. Finally, after the material is made into mattress filling, it is separated by material and color and then put into a tray waiting for an order to fulfill. Shredded clothingLarge fashion companies that recycle old fabric, like H&M, use a similar process. In their case, they partner with a recycling and processing facility based in Hong Kong. Other fashion brands use a similar process to turn old clothing and accessories fibers into fibers that can be used to create new clothing. This process works similarly to the recycling process for mattress stuffing, however, after the shedding stage, the factory mixes in extra cotton fiber to strengthen the material. After that material is strengthened and fused in a machine, it will become a fiber web. From there, the factory transfers it to a machine that will bunch the fibers to make it into ply yarn for a new garment. At this point, this process takes about three or more days to complete enough material to manufacture one piece of apparel. However, hopefully more businesses will find it worthwhile to invest in this process to make it easier and more efficient to factor into their supply chains. Popular Recyclable Fabrics Clothes on clothing rack Recycling companies that source and produce garment and textile goods report that their most popular materials to work with include cotton, wool, and even polyester, a common fast fashion material Here are two reason why recycled cotton works well: 1. Cotton is eco-friendly because it is biodegradable, renewable, and sustainable 2. Cotton offers the largest fiber supply As for wool: 1. Wool is soft and durable when used in clothing 2. It is a breathable material Thirdly, polyester is a popular material choice among fashion recycling companies because: 1. Lots of garments are made from polyester 2. Polyester is also made from plastic. Plastic is also found in landfills and oceans, so sourcing and recycling plastic materials to make into fabric allows brands to reduce that amount of plastic litter polluting the Earth and its oceans. Fashion Brands That Sell Recycled Clothing Fashion recycling is slowly becoming part of the fashion world, but do individuals, and other brands know which fashion companies recycle old clothing? Here are a few transparent brands and how they work with recycled garments. • H&M – H&M asks customers to donate clothing and offers customers who purchase Conscious clothing items from their stores the chance to receive extra membership points. • Levi – Customers can receive $5–$35 for trading in old clothing depending on how old it is. • Reformation – Customers can ship unwanted clothing to Reformation, which in turn ships the clothes to other parts of the world to be recycled. They even allow customers to track and see where their donations go and when they arrive. • North Face – Customers who donate unwanted clothing here receive $10 dollars off on their next purchase of $100 dollars or higher. Now that clothing brands are integrating old clothing and other materials from landfills into their fabric sourcing process, donating clothing is one way their customers can have an impact on making the Earth clean. It is time for other brands to do their part, and help customers do theirs, to help the Earth survive. When individuals and fashion brands collaborate to reduce, reuse, and recycle clothing and leftover material in fashion companies, they can create a new look with old fabric and drive positive consumer sentiment from an increasingly eco-conscious consumer base. clothes in a boutique Learn More Interested in recycled fashion? Check out our blog on how fashion brands can reuse old garments to make new ones. Read The Blog Despite Collaborations, Luxury Fashion & Fast Fashion Will Never Merge \| MakersValley Blog Despite Collaborations, Luxury Fashion & Fast Fashion Will Never Merge MakersValley Blog: Transforming the Fashion Industry: Sustainable Sourcing Transforming the Fashion Industry: Sustainable Sourcing MakersValley \| Debunking the Vegan Leather Myth: Exploring the Harmful Impacts of PVC, and a Guide to Viable, Sustainable Options Debunking the Vegan Leather Myth: A Guide to Viable, Sustainable Options Fashion's Eco-friendly Cotton Alternatives \| MakersValley Blog Fashion's Eco-friendly Cotton Alternatives MakersValley Blog \| The Why & How of Sustainable Footwear: A Look at Allbirds, Rothy’s, & More MakersValley Blog: Shirts from Pineapples? The Future of Sustainable Fabric Manufacturing Shirts from Pineapples? The Future of Sustainable Fabric Manufacturing Ready to compare commitment-free factory quotes? Start your free trial
Grading Rubric for MATLAB Assignments: Grading First and foremost, meet the specifications. 60% Does it do precisely what it was asked to do? It should be well-designed. 10% This includes well-designed functions; good use of built-in functions; effective use of parameters; correct logic; avoiding global variables; clear labels (including units); and appropriate application of engineering, science, math, and numerical techniques. Style and Readability 10% Software is written not just to be run, but also for others to read. Pity the person who needs to modify your script in order to solve related problems or to fix mistakes in your script. Descriptive variable names, spacing, indentation, and general neatness all help in this. Documentation 10% If you provide good documentation, that person who needs to modify your code will have a better chance of success. There is both internal and external documentation. The internal documentation is contained within the program file(s) and includes a description giving the input data, overall processing, and answers produced. It also includes a comment section for each function, listing what is being passed into it via the parameters, what the function's main task is, and what values are being passed back out. External documentation is separate from the code and may consist of items like the specifications, various drawings, record of testing, etc. In this course, external documentation is only to be turned in if asked for. Efficiency 10% Don't needlessly waste computer time or memory space. In particular, don't waste a lot of it. If there is a tradeoff between efficiency and a clear design, having a clear design is probably better (unless we would waste a lot of time or space to get it).
Odorox Hydroxyl Technology Hydroxyls are the earth’s natural scrubbers. Hydroxyls occur naturally in our Earth’s atmosphere. Hydroxyls are safe, naturally occurring molecules, and are the single most important cleansing agent for our outdoor environment. It can be said that the current state of poor indoor air quality is the result of the absence of naturally occurring atmospheric hydroxyls within the building envelope. As our indoor environments have become increasingly closed off from the outdoors, our homes, work places, indoor recreational and travel environments have chronic, unhealthy levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) and pathogens. Indoor air sanitizing systems were developed to address these contaminants. The EPA reports that indoor air quality can be up to 100 times more polluted than outside air, resulting in unhealthy living conditions and many other associated health risks. The American Lung Association reports that poor indoor air quality is among the top five environmental risks to public health. NASA had conducted years of research into atmospheric hydroxyls only to conclude that life on Earth would not be possible without the activity of atmospheric hydroxyls. However, outdoor hydroxyls are very short-lived and do not survive long enough to cleanse indoor air. As hydroxyls are not naturally occurring indoors, the challenge developed into the question: “How does one produce or generate atmospheric hydroxyls?” History was made when HGI Industries Inc. developed and patented their ODOROX® hydroxyl generating technology. These devices can safely and effectively outperform chemicals, foams, sprays and misters. ODOROX® Hydroxyl Technology replicates nature’s process indoors. ODOROX® hydroxyl generating technology is a non-chemical, economical, and environmentally safe solution for neutralizing the most difficult odors, harmful bacteria and volatile organic compounds (VOC’s). Contaminated air is drawn though the machine’s chamber where the water vapor from the air is multiple frequencies of UV lightcombined with multiple frequencies of UV light to create ODOROX® atmospheric hydroxyls and sanitize the air. Unlike other air purifiers, contaminated air does not need to pass through the chamber. The purified air is recycled back into the environment together with these hydroxyls to further deodorize and decontaminate the air, surfaces and contents.
The administration of President Heber J. Grant saw the dedication of three more temples: the Laie Hawaii Temple in 1919 (which was also the first temple constructed outside of the continental United States), the Alberta Temple in 1913, and the Arizona Temple in 1921. The growth of the Church was taken special note of in 1920, the one hundredth anniversary of the First Vision of the Prophet Joseph Smith. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized April 6, 1830, with only six official members. During the next ninety years, the Church gained several hundred thousand members. The Church’s assets, including meetinghouses, temples, and other buildings, were valued in the millions of dollars in 1920 and there were 83 stakes, 871 wards, and 24 missions. The efforts of Church members were beginning to fulfill the prophecy that the gospel would one day be brought to all nations of the earth. When the Great Depression hit, the Church was also hit hard. As incomes dropped, so did tithing donations. People were hungry and out of work. Most were willing to work, but there was no work to be had. Harold B. Lee had developed a welfare program for the Pioneer Stake, of which he was president, and when it was successful, it was adapted and applied to the Church as a whole. There were several elements to the welfare program. Its purpose was not only to take care of those who had fallen upon hard times, but more importantly was to help those people find new ways to take care of themselves. Idleness is unacceptable and detrimental. President Grant remarked, “Many people have said, . . . ‘Well, others are getting some [government relief], why should not I get some of it?’ I believe that there is a growing disposition among the people to try to get something from the government of the United States with little hope of ever paying it back. I think this is all wrong.” Huge efforts were made to assess needs appropriately, meet them immediately, and help people to be able to meet those needs independently in the future. The welfare program was and continues to be a huge success. Another cause for celebration during President Grant’s presidency was the acquisition by the Church of the Hill Cumorah and the Whitmer Farm. These are two of the most significant places in the Church’s history. The Hill Cumorah is where Joseph Smith received the ancient records, often called the Gold Plates, which he translated through divine power and which came forth as the Book of Mormon. The Peter Whitmer Farm is the location of the Church’s organization on April 6, 1830. Since this time, as appropriate opportunties have arisen, the Church has been able to purchase other significant landmarks in Church history. The Church continued to grow as President Grant expanded the Church’s international missionary efforts. South America was opened for missionary work in 1925. More missions were created within the United States. By 1935, there were an additional five missions, which included the Swiss-German and German-Austrian Missions, an additional German mission (the original was split in two), the French Mission, and the Palestine-Assyrian Mission. After the failure of the armistice after World War I and after it became apparent that another world war was about to begin, the Church withdrew its 674 missionaries from European nations and brought them back safely to the United States, where they were able to fill the rest of their missions. The Saints in Europe suffered from the loss of these missionaries. They also suffered devastatingly from the ravages of war. They were cut off, some for decades, from strong communication with Church headquarters, but they continued to live the gospel and to exercise their faith regardless of their circumstances. Despite the sad condition of the world at this time, the gospel continued to roll forth. In 1945 the number of stakes had grown to 149. There were 1150 wards and 9,730 young men serving missions. Copyright © 2022 Mormon History. All Rights Reserved. Pin It on Pinterest Share This Share This Share this post with your friends!
Bringing Creativity & Ideas to Life What is Big Data Analytics and How it Works? Though the term ‘Big Data’ has been under the prominence lately, yet many of us aren’t aware of it. Whether it is government institutions, health care providers and business or academic and financial institutions, Big Data is playing a major role in almost every industry. The world has witnessed a huge difference between processes with and without Big Data in terms of enhanced business possibilities and better customer experience. The fact that Big Data has become the supreme reason for the survival of every small and large organization, gives birth to a very important question – What is Big Data? In simple words, “Huge and complex sets of data are called Big Data that require further analysis and processing to obtain valuable information which ultimately profits organizations and enterprises.” Now, let’s move to the main question... What is Big Data Analytics? Big Data Analytics deals with examining the massive amount of data to discover the unrevealed correlations, patterns and various other insights. This analysis is essential for organizations to plan their growth and development. The process requires the application of data mining algorithms on a given data segment, which adds to the decision making of that organization. How does Big Data Analytics work? The concept of Big Data architecture is so vast that it can’t be limited to a single technology. Actually, there are multiple technologies working simultaneously to pull out the maximum out of the data. Yet, there is scope to add advanced analytics to it. Here are some major participants: 1. Data Administration: Rich quality and well-organized data is the top requirement before igniting the analysis. While the data is ceaselessly passing in and out of the organization, repeatable processes are designed to set and maintain merits for ensuring data quality. 2. Machine Learning: As an important module of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning instructs machines to perform human tasks. It helps in developing systems that can deliver quick and more reliable results by analyzing data that is bigger and more complex. 3. Data Mining: With Data Mining, you can handle all the unorganized data by identifying the hidden patterns and use them further to answer more complex queries. There are software for Data Mining which spot the relevant stuff out of the noisy data. 4. Predictive Analytics: Predictive analytics enables you to predict future results based on past data. This technique makes use of data along with machine learning and statistical algorithms. By adopting Predictive Analytics, you can make meticulous business decisions. 5. Hadoop: It is free to use open source software framework, known for its capability to preserve an amazingly huge amount of data. Processing of data in Hadoop is super-fast as it works on a distributed computing model. It uses collections of commodity hardware to run applications. 6. In-memory Analytics: In-memory Analytics increases business intelligence detailing by fetching data from a server’s RAM. This is achieved by enhancing the performance and speed when querying the data. Big Data has gradually become the dominant that has rewarded the underdog enterprises as the best and biggest companies today. Future is clearly in the hands of those who have the potential to convert the data into information and information into insights. The key to this is Big Data Analytics. Get a Free Consultation Today ! Let’s Start Your Next Project
Production Planning by use Goal Programming with practical application. The main target of this paper is use a goal programming approach in production planning. In order to design an efficient production planningsystem, the mathmatical model include multi conflicting objective , every objective funiction have ( positive and negative) deviational variables ,and explain methods can be used to solve the model and using ( Prioritized or Ranked goals or weigted goals ) method to classify priority of goals , The practical application was in electric production company ( factory) , after determin the main goals(4 goals) of the production plan and data ( times, profits) the model formulation and solving by (WINQSP) S.W ,the results explain cooperation among multiple objective funiction.
The Nature of Liberalism For decades, “liberal” has been bandied about as a term of abuse in US politics. The term “liberal” has been defined as “soft on crime,” “soft on communism,” soft on defense,” and “tax and spend,” among others. Political figures defined as “liberals” have never challenged the capitalist system; they believed that “capitalism works wonderfully, but we have to fix the problems it creates, such as unemployment, poverty, and corrupt government.” So, liberals have advocated such regulations on corporations as occupational safety and health, pollution, racial and other forms of occupational discrimination, etc. In the liberal scheme, capitalism is monitored, but it stays intact. The Origins of Contemporary Liberalism in the United States The New Deal of FDR, coming upon the 1929 Stock Market Crash and subsequent depression and the resulting unemployment of millions of workers, along with the fear of, if not the real possibility of, revolution-was the basis of contemporary liberalism. To head off the danger of revolution or other upheavals by workers and low-income people who lost their jobs and so turned against the economic system, FDR implemented series of programs that collectively were called the New Deal; there was no strategy involved, it was a series of expediencies that took place in order to put unemployed workers to work immediately, and to place corporations under control so that a depression would not occur in the future. After consulting with the British economist John Maynard Keynes, the FDR administration took the risk of bringing the federal government into deficit, to put workers to work in public works jobs so they would have money to spend in local stores to stimulate the economy. Keynesianism was a doctrinal basis of the New Deal, giving it a strategy. Throughout all this, the liberals of the FDR administration never challenged the idea of capitalism, , denying that they were seeking “socialism;” but conservatives, through the FDR administration and beyond, complained that the administration was leading the country into “socialism” and eventually “communism,” with its effort to control the worst parts of capitalism and thus avert social upheaval. The Conservative Reaction To The New Deal The movement known as “conservativism” also began with the 1929 Depression; but it was a reaction against the New Deal, attempting to reestablish total corporate control without any government regulation, denying that the capitalist system needed any policing, clinging to the faith that the system would correct itself. Corporate leaders are convinced of their superiority as a class, resisting the idea that they needed policing of their management of their corporations by the government or workers organizing themselves into unions. Thus, much of what we know today as “liberalism” and conservativism” is descended from the struggle over the New Deal and the 1929 Crash era. The corporations were placed under regulation, but they were never disbanded or nationalized; however, the popular belief in their infallibility, cultivated during the “prosperity” of the 1920s prior to the Crash, fell apart, and many corporate leaders, such as Henry Ford, expressed admiration for the fascist regimes in Europe, admiring how they kept order and averted the communist threat. Liberalism and Conservativism After The Second World War After the Second World War, conservatives sought to regroup as a political and intellectual force. During the Truman and Eisenhower administrations, the established economic belief was one of a tripartite system of government, private enterprise, and unions, with the NLRB, workers had the legal right to establish unions for their mutual benefit. As a movement, conservativism carried with it a sense of superiority, in moral behavior and “knowing how the world really works,” with the aura of past beliefs accepted over decades, ridiculing and mocking liberals for challenging their privileged position or these long accepted beliefs that have been accepted as reality. Conservatives see the advancement of former outcast groups-workers in the 1930s; African-Americans, LGBT, and women in the 1960s-as interlopers people who stole their rightful position of dominance, and blame liberals for accommodating them and supporting their advancement with the use of the government apparatus; but in the liberal scheme, the rise of the former out-groups is within the established economic and social structure, with the legitimacy of neither capitalism or the government challenged. The dream of conservatives has been to regain their power and dominance. To them, the rise of the former out-groups was conducted by the federal government, under the control of people whom conservatives have lumped together under the title ‘liberal,” whether they truly deserved the title or not. Any concession to the former out-groups was looked upon by conservatives as s sign of weakness, and the conservatives have insisted that the out-groups be smashed down and put in their place. The real idea of liberalism, however, is to raise up the out-groups within the social system as it is established, while keeping the social system intact, utilizing the federal government and political apparatus to elevate the out-groups; and at the same time, trying to manage and direct the movements of the out-groups, to absorb its members into the political and social apparatus to deal it their issues. Liberalism and conservativism, consciously or unconsciously, are two sides of a continuum, a line, a gauge, like a thermometer, compatible to the good-cop bad-cop routine you see in police dramas; the “bad cop” tries to terrorize the perpetrator into submission, whole the “good cop” tried to “befriend” and soothe the perp into cooperating with the police, i.e., the state and the society it serves. Often, socialists, progressives, “radicals,” people favoring more advanced policies than liberals have offered, have gone along with the liberals, for practical purposes of getting the legislation passed in the legislative system, operating through public demonstrations, journalism, scholarly research, and often electoral campaigns; but often the liberals, closer to conservatives in wanting to keep the social-economic system in place, try to control the “radicals,” telling them “don’t go too far,” (whatever that is). At this point, the “radicals” have to decide whether to go along with the liberals, who are closer to the established powers, or go it alone and risk the wrath of the police system and its repression, which often liberals have gone along with? Which actions on the part of the ‘radicals” would be most effective-civil disobedience, street demonstrations, or selective acts of violence against state facilities? These are no small questions; mainly it would be a matter of tactics. I do not have any answers, I simply want to raise questions.
Bank Reconciliation Statement Bank Reconciliation Statement is a process, That explains the difference on a specified date between the bank balance shown in an organization’s bank statement, as supplied by the bank and the corresponding amount shown in the organization’s own accounting records. It should be completed at regular intervals for all bank accounts, to ensure that a company’s cash records are correct. Otherwise, it may find that cash balances are much lower than expected, resulting in bounced checks or overdraft fees. A bank reconciliation will also detect some types of fraud after the fact; this information can be used to design better controls over the receipt and payment of cash. Such differences may occur because • Cheques issued by the organization have not been presented to the bank. • Banking transaction, such as a credit received, or a charge made by the bank, has not yet been recorded in the organization’s books • Either the bank or the organization itself has made an error. Bank Reconciliation Statement Example Bank reconciliation statement Sometimes it may be easy to reconcile the difference by looking at very recent transactions in the bank statement and the organization’s own accounting records (cash book) and seeing if some combination of them tallies with the difference to be explained. Otherwise it may be necessary to go through and match every transaction in both sets of records since the last reconciliation, and see what transactions remain unmatched. The necessary adjustments should then be made in the cash book, or reported to the bank if necessary, or any timing differences recorded to assist with future reconciliations. For this reason, and to minimize the amount of work involved, it is good practice to carry out such reconciliations at reasonably frequent intervals. Reconciliations may be assisted by specialized accounting software. Bank reconciliation statement is a statement prepared as part of the reconciliation which sets out the entries which have caused the difference between the two balances.
virus (Virus Removal Instructions) virus Removal Guide What is virus? Should you remove virus? Although redirect virus is not a malicious computer threat, it can pose a threat to your cyber security. This potentially unwanted program (PUP) has been assigned to “browser hijackers” group, and it would be the best to keep your computer free of such programs. They are designed to alter browser’s settings without user’s knowledge, and they usually change the homepage, default new tab page and also the primary search engine. It is clear that PUP sets site as a default page and primary web search provider, sadly, this search has raised our suspicions. We have noticed that redirects us to suspicious third-party websites instead of opening relevant Internet sites related to our search queries. Although it looks like a typical search engine, it is not trustworthy at all. If this browser-hijacking application has set as your homepage and if it urges you to use it, don’t. It is a signal that your computer has been infected with browser hijacker, so we recommend you to implement a full system scan with ReimageIntego or a similar anti-malware application and eliminate this low-level computer threat automatically. malware redirects virus aims to reroute computer users to certain third-party Internet sites in order to promote products or services these sites offer. Regrettably, the majority of websites promotes are not worth your trust and you should NOT visit them. A single click on one of search results can redirect you to infectious third-party Internet sites that suggest downloading apps, tools, games, software updates, and other shady programs that can be malicious. We suggest you to never download any files from such sites. Just think about it – what kind of website would desperately do everything to force computer users to visit it, for example, promote itself with a via a potentially unwanted program? We doubt that such websites are trustworthy. However, redirect issue is not the only drawback that this questionable application has. What is more, it might start sending you intrusive web ads: pop-ups, banners, or place in-text links on the websites you visit. These ads most likely are created to cause redirect issue for you, too, so it is better NOT to click on them. In a nutshell, redirect virus is not an advantageous program, and it can completely ruin your browsing experience. If you would like to avoid such inconveniences, you should remove from your computer completely. As we have mentioned earlier, you can do it with an anti-spyware program, but you can also remove it manually since it is not a destructive computer virus. The removal guidelines are given on page 2. How did it hijack your computer system? Computer programs like hijack user’s computers easily because they spread via freeware and shareware. It can show up on your PC after installing a new program that you have downloaded from the Internet, especially if you chose Default or Standard installation mode to install it. One thing you must remember is that software developers work together with other software developers and bundle products in order to spread them as one item. You can accidentally download such software pack if you tend to download software from untrustworthy download sites or P2P file sharing networks. If you are looking to download a program, you should look for its download link ONLY on the website that belongs to official developers of that software. Another tip is to adjust software setup settings in a proper way. Luckily, you can decompose software bundles and install only programs that you want. The main thing you need to do while installing new programs is to set Advanced or Custom installation settings and uncheck checkboxes next to suggestions to download and install “recommended downloads.” How to remove browser hijacker? If you are one of these miserable computer users, who have installed virus unwillingly, do not worry. We have prepared a comprehensive removal guide for you so that you can remove this browser redirect virus manually. To ensure an even better computer protection, consider installing SpyHunter or a similar anti-malware software that would provide real-time protection for your computer. do it now! Reimage Happiness Intego Happiness Compatible with Microsoft Windows Compatible with macOS What to do if failed? Alternative Software Alternative Software Getting rid of virus. Follow these steps Uninstall from Windows Instructions for Windows 10/8 machines: 4. Right-click on the application and select Uninstall. 5. If User Account Control shows up, click Yes. 3. Pick the unwanted application by clicking on it once. 4. At the top, click Uninstall/Change. 5. In the confirmation prompt, pick Yes. 6. Click OK once the removal process is finished. Delete from macOS Remove items from Applications folder: 1. From the menu bar, select Go > Applications. 1. Select Go > Go to Folder. Remove from Microsoft Edge Delete unwanted extensions from MS Edge: Clear cookies and other browser data: Restore new tab and homepage settings: 1. Click the menu icon and choose Settings. 2. Then find On startup section. 3. Click Disable if you found any suspicious domain. Reset MS Edge if the above steps did not work: 3. Select Details tab. Instructions for Chromium-based Edge Delete extensions from MS Edge (Chromium): 1. Open Edge and click select Settings > Extensions. Clear cache and site data: 1. Click on Menu and go to Settings. 2. Select Privacy and services. 4. Under Time range, pick All time. 5. Select Clear now. Clear browser data from Chroum Edge Reset Chromium-based MS Edge: 1. Click on Menu and select Settings. 2. On the left side, pick Reset settings. 3. Select Restore settings to their default values. 4. Confirm with Reset. Reset Chromium Edge Remove from Mozilla Firefox (FF) Remove dangerous extensions: 2. Select Add-ons. Reset the homepage: 2. Choose Options. Clear cookies and site data: 1. Click Menu and pick Options. 2. Go to Privacy & Security section. 3. Scroll down to locate Cookies and Site Data. 4. Click on Clear Data… Reset Mozilla Firefox 1. Open Mozilla Firefox browser and click the Menu. Remove from Google Chrome Delete malicious extensions from Google Chrome: Clear cache and web data from Chrome: 1. Click on Menu and pick Settings. 2. Under Privacy and security, select Clear browsing data. Change your homepage: 1. Click menu and choose Settings. Reset Google Chrome: 1. Click on Menu and select Settings. 2. In the Settings, scroll down and click Advanced. 3. Scroll down and locate Reset and clean up section. 4. Now click Restore settings to their original defaults. 5. Confirm with Reset settings. Reset Chrome 2 Delete from Safari Remove unwanted extensions from Safari: 1. Click Safari > Preferences… 2. In the new window, pick Extensions. Clear cookies and other website data from Safari: 1. Click Safari > Clear History… 1. Click Safari > Preferences… 2. Go to Advanced tab. 3. Tick the Show Develop menu in menu bar. How to prevent from getting stealing programs Protect your privacy – employ a VPN No backups? No problem. Use a data recovery tool About the author Lucia Danes Lucia Danes - Virus researcher Contact Lucia Danes About the company Esolutions
Isn't it ironic that a long day at work sitting at your desk is enough to make your dogs bark once you've hit the couch at home? While feet are resilient, any level of wear-and-tear poses health risks. Finding the right shoes only does so much if you're always barefoot at home. Though feet can withstand the toughest surfaces, there's no reason to do so in the house. For optimal foot health, feet need their own TLC, and bare feet are not on that list. Here's what to know about walking barefoot. Barefoot at Home While it's true that home's a place to kick off your shoes and relax, going shoeless doesn't equate to bare feet. For folks striving to hit their 10,000 steps a day, the least you can do is make the hundreds at home most comfortable. Our feet house 26 bones in the human body, so it's safe to say proper foot protection is a priority. Without it, you risk the following: 1. Learning Bad Habits Going barefoot everywhere is its own kind of musculoskeletal training. Since feet are resilient, it may take even longer to know you've compromised your foot shape. If you wait until you're symptomatic, it's safe to assume some damage has been done. It's possible to create imbalances in your knees, hips, back, or postural alignment, which can take far longer to correct than having prevented it in the first place. Plantar fasciitis especially—or flat feet—has left 2 million people worldwide with sunken and pained arches. Hardwood or concrete surfaces has no give to the body. In turn, feet must conform to the flat surface, unlike carpets or matted areas that cushion the foot's impact. 2. Foot Fungus There's a reason they're called bare feet—bare feet are naked and exposed. Barefoot walking can prompt athlete's foot, toenail fungus, warts and callouses, hookworm, and other bacteria. Especially if you have pets, imagine what's really on that bare floor—and now on your feet. 3. Prone to Injury We have ten toes because we need them. If you're naturally clumsy or notorious for stubbed toes, being barefoot at home is not for you. It's not until you experience the words barefoot and floor together, that you learn floors are homes to foot-unfriendly objects. Wearing foot protection in the home can increase spatial awareness and therefore prevent injury. Protect Your Feet Feet are intricate systems responsible for aligning everything above them. Life's journeys make it hard enough to maintain healthy feet on a good day. There's no need to make your bare feet war with your bare floors. If you have a history with—or propensity for—structural misalignment, consider your feet even more precious.Shin splints, heel pain, arch complaints, and tendinitis are tell-tale signs that going barefoot at home is not for you. Even for those with perfectly healthy feet now, walking barefoot is a likely way to change that. Next time you choose to kick off your shoes at home, make sure your feet are covered with the next revolution in foot care.Shop the Basis & A-Wave bundle.
Sean MacEntee/Flickr Your dash lights will turn on every time you start your car. Then, they should go off. Quick Notes • Not every light demands immediate attention • Newer cars send drivers reminders for routine checkups • One light symbol can have a variety of meanings Gadgets and gizmos vary from one car brand to another, but there are symbols that you’ll find almost everywhere. Most of the dashboard and warning lights in your car are probably pretty familiar. Others are easily misunderstood and are too important to not know and understand well. Red lights that will tell you if something is wrong to appear in the instrument cluster and your dashboard. There, you’ll usually also find the fuel gauge, speedometer and revolutions counter. Some warning lights are just gentle reminders of things you’ll need to attend to eventually, while others are extremely serious and mean you should pull over and shut off the motor as soon as possible. Here are the most critical dashboard warning symbols you should know Airbag warning light – This indicates a fault with the airbag system, aka the supplemental restraint system. It’s not an issue that will affect driving the car. But, if this light is on, it could be very serious if you are involved in an accident. If the light comes one while driving, you should drive with extra caution. It is not a sign that should trigger you to pull over immediately. Another version of the airbag warning light can be telling you that the passenger-side airbag has been deactivated. That could happen because it was manually turned off, or because the system detected a baby seat. Oil pressure – The old-style oil fill jug indicates something about the engine’s oil is less than ideal. It could indicate issues with oil pressure, oil level, or oil temperature. A red oil pressure light means there isn’t enough oil in the engine to prevent wear and control temperatures. It’s important to pull over and shut off the car immediately to prevent engine damage when any variation of this indicator is red. An amber light isn’t as serious. But you should still check the oil level and add oil, if necessary, as soon as possible. Engine coolant temperature – A red engine coolant temperature light indicates your car is nearly overheating. That can cause serious damage if you continue to drive. If this light turns red soon after starting the engine, it likely indicates the coolant level is low. When this symbol is blue, it’s to remind the driver to drive with caution until the engine is fully warm. Brake warning lights – There are several variants of brake warning lights, some of which refer to the parking brake as well. The signal for the parking brake is usually a “P” inside a red circle or an exclamation mark inside a circle. If that symbol is illuminated, it may indicate that the parking brake is engaged. Release it before driving. If this light comes on but the parking brake is not engaged, it might be indicating a brake fluid or brake pad issue. Coast to a stop as soon as it is safe to do so, and have your brakes inspected by a mechanic. In a car with ABS brakes, sometimes there are the letters “ABS” in the circle. Those letters may light up if there is an issue with the ABS sensors on the brakes or wheels. Battery warning light – It is unlikely that a car will stop immediately due to a low battery charge. However, some things might stop working. If it’s the only light that is illuminated, you’re likely fine to keep driving a few miles before having it looked at. Routine reminders All dashboard warning lights are not created equal. They don’t all indicate something serious to be concerned about immediately. Many just remind you about ordinary maintenance tasks that need your attention. General service reminders – The computers in cars today keep track of general driving conditions and mileage to remind you to have your car serviced periodically. You’ll often see an amber or red wrench, or the words “service engine soon.” This is letting you know that it’s time for an oil change or some other service. Tire Pressure Monitor System (TPMS) – The passage of time, leaks, damage, and drops in ambient temperature can cause tires to lose air. The resulting loss of pressure can affect the handling, braking, and fuel economy. For these reasons, newer cars have small electronic monitors in the wheels that will warn you on the dash if a tire is off by as little as five psi. Typically this isn’t cause for immediate alarm, but a TPMS light can indicate that you have run over something and a flat is imminent. Stop at the next service station and check the tire pressure. If it’s low top it up to the manufacturer’s recommended pressure. If it keeps dropping, get your tires examined for damage or excessive wear. Loose gas cap. Cars now have sealed fuel systems, and will alert you if a leak is detected. Typically, it is just a matter of undoing the filler cap and screwing it back in until it clicks. A deeper dive – Related readings from the 101: These four simple tips for buying a new car will help you make your buying process easier and safer. Meet the ultimate All-American truck: the 2019 Shelby Ford F-150 family of trucks delivering power, performance, and attitude.
Most Obvious Signs That All Is Not Well With Your Health Our body reacts to underlying infections and unhealthy conditions by showing symptoms. These commonly ignored symptoms are the body’s way to draw our notice, so we recognize the need for medical attention. Also, it is important to identify people who are unwell with contagious infections, so that we can prevent ourselves and society from contracting the diseases. Ghaziabad, 06th April 2018: For various socioeconomic and cultural factors in India, people may not want to visit doctors in time. However, at times people themselves don’t know that something is wrong with their health. While timely diagnosis is delayed due to these factors, doctors end-up managing patients who are either critically ill or are suffering due to an advanced stage. However, it is possible to identify a person who is unwell just by looking at the person, as there signs that can alert us about all not being well with our health. Our body is perhaps one of the most complex technology ever and it constantly throws signs of the system not functioning well. Although some underlying diseases are definitely difficult to diagnose and identify, most do show visible symptoms. Few of the common symptoms of poor health are sleeping problems, feeling low-energy or easily fatigued, dark yellow urine, sudden changes in bodyweight, continuous cough and flu or frequently catching cold, prolonging bowel and bladder issues. These are the body’s way of letting you know that the system is malfunctioning and it needs your attention. One should not delay the visits to doctor” said Dr. Vinay Bhat, Consultant, Internal Medicine, Columbia Asia Hospital, Ghaziabad. Poor sleep can be due to multiple factors, and one of the most common reasons being high stress levels. The stress hormones should ideally be dropping during nights to help the body rest, but higher than normal levels during nights causes insomnia, which turns off the normal self-repair of the body. Disturbed sleeping patterns and not waking up fresh are also causes of worry. Anxiety, stress, depression, breathing problems, diabetes, and even kidney diseases are factors which may be causing you sleepless nights. “Amongst other factors dark urine is usually a sign of less water intake or content in your body. It is also indicative of waste material not filtering out of your system completely, and is indicative of jaundice, hepatitis, and many liver and kidney diseases. Fatigue is a symptom of a number of diseases such as anemia, diabetes, depression, thyroid problems, sleep apnea, and many more. Our body slows down if there is an underlying infection which is testing the immunity. While unintentional weight gain is linked to hormonal changes and certain medications such as corticosteroids, weight loss can be triggered by undiagnosed Diabetes, cancer, Chronic respiratory disorders , depression, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and many other diseases” said Dr. Vinay Bhat. Catching cold and flu too frequently is indicative of a weak immunity, which makes you vulnerable to infections and even cancers. Prolonging bladder issues can be indicative of prostate enlargement including prostatic cancer, bladder irritability (changing in frequency of urination) and prostatic and urinary infections. Bowelsymptoms like chronic constipation or diarrhea, bleeding may indicate inflammatory disorders such as ulcerative colitis &Crohn’s disease, bowel cancers and piles besides others. Interestingly in a study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, scientists reported an experiment where 16 healthy adults were injected with placebo bacteria which tricked the immune system to show flu-like symptoms. The unaware participants were photographed before and after taking of placebo. These photographs were shown to 62 medically untrained participants for just 5 seconds each, who were to judge whether the photographed people were sick or healthy. The results were encouraging, with people correctly identifying unwell persons 52% of the time and on 70% of the times, they correctly identified healthy individuals. “The research is significant because it shows that common observation can help people identify those unwell with contagious disease and take necessary measures to prevent catching the diseases. It is also important that people who are unwell should be encouraged to stay at home and recover fully to prevent infections from spreading”, said Dr. Vinay Bhat. About Columbia Asia Hospitals Pvt. Ltd. About Columbia Asia Group of Companies The Columbia Asia Group is owned by more than 150 private equity companies, fund management organizations and individual investors. The group currently operates twelve facilities in India and has presence in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Kolkata, Mysore, Patiala and Pune. The company also operates hospitals in Malaysia (12), Vietnam (3), and Indonesia (3). The Indian management operations are managed from its office in Bangalore.
Fossil fuels add to world’s marine dead zones Air pollution from burning fossil fuels is adding to fertiliser run-off and sewage to kill marine life in global dead zones. china coal5 Cutting fossil fuel use in China would benefit not only the climate but also the fisheries along all the country’s coasts, say researchers. Image: madiko83, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cutting out coal-burning and other sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from heavy industry, electricity production and traffic will reduce the size of the world’s dead zones along coasts where all fish life is vanishing because of a lack of oxygen. Researchers in Hong Kong report in the journal Environmental Science & Technology that cutting fossil fuel use in China would benefit not only the climate but also the fisheries along all the country’s coasts. The finding is significant because many countries concerned about the loss of their coastal and lake fisheries caused by dead zones have been concentrating only on reducing agricultural fertiliser run-off from fields and sewage discharges, which are known to load the rivers with nutrients. When the nutrients reach lakes or the open sea they feed algae, which rapidly grow into huge green masses. When these so-called algal blooms die they sink to the bottom and decompose, using up nearly all the oxygen in the water. This process, known as eutrophication, leads to hypoxia, a level of oxygen that is too low for most organisms to survive. Fish usually swim away to healthier waters, but life forms which cannot easily move simply die. NOx emissions from fossil fuel burning and fertiliser manufacture lead to the formation of ground-level ozone, smog and acid rain, and contribute to global warming through the greenhouse effect. What the new research shows is that while fertiliser and sewage are very important in creating dead zones, the aerial input of NOx makes a bad situation far worse. The report’s lead author, Yu Yan Yau, an MPhil student at the University of Hong Kong’s Swire Institute of Marine Science (SWIMS), and her colleagues studied the South China, East China, Yellow and Bohai Seas. They found that the atmospheric deposition of nutrients from fossil fuel burning on the mainland increased the amount of organic matter decomposing at the bottom of the sea by 15 per cent, and increased the dead zones by 5 per cent. The South China Sea was the most sensitive to fossil fuel burning. Investigation needed The good news in their research was that cutting this burning would considerably reduce the size of the dead zones. Yu Yan Yau said: “I hope our study brings more attention to the potential benefit of reducing fossil fuel burning on human and ecosystem health, but also on local economic activities like fisheries, which are severely affected by hypoxia.” Her supervisor, Dr Benoit Thibodeau, added: “Low levels of oxygen are observed in many coastal seas around the world and it is important to find better ways to tackle this problem. “While we understand that sewage and nutrient input from the Pearl River drive most of the hypoxia in the Greater Bay Area, we observe low levels of oxygen in regions that are not directly under the influence of these sources. Thus it is important to investigate the impact of atmospheric deposition more locally.” These findings will be important to many countries that are trying to rescue their coastal fisheries from dead zones. There are about 400 of these globally, including parts of Europe’s Baltic Sea. Industrial impact The largest is in the Arabian Sea, covering about 63,000 square miles, and the second largest a vast area in the Gulf of Mexico next to the Mississippi Delta, where a dead zone devoid of marine life develops every summer. Every year winter rains wash fertiliser from fields in the US corn belt into the river. Combined with sewage overflows, this creates a huge quantity of nutrients that sweep down the river into the sea. Depending on the size of the winter floods, scientists try to predict the extent of the resultant dead zone. However, the banks of the lower river are also crowded with heavy industrial sites, many burning large quantities of fossil fuels and creating large amounts of NOx, something that previously has not been taken into account. If the Hong Kong research is correct, then cutting the pollution from these industries will also reduce the size of the Mississippi’s dead zone. This story was published with permission from Climate News Network. Most popular Featured Events Publish your event leaf background pattern Transforming Innovation for Sustainability Join the Ecosytem → Strategic Organisations City Developments Ltd
Microbiome - pediagenosis Article Update Tuesday, November 6, 2018 Microbiota have long been known to be an unseen, ubiquitous majority teeming on every imaginable surface upon and within the human body. These surfaces include the (1) conjunctiva, (2) skin, (3) respiratory tract, (4) gastrointestinal tract, and (5) genitourethral passages. The approximately 100 trillion bacteria in the human body form 2% to 3% of the average body mass and 55% of the dry feces mass, far outnumbering the 10 trillion human cells. Their aggregate metabolic activity has earned them the collective name of the “forgotten organ.” Contrary to popular belief, many bacteria can be cultured, but the cumbersome techniques and long incubation periods needed for culture have previously prohibited the easy identification of bacteria and, in turn, prevented scientific researchers from grasping their clinical significance. The advent of deep 16S RNA sequencing has dramatically enhanced our ability to simultaneously and accurately identify the presence of individual species. Complementing this technology are the budding sciences of metabolomics and proteomics, which aim to interpret the clinical impact of the metabolites and proteins generated by living organisms and tissues. These technologies will reshape our understanding of how microbiota affect human health and disease. Importantly, this commensal community does not consist of bacteria alone but also contains countless fungal and viral agents that cohabitate within an intricate mucosal mosaic. Maintenance of this complex interplay is thought to be critical to maintaining mucosal integrity and overall health. On the one hand, innate immunologic and physiologic mechanisms maintain a healthy community that prevents pathogenic organisms from flourishing. On the other hand, multiple microbiota mechanisms promote mucosal integrity and host health. Mucosal surfaces throughout the body demonstrate convoys of leukocytes regularly deployed for surveil- lance and phagocytosis of microbial offenders. Salivary enzymes contain lysozymes, IgA, and peroxidase, which begin the antimicrobial breakdown. The harsh acidity of gastric secretions is bactericidal. Bile salts serve as detergents and, via micellar formation, envelop organ- isms, inhibiting their direct mucosal binding. Pancreatic enzymes break down elements of bacterial cell walls. And, of course, the migrating motor complex regularly flushes out intestinal segments, preventing stagnancy and bacterial overgrowth. Indeed, a constant drama of urban microwarfare is unfolding, in which healthy and pathogenic organisms compete for domination and nutritional resources. For instance, some species will compete for mucosal binding sites to prevent more invasive pathogenic bacteria from invading and causing illness. In fact, bacteria are known to secrete lactate, peroxide, and even their own antimicrobial peptides known as bacteriocins, which serve to keep adjacent competitors at bay. Numerous clinical correlates exist to impress upon medical science how critical these microorganisms are to good health. Initially, a newborn possesses a sterile gut. It is theorized that early luminal exposures between the patient’s innate lymphoid system and consumed nutritional elements, including ingested and inhaled microbiota, will go on to shape the future development of health and/or disease. For instance, newborns born via cesarean section rather than natural vaginal delivery are at increased risk for atopic illnesses such as asthma. Infants who are formula fed rather than breast fed are at increased risk for allergic disorders. Gut bacteria play an important role in vitamin K and biotin synthesis. They also extract short-chain fatty acids from dietary fiber, specifically butyrate, which promotes colonocyte health. The nonspecific action of antibiotics disturbs the healthy balance of microbes in the colon; this has given rise to epidemics of severe Clostridium difficile infection. Reintroducing healthy donor stool suspensions into an actively infected C. difficile patient reverses this dysbiosis to a healthy balance with a high rate of clinical cure. Also, periodontal science has demonstrated that individuals with tooth and gingival disease are at double the risk for having coronary artery disease versus their counterparts with a healthy mouth. There is also a suggestion that intestinal microbiota may influence psychiatric disease; this has given rise to the development of potential psychobiotics. Countless studies have provided evidence that the microbiota influence the immune system via direct and indirect mechanisms. Other disease states implicated include rheumatologic disease, metabolic syndromes, obesity, and irritable bowel syndrome. The microbiota represent a new frontier for therapeutic exploration that may allow us to moderate chronic illness via traditional medication a d therapeutic multistrain collections of microbiota. Share with your friends Give us your opinion
What Is The Difference Between 50-Ohm and 75-Ohm Connectors? by Jan 16, 2020Connectors0 comments There are plenty of RF and microwave connectors in the market and choosing one for a specific project can be quite confusing. The wrong decision can cause a problems in your project, so you need to be as fully informed as possible. If you are wondering about the differences between 50-ohm and 75-ohm connectors, then you’ve come to the right place. We will be discussing the key differences between 50-ohm and 75-ohm connectors. If you want to know more information, make sure to read on below! What Is The Difference Between 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm Connectors - What Is The Difference Between 50-Ohm and 75-Ohm Connectors? RF connectors are used to connect with cables for RF equipment like TVs, radios, commercial video devices, and ethernet networks. Connectors vary for its uses; it depends on the number of ohms required for the connection to work properly, without any significant signal loss. Connectors and cables are connected using a simple “snap and lock” mechanism which creates a high-quality connection. There are plenty of connectors available in the market; you must avoid the ones made from cheap materials. Here at SEI, our connectors are easy to use, low-cost, effective, and made from high-quality materials, assuring you that your product will last for a long time. Coaxial cables vary and they are not created equal so it is a must that you learn of the coaxial cable’s appearance. During the early 20th century, experimentation done showed results that 30-ohm coaxial cables offer the best power handling capability, however, the 77-ohm coaxial cable is needed for lowest signal loss. To compensate for both, 50-ohm connectors are created, which offers the best combination of high-power handling capabilities as well as low signal loss. Devices that work as a transceiver or transmitter commonly use 50-ohm connectors. Some of the devices are Wi-Fi, two-way radios such as walkie talkies, Radio/TV transmitters, CB radios, and cellular phone repeaters. 50-ohm connectors work well with old analog video formats, such as old television sets. If you prefer high-quality video output; you must use 75-ohm connectors. 75-ohm connectors can adjust their output depending on the input received. This makes them a flexible and versatile option, as they can be used in different applications and devices. 75-ohm connectors are used if you prefer losing the smallest signal strength during the process, as well as low capacitance. If a device using the coaxial connector is a receiver, the 75-ohm connector is the right choice. Examples of these devices are the following: TV receiver boxes, High Definition TVs, AM/FM radio receivers, and police scanners. The RG-179 coaxial cable uses the 75-ohm connector because it is required in high-temperature applications. The examples of this are the following: medical equipment in hospitals, video cameras, and audio security systems. It is also used for Blu-Ray discs and home theater system equipment. Cable companies use 75-ohm connectors to distribute clear digital video channels. Internet companies use it as well for broadband internet signals. RG 179 coaxial cable uses - What Is The Difference Between 50-Ohm and 75-Ohm Connectors? If you are using a 75-ohm camera to a monitor, the cable used to connect and its connectors must be 75 ohm as well. Do not mismatch a 50-ohm cable and a 75-ohm connector so you can prevent a standing wave from occurring. A standing wave occurs when a signal reflection is wasted. When a mismatch between 50 and 75 ohm occurs, at least a 5% signal may be lost. Signal losses can add up and this may result in a degraded signal and it results in distorted signal output. Check out our available 50-ohm connectors and 75-ohm connectors. If you need a product with different specifications such as reverse polarity connectors, let us know so we can supply you with that product. Some of the sample standard connectors are SMA, SSMA, ISMA, etc. What are the products you are searching for? Here at SEI, we manufacture different varieties of standard microwave and RF connector products. SEI is a division of Senah, Inc, a corporation in California. We aim to provide low-priced products such as microwave and RF components and connectors. sample standard connector - What Is The Difference Between 50-Ohm and 75-Ohm Connectors? Do you know the difference between 50-ohm and 75-ohm connectors? If you are searching for a supplier for 50 ohm and 75-ohm connectors, you came to the right place. SEI is located in Campbell, California and we have been serving our customers with high-quality RF and microwave products since 1990. We have been in the industry for a long time and we have the skills and experience and we can provide you with a lot of choices of low-cost products. We can help you find the products, so please let us know which ones you need for your project. Call us at 408-662-4887/ 408-374-1031 or you can send us an email at [email protected] Our address is at 555 Mayock Road, Gilroy, CA 95020 USA. You can also request a quote for any product that you need. If you want to know more about our products please reach out to us!
Study Guide Sonnet 133 Setting By William Shakespeare You'd probably rather spend your Spring Break at Coachella than hang out in Sonnet 133's emotional and psychological setting. Why's that? Because the speaker feels like he's trapped in some kind of freaky torture chamber. (Note to self: outdoor music festivals are way more fun than messy love triangles.) Check out some of the ways our speaker describes the "torture" (3) of being in a bad relationship with a mistress who's been two-timing him with his best friend. First, he compares his hurt feelings to a "groan[ing]" heart that's been physically wounded (1-2). Gross. Later, he comes right out and says his mistress's heart is a "jail" cell that's got his heart in lockdown (9-12). In other words, he feels like a physically wounded and tortured prisoner who can't escape. Yikes. We know these are all just metaphors for feeling emotionally hurt, powerless, and trapped in a lousy relationship. But, as readers, we get a vivid sense of this guy's pain and we sort of feel like we're right there alongside our speaker in that emotional torture chamber of his—especially as we watch him beg and plead and even try to compromise so his mistress will stop hurting him. Even when we just take a quick glance at some of the key words in this sonnet—"wound" (2), "torture" (3), "slavery" (4), "torment" (8), "prison" (9), "steel" (9), "jail" (12)—we can't help but think, "OMG! Please make it stop!" What's that? You're still having a hard time imagining what it's like to live in our speaker's psychological prison? Maybe this student's visual representation of Sonnet 133 will help. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
Study Guide The Cool Web Tough-o-Meter By Robert Graves (5) Tree Line Apart from the word "volubility" in line 12, there shouldn't be too many words or images in this poem that people don't recognize. What might be tough to figure out at first, though, is the concept of language that Robert Graves is putting forward in this poem. For many of us, language is just a tool of communication that we use to convey thoughts to one another. But for Graves, language actually shapes the way we experience the world, and it makes our experience a lot less intense by sorting through it and turning it into information. It's not easy to figure out these ideas from a first reading, or even a second. Rather, it takes a little bit of knowledge about Modernist literature in general and the ideas of language you often find in it. But with a little help from your pals at Shmoop (who loves ya, baby?), this poem shouldn't be too tough to figure out. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
How to Become a Machine Learning Engineer by KEN Machine Learning Engineer The technology landscape is currently dominated by the world of artificial intelligence or AI. Whether you receive personalized recommendations based on your past shopping experience on ecommerce websites or watch any software recognizing your face or any other image, some form of AI is what works behind. Machine learning, a popular branch of AI, is also getting much traction among companies these days. Every industrial sector, today, from social media to retail or telecommunications, requires skilled machine learning engineers. Machine learning engineers have contributed a lot to how we perceive things today with the help of technology. If you refer to the report by Robert Half, Jobs and AI Anxiety, it reveals that a whopping 30% of the US managers told that their organizations were using AI and machine learning. Moreover, 53% of the respondents expected to do so within a few years. Evidently, more IT professionals today are willing to explore this career domain. Do you too wish to enter the fascinating world of AI and machine learning? If yes, then this article explains to you the skills required to become a machine learning engineer and how does a machine learning certification course help in taking one’s career ahead. What is a Machine Learning Engineer? AI technologies try to make machines capable of mimicking human intelligence to perform many complex tasks that would otherwise be not possible without human intervention. Machine learning is the fastest-growing subset of AI that deals with using statistical analysis to help machines learn through repeated experiences. Machine learning engineers basically handle the responsibility of creating such algorithms that allow machines to perform actions without being specifically told to, i.e., by allowing machines to “learn.” They design self-running software to automate predictive models in such a way that each time the software performs an operation, it takes feedback from the generated output to perform the next operation with better accuracy. This is how the overall learning of the software takes place. Machine learning engineers design and develop ML systems and schemes, perform statistical analysis and use the results to improve the accuracy of the model, training the ML models using various algorithms, running regression analysis, and predict and interpret data using core math skills. Getting a job as a Machine Learning Engineer would make you capable of earning lucrative salaries. The reason is the fact that though the demand for trained professionals is high, there aren’t enough candidates suitable for such a highly technical role. So, if you are interested in learning more about the AI world, then why not gain the skills of a Machine Learning Engineer. Your Path to Becoming a Machine Learning Engineer You need the right blend of skills for any designation you want to achieve. The same holds true for a Machine Learning Engineer. Though the experience and educational background may vary for different professionals, here are some of the skills that are surely necessary for this position. • You should be strong with core math, including probability, calculus, linear algebra, and statistics. • Proficiency in at least one of the programming languages like Java, Python, or R is necessary. • Types of machine learning i.e. supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning algorithms. • Thorough knowledge of data preprocessing, data manipulation, and data visualization. • Working with data sets, classifying them, and identify patterns or trends and predict regressions or anomalies. • Understanding of machine learning frameworks like TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, PyTorch, or Google Cloud ML Engine. The programming language you choose and the type of data sets you work with decide the framework to be used. • A basic understanding of big data and Hadoop. • Hands-on experience of working with Business Intelligence tools like Tableau and QlikView. Apart from the job role of a machine learning engineer, these skills are also useful in other related designations like data engineer, data scientist, AI engineer, business intelligence analyst, and more. Career Outlook As automation is dominating the current market, many are of the opinion that their jobs are at risk. But, if reports by the World Economic Forum (WEF) are to be believed, AI and ML will create more job opportunities than it is likely to destroy – though 75 million jobs are to be displaced with automation by 2022, around 133 million new jobs will emerge by the same time. A study by IBM Institute for Business Value further points out that over 120 million workers in the world’s twelve largest economies will need to be reskilled due to due to AI and Intelligent Automation. These figures give you a clear idea that AI and ML talent is in high demand and why there is a need for professionals to upgrade their skills to future-proof their career. If you just navigate through job portals like or Naukri, you would find there are so many companies having vacancies for ML engineers. And this trend isn’t going to diminish any time soon. So time is ripe to take advantage of the AI and ML talent shortage and enter this promising career field. Bottom Line The adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning is only in its initial stages at present. The true potential of AI is yet to come and people would witness more technological advancements in the years to come. Now that you are aware of how to become a machine learning engineer, why not take up a machine learning certification program to gain the required skills. There are some reliable training providers that offer best-in-class training to master all the important concepts of machine learning and give hands-on experience of working with industry projects. Join an online course and watch your career growing. Related Articles
Open main menu Everyone pees and poops—and that includes hikers, backpackers, climbers, trail runners, and paddlers miles away from a trailhead toilet or outhouse. All that human waste can have serious environmental, health, and aesthetic impacts on the great outdoors though. So it's essential to be prepared to deal with it in different terrain and scenarios—deep in the woods, traversing snow above treeline, paddling down a river. Whether you're enjoying your first hike or are a longtime Leave No Trace follower, you may wonder what exactly "dispose of waste properly" (Leave No Trace Principle #3) means in various situations. What needs to be packed out and what can be left behind? Where and how deep should that cathole be dug? What about if you have your period? And what is a WAG/waste bag or a poop tube anyway? For all of us who head outdoors, and away from indoor plumbing, here are the guidelines for taking care of personal waste responsibly and reducing our impact on the lands and waters we love. The Importance of Poop Protocol First, you may be wondering if a little pee or poop in the woods really matters? Yes, particularly number two. “Human waste and what we do with it can be one of the most significant impacts that faces lands used by the public for recreation,” said Ben Lawhon, director of education and research for the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics. “It's a disease impact, water quality impact, social and aesthetic impact—and it's something that a lot of people just have a hard time dealing with.” And when more people head outdoors, those impacts increase significantly. According to The Outdoor Foundation's Outdoor Recreation Participation Report, more than 10 million people go backpacking every year and nearly 50 million take a day hike. While many hikers may be a short stroll from a bathroom, some undoubtedly find themselves out of range when nature calls. Plus, those millions of backpackers can be miles or days away from a toilet. Then there are the millions of individuals annually who climb outside (10 million), canoe (9 million), run trails, ski, snowshoe, and occasionally need to make a pit stop. In short: that's a lot of people outdoors, and thus a lot of poop. And it adds up to a big impact. Disease and Environmental Impacts Feces contain a cocktail of germs, and no one enjoying the backcountry wants to see it, smell it, come in contact with it, or worse, get sick due to its improper disposal. Poop too close to water and you can pollute the water supply. “Different water-born illnesses are correlated to human use of a given area,” said Jason Martin, executive director of the American Alpine Institute climbing school and guide service and a Leave No Trace Master Educator Course Provider. “When that stuff gets in the water supply, obviously it becomes a problem.” Take a casual slurp from a clear, gurgling mountain stream and you're inviting the Giardia lamblia parasite to take up residence in your small intestine. A main culprit in water-born illness, the parasite can live for months in chilly ponds or lakes. It gets there through animal or human feces deposited directly in or too close to water sources. Giardia symptoms, which usually set in a week or two after infection, include diarrhea and abdominal cramps, gas, nausea, sometimes vomiting, and usually a low-grade fever. Cryptosporidiosis, another parasite that causes severe diarrhea, is also a concern, as is Hepatitis A. (To avoid these issues, check out water treatment options for filters, purifiers, and chemical treatments.) Aesthetic Impacts The aesthetic issue is obvious: no one wants to hike, run, or climb amid exposed human feces or tufts of soiled toilet paper floating merrily on the breeze. According to Mike Smith, a forest planner with the U.S. Forest Service in Colorado's San Isabel National Forest, backcountry waste disposal is a problem many land managers share. High trail use, hikers' improper disposal methods, no mandatory pack-it-out requirements, and a lack of funds to provide education, oversight, and supplies (like waste bags) make for unappealing encounters on the trail. Trails in San Isabel's South Colony Lakes Basin, Smith said, see 50 to 100 people every day in the summer season, many of whom spend a night or two, and signs of that heavy use are apparent. “Walk 50 feet from any campsite and you're going to find little white toilet paper muffins scattered around,” Smith said. “There's only so many rocks and trees.” Proper disposal ensures others don't come across your waste (yuck) and also speeds up the decomposition process. (US Forest Service photo by Pattiz Brothers) Land Use Regulations (Photo credit: Howard Kern) Places without clear practices may struggle, but those that have implemented rules have seen success. Nick Meyers, U.S. Forest Service Lead Climbing Ranger on Mt. Shasta in California's Shasta-Trinity National Forest, said packing out waste became mandatory there in 1997. With such a well-established program in place, visitors are mostly used to the system in place now. “We average about two and a half tons of human waste that's carried out by the climbers themselves," said Meyers. "Rangers pick up human feces all season long as sanitation is one of our top priorities in a few high use areas." Knowing what regulations and methods exist, and which to practice where, can help wild areas, even well-traveled ones, remain as uncontaminated as possible. While compliance is never 100 percent, Meyers thinks they do pretty well. "Over time, people have been getting used to our system. With thousands of climbers attempting the mountain each year, the fact that it has to be dealt with in the alpine environment is well-known." In places where there aren't specific regulations or systems, Lawhon says Leave No Trace's goal is to provide a spectrum of approved options for waste disposal, and it's up to hikers and climbers to determine where on that spectrum they feel comfortable. “We've tried to make it attainable for people to appropriately deal with waste in the backcountry,” he said. “If you say 'gotta pack it out, every time,' you just turn people off. The closer you get to the frontcountry, the more flexible you have to be. It's a continuum, and on one end you've got toilets at the trailhead, and on the other, you've got people packing out their waste.” Now that we know why proper human waste disposal matters, here are the options for disposing of it outdoors. Number One, How to Pee Outdoors Peeing outdoors is a relatively straightforward process, especially in comparison to solid human waste. “What we advocate is to pee well away from water sources, trails, and campsites,” said Lawhon. “Based on World Health Organization and CDC [Center for Disease Control] research that has looked at urine, with most healthy people, urine is not a big deal. Unless it's highly concentrated, it's relatively harmless on the environment, so long as it’s kept out of any water source.” • Walk 200 feet (that's about 70 steps) away from campsites, trails, and water. • Find a secluded and appropriate spot, such as behind a tree, bushes, or large rock. • Assume your position of choice—aim, squat, sit, stand. • Avoid your boots and pants, and avoid peeing on plants that could be defoliated by animals attracted to the salt in urine. • If you're on a slope, orient yourself so any runoff heads away from your feet. • If water is plentiful, consider diluting the site with water to cut down on odor. Do not pee directly into small ponds, lakes, or streams (see River Canyons below for the sole exception). Also, digging a hole or packing out urine isn't necessary, unless you're menstruating (see Menstruation below), in which case you should consider peeing into a cathole. Pee Positions: Aim, Squat, Stand, Sit What peeing position works best depends on your anatomy and personal preference. The main methods of urinating outdoors are standing and aiming, squatting down low, and sitting. People who need to squat or sit may want to practice several methods to find the best position for them and to avoid splatters. Standing and Aiming If you can naturally aim, follow the steps above and point at an appropriate spot that meets Leave No Trace guidelines. How to Use a Pee Funnel If you want to pee standing up without undressing, but can't aim your flow, consider a pee funnel. Referred to by a variety of names—stand to pee device (STP), urinary director, female urination device (FUD), feminine funnel, or pee funnel—a funnel can be useful when hiking, camping, climbing, traveling, for medical or mobility needs, and in areas with little privacy (such as high above treeline or stuck in a tent). Examples include the GoGirl, pStyle, Freshette, Shewee, Tinkle Belle, and WhizSome funnels also come with a carrying case and an extension tube. Follow the directions from each brand, but generally to use a stand to pee device: • Practice at home, preferably in the shower, before hitting the trail. These devices can take some getting used to and can easily spill or leak if you haven't practiced. • Outdoors, find an appropriate spot. • Hold the funnel close to your body. • Let go, and aim the flow away. • Clean your pee funnel off with water (200 feet away from the source). • Store the funnel in a sealable plastic bag or carrying case. Squatting is a super simple, often-used, and convenient method. It doesn't require any extra gear or much practice, though there is the risk of splattering. • Find an appropriate spot. Soft ground will better absorb the flow versus splattering it. • Drop your pants or shorts below your knees and out of the way. • Squat low. Consider holding onto a tree for balance. • Keep any downhill flow away from your feet. Sitting is a less common option, but Kathleen Meyer, outdoorswoman, former river guide, and author of How to Shit in the Woods: An environmentally sound approach to a lost art, offers this step-by-step guide on peeing while sitting and still keeping your pants clean: • Find a secluded spot with two rocks and/or logs, where you can sit on one and prop your feet up on the other. • Slide down your pants or shorts. • Set yourself on the edge of one surface. • Prop your feet on the other surface (you're essentially creating a wilderness potty chair). • Eliminate. How to Use a Pee Cloth If you don't want to pack out used toilet paper but do want to remove dampness, consider a pee cloth. Also called a pee rag or peedanna, a pee cloth is a reusable piece of cloth to wipe with after urinating (and only after urinating). It can reduce waste and the risk of chafing. You can make your own pee cloth rag out of a bandana or a small microfiber towel, such as an extra small Packtowl. Or you can buy a ready-made option like the Kula Cloth, which snaps closed, has a waterproof outer layer, and is antimicrobial thanks to a silver treatment. Other options include Animosa P* Off ClothsWander Wipes, and WeeRags Follow the directions of your product, but generally to use a pee cloth: • Wipe with the absorbent side after peeing. • Snap closed. • Hang outside your pack and/or in the sun to dry. • If camping overnight, stow it away with other smellables. • On the trail, periodically rinse your rag with water (200 feet away from water sources) and, if needed, a little biodegradable soap. • Back at home, wash it with your laundry. Leave No Trace offers this video on how to use a pee rag: Number Two, How to Poop Outdoors If a toilet is available, like this Canadian outhouse, use it. (Photo: Ben Lawhon) Once you're out of range of that trailhead toilet, your options for dealing with number two are fairly simple: you can dig a hole and bury your solid waste, or you can pack it out. Those are the main methods Leave No Trace advocates, and those most widely used. Two important things to know before heading out: First, follow the area land manager's guidelines. If the Forest Service says thou shalt pack out waste, then arm thyself with a waste bag or other receptacle and follow the rules. “Talking to whatever land manager is in a given area is the most important thing of all. Find out what they feel is most appropriate. Don't assume,” said Martin. Second, know and follow as many of the four objectives Leave No Trace outlines for backcountry waste disposal as possible: 1. Minimize the chance of water pollution. 2. Minimize the spread of disease. 3. Minimize aesthetic impact. 4. Maximize decomposition rate. Digging and Burying: Catholes and Latrines A trowel, like TheTentLab's Deuce of Spades, is essential to dig and bury. (Photo: Mike Mineart) In places that don't have a specific pack-it-out rule, digging a cathole and burying feces is the most common backcountry waste disposal method. "It's our primary recommendation, if no toilet facilities are provided. We always default to a cathole for most terrestrial environments,” Lawhon said. A properly sited and dug cathole has many advantages: • Catholes are generally easy to dig and easy to disguise afterward. • They're private, and it's easy to select a remote site other hikers won't encounter. • They also disperse waste, enhancing decomposition. Key to digging is finding a spot with organic soil and having a small, sturdy trowel. Even if you think you'll be near an actual toilet, there's always the chance you'll need to make an urgent stop on the trail, so make a trowel part of your essential gear. If you know the length of your trowel, you can use it as a measurement tool when digging. (Check out and compare camp trowels and shovels.) How to dig a cathole: • Find a site at least 200 feet (70 big steps) away from water, trails, and campsites, in organic soil to facilitate decomposition, and ideally near thick underbrush, decaying logs, or any places others aren't likely to encounter it. • Did a hole six to eight inches deep and four to six inches wide. • Squat over the hole and leave your deposit directly in it. • Once you're done, fill in and cover the hole, disguising it with ground material. • Do not touch the waste with your trowel. • Scatter catholes if you're spending more than one night in an area, or if you're camping in a group. • Avoid digging catholes in areas where the waste is unable to break down, such as arctic, desert, or alpine environments (see Unique Environments below). Keep in mind that in shallow catholes, pathogens can remain a health hazard for a year, according to Leave No Trace: A Guide to the New Wilderness Etiquette by Annette McGivney. So, once you've found an appropriate spot, dig the full six to eight inches deep. And once you're done, take a moment to make sure your cathole isn't visible. “Just because there's nobody there doesn't mean it's not heavily used,” said Martin. “If I'm going to use the bathroom in the woods, I don't want anyone to find it ever again.” Leave No Trace offers this video on how to dig a cathole: What about if you don't have time to dig a cathole? Sometimes you have to go to the bathroom right now, and don’t have time to dig a cathole. What then? Easy—just poop on the ground, then dig the cathole next to it, use a stick to move the poop into the hole, cover, and disguise. When and How to Dig a Latrine Latrines are not commonly used, but you should opt for a designated latrine site “if you're going to be in a large group in one area for an extended period of time, or if you're going to be in a group of people you aren't certain can properly dig catholes,” Lawhon said, such as “kids or others who might not choose a good cathole site or dig correctly.” A latrine is not the same as a pit toilet. Leave No Trace recommends a latrine be essentially a long cathole. • Dig a trench that is 6 to 8 inches deep, 4 to 6 inches wide, and as long as needed for your group. • Start at one end, and cover up as deposits are made. • Follow the same requirements for site selection and depth as you do a single cathole site: a minimum of 200 feet away from water, trails, and campsites, in organic soil. Because they have a greater concentration of waste-to-soil, the waste in latrines can take longer to decompose than in catholes, up to three years, according to Leave No Trace by McGivney. Therefore, latrines should only be used when necessary. Leave No Trace offers this video on how to dig a latrine if you'll be in a large group: What about toilet paper and wipes? Aside from your number two deposit, the only other item allowed in your cathole or latrine is white, non-perfumed toilet paper, according to Leave No Trace. Personal wipes and sanitary products should always be packed out, since their materials decompose much slower. However, many outdoors people have differing opinions on whether toilet paper is even appropriate to leave behind in the earth. Depending on the habitat and how fast buried waste breaks down, toilet paper can remain long after feces. Even in a proper cathole, it can take up to a year to break down, so leaving it should be a last resort. That said, if you do decide to bury your toilet paper, make sure to bury it deeply in the hole with a stick, which should be buried as well to minimize the potential spread of disease. “The issue is that you're leaving something that shouldn't be left behind,” said Martin. “There's no reason not to carry it out. It's one small Ziploc, even for a big trip.” Natural TP Options If you don't want to pack out used toilet paper consider wiping with safe natural materials like fallen leaves (identify first!), packed snow, or smooth river rocks. You can bury the natural materials in your cathole with your waste. • If you use toilet paper, pack it out whenever possible. • If you're only peeing, consider wiping with a reusable pee cloth. • If you must bury toilet paper, use as small an amount as possible and be sure to dig deep enough, at least 6 to 8 inches. • Always pack out personal wipes and sanitary products. "We prefer that all toilet paper be carried out, but we recognize that some people are uncomfortable with that," says Martin. "Toilet paper in a cathole will break down in a year or less depending on the environment...personal wipes, not-so-much. They take significantly more time to break down, and as such, should always be carried out." Bottom line: no one wants to see a blooming bouquet of butt-wipe near the trail. The most astute hiker will pack out their toilet paper, in the interest of truly leaving as little trace of their presence as possible. There is one definite toilet paper rule: • Never burn toilet paper due to the risk of wildfires. Large fires have been inadvertently set by individuals who burned their toilet paper outdoors. How to Pack Out Poop: Waste Bags and Poop Tubes Many popular, high-use areas like Mount Rainier, Mount Shasta, Denali, and Mount Hood require you to pack out your waste. Some hikers pack out their poo even when they don't have to, in the interest of trying to make as little impact on the environment as possible. Having the proper supplies—mainly a reliable, sanitary receptacle and hand sanitizer—is essential. You have several options, from store-bought waste bags to homemade, rudimentary containers. (Note: even if you plan to dig and bury, it's a good practice to carry pack-it-out supplies anyway, for emergency circumstances.) Some waste items should always be packed out, no matter where you are, what the climate, is or how small an item it is. Those items include tampons, pads, and other feminine hygiene products (see Menstruation), and diapers and wipes (see Kid Waste). What's a Waste or WAG Bag? Cleanwaste Go Anywhere Toilet Kit Wag Bag (Photo: Mike Mineart) You may have heard of a WAG (Waste Alleviation and Gelling) bag, but a better term might be "waste bag," since there are numerous commercial options for carrying out solid waste. Pack-it-out bag systems generally utilize one bag you poop directly into and another sturdier, sealable bag in which you deposit and seal the dump. These also may be called a "blue bag system," and packing it out referred to as the “blue bag method,” because the bags provided to hikers at Mt. Rainier are blue, and Rainier has had a pack-it-out requirement for many years. Cleanwaste, the company that coined “WAG Bag,” renamed its product the GO Anywhere Toilet Kit. The kit includes a biodegradable waste pickup bag loaded with Poo Powder, a “transport bag,” toilet paper, and hand sanitizer. The Poo Powder works by gelling more liquid waste, breaking down solids, and controlling odor. "I personally use the Cleanwaste bags whenever I have to pack out," said Lawhon of Leave No Trace. Other waste bag options are Biffy Bags, which American Alpine Institute uses on its trips, and ReStop, which Leave No Trace offers in its online store. Note that “blue bags” do not contain the chemicals that WAG bags do, and should only be used where recommended by a specific land manager, such as at Mt. Rainier. Leave No Trace offers this video on how to use a waste bag: How to Make a Homemade Waste Bag You can create your own waste bag using an interior/pickup bag, pre-packed with kitty litter, which functions similar to Poo Powder, and a larger, sturdy outer bag—think freezer-weight Ziploc. Heavy-duty trash compactor bags work as a waste trash bag. If bags don't seem sturdy enough, some people use a coffee can as their outer container. Tupperware with a snug-fitting lid that you're certain you no longer need in the kitchen would work, too. Meyers, Lead Climbing Ranger on Mt. Shasta, says their rangers offer all hikers a user-friendly kit, assembled locally, which includes an 11 x 17 sheet of thick paper with a bullseye printed on it. To use—aim for the bullseye, do your duty, then grab the corners for pickup, avoiding all hand contact. Two brown bags with sawdust inside absorb moisture and a final ziplock bag allows for transportation down the mountain. Meyers says the waste bags are available for free at all the Shasta trailheads, and hikers can pick up kits there or at area outdoor shops. "I'm approaching 20 years of working and using the waste bags on Mt. Shasta,, and I give them my stamp of approval." “Wagging” Tips Powders, like Poo Powder above, or kitty litter solidify waste and control odors. Best practices for using a waste bag come with, well, practice. Generally, when nature calls, grab your bag kit, toilet paper, bag for used toilet paper, and hand sanitizer and head off to find a secluded area where people are unlikely to encounter your bare bottom. Put the bag on the ground, using a few small rocks to hold it in place (no one wants a poorly timed gust of wind to send the bag flying). Poop directly into the bag with the poop powder in it. Fully enclose the poo and make sure the powder or litter has covered it. In other words, become familiar with touching your warm feces through a layer or two of plastic. Seal that bag inside the thicker, outer bag—getting as much air out of the bag as possible for easier storage—or stash it inside your container of choice. Place your used toilet paper in the bag. Clean your hands with hand sanitizer. Wag complete. How to Make a Poop Tube Poop tubes are more often used by climbers, but paddlers, hikers, and backpackers can use one too. You'll need a length of PVC pipe (around 4 inches in diameter), a cap for one end, and a threaded fitting and plug for the other. (For cleaning, it's helpful to be able to remove both ends.) What length you cut is dependent on the length of your trip and, frankly, how much you poop. Six to 10 inches is standard, though 12 to 25 inches is recommended for longer trips. Either secure the tube to your pack with pack straps, or use duct tape and cord to make a handle and clip it to your pack for easy access. Pack standard coffee filters, place those on the ground, and aim. Or poop into brown paper bags. Wrap up the waste, send it down the tube, and seal it up. Dispose of waste in approved containers or toilets only. (Photo: Leave No Trace) How to Dispose of your WAG Bag Whether you pack it out in a bag, a tube, or Tupperware, waste should be properly disposed of after reaching the trailhead, often that means into a toilet. Users who make their own Wag Bags should note that homemade versions cannot be tossed into landfills, as can some commercially available bags. Check rules first. How to Deal with Your Kid's Waste Outdoors If your child is old enough to control when and where they pee or poop then follow the practices above. If they still wear a diaper or training pants, stick with the Leave No Trace advisement: • Pack out all dirty diapers, as well as baby wipes. Martin, a father of two, noted that the Australia-based gDiapers company offers diapers with inserts that supposedly biodegrade completely in a compost pile, but cautions that a six- or eight-inch cathole does not offer prime composting conditions. Regardless of compostable and biodegradable claims, always pack out diapers and wipes. Don't forget your Pet's Waste Your dog's pile of poo needs to be dealt with as well. • In the frontcountry, pack out all pet waste. • In the backcountry, treat it the same as human waste: either bury it or pack it out, depending on local guidelines. "We encourage folks to consider packing out pet waste, even from the backcountry, but realize the practicalities and challenges of this recommendation," said Lawhon. "Therefore, we feel that catholing pet waste is perfectly acceptable." Standard catholing guidelines should be followed. (Forest Service photo: Eric Castro) Waste Disposal in Unique Environments In desert, alpine, and arctic environments human waste breaks down very slowly, sometimes not at all. Even when buried the bacteria in feces can survive for years, so alternative disposal methods should be followed in these environments. Above Tree Line Alpine environments are far more delicate than the land below tree line. Again, Leave No Trace advocates for the pack-it-out method. Lawhon also recommends not making camp above tree line. Digging a cathole up there is the last resort. “If you have to do it, move a big rock and dig under that large rock, rather than plunking your trowel down on delicate vegetation,” he said. If you need to pee above tree line, urinate on rocks or bare ground, not on fragile plants. Above tree line and in winter, it's best to pack it out. Otherwise, you're leaving behind frozen waste for the next visitors. Leave No Trace outlines three winter options for solid waste, in order of preference. • First, pack it out. This is the preferred option, since poop can remain frozen in winter. It also means you won't have to deal with any odor. • Second, attempt to find a snow-free area, like a tree-well, where you can actually dig. • Third, dig a snow cathole. “The key is, you've got to look at your map and make sure you're not dumping near a creek or other water source,” Lawhon said. And keep in mind that if you choose the third option, you're throwing the Leave No Trace human waste objectives three and four (aesthetics and decomposition) out the window. Come spring, no one wants to find your semi-frozen waste on the trail. So, if you do choose a snow cathole, do it off travel ways and away from water sources. Choose a spot with sunshine, make a hole, cover your business, and let the snow melt dilute it. Snow works well as a T.P. alternative. If you're on solid ice, packing it out is best. As for peeing, cover any spots of yellow snow and pee away from water sources. (Forest Service photo: Doug Madison) “We advocate shallower catholes, in the four- to six-inch range,” Lawhon said of desert terrain. Keeping the waste higher in the soil horizon maximizes decomposition. Look for organic soil under trees and avoid living soil crusts (formerly known as “cryptobiotic soil crust”), which are extremely fragile and can take decades to recover if disturbed. Remember to pack out all toilet paper whenever possible, as the desert environment isn't wet enough to facilitate decomposition. Running rivers, like the Colorado through Cataract Canyon, means knowing local land use regulations for human waste. (Photo: BigRed) River Canyons In river canyons where you may not be able to get 200 feet away from the water, Leave No Trace advises: • Urinate directly in the river for dispersal ("dilution is the solution") where allowed. • Not all rivers allow for the disposal of liquid waste into the river, so always check local rules and regulation. • Pack out all feces. “Packing out your poop is part of the river running culture, and I hope that becomes part of the culture in other user groups, too,” Lawhon said. In many areas with low-volume rivers, it is illegal to urinate in the river, so follow the local guidelines. Generally speaking, flows of 1,000 cubic feet of water per second or greater are necessary to dilute liquid waste. In areas where you can't urinate in the river, it is recommended that liquid waste be dispersed away from camp and well above the high-water line. Some paddlers and rafters carry a portable, reusable toilet system that they empty out later, or a poop tube. When he has the choice Lawhon prefers the Partner Steel Jonny Partner River Toilet. "I sometimes rent them for long raft trips" as it can handle six people on a 10-day trip. He most often uses the ECO-Safe Toilet System though, "because it’s much cheaper and more commonly used. Lots of our rafting crew have these tanks so it’s easy to round up enough for a trip." Tent Bound An old, well-labeled water bottle can serve as a pee bottle or emergency poop tube. A pee funnel, like the GoGirl, can help with aim. If you find yourself confined to your tent, you're going to need a receptacle, like your homemade poop tube or pack-it-out bag and container. An old water bottle also can serve as last resort (label well). When urinating, aim very carefully, with the bottle's opening as close to your body as possible; a pee funnel you've already practiced with at home can help ease the process. For number two situations, if you have no poop tube, this is your opportunity to use that extra waste bag/pack-it-out kit you've surely remembered to pack. Since you're in your tent instead of on natural terrain, the method is a little different. You're going to have to slip the plastic bag over your hand and play catch, or use the coffee filter you've brought with your poop tube. No kit? You can use your spare water bottle, hold it close and aim carefully, adding it to your pee, and then dig and bury when the opportunity presents itself—basically, make your water bottle a makeshift poop tube. An appealing thought? No. Necessary in emergencies? Perhaps. Menstruation and Period Protocol If you menstruate, you'll need to deal with tampons, pads, a menstrual cup, or some combination of period products while recreating outdoors. Even if you don't menstruate, if you lead or educate groups, consider carrying some extra period supplies for others. Additionally, address the topic beforehand and educate others on how to manage menstruation and carry out waste, so everyone in your group feels comfortable and prepared. Tampons and Pads Leave No Trace's guidelines are simple: Pack out all used tampons, pads, and applicators. Do not try to bury them. They will not readily decompose and animals may be attracted to them and dig them back up. Do not try to burn them. Most products contain some synthetic materials, and it would take a very, hot intense fire to burn them completely, not to mention the potentially toxic chemicals that are given off when burning such materials. • Consider tampons with no applicators, for less waste to carry in and out. • Pack out all waste in a resealable plastic bag. • You can add tea bags to the waste bag to reduce odor. • If camping overnight, stow waste away with other smellables. • Do not bury. • Do not burn. Menstrual Cups Menstrual cups are reusable, non-absorbent, pliable cups you insert that collect menstrual fluid. Cups, like DivaCup and The Keeper, are popular with some long-distance hikers and trail runners, and Lawhon says Leave No Trace receives many inquiries about their use. “What we came up with was to cathole menstrual fluid, because it's a biohazard,” Lawhon said. “The same principles apply.” • Practice inserting and using a menstrual cup at home during your period. • Outdoors, dispose of menstrual fluid in a cathole (200 feet from water sources, campsites, and trails). • Clean your menstrual cup with fresh (boiled) water (not in a river or lake and, as always, 200 feet from any water source) before reinserting. Peeing with your Period If you have your period you should pee into a cathole, for the same reasons you'll dispose of menstrual fluid in a cathole. Period Supplies There are numerous options for dealing with your period while hiking, backpacking, and recreating outdoors. Ideally you'll want to try any at home, before relying on them on a trip. Period underwear, like Thinx, which absorbs menstrual fluid can be helpful as a backup and to reduce the amount of tampons, pads, and period product waste you carry. You can pack all of your menstrual supplies—tampons/pads/cup, hand sanitizer, wipes and/or toilet paper, and extra plastic baggies for waste—together for ease of use. Leave No Trace offers this video on dealing with your period while camping: Gear Up and Be Prepared As with most outdoor skills, preparation and practice make it far easier to deal with personal waste, whether you're on a local trail or in the wilderness. That means having the right supplies in your bathroom kit: • Trowel—While you can dig with a stick in a pinch, trowels are your best option for digging a catholes. The TentLab's titanium Deuce of Spades is a favorite for its light weight, and Coghlan's Backpackers Trowel is Lawhon's personal favorite. "It’s the right weight, length, and has nice sharp edges for cutting into the soil," he said. • Toilet paper and/or personal wipes—pack these out in a separate ziplock. • Baggies—several sturdy, resealable bags for supplies and any waste you're packing out • Hand sanitizer • Pee funnel—If you want some assistance aiming your urine while standing fully clothed, try a stand to pee device. Practice at home first. • Waste bags—for packing out solid waste • Trash bag—A sturdy, sealable dry sack, like the Sea to Summit Trash Dry Sack, can securely hold a weekend's worth of waste. Leave No Trace offers this video on building your own backcountry poop kit: Finding Your Comfort Level A toilet in California's Sierra Nevada. (Photo: Howard Kern) When dealing with waste outdoors, it's important to follow local guidelines and remember Leave No Trace's overarching advice: find someplace along the continuum, in between trailhead toilets and poop tubes, where you feel comfortable. If you're not willing to pack out your waste, some incredible outdoor spots will be off-limits to you. However, many others are easily within your reach, so long as you can dig an appropriate cathole. Ultimately, respect the proper practices, check with area land managers before your trip, and do your part to keep the outdoors clean—even if it means having to pack up your own poo once in a while. For more information On this topic, the American Alpine Club is presenting the conference "Managing Human Waste in the Wild" at the American Mountaineering Center in Golden, Colorado, July 30-31 and August 1, 2010. From the AAC: We invite top land managers, scientists, entrepreneurs, and wilderness participants from around the globe to discuss and formulate strategies for managing human waste in remote areas. The Exit Strategies conference will include general/plenary sessions, poster presentations, field-proven techniques and opportunities for focused problem solving. To create a productive setting in which participants can spark important conversations, explore innovative ideas, and develop effective solutions, the conference will be limited to 100 attendees I'm all for better management of human waste in the outdoors, particularly in areas where biological degradation of bodily waste occurs either very slowly or seemingly not at all. (The archetype here is perhaps Everest base camp, or so I've been told. Too high and cold for stuff to efficiently break down, and few want to carry their own s*** back down the mountain.) But my concern also stretches to highly traveled areas wherein the mass of people--and the masses they leave behind--can be problematic as well. I do wonder a bit about the limitation on number of participants to only 100, though. Such small conference numbers are generally seen in invitation-only events wherein the heavy hitters of the field are assured of each other's presence and a suitable opportunity to present their own ideas and respond to the notions of others. Very seldom does it work out well to have such limitations on numbers and simply hope that the right people show up. It may be, however, that this conference may generate an appropriate critical mass of people, ideas, and interactions, as well as perhaps some links to funding opportunities, that we outdoor lovers may eventually benefit from a cleaner collection of wild places. At least we can hope. Perry Clark: Mountaineers seem to not want to carry hardly anything off their big mountains, and I'm thinking mostly of fixed ropes and oxygen bottles. And they are known to leave their tents, too. So what's the big deal with a couple hundred turd piles? <chuckle>. Please note, everyone, that it was Tipi Walter that expanded my critique of mountaineering types so broadly! <grin> Point acknowledged, though, again, based more on what I'm told than on my experience in those places. But reflection on the topic also suggests to me that the mountaineers' low-country brethren aren't much better at picking up after themselves. Witness the trash along highways, the litter in parking lots, and the willingness to leave all sorts of things at a campsite at pretty much any altitude. Thus, the LNT campaign, which in principle I heartily endorse. I would beg to differ about the accusations aimed at "mountaineering types", particularly when the archetype is stated to be Everest Base Camp. To quote a friend of mine who has climbed and guided on Everest a number of times, "What bothers me is that most of the people on the expeditions and virtually all the trekkers lack the apprenticeship, and even the fundamental skills, for long backpacking, much less climbing the mountain. They just don't have the attitudes that help them survive." In other words, they are not the true "mountaineering types". They are just wannabes, most of whom are undergoing their "midlife crisis". A couple weeks ago, while I was leading a snowshoe hike for the Sierra Club's Clair Tappaan Lodge at Donner Pass, I was (I thought) enriching the participants experience by identifying trees, discussing the ecology of the area (including LNT principles), and providing little hints on navigation and "staying found." At one point, as I asked which way was north (this was about noon on a clear, sunny day), then explained to the group, all of whom could do no more than guess, how to do this easily, one of the group asked why they should have any interest in these things. I thought she was joking until another member of the group said they were depending on me as the leader to guide them safely on the hike. I asked what they would do if I suddenly keeled over dead of a stroke, heart attack, or a tree branch falling on me. Most of the group just looked baffled, though one allowed as how he would follow our tracks back to the lodge. It's the same for most people on guided hikes and expeditions, it seems - "the guide/leader will get me through safely, so I don't have to know anything." And someone (a ranger, housemaid, perhaps) will clean up the mess if I just drop my garbage. And "since bears do it in the woods", I can, too, and no one will notice. Thankfully, all the folks I hike and climb with on a regular basis follow a different ethic. Unfortunately, I have been chewed out by people who do not subscribe to that ethic way too many times in the woods and hills for suggesting that there is a more responsible, better way. There was a thread on this here on Trailspace a few months back. I'm gonna be nice here. I will simply say that even in high use climbing areas in parks there are "NO FACILITIES" at all. Smith Rock as far as I know, has one John and its on the wrong side of the mountain from the main climbing area. Am I wrong? Yosemite has no outhouses around the Apron, or any other heavy use climbing area. I've been in tuolumne Meadows when all of the outhouses were locked and people left deposits right in front of them to show their unhappiness. I hiked to the top of a major trail in North Cascades national Park and though there was a very long line at the John, it was already overflowing into the John, onto the floor, and out the door. To be not nice I would say that its those same people Bill S was escorting around in the Sierras. "Oh gee I hafta go, pull over there's a stream bed I can use for a toilet. No one will see me if I squat down there." Besides aren't stream beds self flushing? Or to bring it more home. People trapped on freeways use bottles and throw them out the window. Of course none of the people mentioned above ever even heard of LNT any more than they can find North or find their way back to where they came from without a guide, so what exactly is it that we unreasonably expect from them? You know "bears don't dig a hole, why should I dig a hole? and "if a bear ate a candy he'd throw down the wrapper, why shouldn't I? Don't we pay rangers to pick up after me? Doesn't society pick after me?" or "Who cares if anyone picks up after me, its a big woods..." Jim S The attitude of those people you were leading, Bill, is something I can barely comprehend. The prevalence of such a "sheep" mentality in our culture terrifies me! Just a couple days ago I was stopped at a red light in my car when the guy in front of me tossed a wad of trash out the window. I don't know why it bothered me as much as it did, perhaps it was seeing him do it so flippantly. Anyway, I knew how long the light was so I jumped out, picked up his trash and tossed it back to him, saying "I think you lost this, sir." As I got back into my car, he proceeded to throw it back out the window. Then give me one hll of a death glare for the next five blocks. I can't imagine such a thing happening here (dumpin garbage out a car window). No local would do that, and if someone did you would have called the sheriff with the license number and in the "police blotter" in the next week's Nugget (the local newspaper) the top entry would have been about police arresting a litterer and charging him with every litter offense from the last 6 months. No one would follow you giving you dirty looks either, over 18% of eligible adults in this county have concealed handgun permits. But people litter the national forest above here when they camp, beer cans, broken glass, etc, yet there are rarely "piles of toilet paper". Piles of shotgun shells are a problem, ya know anybody macho enough to shoot a shotgun doesn't embarrass himself in front of his buddies by picking up spent shells. However fishermen here, at least along streams, don't litter. Hunters here don't leave carcasses laying around, but they do drink a lot and we had an unfortunate incident where a guy with blood alcohol over 2.0 was killed when he threatened someone with a handgun that he said was trying to steal his deer. I don't understand the "lets get drunk and go huntin" concept. But those guys do bury their "waste" Jim S Sorry if I threw a rock in the wrong direction or at the wrong people. I used the example I did simply because it's been reported a large number of times, in various ways, that there is a big problem with waste management at sites like those described above. If that's not true, I apologize for promulgating false information. That said, the problem exists (in those areas where it is extant) regardless of whether the defiler is a "true" outdoorsman or a mere "wannabe". The solution to the problem of human waste management must encompass both groups in appropriate fashion. Sometimes, even the "pros" don't do as well as we'd like to think. I was once in the wilderness with a very experienced outdoors-type pro guide, along with a couple others, hiking through a gorgeous snowscape in the Badger-Two Medicine, when he decided it was time to discharge some solid waste. He did so right in the middle of the trail, no apologies offered, saying it didn't matter 'cause no one else would be coming through there to come across it. I hope he attends the conference. There is no question that Everest Base Camp and a number of the locations in the Himalaya (and elsewhere) are huge waste dumps. The distinction I was making is between the true mountaineers and the "take me up the mountain, I paid $65,000 for you to get me to the top" crowd. People like the one gonzan encountered who just tossed the garbage back out the window. I agree that we all sometimes behave differently than our professed ideals. In the LNT Trainer and Master Trainer classes, one exercise is for everyone to stand in a circle, with each person in turn confessing something s/he has done that was not LNT. In some cases, the "sin" is so far from even the basic ideas of LNT that it is shocking from members of that select a group (well, maybe they have now "got religion"). Mark Twain and some of his friends once (1862) built a huge bonfire on the north shore of Lake Tahoe, that got out of hand, so they had to get in a boat to go out on the lake some distance to watch it burn the entire North Shore area. At least, a large number of the guides and expedition leaders have been organizing cleanup treks to Everest Base Camp and other Himalayan locations. And it was the American Alpine Club, along with the half dozen authorized guide services, who developed the Clean Mountain Can that is now required of all climbers on Denali and elsewhere in Denali National Park. In some sense, this is penance for past sins. But it is also self-interest, knowing that not cleaning up and dumping and abandoning waste, will affect future business. While I mentioned the AAC's upcoming conference on this topic, geared at land managers, I neglected to mention LNT's many ongoing programs, from short presentations to two-day Trainer Courses to five-day Master Educator certifications. They also have programs, like PEAK, specifically for kids. LNT Educational and Training Resources: You can take an online awareness course here: LNT also produces small plastic ethics cards (to carry along for reference) and short booklets that are geared toward specific areas and activities: fishing, caving, rock climbing, river canyons, Sierra Nevada, etc... I know some of our members have done LNT training and may have more to share. I started practicing LNT in the mid-'60s and used to be teased by other BC Forest Service types for my "fanaticism" and being a "gdam granola cruncher"....this last sometimes required an attitude adjustment out behind the bar and after a few such incidents, I was not harassed further, but, was regarded as some sort of "whacko" because I would not even burn cans and bury them. Every time I go out, it seems, I have to clean up the trash left by hunters, anglers and, YES, backpackers and it REALLY psses me off! I have backpacked junk by the hundredweight out of some of BC's most gorgeous areas and much of it came from people who bloviate at my skilled harvesting of a couple of ungulates and some wild fowl plus some trout for food every year and yet toss plastic water bottles beside the trails as though they expected God to become a janitor. So, while old, battered, ornery geezers like me tend to chuckle at the various "courses" and "instructors" who have to teach imbeciles what should be obvious, I do see the NEED for this and I agree, many people today are totally helpless when away from "Smokey" or their own little life cocoon. I used to, when I HAD to, as I disliked it, run large crews in silvicultural work for government and private industry. I had a simple policy, IF, I caught you leaving so much as a tissue in the bush, after ONE warning, you packed your gear and were on the next truck to town. My last site had almost 100 young tree planters from all over the world and, after two weeks, when they left, I found ONE tissue and ONE styrofoam cup.....sometimes, the "Sergeant-Major" technique WORKS! Here, we have no need to pack out human waste and I am a past master at dealing with it, as I have had to camp alone and stay on one ridge for extended periods and in Grizzly country. It is easy to do and is among the "hallmarks" of a "real" outdoorsman", whereas wearing the latest "cool" shell with the right logo means squat, IMHO, of course. I'm pretty much right with ya, Dewey, though i can't claim to have had many attitude-adjustment sessions out back of the bar. I consider it a point of duty to come back to the vehicle or trailhead with some trash, junk, etc., found at a campsite or along the trail. One thing I've noticed is that if I empty a bag full of really old and nasty-looking garbage into a receptacle at a trailhead, etc., often it generates a comment from some observer. Usually quite positive. And it gives me an opportunity to preach the LNT gospel, abridged version, having led off with an example of how we can try to leave the world just a little better than we found it. (But only because we've fouled it so much in the past.) Glad to hear the bit about cans. Peeves me to no end, finding a campsite with a fire ring littered with rusty can remnants, plastic bags, and broken glass from busted beer bottles. I won't leave a can out there if I can help it, regardless of whose it was. Informative article. Thank you! Wow, thank you very much for such a well researched article. Should be a "must read" for anyone heading out into the bush! I guess we've covered about everything here, except a couple important things: 1 Should the toilet paper come off the right or left side of the roll? 2 In the event of a lost or runaway roll during the Um...process, what should one do? 3 I camp in poison ivy territory, should one pre-pick a site to be on the safe side? 4 Is the amount of toilet paper in MRE's really enough? 5 Has anyone actually verified that bears do it in the woods, or are they big and mean because they hold it? now dats an artical!!!!!!! 1. for me left side cause im a right hander like we would in da u.p. cut off a pice of our shirt. 3. i always pre pic a spot when hikeing in. 4.not according to my marine buddy 5. of course it a bear silly i never seen one dig a hole to poop. da real question is what happens to turds at turdytwo degrees? and witch turd of da turd freezes first bottom,middle or top? Very informative and helpful. My husband and I hike and explore trails a lot Most trails don't have a restroom so peeing outside is the only choice. When I have to pee outside I use plants that grow just a few inches tall so I can squat over them and pee on them Peeing on plants takes out the splatter. NEVER pee on hard surfaces like rock or cement. If available I use a creek or other flowing water to pee in. Peeing in water is OK as pee is sterile and is not a health hazzard. When you pee in water you don't have to worry about where your pee is going to go. To pee in a creek I pull my jeans and panties to my knees then back my rear over the creek and pee Urine most definitely is not sterile. It is a waste product excreted by the kidneys as a result of blood filtration. The chemical content varies from person to person but generally it can contain bacteria, hormones, nitrogen by products of metabolism and a host of other organic and inorganic substances. And please do not urinate in the water; in high enough concentration this has led to illness and death for thousands of people throughout history. Just a quick response to many who have already remarked at the absence of manners in dealing with biological functions. In the Old Testament, the writers of Deuteronomy, see: 23:13, expressed simple methodology to a nomadic people in a mostly arid setting. Start there; the advice is 3,300 years old. If you look at pictures in a fly-over, of Mexico City, immediately I think of Public Administration, and the adjunct challenges of providing water, disposing of sewage and all manner of wastes including household garbage. I find that small cats...kittens...display more personal manners than many human users of the backcountry. Density of visitation and of population all are part of the equation. Leave No Trace is a great concept; please practice it rigidly. In populated or heavily-visited locations, do use a good water filter/purifier. If in doubt, boil first, then prepare your 4 pm. Earl Grey Tea. Be nice; be clean! Thank you for the comment North. Besides the things you mention in urine, there are also things like medicines which are excreted. Please don't pee in a water source, KellyGirl. I should also mention that though beavers get blamed for giardia a lot, humans also carry that parasite as well as other, sometimes unknowingly. Peeing away from a water source will often(though not always) filter out many of the excreted undesirables. Even a few parts per million of a foreign substance in pristine streams can have negative effects on very sensitive organisms like trout, amphibians, & certain aquatic insects. Although that is more of a concern when it is an ongoing process, as opposed to a very minor & single event. Many animals use the water as a toilet, but that is already part of the equation of that particular streams development to a great extent. Human contribution adds non-endemic substances. Even though it may seem miniscule, it can be avoided, so we try to do so. I would be lying if I said I have never done it though. First, let me say I do mostly agree with and try to follow LNT principles. However, responding to "Alicia's" comments regarding available LNT education, I recall the bitter irony of finding a small, plastic LNT education wallet card discarded next to the trail into a Wilderness area along with soda cans and other miscellaneous food trash. I hauled out and properly discarded the trash except the LNT card, which I kept as a reminder that some people cannot be "converted," or maybe they just plain do not care. I just wish they'd stay home playing with their SmartPhones... For those who prefer not to grab their poop with the bag (a method which can also leave behind traces on whatever it landed on), the Biffy Bag brand has a system that allows one to tie the inner bag around the waist and position it beneath you, and thus deposit the turd directly into the bag without manual contact. Add the gelling powder and seal it up. Other bags are sheets that can be spread on the ground and you aim for the target, but this increases the chances of a runaway turd rolling downhill before you can bag it. In Yosemite, you have to show that you have a bear canister before the ranger will issue a wilderness permit. If the same process were required for carrying a WAG bag or trowel and TP pack-out bags, some more progress could be made. Short of having vending machines with WAG bags and a train station-type turnstile that prevents entry to a trailhead without proof of purchase, there will always be people who claim ignorance, or just don't give a dn (as someone said above, expecting rangers or God to be the janitor that cleans up after them). Those are the ones who infuriate me the most. Finding gobs of toilet paper near a trail camp in the Redwoods grossed me out. If every hiker or visitor had that experience, of having to camp surrounded by someone else's garbage and shit, than maybe more would think twice about leaving their own behind for everyone else to find. I must have missed this when it was featured...Great article..But I have a question ARE Wag bags to be used once or multiple times? Never used one but I would like to know... denis daly said: Hi Denis, I found this official answer for you from Cleanwaste, makers of Wag Bags, at 2. How many uses per GO anywhere toilet kit®? There is enough gelling powder to gel 32 ounces (946.35 ml) or 3-4 uses. This is a personal choice/decision; the gel keeps on working until fully saturated, and must be activated by a liquid to properly encapsulate the solid waste. The toilet's lid can be placed on the toilet over used bags to keep out insects. Extra toilet paper and hand wipes may be needed. You may also want to consider purchasing a canister of Poo Powder® waste treatment and sprinkle a little on top of the waste between uses. Plus, a video about how to use the Go Anywhere Toilet Kit (aka a Wag Bag): Thank you Alicia your a Rock Star.... Sorry this is kinda off track but while abroad working we had to eat what the locals ate and use the bathroom as they did as your poo will give you away. Some foreign foods took some adjusting At the time 3-4 days without food wasn't odd so we were good too go and we would always have are go pens too. Three of us used WAG bags during an excavation in a very pristine location in a nearby national park. We were a bit conservative, but about two uses per bag right. It was the first time I had used this system and it worked quite well. Years ago on Denali, we just threw the bag in a handy, deep crevasse. It is comforting to know that future archaeologists will have material to study. hikermor said: Did you use Cleanwaste Wag Bags? They're the supplier to the National Park Service. as my dad used to say what are you little stinkers doing out here in the woods- and our response just playing in the mud daddy some may find this interesting. While working we had to change are diets to what the locals ate and use the restroom like they did as not to leave a sign so unwanted individuals didn't know we were in the area. Needless to say I sometimes didn't eat I kept alot of go pens and pills that made me feel full and gave me tons of energy (not healthy at all). Of the 3 disposable toilet systems approved for use by the US Forest Service The Biffy Bag, in my opinion, is by far the most sanitary and easiest to use. It has 3 layers of odor proof leak protection. The Biffy Bag is the winner of the American Alpine Institutes: Guides Choice Award and considered the best disposable toilet on the market. The Biffy Bag makes it easy to do the right thing and pack it out. [Note: The poster is the owner of Biffy Bag Disposable Toilets.] I forgot to mention that there are u tube videos on the Biffy Bag one is called Selling Survival Episode 9 Waste Management. Great article. I would like feedback on my concerns: we just returned from a canoe trip. Our state has several remote (boat access only) first-come camping spots along national or state forests. As part of the state parks and forests department oversight, rules are posted for waste disposal--carry out; or, how-tos for proper digging and disposal away from water sources. At the same time, we have just found, we* (state parks and recreation management have built) have several "mouldering toilets"--"ours" are privies built about four feet above the ground with wire fencing enclosing the perimeters. There are no holes, no latrine methods being utilized underneath these toilets--you simply go to the bathroom right on the ground. They are placed away from the water by 100-150 feet, in closer proximity to some of the tent sites. I found toilet paper in the ones I checked out--but nothing to put down the toilet to help with decomposition. Is this safe enough for those of us wishing to continue to tent at these sites? I can't really imagine that open-toileting like this would be sanitary to tent beside. Romona, what state has these open air decomposition privies? Seems pretty sketchy to me, but then I am no sanitation engineer. I'd be more worried about fecal mater making its way the streams, carried there by storm runoff. Moldering privies are common on the Appalachian Trail in the Smokies but are stocked with mulch / leaf litter with instructions posted to drop one handful of litter after each use. The ATC Ridge Runners and volunteer caretakers typically refill the mulch buckets. The nasty contraptions actually do seem to work but are super gross when a wire "cube" nears capacity. I guess if you go to high use camps these options make sense. Even with the privies some high use camps are mine fields to an unbelievable degree. People poop everywhere.... anywhere and everywhere. I don't think anything would surprise me at this point. It's a scourge of our outdoor recreational times in this culture WOW! I've read this whole thread...................WOW! People are all so holier-than-thou, and then...............and then............we have the..........leave no trace ignorance about, not disturbing the environment...................................... leave no trace......LOL.......Cause that what we humans do so well, eh............we try and pretended like we leave no trace, cept our.........sewage, our sewage. Does not every humanbeing mean to say, "leave not the least amount of trace as possible". Really? Dang, us people will go and poop and pee in any given area and pretend like it does not make a difference!! Even if you even bury it deep enough were people just don't have to smell you poop and or, see your toilet paper sticking up put of the ground your are leaving your sewage. Huh? whooda thunk? Poopin and peein? So, WOW,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,I don't care what anyone else thinks about that , actually I kinda do, but.................................You all brag about your brilliant backpacks, or many do, not only are they designed to carry shit in, guess what???...............they are designed to carry shit out. I just love it when people talk about "No Trace Left behind hind", just after the Thread about the very lightest shovel that they can dig a whole to poop in. Really..............really..............? Ok, trash in trash out, Ummmmmm, is your poop not trash? Really, in this day and age. Just my two cents, but I bet there is more than just two cents............ And still, some people will figure out a reason to leave their excrement for the rest of us..................Frekin brilliant. Leave your poop and toilet paper for me.................Ever see that crap, literally after a giant rainstorm, OK..................ok..................ok............why is this post open when it was from 2010? Sup peeps?!? ...............and what's that saying about "my poop that don't stink"............or sumthin like that? Forgive me for getting the thread of comments from an old article going again, Apeman! I was trying to find some sane reason for the open privies I stumbled upon and came across this article. Thank you, whomeworry and Patman. It seems entirely disastrous to me! There are no instructions or coverings for the waste provided at these sites--although there are plenty of leaves and dirt around. These are NOT high traffic areas yet, which makes it more unbearable. I know you asked which state, and as horrific as what I see here is, I don't want to share where I live. I am ashamed and appalled. Ramona, for worries about getting this thread going again. I'm just surprised as most, if not all the threads, that are this old are closed so that no more comments can be added. I was shocked to see this up and had thought at first that some of the people that had left Trailspace had come back, till I saw the dates on most of the posts. It's always a good topic as I see more and more sites that are used a human wasted dumping grounds. Usually what I see is that people will each dig a tiny little cat hole for each elimination and then just barely cover it up. The when the wind blows and or it rains the elimination and the toilet paper is exposed for all to see and step in. I'm sad to see how people treat the out of doors, from the garbage and dead humans left at high altitude to all the human waste left in the out of doors. It seems to me that more people should put as much effort in to waste desposial as they do into purchasing their gear and planning their trips. I think that if a person does not carry it out then one should bury it deep enough where it can dissipate. compost as it should. This also means that one should bring a stouter trowel that just the lightest available flimsy thing they can find to save weight. I didn't see the dates at first :) in my tear for answers! I am with you on all. It seems so weird that we have all been taught to dig deep, don't throw toilet paper, etc. and then our FPR folks build these privies on top of the ground on inclines just above tent sites and water, for the elements to scatter. Perhaps I have my answer--because of our constant and widespread littering, the national Forests, Parks and Recreation department has deemed it necessary to create these privies everywhere we could happen upon in the wilderness. I am dismayed to have seen three in two days just above the water on one relatively tiny river-lake area; knowing by looking at a sitemap that there are more in that area gives me pause. It angers me that they want to control where people camp but put these monstrosities at their designated tent spots. I don't want to canoe camp these areas now at all, to say nothing of the disgust I feel about anyone camping anywhere near them and in thinking about the future of the water issue. But maybe that too is part of the plan. Crazy. Ramona I with a trail maintaining club in Virginia along the Appalachian trail..Our privies are as Patman described..I have a feeling your state was trying to do the correct thing but just came short of doing more research on the topic...Our privies are over saw by the Appalachian Trail conference as giving us blueprints and advise from The National Park Service and Forest Service...The club maintains the privies with volunteers to clean them... Thanks so much, Denis. Our state parks and rec are part of the National Parks and Rec and also the Forest Service. They look to be built like the national blueprint put out by FPR. Maybe we didn't get the memo about posting a how-to so that people will be sure to cover each toilet use with something. The fact that they are there at all is what is bothersome to me. Ramona, while it is very good and worthwhile to bring this matter of the improperly situated privies to the attention of this forum, it would be even better, if you have not done so already, to contact the office in charge of this area, bring the situation to their attention,express you concern clearly in measured language, and ask that they correct the situation. Pictures will be really helpful. And to move things along, it helps to also contact your elected representatives as well. As a veteran of the National park Service, i can assure you that nothing gets action like an inquiry from the local congress person- absolutely works every time - and often results in constructive action. I note that you do not wish to mention your state of residence, but it must be a very unusual state if "Our state parks and rec are part of the National Parks and Rec and also the Forest Service." That is a very unusual state indeed, since generally the state and national areas are administered by separate entities. Often different areas will cooperate and even share resources, especially in emergencies, but they are different trains and run on different tracks. Best wishes in improving this situation... I'm wondering about the recommendation to walk 200 feet off trail while hiking? I don't know anyone who goes that far, and I'm skeptical it's a good idea. So much off trail damage, potential for getting lost or injured, etc. Second, most jurisdictions I know of prohibit human waste disposal in the garbage. Is there a legal way to get rid of waste bags one has carried out? Thanks for comments! I wonder how much off trail damage would occur? I know a little of that would be preferable to having to smell feces and step over it on trail or summit, which always amazed can someone walk miles to summit or camp and then crap right on it? Even a twenty five foot hike off trail would be highly preferable. A pig won't crap where it eats or sleeps unless the pigpen is to why do humans do it? Lynn, as Old Guide notes, there would probably be little off trail damage. 200 feet may be a bit far in some cases, but if by going 200 feet there is potential to get lost, you probably should be out there. As well, larger animals like bears use the trails the same as humans, so cat holes are better way off trail. Judging from the amount of TP I saw from the trail last week I think there is some truth to that statement Lynn. Lots of folks are squatting right next to the trail and not bothering with holes. Disgusting. Concentrating waste in a modern moldering or composting privy is far better than poop blossoms everywhere. Design, location and upkeep make the difference between good or bad, but with growing numbers of hikers out there they make sense. I don't often see poop bombs, trail side, but so see LOTS of TP donations left by females cleaning up after they pee. Perhaps trailhead signs specifically addressing this issue are in order. Usually I don't see Poop bombs near camp sites, either, but venture a nominal distance from a camp and all the promising relief sites are loaded up, such that you can't dig a cat hole without striking a turd truffle. I have seen where some folks in locations with scarce, suitable, cat hole terrain actually mark their deposit with a ring of small stones. Dig elsewhere! If you camp at an Adirondack leanto in the winter DO NOT walk behind it. The amount of waste and tp is both incredible and disgusting. Yes! A thread about poops that I don't usually see in hiking/camping forums. It is nice to discuss this matter as this is something we should be conscious about. This is the first time I knew that you need to dig at least 6-8 inches deep, usually I go with 4-5. 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Plastic memory retains data January 26/February 2, 2005 Researchers from Johannes Kepler University in Austria have borrowed a technique from audio recording technology to fashion a new type of computer memory made from organic, or plastic materials. The memory works in a way similar to common ferroelectric transistor memory elements, which store the 1s and 0s of computer information as one of two electric polarization directions. The researchers' device uses a charge electret, or material that stores electric charge, rather than ferroelectric material to store information. Electret material is more commonly used in a type of microphone. The method could eventually be used to make inexpensive plastic computer memory for devices like radiofrequency ID tags, smart cards, electronics devices that can be integrated into textiles, and plastic computer chips, according to the researchers. The researchers' prototype stored data for more than 15 hours after power to the device was turned off. The prototype memory cell consists of an indium tin oxide gate electrode, a layer of polyvinyl alcohol, a semiconductor layer containing the spherical carbon molecules dubbed buckyballs, and chromium source and drain electrodes. When a voltage is applied to the device, an electric charge is trapped in or on the polyvinyl alcohol layer. The device has a charge carrier mobility of about 10 square centimeters per volt second. Existing organic semiconductor devices have carrier mobilities ranging from less than one to about 10. Carrier mobility is a measure of a device's ability to conduct electricity. It will be five to ten years before the memory can be used in practical applications, according to the researchers. The work appeared in the November 29, 2004 issue of Applied Physics Letters. Page One Nano bridge builds logic Braille display drives biochip Adaptive lights organize traffic Nanotechnology: the physics of the very small Spray-on photocells harvest infrared Oil and water drive display Chemical fuse makes cheap sensors Metals speed transparent circuits Plastic records infrared light Magnetic logic becomes practical Plastic memory retains data Research Watch blog View from the High Ground Q&A How It Works RSS Feeds: News \| Blog Ad links: Buy an ad link Ad links: Clear History Buy an ad link Home Archive Resources Feeds Glossary TRN Finder Research Dir. Events Dir. Researchers Bookshelf Contribute Under Development T-shirts etc. Classifieds
Page 1 of 1 programming a chess game with diiferent moves PostPosted: 14 Feb 2012, 13:57 by MrG How can I program a chess games with different moves Re: programming a chess game with diiferent moves PostPosted: 17 Oct 2012, 00:06 by crystalclear You can use a random number generator to pick moves from an opening book. Once a game has a different start, it is likely to follow a completely different path. If you want a program to vary its path during the middle game you can add a small random number to the score returned by evaluate, or choose randomly between moves with the same score in your search function. Random number functions often use a "seed" value. I experimented with an option in my program to 1. Play the same moves always 2. Play the same moves in a game if the opponent retracts moves and researches, but new games can vary 3. Play varied moves on a research of the same position. I can do this as follows. 1. Use the hashkey of a position as the seed for its random number. ie predictably random. 2. Use a random game seed combined with the positions hash code. 3. Use a clock value as the seed. I played with it and it worked, but I never implemented it for anything more than the opening book move choice. The rest of my software is too time-dependent and doesn't play well enough for it to be worth doing.
Why is Martin Luther King Day not on his birthday? Why is MLK Day on the 3rd Monday? But on November 2, 1983, Reagan signed a bill into law, proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana, to create a federal holiday honoring King. … The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20, 1986. It is observed on the third Monday of January. The bill also established the Martin Luther King Jr. Is MLK day his birthday or death day? Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a press conference, 1964. Almost immediately after King’s death, there were calls for a national holiday in his honour. Beginning in 1970 a number of states and cities made his birthday, January 15, a holiday. IT IS INTERESTING: Why is Mark the best gospel? What day is MLK’s actual birthday? Why did Arizona not recognize MLK Day? Is MLK paid holiday? Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. is one of ten federal holidays recognized nationwide by the United States Government. All non-essential federal government offices are closed on Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., and all federal employees are paid even if they receive the day off. Is Monday Martin Luther King Day? The third Monday in January is Martin Luther King Jr. Day (often abbreviated to “MLK Day”). It has been a federal holiday since 1986. How old is Martin Luther King in 2021? MLK would be 92 today. Who gets Martin Luther King Day off? How old would Dr King be in 2020? Martin Luther King Jr.’s exact age would be 92 years 2 months 14 days old if alive. Which states do not celebrate MLK Day? IT IS INTERESTING: When were the Gnostic gospels written? How old is Martin Luther King when he died? 39 years (1929–1968) Does Arizona recognize Martin Luther King Day as a holiday? What was Martin Luther King most important thing? Is Martin Luther King birthday a holiday? House of prayer
January 27, 2022 Blog @ Munaf Sheikh Latest news from tech-feeds around the world. Major Technologies That Are Powering the Metaverse Great post from our friends at Source link Everyone must be aware of the word “metaverse.” The word is creating a buzz on the internet and making everyone keen to search more about it. The word became popular when the social media giant Facebook made an announcement about building a metaverse. You must be curious to know more about this concept and the technologies that are powering the metaverse. The metaverse is a 3D digital world. It consists of some virtual attributes that you can see using an avatar. This is the universe where users can play games and shop, among many more activities, while being in the virtual space. And the technologies that are powering it are quite interactive and futuristic. Let’s Understand the Metaverse Introducing the metaverse: a virtual reality space in which users can interact with the digital environment and other users. The very basic idea of this is that the metaverse is all about experiencing being in virtual spaces and experiencing the latest technologies like virtual reality and augmented reality. Based on some analysis from big companies like Apple, Meta, Microsoft, etc., here are some of those next-gen technologies that are powering the metaverse. Major Technologies To make the metaverse experience more mesmeric, companies are using the latest technologies — like blockchain, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), 3D reconstruction, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of things (IoT) — to power the 3D world. Blockchain is a technology that is completely formed on a secure and safe concept. It provides a decentralized and transparent solution for digital collectibility, value transfer, accessibility, and interoperability. Blockchain-generated cryptocurrencies are safer currencies that enable users to transfer value while they work and socialize in the 3D digital world. Regarding metaverse, blockchain’s crypto can potentially incentivize people to work in the metaverse. In the future, as companies move away from offices toward more remote work, metaverse-related jobs will be offered to the people. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) can give us vivid and intimate 3D experiences. These are our starting focuses for the virtual world. So what’s the difference between AR and VR? AR uses digital visual components and characters to transform this present reality. It’s more available than VR and can be used on practically any smartphone or digital device with a camera. Through AR apps, clients can see their environmental elements with intelligent digital visuals. VR works more immersively. Similar to the metaverse idea, it creates a PC-produced virtual world. Users can then investigate it with VR headsets, gloves, and sensors. Considering the hype around the metaverse, we can anticipate that more metaverse companies will put resources into AR and VR gear development sooner rather than later. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial intelligence (AI) has been broadly applied in our lives as of late: business procedure arranging, driving directions, facial recognition, quicker registering, and so on. Even more recently, AI specialists have been concentrating on the conceivable outcomes of applying AI to the formation of vivid metaverses. One likely application for AI is in the making of metaverse symbols. Artificial intelligence motors can be utilized to investigate 2D pictures or 3D outputs to create symbols that seem more practical and exact. To make the interaction more unique, AI can likewise be used to make diverse looks, hairdos, garments, and features to upgrade the advanced avatars we make. 3D Reconstruction While this isn’t an innovation, the use of 3D remaking has been increasing during the pandemic, particularly in the land of business, as lockdowns kept likely buyers from visiting properties face to face. Along these lines, a few organizations embraced 3D reproduction technologies to produce virtual property visits. Similar to the metaverse we envisioned, purchasers could check out possible new homes from anyplace and make purchases without having stepped foot inside. Internet of Things (IoT) IoT is a framework that takes things in our actual world and associates them to the internet through sensors and devices. In the wake of associating with the Internet, these devices will have a novel identifier and the capacity to send or get data naturally. Today, IoT is interfacing with indoor regulators, voice-actuated speakers, clinical devices, and more for a wide scope of information. One of the uses of IoT in the metaverse is to gather and give information from the actual world. This would expand the precision of the advanced representation. Metaverse is the new keyword in this new technological world. Major technologies are only powering this metaverse. The future is ready to experience this huge technical innovation and metaverse. #Major #Technologies #Powering #Metaverse
Bitcoin mining is used to maintain the blockchain that supports the cryptocurrency. However, as competition increases, the question of profitability is raised. We offer a deep dive into the topic. What does mining even mean in Bitcoin? The word «mining» is derived from the English word for «mining» and refers to the joint use of the computing power of a network. In mining, miners receive a reward based on how much computing power they provide to the network. Because bitcoin is organized in a decentralized manner and is not printed by central banks, such as money, miners generate the bitcoins in circulation themselves. It is of immense importance as it has an impact on the blockchain and the creation of new blocks. Halving also has an impact on mining. Modern bitcoin mining mostly uses powerful computers built for this very purpose, so-called «rigs», on which the corresponding software runs day and night. All rigs are to mine new Bitcoins. As people transfer bitcoins all the time, the network handles the transactions. It, therefore, collects all the transactions and adds it to a list, the block in the blockchain. Each miner confirms transactions and enters them into the account book, which documents a list of all blocks. As a reward, there are bitcoins. To mine bitcoins, there are several options. Commercially available miners are connected to the router via LAN cable. They can then be configured via a web browser. Then, no additional device or software is needed. Current miners come with a power supply. Miners can cost a lot of money to purchase, however. However, these are very expensive to purchase. Costs for them range from 150 to 5000 euros. Whether mining Bitcoins is worthwhile depends on various factors. The energy and power consumption during mining is immense. In addition, it takes a very long time for users to create a block. That is why mining pools are a good option. The required computing capacity is divided among all participating miners. As a result, blocks are created more quickly in the blockchain. The bitcoins created are then divided among the users. The one who has created the most capacity skims off the most. For one block you currently receive 12.5 Bitcoins. In principle, you can mine Bitcoins continuously. However, the amount in circulation is limited to a maximum of 21 million coins. In short, it is impossible to determine whether the practice of Bitcoin mining, in general, is profitable or not. While it is not certain whether bitcoin mining can be profitable at this time, the following is certain: first, most bitcoin miners have made a profit in the early years. Second, at least some miners must be profiting from their activity, otherwise, there would be no incentive for them to continue. And third, although some miners can arguably continue to make money from it, bitcoin mining is less profitable than it used to be, and competition is tougher than ever. Besides mining, there are other ways to get involved in Bitcoin. The most obvious is to buy Bitcoin through one of the many cryptocurrency exchanges that make money by acting as middlemen to facilitate transactions. It is a safe and easy way to get new digital coins. Interestingly, though, there are more ways to get cryptocurrencies (aside from buying or mining) than you might think. One of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges, Coinbase, purchased a service that allows users to «earn» cryptocurrencies by replying to emails and completing tasks. Companies use this to get people to fill out their surveys or rate their products in exchange for cryptocurrencies. Some services also offer cryptocurrencies in exchange for watching videos; one new concept even seeks to reward users for time spent on a new ad-supported social media platform. Anyway, Blockchain will continue to find new, innovative applications as it continues to evolve. Even in the entertainment sphere, there are many online casinos (by the way, check the PlayAmo casino Australia) that accept Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. Have you already thought about Bitcoin mining?
Skip to main content The Whigs and the Tories: The Late 1600's to the Early 1700's Back in the spring of 1999 I was in English history course covering the years from 1500 to 1789, and here is one of the papers, I wrote for that class. As I look back, it is fascinating to see what I wrote, and a few things I learned in those days. I actually had to do some online research to remind myself about the Test Act of 1673, which I have not thought about since I took that course. England did not become part of the United Kingdom until 1707, which is why I use the term England throughout this hub. The Whigs and The Tories During the reign of Queen Anne, the Whigs and Tories were on opposing sides of the political spectrum. Although the parties were able to unite against the Catholic threat of James I, this weak coalition collapsed after the ascendancy of William and Mary to the English throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Tories comprised the landed classes who supported the Test Act of 1673, arguing that only full members of the Church of England should be allowed to hold public office. The Whigs, on the other hand, favored religious toleration for dissenting bankers and merchants. The Bank of England The Tories viewed the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694 as simply ensuring the Whig dominance of commerce, and their ability to fund the War of Spanish Succession. Nevertheless, the Bank failed to remove the full burden of the heavy taxation upon landed classes, thus making the war increasingly unpopular with the Tories. While the Tories supported the divine right of monarchs, the Whigs favored a limited role of the monarchy. This Whig goal was achieved through the passage of the Bill of rights of 1688 that secured Parliament's freedom to pass legislation and enact policies without interference from the Crown. The Triennial Act of 1694 furthered this goal by establishing Parliamentary election every three years. While most Whigs favored the House of Hanover in the Succession, while many of the Tories favored James III if he would convert to Catholicism. There were many factors made it impossible for the Tories and the Whigs to achieve a coalition. Queen Anne's Dealings with Whigs and Tories Queen Anne, like her of predecessor William of Orange, considered herself to be above rage of party politics. Anne established "cabinet councils", which were composed of member from the Whig and Tory parties. Queen Anne's political "managers" were intermediaries for their parties and the monarchy. However, the "managers" supported the policies of the monarch for the most part. Nevertheless, Anne found that over the years her "managers" pressured her to appoint members of their parties to her cabinet. The queen's principal minister during the early years of her reign, Lord Godolphin, was a Tory; however, he favored the appointment of Junto Whigs as the cabinet ministers after their electoral victory in 1708. Sarah Chruchill, the wife of John Churchill, the queen's other "manager" and the leader of her military, exacerbated the situation by forcing Anne to support the Whig party that backed the war. Eventually the Duchess of Churchill fell from Anne's grace, since her conniving policies posed a potential threat to the throne. Changing Alliances Abigail Marsham replaced the Duchess of Churchill as Anne's new confidant. Marsham persuaded Queen Anne to appoint her cousin, Robert Harley, as her new principal manager. Harley supported the queen's policy of establishing a cabinet that was composed of middle of the road Tories and Whigs. Regardless of Harley's emphasis upon a cabinet made up comprising of members from both parties, some Tories of his own party were growing ever more resentful towards the Whigs. while Halrey and some Tories supported the House of Hanover in the line of Succession to the throne after the death of Annie, Tories led by Lord Bolingbrock favored a Jacobite King. The troubled relations between the Tories and the Whigs destroyed Harley's hope of achieving a coalition government. The Tory enforcement of the Test Act of 1711 made it impossible for Whig partial conformists to hold office. In addiction, the Tories passed legislation that allowed only the landed classes to sit in the House of Commons, and thus excluding the wealthy commercial interest of the Whig party. By 1714, Anglican Tories were in control of the higher educational system, thus making it impossible for nonconformists to educate their children in their own schools. Coalition Politics vs Party Politics Bolingbrock was successful in replacing Harley as the queen's principal manager by 1714. Bolingbrock was a reactionary; he supported the Anglican hegemony over the ministry from the interests of the Whigs who favored religious toleration towards dissenters. The policies the Tories passed during the last years of Anne's reign insured their dominance over the Whigs in the cabinet. However, Bolinbrock's hopes for the Tory domination of the cabinet disintegrated after the death of Anne in 1714. the Hanoverian ascension to the throne resulted in a Whig controlled ministry: ironically illustrating that neither party was immune to the rage of party politics. Anne's dream of achieving a coalition government between Whigs and Tories during her reign became an impossibility in an era that emphasized loyalty to one's own political party. SweetiePie (author) from Southern California, USA on January 09, 2012: I believe in freedom of religion, but it has no place in government. At least today in the UK they are not have these ridiculous arguments about how religion should be in government. When I have pointed out there is separation church and state, some do not like that at all. The Constitution calls for it, but some just do not want to see. Religion is fine, but it should not be practiced in government. Pam Valentine from The Heartland, USA on January 09, 2012: Good points, I'm not a real religious gal, but, I believe in free will, your right, and to have any of that taken away would be a travesty for all, religious or not. Good points about the whigs and the torries. SweetiePie (author) from Southern California, USA on December 02, 2011: Unfortunately, all the religious zealots migrated to America. Even when I was in high school in the 90's there were still people who went to church, but you never heard people talk about religion in politics like they do now. There seems to have been a revival of zealotry in the last ten years, and it is happening in the wrong places: government and public sector. I have no problem with people being religious, if they keep it in their church, etc. Dave McClure from Worcester, UK on December 01, 2011: Yes, it's been an education, of sorts, writing on the forums here at HP. The fashion for extreme views seems to be quite widespread in parts of US society. UK and most of Western Europe can be described as a post Christian society, culturally Christian by heritage but religiously quite unzealous. SweetiePie (author) from Southern California, USA on December 01, 2011: I agree with you about being on guard. I think this applies more to the US, than the UK, Canada, or other places. A lot of people are using the Tea Party as a vehicle to promote religion in government, which basically goes against The US Constitution's separation of church and state. They throw a lot of fits when you point out Jefferson was a deist. Some people actually think he was a minister, the way they speak. Dave McClure from Worcester, UK on November 30, 2011: Yes. That's why we have to be on our guard when people try to turn the clock back to religious intolerance. There's a lot of that about, these days. SweetiePie (author) from Southern California, USA on November 30, 2011: Agree, Paraglider! I believe the one thing that has improved is there is much more religious tolerance than during the late 1600's. Reading my old paper it sounds a lot like the debates between Republicans and Democrats today. Dave McClure from Worcester, UK on November 30, 2011: Politics even then was all about vested interests, wasn't it! Nothing changes, at least not in that regard. Related Articles
The Book of Hebrew Letters The Book of Hebrew Letters Each letter in the Hebrew alphabet (Aleph-Bet) has both a literal and mystical meaning. This means that each name has a mystical significance, based on the letters which form the name. Which letters make up your name? What mystical energy and meaning can you get from these letters? In this wonderful book, The Book of Letters, you’ll read about what is hidden within each Hebrew letter. You’ll learn about interesting words from the Bible in the order of the Aleph-Bet, the development of Hebrew writing, and about archaeological finds with ancient Hebrew text. This book, written by Yigal Tzadka, deals with complex topics in a clear manner and everything is well-explained. Some of the topics you can read about are: The Names of the Books of Moses Numerical Value (Gematria) Words Within Words Letters of Prayer The Power of the Hebrew Letters Letters of Honey Belshazzar’s Feast It’s All in the Name Hebrew Inscriptions in Archaeology …and much, much more! This unique, exquisite book features many pictures from the worlds of archaeology and art. Including over 300 pages, this book is truly a special experience. Once you’ve read “The Book of Letters,” you’ll feel more connected to the Hebrew language, texts, and letters. Buy this book as a gift for yourself and for others. Everyone is sure to enjoy it! Log In Lost your password? Test yourself - how well can you manage in Hebrew? How do you read the name of the following letter? Do you recognize all of the following letters? How do you read the following word? שֶׁמֶשׁ – שַׁמָשׁ How do you read the following word? Which of the following words is not plural? Complete the sentence: אני ________ את הספר על השולחן The meaning of the Hebrew word שְׁלֵמִים is: Complete the sentence: אֲנִי אוֹהֶבֶת _________ יִשְׂרָאֵל. Log In
When a company declares cash dividends What is retained earnings reduced? Dividend yield is defined as the market price per share of a company’s stock divided by its earnings per share. A debit balance in retained earnings is often referred to as a retained earnings deficit. When a company declares cash dividends, retained earnings is reduced. Do cash dividends decrease retained earnings? When an entity declares a cash dividend retained earnings is decreased by the amount of the dividend on the date of? Question Answer An entity declared a cash dividend on its common stock in December Year 1, payable in January Year 2. Retained earnings will C. Not be affected on the date of payment. When an entity declares a cash dividend, retained earnings is decreased by the amount of the dividend on the date of A. Declaration IT IS INTERESTING: How do I report investment loss on taxes? When a company declares a cash dividend total equity will decrease? If you own 1,000 shares and the total annual dividend is $1 per share, you will receive $1,000 in dividend income for the year. The total amount of cash distributed by cash dividends is charged against, and reduces, the retained earnings of the company, and thus decreases stockholders’ equity. Are retained earnings cash? Retained Earnings is the collective net income since a company began minus all of the dividends that the company has declared since it began. … The retained earnings is rarely entirely cash. Why do dividends reduce retained earnings? Stock dividends have no effect on the total amount of stockholders’ equity or on net assets. They merely decrease retained earnings and increase paid-in capital by an equal amount. … This decrease occurs because more shares are outstanding with no increase in total stockholders’ equity. How do you account for dividends received? Dividends Receivable For individuals or companies with relatively small investments in other companies, the dividend payout is treated as income. The company receiving the payment books a debit to the dividends receivable account, and a credit to the dividend income account for the payout. When a small share dividend is declared retained earnings is debited for? Retained earnings is debited for the remainder because the paid-in capital-treasury stock account has been reduced to zero. Dividends are payments by the corporation to its shareholders. Dividends are declared an paid at the discretion of the corporation. What is the journal entry for dividends declared? IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Is Carnival paying a dividend? How do you account for dividends declared but not paid? What three conditions must be met before a cash dividend is paid? What three conditions must exist before a cash dividend is paid? To pay a cash dividend, a company must have earnings or retained earnings because normal cash dividends are a distribution of earnings. Second, a company must have adequate cash to fund the payment of dividends. Where do you find cash paid out to shareholders? Normally, the cash paid out to stockholders is in the form of dividends. However, you can calculate what the cash flow is to stockholders minus dividends by using a formula.
Practitioners Skills for Intervening where there is Parental Conflict The Early Intervention or Family Support Practitioner works in a demanding role that requires multiple skills and qualities similar to those of a social worker. We recognise their valuable role and work and have tailored our training course for social workers to meet their needs. Success in working with families needs specific skills, and these skills need to be continuously reviewed and developed to ensure personal effectiveness. Our programme is underpinned by “critical thinking skills”, and we have added others that are invaluable in the helping professions. You are welcome to tailor this programme according to your needs, but our focus is assessment and intervention and the skills that are required, so the areas that we can include are: 1. identifying needs and intervening (what this entails); 2. understanding and using strength-based approach in assessments; 3. use of active empathetic listening; 4. use of empathetic questioning techniques; 5. how build and maintain rapport with children and adults; 6. understanding the “use of self” in your practice; 7. ensure consistent use of professional curiosity; 8. understanding and working with diversity and promote children’s equality, diversity and rights; 9. managing relationships (using the Drama Triangle); 10. Techniques to manage work to prevent case drift; 11. Evaluating the effectiveness of intervention.
Contemplate Endurance What is Endurance? Endurance can be defined as the ability or strength to continue or last, especially despite fatigue, stress, or other adverse conditions. Endurance is related to stamina and duration, a lasting quality. Some synonyms for endurance are perseverance, persistence, resilience, tolerance, and sustainability. Endurance, while related to strength, is slightly different. Strength is more associated with force or power, and endurance is associated with time. Rather than physical strength, endurance might also be the ability to exercise inner strength or the ability to deal effectively with the challenges of everyday life. Endurance in this description might also be willpower, self-discipline, and perseverance. Just like weight-lifting exercises to build strength, there are exercises for building your mental endurance. WebMD offers five helpful training tips you can practice to build your mental endurance, thinking positively, using visualization, planning for setbacks, managing your stress, and getting more sleep. Additionally, just like building muscle strength, building endurance will not happen overnight. I invite you to take some time to contemplate what endurance means to you. And, find it within yourself to develop a plan to build up your endurance. Peace, Strength & Endurance “Endurance is patience concentrated.” ~Thomas Carlyle “Sorrow and silence are strong, and patient endurance is godlike.” ~Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ~Napoleon Bonaparte “Good things come to those who wait, but great things come to those who endure.” ~Matshona Dhliwayo Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Quick Answer: What Does The Baptist Religion Believe In? What’s the difference between Baptist and Catholic? Catholics support infant baptism, whereas Baptists are against the same. Catholics believe in purgatory, whereas Baptists do not believe in purgatory. Catholics have the most prominent Church, whereas Baptists have smaller churches in comparison. Baptists believe that the way to salvation is only through faith in God. How do Baptists worship? Do Baptists believe in Mary? Do Baptists believe in one God? Like other Christian denominations, Baptists believe that Jesus and God are the same; they are distinct, and yet, make up the same three-part deity known as the Trinity. While God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit make up the Trinity, Baptists believe all three are the same deity, just different representations of it. You might be interested: Quick Answer: Why Did The Southern Baptist Convention Elect Their New President? Do Baptists drink alcohol? Do Baptists celebrate Lent? Do Baptists dance? What do Baptists believe about salvation? Baptists believe that faith is a matter between God and the individual (religious freedom). To them it means the advocacy of absolute liberty of conscience. Insistence on immersion as the only mode of baptism. Baptists do not believe that baptism is necessary for salvation. Do Baptists believe in speaking in tongues? Do Baptists believe in confession? You might be interested: Quick Answer: Us Congressman Who Was President Of The Southern Baptist Convention? Do Baptists believe in saints? Do Baptists believe in angels? Baptists believe that angels exist. Baptist denominations and churches have historically acknowledged the presence and value of angels as invisible, spiritual creatures that worship God and serve His plan for the world. The Baptist tradition has affirmed the existence of angels through its history. Why is the Baptist Church called Baptist? Why are Baptist called Baptist? Baptists form the fifth largest Christian church in the world. The name ‘Baptist’ comes from the Baptist practice of immersion in water. It was coined in the seventeenth century by opponents to the new movement but rejected by followers themselves. Do Baptists celebrate Easter? Catholics, Orthodox, Anglicans, Baptists and other Christian denominations celebrate Easter by feasting and exchange of Easter eggs. Most of the protestant churches, including Anglicans, Baptists, Pentecost and several others followed Gregorian calendar, and thus celebrate Easter on the same day as the Catholics. Leave a Reply
Measuring Water Affordability and the Financial Capability of Utilities The cost of providing water services is increasing, placing greater financial burdens on individual households and utilities. Five metrics were calculated at multiple volumes of water usage and were applied to 1791 utilities, estimating bills from 2020 rates data, to gauge financial burdens in four states. More than a fifth of the population in 77% of utilities was experiencing poverty, suggesting widespread poverty is a major contributor to utility financial capability challenges. Water Consumption and Utility Revenues at the Start of a Pandemic: Insights From 11 Utilities Key Takeaways Eleven utilities from across the United States were studied to understand the pandemic's effects on water consumption and utility revenues. Most utilities in the study saw an overall increase in water consumption with a rise in residential demand that offset declines in nonresidential demand. Most utilities in the study experienced increased revenues in 2020 compared with previous years, largely due to rate increases, inclining block rates, and an unusually warm summer. Streams of Revenue: The Restoration Economy and the Ecosystems It Creates An analysis of stream mitigation banking and the challenges of implementing market-based approaches to environmental conservation. Growing Options for Shrinking Cities When people and industries leave a community, water utilities face the potential loss of revenue from departing customers and the cost and issues associated with maintaining excess system capacity. Water systems seek to (1) ensure affordability, (2) maintain high service and quality, and (3) sustain fiscal viability; this creates a trilemma for shrinking cities that can ensure only two of the three. Addressing Financial Sustainability of Drinking Water Systems with Declining Populations: Lessons from Pennsylvania This report focuses on the challenges facing water utilities in areas where population has declined in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A total of 16 water systems were broadly analyzed, with in-depth analyses of four municipal water systems in the cities of Altoona, Chester, Johnstown, and Reading. These four cases highlight some of the overall trends and complications faced by shrinking cities. 2020 Aspen-Nicholas Water Forum Water Affordability and Equity Briefing Document This paper explores the evolution of water services in the United States. Most people have access to water, most tap water is drinkable, most dams are secure, most farms can grow more with less water, and most rivers are cleaner than they were 50 years ago. Most does not mean all. There is growing evidence that an increasing number of Americans are losing access to safe drinking water and sanitation—and others never had it at all. COVID-19 Impacts on Water Utility Consumption and Revenues Through June 2020 May and June 2020 data for the eight water utilities in our study show diverging trends of water consumption and revenues as the COVID-19 pandemic continues, with states and local governments taking different approaches and timelines to rolling back restrictions. There are signs of recovery in water consumption and revenues for many utilities, mostly due to high residential consumption and billed revenues, not increased usage from non-residential customers. COVID-19 Impacts on Water Utility Consumption and Revenues: Preliminary Results Preliminary data from five water utilities of different sizes and different climates across the U.S. show variable impacts to consumption and billed revenue in response to the global pandemic. Some utilities saw a decline in primarily non-residential consumption of up to 19% and non-residential billed revenue of up to 8% in April, one full month into the pandemic, relative to April usage and revenue in the past three years. For some utilities, consumption and revenues remained similar to previous years. Riparian Vegetation as an Indicator of Stream Channel Presence and Connectivity in Arid Environments Based on a thorough literature review and synthesis of arid region studies, we found key spatiotemporal patterns of arid riparian vegetation that could potentially be used to determine hydrologic connectivity. Much of the vegetation along arid stream channels is well-adapted to water scarcity and varies in response to differences in geomorphology, hydrology, and land use across multiple scales. Compensatory Mitigation on Federal Lands This report represents an examination of compensatory mitigation of aquatic resources (i.e., streams and wetlands) on U.S. federal lands through an examination of case studies and a review of the legal landscape in which such mitigation takes place.
Features of the Afghan Economic Situation and the Taliban’s Resources The Afghan economy is characterized by fragility and reliance on international assistance, especially from NATO member states. The private sector is also very weak although the country possesses rare mineral resources estimated at trillions of dollars. However, these resources remain untapped due to the lack of security and ongoing political disputes. After the Taliban retook power, the situation has become much more uncertain. This report offers a reading into the economic situation of the Afghan state before and after the Taliban captured power in mid-August 2021, as well as shedding light on Afghan living conditions and the resources available for the Afghan people. 1. 1- A Reading Into the Features of the Prevailing Economic Situation and Its Ramifications The aid flowing into Afghanistan covered at least 75 percent of the country’s public spending. Given Afghanistan’s critical reliance on foreign assistance, at a conference held in Geneva in November 2020, international donors renewed their support for Afghanistan until 2024. However, the fate of this support remains uncertain now after the Taliban reclaimed power. It was planned that the collapsed Afghan government would receive $370 million in funds from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on August 24, 2021, but the funds were frozen after the Taliban takeover. Afghanistan’s financial uncertainty has been compounded by the Biden administration’s freeze on Afghan government reserves held in US bank accounts. The Afghan state has foreign reserves estimated at $9.4 billion, mostly in American banks. The economic impact of this asset freeze to prevent the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars was immediately felt, causing a decline of at least 6 percent in the value of the national currency against the US dollar — with each US dollar exchanged for 86 Afghan afghanis. In addition to freezing the country’s foreign reserves, the inflow of dollars from international donors and institutions to Afghanistan has stopped. This means that Afghanistan will likely face an economic crisis and the incoming Afghan government will be unable to manage the country’s public affairs. This situation will worsen, especially if the freeze on foreign assets lasts a long time because of the Taliban not gaining international recognition. In addition, the country’s budget for 2021 is estimated at merely $6 million. This paltry sum will do little to boost the country’s low level of economic activity. The overall Afghan gross domestic product (GDP) is nearly $20 billion. This is a modest figure due to the conflicts that have crippled the economy — with a low GDP annual per capita of $592 and a population of 34 million people. Against the backdrop of the poor performance of Afghanistan’s formal economy, the country’s black economy witnesses a considerable level of economic activity. This includes the production of opium, the smuggling of various items and illegal mining. The IMF expected that the Afghan economy would grow 4 percent in 2021 — a fair growth rate compared to a 5 percent contraction last year. But this expected growth was in the last periodic report released by the IMF in April 2021, and it will likely be downgraded in the next periodic report since it will be difficult to post such a rate due to the Taliban’s takeover of power resulting in the suspension of trade and the disruption of business. Moreover, the nature of the Taliban’s economic policies remain unclear, particularly as it is transitioning from an armed group to forming a government. There are no recent updates about the unemployment rate due to the lack of credible local data. However, the International Labor Organization estimated that the unemployment rate in 2018 was at 30 percent, one of the highest unemployment rates worldwide. The business environment in Afghanistan is characterized by extreme difficulty and lack of infrastructure, causing the country to rank 173 out of 190 countries in terms of business flexibility. In addition, the country suffers from a major trade deficit, 30 percent of total GDP, and it is expected to surge in the future. Afghanistan’s foreign trade deficit reached $5.7 billion in 2020. On top of the country’s exports comes gold, the exports of which reach $1 billion, in addition to the country’s unofficial opium exports. Foremost among Afghanistan’s official export destinations are the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, and India. On the other side, the country imports wheat, oil derivatives, tobacco, and aircraft spare parts. The UAE, Pakistan, India, China and the United States are the main countries from where Afghanistan’s imports come. There is no doubt that Afghanistan’s trading relations will be impacted depending on whether the aforementioned countries recognize the Taliban or not. 2- The Taliban’s Financial Resources The Taliban’s military spending requires significant financial resources. Over two decades, the Taliban’s leaders have developed ways to take advantage of the country’s available resources in the areas they control, starting from opium planting, trade and exports to extracting minerals to levying compulsory royalties and taxes on crops (one-tenth zakat on crops) in the areas under their control to trading in consumer items and properties as well as utilizing the donations that flow to them from inside and outside the country. The Taliban’s leaders are likely to impose full control over the country’s financial affairs and mineral resources after taking power. Of course, the volume of the Taliban’s financial resources remains unclear. But various global estimates, whether from official entities or intelligence reports, estimate that its annual resources in March 2020 stood at $1.6 billion. The Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) estimated in May 2021 that drugs make up nearly 60 percent of the Taliban’s annual revenues. The estimate indicates that drug trafficking alone generates $460 million per year for the Taliban — plus $464 million obtained from mining operations in the areas under its control before seizing power. Furthermore, $240 million is generated from annual donations and $160 million from the compulsory taxes levied on crops. According to the US Geological Survey, Afghanistan possesses raw materials and precious minerals like gold and uranium. This is in addition to its precious lithium reserves with a value estimated at $1 trillion. Such materials are needed globally for manufacturing cell phones, televisions, hybrid engines, computers, lasers, batteries, especially for electric cars, as well as for military industries — which means Western countries and others are likely to compete to exploit the aforementioned resources. The major countries importing Afghanistan’s raw materials include the United States, Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan and Kazakhstan. With the Taliban’s recent assumption of power in August 2021, the group is likely to look at ways to take advantage of the country’s massive mineral resources. But it needs a tremendous level of investment to mine these resources as well as advanced technology which is not available at present because the Taliban’s rule is not internationally recognized and attracting international investment will not be possible in the future if economic sanctions are imposed on Afghanistan. 3- Current Living Conditions and Future Scenarios Afghanistan is ranked as one of the world’s poorest countries, with 47.3 percent of the Afghan population living below the poverty line. Nearly 34.3 percent of Afghan workers get a daily income of less than $1.9 per day, according to the Asian Development Bank in 2020. Furthermore, GDP per capita is extremely low at $592 per year. The agricultural sector is among the most important sectors in the country and the number one employer. Nonetheless, the Afghan workforce in the agricultural sector is not highly productive because of the absence of sophisticated equipment. Up to 44 percent of the total Afghan workforce is employed in the agricultural sector and 60 percent obtain their income from agriculture, according to the IMF. Opium and grapes are the main crops and the country’s leading agricultural exports. Inflation will be among the major challenges facing the Afghans in the short run. The annual inflation rate this year was estimated at 5 percent before the Taliban took power, according to estimates from the IMF. But it will certainly rise in the aftermath of the current developments, given the decline in the local currency’s value, the stoppage of commercial supply lines at home and abroad and capital flight. As soon as the Taliban entered Kabul, some consumer items ran out while the prices of others doubled. As for the future of the economic situation in Afghanistan, there is no question that suspending international aid, dollar shipments to the Afghan Central Bank and freezing foreign reserves estimated at over $9 billion will lead to further deterioration in socioeconomic conditions. This is in addition to the new government’s potential inability to pay state employees, as well as disruptions in public services. This will lead to poverty rates and the number of poor increasing in the country. They are likely to suffer more due to price hikes and the value of the national currency plummeting. The latter is likely to stir violence and turmoil in the country. Moreover, the Taliban is expected to further depend on royalties and other illegal means to generate money such as through smuggling networks and exporting opium worldwide. But in case the world recognizes the Taliban government and continues to offer conditional financial and economic support, the economic situation could be stabilized to an extent. This requires the Taliban to provide security, stability, and an appropriate environment for business. By doing so, the Taliban will be able to attract and allay the concerns of global investors and the Afghan people and send a message of reassurance to those at home and abroad. The Taliban has already started to send a message of this kind, though it is insufficient. 1. 1. It is expected that the economic and living conditions of the Afghan people will remain uncertain, tilting further towards deterioration rather than improvement in the short run. This is because of the prevailing uncertainty regarding the Taliban’s internal and foreign policies, the position of world powers and donors towards it and the possibility of imposing economic sanctions on the country in the future. In addition, some countries have set conditions to recognize the Taliban such as respecting minorities, women, human rights, and not providing a safe haven for terrorists. However, the Taliban’s positions on these conditions remain unclear. All the aforementioned will determine the future of the economic situation in Afghanistan and determine whether it will be integrated into the international community or isolated as a pariah state like Iran and North Korea. Hence, either outcome will impact Afghanistan’s economic performance indicators in the future. 2. 2.The unemployment rate will depend on how long the current period of uncertainty will drag on, and how quickly trade relations can resume. In addition, it will depend on the security situation and whether the Taliban is able to reassure the Afghan people or not. 3. 3.Many countries will rush to exploit Afghanistan’s mineral resources and seize commercial opportunities with the Afghan government. This requires our policymakers to outline a strategy for developing relations with the Taliban, which, if approved, should include ways to take advantage of Afghanistan’s economic opportunities. As a result, such a strategy would lead to strengthening our relationship with Afghanistan and its people. 4. 4.Quickly offering humanitarian initiatives and providing political support will be appreciated by the Taliban government during this critical period. Editorial Team
Can wild turkey eggs freeze? How long does it take wild turkey eggs to hatch? Once all the eggs have been laid, the hen will incubate them, day and night, for about 28 days. Incubation is interrupted only for an occasional mid-day snack of protein-rich insects. Will a turkey abandon her eggs? Wild turkey hens incubate their clutches for 26 to 28 days. Shortly after initiating incubation, hens settle in on the nest every night. The fidelity of hens to their nests increases with time spent incubating. They are less likely to abandon after they spend a week or so on the nest. Do wild turkey hens sit on their eggs at night? The nesting period Hens will only visit the nesting site long enough to deposit her egg for the day. The rest of her time will be spent elsewhere feeding and roosting. … During this time, the hen puts herself in danger to stay on the nest day and night for about 28 days. IT IS INTERESTING: How long does it take for a baby polar bear to grow up Minecraft? How many eggs does a turkey lay before she sits on them? She may lay a clutch of anywhere from 8–16 eggs before she gets broody. Turkeys incubate for 28 days at 100.5 degrees. The hatchlings want for a lot of attention, and will want to follow her or you around. If you take her eggs to eat, and don’t let her brood, she could lay over 100 eggs in a year. Should turkey eggs be rotated? Eggs need to be turned over several times a day to help the turkeys grow. After 28 days, fluffy little chicks break out of the eggs, ready to be nurtured to adulthood. How can you tell if turkey eggs are fertile? Despite all the legends and internet hacks, there is no way to truly tell if an egg is fertile unless you crack it open. Crack your egg open in a dish and take a look at the yolk. If there is a small white “bulls-eye” shape on the yolk, then your egg is fertile. What do you do if you find a wild turkey egg? So when you first receive your eggs, let them sit at about 50 to 60 degrees for six to 12 hours. Make sure you do not refrigerate the eggs because low temperatures can kill the embryos. Wild turkey hens turn their eggs and move them around occasionally. Is it illegal to keep a wild turkey? Is there any law against buying live wild turkeys inside California or outside the state and having them shipped here? … — Jarrod D., Sanger. Answer: There is nothing illegal about selling or purchasing domestic poultry sold as wild turkeys. IT IS INTERESTING: How old do you have to be to hunt deer in MI? Will a turkey come back to her nest? Wild turkey hens build their nests on the ground by making a small depression in the earth under a protective bush or other cover. … The longer she’s been incubating, the more likely she will return to the nest after being disturbed. Why do we not eat turkey eggs? The reason may be primarily about profitability. Turkey’s take up more space, and don’t lay eggs as often. They also have to be raised for quite a bit longer before they begin to lay. This means that housing and feed-related expenses would be considerably higher for turkey eggs compared to eggs from chickens. Do wild turkeys nest in trees? Nest Placement What do baby wild turkeys eat?
Best answer: What Y axis do diamonds spawn? Do diamonds spawn at y11 or y12? Diamonds have been recorded to spawn from y-coordinates 5-16 but the levels with the highest votes are 11 and 12. Although, diamonds can be found above ground in caves and abandoned chests, the place where you can intentionally search for them is underground. What y level is best for diamonds? The ideal levels to find diamonds in Minecraft Diamonds can only spawn anywhere between Y levels of 16 and below. Players will never find diamonds above level 16. They will only be seen at the bottom of caves and ravines. Diamonds are very commonly found on levels 5-12, but they are very abundant on levels 11 and 12. What is the highest y level that diamonds spawn at? Players can find diamonds anywhere from Y level 16 and below. Diamonds cannot naturally spawn in any level above 16. Although the starting point is level 16, diamonds are most commonly found at levels 5-12. Is there Diamond on y 11? Y-11 is usually considered the most diamond-rich area in Minecraft. Once you’re at Y-11, you can easily start mining branches in all directions, making sure to light up the tunnels as you go. You are bound to hit a vein of diamond ores sooner or later. IT IS AMAZING: Who is stealing Ruby's money on EastEnders? What does Y11 mean in Minecraft? y11 is right above lava and all ores spawn at that level. 1. 5. Is y 12 still the best for diamonds? Players have found that the best level to strip mine for diamonds before the Caves and Cliffs update was Y-level 12, but with the additional 60 levels added to the world’s depth that has changed. What is the best y level to mine at? Can be found between y=8 and 119, but is most common between y=8 and 22, only in the nether. Due to being the safest layers to mine where all ores exist in reasonable quantities (especially diamond), layer 10 to 15 are usually considered the best area in which to start mining. What level do diamonds spawn caves and cliffs? Diamonds can only be found on levels 15 and below. Players have the highest chances of finding diamonds on levels 8-12. These levels also have less lava on them.
Foam spray insulation, also called spray foam, is an alternative to traditional building insulation that’s becoming increasingly popular in the UK. As the name suggests, spray foam insulation is a liquid foam which is sprayed into position and sets into an insulating layer. It can be used to insulate your roof, loft, walls, floors and more. Types of Foam Spray: There are two types of spray foam insulation: Both are usually made from polyurethane and filled with bubbles of gas or air, but have different properties when they set. Closed-Cell Foam Spray Closed cell spray foam sets into a rigid solid which can help support the structure of your property if it’s not in the best condition. It tends to be a better insulator than open cell spray foam. This is because when it sets, it contains lots of separate pockets of gas which slow down the movement of heat through it. But it’s a barrier to moisture, so you’ll need to make sure your room or loft is well-ventilated to stop condensation building up. Open-Cell Foam Spray Once set, open cell spray foam is less dense – you can compress it with your hand. So it can’t be used as a structural support. It’s not as good an insulator as closed cell foam, so you’ll need to install a thicker layer to get the same level of insulation. Open cell spray foam is often used as sound insulation as it blocks and reduces airflow. It allows moisture through it so there’s less worry of condensation building up. Superior energy efficiency mostly depends on creating a better air seal. Wall insulation is a significant issue in home energy savings, but there are other factors that will lower home energy efficiency. Doors and Windows Water and moisture in the building envelope is the single, greatest threat to building durability in residential construction. In addition to causing building-durability issues, moisture can create ideal conditions for mold growth, which can dramatically impact occupant health. Ceilings, Outer Walls Floors and Crawlspaces Unsealed, responsible for about a third of the air leakage in a home. As much as 40% of energy loss is due to air infiltration. Therefore, the most effective way to improve energy efficiency and comfort in your home is to seal it with foam. Foam spray has massive benefits, not only in reducing house bills but also making house more healthier. Reduces monthly heating bills upto 50% Increases the value of your property Protect your family's health from mold & airborne pollutants Increase your property's EPC rating Reduces airborne noise pollution Peace of mind with 25 years guarantee UK SPRAY Insulation Ltd UK SPRAY Insulation Ltd UK SPRAY Insulation Ltd UK SPRAY Insulation Ltd UK SPRAY Insulation Ltd UK SPRAY Insulation Ltd UK SPRAY Insulation Ltd Contact Us for FREE survey today
Call Today! (805) 212-1154 Call Today! (805) 212-1154 Ventura County LogoLogo Call Today! (805) 212-1154 Call Today! (805) 212-1154 Ventura County Logo Why Does Mold Make Me Sick? Published by Allegra on September 3, 2021 in category: Uncategorized why does mold make me sick? We come in contact with molds on an everyday basis. You might be wondering if we are always surrounded by them, then why do they make you sick. Constant mold exposure is what results in severe mold sickness. Before talking about the symptoms of mold sickness, let’s talk more about what molds really are. Molds are a natural part of the environment that are found both indoors and outdoors. Many outdoor molds are an important part of the ecosystem because they break down the dead substances and deposit them back into the ecosystem. There are over 300,000 molds in the world. Some mold species are considered harmless, while others can lead to some serious illnesses. The most common molds found in buildings and homes are Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus. What Causes Molds to Appear? Molds only need a damp and moist environment to establish themselves. They often grow in the darker areas of the house because the ultraviolet rays from the sun can kill them. The common sources of moisture that cause molds to appear in the house are leaking roofs, clogged gutters, blocked drains, and high interior humidity. Why Do Molds Make You Sick? If you are experiencing mold sickness, you are either sensitive to molds/constantly exposed to them or suffer from allergies and asthma. Molds are absorbed through the skin or enter the body when you breathe them in. Your body’s physical barriers are not able to filter out mold spores. Therefore, they soon reach the lungs. From lung irritation to asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, mold growth can trigger a wide range of illnesses. What are the Signs and Symptoms of Mold Allergy? The common signs and symptoms of mold sickness include: • Sneezing • Stuffy nose • Red or itchy eyes • Dry, scaly skin • Cough Who is More Sensitive to the Effects of Mold? • People with allergies • Individuals with compromised immune systems due to cancer, liver disease, or other severe health conditions • Infants • Elderlies Signs that Molds are Making You Sick • If your asthma is getting worse without any reason, you should call mold remediation experts to inspect your house. • Mold can cause a consistent cold. If the cold worsens after you perform a certain type of task, probably it’s mold and not the weather. • If your clothes are making you itch, there’s a chance that mold has infested your clothes. • Symptom of mold exposure includes seasonal allergies that don’t seem to go away. If you are sneezing too often and have itchy, red eyes, give a call to home restoration experts. If the above symptoms worsen when you are home, it’s safe to say that mold is the real culprit. Other non-health related symptoms include: • Presence of a weird musty and earthy smell • Cracking and peeling of wall paint • Paint bubbling on the wall How to Prevent Mold from Growing in Your House Molds are found anywhere in the areas of the house where there’s water. However, you will most likely be able to find them around windows, pipes, roofs, sinks, showers, bathtubs, and on the walls. They grow well on wood products, ceiling tiles, and paper products. Follow these prevention tips if you don’t want to experience mold sickness and a decrease in the value of your house: • Make sure that the indoor humidity level doesn’t exceed 60% • Keep the rain gutters clean to ensure that the rainwater stays as far away from your home as possible • Thoroughly dry the items before storing them • Fix plumbing leaks immediately • Install moisture detectors to fix water damage before it’s too late • Open doors to increase circulation • Check for leaks around the kitchen and bathroom sinks Should You be Removing Mold on Your Own? You shouldn’t be removing mold on your own because a fail try can cause thousands of mold spores to be released into the air. This can transfer the mold to the areas where was no mold growth before. Mold sickness is real, and if you don’t want to fall severely sick, you should let mold remediation specialists do the job. Some owners can handle removing 10 feet of mold. However, it’s a tricky job that can take a lot of time. Mold remediation involves disinfecting and cleaning mold-contaminated areas. Only home remediation experts have advanced equipment to perform a thorough job and prevent new mold growth. The process takes anywhere between one to 5 days. If you are planning to remove mold on your own, keep in mind that the process can take over a week if you don’t have the right equipment. You can expect home restoration experts to repair leaks and isolate the mold-contaminated area to control airborne spores. They are also responsible for disinfecting surfaces and repairing and replacing the damaged materials. Looking for trusted Home Restoration Experts in Ventura County? One of the most reliable and client-centric home restoration companies is the 911 restoration of Ventura Country. The mold remediation experts can save you from the health hazards caused by mold. The mold remediation specialists check for leaks in the house to prevent mold growth in the future. They offer immediate cleanup to ensure that the mold doesn’t spread further, and you can immediately get back to living your normal life. ecofriendly company 680 Flinn Ave, Unit 35, Moorpark, CA 93021 *Property Owners Only. Restrictions Apply
en-Asteroid named after a Polish Nobel Laureate Credit: NASA Credit: NASA Breaking news! An asteroid received the official name of a Polish Nobel Prize winner. The asteroid was discovered by Michał Kusiak and Michał Żołnowski and its official name was given to a Polish Nobel Prize winner. Thus the official name of the asteroid becomes (555468) Tokarczuk. The name that Asteroid took belongs to the Polish Olga Tokarczuk. She was the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2019. The two people who discovered the asteroid proposed this name, which was recently accepted by the International Astronomical Union. Asteroid was discovered on September 12, 2013. But those who discovered it have long proposed the name of the Pole who won the Nobel Prize in 2019. He (the asteroid) makes a complete rotation around the Sun in 5 years and is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, read about this belt more here: https://bailey1.webnode.ro/l/articol-cu-imagini5 / "This is a very important day for me. Michał Kusiak and I were informed that the asteroid 555468, which we discovered on September 12, 2013, was officially named "Tokarczuk". Recently, a special committee of the International Astronomical Union accepted our proposal "was the message of Michał Żołnowski on one of the social networks. Very few celestial bodies have been named after some personalities, so this is another page in the long history of the Universe. We wish success to the two gentlemen who discovered the asteroid to discover as many other celestial bodies as possible and we wish good luck to all those who contributed to its name and its discovery, as well as the Nobel Prize winner. If there is any news about this asteroid or other important space news, we will let you know, but don't forget to subscribe here: https://bailey1.webnode.ro/news/
Hebrew school So many Jewish children attend Hebrew school when they are in primary school. The kids who do go are usually kids who do not go to a Jewish day school. Attending Hebrew school gives Jewish children the opportunity to mix with other Jewish children, learn some Hebrew and also learn about Judaism. Hebrew school vs Judaism at home Many parents think that if they send their child to Hebrew school they do not need to practice Judaism at home. It is common for parents to think that it will provide all the Jewish education a child needs. This is one of the biggest mistakes a parent can make. The two work hand-in-hand. Practicing Judaism at home reinforces what is taught at Hebrew school. One example is saying the blessings for Shabbat over the candles, wine and challah (plaited bread). At Hebrew school, the child will learn the blessings. He or she will also learn the reason why the blessings are said. When the family says the blessings home, it is reinforced. However, If the blessings are not recited, then shabbat will be something learnt in the classroom, and that is it. Forming Jewish Friendships Many children who go to Hebrew school have no other interaction with Jewish kids. Does this matter? In my opinion, it does make a different. By having the opportunity to play with children from the same culture or religion, can help children feel a sense of being part of a community. Singing the same songs and celebrating the same festivals, all helps with a sense of belonging. Many people say that the friendships made a Hebrew school will last a lifetime. Some do, and some don’t. However, what is important is what is happening in the child’s life right now. By having these friendships help make Judaism fun. It becomes a shared experience. Leave a Reply
How Was Life Before Air Conditioning? \| Lancaster HVAC Published on How Was Life Before Air Conditioning? I Stock 000039860268 Medium 300X 258 Close your eyes and think about what life would be like without air conditioning? It's hard to imagine, but turn the clock back 100 years and that was the reality. If you're wondering how people kept cool in the warm weather months, here's how: Home Construction Houses and buildings were designed differently when air conditioning wasn't around. • Ceilings were higher to allow for warm air to rise. • Porches were wider with deeper eaves in order for the windows to stay out of the sun. • Trees were planted closer to the house for increased shade. • Windows were on both sides of a room to allow for cross ventilation. Porch Lounging If your home has a porch it's used more or less for decoration and the occasional sitting here and there. Back in the days before AC, the porch was a place to cool off. • The porch allows you to sit outside and feel the breeze without sitting in the sun. • The temperature inside can become stuffy whereas outside there's a steady supply of fresh air. There's only so much a few open windows can do. • Screened-in porches were also used as a place to sleep at night when it became too hot indoors. Think of this as a nighttime, air conditioned room. Creative Methods There is no substitute that can compare to air conditioning, but folks back in the day had a list of creative ways to stay cool. • During the hottest portion of the day, many would stop working, take a nap, and resume their work once the temperature began to drop. • Drinking ice cold drinks can help lower your internal body temperature. Think about why drinking lemonade on the porch is a popular thing to do down south. • Some girls would even braid their hair and stuff it with ice cubes! The days without air conditioning seemed like a simpler time, but was it easy to stay cool? Luckily, we live in a day and age where that's not an issue — unless yours is broken. When your AC unit needs repair, contact the professionals at to service your home's electrical today. Contact Us Today Schedule Service
Get Started. It's Free or sign up with your email address output by Mind Map: output 1. Objectives Overview 1.1. Describe the types of output 1.2. Explain the characteristics of various display devices 1.3. Describe the factors that affect the quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen 1.4. screenDescribe various ways to print 1.5. Differentiate between a nonimpact printer and an impact printer 1.6. Summarize the characteristics of ink‐jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, multifunction peripherals, thermal printers, mobile printers, label and postage printers, and plotters and large‐format 1.7. printersDescribe the uses and characteristics of speakers, headphones, and earbudsIdentify 1.8. the purpose and features of data projectors, interactive whiteboards, and force‐feedback game controllers and tactile outputIdentify 1.9. Identify output options for physically challenged users 2. What is output 2.1. Outputis data that has been processed into a useful form 2.2. An output deviceis any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people 2.2.1. display divices 2.2.2. printer 2.2.3. Speakers, headphones, and earbuds 2.2.4. Data projectors 2.2.5. Interactive whiteboards 2.2.6. Force‐feedback game controllers 2.2.7. Tactile output 3. Display Devices 3.1. A display devicevisually conveys text, graphics, and video information 3.2. A monitoris packaged as a separate peripheral – LCD monitor – Widescreen 3.3. Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device 3.4. The quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen depends primarily on: resolution, respon time brightness dot pitch contrast ratio 3.5. Resolutionis the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device – A higher resolution uses a greater number of pixels 3.6. The graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display device • LCD monitors use a digital signal and should plug into a DVI port, and HDMI port, or a DisplayPort 3.7. Plasma monitorsare display devices that use gas plasma technology and offer screen sizes up to 150 inches 3.8. • Televisions also are a good output device • Require a converter if you are connecting your computer to an analog television • Digital television (DTV) offers a crisper, higher‐quality output HDTVis the most advanced form of digital television 3.9. A CRT monitoris a desktop monitor that contains a cathode‐ray tube – Have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors 3.10. A printerproduces text and graphics on a physical medium – Printed information is called a hard copy, or printout – Landscape or portrait orientation 3.11. A nonimpact printerforms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper 3.12. An ink‐jet printerforms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper – Color or black‐and‐white – Printers with a higher dpi (dots per inch) produce a higher quality output 3.13. A photo printerproduces color photo‐lab‐quality pictures 3.13.1. pictures•Most use ink‐jet technology•PictBridge allows you to print photos directly from a digital camera•Print from a memory card and preview photos on a built‐in LCD screen 3.14. A multifunction peripheral(MFP) is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes – Sometimes called an all‐in‐one device 3.15. A thermal printergenerates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat‐sensitive paper 3.15.1. Thermal wax‐transfer 3.15.2. sublimation printer 3.16. A mobile printeris a small, lightweight, battery‐powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a mobile device 3.17. • A label printeris a small printer that prints on adhesive‐type material • A postage printer prints postage stamps – Postage also can be printed on other types of printe 3.18. • Plottersare used to produce high‐quality drawings • Large‐format printerscreate photo‐realistic quality color prints on a larger scale 3.19. Speakers, Headphones, and Earbuds 3.19.1. An audio output deviceproduces music, speech, or other sounds Most computer users attach speakersto their computers to:•Generate higher‐quality sounds for playing games•Interact with multimedia presentations•Listen to music•View movies 3.19.2. • Headphonesare speakers that cover your head or are placed outside of the ear • Earbuds(also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal 3.19.3. • Some speakers are specifically designed to play audio from a portable media player – Wireless speakers 3.19.4. Voice outputoccurs when you hear a person’s voice or when the computer talks to you through the speakers•Some Web sites dedicate themselves to providing voice output•Often works with voice input•VoIP uses voice output and voice input 4. Other Output Devices 4.1. Other output devices are available for specific uses and applications 4.1.1. Data projectorsInteractive whiteboardsForce‐feedback game controllersTactile output 4.2. A data projector is a device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer screen and projects them on a larger screen – Digital light processing (DLP) projector 4.3. An interactive whiteboard is a touch‐sensitive device, resembling a dry‐erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen 4.4. • Force‐feedback sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user • Tactile output provides the user with a physical response from the device 5. Output Devices for Physically Challenged Users 5.1. Many accessibility options exist for users with various disabilities
Study Guide Big Little Lies Family By Liane Moriarty Big Little Lies is about the many, many different kinds of families. There are single moms, like Jane, who stays in close contact with her own mom and dad. There are traditional nuclear families, like Celeste's, whose twins are the product of a whole lot of trying, wishing, and hoping. And there are sprawling blended families, like Madeline's, where stepdads clash with stepdaughters and ex-husband's new wives are viewed as enemies…before being accepted as part of the fam. The only thing that these families have in common? They're all complicated and drama-filled. Tolstoy was right: unhappy families are unhappy in their own, distinct ways. Questions About Family 1. Why does Madeline envy Jane's family? 2. Why is Celeste so shocked about the revelation about Saxon Banks? 3. How does Madeline's family unit become stronger over the course of the novel? 4. What led to Jane's decision to move away from her own mother and father? Chew on This Friends are portrayed as a kind of family in Big Little Lies. Big Little Lies makes one thing clear: no bond is as strong as that between family members. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
Learning spaces – an international perspective Completed in 2017, IKC de Geluksvogel school in the Netherlands is the result of a merger of two existing neighbourhood schools. The innovative facility is known for its focus on sustainability and its teaching approach, which centres on the use of technology (it's an almost paperless environment). In today's Q&A we speak to Misak Terzibasiyan, the director of UArchitects, the firm behind the design of the award-winning school. Could you start off by telling me more about the IKC de Geluksvogel school? What are some of its features? Two existing schools in two neighbouring locations in Maastricht are merging into a new school on a new location in that city. This particular location was chosen to strengthen the weak social structure of the two neighbourhoods and to introduce a new digital education system to learn also more about the environment, nature and sustainability. Even the playground outside has different zones to help children (re)discover nature and explore their world by means of experiments or to build and test objects. This is a school that holds a kindergarten, a primary school, a gym, out-of-school child care and a library. It's a school with five different types of users that work closely together to combine environmental and digital teaching to reach a new level of education. The concept of environmental teaching can be found on different levels, from virtual reality to the building itself. The new staffroom at Macgregor Primary School Green architecture is incorporated in the interior of the building through the sustainable use of materials, plants and vegetables. Here the children can have lessons in the open air when the weather allows it. Nature and digital education go hand in hand, supported by the latest digital learning program. The children and teachers who are part of this program and school are really lucky to be part of this beautifully bright green and healthy educational vision. The school is unique: its education system is completely digital and the building itself is highly sustainable. The school is designed and engineered in such a way that it scores A in the Frisse School Klasse (Dutch Clean school classification). The main reason for this high score is the focus on a healthy school climate by reducing the amount of CO2 through a high-quality ventilation system and by having green plants inside the school. The Frisse School classification is based on five elements: energy consumption, air quality, temperature, natural light and acoustics. On all five elements our average score is A, which is the highest score possible. Let's talk about the building's aesthetics. The brick on the façade contains random messages in binary code. Why did you decide to do this? The digital way of teaching at this school is for the most part paperless, which is represented in the architecture of the building. It shows a brick element with random messages in binary code (1 and 0) on the façade, as a reflection of this digitalised education system and the virtual reality in which we live today. The façade acts as the messenger of our digital world. Not in a direct, obvious way but more indirect, by the irregular placing of the bricks in patterns. The new staffroom at Macgregor Primary School The new staffroom at Macgregor Primary School The children make all kind of pictures with this pattern of bricks in the same way as the children are looking to the clouds to form all kinds of pictures. The educational system and lessons are completely digital and are connected to the sports facilities and activities. The sports activities of the children can therefore be incorporated into the digital learning program. The green and environmental aspect are also part of the school program. The building fits its surroundings like a pavilion in a green area. The school is located at the head of a green development area, which extends into the country. What makes designing a vertical school different to a regular, traditional school? The use of space and the movement of children are important when we design a vertical school. The vertical and horizontal connections between the different floors of the schools are important. The introduction of the sequence of space and time are important when we are thinking of a vertical school. This is also a challenge because in the Netherlands we have a high density of inhabitants. Building vertically will lower the building cost of the schools. This is also important in the Netherlands because we often have to design and build schools with restricted budgets. Another issue is circulation or how children are able to move between spaces. I understand when it came to this school in Maastricht, you used the concept of a flock of birds to predict the movement of the children through the building. Could you tell me more about this? How did it work? Both the school and the building are not designed around a classically organised educational system but around the concept of free movement and free use of spaces. We used the concept of a flock of birds to predict the movement of the users (children) through the building, which is how we designed the various spaces in the school. Swarm intelligence is an important starting point when designing a school. We use this to study the movement of children, and this then gives shape to spaces and connections between the spaces. This school supports the movement of the children. The new staffroom at Macgregor Primary School The educational space in the school is not limited to the classrooms but can continue in different open spaces with a different purpose. This open plan will encourage the free flow between and use of the spaces; education will not be limited by walls or doors. It even continues outside to the playground and the terraces on the first floor. The new staffroom at Macgregor Primary School In what ways have you ensured that the learning spaces at IKC de Geluksvogel School can be adapted or changed as required? Can any of the spaces be used for several different purposes? Together with the consultants, the building was designed to be flexible and adjustable. This means that if this building should get another function in the future, the different compartments that it is made up of can easily be adjusted to the needs and wishes of another user, without losing its quality. There are many vertical and horizontal visual connections made throughout the school. The children can move easily within the school. In the autumn, spring and summertime, they can use the outer classrooms on the terraces. School support for refugee students The classrooms inside the building can be opened up fully and easily connected to the central corridor space, which is large and spacious. This corridor space can also be used by the school for other activities. This school takes a non-traditional approach to organising its classes, giving the users the possibility to connect their classes with one other, or alternatively close the classrooms off completely should the school's learning programme require it. Environmental issues regarding nature and society are taught at this school, so that all children take on a future responsibility regarding the environment, and can in turn pass this knowledge on to their parents. Lessons at this school are completely digital and the building itself is highly sustainable. Think about your own school’s sustainable practices. In what ways could you improve your environmental impact? Which things are you already doing well? The architects on this project used the concept of a flock of birds to predict the movement of children through the building. How easily do students move between spaces in your school? Is this something you consider when timetabling lessons or activities?
Premium Essay Social Psychology Difinition In: Philosophy and Psychology Submitted By ldewolf78 Words 787 Pages 4 Social Psychology Definition Lynett DeWolf PSY/400 Social Psychology Leslie Binnix April 17, 2013 There are many different fields of psychology. This paper will review the definition of social psychology and that the main focus is an individual within a group or other social setting. This paper will also review the differences between social psychology, clinical psychology, general psychology and sociology psychology as well as the importance of research within the social psychology field. Social Psychology Social psychology is the study of human behavior in a social setting. Thought, feeling and behaviors are studied and how a person in either influenced or how they influence social settings. Social psychology studies how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by the actual presence of others, imagined presence of others and or the implied presence of others (Allport, 1935). There are three parts to social psychology, one part being how people think about themselves, other people, personal beliefs, judgments and attitudes. The second part is the culture where a person lives, political and professional groups a person belongs to, religious group, family and friends is what creates the social influence for a person (Myers, 2010). The third part is how people relate to each other when it comes to intimacy, attraction, aggression and social prejudice (Myers, 2010). How social psychology differs from other disciplines The difference between social psychology and general psychology is that social psychology studies how a person behaves in different social settings. General psychology involves a little of all theories such as social psychology, cognitive, clinical and evolutionary. Clinical psychology focuses on treating just that individual and the way their own mind works. Clinical psychologists help people to learn and understand how... Similar Documents Premium Essay Ruka Hua Faisla ...Group Dynamics in Ek Ruka Hua Faisla A switch from 11-1 to 0-12 is very rare in real life juries, but Ek Ruka Hua Faisla very convincingly depicts the switch. It achieves this by staying true to the realities of group dynamics. Once the objective of the group is established, they start with a vote based on individual decisions. Tough, the vote is 11-1 in favor of Guilty, not everyone votes immediately. Some of the members look around before raising their hands – and, as it turns out, these are the first to switch their votes. Those on the fence probably vote believing that the truth is with the majority, the old man is the last to raise his hand – probably to avoid being an odd one out – and is first to switch his opinion, that for a very weak reason i.e. to support the Devil's Advocate and no real persuasion is needed. It is interesting to note that the first change in stated position happens during a secret vote. Anonymous ballet is one of the best ways to break conformity, as the pressure to agree with the majority group is reduced. As is seen, the group starts attacking the person they wrongly consider 'deserter' – a display of invulnerability. This is also shown when the adman says that “lets convince him that he is wrong and we are right”. The first “talk” by the architect tries to break the illusion of morality that comes with dominating majority, and a belief that the truth is on their side. The majority group talks with a belief that there is no doubt...... Words: 762 - Pages: 4 Free Essay Cognitive Dissonance ...Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Consistency, the absence of contradictions, has sometimes been called the hallmark of ethics. Ethics is supposed to provide an individual with a guide for moral living, and to do so it must be rational, and to be rational it must be free of contradictions. When consistency and ethics are compromised, this is known as cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger shared his brilliance with the world when he created the Cognitive Dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors (McLeod, 2008). Cognitive dissonance produces an uncomfortable tension of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. Situation In the United States, over two-thirds of the workers who call in sick are not physically ill (Perman, 2011). So why do employees jeopardize his or her job? A survey performed in 2007 found that absences were divided between personal issues, family issues, mental entitlement, and stress (Wolter Kluwer Law & Business, 2007). Employees are asked to give 110% to his or her employment and yet most supervisors and coworkers cannot empathize with personal and family issues. An employee may need an hour or two for a doctor appointment or to take a parent to an appointment. Perhaps there is a school function that a single parent would like...... Words: 1491 - Pages: 6 Premium Essay Teams and Individuals ...Managing the Work of Teams and Individuals Thomas Wingham 8th December 2011 Contents * Introduction * Groupthink * Causes * Remedies * General Group Problem Solving (GGPS) Model * Risky Shift Phenomenon * Causes * Remedies * Conclusion * Recommendations * Reference List * Appendices Introduction In this report there will be an evaluation of Groupthink. Janis eight causes of Groupthink and what the remedies are. Aldag and Fuller’s model of groupthink and how it is different from Janis’s model. There will also be an evaluation of Risky Shift Phenomenon, this will include the causes and the remedies of Risky Shift Phenomenon. Groupthink Irving Janis says Groupthink occurs when “a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”” (Janis, pg 9.) Groupthink - Causes According to Janis there are eight causes of Groupthink. Illusion of invulnerability; creates too much confidence that encourages extreme risks. Collective rationalization; members warned about something but do not take any notice. Belief in inherent morality; members believe in their goal and ignore all moral consequences. Stereotyped views of out-groups; negative views of enemy make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary. Direct pressure on dissenters; members cannot argue with group views without being under pressure. Self-censorship;...... Words: 1761 - Pages: 8 Premium Essay Altruism and Prosocial Behavior ...because I know money will be offered and the money was my motive for mowing the lawn. An egoistic person motives involve an ultimate goal of self benefit. Anything one does as an egoistic person is geared toward self benefit, even though the act may be thought of as a caring act. The bystander effect is an overall tendency to watch while someone needs help. There are five steps to helping (Feenstra, 2011). First step is to know an emergency is happening. Secondly, one must notice and interpret that an emergency as occurred. Step 2 is interpreting an event as an emergency. Step 3 is to take responsibility for helping. Step 4 is deciding how you can help. Step 5 is deciding to help. References Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to Social Psychology.... Words: 327 - Pages: 2 Free Essay ...ATTITUDE Introduction Attitude refers to a learned tendency to evaluate things in a special ways which may include evaluation of people, issues, object, or event. The evaluation can be positive or negative and can be uncertain at times. Researcher who took a more behavioural stance define attitude as predisposition to respond consistently in a positive or negative way to some person, object, or situation. Psychologist are in a better position to meet the goals of psychology (describe, explain, predict and influence) when they know the attitude of people. COMPONENT OF ATTITUDE Attitude have been seen as having three dimensions which include A. Cognitive: this represents belief, thought and expectation held about the object of ones attitude. B. Affective or emotional: this reflects feelings or emotional reactions. And can also said to be part of an attitude encompassing how one feels about the object of one attitude. C. Behavioural: this is the predisposition towards actions based on a particular attitude or to act in a way that is relevant to ones attitude. Let see how these three components works together. For example an attitude towards eating caterpillars is said to be unhealthy or likely to do you harm or at any rate the sort of things of things which will make you appear abnormal to others. The effective component will be feelings of disgust or nausea at the thought of eating the things and the behavioural component would be how likely you would be actually... Words: 1244 - Pages: 5 Premium Essay Group Interaction Articles ...GROUP INTERACTION JOURNAL ARTICLES Compiled by Lawrence R. Frey University of Colorado at Boulder Aamodt, M. G., & Kimbrough, W. W. (1982). Effects of group heterogeneity on quality of task solutions. Psychological Review, 50, 171-174. Abbey, D. S. (1982). Conflict in unstructured groups: An explanation from control-theory. Psychological Reports, 51, 177-178. Abele, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768-776. Abele, A., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Petzold, P. (1998). Positive mood and in-group—out-group differentiation in a minimal group setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1343-1357. Aberson, C. L., Healy, M., & Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173. Abougendia, M., Joyce, A. S., Piper, W. E., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2004). Alliance as a mediator of expectancy effects in short-term group psychotherapy. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8, 3-12. Abraham, A. (1973a). Group tensions as measured by configurations of different self and transself aspects. Group Process, 5, 71-89. Abraham, A. (1973b). A model for exploring intra and interindividual processes in groups. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 23, 3-22. Abraham, A. (1974-1975). Processes in groups. Bulletin de Psychogie, 28, 746-758. Abraham, A., Geffroy, Y., &...... Words: 146784 - Pages: 588 Premium Essay ...1) Discuss the social identity issues present in the case Social Identity theory basically is a theory that explains self-concept (what a person thinks about themself and how they analyze themselves) to be a combination of personal identity – their unique characteristics and social identity – their membership in different social groups. There are numerous Social Identity issues in the case. Firstly, Catherine’s father is an accountant which is one of the factors that she chooses to be an accountant as well. Another identity is that she is studying and graduating from Flagship University while getting good grades and being involved in “highly regarded” student clubs. Individuals tend to identify with groups that have high status since it enables them to have higher self-enhancement (the view of being successful, competent and valued). LJI is another big social identity for Catherine. The prestigious reputation coupled with elegant offices allows her to leverage the Company as an identity for herself. Catherine’s social identity is also shaped by the professional appearance of other employees in the office. Her involvement in baseball, soccer and picnics with the Company further solidifies this identity. She also joins AICPA and other professional organizations in order to be associated with individuals similar to her. Her social identity is further enhanced when people in these professional organizations are impressed by the fact that she works for LJI. This...... Words: 1027 - Pages: 5 Premium Essay Appendix B ...University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Part I Define the following terms: \|Term \|Definition \| \|Stereotypes \|unreliable, exaggerated generalizations \| \| \|about all members of a group that do \| \| \|not take individual differences into \| \| \|account \| \|Prejudice \|a negative attitude toward an entire \| \| \|category of people, such as a racial or \| \| \|ethnic minority \| \|Labeling theory \|through negative stereotypes has strong implications for \| \| \|the self-fulfilling prophecy. \| Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or...... Words: 542 - Pages: 3 Premium Essay ...that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact Mon Jun 4 10:59:06 2007 Academy of Management Revlew 1993 Vol 18 No 2 293 321 TOWARD A THEORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CREATIVITY RICHARD W. WOODMAN T e x a s A&M University JOHN E. SAWYER University of Delaware RICKY W. GRIFFIN T e x a s A&M University In this article w e develop a theoretical framework for understanding creativity in complex social settings. We define organizational creativity a s the creation of a valuable. useful new product. service. idea. procedure. or process by individuals working together in a complex social system. The... Words: 13430 - Pages: 54 Premium Essay Bystander Effect ...Psy 110 - Asynchronous The Bystander Effect If you saw someone being attacked on the street, would you help? Many of us would quickly say yes we would help because to state the opposite would say that we are evil human beings. Much research has been done on why people choose to help and why others choose not to. The bystander effect states that the more bystanders present, the less likely it is for someone to help. Sometimes a bystander will assume that because no one else seems concerned, they shouldn't be (Senghas, 2007). Much of the research that has been done supports this definition of the bystander effect. There have also been recent situations where this effect has proven to be true. Early research of the bystander effect was done by researchers by the name of Latane’ and Darley. They studied a group of college students. The college students watched strangers on video tapes observing how they respond to someone who is choking. To my surprise they found that when the strangers thought they were the only one around 85% of them helped. When the strangers thought that there was one other person 65% of them helped. Only 31% of the strangers helped when they thought that four other people were around (Senghas, 2007). As astonishing as this research is we witness this type of disregard for other citizens everyday. A famous true story that showcases how people will ignore someone in need is the story of Kitty...... Words: 1300 - Pages: 6 Premium Essay Social Thinking and Influence ...discusses social thinking and social influence. A summary of the main points in the chapter how group membership affects an individual, how being social influences how we think about ourselves and others, what attitudes are and how they are acquired, persuasion and cognitive dissonance, social influence and power, mere presence, conformity, compliance, obedience, brainwashing and self assertion. Social thinking and social influence is something that we are all affected by whether we realize it or not and many of the concepts that shed light on this subject are quite interesting. We are all born into an organized society and thus we all belong to some sort of social group. Within that group we all have certain social roles we play. Some of these roles we take on voluntarily and some involuntarily. Role conflicts sometimes take place when our roles conflict with one another, such as a police officer having to arrest an acquaintance. Structure and cohesion are two important dimensions to any group. Every group whether formal or informal has a sort of structure, the group cohesiveness determines the attraction to stay in the group. People mainly identify with their in groups, and cohesiveness is especially strong in these in groups. There are many factors that determine our in groups, such as age, race, religion, income etc… Then there are our out groups, which are groups we do not identify with. The position a person has within these social...... Words: 1786 - Pages: 8 Premium Essay Talking to the Enemy ...Psych 253 Book Review: Talking to the Enemy Richard Marion In his book Talking to the Enemy (2010), Scott Atran uses his experiences in the countries often perceived as the origin of most global terrorist actions against the United States combined with scientific proof from a wide variety of sources to argue for new methods of understanding and stopping terrorism as it exists today. Though many examples and analyses of terrorist acts are examined in the book along with many different explanations for the social and psychological mechanisms that may cause them, one of the central ideas is the power of social bonds to drive people to commit actions that they never would have considered alone. This paper will analyze Atran's argument as it is supported by social psychology, and in particular specific research that was used in the writing of the book itself. Atran states that “to kill and die with friends... almost invariably involves deep love of one's group” (p. 317) and goes on to say that having no empathy towards other groups allows this to happen. His own work in Radical Madrasas in Southeast Asia (Atran, Ginges, Magouirk, 2008) supports his claim by showing that when students viewed someone as being outside of their group and incapable of becoming a member of their group, they were much more likely to support violence against that person. This was shown by interviewing the students in regards to whether they believed that people were “born evil but learn to become...... Words: 1924 - Pages: 8 Premium Essay ...Work-place bullying Bill Langley Strayer University Work-place bullying is primarily conceptualized in the literature from an individual or interpersonal perspective with a focus on the victim. The impact of the broader organizational context on bullying has also been considered to a lesser extent. Only a small amount of research exists, however, regarding the group-level processes that impact on the incidence and maintenance of bullying behavior. We adopt a group level perspective to theoretically discuss and explain the processes involved in the occurrence and maintenance of work-place bullying behaviors. Using Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) and Social Rules Theory (Argyle, Henderson, & Furnham, 1985), two conceptual frameworks are presented that consider work-place bullying at the intra-group and inter-group levels. Several propositions are put forward regarding the likelihood of bullying in work groups. Suggested directions for empirical research are addressed and practical implications are also discussed. Compared with a more individual focus, effective formal work groups have the potential to offer a range of benefits to organizations, including positive impacts on attitudinal, Behavioral, operational, and financial outputs (Delarue, Van Hootegem, Proctor, & Burridge, 2008). Informal groups (i.e., alliances not represented in the formal structure) is also an important part of the organizational landscape (Hutchinson,... Words: 1004 - Pages: 5 Premium Essay Social Norms ...Violating Social Norms I. Social Norm Violated Society today is shaped by norms and customs that we as humans abide by. Many norms are followed without opinion or realization that it is being done. Norms are unwritten but traditionally followed. One norm that is an understood rule is how one should behave in an elevator. For instance, it is proper to face front, stand with a respectable distance away from the person next to you, to look forward, and not stare. Being polite is acceptable with a greeting or so but normally that is all. I violated this norm by standing very closely to people as they entered the elevator and uncomfortably staring at them, I also faced the back of the elevator and sang loudly. That one was easiest for me because I didn’t really have to look at the person the entire time but the consequence was I did not get to fully visualize their reaction. II. Reaction of Others When a social norm is broken people may respond with alarm, humor, fear, irritation, or an array of other emotions. When you think of a norm, you are probably thinking about being normal. But in psychology terms, norm means, a standard or representative value for a group. The norm that is more universal to people is social norm. Meaning expectations about what behavior, thoughts or feelings are appropriate within a given group within a given context. While I violated the social norm of elevator etiquette, I had a few different reactions. I first faced the back of the...... Words: 1335 - Pages: 6 Premium Essay Week 2 Appendix B ...University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Part I Define the following terms: \|Term \|Definition \| \|Stereotypes \|unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual \| \| \|differences into account \| \|Prejudice \|a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority \| \|Labeling theory \|a sociological approach introduced by Howard Becker that attempts to explain why certain people are \| \| \|viewed as deviants and others engaging in the same behavior are not \| Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: • Race • Ethnicity • Religion • Gender • Sexual orientation • Age • Disability \|Category \|Stereotype 1 \|Stereotype 2 \|Stereotype 3 \| \|Ethnicity \|Whites are uncaring \|Blacks are superstitions \|Hispanics are all illegal aliens\| \|Religion \|Jews are Christ killers \|Christians are...... 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Self-Guided Tour: Autumn 2020 Plants, Myths, Legends and Superstitions Submitted by: Vivien Clarke, VanDusen Volunteer Guide Plants have been associated with legends, myths, and superstitions since human beings have tried to understand the world around them. Many a garden may contain flora that was significant in the plant lore of our ancestors. The battle between good and evil was very real to them and plants were ascribed very powerful attributes. With Hallowe’en around the corner, we still find fascinating what our ancestors found frightening. This self-guided tour will take you to some examples of these plants. And don’t worry. No ghosts or spirits will be hiding along the way. That we know of at least! To begin, walk across the Plaza towards Livingstone Lake, take the steps or the ramp down on your right and take the path on your left leading past the two wooden sculptures and along the lake. At the water’s edge stands a large multi-trunked red alder (Alnus rubra). Alders have had sinister powers attributed to them, perhaps because they can grow where other trees struggle. Or maybe it’s because the sap can turn blood red when the bark is cut. However, they actually enrich the soil and reduce pollution, both of which are redeeming features. Continue along the path until it ends at a view of Cypress Pond. Take a few steps to your left to a bay tree (Laurus nobilis) on your right. Did you know that planting a bay tree near your home might protect it from lightning and the evil power of witches? Very handy at this time of year. Close to the bay tree is a strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), also named Cain-apple because its small round fruits resemble the drops of bloodshed by Cain’s brother Abel, who became the first person murdered in the Bible – by Cain, no less. Now retrace your steps and continue past the bench area and along the path skirting Cypress Pond until you come to a black elder (Sambucus nigra) at the water’s edge. There are several stories associated with black elder. It is believed that Christ’s cross was made of elder. And it was once thought that Judas Iscariot hanged himself from an elder. This makes it a tree you do not wish to have near your house unless you situate it near your doorway to keep out witches. Otherwise, all occupants can expect ill-health. And to prevent a baby from becoming sick, do not place it in a cradle made of elder. Matter of fact, one shouldn’t cut or even prune it without apologizing. By no means bring any cut elder into the house unless you want bad luck. The only time it would be appropriate to remove a sprig would be to place it in a coffin to protect the spirit of the dead. Until well into the nineteenth century, drivers of horse-drawn hearses carried a whip with an elder wood handle for the same reason. On a positive note, consider enjoying a glass of elder wine before bedtime! When you come to a crossroads, turn left and walk down the path leading to the Floating Bridge. Cross the bridge and note the American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) on your right. “Liquid amber” refers to a gum called styrax or storax, used in the ancient world for perfumes and incense. It was probably the substance Moses was told by God to burn at the altar. It actually came, however, from an unrelated Middle Eastern tree called Styrax officinalis. Scenting the air was also thought to counteract dangerous airborne particles and holding perfumed gloves before your face in the 16th Century was believed to shield you from the plague. Now follow the pond edge to your left until you reach the single Turkish hazel or filbert (Corylus colurna). In England, on Nutcrack night (Hallowe’en) people harvested and ate nuts from the hazel tree, a ritual accompanied by fortune-telling. Understandably the nuts were also associated with fertility. A good nut crop foretold a bumper crop of babies in the coming year! And keeping a double nut in your pocket might ward off toothache. And, of course, you could always use hazel wands for divination. Take the mulch path close-by and follow it keeping left until you come to a paved pathway. Turn right and walk to some lavender (Lavandula) close to the pathway. Planting this can apparently protect you from both witches and “the evil eye”. So, is its lovely fragrance camouflage or part of its power? Turn left and follow the path leading through the Southern Hemisphere Garden, turn right at the stone wall and follow the path down to the Zig-Zag Bridge. On your right at the top of the planting bed is a spiky monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana). Pass by this tree very quietly; otherwise your talking might result in three years of bad luck! And if you see one planted by a cemetery, look up into the spiny branches to see if the Devil is hiding there to spy on a funeral. Continue over the bridge and walk up the slight incline. Turn right at the crossroads ahead and walk through the Grotto. Once in the Heather Garden stay on the left path. Ahead on your left are some striking Himalayan white birches (Betula utilis var. jacquemontii). The European version of this tree was associated with superstition, particularly in Scotland. If you have a baby, you may want to pay attention. Fairies are always on the lookout for an unprotected baby so that they can steal the child and replace it with one of their own children – a changeling. To protect your baby from such a fate, place protective birch branches over its cradle. In both the Old and New Worlds birch bark itself was thought to have magical properties and was used to make cradles to protect infants. On New Year’s Eve, you might try sweeping the old year out with a birch twig broom in preparation for a prosperous new year. As you cross the stone bridge, notice another hazel on your left, this one a contorted hazel (Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’), also called Harry Lauder’s walking stick after the singer who carried a twisted cane while he entertained soldiers during the two world wars. Turn right and continue on the paved path past the alien-looking snakebranch spruce (Picea abies ‘Virgata’) until you come to grassed areas. On the left hand side are a group of ash trees (Fraxinus). Ash trees can grow tall and have deep roots, making them perfect sacred trees, with their crowns touching heaven and their roots, the underworld. Yggdrasil, the Norse Tree of Life, was traditionally an ash tree. Communication between the two worlds was facilitated by a squirrel running up and down the tree! The Norse god Odin created the first man from an ash tree. (In case you are interested, woman was created from an elm.) Among the magical properties associated with ashes is their supposed ability to repel snakes. Ash leaves apparently cure snakebites (when mixed with a “pleasant white wine”). Further along, you will see a group of berry-laden mountain ashes (Sorbus) or rowan trees. In Europe, rowan trees were important to the ancient Celts, who hung twigs over their doorways to keep away the spirits of the dead. Hundreds of years later it was considered a protection against evil spirits and on Hallowe’en, people carried rowan springs around with them. Please retrace your steps now and return to where you exited the Heather Garden. Walk straight ahead to the crossroads and to the left edge of the Perennial Garden. Here you will find an Irish yew hedge (Taxus baccata ‘Fastigiata’) creating a clipped, formal back-drop for the plants displayed here on the left hand side. Yew hedges have been associated with death and funerals for a long time. Mourners in funeral processions customarily carried yew boughs to the grave and left them there. Bringing them home was believed to result in death among the family by that year’s end. As you face the Perennial Garden, turn left and continue along the paved path leading to the rose gardens. Pass the Laburnum Walk and Heritage Rose Garden area and walk through the stone archway leading into the Formal Rose Garden. Keep left and walk towards the stone steps. You may pass the silver-leafed and stalked mullein plant (Verbascum), or what remains of it, leaning out over the wall just past the archway. Apparently mullein stalks were soaked in tallow and used by witches to light their Black Sabbats, such as Hallowe’en, when they worshipped the devil. That is why mullein stalks are still referred to as witches’ tapers. Now turn left, walk to the end of the path and turn right. Stay on this path a little ways until you come to an hawthorn (Crataegus) on your left which should be full of berries. Hawthorns, like the English hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata ‘Autumn Glory’) were believed to be often planted by fairies, so treat them with respect. Do not damage or cut these trees. Otherwise, you may experience barrenness, serious illness or even death when the fairies work their revenge on you. Treat them right and hawthorns will guarantee good crops and even protect against lightning and black magic. Hawthorns are also one of the trees associated with Christ’s crown of thorns. This led sailors to carry hawthorn branches on board for protection. One such ship was the Mayflower. Watch for and enter a mulch path branching off toward the left. The small Glastonbury thorn (Crataegus monogyna ‘Biflora’) on your right is a cultivar of the common hawthorn. Legend has it that Joseph of Arimathaea (who had buried Jesus in his own intended tomb) came to Britain to found a church. As he sat to rest, he stuck his staff into the ground, and despite the fact it was winter, it burst into flower. He then built Glastonbury Abbey on the site. Take the pathway on your right heading through the grasses and with a view of Livingstone Lake on your left. Turn left at the paved pathway, walk past the Jade Fountain and cross over the bridge. On your right, just past the bridge leading to the Plaza, on a slight rise of the garden bed, you will see a Garry oak (Quercus garryana), native to southeastern Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. The English oak (Quercus robur) was revered by the ancient Druids who believed it provided protection and should never be cut. Otherwise, punishment by fire or sickness would result. The oak was also thought to help to foretell the future. For example, finding an ant inside an acorn would predict a good grain crop in the coming year. Finding a spider presaged pestilence, a fly, wars and a small worm, plenty in the coming year. You are now back at the Visitor Centre. We hope that you have enjoyed your tour through a portion of our 55 acre Garden. As Hallowe’en approaches, you may look at the plants around you from a different perspective. We may think that science has won over superstition, but those myths, legends and stories still spark our imagination. And maybe you will take a second look at that acorn you pick up next time!
Chimney Swifts winter in the Amazon Basin of Peru Chimney Swifts winter in the Amazon Basin of Peru. They arrive in the continental United States in late March and are gone by early November. Nesting begins in May and can continue into August, with the female laying three to five eggs in a nest glued together with saliva and attached to the inside wall of a chimney. Eggs begin to hatch 18-19 days later. Eyes open around 15-17 days after hatching. The birds fledge around 30 days after hatching, leaving the nest for their first flight. They will hang around the area for a few days before eventually migrating south in the fall. Swifts used to build their nests inside hollow or dead trees. They eventually adapted to urbanization and began utilizing chimneys. Chimney Swifts are protected under the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which prohibits the removal or destruction of a nest once eggs have been laid. This includes nests in chimneys. Professional Chimney Sweeps should be aware of these prohibitions and the fact that anyone who knowingly destroys birds or nests that might contain eggs or young birds can be fined or penalized. People are often confused about whether or not they have Swifts or bats in their chimney. The best way to tell is by watching at dusk. If the animals are flying out of your chimney around dusk, they are bats. If they are flying into your chimney at that time, they are Swifts. If your chimney is in need of cleaning, the best time to have it done is before May or after September. Before hiring a Chimney Sweep, make sure they are familiar with the Federal laws concerning Swifts and the nesting months. Additionally, if you want to prevent Swifts from nesting in your chimney, have your chimney capped. This is especially important if your chimney is lined with metal because Swifts and other animals cannot grip the slippery surface and may fall into the fireplace. Written by Carolyn Wilder. Carolyn is president of Wildlife Rescue League (WRL) as well as a volunteer on WRL’s helpline and a presenter to community groups and schools. Carolyn began her involvement with WRL in 2008 as a transporter while transitioning from a career as an attorney. Now retired, Carolyn devotes most of her time to WRL activities. Sign up for Nutley News Wildlife Rescue League - Viriginia Wildlife Helpline 703-440-0800 Share This
Click flashcard terms on the left to see their definitions. High Scores Match Game Times Share This List All terms in this list: ventral: On the front side of the human body dorsal: With respect to, or concerning the side in which the backbone is located. distal: Remote from the point of attachment or origin; as, the distal end of a bone or muscle. proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or observation. coronal: plane cephalic: Of or referring to the head; headlike caudal: Pertaining to the tail or posterior or hind part of a body. medial: Pertaining to the inside; closer to the midline. cranial cavity: within the skull, protects the brain spinal cavity: located in the spinal column, protects the spinal cord homeostasis: The ability of a system or living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium. thoracic cavity: also the chest cavity, protects the heart and lungs diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. abdominal cavity: contains the major organs of digestion, referred to simply as the abdomen. pelvic cavity: contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems. RUQ: right upper quadrant RLQ: right lower quadrant hypochondriac: located on the sides and covered by the lower ribs. (below the ribs) epigastric: located above the stomach hist/o: tissue lip/o: fat (liposuction) thoracic: chest region lumbar: loin or flank region between the ribs and the hip bones. sacral: immediately above the coccyx. coccygeal: relating to the coccyx cervical: neck region auricular region: around the ears axillary: armpits buccal: cheeks of the face clavicular: on each side of the sternum (breast bone) mammary: breast area orbital: around the eyes Friends with BookmarkOS Definitions from Wiktionary under the GNU FDL. Sentences copyrighted by their respective publishers. terms of service privacy policy
Environ Monit Assess, 2015 Feb;187(2):1. PMID: 25600401 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4167-x In recent times, surface water resource in the Western Region of Ghana has been found to be inadequate in supply and polluted by various anthropogenic activities. As a result of these problems, the demand for groundwater by the human populations in the peri-urban communities for domestic, municipal and irrigation purposes has increased without prior knowledge of its water quality. Water samples were collected from 14 public hand-dug wells during the rainy season in 2013 and investigated for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and physicochemical parameters. Multivariate statistical analysis of the dataset and a linear stoichiometric plot of major ions were applied to group the water samples and to identify the main factors and sources of contamination. Hierarchal cluster analysis revealed four clusters from the hydrochemical variables (R-mode) and three clusters in the case of water samples (Q-mode) after z score standardization. Principal component analysis after a varimax rotation of the dataset indicated that the four factors extracted explained 93.3 % of the total variance, which highlighted salinity, toxic elements and hardness pollution as the dominant factors affecting groundwater quality. Cation exchange, mineral dissolution and silicate weathering influenced groundwater quality. The ranking order of major ions was Na(+) > Ca(2+) > K(+) > Mg(2+) and Cl(-) > SO4 (2-) > HCO3 (-). Based on piper plot and the hydrogeology of the study area, sodium chloride (86 %), sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate (14 %) water types were identified. Although E. coli were absent in the water samples, 36 % of the wells contained total coliforms (Enterobacter species) which exceeded the WHO guidelines limit of zero colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mL of drinking water. With the exception of Hg, the concentration of As and Cd in 79 and 43 % of the water samples exceeded the WHO guideline limits of 10 and 3 μg/L for drinking water, respectively. Reported values in some areas in Nigeria, Malaysia and USA indicated that the maximum concentration of Cd was low and As was high in this study. Health risk assessment of Cd, As and Hg based on average daily dose, hazard quotient and cancer risk was determined. In conclusion, multiple natural processes and anthropogenic activities from non-point sources contributed significantly to groundwater salinization, hardness, toxic element and microbiological contamination of the study area. The outcome of this study can be used as a baseline data to prioritize areas for future sustainable development of public wells.
11th December 2019 Can you hurt your muscles and how? Furthermore, what do bones and muscles do for an athlete? Muscles are attached by the tendons to bones on either side of a joint. Most muscles only work across one joint of the body. Some muscles work across two joints, such as the hamstrings, which work across the hip and knee joints. Movement is caused by muscles pulling on a bone. How do muscles help you move? What attaches muscle to muscle? Write Your Answer 4.7 / 5 based on 3 votes. Press Ctrl + D to add this site to your favorites!
Join our community of 30,000+ investors! Close Popup Icon How to Teach Your Kids About Investing November 17, 2020 If you’ve recently started learning about personal finance, you may be feeling some regret at not knowing about investing and saving earlier. That’s why teaching kids about investing basics at a young age can be so impactful. It can set them up years ahead of their peers and give them opportunities that might otherwise not be possible. Even just the understanding of concepts like investing, compounding returns, savings accounts, and IRAs can go a long way in preparing children for the future. 1. Start with spending and earning basics While you could always open up a savings account and save for your kids on your own, it might be better to spend some time teaching them how to save their money and helping them grow their savings on their own terms. Start by helping them understand the value of a dollar. Practical lessons are always best, so you could start by giving them pocket money for the chores they complete or for doing well in school. If you don’t want to start with pocket money for chores, you could also use gifts, birthday, and holiday money to teach them about finances. Most children develop an understanding of money and expenses by the time they’re 10 years old. Once they have this basic understanding, it’ll be easier for them to grasp investing concepts. 2. Gamify the learning process Kids today have more ways to learn than ever before. Games, both digital and offline, are a great way to solidify a concept. Patience is an integral part of investing in the stock market and can be taught using an old game. Tell your child they can have a piece of candy at lunch time, or if they wait until after dinner, they can receive two pieces of candy. Most of the time the child will opt for instant gratification, but over time can be taught to appreciate the value of waiting until later. One of the best ways we’ve seen of parents teaching their kids about investing is from Shark Tank Entrepreneur, Kevin O’ Leary. According to CNBC, O’Leary bought a glass piggy bank (so that his kids could see inside) and added a few pennies each night while they slept. “The idea was that they would wake up and see there was more there. That was for them to understand the concept of compounded interest…They understood it really early on and now they’re pretty good investors…They understand the idea that money makes money. And, when you spend it you kill that money.” The point was to show that socking away money and putting it toward an investment that grows can have long term benefits — rather than only seeing the short-term benefits of spending. 3. Use kid-friendly resources To be quite honest, we spent an inordinate amount of time looking over these colorful and engaging resources that teach children and teenagers how to invest. Some of our favorites: 4. Involve children in the decision-making process A fun exercise to do with kids and teenagers is to explore investing options as a family. Ask kids what products and services they like and have them articulate why they’d like to own a tiny portion of the company as a stock. Together, look at the stock’s performance (a simple time-series chart may be enough) and discuss if they’d still like to invest in the company. Encourage them to think about factors like the environment, the company’s social work and treatment of employees when deciding about whether or not to invest. If you open a practice account for investing, encourage the child to review their ‘portfolio’ with you monthly. Even if they lose pretend money, it can be a great opportunity to teach them about patience and time in the market. 5. Make it a habit The best lessons are the ones that become habits. When kids earn or receive money, encourage them to save and invest a portion of it. One way to do so easily is to teach the child to divide the money into 3 portions: one for spending, one for investing, and one for donating. This will help them build good financial habits early on and encourage a broader view of the uses of money. It can be difficult to teach children about the value of money, especially now that the days of piggy banks and spare change are long gone. We hope that this article gives you some new, engaging and innovative ways to teach your children about how to succeed financially. No matter which games, books, and apps you pick, the education you are providing them will be key to prepare them for adult life. Want to generate your own wealth with DiversyFund? Get Started Sign up for investment updates, articles, & exclusive offers
URL path: Index page // Chlamydia trachomatis, Antibodies IgA Chlamydia trachomatis, Antibodies IgA Includes 1 test Serum Chlamydia serological screening is used for the laboratory diagnosis of all infections by these microorganisms. More information The life cycle of chlamydia can be divided into two distinct phases: an extracellular phase, in which they do not proliferate and are infectious, and a mandatory intracellular phase, during which they multiply and are non-infectious. The infectious form, or elementary particle, adheres to the cell membrane and enters the cell through a phagosome. Upon entry into the cells, the elemental particle is reorganized into lattice particles (forming inclusions) and their proliferation begins. After 18 to 24 hours, the reticulates are concentrated to form the reticulates. These new elemental particles are released, starting a new cycle of infection. Chlamydia trachomatis are pathogenic microorganisms that affect humans exclusively. They cause the following diseases: Trachoma: It is a follicular corneal conjunctivitis. The disease occurs in all climates, although it is more common in warmer and less developed countries. It is estimated that 400 million people are suffering from chronic infection (they are carriers) and that it has caused blindness in 6 million. The micro-organism is transmitted directly and indirectly through everyday objects. If left untreated, the initial acute inflammation can last for years, lasting months or even years, leading to scarring of the cornea and which can then lead to blindness. Inclusion conjunctivitis: It is an acute, purulent conjunctivitis that can affect newborns, children and adults (pool conjunctivitis). Newborns are infected at birth by the pathogenic microorganisms present in the cervix. If left untreated, it can progress as a trauma does, producing scarring in the cornea. Urogenital Infections: Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for 30-60% of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) cases in men. Microorganisms are transmitted by sexual intercourse. Possible complications of the disease in men include prostatitis and epididymitis. In women Chlamydia trachomatis can cause cervicitis, urethritis, proctitis, endometritis, salpingitis etc. Massive perinatal infection of the newborn can lead to interstitial Chlamydial pneumonia. Venereal lymphococcosis: This venereal disease is often found in warm climatic zones. Initially, a herpetic lesion develops at the point of invasion of the microorganisms in the genital area, which then becomes ulcerated with concomitant lymphadenitis. Important Note Additional information Tests includedIncludes 1 test Sample Blood Procedure completion test Step 1 Book an appointment and buy the test online Step 2 Step 3 Receiving the test results Share it
By the time the trekkers got to Kamloops In April of 1935 they left their miserable camps and made their way to Vancouver. The camps had been set up in the middle of nowhere. Young men worked in the military-run camps for 20 cents a day under deplorable conditions in dead-end jobs with no end in sight. Canada’s History Magazine The camps were designed to harsh. Prime Minister Bennett had reluctantly set them up as a concession to the unemployed victims of the Great Depression. He was opposed to anything that looked like a handout, including even the appalling camps. He told a labour delegation in 1930: “Never will I or any government of which I am part put a premium on idles or put our people on the dole (Canada’s History magazine, August-September, 2016).” The camps didn’t have to be that way, says historian Bill Waiser of the University of Saskatchewan. “In contrast to the American Civil Conservation Corps, a popular federal work-for-relief program across the border, the make-work projects and isolating conditions of the Canadian relief camps aggravated the gloom of the men who were in them.” About fifteen hundred desperate men arrived in Vancouver and were warmly received. Huge public rallies and parades were held. On Mother’s Day in Stanley Park, three hundred women circled the men in the shape of a heart. As is typical, provincial and federal governments wrangled over who was responsible for the men. Finally the men decided to take matters into their own hands and trek to Ottawa aboard boxcars. About one thousand left Vancouver in June of 1935. Governments made no attempt to stop them –convinced that the trekker’s tenacity would dissolve in the cold trip through the mountains. By the time the trekkers got to Kamloops they were cold, hungry and dispirited. Unlike Vancouver, no warm reception awaited them. Nothing had been done to prepare for their arrival: Mayor W. J. Moffatt and the chief of police flatly refused requests for help. Kamloops had problems of its own with hordes of desperate, unemployed men in formal camps and informal “hobo jungles” says Mary Balf, former curator of the Kamloops Museum, in her book Kamloops 1914-1945. In one case, on May 1, 1931, men flocked into the city to complain about the poor conditions in these camps. Police closed the bridge from North Kamloops to limit the numbers. “The work camps continued rather haphazardly until the summer of 1936,” says Balf, “but never really worked well. . . frequently they were so badly managed that even the promised wages were not forthcoming.” After 300 men joined the trekkers from Kamloops, they were revitalized. As word of the trekkers spread, they were soon regarded as folk heroes. Washtubs of stew awaited them when they arrived in Golden in June. Calgary citizens were struck by the youthful innocence of the men. More men joined the trek in Alberta but not my father. He was in a camp in Jasper at the time building the national park. He never told me about the camp conditions in Jasper. Perhaps he preferred to forget the depression and the stigma of unemployment. Perhaps, like some of the projects in the U.S., the building of parks gave purpose to his work. As the popularity of the heroic trekkers grew, the federal government began to worry that they might actually get to Ottawa. By the time they got to Regina, the feds decided they would go no further. On Dominion Day in 1935, Regina police and RCMP raided a rally attended by thousands of trekkers and supporters. A riot ensued with hundreds of injuries and two deaths. The trek ended but not without a cost to the feds. In October of 1935, Bennett’s government was defeated. A year later the camps were closed down. Uber Apploitation When I fly to Los Angles next week, I was going to take an Uber taxi. Now I’m not so sure after reading Andrew Callaway’s article in the CCPA Monitor. George, 35, protests with other commercial drivers with the app-based, ride-sharing company Uber against working conditions outside the company's office in Santa Monica, California June 24, 2014. REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson (UNITED STATES - Tags: BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT TRANSPORT CIVIL UNREST) - RTR3VKJ9 George, 35, protests with other commercial drivers with the app-based, ride-sharing company Uber against working conditions outside the company’s office in Santa Monica, California June 24, 2014. REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson “Oh, Canada! I’m writing you from Berkeley, California to warn you about this thing called ‘the sharing economy.’ Since no one is really sharing anything, many of us prefer the term “the exploitation economy,” . . . Whatever you want to call it, the basic idea is that customers can outsource all the work or chores they don’t want to do to somebody else in their area.” Since phone apps can be used to order just about anything you want from groceries and restaurant food to laundry pickup and house cleaning, the exploitation economy might be better labelled as the “apploitation economy.” On the surface, the sharing economy seems ideal. Independent workers can pick up jobs whenever and wherever they want. But dig deeper and you find that drivers are not so independent. They certainly are not employees. If they were employees, they would receive fixed wages and benefits, deductions for employment insurance, Canada Pension Plan, and taxes. If Uber drivers were truly independent, they could control their rates and conditions of work. Callaway soon found out some of the drawbacks when he worked for a company similar to Uber called Lyft. He found out that, without warning, ride-sharing companies will lower drive wages. By the time drivers notice the cut, they have invested in cars and are stuck in the job. Ride-sharing companies are careful not to send drivers to pick up specific passengers because that would make them employees. Instead, drivers are given red zones which supposedly indicate where passengers will likely be. But by the time that other drivers move to the zones, the likelihood is reduced. It’s inefficient for the drivers but avoids the company’s responsibility. If drivers don’t like the arrangement, why do it? “Realistically, people aren’t driving around strangers because they love it. The most common defence of the sharing economy I hear is, ‘if it’s so bad, why are so many people doing it?’ Many do it out of desperation. I’ve talked to a number of drivers who will work over 30 hours every weekend in addition to a full-time job just to have enough money to pay rent and take care of their kids.” And if drivers like conditions so much, why do they want to organize unions to protect themselves? Seattle City Council recently approved a bill that would allow drivers for ride-sharing apps to form unions. The vote is a victory for the App-Based Drivers Association (ABDA) of Seattle, an organization of on-demand contract workers that lobbied for the legislation. Union organizers in California have said that the Seattle vote could influence actions taken in their own cities. Ottawa recently joined Edmonton as the second Canadian city to legalize Uber. The move will put pressure on others. Canadian cities need to pay attention to the American experience and get ride-sharing right by easing restrictions on taxis and reducing apploitation. If Uber really wants to provide a useful service, it needs to treat drivers fairly by allowing greater rate control and working conditions.
World Languages • Name: Title: Classroom Sites: Phone: Jason Fritz TEACHER - SPANISH 701-323-4800 Send E-Mail Laine Martinez TEACHER - SPANISH 701-323-4800 Send E-Mail Mary Ann Crow TEACHER - GERMAN German Blog 701-323-4800 Send E-Mail Valerie Kling TEACHER - FRENCH 701-323-4800 Send E-Mail The goal of the World Language program is to prepare students to communicate effectively with speakers of a different language. Why is learning another language essential for Bismarck students? It is important to prepare our students for success in a rapidly changing world where language and communication with other cultures is essential. World language study brings many academic and cognitive benefits to students. It has been shown to positively affect standardized test scores, such as the SAT and ACT. Learning another language strengthens critical-thinking and problem-solving skills. Finally, world language study enhances students’ respect for and raises awareness of other cultures, as well as providing a competitive edge in career and personal life. It is strongly recommended that all students in the Bismarck School District study a world language. Students should study one world language, for four consecutive years, as length of study is the most important factor in becoming a proficient communicator. Most colleges and universities require at least two consecutive years of study of one world language. Competitive schools often require three or four years. Several years of world language study gives students a competitive edge in college admissions. Levels II, III and IV of each language have a prerequisite (check course description). The upper level classes (III/IV) in each discipline could be combined depending on enrollment.
How Do Frog Eggs Change? Can frog pee make a dog sick? Most toads and frogs secrete a substance through their skin that is either incredibly foul tasting (which could cause your dog to foam or leave a bad taste in their mouths), or highly toxic. These chemicals that are highly toxic will be quickly absorbed through your dog’s mouth, nose, and eyes. How do frogs release urine? Plant thorns, spiny insects and even radio transmitters don’t stick around for long inside tree frogs. Researchers have discovered that these amphibians can absorb foreign objects from their body cavities into their bladders and excrete them through urination. How Do Frog Eggs Change – Related Questions What are the symptoms of toad poisoning in dogs? Vomiting and diarrhea are common. Signs typically progress rapidly to include stumbling, tremors, seizures, abnormal eye movements, difficulty breathing, increased or decreased heart rate and abnormal heart rhythms. Without rapid treatment, death may occur. Do frogs have teeth? What happens if you touch a poisonous frog? Most poison frog species are considered toxic but not deadly. The poison in their skin can cause swelling, nausea, and paralysis if touched or eaten without necessarily being fatal. Which is poisonous frog or toad? A big difference between frogs and toads is that all toads are poisonous, while frogs are not. Toads have parotoid glands behind their eyes that secrete toxins. These toxins permeate their skin, so you can come into contact with them if you pick them up, according to the Conserve Wildlife Federation of New Jersey. Why do frogs scream when touched? Frogs scream when you touch them out of fright. Frogs scream when they perceive danger and are not trying to attract a mate, as some believe. When you touch a frog, it no longer feels safe. Thus, it emits a high pitched screech that sounds like the high scream of a very small child. Do frogs Have kidneys? The kidneys of a frog, like many other animals, filter the blood and excretes excess water. The ureters then carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Do frogs have a bladder? But now researchers from Charles Darwin University in the Northern Territory have found that frog bladders can hold another, even more bizarre surprise. “The bladder of frogs appears to be a unique pathway of expulsion of foreign objects from the body,” says Tracy. What happens if you lick a cane toad? Can a dog get sick from licking a toad? To make up for their slow escape, many toads are toxic. That means that if your pup eats, licks, or chews on a toad, it is potentially at risk for toad poisoning. 1 While some toads simply taste bad, other toads are potentially lethal to your pup. How do you treat a poisoned dog at home? Why is my dog mouth foaming after licking a frog? Does toad have poison? Can humans get bacterial infections from dogs? Can humans get STDs from animals? STIs in animals What disease can you get from a dog licking you? Some bacteria in dogs’ mouths are zoonotic, meaning the animals can pass them to humans and cause disease. Some common zoonotic bacteria include clostridium, E. coli, salmonella and campylobacter, which can cause severe gastrointestinal disease in humans, said Dr. Do frogs fart? Frogs. Frogs are another species whose farting status is uncertain. For one thing, their sphincter muscles aren’t very strong, so any gas escaping their rear end may not cause enough vibration to be audible. Do frogs have feelings? Weighing less than one ounce, the common toad can experience feelings, hard as it may be to believe. I have been keeping toads for seventeen years and have long suspected that toads experience feelings of sadness and compassion. What is the biggest frog on Earth? The species name, ampinga, means “shield.” The largest living frog today is the goliath frog of West Africa, which attains lengths of 12.5 inches and weights of 7.2 pounds. How does a poisonous frog poison you? They are only dangerous if they bite you, injecting their venom into your bloodstream. The golden poison frog has no such limitations. It keeps its poison in glands beneath its skin, so any reckless human taking a bite would be in trouble immediately. The poison is called batrachotoxin. Who eats poison dart frogs? Due to their toxicity, poison dart frogs have only one natural predator — the Leimadophis epinephelus, a species of snake that has developed a resistance to their venom. Far more detrimental to the species is the destruction of their habitat.
Why is Manhattan Called an Island? Why is Manhattan Called an Island? The reasons for considering Manhattan an island are small connected islands & rivers around it. These islands and water sources are as follow with their connection to Manhattan. Why is Manhattan Called an Island? Manhattan is known as an island due to the water in its surrounding. Water Rivers and other islands cover Manhattan in all directions. Any place of land that surrounds by water from all sides is known as an island. Few people mix the peninsulas with islands, but there is a vast difference. You can never say that Manhattan is a peninsula because the Peninsulas have water in only one to two directions. The small islands and rivers cover Manhattan and connect with them. Why is Manhattan Called an Island? Manhattan is an island in New York City that includes the small islands in its surroundings, and they are known as Roosevelt Island, Ellis Island, Liberty Island, Governors Island, Randall island. Few rivers surround Manhattan Island in various directions, and the rivers henry Hudson connects from its lower part. The east river connects to the east side of Manhattan. The Roosevelt Island The Roosevelt Island connects to Manhattan on the upper side of the East. It associates with Manhattan in the form of bridges and other pathways. Roosevelt Island is tiny, but it is directly associated with this place. It is a hidden gem that allows transportation from Roosevelt Island to Manhattan within minutes. It is an island that is present in the middle area of the East River. The East river surrounds Manhattan undoubtedly. It comes in the East direction, and water flows in the eastern direction around this place. There is a driveway that connects Roosevelt Island with Manhattan but in the East direction. It is the only possible driving passage between two islands. There is an Ariel tramway system that connects this place with Roosevelt Island since 1970. It is 2 miles long, and the water is crystal clear. The Roosevelt Island is approximately 799 miles wider. Ellis Island Ellis Island is part of three oyster islands and one of the busiest islands of all. It connects this place from the upper side and present in the North position. It is the form of C and initially, and it separated into three small islands. At some points, Ellis Island connects to the lower areas of this place. It offers an appealing and nearer view of the statue of liberty. Ellis Island associates itself one mile with the southwest area of Manhattan. It also connects with New Jersey in 1300 miles away distance. It is a vast land area with multiple fields and woody structures. It was only 2-3 acres, but now it reached up to 26-27 acres. It is one of the beautiful Islands and famous for all possible reasons. It comprises many buildings and visiting places. Liberty Island Liberty Island is an island that is under the control of the Federal government. It a vast Island, and it comprises approximately 12-13 acres. It provides an accurate site of the statue of liberty. This Liberty Island remains surrounded by crystal water sources. The government decided the separation of this Island from Ellis Island. It has its separated significance presently. The landmark authorities covered the natural areas of Liberty Island. It is not a piece of Earth in which human skill is involved. The human community is only involved in the separation of land. The water of this Liberty Island is pure, and the government considers it an essential piece of land. Few people call Liberty Island Liberty land. It is due to the prominence and excellent facilities like access to the statue of liberty. Governors Island Governors Island is a piece of land that comprises 171-172 acres. The water of Governors Island exhibits all the essential qualities of purity and excellence. Governors Island is approximately 800 yards lower than this place. The connection makes it strongly associated with the New York areas. It is a unique Island with various facilities. The Governors Island has many properties that enhance its popularity. The authorities allow the artist festivals on this Governors Island. People consider it a place of recreation, and many folks from New York City join these festivals. It is an Island for the public, and it has many cultural colors of arts. The Governors Island has a dog rescue team that saves stray dogs all over New York City and Islands. The governor’s Island is an oasis for staying with family and enjoys the beautiful sites. There are beautiful sceneries with all the facilities. The Governors Island includes parks and cultural places. A person visits such lands when the authorities allow the entrance of the public. People all across the country come and visit this enchanting Governors Island. Randall Island It joins the borough of Manhattan with different rivers. The Randall Island exists in conjugation with Wards Island. It is one of the largest Islands because it comprises more than one piece of land. The average area of a Randall Island is approximately up to 500 – 520 acres. There is a water treatment plant on this Island. The Plant increases the significance of a Randall Island more than any other Island. The Island comprises hospital facilities with the best medical treatments. The surrounding of Randall Island comprises all the greenery and wood structures. There are bridges in Randall Island that helps to connect with other boroughs. There is one vast gate of Randall Island. The name of the specific gate is Hell Gate. It is a separation between Randall Island and Wards Island. The gate’s ending area opens in the Rivers, and these rivers links with Manhattan on the East sides. The sight of these Islands is eye captivating, and people visit them for their appealing faculties. The authorities provide security and all other recreational facilities. Rivers surrounding and connecting with Manhattan Three rivers surround and connect with Manhattan. The rivers enhance the beauty of this island with their beautiful appearance. The connections are fascinating in their zones. East river The east river is a separating river. It helps in the separation of Queens and Manhattan. The East River carries out this function through a tidal process. It joins the upper side of Manhattan. The East river surrounds this place in the depth pattern. The East River connects with Manhattan in the downward direction. It joins the three bottom levels with this island. The tidal waves increases in depth and intensity, and water travel in the East direction. The whole river flow in the same direction and the water keeps producing waves. The ranges differ from time to time, and it reaches its maximum rate. The average tidal and depth capacity is up to 23 – 24 feet deep down the ocean. The East River has one of the highest depths of rivers. The river moves deep down up to 179 – 181 feet, and it is a dangerous depth. It is a harmful depth rate, and it surrounds the Hell Gate. The separation becomes significant due to the approach to Hell Gate. The water is crystal clear, and it is safe from toxic substances. The surface and depth of water remain clear all the time, and authorities loom after the maintenance. The government allows the top swimmers to take a dip in the East River. Hudson River The Hudson River surrounds Manhattan in the form of a cover. The water source travels in the depth around the Island. It is approximately two feet above the level of the sea. The tides of the Hudson River are high. They can reach up to 3 – 4 feet in their tiding time. Few oceans are at the rare coast of Manhattan. These oceans allow the mixing of fresh and salty water together. The Hudson River mix in such oceans, and they travel in the surrounding of New York’s boroughs. The Hudson River flows through a valley. It reaches the Bay of New York boroughs. The river moves in the shape of a tidal estuary. The estuary helps in the separation of Manhattan from New Jersey and its surroundings. The water of the Hudson River is clear, but it contains contagious substances. It is not advisable to take a dip or swim in the water. The water is deep in this river, and it covers Manhattan by moving in the depth. The surrounding remains safe with the preventive measures. The government and authority keep a check and balance on the boundaries of the river. Harlem River The Harlem River surrounds one of the parts of Northern Manhattan. The Harlem River joins Manhattan through the tidal process. It is a separating river like the Hudson River. It separates Manhattan from Bronx boroughs. There are three water bodies of this river, it travels approximately 7 – 8 miles. It flows between the Hudson River and the East River. There is a land of New York City. The Harlem River moves up to the main piece of land. The separation of Manhattan and Bronx occurs at this point. It is an industrial river, and the government recognizes it for its fundamental properties. It flows in its direction and falls in the other two rovers that surround this place. Is Manhattan is a man-made island? Some parts of Manhattan Island involve human skills. The internal structure and all their properties are natural. The small surrounding Islands and rivers hide for a long time. Few discovering men announced these places as Islands and rivers due to appropriate qualities. Manhattan is a man-made island in some ways, but it has a natural impact as well. The inventors constructed bridges to connect the rivers with this place. It turned the boroughs into an island. There is a vital role of human skills in building and maintaining Manhattan Island. Related Articles: What is the Hess Triangle in NYC? Who landed two planes on the streets of New York City? How are Manhattan streets numbered? Why is Manhattan Beach in Brooklyn?
Home » Evolutionary Psychology Category Archives: Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Psychology Does Not Explain Differences Between Rightists and Leftists 2000 words Unless you’ve been living under a rock since the new year, you have heard of the “coup attempt” at the Capitol building on Wednesday, January 6th. Upset at the fact that the election was “stolen” from Trump, his supporters showed up at the building and rushed it, causing mass chaos. But, why did they do this? Why the violence when they did not get their way in a fair election? Well, Michael Ryan, author of The Genetics of Political Behavior: How Evolutionary Psychology Explains Ideology (2020) has the answer—what he terms “rightists” and “leftists” evolved at two different times in our evolutionary history which, then, explains the trait differences between the two political parties. This article will review part of the book—the evolutionary sections (chapters 1-3). EP and ideology Explaining why individuals who call themselves “rightists and leftists” behave and act differently than the other is Ryan’s goal. He argues, at length, that the two parties have two different personality profiles. This, he claims, is due to the fact that the ancestors of rightists and leftists evolved at two different times in human history. He calls this “Trump Island” and “Obama Island”—apt names, especially due to what occurred last week. Ryan claims that what makes Trump different from, say, Obama, is that his ancestors evolved at a different place in a different time compared to Obama’s ancestors. He further claims using the Stanford Prison Experiment that “we may not all be capable of becoming Nazis, after all. Just some, and conservatives especially so” (pg 12). In the first chapter he begins with the usual adaptationism that Evolutionary Psychologists use. Reading between the lines in his implicit claims, he is arguing that “rightists and leftists” are natural kinds—that is, they are two different kinds of people. He explains some personality differences between rightists and leftists and then says that such trait differences are “rooted in biology and governed by genes” (pg 17). Ryan then makes a strong adaptationist claim—that traits are due to adaptation to the environment (pg 17). What makes you and I different from Trump, he claims, is that our ancestors and his ancestors evolved in different places at different times where different traits would be imperative to survival. So, over time, different traits got selected-for in these two populations leading to the trait differences we see today. So each environment led to the fixation of different adaptive traits which explains the differences we see today between the two parties, he claims. Ryan then shifts from the evolution of personality differences to… The evolution of the beaks of Darwin’s finches and Tibetan adaptation to high-altitude living (pg 18), as if the evolution of physical traits is anything like the evolution of psychological traits. His folly is assuming that these physical traits can then be likened to personality/mental traits. The ancestors of rightists and leftists, like Darwin’s finches Ryan claims, evolved on different islands in different moments of evolutionary time. They evolved different brains and different adaptive behaviors on the basis of the evolution of those different brains. Trump’s ancestors were authoritarian, and this island occurred early in human history “which accounts for why Trump’s behavior seems so archaic at times” (pg 18). The different traits that leftists show in comparison to rightists is due to the fact that their island came at a different point in evolutionary time—it was not recent in comparison to the so-called archaic dominance behavior portrayed by Trump and other rightists. Ryan says that Obama Island was more crowded than Trump Island where, instead of scowling, they smiled which “forges links with others and fosters reciprocity” (pg 19). So due to environmental adversity, they had a more densely populated “island”—in this novel situation, compared to the more “archaic” earlier time—the small bands needed to cooperate, rather than fight with each other, to survive. So this, according to Ryan, explains why studies show more smiling behavior in leftists compared to rightists. Some of our ancestors evolved traits such as cooperativeness the aided the survival of all even though not everyone acquired the trait … Eventually a new genotype or subpopulation emerged. Leftist traits became a permanent feature of our genome—in some at least. (pg 19-20) So the argument goes: Differences between rightists and leftists show us that the two did not evolve at the same points in time since they show different traits today. Different traits were adaptive at different points in time, some more archaic, some more modern. Since Trump Island came first in our evolutionary history, those whose ancestors evolved there show more archaic behavior. Since Obama Island came first, they show newer, more modern behaviors. Due to environmental uncertainty, those on Obama Island had to cooperate with each other. The trait differences between these two subpopulations were selected for in their environment that they evolved in, which is why they are different today. Now today, this led to the “arguing over the future direction of our species. This is the origin of human politics” (pg 20). Models of evolution Ryan then discusses four models of evolution: (1) the standard model, where “natural selection” is the main driver of evolutionary change; (2) epigenetic models like Jablonka’s and Lamb’s (2005) in Evolution in Four Dimensions; (3) where behavioral changes change genes; and (4) where organisms have phenotypic plasticity and is a way for the organism to respond to sudden environmental changes. “Leftists and rightists“, writes Ryan, “are distinguished by their own versions of phenotypic plasticity. They change behavior more readily than rightists in response to changing environmental signals” (pg 29-30). In perhaps the most outlandish part of the book, Ryan articulates one of my now-favorite just-so stories. The passage is worth quoting in-full: Our direct ancestor Homo erectus endured for two million years before going extinct 400,000 years ago when earth temperatures dropped far below the norm. Descendants of erectus survived till as recently as 14,000 years ago in Asia. The round head and shovel-shaped teeth of some Asians, including Vladimir Putin, are an erectile legacy. Archeologists believe erectus was a mix of Ted Bundy and Adolf Hitler. Surviving skulls point to a life of constant violence and routine killing. Erectile skulls are thick like a turtle’s, and the brow’s are ridged for protection from potentially fatal blows. Erectus’ life was precarious and violent. To survive, it had to evolve traits such as vigilant fearfulness, prejudice against outsiders, bonding with kin allies, callousness toward victims, and a penchant for inflexible habits of life that were known to guarantee safety. It had to be conservative. 34 Archeologists suggest that some of our most characteristic conservative emotions such as nationalism and xenophobia were forged at the time of Homo erectus. 35 (pg 33-34) It is clear that Ryan is arguing that rightists have more erectus-like traits whereas leftists have more modern, Sapiens traits. “The contemporary coexistence of a population with more “modern” traits and a population with more “archaic” traits came into being” (pg 37). He is implicitly assuming that the two “populations” he discusses are natural kinds and with his “modern” “archaic” distinction (see Crisp and Cook 2005 who argue against a form of this distinction) he is also implying that there is a sort of “progress” to evolution. Twin studies, it is claimed, show “one’s genetically informed psychological disposition” (Hatemi et al, 2014); they “suggest that leftists and rightists are born not made” while a so-called “consensus has emerged amongst scientists: political behavior is genetically controlled and heritable” (pg 43). But, Beckway and Morris (2008), Charney (2008), and Joseph (2009; 2013) argue that twin studies can do no such thing due to the violation of the equal environments assumption (Joseph, 2014; Joseph et al, 2015). Thus, Ryan’s claims of the “genetic origins” of political behavior rest on studies that cannot prove or disprove “genetic causation” (Shulitziner, 2017)—but since the EEA is false we must discount “genetic causation” for psychological traits, not least because it is impossible for genes to cause/influence psychological traits (see argument (iii)). The arguments he provides are a form of inference to best explanation (IBE) (Smith, 2016). However, this is how just-so stories are created: the conclusion is already in mind, and then the story is crafted using “natural selection” to explain how a trait came to fixation and why it currently exists today. The whole book is full of such adaptive stories. Claiming that we have the current traits we do in the distributions they are in in the “populations” because they were, at a certain point in our evolutionary history, adaptive which then led to the individuals with those traits passing on more of their genes, eventually leading to trait fixation. (See Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini, 2010). Ryan makes such outlandish claims such as “Rightists are more likely than leftists to keep their desks neat. If in the distant past you knew exactly where the weapons were, you could find them quickly and react to danger more effectively. 26” (pg 45). He talks about how “time-consuming and effort-demanding accuracy of perception [were] more characteristic of leftist cognitionleftist cognition is more reflective” while “rightist cognition is intuitive rather than reflective” (pg 47). Rightists being more likely to endorse the status quo, he claims, is “an adaptive trait when scarce resources made energy management essential to getting by” (pg 48) Rightist language, he argues, uses more nouns since they are “more concrete, an anxious personalities prefer concrete to abstract language because it favors categorial rigidity and guarantees greater certainty” while leftists “use words that suggest anxiety, anger, threats, certainty, resistance to change, power, security, and conformity” (pg 49). There is “a connection between archaic physiology and rightist moral ideology” (pg 52). Certain traits that leftists have were “adaptive traits [that] were suited to later stage human evolution” (pg 53). Ryan just cites studies that show differences between rightists and leftists and then uses some great leaps and mental gymnastics to try to mold the findings as being due to evolution in the two different time periods he describes in chapter 1 (Trump and Obama Island). I have not read one page in this book that does not have some kind of adaptive just-so story attempting to explain certain traits/behaviors between rightists and leftists in evolutionary terms. Ryan uses the same kind of “reasoning” that Evolutionary Psychologists use—have your conclusion in mind first and then craft an adaptive story to explain why the traits you see today are there. Ryan outright says that “[t]raits are the result of adaptation to the environment” (pg 17), which is a rare—strong adaptationist—claim to make. His book ticks off all of the usual EP things: strong adaptationism, just-so storytelling, the claim that traits were selected-for due to their contribution in certain environments at different points in time. The strong adaptationist claims, for example, are where he says that erectus’ large brow “are rigid for protection from potentially fatal blows” (pg 34). Such strong adaptationist claims imply that Ryan believes that all traits are the result of adaptation and that they, as a result, are still here today because they all serve a function in our evolutionary past. His arguments are, for the most part, all evolutionary and follow the same kinds of patterns that the usual EP arguments do (see Smith, 2016 for an explication of just-so stories and what constitutes them). Due to the problems with evolutionary psychology, his adaptive claims should be ignored. The arguments that Ryan provides are not scientific and, although they give off a veneer of being scientific by invoking “natural selection” and adaptationism, they are anything but. It is just a long-winded explanation for how and why rightists and leftists—liberals and conservatives—are different and why they cannot change, since these differences are “encoded” into our genome. The implicit claim of the book, then, that rightists and leftists are two different—natural—kinds, lies on the false bed of EP and, therefore, the arguments provided in the book fail to sway anyone that does not believe such fantastic storytelling masquerading as science. While he does discuss other evolutionary theories, such as epigenetic ones from Jablonka and Lamb (2005), the book is largely strongly adaptationist using “natural selection” to explain why we still have the traits we do in different “populations” today. Just-so Stories: Mass Killings 2000 words Mass shootings occur about every 12.5 days (Meindl and Ivy, 2017) and so, figuring out why this is the case is of utmost importance. There are, of course, complex and multi-factorial reasons why people turn to mass killing, with popular fixes being to change the environment and attempt to identify at-risk individuals before they carry out such heinous acts. Just-so stories take many forms—why men have beards, human fear of snakes and spiders, why men have bald heads, why humans have big brains, why certain genes are in different populations in different frequencies, etc. The trait/genes that influence the trait are said to be fitness-enhancing and therefore selected-for—they become “naturally selected” (see Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini, 2010, 2011) and fixated in that species. Mass shootings are becoming more frequent and deadlier in America; is there any evolutionary rationale behind this? Don’t worry, the just-so storytellers are here to tell us why these sorts of actions are and have been prevalent in society. The end result is a highly provocative interpretation of combining theories of human nature and evolutionary psychology. Additionally, community development and connectedness are described as evolved behaviors that help provide opportunities for individuals to engage and support each other in a conflicted society. In sum, this manuscript helps piece together centuries old [sic] theories describing human nature with current views addressing natural selection and adaptive behaviors that helped shape the good that we know in each person as well as the potential destruction that we seem to tragically be witnessing with increasing frequency. At the time of this manuscript publication yet another mass campus shooting had occurred at Umpqua Community College (near Roseburg, Orgeon). (Hoffman, 2015: 3-4, Philosophical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology) It seems that Hoffman (a psychology professor at Metropolitan State University) is implying that such actions like “mass campus shootings” are a part of “the potential destruction that we seem to tragically be witnessing with increasing frequency.” Hoffman (2015: 175) speaks of “genetic skills” and that just “because an individual has the genetic skills to be an athlete, artist, or auto-mechanic does not mean that ipso facto it will happen—what actually defines the outcomes of a specific human behavior is a very complex social and environmental process.” So, at least, Hoffman seems to understand (and endorse) the GxE/DST view. There are more formal presentations that such actions are “based on an evolutionary compulsion to take action against a perceived threat to their status as males, which may pose a serious threat to their viability as mates and to their ultimate survival” (Muscoreil, 2015). (Let’s hope they stayed an undergrad.) Muscoreil (2015) claims that such are due to status-seeking—to take action against other males that they perceive to be a threat to their social status and reproductive success. Of course, killing off the competition would have that individual’s genes spread through the population more, therefore increasing the frequency of those traits in the population if they happen to have more children (so the just-so story goes). Though, the storytellers are hopeful: Muscoreil (2015) proposes to be ready to work toward “peace and healing” whereas Hoffman (2015: 176) proposes that we should work on cooperation, which was evolutionarily adaptive, and so “communities not only have the capacity but also more importantly an obligation to create specific environments that stimulates and nurture cooperative relationships, such as the development of community service activities and civic engagement opportunities.” So it seems that these authors aren’t so doom-and-gloom—through community outreach, we can come together and attempt to decrease these kinds of crimes that have been on the rise since 1999. There is a paraphilia called “hybristophilia” in which a woman gets sexually aroused at the thought of being cheated on, or even the thought of her partner committing heinous crimes such as rape and murder. Some women are even attracted to serial killers, and they tend to be in their 40s and 50s—through the killer, it is said, the woman gains a sense of status in her head. Two kinds of women who fall for serial killers exist: those who think they can “change” the killer and those who are attracted through news headlines on the killer’s actions. While others say lonely women who want attention will write serial killers since they are more likely to write back. This is, clearly, pointing to an innate evolutionary drive for women to be attracted to the killer, so they can feel more protected—even if they are not physically with them. Of course, if there were no guns there would still (theoretically) be mass killings, as anything and everything can be used as a weapon to cause harm to another (which is why this is about mass killings and not mass murders). So, evolutionary psychologists note that a certain action is still prevalent (the fact that autogenic massacre exists) and attempt to explain it in a way only they can—through the tried and tested just-so story method. Klinesmith et al (2006) showed that men who interacted with a gun showed subsequent increases in testosterone levels compared to those who tinkered with the board game Mouse Trap. Those who had access to the gun showed greater increases in testosterone and thus added more hot sauce to the water. They conclude that “exposure to guns may increase later interpersonal aggression, but further demonstrates that, at least for males, it does so in part by increasing testosterone levels” (Klinesmith et al, 2006: 570). And so, due to this, guns may increase aggressive behavior due to an increase in testosterone. This study has the usual pitfalls—small sample (n=30), college-age (younger means more aggressive, on average) and so cannot be generalized. But the idea is out there: Holding a gun has a man feel more powerful and dominant, and so, their testosterone levels increase BUT! the testosterone increase would not be driving the cause. It has even been said that mass shooters are “low dominance losers”. Lack of attention would lead to decreased social status which means fewer women would be willing to talk with the guy which makes the guy think that his access to women is decreasing due to his lack of social status and, when he gets access to a weapon, his testosterone increases as he can then give in to his evolutionary compulsions and therefore increase his virality and access to mates. Elliot Rodger is one of these types. Killing six people because he was shunned and had no social life—he wanted to punish the women who rejected him and the men who he envied. Being inter-racial himself, he described his hatred for inter-racial couples and couples in general (he himself was half white and half Asian), the fact that he could never get a girlfriend, and the conflicts that occurred in his family. Of course, all of his life experiences coalesced into the actions he decided to undertake that day—and to the evolutionary psychologist, it is all understandable through an evolutionary lens. He could not get women and was jealous of the men who could get women, so why not attempt to take some of them out and get his “retributive justice” he so yearned for? Evolutionary psychology explains his and similar actions. (VanGeem, 2009 espouses similar ideas.) These ideas on evolutionary psychology and mass killings can even be extended to terrorism and mass killings—as I myself (stupidly) have written on (see Rushton, 2005). He uses his (refuted) genetic similarity theory (GST; an extension of kin selection and Dawkins’ selfish gene theory) to show why suicide bombers are motivated to kill. Genes … typically only whisper their wishes rather than shout” (Rushton, 2005: 502). Note the Dawkins-like wording. Rushton, wisely, cautions in his conclusion that his genetic similarity theory is only one of many reasons why things like this occur and that causation is complex and multi-factorial—right, nice cover. To Rushton, the suicide bomber is taking an action in order to ensure that those more closely relate to them (their family and their ethnic group as a whole) survive and propagate more of their genes, increasing the selfishness and ethnocentrism of that ethnic group. Note how Rushton, despite his protestations to the contrary, is trying to ‘rationalize’ racism and ethnocentric behavior as being ‘in the genes’ with the selfish genes having the ‘vehicle’ behave more selfishly in order to increase the frequencies of the copies of itself that are found in co-ethnics. (See Noble, 2011 for a refutation of Dawkins’ theory.) Ethnic nationalism, genocide, and genocide are the “dark side to altruism”, states Rushton (2005: 504), and this altruistic behavior, in principle, could show why Arabs commit their suicide bombings and similar attacks. Jetter and Walker (2018) show that “news coverage is suggested to cause approximately three mass shootings in the following week, which would explain 58 percent of all mass shootings in our sample” looking at ABC News Tonight coverage between the time period of Januray 1, 2013 to June 23, 2016. Others have also suggested that such a “media contagion” effect exists in regard to mass shootings (Towers et al, 2015; Johnston and Joy, 2016; Meindl and Ivy, 2017; Lee, 2018; Pescara-Kovach et al, 2019). The idea of such a “media contagion” makes sense: If one is already harboring ideas of attempting a mass killing, seeing them occur in their own country by people around their own ages may have them think “I can do that, too.” And so, this could be one of the reasons for the increase in such attacks—the sensationalist media constantly covering the events and blasting the name of the perpetrator all over the airwaves. Though, contrary to popular belief, the race of a mass shooter is not more likely to be white—he is more likely to be Asian. Between 1982 and 2013, out of the last 20 mass killings of the time period, 45 percent (9) were comitted by non-whites. Asians, being 6 percent of the US population, were 15 percent of the killers within the last 31 years. So, regarding population size, Asians commit the most mass shootings, not whites. (See also Mass Shootings by Race; they have up-to-date numbers.) Chen et al (2015) showed that: being exposed to a Korean American rampage shooter in the media and perceiving race as a cause for this violence was positively associated with negative beliefs and social distance toward Korean American men. Whereas prompting White-respondents to subtype the Korean-exemplar helped White-respondents adjust their negative beliefs about Korean American men according to their attribution of the shooting to mental illness, it did not eliminate the effect of racial attribution on negative beliefs and social distance Mass shooters who were Asian or another non-white minority got a lot more attention and receieved longer stories than those of white shooters. “While the two most covered shootings are perpetrated by whites (Sandy Hook and the 2011 shooting of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords in Tucson, Arizona), both an Asian and Middle Eastern shooter garnered considerable attention in The Times” (Schildkraut, Elsass, and Meredith, 2016). Although Hoffman (2015) and Muscoreil (2015) state that we should look to the community to ensure that individuals are not socially isolated so that these kinds of things may be prevented, there is still no way to predict who a mass shooter would be. Others propose that, due to the high increase of school shootings, steps should be taken to evaluate the mental health of at-risk students (Paoloni, 2015; see alsoKnoll and Annas, 2016.) and attempt to stop these kinds of things before they happen. Mental illness cannot predict mass shootings (Leshner, 2019), but “evolutionary psychologists” cannot either. We did not need the just-so storytelling of Rushton, Hoffman, and Muscoreil to explain why mass killers still exist—the solutions to such killings put forth by Hoffman and Muscoreil are fine, but we did not need just-so story ‘reasoning’ to come to that conclusion. Christianity and Sociobiology: Synthesizing Just-so Stories 1600 words The story of Adam and Eve is critical to Christian thought. For many Christians, the story tells us how and why we fell from God’s grace and moved away from Him. Some Christians are Biblical literalists—they believe that the events in the Bible truly happened as described. Other Christians attempt to combine Christianity with ‘science’ in an attempt to explain the natural world. In the book Doing Without Adam and Eve: Sociobiology and Original Sin, Williams (2000) argues that Adam and Eve are symbolic figures and that they did not exist. But suppose, as many Christians now do, that Adam and Eve are simply symbolic figures in an imaginary garden rather than the cause of all our woe. Suppose further that the idea od “the fall” from grace is not in Scripture? Does this destroy Christian theology? This book says no. This book says that doing without Adam and Eve while drawing on sociobiology improves Christian theology and helps us understand the origin and persistance of our own sinfulness. (Williams, 2000: 10) How ironic is it for just-so storytellers to combine their doctrine with another doctrine of just-so stories? The Christian Bible is chock-full of just-so stories purporting to show the origin of how and why we do certain things. Stories such as those in the Christian Bible do serve a purpose—which explain why they are still told and why there are still so many believers today. In any case, Williams (2000) is replacing one way of storytelling with another: the combination of the doctrine of Christianity along with Sociobiology (SB), attempting to use ‘science’ to lend an air of respectability to Christian thought. How ironic that Christian storytelling would be combined with another form of storytelling—one masquerading as science? SB was the precursor to what is now known as ‘Evolutionary Psychology’ (EP) (see Buller, 2005; Wallace, 2010). There, we see that what amounts to just-so stories today has its beginnings in E. O. Wilson’s (1975) book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Sociobiology is premised on the claim that both social and individual behaviors can become objects of selection which then become fixated as species-typical behaviors. SB, then, was crafted to explain human nature and how and why we behave the way we do today. If certain genes cause or influence certain behaviors and these behaviors increase group fitness, then the behavior in question will persist since it increases group fitness. I have no qualms with the group selection claim (I think it is underappreciated, see Sterelny and Griffiths, 1999). But note that SB, like its cousin EP, attempts to explain the evolution of human behavior through Darwinian natural selection. But the problems with the assumption that traits persist because they are selected-for their contribution to fitness has already been shown to be highly flawed and wanting by Fodor (2008) and Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini (2010; 2011). In a nutshell, if a behavior is correlated (coextensive) with another behavior (or a gene that causes/influences a behavior is coextensive with another that causes/influences a different behavior) that is not fitness-enhancing then selection has no way of knowing which of the correlated traits influences fitness and so, since both traits are selected, there is no fact of the matter (when it comes to evolution) about why a trait was selected-for. There can be to us humans, as we can attempt to find out which trait is fitness-enhancing and which takes a free-ride—but for our conception of ‘natural selection’, it cannot distinguish between the cause and the correlate since there is no mind doing the selecting nor laws of selection for trait fixation which hold in all ecologies. In any case, even if we assume that natural selection is an explanatory mechanism, the Sociobiologist/Evolutionary Psychologist would still have a hard time explaining how and why humans behave the way they do (note that behavior is distinct from action in that behavior is dispositional and actions are intentional) as Hull (1986) notes. In fact, Hull has a very simple argument showing that if one believes in evolution, then they should not believe in a ‘human nature’: If species are the things that evolve at least in large part through the action of natural selection, then both genetic and phenotypic variability are essential to biological species. If all species are variable, then Homo sapiens must be variable. Hence, it is very unlikely that the human species as a biological species can be characterized by a set of invariable traits. This does not stop Sociobiologists/Evolutionary Psychologists, though, from attempting to carry out their framework premised under untenable assumptions (that traits can be ‘selected-for’ and that natural selection can explain trait fixation). This shows, though, that even accepting the Darwinian claims, they do not lead to the conclusion that Darwinists would like. To explain human nature through scientific principles is the aim of SB/EP. Indeed, it was what E. O. Wilson wanted to do when he attempted his new synthesis. Though, Dorothy Nelkin—in the book Alas, Poor Darwin: Arguments Against Evolutionary Psychology (Rose and Rose, 2001)—has pointed out that Wilson was a religious man in his early years. This may have influenced his views on everything, from genetics to evolution. When Harvard University entomologist Edward O. Wilson first learned about evolution, he experienced, in his words, an ‘epiphany’. He describes the experience: ‘Suddenly — that is not too strong a word — I saw the world in a wholly new way … A tumbler fell somewhere in my mind, and a door opened to a new world. I was enthralled, couldn’t stop thinking about the implications evolution has … for just about everything.’ Wilson, who was raised as a southern Baptist, believes in the power of revelation. Though he drifted away from the church, he maintained his religious feeling. ‘Perhaps science is a continuation on new and better tested ground to attain the same end. If so, then, in that sense science is religion liberated and writ large.’ (Nelkin, 2001) The Sociobiological enterprise, though, was further kicked-off by Richard Dawkins’ publication of The Selfish Gene just one year after Wilson published Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. This is when such storytelling truly got its start—and it has plagued us ever since. How ironic that the start of what I would call ‘the disciplines of storytelling’ would be started by a religious man and an atheist? The just-so storytellers are no better than any other just-so storytellers—Christians included. They have a ‘religious bent’ to their thinking, though the may vehemently deny it (in the case of Dawkins). Nelkin claims that, though Dawkins rejects a religious kind of purpose in life, “Dawkins does [find] ultimate purpose in human existence — the propagation of genes.” Nelkin goes on to argue that Dawkins is “an extreme reductionist” and that our bodies don’t matter but what really matters is our DNA sequences—what supposedly makes us who we are. Nelkin puts Dawkins’ view simply: our bodies don’t matter (the material doesn’t matter), but our genes are immortal and what explains behavior is our selfish genes attempting to propagate by causing/influencing certain behaviors. These kinds of metaphors are pushed by geneticists, too, with their claims that DNA is ‘the book of life’. Nelkin also quotes Wilson stating that “‘you get a sense of immortality’ as genes move on to future generations. Like the sacred texts of revealed religion, the ‘evolutionary epic’ explains our place in the world, our relationships, behaviour, morality and fate. It is indeed of truly epic proportions.” Nelkin then claims that Evolutionary Psychologists are like missionaries attempting to proselytize people from one ‘religion’ to another. They have the answer to the meaning of life—and the meaning is in your genes and to propagate your genes. [Evolutionary Psychologists] are convinced they have insights into the human condition that must be accepted as truth. And their insights often come through revelations. Describing his conversion experience, Wilson notes that his biggest ideas happened ‘within minutes … Those moments don’t happen very often in a career, but they’re climactic and exhilarating.’ He believes he is privy to ‘new revelations of great moral importance’, that from science ‘new intimations of immortality can be drawn and a new mythos evolved’. Convinced that evolutionary explanations should prevail over all other beliefs, he seeks conversions. (Nelkin, 2001) It is ironic that Williams (2000) is attempting to reconcile Christian theology with Sociobiology. The parallels between the two are strikingly evident. Christian theology is based on faith just like SB/EP just-so stories are (since there can be no independent verification for the hypothesis). Christians have missionaries who attempt to proselytize new converts and so do those who push the doctrine of SB/EP. Anyone who agrees with my doctrine is wrong; I am right. ‘Natural selection’ cannot explain the propagation of behavior today. The attempt to explain human nature through evolution and by extension natural selection was inevitable ever since Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection in the 19th century. However, if one believes in evolution then it is illogical to believe that there IS a human nature; if one is a good evolutionist then they believe that human nature is fairy tale and that our species cannot be characterized by a set of invariable traits (Hull, 1986). How ironic it is for theists and scientists to have similar kinds of beliefs and convictions about the beliefs they hold near and dear to their hearts. The attempted synthesis of Christian theology and Sociobiology (an attempted synthesis itself) is very telling: it shows that the two groups who propagate such explanations are, in actuality, cut from the same cloth with the same kinds of beliefs—though they use different language than the other. Adapting Minds, Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology, and Getting Darwin Wrong—Books Against Evolutionary Psychology 2750 words Years ago I wanted to be an Evolutionary Psychologist. After I discovered the work of Lynn, Rushton, Jensen, Kanazawa et al, I was fascinated by the subject of Evolutionary Psychology (EP). Thankfully, I did not go down that route (I went into health sciences). I was enthralled by the work of those that claimed that our psychology reflects adaptations to the Pleistocene EEA (environment of evolutionary adaptedness; or OEE, original evolutionary environment). However, little did I know, these types of hypotheses were just-so stories—ad hoc explanations. They are ad hoc since they are made “for this” reason—i.e., noticing the existence of trait T. Three books shaped my views on EP: Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature (Buller, 2006), Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology (Richardson, 2007), and Getting Darwin Wrong: Why Evolutionary Psychology Won’t Work (Wallace, 2010). These three books are solid. Each one is different, but they all have the same theme: They are against the Santa Barbara School of EP, started by Tooby, Cosmides, and Barkow. Adapting Minds This is one of my favorite books by the philosopher of science David Buller. In the book, Buller distinguishes between “evolutionary psychology” and “Evolutionary Psychology”, the latter being the school of thought pushed by Pinker, Tooby and Cosmides, and Buss. On pages 3-4, Buller (2006) writes: Initially, I was completely captivated by evolutionary psychology, and I was certain that it was providing a deep and accurate understanding of human mentality and behavior. But after six months’ research, it was unclear to me how everything that went by the name “evolutionary psychology” fit together, and I began having serious doubts about many of the confident claims made by evolutionary psychologists (such as Mooris’s claim that “research has proved” that the majority of sperm in an ejaculate function as sperm warriors). A year’s research later, it was clear to me that there were distinctly different lines of research being conducted under the “evolutionary psychology” label, and I became convinced that the line of research had garnered the most attention, both within academia and throughout the popular media, was wrong in almost every detail. This book emerged as my effort to sort the promising from the wrongheaded lines of research. Accordingly, I originally intended to write a book about the “strong” and the “weak” evolutionary psychology. As the project evolved, however, I found that there was too much to be said about the problems with the “weak” evolutionary psychology, and the project consequently became a critique of evolutionary psychology. But at many junctures, I felt that I didn’t want to go public with a critique of evolutionary psychology. For, as my research progressed, I became disheartened over the scarcity of reasoned intellectual exchange regarding evolutionary psychology. I found that published criticism of evolutionary psychology typically contained more vitriol than serious analysis of the claims made by evolutionary psychologists, and I didn’t want to be associated with that. I can see how he was captivated by EP. Initially, I was too, since I believed that it actually had something to say about the evolution of our psychology. Buller then makes a solid point on page 6: Accordingly, the rhetoric sets up the following dichotomy: Either you accept biology, in which case you must accept the claim of evolutionary psychologists, or you don’t. Critics have thus been portrayed as necessarily committed to scientifically empty theories from the social sciences, to some form of postmodernist relativism, or to creationism [which is ironic, since EP and creatonism are nothing but just-so stories]. No one who truly accepts evolution, the rhetoric goes, can seriosuly question any of the specific claims of evolutionary psychology. Each chapter of the book focuses on specific programmes that EPists push: Chapter 1 is about Evolution; Chapter 2 is about Mind; Chapter 3 is about Adaptation; Chapter 4 is about Modularity; Chapter 5 is about Mating; Chapter 6 is about Marriage; Chapter 7 is about Parenthood; and Chapter 8 is about “Human Nature.” I’m just now reading through the book again, and it’s damn good. It gives a nice critical eye to the claims made by Buss, Pinker, Tooby and Cosmides et al.. Of course, there are critics of EP who decry the claim that we are evolved animals, so that critique isn’t without (some) merit. However, EPists make similarly idiotic claims: All too often I found evolutionary psychologists dismissing their critics as “antiscientific,” “politically correct postmodernists,” or closeted creationists. Any skepticism about the claims of evolutionary psychology was typically portrayed as a product of dogmatic indoctrination in the social sciences, and the attendant belief that all of human psychology is the product of “socialization,” or else as evidence of a commitment to the “superstitious” belief that humans somehow managed to “transcend” the evolutionary process. Indeed, many critics have been dismissed as simply not wanting to accept the implications of the fact that humans evolved just like beasts in the field. (Buller, 2006: 5) These types of claims are, though, ridiculous. Critiquing an abortive research programme does not make one “antiscientific” in any way. Buller’s book is solid and really attacks the EP orthodoxy along with popular accounts of EP. I highly recommend it to anyone who wants to read a well-reasoned critique of all of the popular concepts of EP, which EPists push as “the truth.” Getting Darwin Wrong Getting Darwin Wrong is written by psychologist Brendan Wallace. He explicitly states that the book is not about the nature-nurture debate; it is not about whether we should use Darwinian thinking to help understand the human mind; nor is it about other recent attempts—such as sociobiology—to apply Darwinian thinking to human psychology. Though, what the book is about, of course, is EP. It is, specifically, like Buller’s and Richardson’s books, about the books written by Pinker, Tooby and Cosmides et al.. So: why another book discussing EP? To begin with, it might well be thought wise to write a book after the initial storm [of controversy] has died down. Far too much of the initial discussion created mich heat but threw little light on the basic claims of EP, but led instead to a situation where various terms of abuse (‘relativist’, ‘determinist’, ‘reductionist’) were thrown about, without much thought being given to defining these terms, or deciding whether or not EP (or its opponents) were guilty of the myriad intellectual ‘sins’ of which they were accused. Moreover, there was a (to my mind) reprehensible tendency to inder political tendencies from the various scientific theories proposed. EP has political connotations of course: all scientific theories (including those of theoretical physics) have political implications. But it’s grossly unfair to argue that just because a theory might lead to ‘right wing’ (or ‘left wing’) conclusions that therefore it must be rejected. As an old philosophy lecturer once told us as fresh eyed undergraduates in our first years at University: if something has been proven to be true, you just have to accept it, whether you like its implications or not. ‘It makes me feel bad, therefore it is false’ is not an argument. I, of course, agree with this. Though, funnily enough, people I have debated EP with have accused me of having political motivations for denying EP just-so stories. What is most funny about those accusations, though, is that if I DID have political motivations regarding EP, I WOULD accept EP just-so stories, as a lot of them line-up with political beliefs that I hold. It seems that people cannot fathom that one can be on the right and reject the storytelling of EPists. Wallace attacks three views of EP: the “information processing”—“… the idea that human cognition consists mainly (or exlclusively) of the processing of information” (Wallace, 2010: 7), the theory of cognitivism—“… the belief that cognition is the manipulation of symbols by rules or algorithms” (Wallace, 2010: 7), and computationalism, “… the belief that the human brain is (or can be usefully compared to) a digital computer” (Wallace, 2010: 7). So the argument of this book is (I think) novel and quite simple. It is this. Evolutionary Psychology is NOT (as it is normally taken to be) an unproblematic adaption of Darwinian theory to the science of psychology. Instead, EP is an adaption of a specific ‘school’ of psychology: that of cognitivism (or the ‘information processing view of human cognition’ or ‘computationalism’). Essentially EP is an attempt to reinterpret and restate the basic precepts of cognitivism within a Darwinian framework. This seems like a controversial argument but actually, a careful reading of the seminal works of Cosmides, Tooby, Pinker and other associated with EP shows that they have always been fairly clear about what EP really is, and what they are trying to do. I will also attempt to show that Cosmides et al. were forced to adopt their cognitivist position because of certain assumptions they began with about what psychology is and should be, and that these assumptions themselves are by no means unproblematic. (Wallace, 2010: 8-9) In one of the major themes of the book, Wallace attacks the massive modularity hypothesis (MMH) that EPists push. According to EP, the mind is made up of different modules which evolved for specific tasks in our OEE. However, as I have noted before, the arguments erected in favor of this view fail. Getting Darwin Wrong is the most different of the three books discussed today, and I like it as a solid history into the underpinnings of EP and its assumptions. Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology The final book I will discuss is Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology by the philosopher of science Robert Richardson. It is most similar to Buller’s book, in that it specifically attacks EP theories, whereas Wallace’s book shows the history of EP and how and why the assumptions underpinning them are false. Richardson, like Buller, attacks the just-so stories of Pinker, Tooby and Cosmides, and Buss. He shows, for instance, that so-called “evolved fears” of snakes and spiders are baseless. (Indeed, there is good evidence that these are learned fears.) Richardson discusses the aims of EP, reverse engineering, adaptation, massive modularity and Tooby and Cosmides’ integrated causal model (ICM) vs their version of what social ‘scientists’ believe—the standard social science model (SSSM). He notes how they have erected a false dichotomy between an untenable view and their own, so that others would accept their own view. The structure of his book is as follows (Richardson, 2007: 51): The heart of this book is organized around three different approaches toward empirically evaluating evolutionary explanations. These include what is called “reverse engineering” (chap. 2); another alternative is to infer the effect from the relevant causes, an approach that reflects the dynamic perspective of much of evolutionary biology (chap. 3); finally I will turn to analyses designed to disentangle history from structurem which depends on disentangling historical ancestry (chap. 4). I believe that the later analyses are the most powerful. One of the strengths of his book is the forcefulness of his analyses of EP claims. For example, his discussion of so-called evolved fears of snakes and spiders is particularly strong: On this view, at least some human fears (but not all) are given explanations in evolutionary terms. So a fear of snakes or spiders, like our fear of strangers and heights, serves to protect us from dangers. Having observed that snakes and spiders are always scary, and not only to humans, but other primates, Steven Pinker (1997: 386) says “The common thread is obvious. These are the situations that put our evolutionary ancestors in danger. Spiders and snakes are often venomous, especially in Africa…. Fear is the emotion that motivated our ancestors to cope with the dangers they were likely to face” (cf. Nesse 1990). This is a curious view, actually. Spiders offer very little risk to humans, aside from annoyance. Most are not even venomous. There are perhaps eight species of black widow, one of the Sydney funnel web, six cases of brown recluses in North and South America, and one of the red banana spider in Latin America. These do present varying amounts of risk to humans. They are not ancestrally in Africa, our continent of origin. Given that there are over 37,000 known species of spiders, that’s a small percentage. The risk from spiders is exaggerated. The “fact” that they are “always scary” and the explanation of this fact in terms of the threat they posed to our ancestors is nonetheless one piece of lore of evolutionary psychology. Likeways, snakes have a reputation among evolutionary psychologists that is hardly deserved. In Africa, some are truly dangerous, but by no means most. About one quarter of species in Uganda pose a threat to humans, though there is geographic variability. It’s only in Australia—hardly our point of origin—that the majority of snakes are venomous. Any case for an evolved fear of snakes would need to be based on the threat from a minority. In this case too, the threat seems exaggerated. There is a good deal of mythology in the anecdotes we are offered. It is not altogether clear how the mythology gets established, but it is often repeated, with scant evidence. (Richardson, 2007: 28) It is important to note that, for example in chimps, fear of snakes is learned (socially), since captive chimps show no fear to snakes (Anderson, 2018). See also Ehrlich (2003: 89) who notes that this fear of snakes is not found in New Guinea natives, where one would assume that it would be found if the claims from Pinker hold. Richardson attacks the false dichotomy pushed by Tooby and Cosmides (1992), writing: Of course, if one puts for an untenable view with their own, theirs will then be accepted. Lastly, Richardson (2007: 73) attacks one of Buss’s hypotheses: We begin by assessing differences between men and women in terms of their sexual attitudes. Let’s suppose, contrary to fact, that we actually have reasonable gauges of these differences. Buss uses the evidence to conclude that there are sexual differences, notes the consistency of this with some evolutionary models, and infers that our ancestors not only actually behaved in a way that reflects the differences in our attitudes, but that there were selective pressures to behave. These differences in attitude are supposed to reflect some deeper underlying differences in mating strategies. The mating strategies are taken in turn to reflect some fundamental biological imperative. This argument is put forth without citing evidence concerning, say, group structure, which would certainly be relevant. It is put forth without so much as information concerning group size. It is put forth without information concerning similarities between ancestral and current group structures, mating structures, or group sizes. It is, of course, put forth without evidence concerning actual mating behavior, or the differences supposed to exist in ancestral groups. From all this, and less, we infer that there is an evolutionary and adaptive explanation of the differences between the sexes. That conclusion, in turn, allows Buss to interpret the evidence in a way that he thinks somehow makes evolutionary sense. If this is the way the argument works, then it is a case of reverse engineering. But it is not a very compelling case of reverse engineering. EP, since its inception in the early 90s, has been the subject of numerous debates. I, personally, reject EP on the grounds that no EP hypothesis can be independently verified. However, contrary to my views, Richardson, Buller, and Wallace are hopeful in the EP paradigm, though they strongly criticize it. For example, Richardson (2007: 25) writes that he “views evolutionary psychology as more speculation than science” and that “It does not warrant our acceptance“, so “Evolutionary psychology as currently practiced is often speculation disguised as results. We should regard it as such.” I agree with this—speculation is not science. Just-so stories are not science. In any case, all three of these books, if read with an open mind, will have one become extremely skeptical of EP, and, hopefully, reject the abortive research programme since it cannot do what it purports to. “Innate Aggression”? Against the Nature-Nurture Dichotomy 1550 words Steve Stewart-Williams wrote an article for Nautilus yesterday titled Nurture Alone Can’t Explain Male Aggression. He begins the article by describing a bank robber who shoots and kills a bank teller and then takes police on a high-speed chase where he finally gets killed. Then it is revealed that the bank robber had an extensive criminal history. Oh, it was a male. “you weren’t being sexist“, he writes, “you were playing the odds.” Most men aren’t violent, but most violent individuals are men. Stewart-Williams then discusses a recent article published by The New York Times titled It’s Dangerous to Be a Boy, with the headline (emphasis mine) “They smoke more, fight more and are far more likely to die young than girls. But their tendency to violence isn’t innate.” I will discuss the use of the term “innate” further down. Stewart-Williams then states, going off the headline quoted above, that the statement means that “sex differences in aggression come entirely from the environment: from culture rather than biology, nurture rather than nature.” Nevermind the false dichotomy here, let’s finish up discussing the gist of the article before getting onto what’s wrong with it. He then states that biology matters as well, and that the claim that male violence isn’t “innate” is the “Nurture Only” position, while we know that “Biology matters as well.” This seems to be the strawman that all evolutionary psychologists battle with: Anyone who disagrees with EP claim C is a “blank slatist” (this phrase taken care of by Robert Richardson in Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology); but due to the interaction of nature and nurture, genes and environment, you can’t partition them into percentages—as is done with heritability estimates (see Moore and Shenk, 2016). So these sex differences in aggression are noticed in all cultures. What could explain this? Stewart-Williams then discusses the Eagly and Woods’ (2016) social role theory of sex differences. They agree—of course—that there are sex differences in aggression and crime found throughout all cultures on earth, but the cause of domination is due to the effect of evolved differences in body size—men being bigger, stronger, and faster than women while women are smaller, weaker, and slower than men. So this proposed hypothesis states that the psychological differences found throughout all cultures is due to physical sex differences. Why wouldn’t natural selection create psychological sex differences as well as physical ones?“, Stewart-Williams writes. Well the answer to this question is that there are no psychophysical laws so psychological traits/mental abilities can’t be selected. Then there is the fact that natural selection is not an explanatory mechanism since it cannot explain trait fixation because there are no laws of selection for trait fixation (Fodor, 2008; Fodor and Piatteli-Palmarini, 2010). Stewart-Williams writes “Some argue that, even if culture doesn’t create the aggression sex difference out of nothing, it does still amplify a relatively trivial inborn difference.” This is ridiculous: “culture doesn’t create the sex difference out of nothing”, however, small differences between males and females can be magnified by culture (Eliot, 2009). Note that this is a developmental perspective, and that developmental systems theory (DST) is completely at-ends with Evolutionary Psychology. Stewart-Williams writes: Is it just a coincidence that this alleged surge in socialization comes at the same time as the massive surge in circulating testosterone that accompanies puberty in males? I see he is implying that circulating testosterone levels explain differences in aggression between males and females and that this also explains aggression as well. Though, as I have documented, the claim is false. Stewart-Williams than writes: The socialization hypothesis offers no particular reason to expect this. But the decline in violence coincides almost perfectly with the decline in testosterone found in men throughout the adult years, and mirrors the decline found in males of other species. Once again, this is much easier to explain in evolutionary than in sociocultural terms. How interesting to bring this up. I’m sure most have heard the claim that testosterone levels begin to decrease at around age 25-30 (a decrease in total T of 1-2 percent per year after age 30). Though, note that age-range. What major life events occur during that time for most men? Marriage, children (some bouts of depression). Smoking, too, explains some of it. Shi et al (2013) write: The annual decline in T (−0.8% per year) is similar to that reported from longitudinal cohort studies in the United States (17), Denmark (36), and Australia (16). The current study strongly suggests that the decline in T is not an inevitable part of aging, which is consistent with a recent cross-sectional study of 325 men 40 years and older self-reporting very good or excellent health (37). Our data show that variability in the change in T is largely explained by smoking behavior and intercurrent changes in health status, particularly obesity, depression, the overall burden of chronic disease, and marital status. Though, predominantly, the biggest culprit to decreasing testosterone is obesity. Further, smokers have higher levels of testosterone than non-smokers (Wang et al, 2013). This is because smoking cessation causes fat mass to accumulate, and higher fat mass is associated with lower testosterone levels. In any case, Stewart-Williams continues to talk about the “Nurture Only” (“blank slate”) position. He discusses how human males commit around 95 percent of crime while being 79 percent of homicide victims. He then states that male chimpanzees commit 92 percent of “chimpicides” while male chimps are 72 percent of those who are killed. So if he will use chimps as an example for an “innate” tendency, then I’ll use something on chimps to prove the point that it’s not testosterone that causes aggression, as Stewart-Williams is implying. In The Trouble with Testosterone, Sapolsky (1997) discusses five chimpanzees. The chimpanzees were then allowed to form a hierarchy, 1-5. Number 3 pushed his weight around on numbers 4 and 5 but was subservient to numbers 1 and 2. Number three was taken and then injected with testosterone. He then began engaging in more aggressive behavior, which would confirm the hypothesis that testosterone causes aggression, right? Wrong. Sapolsky (1997) writes: Now let’s get to the problem with the term “innate”: It’s an empty term. It’s a term that people use when they don’t want to think about the development of the trait in question. For example, the term “innate” is thought by numerous researchers today to be driven “by” genes. It is assumed that “innate traits” are “non-malleable.” Maybe the assumption is that only genes are needed for the culmination of trait X. Or maybe the assumption is that a trait is “innate” iff it is fully genetically influenced. Though, there is a problem there, too. What does it mean for something to be “genetically influenced”? What a priori justification exists to privilege genes over any other developmental variables? There is none. Noble’s (2012; 2017) argument rears its head whenever the discussion of “genetic traits” comes up: it’s nonsensical to talk about, since, in a multi-level complex biological system, pinpointing one level is useless since they all interact. However, Bateson and Mameli (2007) dispense with the term “innate”. They write that “Over-used metaphors from engineering such as ‘‘hardwiring’’ and ‘‘pre-programming’’ applied globally to the outcome of development fail to capture the character of the processes and once again invite the mistaken view that they can be contrasted with their opposites. We believe that a thorough investigation of developmental processes has been hindered by indiscriminate use of the labels ‘‘innate’’ and ‘‘acquired.’’ Sachser, Kaiser, and Hennessey (2013) argue that behavioral profiles are shaped by during the prenatal phase, through adolescence, which adheres to the DST view. Blumberg (2016) writes: So the next time you see a marvelous and complex behavior—such as a border collie herding sheep or birds flying south for the winter—try to resist the temptation to label it as instinctivehardwiredgenetic, or innate. By foregoing a label and digging deeper, you will open yourself to consideration of the myriad of factors that shape who we are and why we behave the way we do. In sum, Stewart-Williams does not understand endocrinology (positing evolutionary explanations for T decreases at around the mid-20s in comparison to socio-cultural ones); he does not understand that socialization in male and female babies makes small gaps wider (Eliot, 2009); he does not understand (though he only implied this and did not outright claim it) that testosterone does not cause violence/aggression/crime. Evolutionary Psychologists really need to get a clue. Positing evolutionary explanations (i.e., just-so stories when they cannot be independently verified of the data they purport to explain) does not lend itself to any kind of explanation for why a certain trait persists in the modern world. Lastly (though he did not make the claim here), the terms “innate” and “genetic” are baseless and empty and do not give us any new information about the trait in question. Problems with Evolutionary Psychology 2350 words Massive Modularity 3. Selective mechanisms can produce highly specialized cognitive modules. Or the argument could be: 1. Domain-specific processes exist 2. These processes arose due to evolution As for their second argument: Lloyd (1999: 224) writes that: False dichotomies Richardson (2007:179) writes: Problems with the adaptationist paradigm 3. Therefore, EP is not a valid research programme. Snakes, Spiders, and Just-so stories 1550 words Evolutionary psychology (EP) purports to explain how and why humans act the way they do today. It is a framework that assumes that certain mental/psychological traits were useful in the EEA (Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness) and thusly were selected for over time. It assumes that traits are adaptations then “works backward” by reverse engineering. Reverse engineering is the process of figuring out the design of the mechanism based on its function. (Many problems exist there which will be covered in the future; see also Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof by Lloyd, 1999). But let’s discuss snakes and other animals that we have fears of today; is there an evolutionary basis for said behavior and can we really know if there was? Fear of snakes and spiders Ohman (2009: 543) writes that “Snakes … have a history measured in many millions of years of shaping mammalian and primate evolution in important respects” and that “snakes … are promising tools for probing the emotional ramifications of deep evolutionary heritages and their interaction with the current environment.” Are they promising tools, though? Were there that many snakes in our EEA that made it possible for us to ‘evolve’ these types of ‘fear modules’ (Ohman and Mineka, 2001)? No, it is impossible for our responses to snakes—along with some other animals—to be an evolved response to what occurred in our EEA because the number of venomous, dangerous snakes to humans and our ancestors was, in reality, not all that high. Ohman and Mineka (2003: 5-6) also write that “the human dislike of snakes and the common appearances of reptiles as the embodiment of evil in myths and art might reflect an evolutionary heritage” and “fear and respect for reptiles is a likely core mammalian heritage. From this perspective, snakes and other reptiles may continue to have a special psychological significance even for humans, and considerable evidence suggests this is indeed true. Furthermore, the pattern of findings appears consistent with the evolutionary premise. Even the APA says that an evolutionary predisposition to fear snakes—but not spiders—exists in primates (citing research from Kawai and Koda, 2016). Conclusions such as this—and there are many others—arise from the ‘fact’ that, in our EEA, these animals were harmful to us and, over time, we evolved to fear snakes (and spiders), but there are some pretty big problems with this view. Jankowitsch (2009) writes that “Fear of snakes and spiders, which are both considered to be common threats to survival in early human history, are not thought to be innate characteristics in human and nonhuman primates, learned.” For this to be the case, however, there would need to be many spiders and snakes in our EEA. Philosopher of science Robert C. Richardson, in his book Evolutionary Psychology and Maladapted Psychology (Richardson, 2007) concludes that EP explanations are speculation disguised as results. He says that the stories that state that we evolved to evolved to fear snakes and spiders lack evidence. Most spiders aren’t venomous and pose no risk to humans. In the case of snakes, one quarter are poisonous to humans and we’d have to expect this ‘module’ to evolved on the basis of a minority of snakes that are poisonous to humans: The important point to note here, of course, is the assumption that we have an evolved response to fear snakes (and spiders) based on a minority of actually dangerous species to humans. Just-so stories The EP enterprise is built on what Gould (1978) termed “just-so stories”, borrowed from Rudyard Kipling’s (1902) book of stories called “Just So Stories” (which he told to his daughter) where he imagined ways that in which certain animals look the way they do today. These stories needed to be told “just so” or she would complain. These stories “sound good” but is there any way to verify these nice-sounding stories? One can then make the same argument for EP hypotheses: can they be independently verified? The thing about functional verification is that we cannot possibly know the EEA of humans—or other animals—and thusly any explanation for the functionality of a certain trait are nothing but just-so stories. Kaplan (2002: S302) argues that: Evolutionary psychology has not yet developed the tools necessary to uncover our “shared human nature” (if such there is—see Dupre 1998) any more than physical anthropology has been able to uncover the specifics even of such clear human adaptations as our bipedalism. It is obvious that our brains were subject to selective pressures during our evolutionary history; it is not at all obvious what those pressures were. I don’t deny that we are the products (partly, natural selection isn’t the only mode of evolution) of evolution; I do deny that these fantasy stories can tell us anything about how and why we evolved though. I don’t see how EP can develop such tools to uncover our “shared human nature”—or any other “nature” for that matter—unless time machines are developed and we can directly observe the evolution of trait X that is being discussed. A simple argument to show that EP hypotheses are just-so stories: P1) A just-so story is an ad-hoc hypothesis P2) A hypothesis is ad-hoc if it’s not independently verified (verified independently of the data the hypothesis purports to explain) P3) EP hypotheses cannot be independently verified C) Therefore EP hypotheses are just-so stories This simple argument shows that all EP hypotheses are just-so stories since they cannot be independently verified of the data they attempt to explain. Stories can “sound good”, they can “sound logical”, they can even be “parsimonious” and they can even be the “inference to the best explanation“, (how do you but just because these stories are “parsimonious”, “sound logical” and are the “inference to best explanation” doesn’t make the stories true. The above argument holds for one of HBD’s pet theories, too, the cold winter theory (CWT). It cannot be independently verified either, and it was formulated after national IQ differences were known; therefore CWT is a just-so story. (I will cover this more in the future.) Stories about snakes and spiders in our evolutionary history are likely wrong—especially if they derive from what supposedly occurred in our EEA, an environment we know almost nothing about. The fact of the matter is, regarding snakes and spiders, there is no evidence that our fear of them is an adaptive response to what occurred in our EEA. That is a just-so story. Just-so stories are ad-hoc hypotheses that cannot be independently verified, therefore EP hypotheses are just-so stories. Stockholm 5000 BC by Scott Jameson 350 words Is General Intelligence Domain-Specific? 1600 words Neurons By Race 1100 words With all of my recent articles on neurons and brain size, I’m now asking the following question: do neurons differ by race? The races of man differ on most all other variables, why not this one? As we would have it, there are racial differences in total brain neurons.In 1970, an anti-hereditarian (Tobias) estimated the number of “excess neurons” available to different populations for processing bodily information, which Rushton (1988; 1997: 114) averaged to find: 8,550 for blacks, 8,660 for whites and 8,900 for Asians (in millions of excess neurons). A difference of 100-200 million neurons would be enough to explain away racial differences in achievement, for one. Two, these differences could also explain differences in intelligence. Rushton (1997: 133) writes: This means that on this estimate, Mongoloids, who average 1,364 cm3 have 13.767 billion cortical neurons (13.767 x 109 ). Caucasoids who average 1,347 cm3 have 13.665 billion such neurons, 102 million less than Mongoloids. Negroids who average 1,267 cm3 , have 13.185 billion cerebral neurons, 582 million less than Mongoloids and 480 million less than Caucasoids. Of course, Rushton’s citation of Jerison, I will leave alone now that we know that encephilazation quotient has problems. Rushton (1997: 133) writes: The half-billion neuron difference between Mongoloids and Negroids are probably all “excess neurons” because, as mentioned, Mongoloids are often shorter in height and lighter in weight than Negroids. The Mongoloid-Negroid difference in brain size across so many estimation procedures is striking Of course, small differences in brain size would translate to differences differences neuronal count (in the hundreds of millions), which would then affect intelligence. Moreover, since whites have a greater volume in their prefrontal cortex (Vint, 1934). Using Herculano-Houzel’s favorite definition for intelligence, from MIT physicist Alex Wissner-Gross: You can see the difference in behavior and action in the races; how one race has the ability to make decisions to maximize future ability of action—and those peoples with a smaller prefrontal cortex won’t have this ability (or it will be greatly hampered due to its small size and amount of neurons it has). With a smaller, less developed frontal lobe and less overall neurons in it than a brain belonging to a European or Asian, this may then account for overall racial differences in intelligence. The few hundred million difference in neurons may be the missing piece to the puzzle here.Neurons transmit information to other nerves and muscle cells. Neurons have cell bodies, axons and dendrites. The more neurons (that’s also packed into a smaller brain, neuron packing density) in the brain, the better connectivity you have between different areas of the brain, allowing for fast reaction times (Asians beat whites who beat blacks, Rushton and Jensen, 2005: 240). Remember how I said that the brain uses a certain amount of watts; well I’d assume that the different races would use differing amount of power for their brain due to differing number of neurons in them. Their brain is not as metabolically expensive. Larger brains are more intelligent than smaller brains ONLY BECAUSE there is a higher chance for there to be more neurons in the larger brain than the smaller one. With the average cranial capacity (blacks: 1267 cc, 13,185 million neurons; whites: 1347 cc, 13,665 million neurons, and Asians: 1,364, 13,767 million neurons). (Rushton and Jensen, 2005: 265, table 3) So as you can see, these differences are enough to account for racial differences in achievement. A bigger brain would mean, more likely, more neurons which would then be able to power the brain and the body more efficiently. The more neurons one has, the more likely it it that they are intelligent as they have more neuronal pathways. The average cranial capcities of the races show that there are neuronal differences between them, which these neuronal differences then are the cause for racial differences, with the brain size itself being only a proxy, not an actual indicator of intelligence. The brain size doesn’t matter as much as the amount of neurons in the brain. A difference in the brain of 100 grams is enough to account for 550 million cortical neurons (!!) (Jensen, 1998b: 438). But that ignores sex differences and neuronal density. However, I’d assume that there will be at least small differences in neuron count, especially from Rushton’s data from Race, Evolution and Behavior. Jensen (1998) also writes on page 439: So neuronal density by brain weight is a great proxy. Racial differences in intelligence don’t come down to brain size; they come down to total neuron amount in the brain; differences in size in certain parts of the brain critical to intelligence and amount of neurons in those critical portions of the brain. I’ve yet to come across a source talking about the different number of neurons in the brain by race, but when I do I will update this article. From what we know, we can make the assumption that blacks have less packing density as well as a smaller number of neurons in their PFC and cerebral cortex. Psychopathy is associated with abnormalities in the PFC; maybe, along with less intelligence, blacks would be more likely to be psychopathic? This also echoes what Richard Lynn says about Race and Psychopathic Personality: Neuronal differences and size of the PFC more than account for differences in psychopathy rates as well as differences in intelligence and scholastic achievement. This could, in part, explain the black-white IQ gap. Since the total number of neurons in the brain dictates, theoretically speaking, how well an organism can process information, and blacks have a smaller PFC (related to future time preference); and since blacks have less cortical neurons than Whites or Asians, this is one large reason why black are less intelligent, on average, than the other races of Man.
When using 2-factor-authentication using plain TOTP, the secret is stored on both the client and the server. This in turn means, that anyone with access to the database (and a key for it) knows the 2fa-secret of all the users. Why is this acceptable? Storing plaintext passwords has been deemed unacceptable a long time ago. Public key cryptography is a perfect solution for this; one could combine it with TOTP. The client generates a private/public-key pair and the TOTP-secret and sends the public key and the secret to the server. The client then generates a TOTP-token, encrypts it with the private key and sends it to the server which can then verify it. Note that this encryption could also be implemented inside an app like "Google Authenticator" in a way that the user would just have to type it out as well. This solution seems a lot better to me as nobody on the server-side can know the private key. Why is it, or any other such alternative, not used in practice? • If I am not getting you wrong, the secret is sent to the server in plain, right? And the only thing stopping others from creating one is the "encryption with private key"? Jun 22 '21 at 12:20 • Another problem you have is that you never encrypt anything with private key? You may sign it, but encrypting with private key does not happen. In most schemes I know of, encryption with private key cannot even be defined Jun 22 '21 at 12:21 • Or it is sent over TLS/SSL？Anyway, it is redundant because use of server issued certificates for clients, (server creates a trusted CA for application usage) used with mutual authentication does the job just fine or should I say much better Jun 22 '21 at 12:32 • @ManishAdhikari This is intended to be used in addition to TLS. It should be used for the server to authenticate the client. TLS is used for the client to authenticate the server, therefore it is not redundant if I am not mistaken. I think you are missing the point a little though. The only reason for this is that the server should not be able to generate a 2fa-token, only to verify it. This should also prevent attackers from being able to get into the system by generating tokens themselves in case of a data leak, which is the same reason for why we don't store passwords in plain text. – Gamer2015 Jun 22 '21 at 12:55 • You cannot completely prevent that in case both your private key and your TOTP secret key leaks. Second is for server to not be able to generate 2fa-token it should be simple token plus a signature on it, not something "encrypted with private key". It is a dangerous but worryingly common misconception that something can be authenticated by encrypting it with private key and verified by decrypting with public key. Also you need to be careful about replay attacks but I guess limiting time window works Jun 22 '21 at 16:00 There are a few issues with your scheme that I can think of: • the server would have to store several keys per user, where the current scheme needs just one secret to be stored for multiple client authenticators • the authentication scheme shifts the responsibility of generating and maintaining the secret to the client, not the server, even though the server is the authenticating party • the client (the now-responsible-party) has no way of notifying the authenticating party that a key is invalid • it's over-engineered since a client-side PKI scheme could replace the entire authentication process • client-side key management is more difficult than it appears Your scheme is perfectly acceptable and is a well-known authentication design pattern that has been in use in mutual authentication SSH for decades. It is not fit-for-purpose for the goals of MFA, however. "Why is this acceptable?" "Why is it, or any other such alternative, not used?" Because TOTP supports a password and is not considered to have the same level of sensitivity. • 1 Thank you for the in-depth answer as well as mentioning considerations when creating authentication factors. – Gamer2015 Jun 22 '21 at 10:46 2FA is not one thing. It's a general concept, where you have two factors. The factors may be a shared secret you have, or it may be a PKI certificate the user has. It may be U2F. If you have concerns over the database of secrets, don't use TOTP; use U2F or some other 2FA which doesn't require you to have this database. The shared secret is a weakness in TOTP. But TOTP is also easy and cheap to add, and well supported by many different devices. This makes it easy to implement. Security is nearly always a tradeoff between usability, cost and security. TOTP is cheap to implement, well supported, and mitigates many of the problems with password reuse and phishing. It's not perfect; the secret can be leaked or copied. More secure standards such as U2F or PKI is more expensive, as the user is likely to require a hardware device - but U2F will provide a higher level of security. • Thank you for your answer as well as mentioning alternatives to TOTP. I don't quite understand how U2F removes the necessity to store a secret on the server but I'm sure that is something I can read up on somewhere on the internet. – Gamer2015 Jun 22 '21 at 10:49 • 2 It's public key cryptography. The U2F device creates a private and public key, and gives the remote server the public key. The private key never leaves the U2F device. An attacker that has the public key can't reconstruct the corresponding private key, and won't be able to authenticate. – vidarlo Jun 22 '21 at 11:23 • This is exactly what i was expecting, thanks for providing a source for further information! – Gamer2015 Jun 22 '21 at 12:58 • @Gamer2015 Have you considered PIV smart card instead of TOTP? – NetServOps Jun 22 '21 at 13:00 • @vidarlo To nitpick: the per-site private key is then wrapped by symmetric encryption with a secret key inside the U2F token then sent to the site and stored there. The only thing stored by the token is the wrapping key. An attacker that stole the server's database can't reconstruct the private key because they can't unwrap it. It's a nifty trick also used by TPM. – user71659 Jun 22 '21 at 21:23 There is a conceptual mistake in the question. When a site gets cracked/pwned/leaked, it's considered gone. Sites get cracked every day, including any sort of valuable personal information. The very reason why we protect passwords is that because they are reused and chosen by user. TOTPs are not. If my own secure password is C0rr€ct B4ttery $tapl€ Hors€, it's likely that I use it both on http://buy.cheap.pizza and chase.com, the former obviously using a lot less security measures. Once it's stolen, it can be used to try to attack my chase.com account with direct financial consequences Passwords are an asset. A valuable asset. 2FA is used to protect the account from an attacker doing malicious things after compromising the first factor, which happens to be the password and passwords often happen to leak. The key is that the TOTP secret is chosen by the server, not by the client. So if the server gets cracked and TOTP leaks, it can be used only on the very same site. But it can't be reused to log in to github.com, gmail.com etc. as it is unique. Indeed, certificate authentication is stronger. Indeed, FIDO U2F is going to that direction. But the question starts from a mistaken assumption. Your Answer
What happens when bears don’t hibernate? What happens to bears if they don’t hibernate? It is not uncommon for male polar bears and polar bears that are not pregnant or with young to remain active through periods of low food availability. Bears in zoos will not hibernate if food is available, though they will slow down and sleep more than usual. Can a Bear miss hibernation? In some cases, bears are not hibernating at all, staying awake all winter. In others, bears are waking from their slumber too early. For every one degree Celsius that minimum temperatures increase in winter, bears hibernate for six fewer days, a study found last fall. What happens if bears don’t eat enough before hibernation? The bears need to ingest enough calories to continue metabolizing fat and prevent their bodies from breaking down muscle. If they’re unable to find enough food relatively quickly, the risk is a deadly nitrogen build-up in the bloodstream. Do bears hibernate if it doesn’t get cold? Bear Adaptations Bears are, therefore, not true hibernators. However, it is during winter that their body conditions change to adapt to the harsh conditions of the winter environment. Winter is characterized by low temperatures and to ensure that they are not affected by these conditions, bears remain inactive. IT IS INTERESTING: Is deer hunting better in morning or evening? Why are bears not hibernating? But did you know that bears are not truly hibernating? In fact, no large mammal actually hibernates. While we commonly refer to a bear’s winter repose as hibernation, it is actually a process called torpor. Hibernation is a response to a shortage of food, decreasing temperatures and snow on the ground. Do all black bears hibernate? Black bears can hibernate for up to seven and a half months without drinking water, eating food or defecating. Grizzly bears typically hibernate between five to seven months. Mexican Black Bears usually do not hibernate at all or will hibernate for just a few weeks out of the year. How long are bears pregnant? A long wake-up for bears Black bears emerge from their dens in April, but stay lethargic for weeks. During this so-called walking hibernation, they sleep plenty and don’t roam very far. Do bears sleep at night? Can humans hibernate? Human hibernation doesn’t exist for many reasons, but the reason why is not quite as immediately obvious as you might think. Hibernation is a response to cold weather and reduced food availability. … Humans don’t hibernate for two reasons. Do bears lose weight when they hibernate? Bears lose fat and may actually increase lean-body mass while hibernating due to this nitrogen recycling (Wickelgren 1988). Bears may lose 15-30 % of their body weight during hibernation (Rogers 1981). IT IS INTERESTING: Can I shoot a bear during deer season in Maine? Do black bears drink water?
Saturday, July 29, 2017 Dynamics of medieval cities Here is how they frame their finding in the Introduction: Thursday, July 27, 2017 Contingency and explanation Social change and historical events are highly contingent processes, in a specific sense: they are the result of multiple causal influences that "could have been otherwise" and that have conjoined at a particular point in time in bringing about an event of interest. Contrast this situation with what we are looking for when we seek an explanation of a change or event. When we explain an event, we show how and why it was not random or accidental; we identify a set of circumstances that made it necessary or likely in the given circumstances. Contingency and explanation therefore seem to be in tension with each other: a wholly contingent world is perhaps one in which explanation of particular occurrences is impossible. The appearance of contradiction lessens when we realize that "contingent" is not the same as "random" or "uncaused". (See an earlier post for an effort to disentangle a number of related causal concepts; link.) When a uranium atom decays at a particular moment, this is a truly random event. There is no underlying cause that brought about the decay of the nucleus at this particular moment. When a race riot occurs in in Detroit on July 23, 1967, this was a contingent occurrence -- it did not have to happen; but it was not random, spontaneous, or uncaused. Rather, there were multiple causal factors and processes, along with a number of accidental and spontaneous events, leading to a pathway of social actions that resulted in largescale confrontation, arson, violence. Here is how the Kerner Commission described the occurrence of major race riots in the United States (link): We can understand this account as depending on a distinction between proximate and distal causes; distal causes (a pattern of police brutality, say) set the stage for racial tension, which makes an outbreak of violence more likely; and a precipitating (proximate) event triggers the outburst. The point in this paragraph is that the triggering cause is not the sole cause, or even the most important cause. But all these factors are causally relevant to the outcome. We say that the riot was contingent because there are many ways in which the tensions created by the background conditions could have been defused -- a progressive mayor could have enacted a police reform along with a jobs program, a charismatic leader like Dr. King could have emerged in Detroit who helped to channel tension into electoral politics rather than an outbreak of violence, the Federal government could have been more successful in its civil rights reforms and its War on Poverty. Or the raid on the blind pig could have happened in a driving rainstorm, with the result that no crowd gathered. So the outcome was not preordained. It was contingent, but it was caused. So it is not the case that a contingent world is one in which nothing can be explained. A chaotic and random world has that property; but contingency is not chaos. Rather, for many historical and social events we can identify a set of background or standing conditions that elevated the probability of the event, we can sometimes identify independent causal processes underway at the same time that interact to further elevate the probability of the event; and we can identify one or more unrelated and random events that served as a trigger to the occurrence of the event of interest. This is one reason why the strategy of seeking out causal mechanisms in the social world is an appealing approach to social explanation. Appeal to causal mechanisms allows us to make sense of both important features of the social world: that processes and events are contingent, and that many processes and events are amenable to causal explanation. When researchers set their goals on identifying general causes for groups of social phenomena, they often have in mind the idea that there are similarities in the background standing causal conditions that serve to increase the likelihood of a certain kind of event -- revolution, riot, economic crisis, or period of rapid innovation. And indeed, there are credible hypotheses about such conditions; this is the underlying rationale for the application of Mill's methods to causal reasoning in the social sciences. It is indeed perfectly credible that there are pervasive social conditions that make certain kinds of social events more likely -- a good university system and rapid technological innovation, a defeat in war and political turmoil, the pervasiveness of Protestantism and the hockey stick of market activity. This insight is closely related to the distinction that Bhaskar and critical realists draw between closed and open systems. In an open system we cannot predict future states of the system because we cannot achieve causal closure; there is always the possibility of another kind of causal influence or mechanism that can offset the workings of the known mechanisms. The page from the Washington Times above draws attention to an event that was itself highly contingent and yet explicable (the bungled but eventually successful effort to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand); leading to an important historical event (the outbreak of World War I) which was also both contingent and explicable. Friday, July 21, 2017 A new model of organization? In Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World General Stanley McChrystal (with Tantum Collins, David Silverman, and Chris Fussell) describes a new, 21st-century conception of organization for large, complex activities involving thousands of individuals and hundreds of major sub-tasks. His concept is grounded in his experience in counter-insurgency warfare in Iraq. Rather than being constructed as centrally organized, bureaucratic, hierarchical processes with commanders and scripted agents, McChrystal argues that modern counter-terrorism requires a more decentralized and flexible system of action, which he refers to as "teams of teams". Information is shared freely, local commanders have ready access to resources and knowledge from other experts, and they make decisions in a more flexible way. The model hopes to capture the benefits of improvisation, flexibility, and a much higher level of trust and communication than is characteristic of typical military and corporate organizations. One place where the "team of teams" structure is plausible is in the context of a focused technology startup company, where the whole group of participants need to be in regular and frequent collaboration with each other. Indeed, Paul Rabinow's ethnography in 1996 of the Cetus Corporation in its pursuit of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology reflects a very similar topology of information flows and collaboration links across and within working subgroups (link). But the vision does not fit very well the organizational and operational needs of a large hospital, a railroad company, or a research university. It seems plausible that the challenges the US military faced in fighting Al-Qaeda and ISIL are not really analogous to those faced by less dramatic organizations like hospitals, universities, and corporations. The decentralized and improvisational circumstances of urban warfare against loosely organized terrorists may be sui generis McChrystal proposes an organizational structure that is more decentralized, more open to local decision-making, and more flexible and resilient. These are unmistakeable virtues in some circumstances; but not in all circumstances and all organizations. And arguably such a structure would have been impossible in the planning and execution of the French defense of Dien Bien Phu or the US decision to wage war against the Vietnamese insurgency ten years later. These were situations where central decisions needed to be made, and the decisions needed to be implemented through well organized bureaucracies. The problem in both instances is that the wrong decisions were made, based on the wrong information and assessments. What was needed, it would appear, was better executive leadership and decision-making -- not a fundamentally decentralized pattern of response and counter-response. One thing that deserves comment in the context of McChrystal's book is the history of bad organization, bad intelligence, and bad decision-making the world has witnessed in the military experiences of the past century. The radical miscalculations and failures of planning involved in the first months of the Korean War, the painful and tragic misjudgments made by the French military in preparing for Dien Bien Phu, the equally bad thinking and planning done by Robert McNamara and the whiz kids leading to the Vietnam War -- these examples stand out as sentinel illustrations of the failures of large organizations that have been tasked to carry out large, complex activities involving numerous operational units. The military and the national security establishments were good at some tasks, and disastrously bad at others. And the things they were bad at were both systemic and devastating. Bernard Fall illustrates these failures in Hell In A Very Small Place: The Siege Of Dien Bien Phu, and David Halberstam does so for the decision-making that led to the war in Vietnam in The Best and the Brightest. So devising new ideas about command, planning, intelligence gathering and analysis, and priority-setting that are more effective would be a big contribution to humanity. But the deficiencies in Dien Bien Phu, Korea, or Vietnam seem different from those McChrystal identifies in Iraq. What was needed in these portentous moments of policy choice was clear-eyed establishment of appropriate priorities and goals, honest collection of intelligence and sources of information, and disinterested implementation of policies and plans that served the highest interests of the country. The "team of teams" approach doesn't seem to be a general solution to the wide range of military and political challenges nations face. What one would have wanted to see in the French military or the US national security apparatus is something different from the kind of teamwork described by McChrystal: greater honesty on all parts, a commitment to taking seriously the assessments of experts and participants in the field, an openness to questioning strongly held assumptions, and a greater capacity for institutional wisdom in arriving at decisions of this magnitude. We would have wanted to see a process that was not dominated by large egos, self-interest, and fixed ideas. We would have wanted French generals and their civilian masters to soberly assess the military function that a fortress camp at Dien Bien Phu could satisfy; the realistic military requirements that would need to be satisfied in order to defend the location; and an honest effort to solicit the very best information and judgment from experienced commanders and officials about what a Viet-Minh siege might look like. Instead, the French military was guided by complacent assumptions about French military superiority, which led to a genuine catastrophe for the soldiers assigned to the task and to French society more broadly. There are valid insights contained in McChrystal's book about the urgency of breaking down obstacles to communication and action within sprawling organizations as they confront a changing environment. But it doesn't add up to a model that is well designed for most contexts in which large organizations actually function. Wednesday, July 12, 2017 Chinese modernization c. 1930 Here is Hsü's conclusion in the article: * . * . * Monday, July 3, 2017 Morphogenesis and social norms Here is how Archer frames the central issue in this volume: Sunday, July 2, 2017
FAQ: Which Country Is First In Milk Production In World? Who is the second largest producer of milk products in the world? The United States came in second with a production volume of around 101 million metric tons. Major producers of cow milk worldwide in 2020, by country (in million metric tons) Characteristic Production volume in million metric tons United States 101.02 India 93.8 China 33 Russia 31.65 Which country has the best milk in the world? Top Milk Producing Countries In The World 1. USA (91.3 billion kilograms) 2. India (60.6 billion kilograms) 3. China (35.7 billion kilograms) 4. Brazil (34.3 billion kilograms) 5. Germany (31.1 billion kilograms) 6. Russia (30.3 billion kilograms) 7. France (23.7 billion kilograms) 8. New Zealand (18.9 billion kilograms) Which country is second in milk production? List of Top 10 Countries by Milk Production Countries By Milk Production (Decreasing Order) Milk Production (Million Tonnes) India 146.31 Million tonnes United States America 93.5 million tonnes China 45 Million tonnes Pakistan 42 million tonnes Which country produces the most milk 2020? India is the top country by production of milk in the world. As of 2020, production of milk in India was 194,800 thousand tonnes that accounts for 40.56% of the world’s production of milk. The top 5 countries (others are the United States of America, China, Russian Federation, and Brazil) account for 80.80% of it. You might be interested: Readers ask: What Is The Price Of Amul Gold Milk? What is the largest dairy in the world? Top 10 Dairy Companies in the World 2020 Rank Dairy Company Country 1 Nestlé Switzerland 2 Lactalis France 3 Danone France 4 Fonterra New Zealand Where is most milk produced? Most major milk – producing States are in the western and northern areas of the country. The top five milk production States in 2019 were California, Wisconsin, Idaho, New York, and Texas. These States collectively produced more than 50 percent of U.S. milk supply. Which cow milk is best in world? There are the top cattle breeds that produce most milk which are the world’s top production dairy farm animals. Holstein full name is Holstein-Friesian Cattle or Friesian Cattle that is Holstein amazing milk producer and it is the highest milk production dairy farm animal in the world. This produced milk. What’s the most expensive milk? The most expensive milk on the market comes fresh from Japan’s Nakazawa Foods for a whopping $43 a quart – more than 30 times the average cost of milk. Why so expensive? Supposedly this milk has special stress-relieving qualities. Who is the largest exporter of milk? In 2019, New Zealand was the main exporter of milk worldwide with an export value of 6.3 billion U.S. dollars, followed by Germany with 2.9 billion dollars milk export value in that year. Leading exporters of milk worldwide in 2019 (in billion U.S. dollars) Characteristic Exports in billion U.S. dollars Which country produces highest rice in the world? You might be interested: Often asked: How To Reuse Spoiled Milk? Is milk a country? India is the world’s largest producer of milk, and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder, yet it exports few other milk products. Food product for humans. Country United States Milk (liters) 75.8 Cheese (kg) 15.1 Butter (kg) 2.8 How much does 1 Litre of milk cost in Australia? Summary of cost of living in Australia Basic lunchtime menu (including a drink) in the business district AU$18 Combo meal in fast food restaurant (big mac meal or similar) AU$12 500 gr ( 1 lb.) of boneless chicken breast AU$5.83 1 liter ( 1 qt.) of whole fat milk AU$1.50 Leave a Reply
Often asked: Why Buy The Cow When Milk Is Free? What was the first guy to milk a cow trying to do? Well, he saw that calfs drink from the cow’s udders. What does milk the cow mean? milk verb (GET MILK ) [ I or T ] to get milk from an animal: Milking a cow by hand is a skilled process. Why do we drink cow milk and not human milk? There is a biological reason why drinking animal milk is odd. Milk contains a type of sugar called lactose, which is distinct from the sugars found in fruit and other sweet foods. When we are babies, our bodies make a special enzyme called lactase that allows us to digest the lactose in our mother’s milk. Why Humans should not drink cows milk? You might be interested: Often asked: How To Make Gajrela With Milk At Home? How long does a cow milk for? The lactation period, or the length of time a cow can produce milk before having another calf, is 305 days. In 305 days, a good dairy cow can produce 2,326 gallons or 20,000 pounds or 37,216 glasses of milk! Prize-winning dairy cows can make even more milk than that! Is there a name for milking a cow? milcher (noun) milk cow (noun) other relevant words (noun) milch cow. How do you get milk from a cow? Why adults should not drink milk? Why is milk bad for humans? What milk is closest to human milk? You might be interested: Often asked: Cow How Much Milk Per Day? What are the disadvantages of milk? Negative side effects of milk • Other studies have linked acne to skim and low fat milk. • Some foods may worsen eczema, including milk and dairy, according to a clinical review. • Dairy may also be a trigger food for some adults with rosacea. • Research found that this may be due to a sugar called D-galactose in milk. Do humans need to drink cow milk? What is the healthiest milk? The 7 Healthiest Milk Options 2. Oat milk. 3. Almond milk. 4. Coconut milk. 5. Cow’s milk. 6. A2 milk. 7. Soy milk. Leave a Reply
Lime vs. Lemon: What is the difference between Lime and Lemon? Lime vs. Lemon: Let’s discuss their differences, similarities, pros and cons, define which is healthier, and answer some frequently asked questions (FAQ) Lime vs. Lemon: Differences, Pros & Cons, Health Lime vs. Lemon: Most people believe that lime and lemon are the same but reality begs to differ. Both lime and lemon are two different citrus fruits containing rich health benefits. The truth is, not only there are differences between lime and lemon’s nature but there is a difference between lime and key lime too. Discussing the definitions of Lime vs. Lemon What is Lime? Lime is a type of citrus fruit and an excellent source of antioxidants. What is Lemon? The ruling source of vitamin C, lemon is a citrus fruit with a pale yellow thick skin. Difference between lime and lemon fruit: Pros and Cons Pros of Lemon • Lemon lets you stay hydrated. • Consuming lemon prevents cancer risk. • It helps boost the immune system. • Lemon fights with allergens. • Having hot water with lemon helps reduce weight. • The citric acid in lemon prevents kidney stones. • Soluble fiber contained in lemon improves the digestive system. Cons of Lemon • Consuming lemon extensively can develop GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease). • Lemon extracts can damage teeth by eroding the tooth enamel. • Combining sugar with lemon water can result in cavities. • Some people may be allergic to the acidic citrus in lemon. 👉 What’s the Difference Between Latte and Cappuccino? Pros of Lime • Lime is an extensive source of antioxidants, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and vitamin A, B, C, & D. • The flavonoids and vitamin C in lime strengthen collagen and rejuvenate the skin. • Lemongrass and lime cooler is a soothing, refreshing drink. • Lime water can directly be used as a cure for acidity and constipation. • It prevents cold and flu infections. • It is helpful to people with frequent sugar spikes. The low glycemic index of lime regulates the absorption of sugar in the bloodstream. • Lime can reduce uric acid. • Joint pain, stiffness, arthritis, and other joint problems that are caused by inflammation can be obliterated by lime. Cons of Lime • Limes are slightly bitter. • Limes are smaller than lemon and are required more in quantity. • Lime has half of the vitamin C than lemon has. • Excess consumption of lime water may kill the male sperm cells. Considering the similarities between Lime and Lemon • Lime and lemon both are citrus fruits with high quantities of vitamin C and antioxidants. • In the argument of lemon vs. lime for weight loss, both ingredients work in the same manner. • Both are the same in nutritional makeup and contain the same health benefits. • Lime and lemon benefits are adequate for all age groups of people. Top 9 differences between Lime and Lemon Formal Name It is called Citrus aurantifolia. It is called Citrus Size Limes are smaller in size and usually 1-2 inches in diameter. Lemon is usually 2-4 inches in diameter. Color The color of lime is bright green with its thin pebbly skin.It is found in pale yellow colored thick skin. Appearance Limes appear round in shape.Lemons are oval-shaped. FlavorWhile both of them are sour, limes are a bit bitter. Lemons are slightly sweet in flavor, along with being sour. Vitamin CThis is the major nutritional difference between lime and lemon that the amount of vitamin C is 29.1mg per 100g in lime.It is 53mg per 100g in lemon. Culinary Uses Limes are normally used in savory dishes. Lemons are used in both sweet dishes as well as savory dishes. Frequency Lime does not feature frequent uses.Lemon is used quite regularly. Ph level Lime juice contains a pH level between 2.00 and 2.35. Lemon juice has pH levels between 2.00 and 2.60. What is Lime and lemon Durham? An Indian grill restaurant in Durham dedicated to North-Indian and South-Indian cuisines containing flavors of lime and lemon is Lime and lemon Durham. What is the difference between a lemon and a lime? Lime and lemon differences can be seen in their physical appearances. Limes are bright green-colored and round-shaped, whereas lemons have a yellow color and oval shape. Are lime and lemon the same? Lime and lemons are not the same, but two different citrus fruits. However, both lime and lemon contain a similar amount of healthy nutrients, including vitamins, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, and antioxidants. Why are limes better than lemons? Limes are better as they have half of the acidic flavor that causes digestive problems in people with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) than lemons. Is lime water as healthy as lemon water? Comparing lime and lemon water reveals that there is more vitamin C in lemon water and higher calcium and vitamin A in lime water. Both are effectively healthy in eliminating toxins from the body. Is nimbu a lime or lemon? The word Nimbu in India is used for both lime and lemon. For clearing a bit of confusion, lime is called ‘Raw/kaccha Nimbu’ whereas lemon is addressed as ‘Nimbu’. Is drinking water with lime good for you? Drinking lime water can result in rejuvenated skin, improved digestion, reduced heart-disease, prevention of cancer, and suppressed infections. Does lime burn fat in the tummy? The citric acids in lime boost metabolism that helps in burning calories. Lime helps in burning fat when you follow a regular exercise routine. Is it safe to drink lemon water daily? Drinking lemon water daily will keep you hydrated and healthier. It can be the first thing to drink when you wake up. It works great and safe. However, for people suffering from gastric stress or acid reflux, drinking lemon water is not advisable. Which is healthier lime or lemon? While comparing lemon vs. lime vitamin C, it is found that lemon contains 53 mg vitamin C per 100g while lime contains 29.1mg vitamin C per 100g. With more vitamin C and other nutrients, lemon is healthier than lime. 👉 Grapefruit vs. Pomelo: What is the Difference Between Grapefruit and Pomelo? Is drinking lemon water before bed good? Drinking lemon water before bed is beneficial as the vital vitamins and minerals can detox the body overnight. Comparison Chart Comparison Video What is difference between lemon and Lime Final Thought Both lime and lemons have different properties, flavors, and applications. Though, rarely can a person tell the difference by looking at lime and lemon tree, which one is lime and which one is lemon. With all the healing powers, both are miraculously nutritious and, therefore, can be used differently for their tastes. A Short Web Story Difference 101 Lime vs. Lemon: What’s the difference?
You have no doubt heard the statement: You are what you eat. But have you given conscious consideration to what that really means? Unfortunately for many of us, this statement remains nothing more than a conceptual idea, one that we cannot seem to, for any number of reasons, apply on a practical level in our lives. We approach our food as a means to an end. We look towards it to satisfy our hunger, satisfy our tastebuds, relieve our boredom, help us fit in with others, and ease our emotional discomforts. All the while, we remain completely disconnected from the source of that food - what it is, how it came to us, and how it will impact our physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing. Amidst our strong pleasure impulse to overcome any immediate discomforts, we neglect to connect the dots between our actions and the future consequences of those actions. Yet, the longer that we fail to make the connection between what goes into our mouth and the state of our physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing, the longer we remain disempowered about the state of our own health. We continue to think that the problem is “out there” — in our life circumstances, in our relationships, our work, and our genes, which allows us to remain ignorant about the root of the problem within our own choices. In such states of mind, it is easy to overlook the fact that our food directly creates the quality of our body, health, energy, emotional and cognitive capacities. Yes, we are what we eat. And when it comes to eating meat, this means: • eating unnatural quantities of fat and protein • eating cholesterol • eating toxins, like pesticides • eating biologically destructive substances, like GMOs • eating drugs, like antibiotics and hormones • eating emotions, like fear, despair, depression, anger, rage, sadness, and grief • eating mental states, like hopelessness, enslavement, and victimhood • eating stress, inflammation, and disease • eating death Is it any wonder then, that we have an epidemic of obesity and heart disease, including high blood pressure, clogged arteries, and cholesterol problems, as well as various cancers plaguing us today? Is it any wonder that the World Health Organization has declared depression as the leading cause of ill health and disability worldwide? Is it any wonder that our bodies are more toxic, more stressed, and more riddled with inflammation than ever before? We have unprecedented rates of diabetes type 2, osteoporosis, digestive issues, infectious diseases, mental and behavioral diseases, and autoimmune diseases plaguing both children and adults in our modern societies. And these problems are not going away any time soon either. As long as we continue on this destructive course, we are bound to continue to increase the problems we see. Sadly, some people still live with the idea that we are “doing just fine” and living longer than ever. However, given the amount of acute and chronic health problems prevalent worldwide and reliance on pharmaceuticals and medical interventions, our greatly decreased quality of life is hardly worthy of any longevity compliments. We are merely surviving when we should be thriving, predominantly because we cannot come to terms that meat, especially today’s meat, is not an ideal, healthy, or even remotely suitable food for human beings. It is survival food, and as long as we rely on it as a regular source of nourishment, we are sabotaging our physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual human potential. This is About So Much More than Just You It would be bad enough if this was just about your health and wellbeing, but it isn’t. The implications of us eating meat extend to every sector of society and impact other areas that dictate the quality of our lives and our Earth’s wellbeing as a whole. This is why the more we can shift from a selfish “I” centered attitude to a considerate “we” centered attitude, the more all of us stand to benefit together. Animals: As an obvious first, eating meat impacts and destroys the lives of billions of animals each year. The torture and cruelty that these animals are subjected to before death is more than most people can imagine. Environment: It impacts our environment and the quality of our air, water, and soils. The Environmental Working Group has an outstanding report describing how different food choices impact our climate. By now, it is no surprise to most people that animal agriculture is destroying the environment in multiple ways. Thanks to leading-edge documentaries like Cowspiracy, we can quickly and easily learn why animal agriculture is the most destructive industry on Earth. Other Humans: It impacts the lives of other human beings, who are doing “our dirty work” and in turn suffering various physical and mental ailments. Social Justice: While those who live in countries that are considered “better off” economically and materially fill themselves up on meat, billions of people around the world are malnourished and literally starving to death. Unfortunately, this results from the wasteful and unjust way in which we distribute our resources on Earth, which makes meat a big social justice issue. The food that should be going to humans living in poverty and states of starvation is instead fed to the animals, which are then killed for meat for wealthier humans. Positive Change is Underway Even though this topic has been actively addressed for decades, there is still so much work to be done to raise awareness and change the course of the destructive path humanity is currently on in this regard. Too many people are still deeply conditioned, refusing to budge on this issue, or simply ignorant about the situation’s seriousness. But the good news is that an increasing number of people are shedding old beliefs and conditioning about the use of animals as mere commodities. More and more people, especially young people, are taking personal accountability and responsibility and changing their habits to become part of the solution and stop being part of the problem. Recent reports show that Americans are eating less meat every year. Many groups and organizations, like the Physicians’ Committee for Responsible Medicine are working to bring awareness and help people overcome the unnecessary health problems related to our modern meat-centric diets. An increasing amount of restaurants are changing their menus to address the growing plant-based dietary needs. More doctors are changing in how they treat their patients, focusing more on diet and less on drugs. Many scientists are advising people to eat less meat to avoid climate catastrophe. And even entire countries are starting to make serious changes to their dietary guidelines for plant-based eating. All this is a beautiful sign of conscious and compassionate eating going mainstream. It All Starts with Meat Upon examining the challenges we face, it is not hard to see that the foundational problem here comes down to meat. Yes, the dairy industry is destructive in its own right to our health and the environment, but the foundational food that most people prize and commonly rely on is meat. It is still safe to say that most people live with the falsely conditioned belief that meat is an essential part of the human diet. However, while meat played an important role in helping earlier humans survive, today we have learned that it should be avoided, or at the very least greatly reduced, if we want to thrive. Therefore, I want to share a quick guide with you via this article to offer some inspiration and motivation for you to reconsider eating meat. Whether you go vegan or plant-based is your choice and part of your personal journey. Still, there is no doubt that moving towards a plant-based diet, meaning a diet that is largely or completely made up of plants, is one of the best things that we can do today for our personal wellbeing and that of our Earth. 1. Meat is very high in fat, especially saturated fat There are numerous claims today about saturated fat. Some claim that we do not need any saturated fat to survive or that all saturated fat is bad, while others tell us to eat freely and that this substance is essential for our health. While not all saturated fat is bad, saturated fat from animal products like meat appears to directly affect our cardiovascular system’s function in many negative ways. Not only is it linked to putting a strain on one’s heart through possible fat deposits in the arteries, increasing one’s blood pressure and causing artery damage, but it is the major fat responsible for dangerous weight gain. Modern meat is higher than ever in fat because of the unnatural conditions of how the animals are raised—no exercise or natural grazing abilities. They are sedentary and overfed unnatural-for-them food, which leads to higher than normal unhealthy fat deposits. The American Heart Association recommends aiming for a dietary pattern that achieves 5% to 6% of calories from saturated fat, which come mainly from animal sources, including meat and dairy products. Decades of sound science has proven it can raise your “bad” cholesterol and put you at higher risk for heart disease. ~ 2. Meat is very high in cholesterol Animals produce their own cholesterol; there is no need to be eating someone else’s, especially given that your body is great at regulating its own cholesterol when we don’t throw in extra cholesterol from foreign sources. According to the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, animal products full of saturated fat cause the liver to produce more cholesterol. It is a well-known fact that cholesterol production is associated with the inflammation response, but it can also increase in times of stress and decreased activity. These concerns impact the animals and us, further compounding the risk of heart and cardiovascular disease. 3. Meat is very dense in calories Since meat contains so much fat and fat is the most calorie-dense nutrient, it is a substance that can easily lead to weight gain if eaten regularly or in excess. Affluent people can afford to eat a diet with a central focus of beef, pork and/or chicken, and almost all do. Most also have one or more risk factors that predict premature death and illness. ~ Dr. John McDougall 4. Meat, including fish, produces carcinogenic compounds when cooked These dangerous compounds are called heterocyclic amines and they are produced when animal flesh is cooked, especially at high temperatures. HCAs form when amino acids, the building blocks of protein, and creatine react at high cooking temperatures. Researchers have identified around 20 different HCAs resulting from the cooking of muscle meats such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish. National Cancer Institute 5. Meat increases the chances of cancer, especially colon cancer Aside from the heterocyclic amines discussed above, given the biochemical composition of meat and lack of fiber, meat moves slowly through the intestines. A high-fiber diet can improve the transient time, but eating meat in light of a fiber-devoid diet can be highly constipating. Additionally, being high in animal protein, which takes a long time to get fully digested, it tends to stay in our intestines the longest. This contributes to providing the right conditions for creating and activating carcinogenic compounds within the intestinal walls’ lining. In general, though, and before any cooking that we may do, meat and animal proteins, in general, are correlated with an increased incidence of cancer. Whether it is due to the inflammation that they cause, as found by Dr. Ajit Varki’s, M.D. research team, or due to the type of proteins that they contain, as found by Dr. T. Colin Campbell’s Ph.D studies, the connection is undeniable. In October 2015, the World Health Organization put out a report that classified processed meat as a class 1 carcinogen to humans, which means that there is strong evidence that processed meat (sausage, bacon, deli cuts, etc.) causes cancer. 6. Meat is hard on the digestive system Besides the increased chances of colon cancer, meat can cause many digestive disturbances for the same reasons. Meat takes a long time to pass through the intestines, where during this time, it putrefies. Putrefaction produces toxins and amines that accumulate in the liver, kidneys, and large intestines, destroy bacterial cultures, and causes degeneration of the small intestine’s lining. Over a few years of a regular meat diet, putrefied meat is going to adhere to the lining of your intestines, where it often causes various digestive problems such as IBS, stomach cramps, prolapsed colons, hemorrhoids, constipation, and many other problems that are not even directly linked to the intestines. 7. Meat carries the highest risk of bacterial contamination Meat is animal flesh, and animal flesh is most prone to bacterial growth. This process is increased even more after the meat has been killed, as it starts to putrefy right away. Today, we have many advances to decrease this process as much as possible, mainly through refrigeration, but the most common foodborne illnesses still come from meats. 8. Meat increases the chances of autoimmune diseases Since some animal proteins are very closely related to ours, the body responds to many of these as foreign particles and tries to destroy them. (Not very different from how some organ transplants get rejected.) When the body does this regularly, after some time, it begins to turn on itself due to some auto-immune processes that result in things like arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and others. 9. Meat contains synthetic hormones, which disturb our hormonal balance Unless the meat comes from an organic farm, most farms today inject the animals with various hormones for no other reason than to speed up and enhance the animal’s growth. The faster the animal grows, the quicker the monetary return for the owner or the corporation. And, of course, the bigger it grows, the more meat is obtained from the animal, which generates more money for the animal food industry. Most of the hormones are various growth hormones, which disrupt our own hormonal balances, leading to many different health conditions and have been theorized for the faster than normal onset of puberty and development of our children today. 10. Meat contains various drugs Since every animal is only seen as a commodity that translates into dollars, animals bred for food are regularly subjected to various drugs. These mostly include antibiotics and hormones. These drugs do not magically vanish, and researchers are studying these effects of them on our bodies. However, we know for sure today that it has contributed to the current antibiotic resistance, where the antibiotics that we may need at a point in our lives no longer work because the bacteria have gotten so much experience with them in small doses to mutate against them. 11. Meat contains its own diseases Each animal and farm is controlled for safety, and regulations are nowhere as close as we would like them to be. Even though it is easy to catch an infectious disease in an animal and then treat it appropriately, other chronic diseases are not easily caught. In fact, think of how healthy an animal can be, that sits all of its short life in a tiny cage, where some cannot even properly stand up, let alone walk around and get some exercise. 12. Meat-eating results in killing billions of animal each year According to ADAPTT, more than 150 billion animals are killed each year by the meat, egg, and dairy industries. That is a mind-blowing number that most people are completely not aware of and may think nothing of, given that today’s unnaturally high animal food diets and meat have become commonplace. 13. Meat production leads to wasted natural resources like water and land Having seen the above number, imagine how much water is wasted each year to grow the food to feed these animals and how much water is wasted to keep them hydrated while growing. For land to be made suitable for animal production, the land must be properly cleared, which usually involves the chopping and clearing of many trees. Livestock production accounts for 30% of the entire land surface of the planet. Just think of how many people can be fed in the world and have clean drinking water if it wasn’t going to the billions of animals. 14. Meat production is heavily responsible for climate change Although it was already mentioned at the start, it is valuable to reiterate this point. Animals produce natural gas, mainly methane. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas in that it traps heat even more readily and abundantly than carbon dioxide. In fact, animal production is responsible for about 15 to 18% of the world’s climate change, and to put that in perspective, that is even more than all of the world’s transportation. 15. Animals raised for meat under stressful conditions have a negatively altered biochemistry, which then negatively alters ours Think about yourself and what happens to you in times of stress. The number one thing that happens to all animals under stress is an elevation of stress hormones, which initialize many other biochemical reactions that lead away from an animal’s healthy balanced state. This, of course, leads to various diseased states in the body. When we consume this meat, whether you embrace the Eastern views of karma, chi energy, and chakra disruptions or not, eating meat from stressed and diseased animals is not only bad for our physical health, but for our mental, emotional, and spiritual health as well. 16. Meat consumption lowers testosterone levels and increases cortisol (stress hormone) levels. As medical doctor and nutrition science expert, Dr. Michael Greger shares, “We’ve known for a quarter-century that a meal with that much fat (as found in meat and other animal foods) can drop testosterone levels by nearly one-third within hours.” While high meat and animal food diets have been found to increase cortisol, plant-based diets that are rich in whole plant foods have been found to lower it. For more information about this, refer to Meat can cause stress hormone levels to rise and testosterone levels to drop. For a good summary and overview of the numerous problems associated with eating meat, including red and white meat and fish, refer to Dr. Garth Davis’ video Why Meat is Bad for our Health Benefits of Meat-Free Eating and Living If you still require more inspiration or motivation and are perhaps wondering how eliminating meat from your diet would impact you directly, consider this great read from Dr. Michelle McMacken, MD: 7 Things That Happen When You Stop Eating Meat. Perhaps it will be for your health, perhaps for the environment, perhaps for the animals, or a combination of these reasons. Whatever your personal reasons for not eating meat will be, know that you will be positively contributing to your personal and collective health wellbeing. Whatever your choice or actions are today or tomorrow, my hope is simply this: that each of us starts taking accountability for our own personal health and starts being the change we want to see on this Earth. Remember, we are all in this together.
Equal Opportunity Schools In the U.S., over half a million capable, minority and low-income students miss out on AP and IB courses every year, which negatively impacts their likelihood of going to and graduating from college. Equal Opportunity Schools (EOS) is a nonprofit social enterprise that gets “missing” students into college-preparatory courses. They do this by offering U.S. high schools a customized, 3-phase consulting service that helps identify and transition students who have shown they can succeed at the highest academic levels within their schools. EOS intends to close enrollment gaps in America’s public schools by 2020. School superintendents discuss Equal Opportunity Schools. Dr. Thomas Randle and Ron Severson discuss their experience and impact that Equal Opportunity Schools has had on finding low-income students and students of color within their respective districts. (6:52)

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