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The Concept of Local Autonomy Our study is focussed on local government, which we distinguish from other organisations through 4 criteria: a local government unit has a clearly defined territory, has authoritative power over its citizens, has directly elected decision-makers and/or municipal assemblies, and has a certain amount of local autonomy to provide policies. Local autonomy is measured through 11 variables, which are combined in 7 dimensions and an overall “local autonomy index” (LAI). The 11 variables of local autonomy Local autonomy combines self-rule and interactive rule elements. It is measured through 11 variables: 1. Institutional depth: The extent to which local government is formally autonomous and can choose the tasks they want to perform 2. Policy scope: The range of functions (tasks) where local government assumes responsibility for the delivery of the services (whether it is provided by municipal personnel or through other arrangements) 3. Effective political discretion: The extent to which local government can make final decisions over these functions 4. Fiscal autonomy: The extent to which local government can independently tax its population 5. Financial transfer system: The proportion of unconditional financial transfers to total financial transfers received by the local government 6. Financial self-reliance: The proportion of local government revenues derived from own/local sources (i.e. taxes, fees, charges over which local government has influence) 7. Borrowing autonomy: The extent to which local government can borrow 8. Organisational autonomy: The extent to which local government is free to decide about its own organisation and electoral system Interactive rule 1. Legal protection: The existence of constitutional or legal means to assert local autonomy 2. Administrative supervision: The extent to which administrative supervision of local government is (un)obtrusive 3. Central or regional access: The extent to which local authorities have channels to influence higher level governments’ policy-making The 7 dimensions of local autonomy We believe that each of the components of local autonomy is of interest in its own right depending on the questions one is interested in. For some purposes, however, it might be important to reduce complexity and to combine the different variables into a limited number of dimensions or into an overall index. By doing so, we also have the possibility to give different weights to the various aspects of local autonomy considering local autonomy as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Following the literature, the European Charter of Local Self-Government and both theoretical and empirical grounds, we distinguish between to following 7 dimensions of local autonomy: 1. Legal autonomy (LA): The legal status and protection of local governments 2. Political discretion (PD): The formal distribution of power and the effective decision-making competences with respect to services delivery 3. Policy scope (PS): The scope of services for which local governments are responsible 4. Financial autonomy (FA): the financial resources available locally and the possibility to decide on their sources 5. Organisational autonomy (OA): the free organisation of local political arenas and administration 6. Non-interference (NI): the extent of liberty left by higher levels of government in their control 7. Access (AC): the degree of influence of local governments on political decisions at higher levels of government The local autonomy index (LAI) Based on the judgements of the country group coordinators, the Local Autonomy Index (LAI) puts an emphasis on effective political discretion and financial autonomy which are considered to be very important dimensions of local autonomy. Policy scope and organisational autonomy are important dimensions of local autonomy, while the last three variables are considered to be somewhat important. The LAI is constructed as followed (weighting factors in bold):
Choisya ternata (Mexican Orange) Botanical Traits and Classification Choisya ternata was first described in 1823 by the German botanist Kunth when he classified the plants harvested in North America by Humboldt and Bonpland. This species fructified infrequently, which may be due to irregular meiosis, the irregularities being manifested by a few lagging chromosomes at the time of anaphase. Moreover, pollen is often defective. According to Desai (), Choisya ternata may be a hybrid; however, some seeds were described by Boudouresques (1895). Choisya ternata originated from the central and southern mountains of Mexico. The plants are seldom known growing wild. They were already widely cultivated in their native country when harvested by Humboldt and Bonpland. These cultivated plants are, in fact, very similar to those encountered in nature (). Biology and Propagation In Europe, Choisya ternata blossoms in April-May. After the spring flush, there are usually two other flushes of the same shoot within the same season, each of which may be accompanied by the development of lateral inflorescences as in the spring flush. Details on the endorhythmic development in C. ternata have been given by Guedes (1980). Even in their native region, the fruit-bearing is very infrequent. Thus, the species is propagated vegetatively. Micropropagation of Choisya ternata was recently achieved in France (Nursery Salle-Proust, St-Cyr-en-Val). Rooted plants of 8-10 cm in height have been commercialized since 1991. The plants are adapted in greenhouses and sold in a mixture of peat and perlite. Medicinal Value In 1895, Boudouresques studied this species and undertook the first pharmacological tests by experimenting the effects of aqueous extracts of leaves on himself: he found them tonic and appetizing. On the other hand, the oil is strongly repulsive. In 1923, Standley reported that Mexican people employed infusions of leaves for their antispasmodic and “stimulant properties”; Choisya ternata was registered in the 4th and 5th editions of the Mexican Pharmacopoeia. As far as we know, the present use of C. ternata is not widespread. However, it may be recalled that some Rutaceae-related species, such as Ruta graveolens and Ptelea trifoliata, which have a similar chemical constitution, are still used therapeutically (). 1. By using different strategies, in vitro cultures of Choisya ternata were established. Great variations exist within the populations of strains. 2. The use of inherent variability in vitro is an efficient procedure to obtain high-platydesminium-accumulating cell lines. Some of them accumulated the alkaloid in higher amounts than the mother plant. However, high-balfourodinium-accumulating lines were not obtained. The best method was the cloning of protoplasts obtained from mesophyll cells: with this procedure the highest balfourodinium-accumulating lines (about 700 µg/g on a dry weight basis) were obtained, a concentration far lower than that found in leaves. Other strategies than strain selection are necessary for achieving high-balfourodinium production in cultures of Choisya ternata. On the other hand, some strains can biotransform ellipticine by a process different from those generally encountered with microorganisms, which emphasizes the capacity of in vitro plant cell cultures to obtain new molecules. 1. Photoautotrophic growth does not allow the restoration of alkaloid biosynthesis capacities. Nevertheless, the presence of sterols not found in the whole plant shows that some original substances can be produced by photoautotrophic cultures. 2. Because of their easy cultivation procedures, cultures of Choisya ternata prove to be a good model for studying the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of furo- and dihydrofuroquinolines.
Münchhausen trilemma • 时间: 2018-05-12 12:23:52 Baron Munchausen pulls himself out of a mire by his own hair Inepistemology, the Münchhausen trilemma is athought experiment used to demonstrate the impossibility ofproving any truth, even in the fields of logic and mathematics. If it is asked how any knowledge is known to be true, proof may be provided. Yet that same question can be asked of the proof, and any subsequent proof. The Münchhausen trilemma is that there are only three options when providing proof in this situation: • Thecircular argument, in which theory and proof support each other • Theregressive argument, in which each proof requires a further proof, ad infinitum • Theaxiomatic argument, which rests on accepted precepts The name Münchhausen-Trilemma was coined by the German philosopherHans Albert in 1968 in reference to a trilemma of "dogmatism versusinfinite regress versuspsychologism" used byKarl Popper.It is a reference to the problem of "bootstrapping", based on the story ofBaron Munchausen (in German, "Münchhausen") pulling himself and the horse on which he was sitting out of a mire by his own hair. It is also known as Agrippa's trilemma after a similar argument bySextus Empiricus, which was attributed toAgrippa the Skeptic byDiogenes Laërtius. Sextus' argument, however, consists of five (not three) "modes". Popper in his original 1935 publication mentions neither Sextus nor Agrippa, but attributes his trilemma toJakob Fries. In contemporaryepistemology, advocates ofcoherentism are supposed to accept the "circular" horn of the trilemma;foundationalists rely on the axiomatic argument. The view that accepts infinite regress is calledinfinitism. Advocates offallibilism, though, point out that while it is indeed correct that a theory cannot be proven universally true, it can be proven false (test method) or it can be deemed unnecessary (Occam's razor). Thus, conjectural theories can be held as long as they have not beenrefuted. [ citation needed ] Agrippa and the Greek skeptics [ edit ] The followingtropes for Greek skepticism are given bySextus Empiricus, in his Outlines of Pyrrhonism . According to Sextus, they are attributed only "to the more recent skeptics" and byDiogenes Laërtius attributed to Agrippa.The tropes are: • Dissent – undecidable dissension, resulting in an inability to choose or exclude anything • Progress ad infinitum – all proof requires some further proof, and so on to infinity • Relation – the object is considered only in terms of how it appears to the subject and in its relations to other things • Assumption – a premise is simply assumed without proof • Circularity – the truth asserted involves a vicious circle (seeregress argument, known inscholasticism as "diallelus") With reference to these five tropes, the first and third are a short summary of the ten original grounds of doubt which were the basis of the earlier skepticism.The three additional ones show a progress in the sceptical system, and a transition from the common objections derived from the fallibility of sense and opinion, to more abstract and metaphysical grounds of doubt. Fries' trilemma [ edit ] Jakob Friedrich Fries formulated a similar trilemma in which statements can be accepted either: • dogmatically • supported by infinite regress • based on perceptual experience (psychologism) The first two possibilities are rejected by Fries as unsatisfactory, requiring his adoption the third option.Karl Popper argued that a way to avoid the trilemma was to use an intermediate approach incorporating some dogmatism, some infinite regress, and some perceptual experience. Albert's formulation [ edit ] The argument proposed byHans Albert runs as follows: All of the only three possible attempts to get a certain justification must fail: • All justifications in pursuit of "certain" knowledge have also to justify the means of their justification and doing so they have to justify anew the means of their justification. Therefore, there can be no end, only the hopeless situation of infinite regression • A circular argument can be used to justify, but this sacrifices its validity • One can stop at self-evidence or common sense or fundamental principles or speaking ex cathedra or at any other evidence, but in doing so, the intention to install 'certain' justification is abandoned. Here, one has a mere choice between: Albert stressed repeatedly that there is no limitation of the Münchhausen trilemma to deductive conclusions. The verdict concerns also inductive, causal, transcendental, and all otherwise structured justifications. They all will be in vain. Therefore, certain justification is impossible to attain. Once having given up the classical idea of certain knowledge, one can stop the process of justification where one wants to stop, presupposed one is ready to start critical thinking at this point always anew if necessary. The failure of proving exactly any truth as expressed by the Münchhausen trilemma does not have to lead to dismissal of objectivity, as withrelativism. One example of an alternative is thefallibilism of Karl Popper and Hans Albert, accepting thatcertainty is impossible, but that it is best to get as close as possible to truth, while remembering our uncertainty. In Albert's view, the impossibility to prove any certain truth is not in itself a certain truth. After all, one needs to assume some basic rules of logical inference to derive his result, and in doing so must either abandon the pursuit of "certain" justification, as above, or attempt to justify these rules, etc. He suggests that it has to be taken as true as long as nobody has come forward with a truth which is scrupulously justified as a certain truth. Several philosophers defied Albert's challenge; his responses to such criticisms can be found in his long addendum to his Treatise on Critical Reason and later articles. See also [ edit ] References [ edit ] 1. Dogmatismus – unendlicher Regreß – Psychologismus Albert, Traktat über kritische Vernunft , 1968, p. 11, cited after Westermann, Argumentationen und Begründungen in der Ethik und Rechtslehre , 1977, p. 15. 2. Robert Nola, "Conceptual and Non-Conceptual Content", in : Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment vol 2, 2006, p. 15 3. Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 4. Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis i., from Annas, J., Outlines of Scepticism Cambridge University Press . (2000). 5. Brochard, V., The Greek Skeptics . 6. J. F. Fries, Neue oder anthropologische Kritik der Vernunft (1828 to 1831). 7. Karl Popper, "The Logic of Scientific Discovery", p. 87 Further reading [ edit ] • Hans Albert, Treatise on Critical Reason , Princeton University Press , 1985, chap. I, sect. 2. • For Hans Albert's scientific articles see List of Publications in Hans Albert at opensociety.de External links [ edit ]
Visualizing Infinity Conceptualizing infinity is impossible. The human mind, bound by the five senses it can perceive and conditioned its entire operational career to deal with limits and boundaries, simply cannot encompass infinity. Even the bare concept of infinity defies the imagination. Try to imagine, if you will, a never-ending universe, going on and on in every direction without end. Those last two words are the meaningful ones, innocuous as they sound. Without end. Try to imagine anything without end, really and truly limitless, and the imagination exhausts itself. The mind runs in circles. There is always something bigger or something smaller, something closer or something farther away. Outside our solar system is a galaxy, and millions and millions of miles away are more galaxies, and outside of those spheres of existence there is the universe, and outside of that…? Some argue that our universe is just one in a boundless sea of other universes, just as our galaxy is one in a limitless sea of other galaxies. Others contend that ours is the only universe, and it encompasses everything that ever was or ever will be, and quite a bit more: infinity, in fact. The human mind, as has already been stated, is blinkered by its perceptions, and has a tendency to impose limits on what it perceives. It has been the trend for humanity to imagine that our universe, our plane of reality, our dimension, our world (whatever it may be called) must end somewhere. But that answer only brings up another question: if we go to the ends of the universe and hit a wall, then what is on the other side? Even a consideration of the finite but staggeringly huge distances between stars and planets is a strain on our thinking capacities. Numbers get so large as to become meaningless. We know that a billion miles is an exceptionally long way, but we really don’t appreciate that kind of distance. Even if we walk five miles and consider that we’d have to walk that same distance 200 million times again in order to travel a billion miles, we just can’t grasp it. You can put a bowling ball on the grass of your front yard, walk 26 paces away and put down a peppercorn. Your imagination will be stretched when you attempt to visualize the ball as the Sun and the peppercorn as the Earth. That represents a distance of only 94 million miles or so. For the mind to envision infinity (millions, billions, trillions, and quadrillions of miles) is impossible. We are limited in our perceptions. Were we omniscient beings, perhaps we could more easily see or imagine infinity. Restricted as we are to a small terrestrial planet and its immediate vicinity, we can only think so far as we can see or imagine. Given the nature of our perceptions (outlined above), we are limited in the mental arena as well as the physical one. Norton Juster demonstrated the impossibility of infinity in his book “The Phantom Tollbooth.” The protagonist, a boy named Milo, meets the Mathemagician, the keeper of all things having to do with numbers. The Mathemagician, in trying to explain the idea of infinity to Milo, tells the boy to imagine the highest number he can think of. Milo answers with a ponderously large one. The Mathemagician then tells him to add one to it. Milo does so, and the Mathemagician tells him to add one to it again, and again, and again. “But when can I stop?” asks Milo, exasperated. “You can’t,” the Mathemagician replies. Visualizing infinity is impossible, but seeing it is ridiculously easy. Just look up at the night sky. When you gaze into the heavens and the twinkling stars glinting trillions of miles away and the uncharted blackness in between, you gaze into infinity. You are looking that something that appears flat and finite, but is truly boundless and infinitely deep. You can see it, but you can’t imagine it.
The spring time goose hunt has always been a big part of our culture and tradition on the James Bay coast. It is a period that has been part of our way of life for thousands of years. People up the coast look forward to seeing the annual migration of thousands of geese coming back north. After a long winter, the geese bring a sense of relief as they are a natural source of food that can be harvested by our people. Hunters and gatherers from my home community and other remote northern First Nations take part in the annual goose hunt every year. The hunt takes place in distant places and far from the industrialized world in the south. Harvesting food on the land has never been a concern for us as we think that the modern world in the south does not affect us much in the north. In the past, we never had to think about the Canada Goose, Snow Goose and Wavy as in any way contaminated. We viewed the birds as natural and organic. In the 1980s, the biggest concern we had about the hunt was the use of lead buckshot in shotgun shells. At first when shotguns came into use on the James Bay coast in the early part of the last century, there was a small amount of lead buckshot used every year because of the fact that this form of ammunition was produced by hand. By the 1970s, shotgun shells were being mass-produced and were cheaper to buy, which made it easier for hunters during the hunting season. Unfortunately, lead buckshot can become lodged in the flesh of a bird and can be consumed by people who eat the meat. We learned as children not to swallow these small pebbles of lead while we ate. In later years, there was cause for concern as to the amount of buckshot that was being spread over the land. It was adding up to tons of lead, year after year, by hundreds of hunters throughout the north. Now lead buckshot has more or less been replaced with steel shot as a more environmental and health-conscious alternative. In recent years I have discovered other reasons to be careful about how many wild geese I eat. I have travelled to many cities and towns in southern Ontario where I witnessed large numbers of geese. It thrilled me to see so many geese in the parks and on the waterways. Many of these birds are now accustomed to living amongst humans and around enclosed parks and wildlife shelters. I was shocked to see that in many instances the geese were living in and feeding on very polluted and possibly toxic areas. Up north we always think of the geese feeding on pristine land and water and we don’t make the connection that for part of the year they are eating garbage in the south. Up until this point, I never really thought of where migratory birds like the Canada Goose go every year. These birds fly thousands of kilometres every year from as far north as the Arctic all the way down to the southern United States. They are safe in the natural and untouched shelter of the far north. However, in the south, geese live and feed on modern agricultural farms that use manure, pesticides and herbicides. Geese are able to fly to any destination to find food but when in the south in highly populated and industrialized areas they also spend time near factories, manufacturing plants, chemical plants and all sorts of other unsafe areas. When these birds fly north, they bring with them all the contamination and chemicals in their bodies which we unsuspectedly consume. Now, there is a new concern for those who eat wild geese each spring. Recently, I read a news story about the fact that scientists are suggesting that these birds can potentially become vectors or deliverers of superbugs. Scientists have found through testing done on Canada Geese that these birds can pick up and shed antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This means that Canada Geese who live and feed in agricultural areas in the south can come into contact with animal or human waste and become exposed to new and dangerous pathogens. In turn, they can then potentially deliver the pathogen thousands of kilometres away during their migration. So far, there have been no proven incidents happening but there is concern that this is possible in a world where there are a growing number of antibiotic-resistant organisms that can make us unwell. Don’t get me wrong, I am not trying to alarm anyone. After all, the goose hunt is part of who we Cree are as a people. However, I think that the best way for people in the north to deal with this situation is to eat a more balanced diet. I also believe that it would be safer to eat more terrestrial animals like moose, caribou or rabbit as they do not migrate into dangerous areas that can affect their health and ours. It is a mistake to think that we are safe and sound from all the dangers of the world here up north. We all have to wake up and realize that any pollution or disregard for Mother Earth anywhere in the world at some point ends up in our own backyard and maybe even on our dinner plate.
Biden’s Bay of Pigs: The 2021 Afghanistan Collapse Historical Perspective from History Over Simplified August 19, 2021 The sudden collapse of the pro-American Afghan regime is resurrecting memories of the collapse of South Vietnam in April 1975. Especially for people old enough to remember it. I was nine years old at the time and remember the stream of Vietnamese refugees into Southern California, where I grew up, in the months and years that followed the fall of Saigon. The images of Afghans desperately seeking to board planes at the Ka-bull airport to escape the Taliban, justifiably draw comparisons to South Vietnamese just as desperately trying to board American helicopters forty-six years ago to escape communist forces. Yet the debacle, and the involvement of the still young Biden administration, also calls to mind another new administration’s botched involvement in another foreign fiasco The Kennedy administration and the Bay of Pigs affair of April 1961. The Bay of Pigs refers to the failed invasion by Cuban exiles of their nation in April 1961 The exiles had been trained and supplied by the American Central Intelligence Agency, the CIA. The plan for the Bay of Pigs invasion had been conceived during the later period of the administration of Dwight Eisenhower, as relations deteriorated between the United States and the revolutionary government of Fidel Castro, whose forces in 1959 had overthrown the pro-American Batista dictatorship. Many Castro opponents fled into exile in the United States, where they began to organize to mount a military invasion to retake the island They found support from the fervently anti-communist CIA, then led by Allen Dulles The CIA funded the proposed invasion, training the exiles in the pro-American nation of Guatemala, organizing the Cuban exiles as Brigade 2506. Executing the invasion of Cuba by Brigade 2506 still was pending when Eisenhower left office in January 1961. When John F. Kennedy took office in January 1961, he had to decide whether to allow the Bay of Pigs operation to go forward Kennedy had retained Allen Dulles as head of the CIA, and Dulles recommended the operation go-ahead. Given the hardline stance toward Castro’s regime which Kennedy had taken during the 1960 presidential campaign, it would have been hard for JFK not to green-light the invasion. Especially as Castro, had formed a cozy relationship with the main American adversary in the Cold War, the Soviet Union. Which meant that blocking the Bay of Pigs operation would allow Kennedy’s opponents to paint him as soft on communism. So JFK approved the invasion which went forward in April 1961. It was a disaster. Castro’s army quickly bottled up the exile’s beachhead at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs and the members of Brigade 2506, who had not managed to escape, were forced to surrender 3 days after their arrival Kennedy came off from the failure looking indecisive, weak, and incompetent. Like Kennedy in 1961 with Cuba, Joe Biden in January 2021 inherited the American problem with Afghanistan from previous administrations going back to that of George W. Bush. U.S. forces had initially entered Afghanistan in October 2001 in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks inside the American homeland. The administration of George W. Bush sought to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda organization, which they correctly held responsible for the attacks of 9/11. Bush also wanted to topple the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, which had given bin Laden and his organization sanctuary, and allowed them to establish bases where the 9/11 hijackers had been trained and dispatched to hijack planes and crash them into landmark buildings on the American East Coast in New York City and Washington, D.C. While American forces and their Afghan allies in the anti-Taliban resistance were successful in quickly toppling the Taliban, bin Laden escaped the American grasp. And the government the U.S. helped install in the aftermath of the invasion proved weak and corrupt. Also, as time went by the Taliban mounted an effective guerrilla war inside Afghanistan, which meant the U.S.-backed. government did not have effective control of much of the country, which was similar to the situation of the Saigon regime in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The Taliban’s resurgence was facilitated by the inattention to Afghanistan which began in 2002. The George W. Bush administration became increasingly distracted by its plan to invade Iraq and topple Saddam Hussein. And by the insurgency inside Iraq against American forces that followed the 2003 invasion. When Barrack Obama became President in early 2009, the position of the American-backed government in Afghanistan was tenuous. Leaving the new president with the choice of pulling out of the country entirely, or surging American troops in the hope of buying time in order to salvage the Kabul regime in the hope it could eventually successfully fight the Taliban on its own. While the so-called surge rolled back Taliban gains since 2002, the American-backed regime in Kabul remained weak and corrupt, and unable to control much of the country outside major cities. By the time the Trump administration took control in 2017, the vast majority of American public opinion favored a U.S. pull-out from Afghanistan. Especially since Bin Laden had been killed by U.S. Navy Seals in 2011 in Pakistan obviating the manhunt for him as the most compelling reason to keep U.S. forces in Afghanistan. Plus, the Al Qaeda threat was increasingly supplanted by seemingly more extreme jihadist groups such as the so-called Islamic State. Despite his strong-man posturing, even Donald Trump favored a pullout and his foreign policy team announced a deal with the Taliban in February 2020, which foresaw a complete U.S. pullout within 14 months if the Taliban honored its commitments in the agreement. Successfully implementing the February 2020 agreement would have been difficult in any case. But it took place within the context of a global pandemic and raucous presidential election in the United States. And the unprecedentedly difficult transition between Donald Trump and Joe Biden. The pandemic distracted decision-makers in the U.S. from the successful implementation of the agreement. The bitter presidential election in the U.S. and its aftermath meant that Trump officials were not as cooperative as they should have been with the incoming Biden administration. Biden’s appointees claim that during the presidential transition, Trump’s people were slow to brief them on the Afghanistan withdrawal plans. Indeed, it has since emerged that Donald Trump tried during the transition to remove the remaining U.S. troops from Afghanistan before Biden took office. But he was persuaded to leave 2500 troops in place. A number Biden later complained wasn’t enough to manage the remaining withdrawal properly. Biden’s team also contends when Joe Biden took office, there effectively was no plan in place to complete the U.S. withdrawal. Especially a plan that not only included withdrawing American troops, but also American contractors and diplomats. As one Biden official stated to the online publication Axios, “When we got in, on Jan. 20, we saw that the cupboard was bare.” The main historical similarities between JFK and Biden highlighted here are: 1) being confronted with tricky situations inherited from previous administrations early in their first term; 2) having the tricky situation explode on them; 3) taking responsibility for a failure arguably mostly not of their making. Kennedy took responsibility in a speech to newspaper editors on April 20, 1961, the day the survivors of Brigade 2506 surrendered to Fidel Castro’s army. Biden took responsibility for the faster-than-expected collapse of the American-backed government of Afghanistan in a television address on August 16, 2021, as the Taliban was entering Kabul and horrific images of desperate Afghans trying to escape the country emerged. Historically, Kennedy taking responsibility proved politically beneficial, at least in the short run with JFK’s already high approval rating increasing from 78 to 83 percent. Although also should be noted that his decision not to use U.S. forces to salvage the exile’s invasion made him seem weak to foreign leaders, especially the USSR’s Nikita Khrushchev. This contributed to the Soviet leaders’ aggressive approach with Kennedy two months later when they met for a summit in Vienna, Austria. Yet it remains uncertain what impact, if any, the Afghan collapse of August 2021 will have on Joe Biden’s political fortunes. History would suggest that Biden might actually benefit from his “buck stops here” approach to the crisis. However, JFK didn’t have to cope with the current pervasive and ruthless right-wing media machine. A machine that seems intent on using the collapse in Afghanistan to challenge the established narrative of Joe Biden’s competency. For example, even as Biden took responsibility for the Afghan debacle, Fox News used the same speech to claim that Biden hadn’t taken responsibility and was creating disrespect for the United States not only with its rivals but also its allies. In any case, as people look to history for insight into the 2021 Afghan collapse, it is worthwhile to get beyond the images of South Vietnam in April 1975 to seek additional insight in other pertinent historical episodes like the botched Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961.
August 10, 2022 Medical Trend Medical News and Medical Resources COVID-19 may be transmitted back to humans from wild white-tailed deer COVID-19 may be transmitted back to humans from wild white-tailed deer. 40% of the COVID-19 in wild white-tailed deer? The risk of reverse infection after human transmission. According to a report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) on the 23rd of this month, 40% of wild white-tailed deer samples collected in 4 states in the United States after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2021 have antibodies to the COVID-19 virus, showing these white tails Deer has been infected. This is at least the third study in this month that has achieved similar results in different ways. It has drawn academics’ concerns that the emergence of a “natural new coronavirus pool” will make divergent evolutionary paths more likely to occur, and ultimately lead to these originals. It should be an animal that has infected the virus from a human body and transmitted the mutated virus back to humans, adding to the ups and downs of the epidemic in the past two years. If you remember, as early as the end of last year, there were large-scale new coronavirus infections in mink farms in Europe, and even reverse transmission of the variant virus to humans. In the end, Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and other countries collectively slaughtered more than 18 million minks, and implemented strict blockade policies near the farms to prevent the spread. The danger of wild “virus pools” As mink breeding is very important for fur garments, many companies soon began to develop COVID-19 vaccines for mink. In October of this year, Finland launched a vaccination of all mink in the country. If the vaccine is effective, this will not only save the mink fur industry, but also prevent the mink from becoming a virus pool and infecting people in the future. After all, mink is the only clear record. Examples of the spread of the new coronavirus from people to people. The problem is that we can use the above-mentioned methods to effectively control the mink in the farm (especially under the premise that these animals will not appear to be anti-closure and anti-vaccine struggle like humans). However, for the wild Animals, but we do not have the same effective way to prevent white-tailed deer such as the United States from developing into a virus pool, so that the COVID-19 virus will exist in them for a long time, mutate, and eventually even return to humans, causing another wave of epidemics. According to the statistics of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as of October 31, a total of 598 outbreaks of COVID-19 epidemics in animals have been recorded globally, all over Europe, Asia, the United States, and Africa. many. The victimized animals include cats, dogs, mink, otters, ferrets, lions, tigers, cougars, snow leopards, white-tailed deer, fishing cats, binturongs, South American raccoons, gorillas, etc. Because these cases are mainly from animals raised by humans, the above-mentioned research on the new coronavirus infection of wild white-tailed deer in the United States has attracted special attention. They can be regarded as the first studies in the world to assess the prevalence of the COVID-19 epidemic in the wild, and they can only be regarded as the preliminary stage. There are still a series of questions to be studied in the future: how prevalent is the virus in the deer herd actually? Which strains are the viruses infected by white-tailed deer? Can a deer maintain the virus in the body for a long time like a bat, and will it spread a high amount of the virus? Regardless of whether the infected white-tailed deer is capable of transmitting the virus back to humans, the results of these studies are indeed worrying. After all, it is not easy for ordinary people to come into contact with wild deer that can only transmit the COVID-19 virus. Vivek Kapur, the author of one of the above studies, speculated that if humans leave infected food in the wild and are found by deer, they directly pollute the wild environment (through the discharge of body fluids, etc.), which may cause human-to-human transmission of deer. Ways, especially in hunting activities. The deer in the study have a relatively high rate of infection, and we cannot rule out that the same situation will occur in other wild mammals. But which animals are likely to be infected by humans and eventually become the new coronavirus pool? Artificial intelligence predicts “high-risk” species On the 17th of this month, a paper published in the Royal Society and written by a number of researchers from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in the United States tried a methodologically innovative way. Provide answers to this question. Cary’s researchers have noticed the research potential of the fact that the ACE2 receptor is the gateway for the new coronavirus to enter human cells since the beginning of the epidemic last year. ACE2 is used to regulate blood pressure in the human body and is found in different vertebrates. This constitutes the possibility of the new coronavirus entering the cells of non-human vertebrates and causing infection. The researcher’s goal is to know the cross-species infection and transmission capabilities of different species with ACE2 receptors for the new coronavirus, so as to speculate which animals are more likely to become virus pools. As there are only more than 300 species of ACE2 receptor sequence data, it is not enough to cover the scope of the study. The researchers first estimated the connection strength between their different ACE2 receptors and the spike protein in the periphery of the new coronavirus by using the known sequence and the model to estimate their cross-species infection and transmission capabilities. In the course of the research, the research team has successfully predicted the later “successful” cases such as mink, white-tailed deer, cat, dog, and gorilla, and its prediction accuracy for mammals reached about 72%. The researchers knew that the ACE2 receptor of a species is closely related to its evolutionary history, so they integrated their evolution-related data, and analyzed other ACE2 receptors through a system trained in artificial intelligence machine learning among species with known ACE2 receptor sequences. The evolution data of species with unknown body sequence finally resulted in the cross-species infection and transmission capacity of more than 5,000 mammals, of which 540 are considered to be likely to become a pool of new coronaviruses, including nearly 200 million in the world. Buffaloes, cats, dogs, a series of species of monkeys, bats, rodents, etc. that are being traded live. The researcher specifically mentioned that many “high-risk” rodents, such as many rodents, are the prey targets of cats that are also “high-risk”, which may aggravate the spread of the new coronavirus among these animals. . And “high-risk” animals raised by humans may also escape to the wild and pose a risk of transmission. The starting point for prevention Faced with such a large number of “high-risk” species, especially those animals that live close to humans, to prevent them from becoming a pool of new coronaviruses and forming the risk of returning to humans in the future, the most important thing is to prevent humans from spreading new coronaviruses to them. Industries that have frequent contact with animals (such as veterinarians, zoo management, livestock handlers, etc.) implement strict vaccination and personal protective equipment measures. Secondly, long-term careful field monitoring and model studies similar to the Kari Institute are needed to find potential virus pools and prevent problems before they occur. Just like the lessons of SARS in 2003, it is very likely that the new coronavirus from bats is another lesson in how much a virus can threaten humans when it spreads across species. The identification, monitoring and research of high-risk species can not only help us prevent this pandemic from continuing in another way, it is more likely to prevent the next pandemic from occurring. The various studies and reports mentioned above are one of the starting points for the academia to stand in the present and look to the future. (source:internethk01, reference only) Disclaimer of
people are protesting Featured Global Why does peaceful protest always turn into a violent one? In the past few days once again history repeated itself; a peaceful protest turned into a violent one. A huge crowd gathered on the roads of the United States, protesting against George Floyd killed in Minneapolis, under police custody. Violent protest against police brutality In the past week, protestors clashed with police. Peaceful demonstration and violent riots erupted as during the protest 2 more black men were reported to be dead Breonna Taylor and Ahmad Arbery. Resulting in 40 cities imposing curfews, with National Guard personnel activated in 24 states including Washington, DC. One former officer is charged with three-degree murder and manslaughter. The protesters demand some more strict punishment for the officers involved in the murder. Now the protest is further taking a violent turn. protestors set police cars on flames, vandalized property, and looting shops. And still, the states fear of more destruction as the protestors railing on the streets. Anti-government protest in Hong Kong The anti-government protest in Hong Kong started in June 2019 against the plans that would allow the extradition to China’s mainland. The protesters feared that such plans would a judicial impediment and could endanger dissidents. Even though the bill was taken back in September, the protest didn’t come to rest. Now the demonstrators demand a full democracy; as well as an inquiry into the police’s actions during the protest. In the beginning, the protest was peaceful but with the passage of time; both the protesters as well as police’s actions turned increasingly violent. Now the clashes between police and protestors have become more violent than ever. With the police firing bullets, tear gasses; and protestors attacking police officials with petrol bombs. How protest spread so quickly Professor Clifford Stott an expert in Crowd Behaviour and Public Order Policing, Keele University says; that incidents like Mr. Floyad’s death often escalate the violent demonstration because; they show the broader experience shared by a large community. In this case, it was about the relationship between the black community and the police He also said that violent confrontations usually arise in places where already lies structural inequalities. He has studied a similar case like this one, the England riots, 2011. That riot spread like a forest fire because; demonstrators from different cities were unified by the shared hatred against police. Peaceful protests’ advantages Peaceful protest or non-violent resistance has numerous advantages over violent protests. non-violent demonstration enables the demonstrators to hold the power and support of the people; even while governed by an oppressive regime. A study on the worldwide protest revealed that a non-violent protest gains 11 times more public support; than armed protests. Between 1900-2015, of all the non-violent protests 51% succeded; in convincing the authorities on their terms. But on the other hand success percentage of armed protests is 27%. Peaceful protests have a very low-risk factor and are much more organized; than a violent one. Successful peaceful protestors like Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King inspire non-violent demonstrators. Peaceful protests’ disadvantages Even though peaceful protests have become more common way; most demonstrators use them as a weapon against the government, but their success rate has declined since 2000. The failure rate of these protests is 20%. Political and social modulation takes time therefore the results or desired changes are delayed. And there always stand a strong possibility of turning violent Many a time when the demonstrations are over, things may again get back to being unorganized. And these circumstances may result in an oppressing leader yet again, but this has an equal probability of happening in the violent protests. But there have been a number of successful non-violent protests in history. Like Madagascar 2002, Ukrain 2004, Nepal 2006, and many more. Pros and cons of violent protest Most claim a violent protest is an important tool in politics. Political parties sometimes genuinely inculcate violence in non-violent protests for their political benefits. With the violent protest decisions are passed a bit quicker. Violence forces the government and authorities to make the desired amendment faster. Thomas Hobbes illustrates violent protests as “a rational means to achieve such political goal as territory, safety, and glory.” Violent protests are sometimes the necessity of the situation. It is in some places used to enforce stability, and safety and maintain territories. But at the same time stats shows that the failure rate of such protests is 60%. Violent protest is always disorganized. It results in a huge loss of property and lives. Censor of people often results in chastening. 27% of Syria’s housing infrastructure has been destroyed in the never-resting protests. Apart from the infrastructural losses, life losses make these violent protests incredibly disastrous. In Yamen 250 protestors lost their lives, 3500 in Syria, and 100 in Bahrain. Are peaceful protests better? Without a second thought, non-violent protests are way better than armed protests. But in several conditions peaceful protests are just not enough; overthrowing an oppressive government even after having a lot of supporting people is tough. Protesting against something wrong in society is our right as well as our responsibility. Protest is not something that has started recently; it is a crucial part of human history. Protesting in a peaceful manner is important not only to maintain the dignity of the society but also to protect the people we are protesting for. The innocent public suffers a lot during these violent protests without committing any sin. By erupting violence in protests, protestors often deviate from the core purpose of the protest. We should protest for our and everybody’s rights until we don’t get what we demand but in a dignified and non-violent manner. Violence just makes things worse.
English Ivy and Pets – [ Toxic to Dogs & Cats? ] Who doesn’t like flowers and plants? Well, they are a gift of nature, and everybody likes to see them. They make you feel fresh and the house looks very aesthetic. Millions of plants and flowers are present worldwide, having different types, shapes, sizes, and colors. They can be used both outdoors and indoors and look amazingly beautiful. Running plants can easily cover the exterior structure of the buildings, such as walls, doors, ceilings, etc, and look aesthetically pleasing. English Ivy or Hedera Helix is one of them. They are mostly used outside because of their ability to grow and spread but can also be placed inside as an amazing indoor piece. The English Ivy looks wonderful and has many benefits when it covers the exterior portion of the buildings. They are famously known for their temperature control abilities. They can keep the buildings warm in cold weather while protecting them from scorching heat in the summers. But as we all know, with good comes the bad as well. The Ivy’s can be poisonous sometimes, especially for your pets and children. English Ivy and Pets Based on our personal experience, we have gathered some information about how they are toxic to pets and what precautionary measures should be taken if you are both a pet and a plant lover and want to keep both of them in your house. Why is English ivy poisonous? English Ivy is commonly named Common Ivy and contains sapogenin and polyacetylene compounds. Both of these compounds are natural steroids and irritate the skin and mucous membrane. As they are a type of running plant, so they creep and spread fastly over one another. Their roots are sunken under the ground, so they can get fungus easily and decay. This makes them toxic for most of the pets and even some babies as well. With the ability to grow rapidly, their seeds can spread, which might cause the death of some stray animals. The berries grown on the top of the leaves shall be removed as soon as possible. They can be more poisonous than the leaves. If eaten by mistake, the leaves can cause toxicity. So having this plant in the surrounding of your home can be dangerous for your pets if not taken care of properly. Poisoning in Pets The entire plant is toxic, but it is most concentrated in the leaves. Typically the nutrients travel upward from the roots to the leaves in many plants, but in ivy’s case, a harmful steroid is present in them. If you have pets in your home, i.e, cats and dogs, make sure they do not go near the plant. Keep them away from the plant pots or walls which have these laid on them. If they accidentally swallow the leaf or the berries present on the top, they might experience allergic reactions such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, etc. In extreme cases, your dog or cat might end up in a coma or have paralysis. If something like this happens, the vet should be contacted immediately as the symptoms might vary. Precautionary Measures If you want to keep both the pets and the ivy, you need not worry about them. Follow these precautionary measures, and you will be good without giving up on any of them. • If you have the Ivy’s outdoors, keep the pets inside. • Please do not leave your pets unattended or restrict them to a certain area when you leave the house. • The plant should be kept in a room that is not commonly used if placed inside the house. • You can trim the plants from the bottom so that no one can reach them. • If placed indoor, the pots can be labeled so nobody can touch them. • You can hang them up with the ceiling so nobody is able to touch the plant pots. By following these precautionary measures, you can easily keep both the plants and the pets together. You can even think of more ideas of preventing the interaction of your pets or children with these poisonous plants according to your convenience. The English Ivy provides you with fresh oxygen and is often called a natural air filter. Common Ivy can make your home look even better. They can even help you to maintain the temperature while fluctuating under all weather conditions. These Ivy’s almost need very little or no maintenance. It would be best to grow them at the spot where the sunlight hits directly, and they will start growing rapidly, the branches crawling over each other. It is a natural resource that provides us with multiple benefits. These plants have many advantages. You need not worry about having these in your home. If you are a plant lover and decide not to get the common ivy because they contain some naturally produced steroids, which might not be safe for the pets, this might not be a good decision. You can keep these plants while having the pets around. They will be of no harm if you be a little careful and follow some of the precautionary measures that have been mentioned above.
Enter a Search Keyword Can Autism be treated? There is no known uniform method of treating autism due to the fact that autism affects individuals in different ways and behaviours from one person to another display differently. However, there is a set of developmental practices and medications that may help some autistic individuals grow out of their condition in time or at least allows the patient to live with their condition in the least impacting way possible, most essentially through a joint effort, patience and dedication from both the treating physicians and the autistic patient’s family. What treatment types are there related to dealing with Autism? Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder usually appear between the ages of two to three years As an adult, is it likely that I have undiagnosed autism? I demonstrate a lot of the symptoms. Yes, sometimes people who have mild symptoms of autism are not diagnosed until adulthood. Symptoms of autism can mimic symptoms of other disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder, causing confusion regarding an exact diagnosis. Occasionally, doctors will diagnose an adult with autism after they have a child who is diagnosed with autism and the adult notices symptoms in themselves. How early can autism be identified? What should parents do if they are concerned their young child may have autism? Some of the signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be noticed before the age of 1, although a reliable diagnosis by an autism specialist can be made in children as young as 18 months of age. Unfortunately, many children end up waiting until after their 4th birthday to be diagnosed with ASD. Delays in seeking an initial assessment and limited access to specialists are just a couple of factors that help to explain this delay. Children who have less severe ASD, or are from minority backgrounds, tend to be diagnosed later than those with severe symptoms. Researchers are developing ways of being able to diagnose autism at even younger ages, such as using eye tracking technologies. The diagnosis of autism is typically based on a clinical examination, which is often supported with other information and tests. There is no single scan or blood test that can independently diagnose autism. Our advice to parents is to trust their gut instinct when they are worried about their child and to seek the advice of their primary care pediatrician. This general assessment may then lead to a referral to a specialist who will perform a more comprehensive evaluation. Parents should also feel empowered to ask for a specialist opinion if they do not feel adequately reassured by a primary care evaluation. Can children “grow out” of autism? A small minority of children show considerable improvement in their ASD symptoms following diagnosis. While ASD has historically been considered a life-long condition, recent research has shown that the outcomes associated with an ASD diagnosis can vary considerably. Some people who were diagnosed with ASD in their youth may improve dramatically and show little difference to people who have never had the diagnosis. Whether these individuals “grew out” of autism, or simply responded exceptionally well to the therapeutic interventions, remains up for debate. One should also question if the initial diagnosis of ASD was accurate in these cases. At the moment it is difficult to identify which children will “grow out” of autism, although those who have less severe symptoms and those who obtain early access to the appropriate therapies appear to have better outcomes. What are the early indicators of autism spectrum disorder in children? According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), early indicators of a child's risk of developing autism spectrum disorder are: • At the age of 12 months, the child does not respond when his name is called. • At the age of 14 months, the child does not point his finger at things. To show interest in it. • At the age of 18 months, the child does not play imaginative play. There is so much information about therapies, treatments and diets for children with autism — how do I know what’s right for my child? Parents naturally want the best for their child, and many will try different treatments, diets and therapies to help their loved one. It is difficult to cover all of the numerous therapies but here are the key points: • Medical and psychiatric conditions that co-exist with ASD should be identified and treated by a suitably trained physician. These can include immune problems, digestive problems and ADHD. • Natural therapies or treatments are often advertised as being safe and effective. Unfortunately, most of these treatments do not have high quality scientific evidence that supports either claim. Some parents have described improvements in their child by using specialized diets. The most important point here is to make sure the child receives enough calories and nutrients regardless of the dietary change. • Parents should be very cautious of treatments that are advertised as being able to “cure” autism; these claims are often uncertain. Know More About: What is Autism Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder, is a known brain development condition that manifests itself as difficulty in communicating or socializing with others and can affect an individual and their family throughout their life.
Sleep apnea surgery: types, risks and outlook Surgery can help improve some cases of obstructive sleep apnea by removing or reducing the obstruction. Sleep apnea is a common condition. Several potential treatment options can help, including surgical procedures. Surgery can reduce the obstruction that prevents the person from breathing while sleeping. This article reviews what sleep apnea is and several of the surgical procedures that can help improve the condition. Sleep apnea occurs when a person’s breathing stops and starts several times during sleep. It is a common condition that can prevent the body from getting enough oxygen. The two types of sleep apnea are: • Central sleep apnea (CSA): It happens when the brain fails to send signals to the lungs to breathe. It often results from underlying health conditions that affect the brain. • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): This is the most common type where the airways become blocked periodically due to factors such as hormones, enlarged tonsils, or obesity. Learn more about the types of sleep apnea here. A doctor can diagnose sleep apnea with a sleep diary or a sleep study called polysomnography. During polysomnography, a healthcare professional connects a person to equipment that measures their breathing and other functions. Doctors use the results to rule out other sleep disorders before diagnosing sleep apnea. Learn more about polysomnography here. Surgery is usually not an option for people with central sleep apnea, and doctors only recommend it for people with mild to moderate OSA. However, researchers reported promising results using a “fully implantable unilateral transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation device” to improve symptoms of central sleep apnea. Research on this treatment is ongoing. Doctors can sometimes treat obstructive sleep apnea with surgery. A surgeon must know the exact cause of the condition in order to perform any of the following types of surgery: Nasal surgery Nasal surgery can help reduce airway obstructions in the nose. Sleep apnea can occur if there is a blockage in any of the following parts of the nose: • nasal valve • septum • cones The most common nasal surgeries to treat sleep apnea are septoplasty and turbinate reduction. These outpatient procedures are generally safe. They can improve sleep apnea symptoms by widening the septum or turbinates to allow air to flow freely through them. Palate surgery For mild cases of sleep apnea, a doctor may recommend soft palate surgery, also known as a pillar procedure. This outpatient procedure involves placing three plastic rods into the soft palate tissue. The rods stimulate an inflammatory response in the tissue, which helps stiffen it. When this happens, the firm palate tissue is less likely to rub against the pharynx, which can help improve sleep apnea and snoring. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is the most common surgical procedure performed for sleep apnea. During the procedure, a surgeon removes excess tissue from the pharynx and soft palate as well as the tonsils if present. They then close the incisions. The treated area is known as the oropharynx and is responsible for the majority of cases of sleep apnea. The procedure requires an overnight hospital stay and can involve a painful recovery. Removal of adenoids or tonsils For children with sleep apnea, doctors often recommend adenotonsillectomy. In this procedure, the surgeon removes the adenoids and tonsils. Removing these structures can open the airways and improve sleep apnea. According to a study 2016, children who are not obese and who have smaller tonsils may find that recovery and risk are lower if only the adenoids are removed. However, if the tonsils are larger, surgery may not be as effective as removing both. Skeletal surgery If a maxillofacial skeletal malformation has occurred, a doctor may recommend skeletal surgery to correct the problem. The procedure involves widening the jawbone by about 10 to 12 millimeters (mm) and then stabilizing it with titanium plates. The procedure is relatively complicated compared to other surgeries due to the need to precisely cut the bone and properly align the teeth. As part of their recovery, the person will have to close their teeth and spend several nights in the hospital. However, the procedure has a success rate of almost 90%, although few surgeons or institutions perform this surgery due to the complication of the procedure and the recovery. Tongue surgery There are two different procedures involving the tongue. They understand: • Language advancement: In this procedure, a surgeon moves the main muscle of the tongue (genioglossus muscle) forward. They make an incision in the jawbone, push it forward, then use a titanium plate to hold it in place. Although generally effective, it requires an overnight stay and is more invasive than other procedures. • Reduction of the base of the tongue: Tongue base reduction is a procedure that decreases the amount of tissue in the base of the tongue. A surgeon can do this either with an incision or using radiofrequency waves. Incision surgery (midline glossectomy) is more invasive and requires overnight hospitalization. The radiofrequency method is non-invasive but requires several sessions. Both can improve, but not necessarily cure, mild sleep apnea in about 60% of people. In obese people, a tracheostomy can provide effective relief from sleep apnea. The procedure involves creating an opening in the trachea through the neck to allow oxygen to directly access the lungs. Doctors sometimes recommend it to people who have tried other treatments without success. All surgical procedures have some risks associated with them. A person should speak with a doctor about the risks associated with the treatment option they are recommending. Any procedure that requires general anesthesia puts a person at increased risk. This is due to its effects on breathing, which can make regaining consciousness more difficult. It can also make it harder for a person to breathe after the procedure. Doctors will watch a person closely during surgery to prevent risks from general anesthesia. Other general risks of surgery include: Learn more about general anesthesia here. Below are answers to some frequently asked questions about sleep apnea surgery. Does surgery cure sleep apnea? For some, surgery can cure or stop sleep apnea. Although many surgeries have high success rates, no single procedure can guarantee a cure for sleep apnea. Are there other treatments for sleep apnea? The first-line treatment for sleep apnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). CPAP involves a person wearing a mask over their mouth and nose which is connected to a machine. The machine delivers a constant flow of air to a person’s airways to help keep them open. Doctors rarely recommend surgery to treat sleep apnea. A person can improve their sleep apnea if: manners: • make lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, quitting smoking, staying active, and eating a healthy diet • using oral devices to open the mouth more widely • do exercises for the mouth and jaw A person should speak with a doctor about their expectations after the procedure. Most procedures have a high level of success, but not everyone will see improvement after surgery. If surgery doesn’t work, a person’s doctor will likely recommend additional treatments. Several surgeries can help improve sleep apnea. Some are minimally invasive outpatient procedures, while others require a hospital stay. The surgery recommended by a doctor will vary depending on the underlying cause of the sleep apnea. A person should discuss their options with a doctor and ask about the chances of success. The most common surgeries for sleep apnea are generally safe. Surgery that requires general anesthesia is associated with higher risks. Previous Making money while enjoying football: how to do it in the age of technology Next Using credit card points at checkout just got too easy
High salt consumption favors high blood pressure High salt consumption favors high blood pressure We are searching data for your request: Forums and discussions: Manuals and reference books: Data from registers: Wait the end of the search in all databases. Does salt harm the gut microbiome? According to a recent study, lower salt intake seems to be beneficial for the gut microbiome and blood pressure. So it is recommended to eat less salt. This is especially true for women with untreated high blood pressure, as they experience more of an impact from greater salt intake. The recent joint study by the Queen Mary University of London and the Medical College of Georgia found that increased salt intake appeared to be detrimental to blood pressure and the gut microbiome. The results of the study were presented in the English-language journal "Hypertension". Data from 145 people were analyzed When examining the blood of 145 adult women and men with untreated hypertension, the researchers found that low salt intake can improve the intestinal flora. Women in particular showed an increased content of short-chain fatty acids in the blood after just six weeks of daily sodium intake of around 2.3 grams, an indicator of a healthy microbiome. The German Nutrition Society (DGE) recommends a maximum of six grams of table salt a day. Does the microbiome regulate blood pressure? There is growing evidence that the microbiome plays a direct role in regulating blood pressure. New findings suggest that a high-salt diet changes the gut microbiome, especially in animal models for salt-sensitive hypertension. In their current study, the researchers tried to understand the underlying mechanisms of how a high-salt diet causes high blood pressure. What are the functions of the gut microbiota? The gut microbiota includes all the bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi that populate the gastrointestinal tract. These have a variety of functions, from supporting the digestion of food to the immune response and influencing the tendency to gain weight. What Are Circulating Short Chain Fatty Acids? Circulating short-chain fatty acids are an important source of energy for the epithelial cells that line the large intestine and prevent content from escaping from the gastrointestinal tract into the body. Short chain fatty acids are believed to also play a role in protecting against common problems such as inflammation, obesity, and diabetes. How do circulating short chain fatty acids affect blood pressure? Circulating short chain fatty acids are already known to play a role in regulating blood pressure. These small intestinal metabolites are absorbed into the entire bloodstream. They bind to receptors in the blood vessels and kidneys, which play an important role in the release of the enzyme renin. Renin ensures good blood flow to the kidneys and plays an important role in blood pressure control. The blood levels of circulating short-chain fatty acids can be seen as an indicator of the health of the gut microbiome, the researchers report. What were the expectations? The research group's hypothesis was that even a modest reduction in salt intake would change the levels of circulating short-chain fatty acids and lower blood pressure. How did the investigation work? No stool samples were taken from the study participants. Instead, circulating short chain fatty acids were examined. For two weeks, all participants received detailed instructions on how to reduce their sodium intake to around 2,000 milligrams a day. In the randomized, placebo-controlled study, half of the participants received either a sodium or a placebo tablet nine times a day for six weeks. After the period, the groups were changed. What did lower salt intake do? The researchers found that reducing sodium intake increased all eight short-chain fatty acids, which are the end product of the fermentation of fibers that are broken down by the microbiota. Humans naturally do not have enzymes to digest many of these fibers. What did increased levels of circulating short chain fatty acids do? The team found that increased circulating short-chain fatty acid levels were consistently associated with lower blood pressure and increased blood vessel flexibility. Periods of higher salt intake raised blood pressure in both men and women. Lower salt intake led to an improvement in blood pressure. Effects on women were stronger The effects of salt intake were most evident in women, explains the research group. There are generally consistent differences in microbiota between men and women. Sodium is a factor in both sexes, but the effects related to the gut microbiome appear to be more pronounced in women. More research is now needed to check this more closely. It may well be that high salt levels affect blood pressure in men and women in different ways. Effects on systolic blood pressure For example, in the 24-hour measurement, systolic blood pressure was almost five points lower when women were on a low-salt diet compared to women who were on a high-salt diet. Systolic blood pressure was only three points lower in men on a low-salt diet compared to men on a high-salt diet. Future studies should include faecal samples In the future, a larger study will be carried out in which faecal samples will also be examined in order to assess the microbial content and health more directly. This would make it possible to determine whether the gender differences that emerged in the current study persisted. (as) Author and source information • Li Chen, Feng J. He, Yanbin Dong, Ying Huang, Changqiong Wang, Gregory A. Harshfield, Haidong Zhu: Modest Sodium Reduction Increases Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Untreated Hypertensives, in Hypertension (Posted Jun 1, 2020), Hypertension Video: Salt Intake With high Blood Pressure (August 2022).
Common Name: AMMONIUM PERMANGANATE CAS Number: 13446-10-1 DOT Number: NA 9190 ------------------------------------------------------------ Substance number: 0110 Date: February 1988 ------------------------------------------------------------ HAZARD SUMMARY * Ammonium Permanganate can affect you when breathed in. * Exposure to Ammonium Permanganate can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. * Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. * Ammonium Permanganate is a HIGHLY REACTIVE CHEMICAL and is a DANGEROUS EXPLOSION HAZARD. IDENTIFICATION Ammonium Permanganate is a violet-brown or dark purple, crystalline (sugar or sand-like) solid. REASON FOR CITATION * Ammonium Permanganate is on the Hazardous Substance List because it is cited by DOT. * This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance List because it is REACTIVE. HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEING EXPOSED * Exposure to hazardous substances should be routinely evaluated. This may include collecting personal and area air samples. You can obtain copies of sampling results from your employer. You have a legal right to this information under OSHA 1910.20. * If you think you are experiencing any work-related health problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you. WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS No occupational exposure limits have been established for Ammonium Permanganate. This does not mean that this substance is not harmful. Safe work practices should always be followed. WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE * Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be worn. * Wear protective work clothing. * Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to Ammonium Permanganate. * Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In addition, as part of an ongoing education and training effort, communicate all information on the health and safety hazards of Ammonium Permanganate to potentially exposed workers. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Acute Health Effects The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to Ammonium Permanganate: * Ammonium Permanganate can irritate the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. * Contact can cause eye and skin irritation. Chronic Health Effects The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some time after exposure to Ammonium Permanganate and can last for months or years: Cancer Hazard * According to the information presently available to the New Jersey Department of Health, Ammonium Permanganate has not been tested for its ability to cause cancer in animals. Reproductive Hazard * According to the information presently available to the New Jersey Department of Health, Ammonium Permanganate has not been tested for ts ability to adversely affect reproduction. Other Long-Term Effects * Very irritating substances may affect the lungs. It is not known whether Ammonium Permanganate can cause lung damage. MEDICAL Medical Testing There is no special test for this chemical. However, if illness occurs or overexposure is suspected, medical attention is recommended. Any evaluation should include a careful history of past and present symptoms with an exam. Medical tests that look for damage already done are not a substitute for controlling exposure. Request copies of your medical testing. You have a legal right to this information under OSHA 1910.20. WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES Unless a less toxic chemical can be substituted for a hazardous substance, ENGINEERING CONTROLS are the most effective way of reducing exposure. The best protection is to enclose operations and/or provide local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release. Isolating operations can also reduce exposure. Using respirators or protective equipment is less effective than the controls mentioned above, but is sometimes necessary. In evaluating the controls present in your workplace, consider: (1) how hazardous the substance is, (2) how much of the substance is released into the workplace and (3) whether harmful skin or eye contact could occur. Special controls should be in place for highly toxic chemicals or when significant skin, eye, or breathing exposures are possible. In addition, the following controls are recommended: * Before entering a confined space where Ammonium Permanganate may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Good WORK PRACTICES can help to reduce hazardous exposures. The following work practices are recommended: * Workers whose clothing has been contaminated by Ammonium Permanganate should change into clean clothing promptly. * Contaminated work clothes should be laundered by individuals who have been informed of the hazards of exposure to Ammonium Permanganate. * On skin contact with Ammonium Permanganate, immediately wash or shower to remove the chemical. * Do not eat, smoke, or drink where Ammonium Permanganate is handled, processed, or stored, since the chemical can be swallowed. Wash hands carefully before eating or smoking. * Use a vacuum or a wet method to reduce dust during clean-up. Do not dry sweep. FIRE HAZARDS * Ammonium Permanganate may explode at temperatures above 140oF. * POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE, including Nitrogen Oxides and Ammonia. * Use dry chemical, CO2, water spray, or foam extinguishers. * CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE. * Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. * If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped as stated in OSHA 1910.156. SPILLS AND EMERGENCIES If Ammonium Permanganate is spilled, take the following steps: * Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill until clean-up is complete. * Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. * Keep Ammonium Permanganate out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. * It may be necessary to contain and dispose of Ammonium Permanganate as a HAZARDOUS WASTE. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) or your regional office of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for specific recommendations. HANDLING AND STORAGE * Prior to working with Ammonium Permanganate you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. * Ammonium Permanganate must be stored to avoid contact with Heat, Friction, Organic and OXIDIZABLE MATERIAL, FUELS, and COMBUSTIBLES since violent reactions occur. * Always store Ammonium Permanganate at temperatures below 140 degrees F (60 degrees C). * Protect containers from shock as Ammonium Permanganate may explode. FIRST AID Eye Contact * Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Skin Contact * Quickly remove contaminated clothing. Immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of water. Breathing * Remove the person from exposure. PHYSICAL DATA Water Solubility: Soluble CHEMICAL NAME Permanganic Acid, Ammonium Salt
ACLS Fellowship Program This study of Italian news printing from its origins in 1470 to the sack of Rome in 1527 examines a broad array of Renaissance printed news texts in both Italian and Latin, in verse and in prose, which either relay information or comment more obliquely on contemporary events. The study explores the literary strategies Renaissance authors used to interpret the news of their day. It also traces connections among authors, printers, readers, and states seeking to control the flow of information at a time of political, social, and religious flux. Ultimately, the project attempts to redefine our understanding of printed political discourse in early modern Europe by locating its origins earlier and farther south than previously imagined.
While the United States has been on the sidelines of climate leadership over the past four years, European countries and Japan have begun to address the hard-to-abate sectors of heavy industry and transportation, where hydrogen technology is central to their climate plans. Hydrogen burns cleanly—with water as the only byproduct—and can be deployed into existing industrial, transportation, and building applications with little modification. Currently, hydrogen requires large-scale clean production and distribution infrastructure, but it can immediately be blended into existing gas infrastructure to reduce emissions in buildings, which will help create the scale necessary for transportation and industrial deployment. Several analyses have found that it is practically impossible to reach net-zero emissions in cement, steel, and glass production without hydrogen, and it is uniquely suited to decarbonizing heavy transportation. In order for hydrogen to become a viable decarbonization solution in the United States, a narrative shift and a framework of policies that can enable its deployment are needed. The Atlantic Council’s hydrogen policy sprint will examine the opportunities and challenges for developing a clean hydrogen economy in the United States and offer policy recommendations for efficiently and effectively scaling clean hydrogen production and consumption. The sprint will include a series of briefs and a final report based upon Global Energy Center research and discussions with experts: the first two will focus on pathways and challenges for clean hydrogen production, the third on storage and transportation infrastructure, the 4th and 5th on hydrogen demand and deployment, and the final brief will explore how state and federal policies can address the identified challenges and spur the development of a clean hydrogen economy in the United States. hydrogen policy sprint briefs related content stay connected Subscribe to DirectCurrent
Toggle mobile search bar Share and Print Do you yearn to be young forever or to live a long life? The search for the elixir of youth is not new. Folklore records how many powerful kings of old searched in vain for elusive magical potions. But, things are different now. Nutrition science offers evidence-based suggestions to eat well to live a longer life. Read on to pick up ideas on how to eat right today for better health tomorrow. You work long and hard. You look forward to the day when you can enjoy a more relaxed lifestyle. Now, there are two paths. do you see yourself healthy, well and enjoying life or, ill, popping medications and dependent on others for help? Of course, you want to stay well! Good health does not just happen you need to do all you can to protect and preserve it. Evidence-based nutrition science can now make practical suggestions to eat better to prevent or delay chronic lifestyle-related diseases and even, live longer. Eat right today and insure yourself for better health tomorrow. Here is how: Eat for optimal protection 1. Make your calories count As you grow older, your metabolism decreases and you will require less energy. Yet, nutrient needs don't change much, and in some cases they can even be higher. So, as you eat a little less make your food choices count for more nutrition. Go for mostly lean and low fat food, and cut back on food high in added sugar. Moderate your portions while ensuring a balanced diet that comprises of a variety of food. 2. Include whole grains, fruit and vegetables Did you know that each day your cells are bombarded by very active "free radical" molecules? Scientists propose that unchecked free radicals damage body cells and accelerate ageing, cause cataracts, heart disease, and certain cancers. The body calls into play several mechanisms to protect body cells that are vulnerable to free radical damage. One effective protective mechanism is your daily diet. Evidence suggests that eating plenty of whole grains, fruit and vegetables has a protective effect against heart disease and cancer. Vitamins, minerals and many natural 'phytochemicals' function as 'antioxidants' to neutralise the free radicals, protecting body cells from damage. So, try your level best to include at least one wholegrain staple food like wholemeal bread, brown rice, wholegrain pasta or noodle or oats every day. Aim to meet your daily recommendation of 2 servings of fruit and 2 servings of vegetables. Remember to eat a variety of these wholesome food, especially picking brightly coloured produce, as they are richer in antioxidant colour pigments. 3. Bone up with calcium As you live longer, the scaffolding holding you up that is your bones need support as well, to last a lifetime. So, do not neglect strengthening them with the natural bone cement. Dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese) are rich sources of calcium. Include dairy products in your diet every day, and go for low fat or fat free versions. If dairy products trigger intolerance or an allergic reaction, then you need to include other calcium-rich food, for example small fish with edible bones, green leafy vegetables and calcium-fortified food such as soybean milk, bread and biscuits. Eat defensively 1. Eat less fat, limit saturated fat and minimise trans fats Fat is a nutrient. But fat is also a concentrated source of calories, so when eaten in excess, a diet high in fat can increase the risk of being overweight and obese. To make matters even more complex, there are different types of fat in our diet and each one of them has a different effect on health. Based on their composition, we can classify fats as saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and trans fats. Chewing problems? If you have difficulties chewing, see your dentist and try to get the problem treated. Don't let chewing problems become a barrier to good nutrition. Choose softer food which are easier to eat and chop food well to reduce the risk of choking. Examples include porridge and mashed potatoes (Brown rice and wholemeal bread), and steamed fish, tofu and yoghurt (Meat and others). Saturated fat and trans fat raise LDL cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol) and this increases the risk of developing heart disease and stroke. Saturated fat is found mostly in animal fat (e.g. fatty meat, chicken skin), full fat dairy products, deep fried food and food prepared with palm-based vegetable oils. Food containing trans fat include pastries, cakes, cookies and products made with vegetable shortening and hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oils. Scientists generally agree that unsaturated fats - olive, canola, soya, corn, and peanut oils - are healthier choices. Unsaturated fats, rich in omega 3 fats offer a multitude of heart-health benefits ranging from lowering triglycerides to improving the elasticity of blood vessels. But, all healthier oils are to be used sparingly as part of a well-balanced diet. 2. Lighten up on salt Many of us have acquired quite a preference for salty food. Salt is sodium chloride, and excessive sodium intake increases the risk of high blood pressure. The main sources of sodium in the diet of Singaporeans are salt and sauces added during cooking. So, cut down on using salt and sauces; instead flavour food with natural seasonings such as lemon juice, herbs and spices. Read food labels of packaged food to pick items that are lower in sodium or have the Healthier Choice Symbol. So Remember... • Optimise your health by eating a wide variety of food, in the right portions, guided by the My Healthy Plate. Maintain a healthy weight by balancing what you eat with regular physical activity. • Include whole grains, fruit and vegetables to protect your cells from free radical damage and developing some chronic lifestyle diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Include enough calcium-rich food to protect your bones and prevent osteoporosis. • Eat defensively. Eat less fat, limit saturated fat, and minimise trans fat. Choose and prepare food with less salt and sauces.
Jan's Illustrated Computer Literacy 101 Logo:Jegsworks Jan's Illustrated Computer Literacy 101 Home > Jan's CompLit 101 > Working with Windows 10 > Files & Folders Icon: Arrow - Previous pagePrevious NextIcon: Arrow - Next page Jan's Working with Windows 10: Project 2: Files & Folders Project Objectives • Know parts of File Explorer windows • Understand the folder tree • Arrange, sort, and group items in a File Explorer window • Use removable media • Create a folder • Copy, move, rename, delete, and undelete files and folders • Open a file from the Contents pane of File Explorer and from a Recent Files list. • Open an application from the Start menu, from File Explorer, and by using Windows Search • Save a file with a proper and useful name • Understand 8.3 filenames • Use Open and Save As dialog boxes • Create a backup of a file • Use Print Preview • Print a document In the Windows Basics lessons you learned how to get around the Windows interface, using your pointing device, menus, and the keyboard. You opened some applications and managed their windows. You created a drawing (though it might not have qualified as ART!). But when you closed Paint, your drawing was lost. How sad! Next you need to learn how to save your work and keep track of where all that saved work is. That requires an understanding of the rules Windows uses to manage files and the folders they are stored in. Basic Terms Each document, whether it is a plain text file Icon for text file or a letter in Word Word document or music Icon for midi file Icon for MP3 file or the code to run a program Icon for program file, is called a file. Files are grouped together in folders Icon for a folder, also called directories by folks who are used to certain other operating systems. Disk or Drive: Technically, a disk is an object on which you store your files and a drive is the device that reads from and writes to the storage media. Often these words are used as though they were the same thing. Some 'drives' are not disks at all, like flash drives. Your files and folders are stored on your computer's hard disk Icon: Boot drive (Win10), or an external drive Icon: Removable drive connected to your computer, or on a network drive Icon: Network drive, or on some kind of removable media like a CD Icon: CD (Win10), DVD Icon: DVD drive (Win10), USB drive Icon: Removable driveIcon: Removable drive (Win10), or another kind of removable device. A large hard disk can be divided into several logical disks to make the space easier to work with and maintain. Logical disks display as additional hard disks. Many computers come with a hidden logical disk that contains the files needed to restore the computer to its original state, straight from the manufacturer. A virtual disk is a single file on the computer that looks like a logical disk. Backup software and encryption software might create a virtual disk. Drive Names: Drives are named with a letter plus a colon. Computer with dual floppy drivesA: Icon: Floppy disk The floppy drive is A: and a second floppy drive is B:. Yes, computers are still reserving letters for these ancient drive types. In the olden days, about 1982, our first computer was tops with dual 5¼" floppy drives! C: The hard drive or solid state drive that contains the operating system is C: is called the boot drive. Logical drives and external drives get letters that follow C:. D: Icon: CD (Win10) Icon: DVD drive (Win10) Your CD or DVD drive usually uses the first letter after all of your hard drives, so it will be D: only if you have only one hard disk and it has no logical partitions. If you have two CD or DVD drives, they could be named D: and E: which leaves F: for the CD/DVD drive. Network drives Icon: Network driveare usually further down the alphabet. Many networks start the names for network drives at Z and go up the alphabet. A school I used to teach at assigned the name O: to the network drive where a user could store documents. I could log onto any computer on the network and access my documents on that drive. Removable drives Icon: Removable driveIcon: Removable drive (Win10) like flash drives, external hard drives, and external solid state drives are assigned a letter when they are connected. Those letters can be reused by different devices as you plug in and remove various storage devices. You can assign a drive letter to your device so that it will always use that letter when it is attached to a computer. But, you must consider whether you will need to use the device on a computer that already has a drive with that letter name. More than just confusion can occur. Duplicate drive names are just not allowed, so you will not be able to view or use your files with both devices connected to the computer. Example of drives list in File Explorer (Win10) Drives of different types for a single (actual) computer Note: Drive H: is empty so its icon is grayed out. Icon: WarningWarning: Drives may or may not show if empty Some computers display a CD or DVD drive even when the drive is empty and some do not. Computers with built-in slots for removable media (USB, Smart Media, SD, Memory Stick, etc) often show those drives even if they are empty. A printer that is connected to your computer may show as a drive if it has slots for media, even when those are empty. There is a setting in the Folder Options dialog on the View tab that lets you 'Hide empty drives'. But it may not hide those media slots that are built in. The drive and folders you must go through to get to the folder or file that you want form the path to the file. A path always starts with a drive letter. The path C:\Windows\notepad.exe leads to the file that starts Notepad. The path C:\Program Files\Windows Photo Viewer leads to the folder that holds the program files for Windows Photo Viewer. Note that a path uses a back slash \ while a web address (a URL) uses a forward slash /. Each program you have on your computer created a set of files and folders on your hard drive when it was installed, including Windows itself. You can create your own files and folders, too. The first task is to learn how these are arranged on your computer and how to view that arrangement. Then you can learn how to save your own files and create your own folders.
Season 3: Ep. 5: Constructing an Activist Music Education with Dr. Juliet Hess Drawing upon the input of 20 activist musicians, Dr. Juliet Hess wrote a book about building curricula that support noticing, naming, and coming to voice. Building from Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Hess offers a curriculum that asks students to construct songs, discuss soundscapes, and notice and name the structures that surround our expressions of music. Exploring the lessons of Jason Hwang, Lise Vaugeouis, and Teresa Vu and Taiyo Na of the Magnetic North Band, we enter profound lessons that seek to hold space for student voices in music education curricula. Keywords: Freire, Activist, Activism, Social Change, Justice, Anti-Racist, Music Education, Songwriting, Noticing, Naming, Voice Dr. Juliet Hess Constructing an Activist Music Education: A 6-12 Curriculum Juliet Hess is an associate professor of music education at Michigan State University, having previously taught elementary and middle school music in Toronto. Her book, Music Education for Social Change: Constructing an Activist Music Education, explores the intersection of activism, critical pedagogy, and music education. Her second book, Trauma and Resilience in Music Education: Haunted Melodies, is an edited volume co-edited with Deborah Bradley. Juliet received her Ph. D. in Sociology of Education from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto. Her research interests include anti-oppression education, trauma-informed pedagogy, activism in music and music education, music education for social justice, disability and Mad studies, and the question of ethics in world music study. This conversation opened in response to her recently released resource, Constructing an Activist Music Education: A 6-12 Curriculum and her accompanying Text, “Music Education for Social Change: Constructing an Activist Music Education.” Listen on Apple Podcasts Discussion Questions 1. Hess speaks of a call to noticing, naming, and coming to voice. How might this call be lived out within your work and pedagogy? 2. Hess also warns against “dogmatic certainty” that can sometimes accompany activism and activist approaches. How can well-intentioned approaches become harmful if they are not accompanied by humility and a culture of continuous questioning? 3. How do we build spaces that challenge us to do better while also allowing room to mend brokenness when we slip? 4. Describe how Freire’s practice of naming the world is a process of literacy. How does this reinscribe new relations between teacher/student. 5. After looking through Hess’ curriculum, what are some powerful practices of “coming to voice”? How might we hold more intentional space for student voice in music classrooms? 6. Vaugeois’ set of questions ask us to move deeper to examine presences and absences in music. How might we engage imaginations to wonder about what could be while examining what is? 7. The album by Taiyo Na, Teresa Vu and the Magnetic North Band is partly a journey in examining what it means to belong. After listening to this album or examining the video, how does this music explore the complexity of belonging and lowering barriers to belonging? 8. Hess notes that after sitting with voices, it became clear that songwriting should be central within music education curricula. How might songwriting become more deeply embedded within music curricula? How is songwriting a practice of naming, noticing, and coming to voice? 9. Hess encourages a culture of questioning in which students notice ideologies shaping encounters, recognize lived conditions, and move to action. She names an analysis of music videos as an entry point to this culture of questioning. What other entry points might facilitate a culture of questioning? 10. Examine the musical cartography lesson from Hess’ text. What lessons might this activity hold for you and your community? 1:58 Introduction to Critical Pedagogy 4:03 Dangers of Dogmatic Certainty 6:51 Power of Dreaming 7:59 Introducing Activist Musicians 9:52 Jason Hwang 10:33 Lisa Vaugeois 12:54 Theresa Vu 14:53 Taiyo Na 16:30 How Voices Have Changed You 19:27 Introducing the Curriculum Text 23:06 Honoring Lived Experiences 25:20 Noticing Ideologies 29:20 Courageous Conversations 30:31 Introducing a Lesson 32:50 Reciprocity and Generosity 35:13 Closure Giroux, H. A., & Giroux, S. S. (2004). Take back higher education: Race, youth, and the crisis of democracy in the post-Civil Rights era. Palgrave Macmillan. Hess, J. (2019). Music education for social change: Constructing an activist music education. New York, NY: Routledge. Hess, J. (2022). Constructing an activist music education: A 6-12 curriculum. Funded by Agrigento. Available at https://www.julietlhess.com/curriculum.html Vaugeois, L. (2009). Music as a practice of social justice. In E. Gould, J. Countryman, C. Morton, & L. Stewart Rose (Eds.), Exploring social justice: How music education might matter (pp. 2-22). Canadian Music Educators' Association. Wargo, J. M. (2018). #Soundingoutmysilence: Reading a LGBTQ youth’s sonic cartography as multimodal (counter)storytelling. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 62(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.752 Juliet Hess' Website: https://www.julietlhess.com/ Magnetic North and Taiyo Na: https://homewordsound.com/ Lise Vaugeois' Website: http://vaugeois.info/bio/ Jason Kao Hwang Website: https://jasonkaohwang.com/ Article on Teresa Vu: https://www.growthfromfailure.com/podcast/theresa-vu University of Toronto Ethics of Songs Project: https://ethics.utoronto.ca/the-ethics-of-songs/ Home:Word Magnetic North & Taiyo Na Jason Hwang - Human Rites Trio University of Toronto: The Ethics of Songs Project HessPodcast - 4:5:22, 3.20 PM Tue, 4/5 3:23PM • 37:20 music, curriculum, pedagogy, education, Freire, students, noticing, activist, musicians, book, people, hess, experiences, opportunity, peacebuilding, interviewed, ideologies, lise, community, create, introduce Juliet Hess, Kevin Shorner-Johnson Juliet Hess 00:00 We are working alongside a lot of different people who are trying to, to, you know, create an anti racist pedagogy that is intersectional and embracing across identities and there are so many missteps that are possible in this work and you know what works for one person doesn't necessarily work for another person. So we really need to kind of be in that space of knowing that we haven't possibly got it right. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 00:26 You're listening to season three of the music and peacebuilding podcast, a professional development network at music peacebuilding dot com, exploring intersections of peacebuilding, sacredness, community, creativity and imagination through research and story. Juliet Hess is an associate professor of music education at Michigan State University, having previously taught elementary and middle school music in Toronto. Her book, music education for social change. constructing an activist music education explores the intersection of activism, critical pedagogy, and music education. Her second book, trauma and resilience in music education haunted melodies is an edited volume co edited with Deborah Bradley. Juliette received her PhD in sociology of education from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto. Her research interests include anti oppression, education, trauma informed pedagogy, activism and music and music, education, music education for social justice, disability and mad studies, and the question of ethics in world music study. This conversation opened in response to her recently released resource, constructing an activist music education, a six through 12 curriculum, and the accompanying text published by Routledge press, her curriculum text was funded by a generous grant from Agrigento. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 01:58 So I'll start with the first question. So I really enjoyed reading your book. And very much notice the way that it's grounded in Freirean critical pedagogy, which you really open up at the beginning of the book. So for listeners who are not as familiar with Freirean critical pedagogy, will you introduce us to this call to noticing naming and coming to voice that you introduce in this book? Juliet Hess 02:20 Yeah, absolutely. So I think, you know, noticing is rooted in noticing the conditions that shape our lives. Freire describe this process is like conscientization, or a coming to consciousness. So to just really recognize the ideologies that circulate in the things that kind of shape the conditions that you experience, and Freire describes this process as naming the world. So his early work on literacy, describes the process of literacy as what he called reading the word of the world. His literacy work explicitly tied literacy practices to the world surrounding the students. And he didn't even think of students necessarily as students in that kind of traditional hierarchical power situation. But he, he referred to the teacher, as a teacher/student, as someone who also learns from students and students, as students/teachers, as in their capacity to teach the teacher. So then the coming to voice piece, it involves students asserting their perspectives about the conditions that shape their lives. But it also is just an expression of asserting your views into the world about issues that are important to them. So it's learning to kind of develop that ability to assert yourself. So I write in the book about developing a practice of critique within a culture of questioning. And that, for me, is one of the key goals of education. And it's not indoctrination as the anti critical race theory folks seem to fear. But it's, you know, teaching critical thinking in a way that students can be discerning and formulate views for themselves, which I think is, you know, at the forefront of like the things that we need to be doing right now. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 04:03 Then, at the same time, that you're embracing these words, like liberation, you're very much also offering a warning against the very dogmatic certainty of implementation. So will you speak to why an awareness of problems of dogmatic certainty are really important when you're constructing an activist music education? Juliet Hess 04:24 Yeah, absolutely. It's such a good question. I mean, I think, at the moment that we as educators feel like we have something figured out is that that's the exact moment that we slip. So pedagogy is relational. So there's no certainty the ground is always shifting and it should shift. So dogmatic pedagogy, like dogmatic activism is for me when people get hurt. So there's no room in that for nuance necessarily. And it can miss really complex intersections of identity. It doesn't it doesn't see gray area. So as Foucault writes, and I use this to start one of my chapters. he writes, My point is not that everything is bad, but that everything is dangerous, which is not exactly the same as bad. If everything is dangerous, then we always have something to do. So implementing a pedagogy rooted in activism is absolutely dangerous, and in more ways than one. So at the most basic of levels, the legislation that we are seeing being implemented around the country, opposing critical race theory, or so called divisive concepts, such as whiteness and white privilege, or queerness, means that it's quite literally dangerous to teach from an activist frame. So that's a real and present danger. The danger that I write about in the book, however, is more from a critical perspective, like how things can go wrong based on what I'm proposing. So I put forward kind of three pedagogies in the book, a pedagogy of community and a pedagogy of expression, and a pedagogy of noticing, and each of them refracts in very particular ways. You know, I want to look at all of the ways that those things can also go wrong when we implement them. Because keeping in mind, things that don't work is also really important. So, for example, in a pedagogy of community, like how the wish to connect to groups beyond your own personal experience could maybe lead to exoticism. So that's not a very helpful outcome. But on another note, I think the times when we slip also provide opportunities for mending. So I think there's a strong tendency that is particularly communicated to young teachers, that we shouldn't own it when we mess up in the classroom, but we should absolutely own it, and do the work necessary to repair any damage. I mean, of course, it's better if damage does not occur, but doing the work to repair any missteps, I think goes a long way to mending relationships. And I think, you know, embracing uncertainty means that you're going to be doing some mending. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 06:51 Hess notes the power of dreaming within Freirean pedagogy. She states quote, when we imagine a possible future that moves beyond the mechanical repetition of the present, something more becomes possible in a refusal of automatic reinscription. Freire centers the agency inherent and dreaming, the ability to make change and create a different possible future. He Grounds this notion firmly in reality, rather than pointing naively to some kind of causal relationship between dreaming and change, he notes that without dreaming, change remains impossible. This dreaming then does not result in top down imposition upon others. But a bottom up Relational Approach, rooted in love, hope, care, and optimism. Instead of working from a deficit perspective, Hess notes that an ethic of quote, uncertainty may help educators enact critical education in a way that honors the full humanity of students. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 07:59 Okay, so as we move to your newest text, you you grounded in the narrative of the 20 activist musicians who and there's a quote from you hold a range of different identities in terms of gender, race, class, sexual orientation, immigration, age, geography, religion, spirituality and disability. So I want to invite you if you want to introduce us to some of these people's stories that you bring into the book that really ground your narrative. Juliet Hess 08:27 So I wanted to highlight the work of all of the activist musicians because I think they're incredible, but I realized that that's impossible. So I thought I would highlight a few folks whose ideas really heavily influenced the curriculum. Jason Hwang was a he was 58 when I interviewed him, and this was back in 2014. He describes himself as an independent artist, violinist and composer. He's Chinese American, originally from Illinois and living in Jersey. And Jason wrote and performed jazz new... and new and world music and his music fuse, fuses western and eastern sounds, and draws really innovatively upon Chinese traditional instruments. He worked regularly in schools as a teaching artist when I interviewed him. And one of the things that he did when he was teaching in Harlem, which really struck me was he created chants for the young students that he was working with. And these chants like really served as affirmations. So affirming, for example, like that many of the students were multilingual. So he thought it would just be a good idea if that affirmation was running through their heads as they were kind of going throughout their day. So as a result of his work, creating affirming chants is part of the curriculum, and other elements of Jason's work with young people are also in the curriculum, and I really was grateful for the things that he put forward when we got to be in conversation. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 09:51 Jason Hwang notes that his compositions or narrative landscapes through which Sonic beings embark upon extemporaneous, transformational journeys. In the liner notes to his provocative album, The Human Rights trio. Hwang writes that, quote, The psychic intensity both sacred and sacrificial, provokes a heightened awareness that unifies listeners and musicians within a spiritual entrainment. As we hear ourselves within music, we become music, which is no longer a performance, but an affirmation of justice, and celebration of life. Juliet Hess 10:33 The second person who I want to introduce is Lise Vaugeois. She was also 58 When I interviewed her and is a musician, scholar, composer, educator, and activist, and she's from Thunder Bay, Ontario. And she self identifies as a white Canadian with Italian and French heritage and her doctoral work in music education, which is beautiful work focused on colonization and indigeneity. In Canada and western classical music's complicity in colonial violence. It's really important work. So some time ago, she created a tool called musical life histories. And musical life histories is a series of questions that allow someone to kind of excavate like the histories of different musics. So the questions are extremely critical. And they encourage us to think about both presences and absences and music. So the absences for me is really key. So asking, for example, who engages in this music and who does not? So I think, you know, asking the series of questions that she put forward in that 2009 article, really help us to think about where musical practices come from, and who participates and who doesn't, and what kinds of spaces they're in. And some of the power dynamics that are embedded really, you know, it really gets it power when you go through the series of questions. So I think they really help us get to the heart of how different musics are practiced. And that's also included in the curriculum and in the book as well, thanks to Lise allowing me to do that. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 12:03 In my heavily highlighted copy of Hess' book, one of my favorite sections is the reprint of Lise Vaugeois' was guiding questions. Vaugeois asks about performance regulations, who is allowed in and who is kept out who profits and how, and encourages a critical examination of lyrics. She asks, are lyrics significant to this music? What languages are used? Why these languages and not others? What are the lyrics about? How are gender race and classes represented? Why are genders races classes present or absent? In questioning what is and wonderings about what could be, we might embark on journeys to lower barriers to full belonging. Juliet Hess 12:54 The third activist musician that I want to introduce you to is T Vu, Teresa Vu. She was 32 when I interviewed her and is Vietnamese American, and she grew up on the West Coast. She's a computer programmer and a hip hop artist living in New York City and her group magnetic north created the album Home Word, which explores issues of Asian American identity in the 21st century. So T Vu saw music as a way to educate listeners on political issues, and also organized benefit concerts to raise awareness and funds for issues affecting Asian American populations in particular, and they've got a concert upcoming soon in New York City. So I just like so many of T Vu's ideas, made it into the curriculum. So she talks about the way that she demystified music for her younger cosmic cousins by like showing them the kind of four chord song like, you know, the idea that many pop songs use the same four chord structure. And once you kind of break away that mystery, it allows you to write music in a way that you maybe were intimidated to do so before. She also talks about how covers that change the meaning of the original song are really interesting to her. And also about the way mashups can put two contradictory songs in conversation. So these ideas are all a part of the curriculum. I thought so much of what she said was so explicitly pedagogical, and I really wanted to draw on that. So one of the things she said in the interview, and I think this is just really interesting for us to think about, she said, sometimes it's like Mary Poppins saying medicine needs sugar. Sometime messages need these flowing, beautiful instrumentals just to get through to you. It can be a lot to take in, but music can be that kind of sugar to just open your mind. And I love that. And it also really makes me think that perhaps music is the vehicle to communicate some of these hard truths to people. Juliet Hess 14:46 The last activist musician who I want to introduce you to is Taiyo Na, he was 31 when I interviewed him and he's a Hip Hop artist in New York City. He describes himself as an Asian American male, he centered community in his work and explored identity, in his music and his education focused on African and Asian Pacific American Studies, and subsequently inclusive education. So at the time of the study, Taiyo was performing regularly and also taught high school English. So I just so appreciated how Taiyo talks about community. So when he was talking about creating community, musically, he shared and this is a quote from him, jamming vibing and improvising with a group of people musically theatrically, that's the practice of community, you have to listen to each other. And make sure that people have their solo space or lecturing space, but at the same time, fall back and listen to places where everybody can participate. So that idea was just fundamental to the curriculum, and many of the community based lessons really orient around that idea. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 15:54 The inspirations of T Vu and Taiyo Na, can be found in the magnetic north band, and the inspirations of the home word album. So many of these songs explore the cartography of belonging, challenging the racism and hate leveled against Asian American communities, noting long histories of Asian American communities and villainization, this album is a call to the abolition of suffering, and the embrace of belonging, a home, that is a light within. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 16:30 I'm just curious, after having read that book, I'm sure that you sat with those voices for a long time. And everything that there was to teach you in that. How has your approach to preparing and developing music teachers changed as a result of sitting with these voices for such a long time? Juliet Hess 16:49 I mean, I think, you know, one of the key things that came out that was, I mean, maybe not surprising, given who I interviewed, but maybe unexpected given what we typically do in music education was that when, when it came to discussing pedagogy, 18 of the 20 people that I interviewed, were like, songwriting needs to be part of curriculum, and that it was just so simple. I feel like the kind of composition and writing music is so often just completely absent from curriculum. I mean, it's so clear, given the fact that they write music, and that that, of course, would be part of how we express our experiences. But I think, you know, so often in music, education, we, we choose other paths. So I think that that was really important. I ended up writing about this, too, was that, you know, identity politics is often a big part of the music that you make. You know, it's interesting kind of how identity plays in to what we talk about. And, you know, the way our positionality really positions us to speak about particular issues. So I think that that was another interesting thing. And, you know, it was also both interesting to to see how people took up the idea of community and being with people through music, and also that kind of third pedagogy noticing, figuring out how, you know, how do we mobilize what we do in music class, to help people notice the ideologies that shape their existences and all of that as possible. So I think sitting with the data was super valuable. Like, when people ask me, like, I mean, I tell people, like I wrote that book five times, I wrote it in its entirety three full times and then gutted each of the chapters and additional two times on their own. Because there were just so many ways to kind of think through what people were saying. I think ultimately, the arrangement of it made some pedagogical sense that there was just really so much to consider. The conversations were so fruitful and valuable. And I so respect everything that folks had to say. I mean, you know, just introducing you to those four activist musicians as it just barely scratches the surface, you know, like there's, there's so much more to those conversations and to what, you know, what these folks bring to their music and to the world. And I, I'm in awe and respect. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 19:26 So let's pivot to your curriculum text that's recently come out that you're providing for free from your website is kind of a what I interpret as a gift to the profession. Maybe before I asked you this question about students lived experiences could you introduce like, what grade levels this curriculum text is for and your intentions about how this curriculum text might be used? Just to introduce teachers to it? Juliet Hess 19:51 Yeah, absolutely. So I had originally kind of envisioned a K 12 text, but as I was working through activities, I realized that it's more geared towards middle school high school. And the activities are certainly adoptable to do at different levels within the six to 12 age range, but also for, you know, can certainly be adopted to elementary as well, you know, just choosing different things and doing activities from different angles. It's not meant to be like the sum of a year's curriculum, but activities that kind of integrate within your own program, thinking through where some of these things might fit, in alignment with your own goals for your classroom. And it really does follow the pedagogies that I outlined in my book. So the first section is on a pedagogy of community, which, in the book, I talked about a pedagogy of community being composed of three components. And the first component was, you know, building communities. So connecting people locally, so within your classroom, community building community, as you know, together as an ensemble, I use the word ensemble meaning like, from the French like meaning together, so how we learn to be together. And the second component of that pedagogy was connecting to histories. So that is things like Lise Vaugeois' musical life histories, and thinking about how we connect to the different traditions that musics are from, and honoring that within our classrooms. And then the third component I didn't really take up in the curriculum, I still don't like what I called it, I called it connecting to unfamiliar others. And what I mean by that, or what I meant by that, was that sometimes doing a particular music allows you to connect to a group that you haven't actually encountered in your life. So the group behind the music is beyond your personal experience. And I think that there's a lot of value in that. But I think that was almost impossible to create for a curriculum, because there's so much out there already that introduces different musics. You know, I didn't want to kind of pick a few musics that might be, you know, I think the music's that you introduce into your classroom are really specific to who you are in a lot of ways. So I wrote a little bit of text on it in the curriculum, but didn't actually enact some lessons on it. Then the second component of the curriculum is a pedagogy of expression, which I actualized as both honoring and sharing lived experiences. So there are ways to do both in the curriculum. Then the third facet is a pedagogy of noticing. So I have lots of possibilities for the noticing ideology section, which is the first facet of a pedagogy of noticing. And then the second facet is about recognizing the lived conditions that you're experiencing. So there are a couple of lessons there. And then the third lesson is about moving to action. So that's a little bit trickier, I think, in a school context, particularly with some of the legislation coming down the pipes. So that's really the structure for the curriculum is based on that work in the book, drawing on ideas that I got from activist musicians and actualizing them in some pretty practical ways for the classroom. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 23:05 In her curriculum text, Hess writes that quote, when educators honor the lived realities of youth in their classes, it potentially becomes possible for us to assert these experiences musically. Activist musicians perspectives on fostering a place based education, offered an education in which educators consider the community context and the needs of youth in the classroom, in a manner that honors their experiences. This kind of music classroom might open space to honor lived experiences, come to voice and embrace our agency within. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 23:49 And so one of the first things I noticed was this theme of asking students about their lived experiences before starting to impose teaching upon students. And I see that in asking students to construct, whether it's playlists, or constructing life histories, or sharing experiences through songwriting, that you're trying to be very intentional about drawing these out. So can you speak to what is powerful and maybe even countercultural about an act of drawing out the experiences of students? Juliet Hess 24:18 Yeah, I mean, so that's the pedagogy of expression right? Like the honoring piece before you ever ask anyone to share you have to honor first. And I'm really hoping that it's not countercultural at this point, like honestly. So I think many of these ideas resonate with culturally relevant pedagogy and culturally responsive teaching and culturally sustaining pedagogy these like these pedagogy all recognize that students bring to the classroom a great deal. And then we build on it from there rather than assuming that students are like empty vessels waiting to be filled, which is like what Freire calls the banking mode of education, right, like deposit knowledge into the students when they already bring a plethora of knowledge. So It's really like, you know it because, you know, 18 of the 20 activist musicians thought that songwriting should be a fundamental part of the curriculum. And songwriting is often rooted in your experience, like you can't ask people to share unless you've communicated already that you absolutely value what they bring. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 25:20 So I also want to talk about the particularly powerful section that you've already introduced, which is this section in your curriculum on noticing ideologies. And what I think I gained from that, from looking through the curriculum materials is that students are being asked to contextualize their story and experience within larger stories, and maybe offering the critical reflection about the problems of systems within which they're situated. So can you talk about this section on noticing ideologies? Juliet Hess 25:50 Yeah, absolutely. So this pedagogy of noticing is rooted in a culture of questioning. And as I just mentioned, I actualized that in three phases, so the first phase is that youth notice and identify the ideology shaping all of their encounters. And second, they recognize the lived conditions of both themselves and others in the class. And then third is moving to actions. So this section really focuses on that first phase, the noticing ideologies piece. So I have a number of lessons in the section that lead students to recognize ideologies, systems and structures that shape their lives. Like I, I tried to figure out ways to scaffold this kind of critical thinking. So I can talk those through a little bit. So it starts with looking at media representation, and that's analyzing music videos. So for me, this is something I use regularly in my teaching, like music videos are an easy way into representation. So this activity just encourages youth to kind of think through how different identities are represented in music videos. And then also whether or not there are any stereotypes at play. So it's just kind of a, a way in through music, of thinking about representation and the way that different identities are communicated. Then from there, drawing on this is the work of Magali Meagher, and she directed the Toronto Girls Rock Camp, one of the activities that she had going was an opportunity for the girls who attended the camp, and non binary students to, to analyze media messages about body image, it was just an opportunity to kind of help the campers think critically about media messages they received about their bodies, and obviously at a crucial time during those teenage years. So that was kind of the second piece of that noticing ideologies. And again, it's kind of targeting media messages. And then we turn to music and think about how music communicates a message. It's an opportunity to kind of consider both music and lyrics and to think about the kinds of messages that music sends. So that's a piece of this section. And then the next activity is about noticing the strategic nature of music. So that allows students to consider times where music might be dangerous or serve fascism, as well as when it might actually disrupt the status quo. So noticing when music might be used as propaganda, or to manipulate emotions is actually really important to being able to resist it and music gets mobilized that way, all the time. From there, I introduce the ethics of song project, and this is from the Center for Ethics at the University of Toronto. It's a project called the ethics of song. And it's a series of YouTube videos that various scholars have kind of chosen a song to discuss in order to explore the ethical dimensions of it. So this is an introduction to that project, and an opportunity to view some of the discussions and also to create their own videos for a chosen song about, you know, a song that they that is important to them in their life, and to kind of explore the ethical under underpinnings of it. And then the final activity in this section is about creating a podcast on the power of music. So that's kind of doing a culminating activity. So it's an opportunity for students to really kind of explicate their knowledge of the power of music, having done all these other things, and how it can be used in different ways. So I think all of these activities lead to a practice of noticing ideologies within music specifically, but I think it also extends to the world. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 29:19 Drawing on Giroux and Grioux's culture of questioning. Hess encourages curricula that support youth and exploring the conditions shaping lives. These explorations might build courageous conversations and movements toward action. Whether studying how music reinforces messages of body image, or the harmful ends to which music is used to amplify violence, xenophobia, racism, sexism, domination and supremacy. These studies set the stage for a courageousness that challenges harm. When we open ethical dilemmas, we might move deeper into musical and pedagogical decisions that challenge reverse and repair violence and harm. I particularly encourage teachers to look at Hess' ethics of songs projects in her curriculum, and the University of Toronto Center for Ethics YouTube series. Each video looks at the background behind songs and the ethical dimensions and complexities embedded within song. links and videos are provided on our website. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 30:31 I wondered if you might introduce our listeners to maybe one lesson plan and kind of paint a picture of that lesson plan that would help teachers further conceptualize about what a particular lesson within this book would look like. Juliet Hess 30:45 So I had trouble choosing. But I think I want to share about the sonic cartography lesson. So I was really inspired here by John Wargo's work. So Wargo identifies Sonic cartography, as he says, the practice of mapping narrative through sound. And in his research, he was working with Andy who is an LGBTQ youth. And in this work, she maps her daily life through sound. And it provides this powerful kind of Sonic representation of both the misogyny and the homophobia that she experiences on a daily basis. So this activity like provides youth with the opportunity to map their daily life sonically, in ways that reveal what they experience regularly. So it's really it's a process of having students kind of identify the main places of their lives, and record the sounds in these places to create a soundscape of their days. And then they'll have an opportunity to reflect in groups. So it's not necessarily going to kind of have the outcome that it did in Wargo's research where it expressed. misogyny and homophobia, that's not necessarily what's going to come out in these, you know, reflections, but I think being able to kind of reflect in this is, you know, reminiscent of Kelly Bylica's work on soundscape is, you know, an opportunity to kind of think about, what are the different spaces that you're in? How do they differ between students, and you know, it's an opportunity as well for, you know, conversations about hard topics, like privilege and how that manifests in the soundscapes of our lives as well. So I think, you know, it presents some really interesting opportunities for conversations, particularly if soundscapes reveal some challenges that are regularly experienced. So I'm pretty excited about that lesson, and what the potential is. So, you know, I thought I'd pick that one to share. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 32:50 Yeah, is there anything that I haven't asked you that you wish I would ask you about this particular text that's come out? Juliet Hess 32:59 That's a great question. Um, I mean, I, I feel like I'm really excited about it, because I had the opportunity, you know, post tenure, I didn't feel like I needed to pursue a publication for this. And that, to have the opportunity to kind of spend two years creating this document, and to just be able to give it away. I mean, I feel like that's, that's tenure privilege, you know, I have a permanent job. And I don't need to chase things down. And it's an opportunity to create content in a way that hopefully will be useful to practitioners. And the other piece of this is when I was in conversation with these activist musicians, I always asked about research reciprocity, like, you know, thank you for participating and giving me something but what can I do in return, and 12 of the 20 people who I interviewed were teaching in some capacity, because it's really hard to kind of be a musician and not, and not teach in some way. You know, most musicians do teach in some capacity. You know, what any, any number of people said to me was that we would really like some curriculum. And so this is very much a response to trying to create content for people who have given me so much, and to, to be able to kind of support their work in schools as they're working with youth. Like, I hope this is a document that is useful to the folks who have really shaped it. And as well as you know, hopefully other music teachers as well. You know, I want this to be a living document, something that gets taken up and used and changed and created originally, every time because of the group of you students that people have in front of them, like we recreate what we do, and cater it to particular groups. So I think, you know, that was really the impetus for this work and I'm happy to see it through to fruition and be able to get it up online Kevin Shorner-Johnson 35:13 Hess closes her book with a powerful quote, one that I read to you here, quote, at this juncture in time, music education must matter, it must honor the humanity in all, and resist injustice loudly and musically. The life's work of these activist musicians, provides a powerful model for music education, a model that celebrates community, honors, lived experiences, provides musical means to share them, and encourages a praxis of noticing and resisting injustices across multiple identities. Listening to their voices helps our discipline imagine a different possible future. A collective envisioning of all that music education can do and be. Hess' work can be found at our website, Julia L. hess.com, where her curriculum resource is offered for free. The accompanying text Music education for social change. constructing an activist music education can be purchased from Routledge press, my deepest gratitude to Juliet Hess, as well as the 20 activist musicians found in her text. This book, and the voices within have challenged, changed, and accompanied me on journeys to notice, name and come to voice. Links to Hess' website, videos of mentioned musicians and resources, and additional resources are found on our website. Kevin Shorner-Johnson 36:48 This is the music and peacebuilding podcast hosted by Kevin Shorner-Johnson. At Elizabethtown College, we host a master of music education with an emphasis in peacebuilding. Thinking deeply we reclaim space for connection and care. Join us at music peace building.com
What happened when Moses saw the golden calf? 08/06/2020 Off By admin What happened when Moses saw the golden calf? What does golden calf symbolize? Mentioned in Exodus 32 and I Kings 12 in the Old Testament, worship of the golden calf is seen as a supreme act of apostasy, the rejection of a faith once confessed. The figure is probably a representation of the Egyptian bull god Apis in the earlier period and of the Canaanite fertility god Baal in the latter. Why did the Israelites build a golden calf? What was the golden calf religion? The golden calf (עגל הזהב), in Jewish tradition, was an idol made by Aaron for the Israelites during Moses’ absence on Mount Sinai. It was also a statue featured at the national shrines of the later Kingdom of Israel at Dan and Bethel. Why did Moses break the Ten Commandments? According to the foregoing, Moses wished to punish the Israelites severely, when he beheld that they were unworthy of the precious gift he carried. By their rash deed they had broken the covenant between them and their Father in heaven. He therefore broke them at the foot of the mount in front of them. Who adopted Moses? The Pharaoh had commanded that all male Hebrew children born would be drowned in the river Nile, but Moses’s mother placed him in an ark and concealed the ark in the bulrushes by the riverbank, where the baby was discovered and adopted by Pharaoh’s daughter, and raised as an Egyptian. Did Hatshepsut adopted Moses? In these vivid pages, we see the drama and mysteries of Moses’ life in a new light–his rescue in infancy and adoption by Princess Hatshepsut, and his transformation in the crucible of the desert. Moses is perhaps the most commanding presence in the Old Testament.
Hives and Urticaria and angioedema What are hives? Hives (also known as urticaria) look like mosquito bites. They range from the size of a pinhead to that of a dinner plate. Although some unlucky individuals can have them every day for weeks, individual lumps usually go in minutes to hours. In most people, hives are not due to allergy. How common are hives? Approximately 1 in 6 people will develop hives some time during their life and are most common in children. They eventually disappear in most people. They may reappear following infection, when under stress or for no particular reason. Some will have recurrent hives on and off most of their life. Hives occur in the skin Underneath the lining of the skin, gut, lungs, nose and eyes are mast cells. These are designed to kill worms and parasites. Mast cells are like "land-mines", and contain "bags" filled with irritant chemicals including histamine. When these are released in small amounts, they cause local itch and irritation. In larger amounts, they will cause fluid to leak out of blood vessels, resulting in swelling of the skin. Occasionally, hives may not be itchy at all. Can hives occur anywhere else? Yes. Any part of the body can swell - hands, feet, face, even genital areas. Swelling of the lips and face is uncomfortable and cosmetically embarrassing, but is not dangerous. This is called angioedema, and is caused by similar swelling deeper in the tissues. Occasionally swelling of the tongue and throat may occur, but this is rarely dangerous in those without an allergic cause. Occasionally the swellings will occur inside the stomach and cause tummy pain or cramps or even chest pain when the hives are at their worst. Can hives be dangerous? Hives on the outside don't harm us. They are not damaging inside organs like kidneys, liver or lungs. The only danger is if the tongue swells or the back of the throat swells severely. Since this can cause difficulty breathing, this is a symptom that needs to be taken seriously. Urgent medical treatment is required if this occurs. Are hives always itchy ? Usually, but not always ! Occasionally, swelling in the deeper layers of skin (known as "angioedema") can even be painful or burning, particularly when it occurs over joints. These sometimes last for days. Are all hives allergic? With the exception of drug allergy, hives due to insect stings or food allergy rarely last more than a day. So someone complaining of hives lasting days or weeks at a time, or frequent hives, rarely have allergy as the cause. Hives are rarely caused by terrible disease Hives are rarely due to a nasty underlying disease. They may make you miserable on the outside but are not normally causing any damage internally. Common causes include infection (particularly in young children), or contact with animals or plants. Allergic reactions to food, pain killers (such as aspirin or arthritis tablets like ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) or antibiotics can also trigger hives, with onset usually within an hour of exposure.. Sometimes insect stings, food additives or preservatives can trigger hives. Stress can certainly make established symptoms worse, but is a very rare cause. What diseases are associated with hives? Infection in the major trigger, especially in young children. That can cause problems when someone gets and infection, then is given and antibiotic and then later gets hives a day or two later. What is the cause? The infection or the drug? Thyroid disease is also more common, especially those with long lasting symptoms. Some studies suggest celiac disease may be more common or autoimmune disease as well. Low vitamin D has been associated with more prolonged hives and there are studies of vitamin D supplementation in those who have low vitamin D showing benefit. but in the vast majority of people, all tests are normal and one is never sure of why. Still, it is better to have hives alone than a disease to go with it! When to worry more... Ordinary hives do not make you sick, lose weight, get sore joints, get nights sweats or high fevers or bruising. Such symptoms, especially in young children, may be a sign of so-called auto-inflammatory disorders and are a good reason to seek medical attention. Most people with urticaria do not need tests Tests are sometimes done when hives go on for long periods or when unusual symptoms are occurring around the same time. This is to exclude other diseases, which may appear as hives first and other conditions later. Allergy testing is performed when the history suggests of an allergic cause. Allergy testing is rarely required when episodes of hives are prolonged. There are circumstances when tests are required to rule out underlying disease or help exclude conditions that can look like hives. Examples include some cases of prolonged hives, when the person is unwell/sick (as hives may make you itchy and tired, but rarely "unwell"), or when there are unusual features like lumps lasting for days at a time or bruising. Under these circumstances, blood tests and sometimes a skin biopsy (tissue sample) may be performed to exclude conditions like urticarial vasculitis . "Ordinary" hives don't make you sick Hives may make people tired due to lack of sleep, but not "sick". They are not affecting you internally or interfering with essential organs like liver or kidneys. The only danger of "routine" hives is if the tongue or throat swell and cause difficulty breathing, a condition known as angioedema (see below). Types of Hives It may surprise you to learn that there are many different types of hives. Whilst most people have their lumps and bumps come up spontaneously without any clear triggers, others find that things that they eat, drink or do can make them appear more often. For example, there is a group of conditions known as the "physical urticarias". These hives come out with various physical stimuli to the skin. Symptoms occur alone or accompany spontaneous hives. While there is rarely an important underlying disease, exceptions occur. For example, solar urticaria has been associated with a rare condition called hypereosinophilia syndrome, and occasionally SLE/lupus. Examples of the "physical urticarias" include Cold: Cold air, immersion in cold water, cooling of the skin while sweating (uncommon). The major significance of this condition is the risk of severe allergic reaction with whole body cooling such as when swimming in cold water. There is a small risk of drowning if severe dizziness or blackouts occur when swimming alone.Wearing a MedicAlert bracelet and telling surgeons and anaesthetists before surgery is important so a person can be kept warm during surgery. Heat: Contact with hot objects or food (rare) Aquagenic: Hives occur upon contact with water (rare) Solar: Hives occur upon exposure to sunlight (rare) Vibration: e.g. using lawnmower or power tools (rare) Delayed Pressure: Occurs several hours after leaning on elbow or carrying heavy bags or sitting on a hard seat (uncommon) Dermographism: Hives occur when the skin is rubbed or scratched, or when irritated by tight clothing (very common, around 1/600 people) Cholinergic: Red blotchy areas with or without small pimple-sized lumps occur when people sweat e.g. exercise, stress, saunas, after alcohol, spicy food (very common, perhaps up to 5% of adolescents transiently). Angioedema can occur on its own Angioedema occurs in around 1 in 3 people with hives. It is caused by similar swelling deeper in the tissues. Angioedema is not always itchy and can sometimes be painful. Sometimes it can occur on its own. As well as in infection and allergy, angioedema is also seen in two other situations. Around 1 in 100 people taking heart/blood pressure medicines called ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibitors will develop angioedema. The tendency to angioedema can be inherited Hereditary angioedema (HAE) occurs in around 1 in 50,000 people. Patients lack an effective enzyme (known as C1 esterase), which is associated with non-itchy swellings of the face, throat or limbs. Swelling of the gut is a common symptom, resulting at times in severe abdominal pain and sometimes unnecessary surgery. See links for more information: https://allabouthae.com.au and https://haeaustralasia.org.au and https://www.allergy.org.au/hp/papers/hereditary-angioedema How long do hives last? Most hives go away within days to a few weeks. Occasional unlucky individuals will have itches and swellings that come and go over many years. Fortunately, that is the exception rather than the rule! If you have had symptoms for a couple of months already, then around 50% do in 6 months and about 80% go in a year, leaving around 20% who have even longer lasting symptoms. Treatment of urticaria and angioedema Time is a wonderful healer. Most resolve within a couple of weeks. Avoid aggravating factors. Non-specific measures such as avoiding excessive heat, spicy foods or alcohol are often useful. Aspirin and similar pain killers can make hives dramatically worse in around 1 in 3 people. These are best avoided unless you are already taking and tolerating them. Medication. Medicines like antihistamines are often used to reduce the severity of the itch. Severe throat swelling requires early use of medication and attention by your doctor or in hospital. Adrenaline (epinephrine) by injection can be used if there is a significant risk of dangerous throat swelling. Other medicines (like cortisone tablets) may be needed if symptoms are severe. The main thing to realise is that drug do not cure hives; they just make you feel better until mother nature helps to take it away. When antihistamines do not work and symptoms are severe, there are a large number of other medications which can be tried to control symptoms. Some require regular blood tests to check for side-effects. More recently, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody injection called Xolair is available in Australia to treat severe and unresponsive hives, although there are many hoops to jump through in order to obtain subsidised approval. Special diets. Occasionally, going on a restricted elimination diet will help. Unfortunately, one cannot predict who will or will not respond to diet on the basis of history or allergy testing. The only way to sort it out is to put people on a temporary "elimination diet" under close supervision, followed by challenges if it helps. Even then, the mechanism remains unclear. Last reviewed 15 August 2020 Spontaneous hives Cholinergic (sweating) hives/urticaria Mullins RJ. How to investigate the patient with urticaria. Modern Medicine April 1998: 119-127. Weiner J. Understanding urticaria: and allergist's viewpoint. Current Therapeutics 1997; 29-35. Mortureux P et al. Acute urticaria in infancy and early childhood. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: 319-24. Bilbao A et al. Urticaria in relation to infections. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1999; 27: 73-85. Charlesworth EN. Urticaria and angioedema: a clinical spectrum. Ann Allergy, Asthma Immunol 1996; 76: 484-96. Greaves MW. Chronic urticaria. N Eng J Med 1993; 332: 1767-72. Ormerod AD. Urticaria: recognition, causes and treatment. Drugs 1994; 48: 717-30. Stewart JH; Goodman MM. Earthquake urticaria.Cutis 1989; 43:340 Shelley WB; Shelley ED Adrenergic urticaria: a new form of stress-induced hives.Lancet 1985;2:1031-3 Antia C, Baquerizo K, Korman A, Bernstein JA, Alikhan A. Urticaria: A comprehensive review: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and work-up. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Oct;79(4):599-614. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.01.020. PMID: 30241623. Maurer M, Metz M, Brehler R, Hillen U, Jakob T, Mahler V, Pföhler C, Staubach P, Treudler R, Wedi B, Magerl M. Omalizumab treatment in patients with chronic inducible urticaria: A systematic review of published evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Feb;141(2):638-649. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.032. Imbalzano E, Casciaro M, Quartuccio S, Minciullo PL, Cascio A, Calapai G, Gangemi S. Association between urticaria and virus infections: A systematic review. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2016 Jan-Feb;37(1):18-22. doi:10.2500/aap.2016.37.3915. Kudryavtseva AV, Neskorodova KA, Staubach P. Urticaria in children and adolescents: An updated review of the pathogenesis and management. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019 Feb;30(1):17-24. doi: 10.1111/pai.12967. Radonjic-Hoesli S, Hofmeier KS, Micaletto S, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Bircher A, Simon D. Urticaria and Angioedema: an Update on Classification andPathogenesis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018 Feb;54(1):88-101. doi:
USACO 2015 December Contest, Gold Problem 1. High Card Low Card (Gold) Contest has ended. Log in to allow submissions in analysis mode Bessie the cow is a huge fan of card games, which is quite surprising, given her lack of opposable thumbs. Unfortunately, none of the other cows in the herd are good opponents. They are so bad, in fact, that they always play in a completely predictable fashion! Nonetheless, it can still be a challenge for Bessie to figure out how to win. Bessie and her friend Elsie are currently playing a simple card game where they take a deck of $2N$ cards, conveniently numbered $1 \ldots 2N$, and divide them into $N$ cards for Bessie and $N$ cards for Elsie. The two then play $N$ rounds, where in each round Bessie and Elsie both play a single card. In the first $N/2$ rounds, the player with the highest card earns a point, and in the last $N/2$ rounds, the rules switch and the player who plays the lowest card wins a point. Given that Bessie can predict the order in which Elsie will play her cards, please determine the maximum number of points Bessie can win. INPUT FORMAT (file cardgame.in): The first line of input contains the value of N ($2 \leq N \leq 50,000$; $N$ will be even). The next N lines contain the cards that Elsie will play in each of the successive rounds of the game. Note that it is easy to determine Bessie's cards from this information. OUTPUT FORMAT (file cardgame.out): Output a single line giving the maximum number of points Bessie can score. Here, Bessie must have cards 2, 5, and 6, and 7 in her hand, and she can use these to win at most 2 points, by saving her '2' card until one of the hands in the second half of the game. Problem credits: Brian Dean Contest has ended. No further submissions allowed.
The Up-and-Down Ladder Vayetzei (Genesis 28:10-32:3 ) by Rabbi Yissocher Frand And behold, there was a ladder, planted on the ground, its top reached into the heavens. (Gen. 28:12) Among prophetic symbols, Yaakov's ladder is probably one of the most memorable. In his dream, he has a vision of an immensely tall ladder "planted on the ground, its top reaching into the heavens." What is the significance of this ladder? The Midrash and the Rishonim provide innumerable answers. One of the interpretations of the Midrash is particularly curious. Hashem was showing Yaakov two of his descendants. One of these was Moshe, who ascended into Heaven, as symbolized by the top of the ladder, which "reached into the heavens." The other was Korach, who was swallowed up by the earth, as symbolized by the ladder "planted on the ground." What was the point of showing Yaakov these two individuals? The Baal Haturim points out that the gematria, the numerical value, of the word sulam, ladder, is equal to the numerical of the word mamon, money, and of the word oni, poverty. They all total up to 136. A ladder, according to the Baal Haturim, is a metaphor both for money and for poverty. A ladder can bring a person up to the greatest heights, and it can also bring him down to the lowest depths. Money has the same ability to either elevate or degrade a person. When Hashem entrusts a person with money, he can use it to promote his own and his family's spiritual growth. He can give charity and do acts of chessed with other people. He can support community institutions. If these are the paths he chooses, the money will raise him up to the highest levels of spiritual achievement. But if he decides to use the money to indulge his drives and appetites, to push as many pleasure buttons as he can, it will bring him down to the lowest levels of debasement. This concept may explain why Yaakov was shown Moshe and Korach. Our Sages tell us that both of these men were wealthy. Korach was so wealthy, in fact, that he lacked nothing in the world. His wealth corrupted him, and he developed such a hunger for power that he dared challenge Moshe's authority. His money ladder led him to the abyss - literally. The earth opened its mouth, and Korach descended to a depth no man had even experienced before or since. Moshe was also a wealthy man, but he went on to become the father of all prophets, the teacher of all the Jewish people. His money ladder led him only upwards. Poverty also has this ambivalent power. On the one hand, it is a terrible ordeal. According to the Talmud (Eruvin 41b), a person afflicted by poverty is vulnerable to sinfulness. On the other hand, a person who passes the "test of poverty" is freed from the restrictions of money. His happiness comes from within and is not dependent on the size of his bank account. People who can adjust to a simpler life, who can successfully trim down their needs and lower their expectations, who have only a little but need even less, these people are truly free, rich and fortunate. They can use their acceptance of poverty to focus on Torah, spirituality and personal growth. I heard a story that took place right here in Baltimore. A woman went shopping for a sheitel, a wig, and she brought along her 12-year-old daughter for company. They spent some time considering different style and shades. Finally, the woman found a sheitel that really appealed to her. "This is the one I like," she said to the saleslady. The saleslady fidgeted uncomfortably. She knew that the woman was very far from being wealthy. The sheitel she had chosen was out of her range. "I don't think that sheitel suits you," said the saleslady. "But it's perfect," said the woman. "I like it. How much is it?" "Let me show some other styles that are more suited for you." "What's the point?" the woman persisted. "I like this one. Why do we have to bother looking any further?" The saleslady cleared her throat. "Well, you see. The sheitel you've chosen is rather expensive. I don't think you can afford it." The woman smiled. "Look, I can't afford any of them. So let me at least take the one that I like." The saleslady shrugged and walked away. Just then, the woman's young daughter, who had sat by silently during the entire exchange, spoke up. "Mommy," she said, "why can't we afford any sheitel? Are we poor? I never knew we were poor!" I suppose we can fault the woman's lack of discretion for having this conversation in front of her daughter, but we have to admire her ability to raise her children in poverty with happiness and contentment and never feeling deprived. One thing we know for sure. The focus in that home, its source of happiness, is not on material things but on riches of the mind, the heart and the soul. That family's poverty is a ladder reaching into the heavens. The Talmud states (Megillah 16a), "This [Jewish] nation is compared to dust and to the stars. When they are in decline, they descend to the level of dust; but when they rise, they ascend to the stars." A ladder is, therefore, the perfect metaphor for the Jewish people. No one ever remains standing on a ladder. He either goes up, or he goes down. Chairs, sofas, beds can symbolize a static existence, but a ladder clearly symbolizes change. The Jewish ladder spans the entire spectrum of the people, from Moshe at the very top to Korach at the very bottom. Jewish people are always in a state of change, either progressing or regressing. There is no standing still. They either go down to the dust or up to the stars. 1 2 3 2,899 🤯 ⇐ That's you after reading our weekly email.
Gross motor skills, coordination, teamwork Any group of kids with an even number of kids on two teams Beacg ball, net Children should be careful not to bump into other children Here's a fun modified volleyball game where the children use a beach ball to play the game, which promotes a higher degree of success. Divide the class into 2 even teams. Split the room in half and place a net in the middle of the room to divide the teams. Game is played like traditional volleyball but using a beach ball for a higher degree of success. Divide your class into 2 even teams. Children must hit the beach ball over to the other side of the net in hopes the opposing team cannot return it back. Each time the other team cannot return the ball by hitting it back, the other team will receive a point. A team can tap the ball as many times as they want to get the ball over the net. No child can hit the ball two times back to back. There are no out of bounds lines, everything is in play. First team to 15 points wins the round. To make it harder, make the maximum amount of taps of the ball each time the ball comes on a team's side to 3 taps. Anything more than 3 taps results in a point for the other team. Also, you can create boundaries where the ball must fall into play.
Scholarly article on topic 'Persecution Perpetuated: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Semitic Violence in Nazi Germany' Persecution Perpetuated: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Semitic Violence in Nazi Germany Academic research paper on "History and archaeology" Share paper Academic journal The Quarterly Journal of Economics OECD Field of science Academic research paper on topic "Persecution Perpetuated: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Semitic Violence in Nazi Germany" Nico Voigtländer HANS-JOACHIM VOTH How persistent are cultural traits? Using data on anti-Semitism in Germany, we find local continuity over 600 years. Jews were often blamed when the Black Death killed at least a third of Europe's population during 1348-50. We use plague-era pogroms as an indicator for medieval anti-Semitism. They reliably predict violence against Jews in the 1920s, votes for the Nazi Party, deportations after 1933, attacks on synagogues, and letters to Der Sturmer. We also identify areas where persistence was lower: cities with high levels of trade or immigration. Finally, we show that our results are not driven by political extremism or by different attitudes toward violence. JEL Codes: N33, N34, N93, N94, D74. I. Introduction A growing theoretical literature argues that cultural norms are powerful determinants of individual behavior and that they can persist over long periods (Bisin and Verdier 2001; Doepke and Zilibotti 2008; Tabellini 2008; Acemoglu and Jackson 2011). From fertility and trust to corruption, there is also convincing empirical evidence that events and institutional arrangements in the distant past influence norms and preferences today, and that parental investment contributes to long-term persistence of attitudes (Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales 2008; Jha 2008; Fernandez and We thank the editor, Larry Katz, and four anonymous referees, as well as Daron Acemoglu, Sascha Becker, Efraim Benmelech, Marianne Bertrand, Alberto Bisin, Michael Bordo, Davide Cantoni, Dora Costa, Ernesto Dal Bo, Raquel Fernandez, Jordi Gali, Paola Giuliano, Claudia Goldin, Avner Greif, Tarek Hassan, Elhanan Helpman, Rick Hornbeck, Saumitra Jha, Matthew Kahn, Deirdre McCloskey, Omer Moav, Joel Mokyr, Petra Moser, Nathan Nunn, Emily Oster, Steve Pischke, Leah Platt Boustan, Shanker Satyanath, Kurt Schmidheiny, Andrei Shleifer, Yannay Spitzer, Guido Tabellini, Peter Temin, Matthias Thoenig, and Jaume Ventura for helpful comments. Seminar audiences at the 2012 ASSA, Chicago-Booth, CREI, Harvard, NBER, NYU, Northwestern, Stanford, UCLA, UPF, Royal Holloway, Rutgers, Warwick, Yale, and the 2011 Royal Economic Society Conference offered useful criticisms. We are grateful to Hans-Christian Boy for outstanding research assistance and Jonathan Hersh, Maximilian von Laer, and Diego Puga for help with the geographic data. Davide Cantoni and Noam Yuchtman kindly shared data. Financial support from UCLA-CIBER (Voigtlander) and the European Research Council under ERC AdG 230515 (Voth) is gratefully acknowledged. © The Author(s) 2012. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2012), 1339-1392. doi:10.1093/qje/qjs019. Advance Access publication on May 8, 2012. Fogli 2009; Algan and Cahuc 2010; Nunn and Wantchekon 2011). That being said, culture often evolves quickly. Attitudes toward homosexuals, working women, and premarital sex have changed radically since the 1960s (Fernandez-Villaverde, Greenwood, and Guner 2010). A key challenge in cultural economics is to explain when norms and beliefs persist and when they are malleable. A fuller appreciation of what influences transmission will ultim- ° ately contribute to a deeper understanding of the origins of cul- l tural differences themselves. d This article analyzes the historical roots of anti-Semitism in r interwar Germany. Germany's persecution of Jews is one of the § defining events of the twentieth century. The extent to which it t reflects a deep-seated history of anti-Semitism is controversial jj (Goldhagen 1996; Eley 2000). We explore the long-term persist- o ence of interethnic hatred by using a new data set of almost 400 r towns where Jewish communities are documented for both the o medieval period and interwar Germany.1 When the Black Death § arrived in Europe in 1348-50, Jews were often blamed for poison- O ing the wells. Many towns and cities (but not all) murdered their / Jewish populations. Nearly 600 years later, defeat in World War I F was followed by a countrywide rise in anti-Semitism. As in 1350, 3 the threshold for violence against Jews declined. This led to I waves of persecution, even before the Nazi Party seized in 1933—but only in some locations. 3 We find persistence of anti-Semitic attitudes and behavior for § more than half a millennium. Localities that burned their Jews in u 1348-50 showed markedly higher levels of anti-Semitism in the e interwar period: attacks on Jews were 6 times more likely in the y 1920s in towns and cities with Black Death pogroms; the Nazi § Party's share of the vote in 1928—when it had a strong e anti-Jewish focus—was 1.5 times higher;2 readers' letters to a g virulently anti-Semitic Nazi newspaper (Der Stiirmer) were §§ more frequent; attacks on synagogues during the "Night of § Broken Glass'' (Reichskristallnacht) in 1938 were more 1 common; and a higher proportion of Jews was deported under 1. We collect information on a total of more than 1,400 towns and cities with Jewish communities in interwar Germany. Our main results are derived from the subsample of325 places where there is also direct evidence of medieval settlement and unambiguous information on Black Death pogroms. 2. The National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), a.k.a. the Nazi Party, received 2.6% of the popular vote in 1928. It did not win a larger share of the vote until the Great Depression. the Nazis. There is also evidence that we do measure anti-Semitism and not merely a tendency toward violence or political radicalism. Finally, we examine Jewish settlement patterns in the medieval period. Although economic and institutional factors mattered, these variables explain little of the geography of violence after 1919. How can the same form of extreme behavior be found in the ° same localities 600 years later? Our second main contribution is o to examine the conditions under which anti-Semitism persisted. e For a number of conditioning variables, the long-term transmis- r sion of hatred weakens; for example, cities with a strong tradition § of long-distance trade (members of the Hanseatic League in p northern Germany) show significantly lower persistence over jj the long term than other communities. The same is true of south- 0 ern German cities that were more open to trade. Urban centers r that grew rapidly after 1750 exhibit a markedly weaker connec- ° tion between medieval and modern-day anti-Semitism. In con- 3 trast, neither a tradition of being governed by a bishop nor 0 relative geographical isolation have a direct effect on the persistence of anti-Semitism. l Our findings suggest that local persistence partly reflects a §. lack of mobility. Most of the towns in our study were small, with a n median population of no more than 9,000 inhabitants in 1933 and \| with at most a few thousand in the Middle Ages. Immigration and i marriages across towns were relatively rare. These characteris- g tics would have facilitated the persistence of beliefs at the local n level.3 With industrialization after 1820 came migration, and \| where immigration was massive the extent of persistence jy declined. Symbolic practices and festivals may have helped per- § petuate hostile beliefs. Passion plays, for instance, often portrayed Jews as engaged in deicide (Glassman 1975). Anti-Semitic sculptures decorated churches and private houses, and book printing widely distributed the same demeaning images.4 In some towns, festivals commemorated pogroms; in 3. We discuss the evidence in more detail in Section IV.B. A good characterization of small-town life in early modern Germany is given in the work of Walker (1971), who emphasizes the minimal impact of outsiders on the culture of "home towns.'' 4. Churches from Cologne to Brandenburg displayed (and many still display) a Judensau, the image ofa female pig in intimate contact with several Jews shown in demeaning poses (Shachar 1974). The same type of sculpture can also be found in Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, France, and the Low Countries. 5. In a 2009 study by the Anti-Defamation League, 500 people from Austria, France, Hungary, Germany, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom were interviewed about their attitudes toward Jews. People from Poland and from Spain were the most anti-Semitic (Anti-Defamation League 2009). 6. "For almost four centuries the English people rarely, if ever, came into contact with flesh-and-blood Jews. Yet they considered the Jews to be ... in league with the Devil, . . . guilty of every conceivable crime'' (Glassman 1975). 7. Bisin and Verdier (2000) build a model of the dynamics of cultural transmission and state the conditions under which heterogeneity ofethnic and cultural traits can survive over the long run. A more general model is Bisin and Verdier (2001). Tabellini (2008) examines interactions of individuals with different degrees of "morality" and shows how their proportion varies as a function of parental investment (see also the overview in Bisin and Verdier 2010). the Bavarian town of Deggendorf, for example, the attack on the town's Jewish community in 1337 was celebrated every year until 1968 (Schoeps 1998). Several tracts of Martin Luther are also strongly anti-Semitic (Oberman 1984). The long-term persistence of hatred is hardly unique to Germany. England, France, and Spain also expelled their Jews during the Middle Ages. Nonetheless, anti-Semitism lingered. Until recently, Spanish children played a game called "Killing Jews'' around Easter—in a country where Jews have been almost entirely absent since 1492 (Perednik 2003).5 England between 1290 and 1656 also showed similar hostility despite an absence of Jews.6 This article contributes to the literature on the long-run effects of local culture. Alesina and La Ferrara (2005) find that cultural and religious fragmentation is robustly associated with such outcome variables as civil wars, corruption, and public good provision.7 The historical roots of present-day conditions have also attracted attention. Fernandez and Fogli (2009) show that the fertility of immigrants' children continues to be influenced by fertility rates in their parents' country of origin. Algan and Cahuc (2010) demonstrate that inherited trust predicts economic performance. Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales (2008) argue that free medieval cities in Italy have higher levels of interpersonal trust today. There is also evidence that nationalities allowed to lend under Ottoman rule have higher bank penetration in the present (Grosjean 2011), that having been ruled by the Habsburg empire is associated with lower corruption in today's successor states i (Becker et al. 2011), that the historic use of the plow in agriculture affects contemporaneous gender roles (Alesina, Giuliano and Nunn 2011), that the effect of changing religious norms on literacy may be irreversible (Botticini and Eckstein 2007), and that the slave trade in Africa led to permanently lower levels of trust (Nunn and Wantchekon 2011).8 Jha (2008) finds that Indian trading ports with a history of peaceful cooperation between Hindus and Muslims saw less violent conflict during the period 1850-1950 and in 2002. This is consistent with our finding that persistence of anti-Semitism is weaker in cities that are more trade-oriented. Our work is also related to research on "deep" parameters, such as technological starting conditions, genetic origin, and population composition (Spolaore and Wacziarg 2009; Comin, Easterly, and Gong 2010; Putterman and Weil 2010). The Holocaust and its antecedents have been a topic of intense research interest. Whereas some argue that it can never be rationally explained (Levi 1987), others have pointed to underlying economic and political causes (Arendt 1994; Glaeser 2005; Cohn 2007). In contrast, Goldhagen (1996) argues that a deep-rooted history of anti-Semitism was ultimately responsible for a wave of hatred. He observes that "the most telling evidence l supporting the argument that antisemitism has fundamentally d nothing to do with the actions of Jews, and... nothing to do with § an antisemite's knowledge of the real nature of Jews, is the wide- § spread historical and contemporary appearance of antisemitism, 0 even in its most virulent forms, where there are no Jews, and § among people who have never met Jews.'' Goldhagen's claims g. are controversial.9 r In addition to arguments for the transmission of a cultural § trait over centuries, even in the absence of Jews themselves § (Goldhagen 1996; Perednik 2003), there are functionalist inter- \| pretations. These are based on economic and social factors, such b 8. Other important work includes Grosjean (2010), who analyzes attitudes 2 toward violence in the southern US and their relation to a "culture of honor'' 4 among Scottish and Irish settlers; the comparative work by Hackett Fischer (1989); and research by Durante (2011), who concludes that greater climatic variability is associated with higher trust. 9. In contrast to the literature begun by Browning (1992) and Goldhagen, which ties the genocide to deeper cultural and sociological parameters of the perpetrators, other scholars have argued that the Holocaust was ultimately the consequence of economic and demographic considerations (Aly and Heim 2003) or that events on the Eastern Front ultimately determined the fate of Europe's Jews (Nolte 1987; Mayer 1988). as the particular benefits from murdering money lenders (Cohn 2007). With regard to more recent episodes of anti-Semitism, some authors have emphasized the role of modernization. Increasing social mobility and civic rights are said to have heightened the fears of non-Jews about their own social status (Almog 1990; Arendt 1994; Lindemann 2000). Where governments imposed Jewish emancipation, anti-Semitism flourished; but o weak states saw no such reaction (Birnbaum and Kochan 1992). i Political economy models of hatred focus on the incentives for e "entrepreneurs" to foster misperceptions as a rallying cry for r groups (Glaeser 2005). Another alternative is the scapegoat I theory, which argues that Jews are blamed for misfortune in p times of crisis (Ettinger 1980; Katz 1980; Fein 1987). j All of these approaches have difficulties explaining the x waxing and waning of anti-Semitism over time as well as the r differences in levels across countries (Brustein and King 2004). Our procedure is different. We use two widely separated events 0 that lowered the countrywide threshold for violence against x Jews—the Black Death and defeat in World War I—and identify a the locations where hatred of Jews led to extreme acts. With re- l spect to the earlier literature, our first contribution is to provide d direct empirical evidence that twentieth-century anti-Semitism n at the local level has deep historical roots.10 We do so for a wide \| range of outcome variables that are relevant in the context of 0 historical debates on the origins of the Holocaust and its connec- I tion with German culture. We also show that the same attitudes i can persist over the very long run: some six centuries in this case. \| We examine closely whether the attitude in question— I anti-Semitism—is driven by time-invariant, location-specific D factors. There is no evidence to support such a conclusion. In \| particular, economic, geographical, and institutional variables b that are correlated with medieval pogroms in the cross-section 2 are largely irrelevant for twentieth-century anti-Semitism. 2 Controlling for these variables does not affect the link between 4 modern persecution patterns and those in the Middle Ages. Although it is not conclusive, this evidence suggests that anti-Semitism persisted even without direct economic benefits 10. We are not able to distinguish between anti-Semitism and a hatred of minorities in general. However, because Jews were the single largest minority in Germany during medieval times and also during the interwar period, xenophobia is observationally equivalent to anti-Semitism. 11. This contrasts with the transmission of trust in Italian cities, for example. There, trust in the past as a result of different civic institutions in the Middle Ages produced immediate economic benefits, which may have helped perpetuate trust up to the present. We thank Andrei Shleifer for pointing out the implications of this aspect. 12. Aghion et al. (2010) look at the extent to which trust can be modified by regulatory intervention. 13. Jews had been expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306 and 1322. They were later partly recalled to France but then finally expelled in 1359. Outbreaks of anti-Semitic violence also occurred during the Spanish expulsion of 1492. and in areas where Jews were largely absent for centuries.11 If so, then this strengthens the case for theoretical models in the style of Bisin and Verdier (2001), where children acquire preferences through adaptation and imitation and parents attempt to socialize their offspring to their own preference trait (even if the trait is not useful or is even detrimental). Our second contribution is that we offer one of the first systematic examinations of when cultural ° traits do and do not persist.12 That persistence is lower in more l "open" cities (Hanseatic cities and southern German trading g cities) lends qualified support to models in which investment by r parents is partly shaped by their utilitarian motives (Doepke and § Zilibotti 2008; Tabellini 2008). t The article proceeds as follows. Section II describes our data jj and the historical background of anti-Semitism in the Middle 0 Ages. Section III presents our main empirical results. In r Section IV we analyze Jewish settlement patterns, the correlates go of medieval violence, and the determinants of persistence. The § interpretation of our findings is discussed in Section V, and 0 Section VI concludes. / II. Data and Historical Context We use data on anti-Semitism during two eras—the medieval period and the years 1920-45. Our measure of medieval violence against Jews are the pogroms that occurred during the Black Death (1348-50). A wave of Jew burning swept through much of Western Europe on the plague's arrival (Cohn 2007). Germany is an especially useful setting for our purposes; elsewhere, Jews had often been expelled altogether before the ° Black Death.13 There is considerable variation in the extent of pogroms at both the local and regional level in Germany. We can therefore compare medieval outbreaks of anti-Semitic violence with similar acts committed in the same location more than half a millennium later, between 1920 and 1945. II.A. Pogroms and Jewish Settlements in the Middle Ages Jews first settled in Germany during the Roman period.14 The documentary record begins around 1000, when there are confirmed settlements in major cities like Worms, Speyer, Cologne, and Mainz (Haverkamp 2002). By the fourteenth century, there were almost 400 confirmed localities with Jewish communities.15 Pogroms against Jews began not long after the earliest confirmed settlements were established. The crusades in 1096,1146, and 1309 witnessed mass killings of Jews in towns along the Rhine.16 In addition, there is a long history of sporadic, localized, and deadly attacks. The so-called Rintfleisch pogroms in Bavaria and Franconia in the late thirteenth century destroyed many communities (Toch 2003). In the same category are the Guter Werner attacks (1287) in the mid-Rhine area and the Armleder pogroms (1336) in Franconia and Saxony (Toch 2010). Many of the pogroms before the plague began when Jews were accused of ritual murder, well poisoning, or desecration of the host. By far the most widespread and violent pogroms occurred at the time of the Black Death. One of the deadliest epidemics in history, the plague spread from the Crimea to southern Italy, France, Switzerland, and into Central Europe. The disease killed between a third and half of Europe's population between 1348 and 1350 (McNeill 1975). Faced with a mass epidemic of unprecedented proportions, Christians were quick to blame o Jews for poisoning wells. Once confessions were extracted under torture, the allegations spread from town to town. The Jews of Zurich were relatively fortunate—they were merely expelled. Despite intervention by the pope and notwithstanding declarations by the medical faculties in Montpellier and Paris that the allegations of well poisoning were false, many 14. Throughout the article, we refer to Germany according to its borders in 1938. 15. There are good reasons to believe that better documentation, and not just the spread of Jewish settlements, was responsible for the increased numbers (Toch 2010). 16. Attacks in 1309 occurred only in the Low Countries. towns murdered their Jewish populations. In Basle, approximately 600 Jews were gathered in a wooden house, constructed for the purpose, on an island in the River Rhine. There they were burned (Gottfried 1985). In some areas, peasants and unruly mobs set on the Jews who had been expelled or tried to flee (Gottfried 1985). The chronicles of towns that burned their Jews rarely pro- ° vide a detailed explanation. In Nuremberg, the bishop's o pro-notary, Michael de Leone, recorded his feelings in 1349 in e two poems. He concluded that "the Jews deserved to be swallowed ^ up in the flames'' (Cohn 2007). We know that the city authorities \| and local princes often tried to shield "their" Jews, but few were p successful. In Basle, for example, the authorities initially did not jj intend to persecute the Jews. Yet "the citizens marched to the O city-hall and compelled the council to take an oath that they r would burn the Jews.''17 The city council of Strasbourg similarly ° intended to save its Jewish inhabitants, but a mob led by the 3 butchers' and tanners' guilds deposed the council (Schilter 1979 O [1698]); the successors then arrested the Jews, who were burned on St. Valentine's Day (Foa 2000).18 Variation at the local level g evidently cannot be fully explained by economic, social, or polit- §. ical motives. Instead, we argue that the attacks reflect to what n extent large parts of the populace could be induced to agitate n strongly for killing Jews. i A similar dearth of sources restricts the analysis of locations g where no assaults are recorded. Several city councils received n letters warning them about Jews poisoning wells but faced mob when they decided against persecution. In some cases, it is § not certain that any Jews inhabited the town at the time of the § Black Death. In many cases, however, we can be certain that Jews lived in towns that did not carry out attacks. In Halberstadt in central Germany, for instance, transactions with Jewish money lenders are recorded right before and during the Black Death; there is no record of any violence. The most likely 17. The appendix in Schilter (1979 [1698]) recalls this incident, citing the medieval chronicle of Jacob von Königshofen (1346-1420). 18. This account is disputed (Cohn 2007). Another famous example of elites shielding Jews involves Duke Albrecht of Austria, who initially intervened to stop the killing. But in the end—faced with direct challenges by local rulers to his authority and under the orders of his own judges—he had all the Jews living in his territories burned (Cohn 2007). There is substantial uncertainty in general about the extent of elite involvement in the mass killings of Jews (Haverkamp 2002). conclusion is that in locations where Jews lived but no pogrom occurred, anti-Semitic sentiment was weaker or absent. Hence there was less pressure put on the authorities (by artisans and peasants) to expel or burn the local Jewish community. We use the Germania Judaica (GJ) as the main source for the medieval period (Avneri 1968). Initiated as a research project by the German Society for the Advancement of Jewish Studies in 1903, GJ was conceived as a comprehensive description of Jewish settlement history in the German empire from the origins to the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Its three completed volumes begin with the earliest known Jewish settlements in Germany and end in 1519. We principally use data from volume 2, which covers the period 1238 to 1350. We supplement GJ with information from the recent work by Alicke (2008). Doubtful cases of Jewish settlements or occurring of pogroms in 1349 are not included in the data set. This leaves 325 towns with a confirmed Jewish settlement and unambiguous information on pogroms in 1349. The scholars producing GJ drew on a number of original documents and secondary works. An important source of information are the so-called MemorbUcher. These collections, compiled in the Middle Ages, contain remembrances of dead community members and prayers; from the thirteenth century onward, they developed into a recognizable literary form. Some of them contain more detailed information, such as lists of victims during particular outbursts of violence (e.g., during the 1348-50 pogroms or during the First Crusade in 1096). Many of the plague pogroms are recorded in the Martyrologium of the NUrnberg Memorbuch (Salfeld 1898). Several other communities, such as Deutz, also compiled their own versions. As our indicator for violence against Jews in the Middle Ages, we code for whether there o was a pogrom. A typical entry in GJ reads as follows: "Heiligenstadt—.. .fortified by 1278, later capital of the principality of Eichsfeld, today Kreisstadt in Thuringia. At the time of the Black Death, the Jews of Heiligenstadt were systematically killed. Survivors were recorded in Erfurt in 1365 and in Frankfurt in 1389. Heiligenstadt only admitted Jews again in 1469.'' Most towns with Jewish populations were sites of mass killings in 1348-50. Of 325 observations, 235 (72%) recorded attacks. The map (Figure I) shows the frequency of pogroms during 134850 in Germany (in terms of its 1938 borders). Areas where every town saw violent attacks on Jews are shown as black; the shade Pogroms in 1348-50 § Notes: Map of Weimar Republic: Pogrom frequency is defined at the county _ (Kreis) level as the number of cities with pogroms in 1349 divided by the r number of cities with a Jewish community. The lowest category [0-.001] indi- 3 cates Jewish settlement with no pogroms. We define pogrom frequency = 1.1 if a ° county has more than one city with a Jewish community and pogroms in each l of these cities. Detailed map: Data from Haverkamp (2002). Locations with a U confirmed Jewish settlement in the fourteenth century but no pogrom are indi- V cated by a circle; a square indicates a pogrom during the time of the Black S Death. yf intensity of other areas decreases with decreasing pogrom fre- \| quency. Areas without data are those parts of Germany for r which there are no records of medieval Jewish settlements. , Even though the map contains some unshaded areas, the infor- 1 mation derived from GJ covers all the major parts of Germany. 4 The Rhineland, Franconia, and Hesse stand out as regions with numerous attacks. However, the frequency of attacks varied substantially even at the local level. The detailed map shows parts of southwest Germany. Cities and towns with a confirmed Jewish settlement are marked with a circle; those that suffered a pogrom during the Black Death are marked with a square. Some contiguous towns with Jewish settlements experienced very different histories of medieval anti-Semitic violence. For example, the Jews of Goppingen were attacked, whereas those in Kirchheim escaped unharmed. The same contrast is visible for Reutlingen and Tubingen as well as Rottenburg and Horb—towns no more than 16 miles (25 km) apart. We exploit this level of variation at the local level in the quantitative analysis section. 0 It is beyond the scope of this article to detail the history of o Jews in Germany between the Middle Ages and the nineteenth e century. We know that after the dramatic attacks in 1348-50, § resettlement was slow and never attained the same density of I Jewish communities as in the early fourteenth century. In p many places, the "Jewish presence was extremely short-lived jj and transient, sometimes spanning just a single year or little ° more'' (Toch 2003). Major towns typically expelled the few r remaining Jews in the fourteenth or fifteenth century. Uu Although some resettled in surrounding villages, many migrated 3 to Eastern Europe; as a result, Jewish communities had largely 0 disappeared from Germany by 1550. They did not return in larger a numbers until the seventeenth century, when mercantilist l rulers welcomed Jewish commercial and financial expertise a. (Burnett 1996). g The number of Jews in Germany grew from the eighteenth g century onward, but they were subject to many discriminatory 0 rules (curtailing the right to marry, limiting the total numbers I allowed in a city, etc.). After emancipation in the early nineteenth i century, the number of Jews living in Germany increased more § rapidly. By the turn of the century, Germany was once more home \| to numerous Jewish communities. It is crucial to recognize that I the proportion of Jews at the city level in Weimar Germany is unrelated to Black Death pogroms (see Table III later). That is, whether a city saw pogroms did not affect resettlement half a millennium later; without continuous Jewish settlement, there was no institutionalized local remembrance of plague pogroms.19 Jewish emancipation occurred only during and after the French occupation in the early nineteenth century. The possibility of equal rights for Jews after the defeat of France led to a wave of unrest, the so-called Hep-Hep riots in 1819 (Katz 2004). These 19. A comprehensive history of Jewish settlement in Germany (such as GJ), which could have helped identify formerly hostile places, was not available in the nineteenth century. began in Wurzburg and quickly spread to a large number of German, Polish, and Danish cities. The size of the Jewish community grew in the nineteenth century, and anti-Semitism increased after reunification in 1871. An anti-Semitic petition in 1880 called for limiting Jewish immigration and influence, and anti-Semitic parties were winning significant shares of the total vote by the 1890s (Wawrzinek 1927). By 1914, however, the anti-Semitic parties had dwindled to near insignificance (Levy 1974). II.B. Anti-Semitism in Germany after World War I £ Anti-Semitism in Germany grew during and after World War jj I. During the war, right-wing organizations spread rumors that g Jews were not serving at the front but were engaged in war prof- § iteering. The German Army High Command ordered a count of all o Jews in uniform—allegedly to counter such rumors—but never 3 published the results. After the collapse of 1918, Jews were g blamed for Germany's defeat in World War I. This led to another increase in the level of anti-Semitic agitation. Jews who had l served in high office included Walther Rathenau, who coordi- d nated the supply of raw materials for the war. Matthias n Erzberger, another prominent politician and a Jew, opposed the \| war openly from 1917 onward; he signed the humiliating armis- O tice with the Entente in 1918. As chairman of the armistice mission and later as finance minister, he implemented many of i the provisions of the Versailles Treaty. These led to a large tax § hike to pay for reparations. 4 In addition, Jews provided some of the leadership for the § German revolution of 1918 and for attempts to establish socialist regimes thereafter. In Munich, Kurt Eisner proclaimed a Soviet Republic; Gustav Landauer and Eugen Levine also held positions of great influence. Rosa Luxemburg attempted to organize a revolution along Bolshevist lines.20 This ultra-left bid for power was eventually thwarted by demobilized army units. Radical right-wing groups quickly seized on the involvement of leading Jewish politicians in the revolution, the armistice, and the Treaty of Versailles. The false claim that Germany's army had been 20. Luxemburg and Liebknecht led the Indepedent Social Democratic Party of Germany, the ultra-left-wing of the Social Democratic Party. Liebknecht was widely believed to be Jewish. "stabbed in the back''—and not actually defeated in battle— pointed to domestic unrest as the key factor that lost the war. Anti-Semitism was already widespread before the Nazi Party's rise to power in 1933. Student associations often excluded Jews. Jewish cemeteries were frequently desecrated; synagogues were besmirched with graffiti. Politicians made anti-Semitic speeches (Walter 1999). Jews were not welcome in many hotels o and restaurants, and entire towns declared themselves to be open o for Christian guests only (Borut 2000). e According to the census of 1925, there were more than r 560,000 Jews living in Germany. The vast majority (66%) resided I in the most populous cities; the rest were evenly divided between pp smaller cities and more than 1,000 towns and villages with fewer jj than 10,000 inhabitants. For the regional patterns of twentieth- 0 century violence, our main source is Alicke (2008). From the r wealth of information in his encyclopedia of Jewish communities in German-speaking areas, we focus on evidence about anti- 3 Semitic violence in the 1920s and 1930s. Our main sample r includes 325 cities with unambiguous information on Black a Death pogroms and Jewish communities in both medieval and l interwar Germany. We also use an extended data set that con- d tains all locations mentioned in Alicke (2008)—that is, 1,428 n cities with Jewish communities in interwar Germany. § Pogroms before 1933 were rare but not unknown. We find 38 o communities that witnessed major attacks on Jews before the I Nazi rise to power. To qualify as such, there had to have been § physical violence.21 During Weimar Germany's period of eco- s nomic decline and social unrest after 1918, numerous right-wing I parties with anti-Semitic programs sprang up. Hitler's National D Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP, a.k.a. the Nazi Party) \| was only one of many, but it was among the most radical. The b German National People's Party (DNVP) continued the 22 anti-Semitic rhetoric of the Imperial era (Hertzman 1963). 2 Closest to the NSDAP was the German People's Freedom Party 4 (DVFP), which split from the DNVP in 1922 because of the latter's lack of radical anti-Semitism. We use Hanisch's (1988) election data in addition to commonly used control variables.22 21. As documented in Alicke (2008). Political agitation or the desecration of Jewish property is not counted under this heading. 22. This data set is now the standard for elections during the interwar period (King et al. 2008). During its early years, the Nazi Party emphasized its extremist worldview and anti-Semitic beliefs while attempting to seize power by violent means. After the so-called Beer Hall Putsch, the party was banned for several years. The DVFP absorbed much of the Nazi vote in the May 1924 election (Striesow 1981).23 We find a correlation of .59 between the voting results of the DVFP in 1924 and the Nazi Party in 1928, which is significant at the 1% level. Readmitted to the polls in 1928, the Nazi Party won 3.6% of the eligible votes in our main sample.24 In some localities, as many as 34% of voters supported the party's program; in others, not a single vote was cast in favor of the NSDAP.25 The Nazi Party's public profile later changed when it tried to garner middle-class support. Toward this end, during 1928-33, it tried to appear "respectable"; leaders pledged to use only legal means to win power.26 This change in tactics is generally dated after 1928 (Stachura 1978; Childers 1983).27 During the Great Depression, the Nazi Party increasingly exploited economic and social issues. Anti-Semitism never disappeared from the party's manifestos and propaganda, but it was toned down. Surveying trends in research during the past two decades, Heilbronner (2004) concludes: Until the 1960s most studies of the Nazi Party and National Socialism argued that anti-Semitism was an essential factor in explaining Nazi success before 1933. But in recent decades, numerous studies have shown that anti-Semitism was probably somewhat 23. Members of the banned NSDAP reconstituted themselves as a party under the label National Socialist Freedom Party (NSFP), which put forward joint lists with the DVFP. The NSFP later merged with the NSDAP when the ban on the latter expired (Levy 2005). 24. Nationwide, the NSDAP received 2.6% of the vote. The difference between our sample mean and the nationwide average arises because our data set includes only cities with Jewish communities in the 1920s. 25. The latter occurred in seven cities in the full sample—all with fewer than 2,000 eligible voters. 26. Stachura (1978) emphasizes decisions made after the election of 1928 as a turning point; Bracher (1970), Broszat (1960), and Bullock (1991) suggest that the decisive changes occurred in 1929. 27. Herbert (2000) observes that "after 1930, the election propaganda of the rising National-Socialists mentioned antisemitism only peripherally." underrepresented in Nazi Party activity and propaganda in the period before 1933, particularly in the last years before Hitler became Chancellor. After the turning point in 1928, the NSDAP's campaigns were directed at disaffected protest voters who may or may not have shared its more radical ideas. With the party's gains in electoral appeal, the distribution of votes by district increasingly approximates a normal distribution, so locations with radical views are less easily identified as the party's mass support swamps the factors that drove its early results.28 Beginning in 1930, the NSDAP's vote share increased everywhere; hence, relative differences between the average and the most fervently / pro-Nazi district become harder to identify. For these reasons, . we regard election results until 1928 as more accurate indicators f of a local population's ideological orientation (however, we also j. analyze the post-1928 election results). Figure II displays the § geographical distribution of votes for the Nazi Party in 1928. S Bavaria, the upper Rhine region, and Schleswig-Holstein are areas of high support. There is ample variation at the regional level, with areas of extremely low vote shares immediately adjacent to those with high proportions of votes for the Nazi Party. We also collect data on Reichskristallnacht. Although much of the violence was centrally directed, it required local cooperation. In a number of towns and cities, there were no attacks. We collect information from Alicke (2008) on whether synagogues were damaged or destroyed in 1938. The local record is not always V clear on why this happened. In a handful of cases, local mayors refused to participate or stopped SA troopers from burning down the synagogue. Historical narratives (Alicke 2008) often emphasize "technical" constraints, including fire hazard and ownership issues. We take no position here on whether these were merely a pretext. However, we see no good reason why there should have been fewer practical difficulties in German municipalities that once had participated in medieval pogroms. Next, we use data on deportations of German Jews to assess the strength of anti-Semitic sentiment in each town. The German federal archive (Bundesarchiv) has used available records to 28. Figure A.1 in the Online Appendix gives a perspective on how voting outcomes changed over time by plotting vote shares for the DVFP in 1924 and for the NSDAP in 1928,1930, and 1933. After 1928, a continuous shift of the distribution to the right is apparent. Figure II Percentage of Votes for the NSDAP in the German National Election of 1928 compile detailed, municipal-level data from available records on deportations—including the name, date of birth, date of deportation, destination, and (where known) ultimate fate of each individual.29 Mass deportations to the east began in 1941. As early as 1938, however, Polish Jews living in Germany were rounded up, transported to the German-Polish border, and forced to cross. Before that date, and during the pogroms of the Reichskristallnacht, Jews from some towns were deported to camps in the Reich. In our empirical analysis, we examine how many deportations took place while conditioning on the number of Jews living in a town. In our view, any remaining differences reflect local sentiment. This is because many rules for the treatment of Jews were far from clear-cut. The Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) of the Schutzstaffel (SS) under Adolf Eichmann was in charge of overall coordination, but there was substantial room for local factors to affect deportations. Raul Hilberg's classic treatment of the destruction of European Jewry argues that "each city 29. Bundesarchiv (2007). The register of names and places is available online at has its own deportation history'' (Hilberg 1961, 320). Meyer (2004) also emphasizes local variation and notes that—in areas where the Gestapo and representatives of the Reichsorganisation der Juden worked well together and developed mutual trust— local Jews fared better (including some cases of rescues). General histories note the variability and chaos associated with deportations, especially early on. Not even age was consistently applied as a selection criterion.30 The Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer provides our final indicator for anti-Semitism. Published with a front-page banner declaring "the Jews are our misfortune," it was by far the most anti-Jewish of all the Nazi papers. Der Stürmer typically mixed tales of Jewish ritual murders with dark conspiracy theories. It also contained a section with letters to the editor (chosen by the paper for their interest and attitude of the letter writer). These letters typically involve a mixture of denunciation and rhetorical questions about how despicable it is to mingle with Jews. For example, a Hamburg schoolgirl wrote to the newspaper in 1935 (Hahn 1978) as follows:31 Dear Stiirmer! I attend a well-known higher secondary school in Hamburg. Regrettably, we still have many Jewish fellow students. Equally regrettably, many German girls are still close friends with these Jewish girls. On special occasions, when we wear [BDM]32 uniforms in school, these girls walk arm-in-arm with their Jewish friends. You can imagine what an impression this gives! When confronting the girls in question, they say "stop instigating hatred all the o time! Jews are human beings, too, and 'Eva' is a 'modest', 'decent', 'nice' girl!''... I consider these friendships very dangerous, since the Jews and their corrupting ideas destroy the souls of the girls 30. Hilberg (1961), Low (2006). We provide more historical detail on the local patterns of deportation decisions in Section I.D of the Online Appendix. 31. It is tempting to question the letter's veracity. However, Streicher's personal files and the Stiirmer archive (in the City Archive of Nuremberg) contain many letters of this type and other denunciations. The historical literature accepts the veracity of Stiirmer letters (Showalter 1983). 32. BDM stands for Bund Deutscher Madchen (Association of German Girls). This was the equivalent of the Hitler Youth for girls. slowly but surely. Girls at 14 are too innocent to realize the true intentions of their Jewish "girlfriends." I am myself barely 15 years old. We use four years of letters to the editor of Stürmer, from 1935 to 1938, and code the location of the letter writer. We total the number of letters in three categories: those published as article equivalents (an obvious sign of approbation by the editors), those denouncing named individuals still talking to or doing business with Jews, and those asking questions about Jews (e.g., the number of Jews remaining in a city). The vast majority of all cities with information on Jewish settlement in the interwar years did not send a single letter to the Stürmer. At the other end / of the distribution, we find cities like Nuremberg (where the j. Stürmer was edited and NSDAP party congresses were held) f with 73 letters, Munich (where the party was founded and the jj Beer Hall Putsch took place) with 77, Cologne with 110, and \| Berlin with 354 letters. . II.C. Data Overview g We construct our data set as follows. We first collect infor- i mation on all the municipalities with twentieth-century data on I Jewish population and anti-Semitic outcome variables, relying on r the work of Alicke (2008). Next, we check for direct evidence of i Jewish settlement in the fourteenth century. This procedure § yields information on 325 cities (our main sample). For the twen- \| tieth century, we have data on 1,427 towns and cities within the e 1938 borders of Germany but with many towns and cities having y no confirmed Jewish settlements (extended sample). \| Table I gives an overview of the key variables in the main o sample. Jews are typically a small part of the population (1.4%).33 \| In the average city, about half of the population was Protestant g and most of the remainder Catholic. In 87% of locations, there g was a synagogue or a dedicated place for religious worship by 1 Jews in 1933. About 6% of cities witnessed pogroms during the ^ 1920s. The average city gave 3.6% of votes to the NSDAP in 1928 33. In Germany as a whole, Jews accounted for less than 1% of the total population. It is not surprising that our sample shows a higher proportion than the nation as a whole, because (1) it includes only cities with Jewish communities in interwar Germany, and (2) many Jews lived in urban centers. Descriptive Statistics for Main Sample Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Obs. Population in 1933 46,118 115,863 207 756,605 325 %Jewish in 1933 1.44 1.45 0.020 15.7 325 %Protestant in 1925 48.4 34.0 0.97 97.6 325 Synagogue in 1933 0.87 0.34 0 1 319 Indicators for twentieth-century anti-Semitism POG1920s 0.063 0.242 0 1 320 NSDAP1928 0.036 0.049 0.00083 0.313 325 DVFP1924 0.080 0.097 0 0.588 325 DEPORT 197.1 839.5 0 10,049 301 STIIRMER 3.77 10.7 0 110 325 SYNATTACK 0.903 0.297 0 1 278 Black Death pogrom (POG1349) 0.723 0.448 0 1 325 Notes: Table is based on cities with medieval Jewish communities and Jewish population in 1920-30 (main sample). Appendix Table A.1 shows the equivalent statistics for the extended sample. POG1920s is an indicator variable for pogroms in each location during the 1920s; NSDAP1928 is the vote share of the NSDAP in the May 1928 election; and DVFP1924 is the vote share of the Deutsch-Volkische Freiheitspartei in the May 1924 election; DEPORT is the number of deportees from each locality; STURMER is the number of anti-Semitic letters to Der Stiirmer; SYNATTACK takes the value 1 if a synagogue was destroyed or damaged in the 1938 Reichskristallnacht, and 0 otherwise. POG1343 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348-50, and 0 otherwise. and 8% to the Volkisch-Nationalist DVFP in 1924. For both elections, there is substantial variation by municipality. The average town reported 197 deportees; the range was from 0 to 10,049. The number of anti-Semitic letters to the Stiirmer during 1935-38 ranges from 0 to 110 (which we scale by town/city population in the empirical analysis). In about 90% of cities with synagogues or prayer rooms, these were damaged or destroyed during the Reichskristallnacht. In Table II, we explore basic correlation patterns in our data. We find that all our indicators of twentieth-century anti-Semitism are significantly and positively correlated with medieval pogroms. In addition, the six variables for modern anti-Semitism are mostly positively correlated with each other (Online Appendix Section II.A reports the same information as Tables I and II but for the extended sample). Next, we examine the comparability of localities with and without Black Death pogroms. Table III shows various outcome variables; it reports their means (conditional on Black Death pogroms) in Panel A and the corresponding regression results in Correlations among Main Variables for Main Sample (1) POG1349 1 (2) POG1920S 0.170** 1 (3) DVFP1924 0.105* 0.539* 1 (4) NSDAP1928 0.128 0.444* 0.831* 1 (5) %DEPORT 0.230* 0.056 -0.065 -0.010 1 (6) STURMERIpop 0.109 0.0266 0.158* 0.225* 0.014 1 (7) SYNATTACK 0.127** 0.001 -0.020 -0.020 -0.066 -0.039 1 Notes: Table is based on our main sample (including only cities with medieval Jewish communities and 3 Jewish population in 1920-30). Appendix Table A.2 shows the equivalent statistics for the extended t sample. FOG1349 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348-50, and 0 otherwise. O FOG1920s is an indicator variable for pogroms in each location during the 1920s; NSDAP1328 is the vote q share of the NSDAP in the May 1928 election and DVFP1S24 is the vote share for the Deutsch-Volkische = ■ Freiheitspartei in the May 1924 election; %DEPORT is the percentage of deportees from each locality 0 (relative to Jewish population in 1933); STURMERIpop is the number of anti-Semitic letters to Der f Sturmer per 10,000 inhabitants; SYNATTACK takes the value 1 if a synagogue was destroyed or damaged r in the 1938 Reichskristallnacht, and 0 otherwise. * p < .10, p < .05, * p < .01 (p-values for pairwise j correlations, weighted by city population in 1933). C Panel B.34 Columns (1) and (2) compare long-run economic devel- F opment as proxied by city growth over two periods: 1300-1933 \| and 1750-1933.35 Neither period shows statistically significant I differences between towns and cities with and without The same is true for the percentage of Protestants in 1925 \| (column (3)). It is noteworthy that the percentage of Jews in the § population in 1933 is not significantly different either (column n (4)). This suggests that Jews did not systematically avoid settling r in locations where medieval pogroms had occurred. Finally, col- j\|- umns (5)-(8) examine economic outcome variables in 1933. These g include, respectively: the percentage of blue-collar workers, be- C cause these individuals voted predominantly for the Communist g Party, which may affect Nazi votes (Childers 1983; Hamilton g 1982); the unemployment rate; the percentage of manufacturing g employment, which captures differences in industrialization; and 1 the percentage of retail and trade employment, because many Jews worked in this sector. None of these variables differs 34. For reasons of consistency, we include our standard set of control variables in the regressions reported in Panel B: ln(city population), %Protestant, and %Jewish. 35. We use two periods for growth because there are few reliable observations on population size in 1300. Reported results are for the main sample. City-Level Controls and Medieval Pogroms City pop growth %Protestant %Jewish %Blue collar %Unemployed %Manufacturing % Retail & trade 1300-1933 1750-1933 1925 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 Panel A: Means by Pogrom in 1349 POG1349 = 1 2.38 2.06 46.8 1.44 41.1 17.0 35.2 22.0 (1.20) (0.97) (33.3) (1.48) (10.8) (7.8) (12.6) (10.3) POG1343 = 0 2.28 1.92 52.6 1.44 40.0 15.0 31.8 19.0 (1.63) (0.96) (35.8) (1.38) (11.8) (8.2) (13.9) (11.2) Panel B: Regressions on POG1349 POG1349 0.120 0.234 -6.887 0.169 -0.953 0.0443 1.000 0.123 (0.534) (0.251) (4.520) (0.165) (1.131) (0.758) (1.367) (0.958) Observations 46 112 325 325 325 325 325 325 Adjusted R2 0.075 -0.004 0.036 0.094 0.401 0.469 0.369 0.554 Notes: All regressions run by OLS for the main sample, including only towns with documented medieval Jewish settlement. In Panel A, standard deviation in parentheses; in Panel B, standard errors in parentheses (clustered at the county level). POG1349 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348—50, and 0 otherwise. All regressions include our standard set of control variables: ln(city population), ^Protestants, and % Jewish (except for columns (3) and (4), which exclude % Protestant and % Je wish, respectively). City population corresponds to the year of the dependent variable: ln(city population) in 1300 in column (1), ln(City population) in 1750 in column (2), ln(City population) in 1925 in column (3), and ln(City population) in 1933 in columns (4)—(8). City population data for 1300 and 1750 are from Bairoch, Batou, and Chèvre (1988). HOZ ePZ jsquisosq uo áiisjsaiuq jmioi^iusiuj ^puojj ye ßio■ sjbiuiio fpiojxo■ s fb//: uiojj psp^ojumoq significantly between the two samples, so there is little reason to question the comparability of the localities with and without pogroms in 1349. In Online Appendix Section II.A we show that this holds also for our extended sample, as well as for election turnout in the 1920s and 1930s (which is often used as a key indicator of social capital; see Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales 2008). III. Baseline Results In this section we present our main results. As described in Section II, the Black Death was a common shock that lowered the overall threshold for violence against Jews. In some cities, citizens responded with pogroms, but Jews were unharmed in other cities. We therefore argue that pogroms during the Black Death in 1348-50 at least partly reflect medieval anti-Semitism. Similarly, the general upsurge in anti-Semitic sentiment in Germany after World War I made the expression of anti-Semitic attitudes and violent acts against Jews more likely. We demonstrate that across a range of indicators, towns and cities with a medieval history of violence against Jews also engaged in more persecution in the 1920s and 1930s. III.A. Comparison of Two Cities To fix ideas, let us compare two cities: Wiirzburg, with a population of 101,000 in 1933, and Aachen, with a population of i 162,000. Wiirzburg had a Jewish community since 1100 (Alicke 2008) and Aachen since 1242 (Avneri 1968). The former was the 4 site of a pogrom during the Black Death; the latter was not. § Wurzburg's Jews suffered persecution early. A pogrom in g 1147 destroyed the community. During the Rintfleisch pogroms 3 in 1298, some 800 Jews died. There were also pogroms in the 2 1920s, and the Stiirmer published 23 letters from readers in 2 this city (a frequency 10 times higher than average). In 2 Wurzburg the Nazi Party garnered 6.3% of the vote in May 1928, when the mean district recorded 3.6%. We know that 943 Jews were deported after 1933 (out of a community of 2,145, which is equivalent to 44%).36 36. This does not imply that 56% were not deported. Emigration of Jews before 1939 likely accounts for much of the gap. The files of the Bundesarchiv are not perfect, and especially in the later stages of the war, record-keeping degenerated. Aachen provides a stark contrast with Würzburg. Jews were first recorded in 1242, paying taxes. The town had a Judengasse (street for Jews) in 1330. For Aachen, the GJ explicitly states that there is no record of anti-Semitic violence, either before or during the Black Death—even though, in 1349, the citizens of Brussels wrote to the Aachen authorities urging them "to take care that the Jews don't poison the wells'' (Avneri 1968). Aachen also saw no pogroms in the 1920s. The Stürmer published only 10 letters from Aachen (or less than half the number from Würzburg, despite a population that was 60% larger). Only 1% of voters in Aachen backed the NSDAP in 1928. Of the 1,345 Jews living there, 502 (37%) are known to have been deported. We now investigate how general these differences are. III.B. Empirical Strategy and Overview of Results We use three empirical strategies: standard regression techniques, propensity score matching, and matching by geographical location. Regressions take the following general form: (1) ASi = a + ß ■ POG1349 + yXi + Si. Here ASi represents the various proxies for anti-Semitism in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany at the city level i, POGi1349 is an indicator variable for Black Death pogroms, and Xi is a vector of control variables. Our main control variables are city population, the percentage of the population that is Jewish, and the percentage that is Protestant.37 Depending on the indicator, we allow for different distributions of the error term si and do not limit ourselves to normal ones. Where the outcome variable's o distribution is highly skewed, we use Poisson maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. To demonstrate the strength of our results (and control for nonlinearities), we also use propensity score matching estimation on the same correlates. Also, the survival of evidence was less than assured given the numerous bombing raids. 37. Protestants were more prone to vote for the Nazi Party (Falter 1991). City population and the share of Jewish population are measured for the year closest to each outcome variable; for the latter variable, data are available for 1925 and 1933. The share of Protestants is available only for 1925. In cases where we do not have city- or town-level observations for control variables, we use county- (Kreis-) level data. Standard errors are clustered at the county level. Conditional Average of Twentieth-Century Outcome Variables Pogrom in 1349 No Yes All towns Obs. Pogrom in 1920s (% of towns) 1.1 8.2 6.3 320 NSDAP May 1928 (% of valid votes) 2.7 4.0 3.6 325 DVFP May 1924 (% of valid votes) 7.2 8.4 8.0 325 Deportations (per 100 Jews in 1933) 24.2 35.6 34.0 278 Stiirmer letters (per 10,000 inhabitants) 0.59 0.86 0.82 325 Synagogue attack (% of towns) 79.1 93.8 90.3 278 Notes: All statistics based on the main sample, including only towns with documented medieval Jewish settlement. Of the 325 towns and cities, 235 (72%) had pogroms in 1348-50. The mean of deportations per 100 Jews and Stürmer letters is weighted by city population in 1933. The mean of synagogue attacks is calculated only for towns with synagogues or prayer rooms in 1933. In addition, we match towns by geographic location, based on longitude and latitude. As argued in the rich literature in labor economics (see Card and Krueger 1997), comparing places close to each other can help overcome the problems associated with omitted variables. Hence, we directly compare towns that are no more than a few miles apart and for which one saw a pogrom in 1349 while the other(s) did not.38 Before turning to the regression results, we examine differences in various twentieth-century outcome variables between cities that did and did not experience Black Death pogroms. As Table IV shows, pogroms in the 1920s were substantially more frequent in towns with a history of medieval anti-Semitism. Similarly, vote shares for the Nazi party (NSDAP) in 1928 and for the anti-Semitic DVFP in 1924 (when the Nazi Party was banned) were more than a percentage point higher—which is substantial, given that the average vote shares were (respectively) 3.6% and 8%. Our three proxies for anti-Semitism in the 1930s also show marked differences for towns with Black Death pogroms: the proportion of Jewish population deported is more than 10% higher,39 letters to the editor of Der Stiirmer were about 30% more frequent, and the probability that local synagogues were damaged or destroyed during the Reichskristallnacht of 38. More precisely, Black Death pogroms in Germany occurred during 1349 and 1350. For ease of exposition, hereafter we refer to them as the 1349 pogroms. 39. We calculate deportations per 100 Jews and then derive the means, which are weighted by city population in 1933. Black Death Pogroms, Pogroms in the 1920s, and Synagogue Attacks Pogrom in 1349 Panel A: Pogrom in 1920s No 87 98.9% Yes 1 1.1%> Total 88 Panel B: Synagogue attacks 20.9%% 53 79.1%b 67 213 91.8% 19 8.2% 232 198 93.8% 211 300 93.8% 20 6.3% 320 9.7%b 251 90.3% 269 1938 is more than 10% higher. In the next section, we show that these differences are significant both statistically and in terms of quantitative importance. III.C. 1920s Pogroms Pogroms in the 1920s were infrequent and highly localized affairs. Although they were embedded in a broader context of anti-Semitic agitation and acts, such as attacks on shops, we only count recorded acts of physical violence. Cities with Black Death pogroms had, on average, significantly more pogroms in the 1920s than cities without pogroms in 1349. As shown in Panel A of Table V our main sample comprises 320 cities with observations on pogroms in both 1349 and the 1920s. In 232 localities, the Black Death coincided with pogroms. The 1920s saw 20 pogroms in Weimar Germany. The frequency of attack was 8.2% in the 232 cities with pogroms in 1349 versus 1.1% in the remaining 88 cities. A town having experienced a medieval pogrom thus raises the probability of witnessing another pogrom in the 1920s by a factor of approximately 6. Table VI, column (1) reports the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of pogroms in the 1920s on Black Death pogroms. Main Results Dep. variable: 1920s pogroms OLS Deportations ML Stürmer letters ML Synagogue attacks OLS Panel A: Baseline regressions Inf Pop) % Je wish Inf# Jews 1933) Observations 320 Adjusted R2 0.054 Panel B: Matching estimation® POG1349 0.0744* (0.0182) Observations 320 Panel C: Geographic matchingb POG1349 0.0819* (0.0162) Median distance 20.4 Mean distance 23.4 Observations 320 325 0.043 0.0133* (0.00486) 325 325 0.080 0.0203 (0.0102) 325 0.142 (0.0706) 0.241* (0.0841) 0.0743 (0.0348) -0.0039* (0.0012) 0.815* (0.0822) 278 161 7* 278 0.098 Notes: All regressions run at the city level. Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the county (Kreis) level. POG1343 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348-50, and 0 otherwise. City population is taken from the 1925 census in column (1) and from the election data for the respective year in columns (2) and (3); in columns (4)-(6), city population is from the 1933 census. %Jews is from the 1925 census for columns (l)-(3), and from 1933 census in columns (4)-(6). ^Protestants is from the 1925 census. OLS = ordinary least squares estimation; ML=Poisson maximum likelihood estimation. aMatching estimation based on the same set of control variables as used in Panel A. Treatment variable is POG1343. The average treatment effect for the treated (ATT) is reported, using robust nearest neighbor estimation with the four closest matches. bMatching estimation based on geography; the matching characteristics are longitude and latitude. Column (4) uses the city's Jewish population in 1933 as additional matching variable, and column (5) uses city population in 1933. Treatment variable is POG1343. ATT is reported, using robust nearest neighbor estimation with the two closest matches. Distance (in miles) between each city and its two closest matches is reported. * p < .10, p < .05, * p < .01. t/J § co <35 Ol H0£ -cquisosQ uo XjisjSAinfi [euoiieiusiui epuojj ie /§jo s[Eiunofpjqjxo 3fb//:din] uiojj pspeojumoq There is a positive and significant association even after controlling for population size, the percentage of the population that is Jewish, and the percentage that is Protestant. The effect is quantitatively important, as Black Death pogroms are associated with a probability of 1920s pogroms that is more than 6 percentage points higher. This result is confirmed by propensity matching while using the same covariates (Panel B of Table VI).40 ° Finally, we report results for geographical matching (Panel l C). The probability of a pogrom in the 1920s is 8.2 percentage d points higher in cities with medieval pogroms than in nearby r cities without attacks on Jews during the Black Death. The § mean and median distances between matched cities are low— t about 20 miles. The effects identified by geographical matching jj are significant and of a similar magnitude as our previous esti- O mates. This strongly suggests that our findings are not driven by r unobserved heterogeneity at the local level. O A history of medieval violence against Jews is associated g with large and statistically significant shifts in the probability O of another pogrom, but the correlation is not perfect. Not all / towns that burned their Jews in 1348-50 saw attacks in the F 1920s; in fact, the majority did not. Many factors can reduce i the extent to which anti-Semitic attitudes survive in one location. I At the end of the Section IV.C, we examine some of the city char- r acteristics that are associated with lower persistence. i III.D. Voting Results g We now turn to parliamentary elections during the Weimar s Republic. The May 1928 election is arguably the most reliable § indicator for anti-Semitism because the NSDAP emphasized the g anti-Semitic and radical side of its program before the party's ee turning point in the late 1920s. Thereafter, it aspired to greater 3 respectability in the eyes of middle-class voters and toned down 2 its anti-Semitic rhetoric. In column (2) of Table VI we analyze this 2 40. Following Abadie et al. (2004), we use four matches for propensity score estimation based on control variables. This offers the benefit of not relying on too little information, yet it avoids incorporating observations that are not sufficiently similar. Results are much the same when we change the number of matches. 41. To match cities that are as close to each other as possible, we restrict the number of matches to two. We effectively compare each city that had a Black Death pogrom with the two nearest cities that did not. When increasing the number of matches to four—as in the matching based on controls in Panel B—the results are almost identical even though distance increases by about 50%. result further. In 1928, the NSDAP vote share was 1.4 percentage points higher in electoral districts with a past of anti-Semitic violence (after we control for population size and the percentage of Jews and Protestants). This means that the NSDAP added more than a third to its typical vote share in cities that had pogroms in 1349. The control variables show that Protestants voted for the NSDAP in greater numbers than the average population, confirming the findings in Falter (1991).42 According to the point estimates in column (2), an increase of one standard deviation (33%) in the population share of Protestants raises the NSDAP vote share by about 1 percentage point—an effect slightly smaller than that of medieval pogroms. Finally, the percentage of Jews in the population is positively (but not significantly) correlated with NSDAP votes in 1928. The same result holds if we use propensity matching by control variables (Panel B). To illustrate the strength of these findings, consider the two towns of Konigheim and Wertheim. They are 6.4 miles apart and in 1933 had populations of 1,549 and 3,971, respectively. Both had a Jewish settlement before the Black Death. Konigheim did not witness a pogrom during the plague, but Wertheim did. The l NSDAP received 1.6% of valid votes in Konigheim in 1928; in d Wertheim, it received 8.1%. The analysis in Panel C of Table VI g (see column (2)) generalizes this type of comparison by matching § each town in our main data set to its two nearest neighbors with a O different history of medieval anti-Semitic violence. The results § confirm the magnitude and statistical significance of our previous i estimates. r Column (3) in Table VI repeats the same regressions for the § DVFP in May 1924, which attracted much of the vote for the D temporarily banned NSDAP. On average, Black Death pogroms \| are associated with a DVFP vote share that is 1.5-2.2 percentage 3 points higher. Although the OLS regression result is marginally 2 below statistical significance, both propensity score matching and 0 matching by geography suggest large and significant differences. o4 To put matters in context, in the sample overall, the DVFP polled 8% in 1924; thus, the matching results imply that DVFP votes are about a quarter higher in cities where Black Death pogroms 42. Other authors attribute the relative strength of the NSDAP in Protestant areas to its weakness in proposing policies that could have appealed to farmers in southern (Catholic) areas (King et al. 2008). 43. The Online Appendix (Section II.C) provides results for OLS estimation using the logarithm of deportations as dependent variable (which is also heavily right-skewed). Our preferred specification—Poisson ML estimation—avoids log-linearizing the dependent variable and thus preserves the higher moments of the distribution (Santos Silva and Tenreyro 2006; Santos Silva, Tenreyro, and Windmeijer 2008). In addition, Online Appendix Section II.C shows that we obtain comparable results when using deportations per 100 Jews (in 1933) as the dependent variable. 44. After 1933, more than half of Germany's Jews emigrated. This creates a potential issue with the results in column (4), Table VI. More anti-Semitic tendencies may have triggered more emigration before 1939 and thus fewer deportations thereafter. Table A.10 in the Online Appendix addresses this issue by showing that we obtain nearly the same results when controlling for the Jewish population in 1939. occurred. This is the same order of magnitude as for Nazi Party votes in 1928. III.E. Deportations, Stiirmer Letters, and Attacks on Synagogues In this section we analyze deportations of Jews between 1933 and 1944. Although they resulted from a centrally directed policy, ° deportations in any one town and village partly reflected the level o of hostility shown by local authorities as well as support of e (or denunciations by) neighbors and acquaintances. o Column (4) in Table VI shows regression results for deport- 3 ations during the Nazi regime. As the dependent variable, we use : data on the number of Jews transported at the city level for the jj period 1933-45. Poisson ML regression is our favored estimation x technique because the distribution of deportations is heavily sf right-skewed. According to Wooldridge (2002), linear models 1' may not be appropriate for "corner-solution" specifications, 3 where a significant mass of the nonnegative observations is f close to zero.43 We add the size of the Jewish population in 1933 a to our regular set of controls.44 On average, 197 Jews were 3 deported from cities in the main sample. Thus, the coefficient of d .14 from the ML estimation implies that cities with Black Death n pogroms deported about 30 more Jewish inhabitants on average \| than cities without medieval pogroms. Panels B and C present 0 matching estimations by other covariates and geography, spectively. This estimation technique (which does not rely on a i particular probability distribution) yields quantitatively stronger f Figure III Deportations of Jews Conditional on Black Death Pogroms This figure plots the kernel density of the number of deported Jews between 1933 and 1945 divided by Jewish population in 1933 at the city level (weighted by city population in 1933). The data used corresponds to our main sample (including only towns with a documented medieval-era Jewish settlement). results, with more than 100 additional deportees in cities with Black Death pogroms.45 A simple way to illustrate our results is to graph deportations from towns and cities with and without 1349 pogroms; see Figure III. We plot the kernel density of the percentage of Jewish population that was deported after 1933. The distribution for cities with Black Death pogroms is shifted sharply to the right, indicating that their Jewish inhabitants were deported more often. Next, we turn to letters to the editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Sturmer. In towns with Black Death pogroms, there was one letter sent for every 11,570 inhabitants; in towns without a pogrom, the frequency falls to one per 16,860. Column (5) in Table VI shows that the correlation between 1349 pogroms and the number of Sturmer letters is significant in our sample. Because the dependent variable is right-skewed, we again use 45. Distances are slightly larger in this case because we must also need to control for the Jewish population. Poisson ML. The estimated impact is sizable. With an average of 3.8 letters per city, the ML coefficient implies an additional 1.5 letters for cities with Black Death pogroms. The matching estimations confirm this result by indicating more than two additional letters. Finally, we examine data from the Reichskristallnacht (on November 9, 1938), limiting the analysis to localities that ° were home to synagogues or prayer rooms. Towns with a history 3 of pogroms had a markedly greater tendency to register attacks. e As shown in Panel B of Table V, synagogues were damaged or Sf destroyed in 93.8% of German cities with pogroms but in only 3 79.1% of cities without pogroms. p Column (6) in Table VI reports the results from a linear prob- jj ability model that regresses Black Death pogroms on an indicator t variable for whether a city's synagogue was damaged or des- ff troyed during the Reichskristallnacht. The coefficient is positive, 0 large, and significant. More populous cities had a higher probabil- 3 ity of attack; the coefficient for Protestants is positive but not 0 significant. The estimated coefficients show that cities with Black Death pogroms were about 12% more likely to damage or 3 destroy synagogues during Reichskristallnacht. Both propensity §. score and geographic matching confirm the significance and mag- I nitude of this result, and they imply a 10%-15% higher attack n probability. o In the Online Appendix, we test the robustness of these re- 3 sults. In Section II.B we control for a variety of socioeconomic n variables and show that the OLS results are robust to province f and prefecture fixed effects. In Section II.C we explore the robust- j\|' ness of our results to alternative specifications for each on twentieth-century outcome variable (Tables A.7-A.13). In C Section II.D, we control for spatial correlation and show that g the vast majority of our results hold for various sample splits: 3 we document persistence of anti-Semitism within the subsamples 3 of eastern versus western cities, large cities versus small towns, 1 and Protestant versus Catholic areas. III.F. Principal Components Analysis and the Extended Sample Do our measures of anti-Semitism in interwar Germany capture a broader, underlying pattern of attitudes, or are they isolated phenomena that occasionally coincide with medieval violence? To answer this question, we obtain the first principal component from all six twentieth-century outcome variables: pogroms in the 1920s, the share of DVFP votes 1924, the share of NSDAP votes 1928, Sturmer letters, deportations per 100 Jews in 1933, and an indicator variable for whether a synagogue was destroyed (or damaged). We scale all variables (except for the vote shares) by city population in 1933.46 To exploit as much variation as possible, we calculate the principal component for the o extended sample, which includes all cities with Jewish commu- o nities in Weimar Germany.47 All variables have positive factor gg loadings, suggesting that our indicators capture an underlying r anti-Semitic attitude. The first principal component explains 3 27% of the sample variance. p Next, we employ the principal component as a dependent jj variable. To interpret the results, we standardize all variables x except for the POG1349 indicator. Thus, the coefficient for r POG1349 tells us by how many standard deviations the principal 1' component increases in cities that had medieval pogroms. The \| results are presented in Table VII. Whether we use our standard r set of control variables (column (1)) or an extended one (column /p (2)), matching estimation (column (3)), or simple geographical \| matching (column (4)), we obtain a strong and significant result d for medieval pogroms. According to the estimates, this effect is g large. Black Death pogroms increase the dependent variable by § 0.25-0.32 standard deviations. O 46. Vote shares are already scaled by definition. Sturmer letters are scaled by population because larger cities naturally send more letters. Similarly, synagogue attacks are more likely in larger cities (that often had numerous synagogues in 1938), and in larger cities there is a higher probability of observing at least one violent attack on Jews in the 1920s. Scaling by population accounts for these facts. For consistency, we also scale deportations per 100 Jews by population: it usually took a handful of local individuals to report local Jews and cooperate with deportations, and finding these ''willing persecutors" among a million inhabitants was presumably easier than among a small-town population of a few hundred. 47. Not all six variables are observed in all cities. In such cases, we use the five remaining variables to construct the principal component measure. Whenever more than one of the six observations is missing for a city, we code the principal component as a missing value. In our main data set, 241 of325 towns and cities have observations for all six 20C outcome variables. Replacing the missing values for deportations (36), synagogues (33), and 1920 pogroms (1) yields 311 observations for the principal component measure. Dependent Variable: First Principal Component of Six Outcome Variables OLS OLS ME" GeoMatchb OLS OLS ME" GeoMatchb Main Sample Extended Sample POG1349 0.290** 0.254* 0.264 0.318* 0.333* 0.303 0.274 0.315* (0.132) (0.135) (0.127) (0.0819) (0.127) (0.130) (0.126) (0.0808) JewCom1349 0.0158 (0.105) -0.0378 (0.109) mv mv lnf Pop 1933) -0.0875 (0.0646) 0.0532 (0.0644) mv -0.191*** (0.0421) -0.0339 (0.0345) mv %Jewish 1933 0.0215 (0.0971) -0.200* (0.105) mv 0.154* (0.0439) 0.112* (0.0374) mv % Protestant 1925 0.284* (0.0757) 0.297* (0.0755) mv 0.287* (0.0411) 0.282* (0.0396) mv %Blue collar 1933 -0.367 (0.149) -0.109 (0.0874) ^Industry employ. 0.0832 (0.156) -0.0622 (0.0853) %Self-employed in retail & trade 0.169 (0.0725) 0.248*** (0.0613) Observations 311 311 311 311 1035 1035 1035 1184 Adjusted R2 0.052 0.099 0.124 0.206 Notes: First principal component obtained from six proxies for twentieth-century anti-Semitism: pogrom in the 1920s, DVFP votes 1924, NSDAP votes 1928, deportations, Sturmer letters, and an indicator variable for synagogue attacks; see Section III.F for details. The dependent variable and all control variables are standardized, so that beta coefficients are reported. FOG1349 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348—50, and 0 otherwise. Jew Com1849 equals 1 if a Jewish community is documented before 1349. Regressions in columns (1)—(4) are run for the main sample, including only cities with documented medieval Jewish communities. Columns (5)—(8) use the extended sample that includes all cities with Jewish communities in the 1920s and 30 s. Standard errors in parentheses (clustered at the county level). aMatching estimation based on the control variables indicated by "mv"; treatment variable is Pogrom 1349. The average treatment effect for the treated (ATT) is reported, using robust nearest neighbor estimation with the four closest matches. bMatching estimation based on geography. Matching characteristics are longitude and latitude for each city (using robust nearest neighbor estimation with the two closest matches); ATT is reported. * p < .10, p < .05, * p < .01. P10Z ePZ jsquisosq uo äiisjsaiuq jmioijbuisiuj bpuoj^ iv /§jo■ sjbiuiio fpjqjxo■ s fb//: uiojj psp^ojumoq So far, we have analyzed twentieth-century anti-Semitism only for cities with confirmed Jewish settlements in the fourteenth century. Using the main sample allows for a clear interpretation of the POG1349 coefficient, but it discards more than three quarters of the observations available in the extended sample. We now use all cities and towns for which we have information on twentieth-century outcome variables. To interpret the POG1349 coefficient in this context, we must control for the existence of medieval Jewish communities; this is captured by the dummy variable JewCom1349. Columns (5)—(8) in Table VII report this analysis. Results for Black Death pogroms are strongly similar to those for the main sample and are highly significant throughout. IV. Origins of persecution and Correlates of Persistence Our results suggest a high degree of persistence in terms of anti-Semitic acts and sentiment at the local level. In this section, we explore two questions: What factors explain Black Death pogroms, and when does cultural transmission of anti-Semitism fail? IV.A. Correlates of Medieval Jewish Settlement and Black Death Pogroms We collect and analyze data on medieval city characteristics to explain where Jews settled first and also why pogroms occurred in some places but not others. Some economic and political variables are correlated with medieval settlement and (more weakly) with Black Death pogroms, but they are generally o uncorrelated with twentieth-century anti-Semitism. For the extended sample, we have information on where Jews had settled by 1350. In addition, the first mention of Jewish settlement is recorded in GJ. Because we have no direct indicators of the size of Jewish communities, we allow these two outcome variables to proxy for the attractiveness of individual cities to Jews. We also employ explanatory variables that proxy for a city's economic and political openness: whether a city was self-governing as a Free Imperial city, had been incorporated by 1349, or had obtained market rights before the Black Death. Similarly, a city's location on a navigable river and its membership in the Hanseatic League are indicative of trade openness. In addition, we include two indicator variables that are political in nature, one each for cities run by a bishop and Stauffer cities.48 Finally, we also control for geographical isolation (proxied by ruggedness of terrain) and the age of a city. Columns (1)—(4) in Table VIII analyze the correlates of medieval Jewish settlement. Both openness indicators and political variables have some explanatory power. Jewish settlement was ° more frequent in Hanseatic cities, but Jewish communities were o not significantly older in 1349. The same is true for cities that £L were incorporated in 1349. Free Imperial cities (membership in r this group partly overlapped with the Hanseatic League) owed \| allegiance to the emperor, not to regional princes. They were dir- p ectly represented in the Imperial Diet, and many of them were jj self-governed by bourgeois elites. Free Imperial cities—as well as 0 cities with market rights and those governed by bishops—had r more and older Jewish communities, which suggests that they ° were the most attractive to Jews. Cities on navigable rivers had 3 older Jewish communities, whereas the opposite was true for 0 more isolated towns. Cities founded by the Stauffer emperors had Jewish communities more often than other cities but were l no more likely to have old, established Jewish settlements. §. Finally, cities with a longer municipal history had more and n older Jewish communities. Overall, the pattern of Jewish settle- n ment is in line with expectations—the larger the potential for i trade, the earlier Jews settled. l Some of our political and economic variables are related to n the pattern of Black Death attacks. We find significantly higher \| probabilities of pogroms in Free Imperial cities, cities with j\|' market charter, those founded by the Stauffer, and older cities. § This suggests that more commercial centers—where Jews might have played a more prominent role in economic life—witnessed greater pogrom frequencies (Cohn-Sherbok 2002). The overall explanatory power of all the variables in columns (5) and (6) is lower than in our regression on Jewish settlement patterns. 48. We take membership information on the Hanseatic League from Daenell (1905). At the height of its influence, the Hanseatic League counted more than 80 members. Led by Liibeck, the Hanseatic League included cities from Wisby in Sweden and Riga in Latvia to Roermond in modern-day Holland. Our main and extended samples include 36 and 46 Hanseatic cities, respectively. Data on Imperial cities and those ruled by bishops are from Jacob (2010). Cantoni and Yuchtman (2012) kindly shared their data on medieval market charters and dates ofincorporation. Correlates of Medieval Jewish Settlement and Pogroms Dep. variable (1) (2) Jewish Comm. existed in 1349 (3) (4) Inf Age of Jewish comm. in 1349) (5) (6) Pogrom in 1349 (7) (8) First principal component POG Hanse Incorporated 1349 Free Imperial Market town 1349 Navigable River Isolated town InfAge of city in 1349) Observations Adjusted R2 765 0.087 298 0.128 325 0.028 0.324** (0.142) 0.188 (0.269) -0.235 (0.224) -0.00398 (0.164) -0.0955 (0.110) 309 0.045 Notes: All regressions run by OLS. Columns (7) and (8) include the additional controls: ln(city population 1933), % Protestant 1925, % Jewish 1933 (all standardized). Standard errors in parentheses (clustered at the county level). POG1349 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348—50, and 0 otherwise. "Isolated town" is a dummy set to 1 for cities with above-median ruggedness (calculated within a 20 km perimeter); for cities located on a navigable river, this dummy is set to 0. The remaining dependent variables are \|—i explained in the text. Columns (1) and (2) use only cities from our extended sample that were first mentioned before 1349. aFirst principal component (standardized) obtained from CO six proxies for twentieth-century anti-Semitism, as described in the notes to Table VII. Columns (7) and (8) also control for ln(city population 1933), %Protestant 1925, %Jewish T^J 1933 (all standardized). * p < .10, p < .05, * p < .01 P10Z ePZ jsquisosq uo áiisjsaiuq jmioi^iusiuj ^puojj ye /§jo■ sjbiuiio fpjqjxo■ s fb//: cinq uiojj psp^ojumoq Do medieval economic or political correlates of Jewish settlement and pogroms directly predict twentieth-century anti-Semitism? If so, then medieval pogroms might simply be proxying for geographical, economic, or political factors that have remained unchanged. We address this question by adding the medieval explanatory variables plus the 1349 pogrom indicator to regressions where the principal component of anti-Semitism is ° the dependent variable (columns (7) and (8) in Table VIII). With l the exception of Hanseatic cities (see Section IV.B for an inter- d pretation), none of the medieval correlates is significantly r associated with twentieth-century anti-Semitism. However, the S coefficient for medieval pogroms remains positive and highly sig- p nificant. Online Appendix Section II.E provides additional results jj for medieval Jewish settlement and pogroms. In particular, Table O A.19 uses medieval correlates to predict pogrom probabilities in r 1349 and then includes this prediction in regressions with o twentieth-century outcome variables. Although POG1349 remains g highly significant, predicted pogrom probability is insignificant in O all specifications. / IV.B. Persistence before and after the Black Death § Anti-Semitic attacks in Germany were not limited to the t fourteenth and twentieth centuries; there were scattered pog- § roms as early as the eleventh century, and violence also erupted O when Jews returned in larger numbers in the nineteenth century. S If our argument about the persistence of anti-Semitic sentiment g§ at the local level is correct, then we should find that pogroms and other expressions of Jew-hatred occurred in the same locations S before and after 1349. D For each location in our main sample, we analyze the number e of reported attacks before 1347, the presence of Judensau sculp- b tures, and participation in the 1819 Hep-Hep riots as a function of 2 Black Death pogroms.49 Judensau sculptures, which portrayed 2 49. We use 1347 as a cut-off date because that is when the plague reached Southern Europe. Pre-plague persecutions are not comparable in scale to the attacks on German territory in 1349: altogether there were 142 pogroms in our main sample over the three centuries prior to the Black Death, as compared with 235 in the single year 1349. The first pogroms in our data set were recorded during the First Crusade in 1096 in communities along the Rhine. These were followed by attacks during the Second Crusades in 1146; the Guter Werner and Rintfleisch pogroms in 1287 and 1298, respectively, and the Armleder attacks in 1336. In addition, several Jewish communities suffered local pogroms, typically after facing Pogroms in 1349, Pre-Plague Attacks, and Proxies for Anti-Semitism between 1350 and 1900 (1) (2) (3) #POGpre'1347 Judensau Hep-Hep POG1349 = 1 0.481 0.055 0.060 POG1349 = 0 0.322 0 0.011 Difference 0.159* 0.055** 0.048* p-value 0.09 0.02 0.06 Observations 325 325 325 Notes: Conditional means are reported for cities with and without Black Death pogroms (indicated by POG1349) for our main sample. #POG Pre-1347 is the number of attacks on Jewish communities in a city before 1347. All columns include cities with documented Jewish settlement prior to 1349. Judensau is a dummy set equal to 1 only for cities with such an adornment. Hep-Hep is a dummy for cities that recorded attacks on Jews during the riots in 1819. See Online Appendix III for more detail. * p < .10, p < .05. Jews in demeaning poses, were part of churches as well as public and private buildings. The Hep-Hep riots were frequently violent protests against possible emancipation of the Jews. As Table IX shows, there is a highly consistent and significant pattern of differences. The number of pre-plague attacks is about 1.5 times higher in towns and cities that also attacked their Jews in are no Judensau sculptures in local- ities without a pogrom in 1349, and only 1.1% of these towns witnessed Hep-Hep riots. In contrast, we find Judensau sculptures and early nineteenth-century attacks in (respectively) 5% and 6% of all cities and towns with Black Death pogroms. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the persistence of anti-Semitic attitudes and behavior at the local level over the entire period from the eleventh to the twentieth century. IV.C. When Did Cultural Transmission Fail? How do we make sense of anti-Semitism persisting for more than half a millennium? To understand why persistence exists in accusations ofritual murder or host desecration. Online Appendix III gives details of the data on pre-plague pogroms, Judensau, and Hep-Hep riots. 50. In Online Appendix III.A, we reduce the sample periods for preplague attacks, taking particular care to confirm the existence of a Jewish community during the relevant period. This procedure yields even larger (and significant) differences. We also investigate the relationship between Judensau sculptures, pre-plague pogroms, and Hep-Hep riots for twentieth-century anti-Semitism. the first place, we examine conditioning variables that may weaken it. We focus on three types: political variables, economic indicators, and geographical characteristics. In Table X, we test for whether the transmission of anti-Semitic attitudes looks visibly different in each subgroup. For the Hanseatic cities (column (1)), the interaction term with POG1349 is negative and significant. The combined effect implies that the extent of transmission from the medieval period is essentially zero. Observe also that once we include an interaction term, membership in the Hanseatic League by itself does not systematically predict less Jew-hatred in the 1920s and 1930s.51 What disappears is the predictability of twentieth-century hatred based on fourteenth-century pogroms.52 j Although lower persistence of anti-Semitism in Hanseatic o cities is suggestive, the result requires further investigation. Is r it openness to trade that undermines racial hatred? Because O there are no Hanseatic cities in southern Germany, we construct rg a measure designed to capture similar conditions for cities south O of Cologne (the southernmost member of the Hanseatic League). In line with the first set of medieval correlates in Table VIII, we F derive the "open" index as the sum of four indicators: incorpo- § rated by 1349; Free Imperial city; market charter by 1349; and I located on a navigable river. The interaction effect of this index terg with medieval pogroms is negative and significant at the 5% level. § Here, just as in the case of Hanseatic cities, we find lower § 51. Hanseatic cities certainly did not have an unblemished record. Following e the French occupation, the Jews of Bremen and Lubeck were expelled; there were § Hep-Hep riots in Hamburg in 1819 (Sterling 1950). O 52. Including only a dummy for Hanseatic cities yields a coefficient of-.45 (std. err. = 0.14)—similar to the one reported in column (7) of Table VIII. That the negative interaction term in column (1) of Table X accounts for most of the difference between Hanseatic and non-Hanseatic cities suggests that failed persistence drives this result. However, a potential concern is that the result may stem in part from Hanseatic cities being generally less anti-Semitic, irrespective ofwhether a pogrom occurred there in 1349. To explore this possibility, we split the sample into towns with and without Black Death pogroms and regress the principal component on a dummy for Hanseatic towns as well as the usual controls. The Hanseatic dummy is negative and highly significant for cities with Black Death pogroms (-0.66, std. err. = 0.19), but positive and insignificant for cities without pogroms in 1349 (0.12, std. err. = 0.22). Thus, Hanseatic cities were not significantly more (or less) anti-Semitic compared with all cities without medieval pogroms. Yet among cities with Black Death pogroms, Hanseatic towns were significantly less anti-Semitic in the early twentieth century, suggesting that it is indeed the failed persistence of anti-Semitism that drives this finding. Differences in Persistence Open city City growth (6) (7) Geographic isolation POG1349 Hanseatic Hanseatic x POG1349 Open Open x POG1349 PopGrowth PopGrowth x POG1349 ^Industrial ^Industrial x POG1349 Bishop Bishop x POG1349 Isolated! 2 Isolated!, 2 xPOG1349 Observations Adjusted R2_ 0.311 (0.141) -0.133 (0.175) -0.444** (0.208) 311 0.060 0.375* (0.198) 0.158 (0.128) -0.298 (0.148) 214 0.063 0.257 (0.225) -0.131 (0.166) -0.432 (0.168) 110 0.081 0.777** (0.312) -0.00351 (0.00730) -0.0143* (0.00859) 0.293 (0.134) 0.292 (0.371) -0.185 (0.451) 311 0.047 0.384 (0.165) (0.228) -0.268 (0.260) 311 0.048 0.309* (0.187) Notes: Dependent variable is the first principal component (standardized) obtained from six proxies for twentieth-century anti-Semitism as described in the notes to Table VII. All regressions run by OLS, including the controls: ln(city population 1933), ^Protestant 1925, ^Jewish 1933 (all standardized). Standard errors in parentheses (clustered at the county level). POG1349 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348-50, and 0 otherwise. "Open" is an index, calculated as the sum of the following indicator variables: Free Imperial city, city incorporated in 1349, market rights in 1349, and located at a navigable river. The index is then standardized to obtain beta coefficients. The regression in column (2) includes only cities to the south of Cologne (the southern-most member of the Hanseatic League). "PopGrowth" is the (standardized) city's population growth between 1750 and 1933; population in 1750 is from Bairoch, Batou, and Chevre (1988). "^Industrial" is the percentage of employment in industry and manufacturing in 1933. "Bishop" is a dummy variable set equal to 1 for Episcopal cities (and to 0 otherwise). "Isolatedi" is a dummy set to 1 for cities with above-median ruggedness (calculated within a 20km perimeter); for cities located on a navigable river, this dummy is set to 0. "Isolated2" is a dummy set equal to 1 if the nearest city with at least 10,000 inhabitants in 1750 is more than 31 miles (50 km) distant. * p < .10, p < .05, * p < .01. co -J CO H0£ '1?Z -cquisosQ uo XjisjSAinfi [euoiieiusiui Epuojj ie /§jo s[Eiunofpjqjxo 3fb//:din] uiojj pspEojuMOQ persistence. Yet there is an important difference: whereas Hanseatic cities are (on average) significantly less anti-Semitic than the rest of the sample, "open" cities in the South are similar to their nonopen counterparts.53 Thus, there is reason to doubt that openness itself increases tolerance; the effect is clear for Hanseatic cities but not southern ones. Instead, openness may have been associated with economic success and higher migration rates, which in turn undermined persistence. To examine this possibility in more detail, we look at fast-growing cities.54 We therefore include an interaction term with the (standardized) population growth between 1750 and 1933.55 As column (3) of Table X shows, cities that grew faster saw substantially and significantly less persistence of anti-Semitic attitudes. Industrialization is mildly associated with less persistence. In column (4), we include an interaction term with the percentage of 1933 employment in industry and manufacturing. The coefficient is negative and significant at the 10% level.56 Next we look at cities ruled by local bishops, which were governed by the equivalent of a religious prince. Such cities were typically less important as commercial centers than other Free Imperial cities. We find that their levels of anti-Semitism are somewhat lower on average, but there is essentially no difference in transmission from the rest of the sample. 53. When including only the open city index in the regression, the coefficient is small, negative, and insignificant: -.09 (std. err. = 0.09). 54. Fast city growth was the direct result of immigration, not high fertility. e Before 1850, cities were too unhealthy to sustain themselves; after 1850, differences in city growth rates were largely driven by differences in migration (Hochstadt 1999). 55. Ideally, we would like to use city growth starting after the Black Death. Because observations on city size are scarce, doing so would reduce our sample to a handful of cities that were already large by the Middle Ages. Instead, we use Bairoch, Batou, and Chevre (1988) to obtain figures for 1750, which is the earliest date that gives us more than 100 observations. Cities in this subsample are mostly larger than average. 56. An increase of one standard deviation in industrialization lowers the overall coefficient on POG1349 by .18, which is relatively small compared to the .777 coefficient for POG1349 alone. In the Online Appendix Section II.F, we separate the effect of population growth from that one of industrialization by including one interaction term for each. The interaction effect for population growth is highly significant, but the one for industrialization is insignificant. This suggests that population inflow was itself enough to weaken the persistence of anti-Semitism— rather than industrialization (and modernization) driving both weaker persistence and migration. Finally, we construct two measures of geographical isolation. First, the ruggedness of the terrain around each location in our sample is derived using the Nunn and Puga (2010) algorithm. We use a dummy that indicates whether ruggedness is above the median, and we set this measure of geographic isolation to 0 for towns and cities on navigable rivers.57 Second, we construct a dummy equal to 1 if the nearest larger city is more than 31 0 miles (50 km) away (and set to 0 otherwise).58 Columns (6) and o (7) report the results. For both indicators, more isolated cities are & mildly more anti-Semitic in the twentieth century, but persist- r ence is, counterintuitively, lower but not significantly so from a I statistical perspective.59 p In combination, the results for industry structure and for city jj growth suggest that the industrial transformation of cities after ° 1750 undermined the long-term transmission of Jew-hatred. The r fastest-growing cities did not expand because of their own popu- U lation's fertility but instead as a result of migration (Hochstadt 3 1999). Essen, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Frankfurt, and r Cologne all fall in this category. This dynamic gives a clear inter- a pretation to our results: where a large inflow of outsiders wea- l kened the transmission of attitudes from one generation to the d next, anti-Semitism in the twentieth century cannot be predicted g by fourteenth-century attitudes. This suggests that the overall g pattern of persistence documented in this article may reflect 0 the effects of relatively low levels of mobility. Long-term trans- I mission is also absent for members of the Hanseatic League and i for southern German cities that were more open to trade. Just how much more tolerant trade-oriented cities were is slightly am- I biguous: Hanseatic cities were generally more tolerant than the I rest, but this level effect is weaker for southern open cities. ee Our results make sense in the context of generally low mi- 3 gration rates prior to 1820. There is not much reliable data in the 2 aggregate, but existing observations suggest that the relevant 2 57. Using ruggedness alone would imply for example that Königswinter is one of the most geographically isolated cities in Germany since it is close to a mountain range (the Siebengebirge). Yet Königswinter is on the Rhine, not far from Bonn and Cologne. 58. "Larger cities'' are defined as having at least 10,000 inhabitants in 1750; there are 33 such cities in the extended sample, and 24 in the main sample. 59. For the three cases where we find that transmission fails (Hanseatic; open cities in southern Germany; rapidly growing cities), we provide further robustness checks in the Online Appendix Section II.F. migratory flows—new inhabitants coming to live permanently in relatively small towns—were small. Prussian statistics indicate that the migration rate per generation was approximately 2% before 1820, and the number of new inhabitants of towns in Swabia and Tyrol was in the same range.60 Even though migration everywhere increased rapidly after 1820, most inhabitants of a typical town in our sample must have been direct descendants of those who lived there in 1350.61 V. Interpretation of Results § In this section, we test for whether our results could simply / be driven by political extremism, by general right-wing attitudes, e or by a different attitude toward violence. X V.A. Other Election Results 1' In columns (1) and (2) of Table XI, we examine the correlation s between medieval pogroms and NSDAP election results after / 1928.62 We find that the effect becomes weaker in 1930 and § vanishes in 1933. The various specifications in the Online 0 Appendix (see Table A.16) confirm these results. In 1930, the a magnitude of the effect is unchanged with respect to 1928, even g though the NSDAP won about five times more votes in 1930. This 3 suggests that the number of Nazi voters with historically rooted n 60. Male migrants to Schwäbisch Hall in the period after 1651 were equivalent e' to approximately 2.5% of the population (women and families typically migrated 3. only very short distances). In the late medieval period and in the neighboring towns 0 of Esslingen and Nordlingen, the ratios may have been higher (Vasarhelyi 1974; McIntosh 1997). McIntosh notes that long-distance migration declined sharply in the early modern period: by the 1730s and 1740s, only 18% of migrants came from distances greater than 31 miles (50km). Bürgerbücher (citizens' registers) from Brixen similarly suggest migration rates of 1%-2% per generation (Tolloi 2010). 61. A back-of-the-envelope calculation for 19 generations between 1350 and 1920 (equivalent to a generation length of 30 years) suggests that with migration rates of 2% before 1820 and 10% per generation thereafter (Hochstadt 1999), more than half of the 1920 population had direct ancestors that lived in the same place in 1350. Even if we assume an upper bound of 20% on post-1820 migration, this proportion remains more than a third. Marriage was typically delayed for much of the early modern period (and occurred, on average, at age 24 for women [Knodel 1988]). With reproductive careers ending at age 45, a generational length of 30 is conservative. 62. We focus on the 1930 and 1933 elections because the electoral returns for 1932 were not published at a sufficiently low level of aggregation (King 2008). NSDAP in the 1930s, Right-Wing Parties, and Violent Crime NSDAP NSDAP DNVP KPD KPD Principal component Dep. variable 1930 1933 1924 1924 1928 (county-level regressions) POG1349 0.0137 -0.0113 -0.0267 0.00915 0.0101 0.263 0.252* 0.252* (0.0101) (0.0125) (0.0131) (0.00873) (0.00724) (0.126) (0.110) (0.110) ln(Pop) -0.00816 -0.0111* -0.00505 0.0138* 0.0125* -0.131 0.00111 -0.00260 (0.00320) (0.00359) (0.00419) (0.00305) (0.00249) (0.0702) (0.0699) (0.0701) %Jewish 0.00240 0.0100* -0.00337 -0.0077* -0.00335 0.0118 0.0277 0.0315 (0.00320) (0.0038) (0.00403) (0.0023) (0.00204) (0.0794) (0.0719) (0.0721) %Protestant 0.00128* 0.0023* 0.0020*** 0.000035 0.00017* 0.209* 0.305* 0.304* (0.00015) (0.0002) (0.0002) (0.00012) (0.0001) (0.0715) (0.0662) (0.0675) Violent crime p.c. 1908-12 0.448* (0.0961) 0.431* (0.109) Simple theft p.c. 1908-12 0.0187 (0.0657) Observations 325 325 325 325 325 263 263 263 Adjusted R2 0.219 0.426 0.372 0.102 0.103 0.041 0.215 0.212 Notes: All regressions run by OLS. Standard errors in parentheses (clustered at the county level in columns (l)-(5)). POG1349 takes the value 1 if a pogrom occurred in the years 1348—50, and 0 otherwise. The remaining dependent variables are explained in the text. p< .05, *** p<.01. lFirst principal component (standardized) as described in the notes to Table VII. * p < .10, t/J § H0£ -cquisosQ uo XjisjSAiufi [euoiieiusiuj Epuojj ie /§jo s[Eiunofpjqjxo 3fb//:dm] uiojj pspEojuMOQ anti-Semitic motives did not grow during the rise of the NSDAP. Given the declining importance of anti-Semitic agitation for the NSDAP after 1928, it is easy to rationalize the nonsignificant correlation with medieval pogroms. Moreover, with increasing party shares of the popular vote, it becomes more difficult to identify extreme local attitudes. It is possible that the association between medieval violence ° and voting results for the Nazi Party simply reflects more § right-wing or violent attitudes. We use a political experiment to d distinguish anti-Semitic from right-wing votes cast in 1924. r Following the murder of the Jewish German Foreign Minister § Walther Rathenau in 1922, the right-wing DNVP expelled sev- t eral vociferous anti-Semites from its ranks. As a result, the party jj split; the newly formed DVFP pursued a similarly nationalist and o reactionary program as the DNVP but with a markedly more r radical anti-Semitic twist.63 In the next election in 1924, the 0 DNVP won about 15% of votes versus 7% for the DVFP. 3 We have already shown that the DVFP gained more seats in 0 localities with a past of medieval pogroms. If this is a reflection of / anti-Semitism—and not more right-wing attitudes generally— F then we should expect the closest (but less anti-Semitic) competi- S tor DNVP to register fewer votes in towns and cities with an I anti-Semitic past. Column (3) of Table XI bears this hypothesis r out: DNVP votes were about 2.7% lower in cities with pogroms in s 1349 (this result is robust; see Table A.17 in the Online Appendix). § Votes lost by the DNVP are similar to votes gained by the DVFP in 3 these cities (Table VI, column (3)). Because the two parties' pro- r grams were similarly right-wing overall, these findings point to j\|- anti-Semitism, not extreme political attitudes as the driver of § voting behavior in cities with Black Death pogroms. C What about political extremism in general? If the differences g in electoral results and anti-Semitic behavior reflect a generally §§ more radical outlook on life, then all political parties at the far § end of the political spectrum should receive more votes in towns 1 and cities with medieval pogroms. In columns (4) and (5) of 63. According to Levy's (2005) entry on the DNVP, ''Hitler . . . thought that the Nationalists were demagogic rather than sincerely anti-Semitic and that they were only willing to fight for their own narrow economic interests. Their shopworn anti-Semitism was trotted out only at election time. Suspicions regarding the seriousness in the matter of the Jewish Question were confirmed when moderates gained control of the party, a process accelerated by the murder of Walther Rathenau.'' Table XI, we explore this possibility for the German Communist Party (KPD). It received only a marginally higher share of the vote in 1924 and 1928 conditional on a 1349 pogrom, and the effect is not significant. V.B. Violence In the last three columns of Table XI, we examine the connection between anti-Semitism in the interwar period, violence, and medieval pogroms. The best crime data—with details on the type of crime, and at a relatively low level of aggregation—comes from late Imperial Germany (Johnson 2010). We use data for 1908-12, for which observations at the county (Kreis) level are : available. There are 263 counties with all relevant controls in our main sample. We adapt our data set to this level of aggregation, using county average outcome variables and adjusting POG1349 to indicate whether a Black Death pogrom took place within one or more cities in a county. Column (6) shows that our main result holds at the county level: the adjusted POG1349 is a powerful predictor of the level of twentieth-century anti-Semitism, when our principal component is the dependent variable. In column (7), we add violent crimes (assault and battery) per capita as explanatory variable (standardized to obtain beta coefficients). This factor is indeed strongly associated with anti-Semitic attitudes after 1920: a one standard deviation increase in violent crime per capita is associated with nearly half a standard deviation increase in our principal component measure of twentieth-century Jew-hatred. i At the same time, the size of the coefficient on medieval pogroms is unaffected. This suggests that we have identified two separate § sources of anti-Semitic sentiment and actions. As a placebo test, § we add data on simple theft in the ultimate column. This factor is c statistically insignificant, and it does not alter our previous 3 results. § VI. Conclusion At the time of the Black Death, Jews were burned in many (but not all) towns and cities across Germany. In this article, we demonstrate that the same places that witnessed violent attacks on Jews during the plague in 1349 also showed more anti-Semitic attitudes more than half a millennium later: their inhabitants engaged in more anti-Semitic violence in the 1920s, were more likely to vote for the Nazi Party before 1930, wrote more letters to the country's most anti-Semitic newspaper, organized more deportations of Jews, and engaged in more attacks on synagogues during the Reichskristallnacht in 1938. We also present evidence that towns and cities that attacked their Jews in 1349 had more pogroms before the Black Death; they were also more likely to display anti-Semitic sculptures in public and attack Jews in the ° early nineteenth century. Violent hatred of Jews persisted at the § local level despite their virtual disappearance from Germany for d centuries after 1550. By the same token, tolerance also persisted r over the long term. § Many studies have asked whether the rise of the Nazi Party t should be interpreted as a direct consequence of growing, jj broad-based anti-Semitism in the Weimar Republic. Our findings o do not support such an interpretation. Although we show a clear r link between medieval pogroms and the Nazi vote in 1924 and 0 1928 (as well as a weaker one in 1930), the correlation vanishes as 3 the party's mass appeal grows. The party's political profile chan- 0 ged after 1928; in particular, it became less virulently / anti-Semitic in its propaganda. This is not to say that F anti-Semitic sentiments did not contribute to the electoral suc- S cesses of the NSDAP. Rather, the link with its deeper, historical I roots became more tenuous in the years leading up to its seizure e of power in 1933.64 0 The correlation between medieval pogroms and § twentieth-century anti-Semitism underscores the importance of 3 deeper historical antecedents of cultural attitudes at the local r level.65 The estimated effects are large. Our broad measure of twentieth-century anti-Semitic behavior and attitudes (the first § principal component) is about 0.3 standard deviations higher in e cities with medieval pogroms. At the same time, medieval pog- g roms do not explain all of the variation in the cross-section. Our § findings add further weight to existing papers that demonstrate § the historical origin of modern-day attitudes (Guiso, Sapienza, 1 and Zingales 2008; Jha 2008). Nonetheless, there are important ^ 64. In this sense, our findings support the more revisionist claims of Heilbronner (2004). Also, results do not suggest that deep-rooted anti-Semitism at the local level is what enabled the Nazi Party to garner enough votes for its bid for power. 65. Goldhagen (1996) argues that the Holocaust reflected widespread, ''exterminationist'' anti-Semitic beliefs. We find that local precedent mattered, but this does not lend direct support to Goldhagen's wider argument. differences. We find that similar behavior occurs in the same location centuries apart. This is a different dimension of persistence than the indirect effects of past city independence on modern-day social capital (Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales 2008) or of trade cooperation across ethnicities in the Middle Ages on religious violence today (Jha 2008). In both of those cases, attitude transmission occurred partly through complementary insti- ° tutions. In our data set, there is no evidence that institutions or l civic organization reinforced or mediated persistence. d We show that not only initial Jewish settlement patterns but r also Black Death pogroms were partly influenced by medieval § economic factors. However, the same factors do not explain t twentieth-century anti-Semitism. We find no evidence that geo- jj graphical isolation—as proxied by ruggedness, access to river o transport, and the distance to larger cities—is a predictor of the r stability of anti-Semitic actions and beliefs. There is also no evi- o dence that eastern versus western locales, large cities versus g small towns, or Protestant versus Catholic areas witnessed . strongly different degrees of persistence. / Instead of reinforcing persistence, we argue that economic F factors had the potential to undermine it.66 In our data, persist- i ence disappears in locations where the costs of discriminating I against outsiders was high—among members of the Hanseatic r League in northern Germany, which specialized in long-distance i trade. The same is true for towns and cities in southern Germany P that were more open to trade. In contrast to other papers docu- g menting the effect of deep-rooted cultural factors on present-day r economic outcomes (such as the slave trade's impact on trust and y economic performance in Africa today), we find evidence for the § link also operating in the opposite direction: economic incentives e modified the extent to which attitudes stayed the same. We g cannot be certain that vertical transmission from parents to chil- § dren was crucial, yet the decline in persistence of anti-Semitism § in trading cities is more in line with models of parental invest- 1 ment in children's attitudes that emphasize utilitarian motives (Doepke and Zilibotti 2008; Tabellini 2008). Our results also lend qualified support to Montesquieu's famous dictum that trade encourages "civility." Results from the Hanseatic cities demonstrate a link between trade openness and growing tolerance on average. The southern German open 66. We thank Ernesto Dal Bo for pushing our thinking on this point. cities also support this link, but only up to a point: although persistence of anti-Semitism was weaker in these towns, the overall level of anti-Semitic sentiment in the 1920s and 1930s was not lower than elsewhere. Is long-term persistence of attitudes a thing of the past? In other words, are highly localized variations in culture that reflect deep historical roots still present today? To address these questions, future work should examine the persistence of anti-Semitism into the twenty-first century by using present-day large-scale surveys. Supplementary Material An Online Appendix for this article can be found at QJE online ( University of California, Los Angeles, Anderson School of Management and National Bureau of Economic Research Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Centre de Recerca en Economía Internacional, and Barcelona Graduate Schools of economics Abadie, Alberto, David Drukker, Jane L. Herr, and Guido W. Imbens, S2. 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Pandemic Feelings across the Globe Pandemic Emotions around the Globe You may feel distracted, thoughtful, upset, or even composed as the COVID-19 pandemic drags on. Have you ever wondered how the rest of the world is doing emotionally? We heard a lot more about how other countries are doing at the start of the spring pandemic. Do you remember how you sing Italy? McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm that researches market trends and emerging best practices, conducted digitally interactive interviews with 122 people in eight countries asking them to share their thoughts and feelings about the coronavirus pandemic. Their results were published in an emotions archive. Although there were minor differences – more joy in India, more anticipation in Australia – they found that people around the world think pretty much the same about the health crisis: a combination of negative and positive emotions. Assessment of the emotions about the pandemic "Positive emotions may seem incongruent with the state of the pandemic around the world, but as the initial shock has given way to an essentially new way of life, so is it to be expected," said Tyler Arvig, PsyD, associate medical director at R3 Continuum, a global company According to Medical Daily is a leader in behavioral health and safety solutions for workplace wellbeing. Dr. Arvig was not involved in the study. "As people rediscovered priorities, spent more time with families, and found gratitude for the smaller things in life, positive emotions need to be present." The research was part of "The New Possible," a series of COVID-19-related stories published online by McKinsey. The series explores how the coronavirus pandemic has challenged and changed people's lives. Spin the wheel of emotion The researchers collected over 800 comments from 122 participants on health, family, finances, and work in April and May. The emotions expressed by the participants were classified as joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, or anticipation, according to the wheel of emotions created by psychologist Robert Plutchik, PhD. Dr. Plutchik, who died in 2006 at the age of 76, developed the Wheel of Emotions in 1980. The researchers found that topics related to joy in Italy include family, home, and time; in China home and games; in the US, business, family, and home; and in Germany joy, money and sport. They also found that: • People in Italy and Australia were more angry with the pandemic than people in India, China and Germany. • Those in the UK and Singapore were more afraid of the future, jobs and a vaccine, while those in Singapore said money, the economy and health were the top fears on their mind. • Italy was the country with the most comments rated as sad, while the US and India had the least sad comments. • Australia was the country with the most acceptance comments. China had the least. We are all treating the pandemic similarly As we've seen in the US, the levels of negative emotions depend on several factors: the actual presence of the virus, the impact on jobs, the economy, financial stress, and mental health. "As different regions and countries are at different stages of the virus, we can expect differences in emotional states," said Dr. Arvig. The fact that the citizens of one country express more joy and less fear while the citizens of another country have more anger and less acceptance is based not only on the virus, but also on the conditions in their home country such as the state of the economy, life restrictions , Jobs and money. as well as how people are physically and emotionally. “We tend to view emotional responses to negative events as generally negative for good reason. While this may initially be true, humans are unable to survive in a constant negative emotional state, ”said Dr. Arvig. “Finally, humor, fun and appreciation reappear to compensate for the negative. It was true during World War II, the 1918 pandemic flu, and after September 11th. " He added, "The results of this study are really very hopeful as they show that, despite some individual differences, humanity is adapting globally and finding a way to move forward emotionally." Jennifer Nelson is a Florida-based health writer who also writes on health and wellness for AARP, PBS 'Next Avenue, Shondaland, and others. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Jewish children in an orphanage operated by the Jewish council of the Vilna ghetto.During World War II, the Germans established Jewish councils, usually called Judenraete . These Jewish municipal administrations were required to ensure that Nazi orders and regulations were implemented. Jewish council members also sought to provide basic community services for ghettoized Jewish populations. They would come in the morning and told the Jewish council to deliver 500 men or 200 men. If the Jewish council wasn't able to deliver through their own police, they started indiscriminately to go from house to house, beat, shoot... —Tomasz (Toivi) Blatt Tomasz (Toivi) Blatt describes the Izbica Jewish council (Judenrat) and German attacks (Aktionen) there Other Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. In Lodz, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, who tried in vain to persuade the Nazis to reduce the number of Jewish deportees, urged ghetto residents to report for deportation as ordered. Rumkowski also adopted a policy of "rescue through labor," believing that if the Germans could exploit Jewish labor, deportation might be averted. Motto of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, chairman of the Lodz ghetto Jewish council: Jewish council members held varied views on resistance. In Sosnowiec, Moshe Merin denounced the underground, believing that armed resistance would doom the entire ghetto. In Vilna, Jewish council chairman Jacob Gens decided to hand over underground leader Yitzhak Wittenberg, claiming that if the council did not turn Wittenberg in the Nazis would liquidate the ghetto. Jewish council opposition to resistance often prompted resentment within the underground, which sometimes accused the Jewish councils of collaboration with the Nazis (in Warsaw, the underground attacked the Jewish police). Bella Jakubowicz Tovey describes a meeting between her father and the Jewish council leader in Sosnowiec Some Jewish council chairmen, such as Efraim Barasz in Bialystok, believed that resistance should be implemented only as a last resort—when a ghetto was about to be liquidated. In Kovno, Elchanan Elkes actively assisted the underground. In Lachva and Tuchin, Jewish council members participated in uprisings. In Diatlovo, Jewish council members organized partisans. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos. Jewish Councils
Lifting weights to store energy Storage is one of the main challenges in global energy. Power consumption is uneven throughout the day, which makes power plants often operate in a suboptimal mode. Industrial-scale energy storage facilities can help make the electricity grid more flexible by smoothing out peaks in consumption. The market potential for energy storage is constantly growing and is forecast to be more than RUB 100 bln ($1.32 bln) by 2025, according to Rusnano. Andrey Bryzgalov, General Director of Energozapas, spoke about the energy storage system their team has developed, what difficulties the project faced, and when the project is going to be implemented on an industrial scale. Who invented solid-mass gravity storage plants? Established in 2016, Energozapas is now the only company in Russia working on gravitational energy storage that is not PSH (pumped storage hydroelectricity). The idea of storing energy using solid weights was born in 2012. Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Market Council nonprofit partnership Yury Udaltsov met with Andrey Bryzgalov who then headed Uniscan, a company that made electronic devices. Udaltsov suggested storing energy by lifting and lowering a heavy mass. The innovative automated technology is based on raising a heavy solid weight vertically and lowering it to store and release energy. The company employs about 80 specialists and 40 subcontractors. Energozapas has been a resident of the Skolkovo Technopark since 2016. Problem: how to store surplus energy? The need for long-duration energy storage is high around the world, as such systems would solve some pressing problems for the power industry. First and foremost, they would equalize the load on power generation units reducing the accident rate. Second, they would reduce grid maintenance costs. Power peaks inevitably occur in industrial production, causing overloads of power supply substations. Storage devices installed at the substation or at the consumer end would smooth out consumption peaks and reduce the load on the power grid. Third, energy storage is also in demand on the off-grid market. The vast majority of energy storage systems in the world are pumped storage hydropower (PSH) plants. According to the US Department of Energy, they account for more than 98% of the world’s total capacity. A pumped hydroelectric energy storage has two reservoirs located at different levels and interconnected by a system of pumps and generators. During periods of low demand, water is pumped from a lower elevation reservoir up to a higher elevation, consuming low-cost off-peak power from the grid. During peak consumption, water is released through turbines to generate expensive electric power and return it to the grid. The largest pumped storage hydropower plant in Russia, Zagorskaya, is on the Kunya River in the Sergiyev Posad District of the Moscow Region. Its capacity is 1.2 GW, and gross output, 7.2 GWh. However, the use of pumped storage hydroelectricity has its limitations. Building this facility requires a large area and a difference in height elevation. This is a significant disadvantage given Russia’s predominantly flat terrain. Also, a natural high-capacity source of water is needed. In case of an accident at a pumped storage power plant, there is a risk of a man-made disaster. Considering these factors, the Energozapas team proposed its own solution to use the potential energy of a solid mass instead. Solution: earth versus water After Andrey Bryzgalov met Yury Udaltsov, the team spent five years developing the concept of an energy storage using weights. In 2017, they presented the first prototype of a gravity storage power plant. Lifted Weight Storage (LWS) operates in pretty much the same way as the PHS, only it uses compressed soil instead of water. The facility consumes energy from the grid lifting the weights up to the height of a few hundred meters and generates energy as needed when the weights go down affected by gravity. Capital expenditure of an LWS becomes economically efficient with the capacity above 300 MWh. The efficiency of the prototype is 60%, and will grow to 80% with an increase in capacity. LWS plants can be built on any terrain and do not require any high relief. The area they use is immeasurably smaller than what is needed to build a PHS. According to Bryzgalov, an LWS with the same capacity and output parameters as the Zagorskaya PHS plant will take only 2.5% of its area. It is also important that the operation of the LWS is environmentally safe, and in case of an accident, there is no danger of a technogenic disaster. It should be noted that other countries are also working on projects that involve raising a solid mass to generate gravitational potential energy. For example, the German company Heindl Energy has a project where a one-piece 250 m wide granite piston is lifted up by a water column in a cylinder. In a project by ARES (United States), heavy weights are driven uphill by mass cars and then, also connected to the cars, are deployed downhill while delivering electric power. Still, each of these examples also requires a unique landscape or a huge body of water. That was why Energozapas started looking for a completely new approach, which it realized in 2018 in the Novosibirsk Academic Town. Lifts carrying energy The solution proposed by Energozapas is a system of lifts. A 20 m high LWS prototype with a capacity of 10 KW was built in 2018. Eight shafts, or vertical columns connected by horizontal and slanted cross beams, are located along the walls of the building. Lifts carry weights up the shafts while consuming excessive energy from the grid. The weights are secured at the top while lifts go down for a new load. The weights are pulled down affected by gravity, which activates a motor generating electric energy. LWS lifts have no counterweights. Durable polymer sacks filled with compressed soil are used as weights. The weights are reinforced with geomesh, to reduce lateral pressure and lower demands for the case material. The structure is surrounded by a “skirt” to eliminate the impact of the wind. The skirt has a width of one-quarter of the LWS radius and converts the horizontal pressure of the wind into vertical load. The developers also considered cushioning seismic vibrations. This is where the structure of the LWS helps. A specific number of weights are moved at any given time while the remaining weights serve as plummets and kill the vibration. The next step towards a full-fledged industrial-scale LWS is construction of a pilot plant on the territory of the Skolkovo Technopark. The pilot will be 80 m high and have a capacity of 2.4 MW. Why we need the pilot The pilot LWS is planned for launch in 2021. The project raised RUB 1–2 bln ($13–26 bln) in funding from the National Technological Initiative that implements projects of the Russian Agency for Strategic Initiatives. The cylindrical structure has a diameter of 30 m and is reinforced with so-called Shukhov mesh to withstand the wind. Inside the cylinder, there are recuperative lifts and weights as well as the battery’s supporting frame. Andrey Bryzgalov says the structure in Skolkovo will serve as a showroom for testing the electrophysical installation and demonstrate results to potential investors. He noted that building a 300 m tower would have been impractical because energy producers who may potentially offer funding must first see a functioning structure and successful experience of its construction and operation. The pilot structure will consist of the same mechanical and electronic components and will be based on the same construction technology that will be reproduced in the industrial-scale LWS. Energozapas engineers also presented a VR model of the pilot LWS that shows the interior and exterior with a great degree of detail. If all the technical specifications are approved, Energozapas plans to launch the first industrial-scale LWS in 2025. Standing at 300 m tall and covering an area of about 1 sq km, the plant will have a storage capacity of 10 GWh and operating capacity of 1 GW, both parameters adjustable to customer needs. Energy storage using LWS may work for any type of energy systems. In renewable energy, it will supply electricity during weather conditions that are not suitable for renewable energy production. In thermal power plants, exhausted plant units may be replaced with gravity batteries instead of new but identical plant units. The other units will operate in a mode that reduces depreciation to a minimum while ensuring maximum efficiency. Nuclear power plants must operate at a steady capacity to avoid accidents. Batteries can help accumulate their excessive energy. Bryzgalov notes that the Energozapas project is also targeting foreign markets. The energy storage facility could be in demand in such countries as India, China, Vietnam and Japan. Belarus, where the Ostrovetskaya Nuclear Power Plant is located, is also interested in an LWS, as is the Northwestern District of Russia that has reported an excess of energy. Energozapas currently cooperates with Russian energy companies and its project is part of the National Technological Initiative. By Kristina Firsova Previous ArticleNext Article
You are currently browsing the tag archive for the ‘Roman centurion’ tag. In Matthew chapter 8, Jesus makes two remarks about people’s faith. One man, he says, has great faith. Later in the chapter he tells his disciples that they have little faith. Each account, by itself is remarkable, and by comparing them we can possibly get some incredible insights about faith. In the first story (5-13), a Roman centurion comes to Jesus and asks him to heal his servant. Jesus asks the centurion if he wants him to come to his house. The Roman leader tells Jesus “No. Just say the word, and my servant will be healed.” Jesus was amazed and told his followers that he had not found anyone in Israel with such great faith. Towards the end of chapter 8 (23-27), we find Jesus fast asleep in a boat with his disciples. Matthew tells us that a furious storm came up on the lake and that the waves swept over the boat. The disciples were afraid and woke Jesus up, saying, “Lord, save us! We’re going to drown!” Jesus said to them, “You of little faith, why are you so afraid?” And then Jesus rebuked the winds and the waves, and it was completely calm. In comparing these two stories, naturally the question comes up, why did the centurion have such great faith, and the disciples such little faith? It seems to me that it should be the other way around. The disciples should be the ones with great faith. They traveled with Jesus and everywhere he went he healed people and cast out demons and taught the multitudes about the Kingdom of heaven. The disciples were somewhat intimate with Jesus and not only learned from him about faith, but also saw faith in action. The Roman centurion on the other hand was not even a Jew. He was a gentile. Probably hated by most Jews because of the Roman occupation. What little knowledge he had of Jesus probably came second hand from a few stories and rumors told him about this miracle worker. Not exactly the makings of great faith. So why the great faith of the centurion and little faith of the disciples? Who knows? God knows, but he isn’t telling. Or is he? Maybe there are a few clues in these stories to enlighten us about their faith and perhaps ours as well. Here is my theory. Matthew indicates that the Roman centurion knew a little something about authority. A Roman centurion was in charge of 100 soldiers. He had authority over 100 soldiers. He was also a man under authority. When his superiors said “Jump!”, he asked “How high?”. By the same token, when he gave orders to the men under him, they obeyed him or died trying. The whole Roman army was under the authority of Emperor Caesar. He had a goal, and a plan for reaching that goal, and every soldier in his army had a role to play in achieving that goal. In the same way, I believe, that the centurion had an idea about the way Jesus was able to heal people. He either had super-natural authority to heal people, or was under the authority of someone who had the power to heal people. And what was the goal of healing people? To relieve human suffering. People were miserable when they were sick, and happy when they were healed. Hence, the ultimate goal of Jesus was to make people happy. The centurion must have believed that either Jesus was God, or was working under the authority of a God who loved people and wanted them to be happy. If this was the case, then there was no need for Jesus to go to his house or lay hands on his servant. All he had to do was just say the word, and his servant would be healed, and many would be made happy. The servant, the servant’s family, if he had one, his friends, and the centurion. The disciples,on the other hand, the “little faithers”, were freaking out in the boat, in the middle of the lake as waves surged over the side. Was Jesus panicking? Not so much. He was sleeping. The disciples woke him up screaming, “Lord save us! We’re going to drown.” Ultimately they didn’t believe that God, or Jesus, had ultimate authority over everything. They didn’t really believe that God loved them and wanted them to be happy. The believed in the Evil Powers that lurked in the depths of the sea, that caused big storms which chewed up little fishing boats and spit them out, just for the fun of it. If they would have believed that God loved them and wanted them to be happy, they would have had a terrific time enjoying the wind and the waves and the wild ride, much like thrill seekers do on an exciting water ride at an amusement park. But, alas, they were full of fear, and their little faith was abundantly clear. So what about us when the storms of life hit our little boats with fury. Do we grab on for dear life and scream for Jesus to help us, or do we grab on for dear life and enjoy the ride, knowing that the God of the furious storm is right along side us, laughing all the way? Please disregard any advertisement below.
Follow TV Tropes Go To "No! It's... it's a Calvinosaurus! Named after the renowned archeologist who discovered it, the huge Calvinosaur can eat an ultrasaur in a single bite!" Calvin, Calvin and Hobbes Many works are set in 1 Million B.C. However, some works just do a few episodes in prehistory, while mostly in other eras. When this happens, they usually have a prehistoric animal be an ancestor of the characters in the show. However, most writers only know a few types of dinosaur. When they don't think they can pass off any of them as the ancestor of their character, they tend to use either "Xsaurus", "Xdactyl", "X. rex", "Xraptor", "Xdon" or similar naming schemes to quickly create a new species of dinosaur, filling in the template with any word that seems relevant to the beast in question or just looks cool. "Saber-toothed X", "Woolly X", "Cave X", and "Dire X" are also used in a similar manner, usually by sticking the descriptors in front of any given species of modern mammal to create an ice age-themed version of its species. May also sometimes occur in modern-day set dramas involving mutated animals. Funny Animal characters are usually neanderthals (or what fiction tends to think neanderthals were like) unless they are antagonists. Note that this includes both portmanteaus or mix and match critters of a modern-day animal and a prehistoric animal. May intersect with Artistic License – Paleontology. Related to Dire Beast and T. Rexpy. open/close all folders Comic Books • Atomic Robo: • In one of the Free Comic Book Day issues, Dr. Dinosaur manages to make a cyborg Tyrannosaurus that he dubs a "Futuresaurus Rex". • In a later FCBD issue, he makes a killer "Omnisaur" — half Triceratops, half Ankylosaurus, and half Stegosaurus. Robo: Aren't those herbivores? Dr. Dinosaur: [to Omnisaur] You were supposed to tell me everything! • Dr. Dinosaur himself claims to be a dromaeosaur and the sole survivor of an ancient dinosaur civilization, but thanks to his numerous anatomical inaccuracies, Robo is convinced he’s just someone’s escaped genetic experiment, invoking this in-universe. • Dennis the Menace (UK): At least one strip features a caveman version of Dennis, accompanied by a sabre-toothed Gnasher. • Garfield: His 9 Lives: The "Cave Cat" segment shows Garfield as a saber-toothed housecat and Odie as a giant green saber-toothed dogsaurus. • "Valley of the Dildosaurs", a 1975 NSFW comic parodying dinosaur movies (mainly "Valley of the Dinosaurs"), even goes on a lampshading tangent: "Yes, we know that Hornysaurus and Vibratodon never lived at the same time!" Comic Strips • Calvin and Hobbes: One strip has Calvin pretending to be a T. Rexpy called a Calvinosaur that's big enough to eat an ultrasaurus in one bite. • The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms: The Rhedosaurus is a massive carnivorous dinosaur that moves around on four legs and has no trouble hanging out at the bottom of the ocean. • The Giant Behemoth: The eponymous behemoth is called a Paleosaurus. It has the quadrupedal stance and long neck of a sauropod, sharp teeth and claws of a theropod, and crocodile-like scaly skin. • Godzilla: The films use this trope as a frequent explanation for its Kaiju, Hand-Waving their enormous size and apparently supernatural abilities by saying that they simply aren't on the fossil record and thus anything goes. • Godzilla himself is sometimes described as a dinosaur called a "Godzillasaurus" that mutated and grew to massive size due to exposure to radiation in the 1950s, but other times, like in the original film and the MonsterVerse continuity, it's made clear that he was always that big. • Anguirus somewhat resembles an Ankylosaurus but far, far larger. His head horns are similar to those of ceratopsians as well. • Rodan is either a colossal and very fictional relative of the Pteranodon or another atomic mutation depending on the continuity, much like Godzilla. In the MonsterVerse setting, he's stated to be an ancient superspecies hailing from the Permian period, meaning he isn't even a pterosaur at all, but something similar and far older predating the entire pterosaur order by millions of years! • Baragon is a quadrupedal dinosaur that can burrow through the ground like a mole and breathe fire. Although he's a fraction of Godzilla's size he's still much larger than any real dinosaur. Strangely, he's got a pair of mammalian-like ears, which has led some fans to consider him a synapsid instead. • Gorosaurus is essentially a Kaiju-sized Tyrannosaurus with no special abilities. He can use his prehensile tail and powerful legs to deliver a nasty kangaroo kick, however. Some official sources claim he is a descendant of Allosaurus. • Likewise, Titanosaurus is a massive semi-aquatic dinosaur that resembles a Spinosaurus, with large sails on his back and a long, crocodile-like snout. There is an actual dinosaur called Titanosaurus that bears no relation. note • Jurassic World sees the park shift from reviving known dinosaurs to engineering one of their own, called Indominus rex. Claire explains to Owen that they chose the name to sound scary and be easy to remember, as complex names weren't popular with the public. In earlier drafts of the script, she was going to be called Diabolus rex. A Stegoceratops (Stegosaur/Triceratops hybrid) was also going to be in the movie, but was scrapped so that the I. rex would be the only specially engineered beast. Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom then takes the Indominus template and applies it to a Raptor Attack, creating the Indoraptor. • King Kong (2005): Given that this adaptation of the 1933 classic has taken paleontology and evolution into account, all of the inhabitants of Skull Island with the exception of human natives are fictional animals with appearances based on their real-life prehistoric counterparts. • A Sound of Thunder: The film has baboonasaurs, flying batasaurs and the claim that lions are somehow descended from allosaurs. • Geronimo Stilton: Particularly painful puns (especially if you know Greek and/or Latin) pepper the pages of the Cavemice books. Notable examples include Autosaurus (which would mean "self reptile"), a type of dinosaur that's used as a car equivalent, and Octosaurus ("eight lizard"), which isn't even a dinosaur at all, but a giant octopus. • Gravity Falls: Journal 3: In the section based on "The Land Before Swine", Dipper describes Soos as discovering an unknown, vaguely spinosaurus-like dinosaur, and naming it "Raddawgceratops". • Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future has saber-toothed humans and ground slothmen. • Science Made Stupid, a parody of children's science books, has a Puppisaurus in a sidebar about mammal-like reptiles (the group did exist, albeit as a group of animals increasingly closely related to true mammals, but it didn't include a Puppisaurus). Live-Action TV • Super Sentai and Power Rangers: • In Power Rangers Time Force, the Quantum Ranger had a dinosaur mecha called the Quantasaurus Rex, or Q-Rex for short. The Mirai Sentai Timeranger version was simply the V-Rex. Power Rangers Megaforce would later recycle the Q-Rex name for its dino mecha in homage to the original. • Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger plays on the Japanese word for dinosaur(s), "kyoryu"; calling their dino-like mecha "bakuryu" ("blastosaurs"). • Power Rangers Dino Thunder called its main mecha combination the Thundersaurus Megazord. One episode also had the Rangers' class at a paleontology dig, and when Kira tried to get Dr. O's attention she claimed that she found a "morphasaurus" fossil. • Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger does a similar wordplay as Abaranger, naming their mecha "kishiryu" ("knightosaurs"). It also involves two made-up species, a "Needlesaurus" (a stegosaurid) and a "Tigersaurus" (a reptilian version of a Smilodon, as opposed to the real-life mammal). When Power Rangers Dino Fury adapted the season, it dispensed with the made-up names and just said these mecha were a Stegosaurus and Saber-Toothed Tigernote . • Dino Fury also has Solon, a cyborg dinosaur who identifies her species as Solonosaurus. Newpaper Comics • Garfield: The title panel of this strip has Odie as a Dogasaurus. Tabletop Games • Dungeons & Dragons: • The Epic Level Handbook describes the prismasaurus, a club-tailed hadrosaur-like dinosaur with a row of rainbow scales running down its back and capable of emitting bursts of magical, rainbow-colored light. • Eberron has a number of made-up dinosaurs to go with the regular dinosaurs found in the setting. • Magic: The Gathering has several dinosaur cards, of which only a few are real species (a couple of Allosaurs and a Dilophosaur). Made-up species mentioned include Brontodon, Altisaur, Aegisaur, Cacophodon, Monstrosaur, Tuskodon, Dromosaur, Tyrannodon, Fungosaur, Gigantosaurus, Gnathosaur, Aerosaur, Imperiosaur, Vantasaur, Magmasaur, Heliopterus, Pangosaur, Polyraptor, Pyroceratops, Regisaur, Ferocidon, Leosaur, Armasaur, and Badgersaur. (These only account for about half the cards though, many of the rest being more descriptive like "Horncrest", "Sailback", and "Hammerskull"; and there are a whole lot of "[Description] Raptor" cards. "[Description] Ceratops" and "[Description] Pteron" are also used.) • In Warhammer, one Lizardmen subrace is known simply as "Saurus". Among their Beasts of Battle are such creatures as the Stegadon ("roofed tooth"), the Terradon ("earth tooth", for a toothless flying creature) and the Carnosaur ("meat lizard", a generic name for meat-eating dinosaurs). The Bastiladon, a pseudo-ankylosaur, is actually given a fairly appropriate name meaning "fortress tooth". More explicitly made-up creatures include the spike-covered Razardons and the cave-dwelling, eyeless Troglodons. Video Games • Dragon Quest: • Dragon Quest VI includes an axe-wielding dragon monster called a Hackasaurus. One can even join your party. • One of the Bonus Bosses in Dragon Quest IX is Tyrannosaurus Wrecks. • Dragon Quest XI has some magic-wielding scholar dragons as monsters; with the earliest version you encounter being called a Professaurus. • 46 Okunen Monogatari: The Shinkaron (the obscure PC-98-exclusive precursor to the way better known SNES game E.V.O.: Search for Eden) has the player talking to a musical dinosaur called Sugiyaman (named after the game's composer Koichi Sugiyama). There are also some fictional dinosaur species made up by the creators that lead to speculatuve evolutionary paths (like Gorgon, Reptillian Alien, Goblin, a Shenlong-esque Asian Dragon, a Godzilla -esque Kaiju and others) which often end up as a Non Standard Game Over. • Fossil Fighters calls its revived dinosaurs-and-other-beasts "Vivosaurs". There are also undead Vivosaur variants, "Boneysaurs" and "Zombiesaurs"; as well as made-up species like "Frigisaurus", "Ignosaurus", and "Saladasaurus". In Fossil Fighters Frontier, you're given a genetically engineered dinosaur as your partner that changes forms throughout the game. It starts as a "Nibblesaurus", then becomes a "Munchasaurus" and a "Chompasaurus". Its final form averts this trope, instead going by the name "Crimson Ravager". • Pokémon: The very first family in the Pokédex is a line of dinosaur/plant hybrids named Bulbasaur, Ivysaur, and Venusaur. Aerodactyl is also a cross between a gargoyle or a wyvern and a pterodactyl. Later games add a sabertoothed dinosaur named Haxorus. • Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time has a reference to this in the prehistoric level, called "Prehistoric Turtlesaurus". No actual turtlesaurus appear, but funny enough, you fight Slash (who kind of looks the part) as a boss in the SNES port. • World of Warcraft has expies of famous dinosaurs roaming around various Lost World zones. These include stegodons, pterrordaxes, direhorns, and the mighty devilsaurs. • Xenoblade Chronicles X: One of the common indigens that roams the planet Mira are sauropod-like Millesaurs. • Yooka-Laylee includes a dinosaur character that's a throwback to the days of 64-bit gaming, named Rextro Sixtyfourus. Web Original Western Animation • Ben 10 has two saurian forms among the aliens he can turn into; he calls them "Humungousaur" and "Astrodactyl", while the actual species are named the Vauxausaurians and Pturbosaurians respectively. • The Croods is all about this, where aside from a sloth, the film has prehistoric fauna of colorful Mix-and-Match Critters; the one with most screentime is a "Macawnivore", a sabre-tooth tiger colored like a macaw (nicknamed Chunky). • Dino Squad has many examples. Most of the mutated creatures created by Victor Veloci were mutated mixes of modern day and ancient creatures. Only the Dino Squad were 'perfect' creatures. • Eek! The Cat: The "Terrible Thunderlizards" segment often uses this. Like a porcupinosaurus, for example. • The Flintstones sometimes makes vague references to creatures like a "chickensaurus". Additionally, Dino is apparently called a "snorkasaurus", while Hoppy is a kangaroo-like creature called a "hoppasaurus". • The Future Is Wild features a saber-toothed wolverine, a caracararaptor, and a turtlesaurus (specifically named a snowstalker, carakiller, and toraton). • Ice Age: Scrat is a saber-toothed squirrel. He is somewhat inspired by Leptictidium, an actual small, hopping prehistoric mammal with a long snout, but the similarities end there. Since the release of the movie, another prehistoric mammal, Cronopio, was discovered to be even more similar to Scrat. • Johnny Test: The catsaurus and catdactyl on Bling-Bling's Island. • Looney Tunes: "Prehistoric Porky" shows Porky to be descended from a cavepig, while "Pre-Hysterical Hare" shows Bugs to be descended from a saber-toothed rabbit. • My Little Pony: • Phineas and Ferb: "The Tri-Stone Area" has Perry as a saber-toothed platypus. • Invoked in Primal with the Night Feeder. Most of the other prehistoric animals in the show are easily identifiable as real species. The fact that the Night Feeder isn't, instead resembling some bizarre mishmash of different dinosaurs, just serves to make it even more obviously unnatural and frightening. • SpongeBob SquarePants: • "Ugh" has SpongeBob, Patrick, and Squidward as a cavesponge, caveoctopus, and cavestarfish, with Gary as a giant snailsaurus. • The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge out of Water has a Squidosaurus, a cross between Squidward and a Tyrannosaurus rex. • Tom and Jerry: "Prehisterics" has Tom as a saber-toothed housecat and Jerry as a cavemouse. During the short they encounter a giant saber-toothed rabbit. Alternative Title(s): Fictional Prehistoric Creature
Wolves could bounce back in the Bow Valley in 2018, says Parks Canada Parks Canada and local conservation groups are hoping a new wolf pack will begin to establish itself in the Bow Valley in and around Banff National Park. Wildlife experts say a new wolf pack could be forming after the last group was killed off Without wolves, the populations of other animals in Banff National Park would increase, affecting other parts of the ecosystem all the way down to songbirds, beavers, shrubs and small plants. (The Associated Press) It follows the well-publicized collapse of the troubled Bow Valley pack in 2016. Six pups were killed — four by trains — and two wolves were shot by parks staff after getting too close to public campsites, eating garbage and food. Another pack member was shot by a hunter after wandering into B.C. Two remaining wolves left the area but are still living nearby in different parts of the park. "[It] was a terrible year for the Bow Valley pack. They became food conditioned and we had to destroy two of the wolves. None of the six pups survived and the pack disintegrated," said Parks Canada wildlife ecologist Jesse Whittington. Wildlife ecologist Jesse Whittington says wolves are dynamic and pack numbers can change drastically from year to year. Whittington says it doesn't take much for a wolf pack to grow with large litters of up to six pups when two wolves breed. (Dan McGarvey/CBC ) The pack was reduced to one breeding male and his daughter. The male left the Bow Valley to join another pack in the nearby Spray Valley. The female wolf linked up with a mate this summer and hasn't been spotted recently. But wolves don't leave vacant territory unclaimed for long and it's hoped a new pack will form in the Bow Valley over the coming months. "We're curious about what's going to happen," said Whittington. "Either the old male and the pack from the Spray could move back into the Bow Valley, or one of the neighbouring packs might slide in." "In October, there were sightings of three grey and white wolves near Castle Junction, so it's a puzzle in terms of where they came from and whether or not they'll stick around," Whittington added. Whittington says it won't take long for a pack to establish itself in the valley again once they stay in the area for a while. "If you have a male and female who hook-up and have pups, all of a sudden you could have a pack of seven wolves, and if those pups survive and have pups again, you get a pretty large pack," he said. Members of the Bow Valley wolf pack, captured by remote camera. (Parks Canada) Conservationists are watching what's happening closely, too, saying wolves are essential to the ecosystem, regulating populations of other animals over huge territories. "We don't want to be one of those communities where we don't have large carnivores so we get an over-abundance of animals like deer and elk that then causes negative impacts because they over-eat their food resources," said Jodi Hilty, president and chief scientist with Canmore-based conservation group Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. "The biggest challenge for wolves here is they are traversing a heavily human-occupied landscape and they get in trouble for getting too familiar with people, people might be feeding them," she said. Wolves from the Bow Valley pack are seen using a highway underpass in Alberta in April in this handout photo taken by a remote camera. (Parks Canada/Canadian Press) Another major risk for wolves, and many other animals that call the park home, are busy and fast roads, namely the Trans-Canada Highway. "We're very fortunate that Banff has these great overpasses and underpasses, but once you get east of Banff, there are no more of those and that's why we've had wolf mortality on the highway recently," said Hilty. Two wolves were killed on the Trans-Canada near Canmore in November. Despite the many issues facing the animals, Hility says she remains optimistic when it comes to the long-term future for wolves in the Bow Valley. "People here and visitors really want wolves to make it, and so we can take that positive attitude and work together," she said. Dan McGarvey Dan McGarvey is a mobile journalist focused on filing stories remotely for CBC Calgary’s web, radio, TV and social media platforms, using only an iPhone and mobile tech. His work is used by mobile journalism (mojo) trainers and educators around the world. Dan is focused on the city’s diverse northeast quadrant and sharing stories from under-reported communities. You can email story ideas and tips to Dan at
Augustus: His Life and Work - Rene Francis The Commencement of Individualism The year 134 B.C. may be said to mark the line of transition for Rome. Hitherto she had been a republic, in fact as well as in name. Henceforward her republican constitution was to suffer the various attacks that eventually destroyed it and paved the way for the inevitable result—Empire. Italy was now a species of confederation under the rule of Rome—a series of states allied to Rome very closely, some more favoured than others, but one and all united under Rome against the outer world. They were not as yet Roman; they had not the Roman franchise which was to weld them, with Rome, into one solid whole. That was to come half a century later. Politically speaking, Rome had still the appearance of unity in her constitution; but the elements of disunion had already made themselves felt. Provincial government, as it grew in importance, and in separation from the central government, tended to grow more and more independent. The Senate had no longer a complete control over the proconsulate, and the resident magistrates in the various provinces were developing, without check or hindrance, that capacity for avarice and general maladministration which was to make senatorial provincial government a byword and a reproach. Internally also the disunion was ready to appear. The Senate and the assembly of the plebs were no longer in harmony, but were ready to break out into criticism and opposition, the one or the other. The first open attack was that of the Gracchi, 133-123 B.C. Tiberius Gracchus raised the question of the allotment of the 'public lands' (won in conquest) among the poorer citizens. This (and, indeed, almost all the land of the Republic) had fallen under the control of wealthy men, who even used it for their pleasure-domains, or wealthy companies, who made vast grazing tracts of it. Gracchi and Cornelia. Allotment meant definite ownership; but so far only 'occupation' was allowed. Even that was on an exaggerated scale; a few individuals 'occupied' many thousands of acres. Tiberius Gracchus also revived the old intercession of the Tribunate. Gaius, his brother, went farther. He strove for the enfranchisement of the Latins and the Italians, and for a share in the allotment benefits for them. He instituted monthly corn doles for the benefit of the people. These doles became a regular feature of the Empire. He proposed the restriction of the Senate in the matter of the assignment of provinces; he brought forward measures for regulating the taxation of Asia; and he made certain alterations in the conditions of military service. As far as the land question was concerned, the attack had no permanent effect. In 118 B.C. the allotment of lands already occupied was stopped. In 111 B.C. all land occupied was declared by law to be private property. For the future, whenever the question of allotment arose, the land required for such allotment had to be purchased by the State. One most effective step taken by the Gracchi—a step which had far-reaching consequences—was concerned with the Equestrian Order. The Equestrian Order was originally little more than a name. It may have arisen from the three semi-legendary tribes—the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres. It had some place in processions on feast days, triumphs, and so forth, and some sort of association with an idea of a citizen cavalry. But as yet the Equestrian Order had not figured as a feature of the State. Nevertheless it represented a very important element in Rome, namely, the middle class. And for this reason we cannot pass over its first 'official' appearance without some comment as to what it was and what it represented. The middle class in any State is always the last to make its appearance. But when it does appear it may grow to be the most important class in the community. A State at its inception is automatically divided into two parts—the rulers and the ruled, the men who work and the men who exact and direct the work. The rulers direct the history of the State, and the ruled make the history. The rulers make the law and the ruled obey it. As the life of the State grows in complexity another class arises, between these two classes, allied to each class in a sense, yet independent of either. The increasing necessities of daily life call for an intermediary who is prepared to deal with them. Thus the trader, the manufacturer, the agent, appear. So long as the middle class has its own clearly defined occupations, so long as the frontiers between nobility, middle class, and lowest class are clearly marked, there is no particular danger of discontent. But when the line of delimitation becomes less clear, when the spheres of the different classes become gradually involved the one with the other, then readjustment and compromise become necessary, and jealousy and ambition make themselves felt. The middle class, at the time when the Gracchi appeared, were an appreciable factor in the Roman State. But probably they themselves hardly understood their own ambitions or the possibilities of the power they might exercise. The Gracchi were the first to teach them. The taxation of the provinces had hitherto been entirely under the control of the Senate and the senatorial magistrates. The Gracchi handed the taxation of the new province of Asia over to the middle class—the money-lenders and merchants. They also carried a measure by which the judges of the newly instituted courts for cases of bribery, extortion, and general provincial misgovernment were chosen from the middle class, or Equestrian Order. This was the foundation of the hostility between this class and the senatorial class—a hostility that lasted until the time of Augustus, who found a new and a better means of utilizing the Equestrian Order and prepared it for the great part it was to play in the Empire under his successors. The Gracchi were thus the authors of the first great organized attack upon the Senate. The second attack began, curiously enough, in the very year (118 B.C.) which had witnessed the breakdown of the Gracchan land schemes. Jugurtha, an African prince, by means of bribes and treachery and murder had succeeded in making himself master of Numidia and throwing off allegiance to Rome. The war against him was so scandalously mismanaged that the tribunes succeeded in getting a commission of inquiry appointed. They followed this by nominating—in the teeth of the Senate—Marius, a man of quite humble origin, as consul, and in giving him the sole command in Numidia. Marius, who was an admirable general and soldier, brought the war to a successful finish and led Jugurtha to Rome in chains in 104 B.C. He was almost at once confronted with a new crisis, the invasion of the Teutones and Cimbri. With this also he dealt successfully, finally defeating these savage northerners in 101 B.C. The rise of Marius marks the beginning of the stage of individualism in Roman history. Six times consul, and the head of an army which he had made, he practically ruled Rome for the time being. His veterans helped to pass every measure that he and his associates, Saturninus and Glaucia, proposed, and the Senate was powerless against him. His successive elections were a sign that the people were tired of frequently changing commands, and felt the need of more permanent leadership. The army of Marius marks the beginning of professional soldiering in Roman history. True, the army had long ceased to be a mere citizen force raised for emergency. It had its regular training, and its pay while on service: that had been instituted as long ago as 396 B.C., during the, lengthy siege of Veii. But Marius was the first to make the army a separate entity in the State and to sever it entirely from the civil element. He abolished the old compulsory levy, and instituted voluntary enlistment and admission ()I' all classes in the State. We need not dwell on Marius's statesmanship: it was not his strong point. He only succeeded in passing various measures purely hostile to the Senate and more or less favourable to the other classes of the State. His associates, Glaucia and Saturninus, alienated all classes by their violence and recklessness, and he was actually called upon by the Senate to protect Rome against them. While on their trial the two were murdered by the populace. Their death ensured an interval of quiet for the State. But a new and formidable crisis supervened. The Italian states had persistently been asking for the franchise, which should have been granted to them years earlier. Again and again disappointed at the scornful attitude of Rome, they at last matured a plan of independence. A vast confederation was to be formed, with a new constitution of its own (faithfully modeled on the hated constitution of Rome, with a Senate and everything else that was Roman!), and a new capital, Corfinium, now to be called 'Italica.' Rome at once took action, and the 'Social War,' as it was called, commenced (90 B.C.). Marius acted therein as one of the legates of the consuls, and with him Sulla, destined to be his successor in the absolute control of Rome. The war ended in 88 B.C., thanks to the granting of the franchise. The only state that held out was Samnium, the ancient enemy of Rome; but the Samnites were subdued by Sulla, who distinguished himself greatly in the campaign. We should mention here one man, Marcus Livius Drusus, who attempted the work of general reconciliation. His ideal was the cessation of hostility between the Equestrians—they were now definitely known under this name—and the Senate; and he strove for the extension of the franchise to Italy. But he failed, as did Cicero after him. The hatred between the two classes in Rome was too great. The Equestrians, indeed, had proved to be quite as bad as the senatorial class; they were extortionate in their taxation, and the courts which they controlled were nothing less than hotbeds of blackmail: not a single magistrate could hope to escape prosecution and condemnation unless he was prepared to pay his accusers all they demanded. Drusus only succeeded in rousing the enmity of both classes against him; and his efforts in regard to the franchise were construed into support of the Italian allies against Rome. Murdered in 91 B.C., he fell a victim to his zeal for reform. As soon as the Social War was ended the rivalry between Marius and Sulla came to a head. War had broken out against Mithradates, king of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and the command would obviously go either to Sulla or to Marius. A tribune, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, proposed Marius; he also brought forward various measures hostile to the Senate. Sulla at once marched from Campania on Rome. Marius fled to Carthage, and Sulla entered the city at the head of his legions—the first armed entry in Roman history of a Roman into Rome. Sulla at once imposed his conditions, elected the consuls, and left for Asia in 87 B.C. As soon as he was safely out of Italy Marius returned to Rome, and with him Cinna. The proposals of Sulpicius Rufus were promptly revived. Octavius, the consul chosen by Sulla, drove Cinna out of Rome, but Cinna and Marius gathered together an army and once more were masters of the situation. Marius became consul for the seventh time, and carried out a fearful massacre of all his opponents. But he died shortly after his return to power, in 86 B.C., and Cinna was all-powerful for the next three years. Sulla meanwhile had finished his task and brought the war in Asia to an end in 85 B.C. He re-entered Italy two years later and again marched on Rome, defeated the 'Marians' (now joined by the Samnites), and gathered the whole power of Rome into his hands. By 81 B.C. the Civil War was at an end. Sulla pointed out to the Senate that only by his appointment as dictator could order and law be restored, and the Senate, perforce, gave him his will. He had the legions! They could hardly do otherwise. He might have now reorganized and restored the constitution of Rome once and for all. He did pass measures for the restoration of senatorial power and the restriction of the tribunes. But his laws died with him. For one thing, Sulla could not forego revenge. His rule was a reign of terror, of proscriptions and confiscations. Further, the time for reaction was past. The Gracchi had broken down the old traditions of obedience to the Senate. Lastly, Sulla himself had shown how there was no longer any possible safeguard in any laws. He himself, as proconsul, had defied the Senate: it had never authorized or recognized the peace he made with Mithradates. The very laws he had passed owed their validity to the fact that he was the master of the army. Any one who could get proconsular command and control of the legions could do just what Sulla had done, and could alter the constitution of Rome to his will. All that Rome remembered of Sulla after his death was his reign of terror. He and Marius were the first of the 'Adventurers,' the pioneers of individualism, in Rome. We now come to the last of the 'Adventurers.' Gneius Pompeius was given a proconsular command against Sertorius, a 'Marian' who had practically ruled Spain since 82 B.C. Pompeius was under thirty years of age and had not yet held even the office of quaestor. He defeated Sertorius and returned to Rome in 71 B.C. Marcus Crassus (prominent for his wealth rather than any other quality) was given command against Spartacus in 73 B.C. Spartacus was a runaway gladiator from Capua; he had organized an army of seventy thousand—brigands, outlaws, slaves, ruined peasants—and was master of Southern Italy. Crassus crushed him in 71 B.C. Pompeius and Crassus—thanks to the presence of their troops just outside the gates of Rome—were made consuls for 70 B.C. They promptly restored the power of the tribunes, and elected censors (for the first time since 86 B.C.) to purge the Senate of the evil characters surviving from the reign of Sulla. They also restored to the Equestrians the courts which Sulla had handed over to the Senate. They then devoted their attention to the chances of big foreign commands. The old order was ended; no one of ambition or ability thought any longer of the old-fashioned magistrate's career. Foreign commands, power over the legions, and the reversal of one or the other party of the State—these were now the mode. Pompeius was the first to find what he wanted, in the shape of a three years' command against the Cilician pirates, who were ravaging the Mediterranean. He started his campaign, with fifteen legates, two hundred ships, and unlimited troops, under his sole command, in 67 B.C. The next year brought him a further command against Mithradates. So far the war had been conducted, successfully enough, by Lucullus, an able general and a man of far higher character than was common in his time. But Lucullus, though successful in active campaign, was unable to retain his hold over his legions: he would not bribe them by plunder, and he could not gain their affection as, for example, did Caesar. He returned to Rome in 66 B.C., and his laurels devolved upon Pompeius, who retained them until his return to Rome in 62 B.C. And now appears the third figure of the so-called First Triumvirate, the man who was to lay the foundations upon which Rome, under the auspices of Augustus, was to build her Empire—Gaius Julius Caesar. Caesar had come to the front in 70 B.C. A nephew of Marius and the son-in-law of Cinna, he was marked out to be the leader of the popular party, and he naturally devoted himself to the work of compensating—so far as that was possible—for the reign of terror instituted by Sulla: he strove to gain the sympathy and the help of Rome for the children of the proscribed. He also worked for another cause, the extension of the franchise to the peoples beyond the Po. He worked for the populace. As curule aedile in 65 B.C., he instituted splendid games for the pleasure of the mob; and he spent vast sums of money on the Appian Way, Rome's great southern thoroughfare. He associated himself with Crassus, whose wealth constituted his real value for the object Caesar had in view—no less than a Western command equivalent to that of Pompeius in the East. Here we must return to the subject of the Tribunate. We have shown what was the value of this office in early days, and how it practically lapsed when the plebs rose to their rightful position in the State. We have seen how the Gracchi used it as a weapon against the Senate; and Drusus sought its influence in the cause of reconciliation and order. Now we see it in a different light. The tribunes are no longer the 'protectors of the plebs': they become the jackals for foreign commands. Sulpicius Rufus acted for Marius. Similarly Clodius, Gabinius, Manilius, Vatinius, appear as agents for Pompeius and Caesar. They gain the power for their chiefs, and at the same time ensure to them popularity with the mob. We shall see how, later on, the chiefs dispensed with their jackals, and themselves annexing the tribunician power, posed as the direct protectors of the populace. Caesar suffered a set-back by the revolt of Catiline in Southern Italy in 64 B.C. Catiline was one of the lesser adventurers whose only hopes lay in violence; he had collected round him a band of outlaws, brigands, and broken men. Caesar, who had supported him for the consulate in 64 B.C., now fell under suspicion of having favoured this rising. Catiline lost the consulship, and Cicero—the supporter of law and order and the ancient Republican regime—enjoyed a moment of favour and power, thanks to the vigour with which he suppressed the Catilinian revolt, and to the distrust of Caesar prevalent in the middle class. Caesar went to Spain as propraetor, returned in 60 B.C., and gained the consulate for 59 B.C. He lost no time in cultivating the different factors in the State. He ratified Pompeius's Eastern policy and achievements; he gave to the Equestrian Order the relief which the Senate had denied them: the two orders had quarrelled over the price to be paid for the right of collecting the taxes in Asia. He carried an agrarian law providing for purchase by the State of land for allotment among the poor, and also for distribution of the rich Ager Campanus—a coveted and fertile tract. Then at last he secured his long-desired command. He was appointed for five years to do as he wished with Illyricum, Cisalpine and then Transalpine Gaul—thanks to an obedient tribune, Vatinius. We come now to the final stage. Pompeius returns. The Triumvirate meets again at Luca in 56 B.C. Caesar is given five years' further power; Pompeius has Spain and Africa; Crassus has Syria. The last act begins. In 53 B.C. Crassus fell a victim to the Parthians. At the same time, owing to the disturbed condition of Rome, Pompeius was recalled and entrusted with the 'protection of the State'—even made sole consul in 52 B.C. Caesar had still nearly four years' command to run, but he wished to have the consulship for 49 B.C. and yet not to give up his command. The law of the constitution demanded that a proconsul should resign his command before re-entering Rome. The aim of Caesar's opponents was that he should not stand for the consulship, or, failing this, that he should give up his command. Caesar parleyed in vain with the Senate, who, secure of the support of Pompeius (once their master, but now their hope), commanded him to disband his troops. In 49 B.C. Caesar crossed the Rubicon, and Pompeius fled to Greece. We know the ending—how the two met at Pharsalus; how Pompeius, defeated, met his death on the very shore of Egypt, whose king had promised him his friendship; how Caesar, now alone in the field, crushed Pharnaces (a successor to Mithradates) in 47 B.C., ended one rising at Thapsus in Africa in 46 B.C., leaving only suicide for Cato, the last of the true Republicans, and another at Munda in Spain in 45 B.C., and returned at last to Rome—only to fall, one short year later, to the daggers of his assassins.
Violent Humans Are Animals, But Not Behaving Like Animals <p>Ringnam Wangkhang / <a href="" target="_blank">Flickr</a> (<a href="" target="_blank">CC BY 2.0</a>) </p> Each time there's a violent incident involving human animals ("humans") there are far too many snippets in various media and other outlets claiming something like, "They're just animals." The use of the word "animals" always refers to nonhuman animals and this is a radically misleading and dismissive claim. Biologically, it is so: humans are animals. However, the humans involved are not behaving like nonhuman animals ("animals") and ample and detailed data show this to be so. An excellent example of an incorrect reference to the behavior of nonhumans can be found here, where it is stated, "Humans are supposed to have evolved and be civilized with high intelligence - that is what separates humans from animals. These men are behaving like animals." Another can be found here, where it is claimed, "Rape is not just a women's issue. It's about men who stop behaving like human beings & start behaving like animals." So, Jacob Koshy is correct, "If animals could protest, they would sue us humans for slander." The recent horrific and tragic murders in Charleston, South Carolina, along with violent gang rapes in India, come to mind, and the alleged shooter and rapists, while human animals, did not behave like nonhuman animals, so fast and superficial statements such as "They're just animals" are vacuous. I've written about this general topic before and absolutely nothing has changed about what we know about the behavior of the diverse lot of animals who have been studied. Indeed, a growing database continues to show that positive behavior patterns such as greeting, grooming, and social play, for example, predominate in daily interactions. While nonhumans do on occasion fight, harm, and kill one another in same-species social interactions, these sorts of encounters are extremely rare when compared to more positive social interactions and they often occur in unique social situations and ecological conditions. To wit, consider what world renowned primatologist Jane Goodall wrote about violence in wild chimpanzees in her landmark book "The Chimpanzees of Gombe": The same is true for many carnivores, a point made by the late ethologist R. F. Ewer in her book called "The Carnivores." In our long term field studies of coyotes, violent interactions were extremely rare. Dr. Goodall has also noted that chimpanzees "have a dark side just as we do. We have less excuse, because we can deliberate, so I believe only we are capable of true calculated evil." Furthermore, because there's only one known chimpanzee war, a point made by Duke University's Joseph Feldblum who, with a number of colleagues, analyzed this unique event, claiming we inherited our widespread destructive behavior from "them" - other animals - is not a credible conclusion Along these lines, Robert W. Sussman, an anthropologist at Washington University in St. Louis, and his colleagues Paul A. Garber and Jim Cheverud, reported in 2005 in an essay called "Importance of cooperation and affiliation in the evolution of primate sociality" in The American Journal of Physical Anthropology that for many nonhuman primates, more than 90 percent of their social interactions are affiliative rather than competitive or divisive (see also "Origins of Altruism and Cooperation" for an update on what we're learning about cooperation in other animals). The abstract for this very important essays reads: "The idea that competition and aggression are central to an understanding of the origins of group-living and sociality among human and nonhuman primates is the dominant theory in primatology today. Using this paradigm, researchers have focused their attention on competitive and aggressive behaviors, and have tended to overlook the importance of cooperative and affiliative behaviors. However, cooperative and affiliative behaviors are considerably more common than agonistic behaviors in all primate species. The current paradigm often fails to explain the context, function, and social tactics underlying affiliative and agonistic behavior. Here, we present data on a basic question of primate sociality: how much time do diurnal, group-living primates spend in social behavior, and how much of this time is affiliative and agonistic? These data are derived from a survey of 81 studies, including 28 genera and 60 species. We find that group-living prosimians, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes usually devote less than 10 percent of their activity budget to active social interactions. Further, rates of agonistic behaviors are extremely low, normally less than 1 percent of the activity budget. If the cost to the actors of affiliative behavior is low even if the rewards are low or extremely variable, we should expect affiliation and cooperation to be frequent. This is especially true under conditions in which individuals benefit from the collective environment of living in stable social groups." Let's not blame our violent ways on other animals. So, do animals fight with and otherwise abuse one another? Yes. Do they routinely engage in cruel, violent, warlike behaviors? Not at all - they're extremely rare. Thus, we can learn a lot about who we really are from paying attention to what we are learning about the social behavior of other animals, and harness our own innate goodness to make the world a better place for all beings. University of California psychologist Dacher Keltner's wonderful book called "Born To Be Good" clearly shows that positive emotions lie at the core of human nature just as they do for other animals. As I noted in an interview with The Huffington Post, there's much new research showing that across cultures humans are really much nicer than we ever give them credit for. It's a relatively few who wage wars, kill people, and harm children, and they get in the news. However, probably 99.9 percent of the people in the world are nice, kind, generous, and beneficent people, and that's what we're discovering in nonhuman animals. I teach a course at the Boulder County Jail (see also) on animal behavior and conservation and so when an inmate says to another prisoner, "You're acting like an animal," I always say "You just complimented him!" and this leads to a fruitful discussion about what we know about the social behavior of other animals. We need a science of non-violence and peace. We all must work together for a science of peace and build a culture of empathy, and emphasize the non-violent, positive and prosocial (voluntary behavior to benefit another) side of our and other animals' character. It's truly who we and other animals are and it's about time we focus on the good side of human and animal nature. As renowned primatologist Frans de Waal reminds us, nature offers many lessons for a kinder society (see also "The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates"). Blood shouldn't sell. It's essential that we pay close attention to what we know and push aside misleading sensationalist media that misrepresents us and other animals. I encourage people to contact media and others when they hear these sorts of misrepresentations and hope that by doing so facts about the behavior of other animals will prevail and we won't continue blaming "them" for our violent and evil ways.
Dallastown Area teachers take contract dispute to the people LETTER: Counsel needed for rare diseases According to the National Institutes of Health, one in 10 Americans live with a rare disease. Rare diseases and disorders are those which affect small patient populations, typically populations smaller than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Such diseases and conditions include Huntington's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, Tourette syndrome, Crohn's disease and cystic fibrosis, and even certain types of cancers. Of the nearly 7,000 rare diseases identified by the NIH, only about 200 have Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments. Although categorized as "rare," most of us have family or friends whose lives are impacted by a rare disease. I have a friend who lost her husband to cystic fibrosis at the age of 38 and know of many people who suffer from Crohn's disease. Matt Helfrich On Jan. 26, state Representative Marcy Toepel introduced House Bill 239 that would create a rare disease advisory council. The establishment of the council will create a unique collaborative partnership between patients, providers, researchers, agencies and insurers in an effort to improve the lives of those living with one of the 7,000 devastating rare diseases. The council's focus will be on the needs of the rare disease community and the actions necessary to address those needs. The fact that only 200 approved treatments exist for over 7,000 rare diseases epitomizes the need for a focused plan to address rare diseases. The implementation of a rare disease advisory council in Pennsylvania would be a significant step in the effort to identify and improve treatments for rare diseases. I would therefore encourage you to contact your state Representative and state Senator and ask them to cosponsor and support House Bill 239. Harleysville, Pa. (formerly of York)
in Environmental Issues by recategorized by 1 Answer 0 votes Environmental pollution with heavy metals like Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury cause several toxic effects in living organisms including cancer. All living organisms are continuously exposed to metals. Continuous exposure and accumulation of a given metal in high concentrations in the organisms is referred to As Biological Magnification. The accumulation usually occurs though Food chain and human beings are the ultimate victims.
Fiberglass microfiber wool Features: class A fire protection, The diameter of the fiber is small, usually 5-8 um, and the fiber is soft and thin, with good skin contact and no dust High tensile strength, good corrosion resistance, good insulation; Cotton blanket under high te Centrifugal glass cotton blanket is made of high purity silicon dioxide, alumina, calcium oxide, boron oxide, magnesium oxide and other raw materials at the high temperature of 1200 degrees. Physical properties: 1. Good thermal insulation According to the physical principle, the thermal conductivity of gas is small, and there are many small air holes inside the good thermal insulation material. The smaller the air holes, the lower the convection heat transfer and the closer to the vacuum state. Our fiberglass cotton has numerous tiny pores, and the fibers are irregularly arranged. It is an excellent insulating material with heat conductivity coefficient between 0.02 and 0.04W/m.K. 2. Does not burn The main components of glass fiber cotton are silicate compounds, which have non-flammability, high temperature resistance and no odor. 3. Sound absorption When the acoustic wave invades the fiberglass cotton, the acoustic energy is drawn in large quantities due to friction with the fiber and pores of different sizes. Generally speaking, the sound absorption rate can be up to 90%, is a good anti-noise sound material. 4. High insulation Glass fiber is of high temperature resistance, stable chemical performance, non - conductive is a good electrical insulation material. Dielectric constant: 6.1 -- 6.5; Ω volume resistance coefficient: 1000-2000 cm 5. Corrosion resistance Glass wool is non - absorbent, non - corrosive, non - mildew and stable.
Cultural Exchange in the Tang Dynasty – The Journey of a Tomb Figure View this object on our collections website. Grade Levels: High School Object Types: Ceramic, Sculpture Time Needed: 90 minutes Contributed by: Matthew Sudnik, History Teacher, The Madeira School, McLean, VA Students will be able to identify and analyze the Tomb Figure of a Groom and relate this work to the historical context of cultural exchange during the Tang dynasty. Essential Questions • How do historians use tomb figures as a source for Chinese history? • What aspects of history are represented through tomb objects? • What does this tomb figure reveal about China’s contact with foreign cultures? This is a tomb figure of a horse groom dated to 700–750 CE, the middle of the Tang dynasty (618–907). He is wearing a long green coat with wide lapels, brownish-yellow boots, and his right arm is lifted as if holding a horse bridle. According to the notes of its previous owner, famous art dealer C. T. Loo (1880–1957), the figure may represent an Ethiopian horse handler. The Tang dynasty witnessed a great flourishing of trade and an interest in goods from Western Asia and East Africa. While the notes from C. T. Loo suggest that the piece was excavated in Xi’an, former capital of the Tang dynasty’s empire, its origin is unknown. The figure was determined to have been made during the Tang dynasty based on Thermoluminescence dating that took place in 1971. Indian Ocean trade network: a network of sea routes that connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa. Silk Road: an ancient network of land and sea trade routes established during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) that existed until the middle of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). These trade routes stretched from China across Asia to the Near East, the Mediterranean, and East Africa. Thermoluminescence dating: scientific method of determining when a piece of ceramic was made. A small sample is taken from the object and heated in a laboratory. During the heating process, the sample emits a faint blue light. The light is measured to estimate how much time has passed since the object was fired in a kiln. Trans-Saharan caravan trade network: trade network from the eighth to the late sixteenth century between the Mediterranean region and West Africa. Day 1: 1. Ask students what they already know about Chinese tombs and tomb objects. 2. Draw connections to their prior knowledge of Ancient Egypt’s tomb culture, including objects and mummified animals, or prior knowledge about tombs or the afterlife in their own culture. 3. Have students view images of various Tang dynasty era tomb figures as found on the webpage for this lesson plan. Slides will include “Tomb Figure of a Man on Horseback” (F1952.12), “Tomb Figure of a Woman on Horseback” (F1952.13), “Head of a tomb figure of a Sogdian or Central Asian traveler” (RLS1997.48.1499), and “Tomb Figure of a Groom” (F1952.14). 4. For each piece students must write one sentence for each category: Describe, Analyze, Interpret, and Inquire. 5. Following the set of slides, students will dive deeper into their study of the “Tomb Figure of a Groom.” Provide them with the following information: His hand gesture suggests that he is holding a horse bridle and the official notes on the piece suggest he is Ethiopian. 6. Next, the students will locate Ethiopia and China on a map and identify possible trade routes between the two. They will likely identify the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean trade network. They will answer the geographic question: How did this groom arrive in China? 7. Students will write one paragraph as an exit ticket, responding to the historical question: Where did foreign people fit into Chinese society in the eighth century CE? Discussion Questions • What kind of clothing is this figure wearing? • How is he holding his arms/hands? • What activities would a person representing this figure engage in? What might his occupation be? • What do you think would have been placed in his hands? • Who do you think this object belonged to? • What significance does this figure have in a Chinese tomb? • What does this object suggest about the interaction between people from Afro-Eurasia during the period of the Tang dynasty? Visual Arts • Design a figurine for your tomb. Think about its function in your afterlife. How does your figure reflect contemporary values and society? English Language Arts • Write a creative short story about the journey of the horse groom from Ethiopia to China. Social Studies • Create a map tracing the origins of people represented by tomb figures across the trade networks of the Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade network, and Trans-Saharan caravan trade network. • Research tomb objects from other historical periods and civilizations, specifically Pharaonic Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. Compare and contrast the function of tomb objects from the three regions. For research, here are suggested websites and objects: • How did tomb objects change over time? Which objects were consistent across time and place? What do these objects tell us about the people’s perspectives of life and death in these eras and civilizations? • Read and analyze the January 1971 laboratory results from the Thermoluminescence dating commissioned by the Freer Gallery of Art that determined when the groom figure was made. How do historians and museums use science to date objects when no written records are available?
What is Digital Transformation (DX)? ← Back to all articles Digital transformation (also referred to as DX) is much more than changing the look of your website or social media pages. It is actually using technology to change the fundamentals of how a business operates. It’s a mindset that businesses adopt that keeps them agile, light on their feet, and helps them adapt to change more quickly. Businesses have been analog for more time than they have not been. What digital transformation means for these companies is potentially changing long-standing practices of doing business to adapt to the modern world. It might be hard to say goodbye to established procedures and practices, but stepping into the present (and the future) is the best way to ensure long standing success. Businesses must meet the expectations of our online world, and bridge the gap between analog experiences and digital technologies, to stay afloat. How Are Digital Technologies Transforming Markets? In the most extreme cases, we see “disruption” with digital technology. For example, Uber and Lyft “disrupted” the taxi and car hire industry by creating an app people could use to hire drivers using their own cars. They cut out a lot of expenses and licensing that allowed drivers to make extra money and users to get rides easily. Many other cases of transformation are not so extreme. For many businesses, it could mean using technology to track shipments better or keep track of inventory, or creating improved customer retention with a robust CRM. Another example of digital transformation is the wide adoption of smartphone usage for almost all web activities. Now, instead of encouraging users to visit them on a computer, businesses must adapt and use mobile friendly technologies to help users access them. How Digitization Transforms Industries While digitization and digital transformation are often used interchangeably, they are actually two very different things. Digitization is the process of moving something analog into a digital space. For example, medical records used to be done on paper, and now they are done in computer systems. The process of putting the paper records into the new computerized system is digitization. Digitization is often an important part of digital transformation, but they are not the same thing.. What is a Digital Transformation Specialist? This is someone, like us, who specializes in helping businesses achieve their goals using this technique. We start by diving deep into your business, learning your wants, needs, and current practices and branding. Once we have that down, together we work with you to come up with a plan that will satisfy your needs through transformation of your digital sphere. We also help businesses measure the return on investment (ROI) of digital transformation practices by setting up key performance indicators in advance, and adjusting these as we go along and make new discoveries about the new digital practices we will implement. How to start? If you’re ready to get started with a digital transformation for your business, please contact us for a free discovery call. Related Articles
Skip to content Home » How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 Nuclear Medicine Technologist NHow long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 The nuclear medicine technologist is a highly specialized health care professional who looks at how the body functions in order to help in diagnosis and treatment of a range of conditions and diseases. Nuclear medicine combines imaging, patient care, chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer technology, and medicine. General nuclear medicine Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radiosondes that are usually injected into the bloodstream, inhaled, or swallowed. The radiotracer travels through the scanned area and delivers energy in the form of gamma rays that are detected by a special camera and a computer to create images of the inside of your body. Nuclear medicine provides unique information that cannot generally be obtained using other imaging procedures and offers the ability to identify diseases in their early stages. Talk to your doctor if there is a possibility that you are pregnant or if you are breastfeeding, and discuss any recent illnesses, medical conditions, allergies, and medications you are taking. Depending on the type of examination, your doctor will give you instructions on what to eat or drink beforehand, especially if sedation (anesthesia) is to be used. Leave jewelry at home and wear loose, comfortable clothing. You may be asked to change into a gown. • What is general nuclear medicine? • What are some of the common uses for this procedure? • How should I prepare? • How is the team? • How is it the procedure? • How is it carried? • What will I experience during and after the procedure? • Who interprets the results and how do I get them? • What are the benefits and risks? • What are the limitations of general nuclear medicine? What is general nuclear medicine? Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive material called radionuclides. Physicians use nuclear medicine to diagnose, evaluate, and treat various diseases. They include cancer, heart disease, and gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological, and other medical conditions. Nuclear medicine tests identify molecular activities. This gives them the ability to find diseases in their earliest stages. They can also show if you are responding to treatment . Nuclear medicine is not invasive. With the exception of intravenous injections, it is generally painless. These tests use radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals or radiosondes to help diagnose and evaluate medical conditions . Radiosondes are molecules attached to, or “tagged” with, a small amount of radioactive material. They accumulate in tumors or in regions of inflammation. They can also be attached to specific proteins in the body. The most common radiotracer is fluorodeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG), a molecule similar to glucose. Cancer cells are more metabolically active and can absorb glucose at a higher rate. This allows your doctor to detect the disease before it can be found on other imaging tests. The FDG is one of many radiosondes in use or under development . The radiotracer will usually be given as an injection. Or, you could swallow or inhale it as a gas, depending on the test. It accumulates in the area that is being examined. A special camera detects the gamma ray emissions from the radiosonde. The camera and a computer produce images and generate molecular information . How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 Many imaging centers combine nuclear medicine imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce special views. Doctors refer to this as image fusion or co-registration. Image fusion allows the physician to connect and interpret information from two different exams in one image. This allows for more accurate information and a more accurate diagnosis. The single photon emission tomography CT / CT (SPECT / CT) and positron emission tomography CT (PET / CT) units can perform both exams at the same time. PET / MRI is an emerging imaging technology. It is not available everywhere . Therapy – Nuclear Medicine technologist Nuclear medicine also provides therapeutic procedures, such as radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy , which uses small amounts of radioactive material to treat cancer and other health problems that affect the thyroid gland , as well as other cancers and medical conditions. . Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients who do not respond to chemotherapy may undergo radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Radioimmunotherapy is a personalized cancer treatment that combines radiation therapy with the ability to target immunotherapy (a treatment that mimics the cellular activity of the body’s immune system). See the Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) page for more information . go back up What are some of the common uses for this procedure? Doctors use nuclear medicine imaging procedures to visualize the structure and function of an organ, tissue, bone, or system within the body. In adults, nuclear medicine is used to: • visualize blood flow and heart function (such as myocardial perfusion scan ) • detect coronary artery disease and the extent of coronary stenosis • assess heart damage after a heart attack • evaluate treatment options, such as heart bypass surgery and angioplasty • evaluate the results of revascularization procedures (restoration of blood flow) • detect rejection of the transplanted heart • evaluate heart function before and after chemotherapy (MUGA) • scan the lungs for possible breathing or blood circulation problems • assess differential lung function for lung reduction or transplant surgery • detect lung transplant rejection Bones – Nuclear Medicine technologist • examine bones for fractures, infections, and arthritis • evaluate the presence of bone metastases • evaluate painful prosthetic joints • evaluate bone tumors • identify biopsy sites • evaluate brain abnormalities in patients with certain symptoms and disorders such as seizures, memory loss, and suspected abnormalities in blood flow • detect the early onset of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease • help plan surgery identify areas of the brain that may be causing the seizures • evaluate the presence of abnormalities in a brain chemical involved in movement control, in patients suspected of having Parkinson’s disease or similar movement disorders • evaluation of suspected recurrence of brain tumors, planning of radiation therapy or surgery, or location for biopsy Other systems • identify inflammation or abnormal function of the gallbladder • identify bleeding in the intestine • evaluate postoperative complications of gallbladder surgery • assess lymphaedema • evaluate fever of unknown origin • locate the presence of infections • measure thyroid gland function to detect the presence of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism • help diagnose hyperthyroidism and blood cell disorders • evaluate hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid gland) • assess stomach emptying • assess cerebrospinal fluid flow and possible cerebrospinal fluid leakage In adults and children, nuclear medicine is used to: Nuclear Medicine technologist • classify the stage of cancer by determining the presence of cancer that has spread to various parts of the body • locate sentinel lymph nodes, before surgery, in patients with breast, skin, or soft tissue cancer • plan treatment • assess response to therapy • detect cancer recurrence • detect rare tumors of the pancreas and adrenal glands • analyze the function and blood flow of the original or transplanted kidneys • detect urinary tract obstructions • evaluate the presence of hypertension (high blood pressure) related to the arteries of the kidneys • evaluate the kidneys to determine if it is an infection or a scar • detect and monitor urinary reflux in pediatric patients In children the nuclear medina is also used to: • investigate abnormalities in the esophagus such as esophageal reflux or motility disorders • evaluate the opening of the tear ducts • evaluate the opening of ventricular valves in the brain • evaluate pulmonary valves and blood flow in congenital heart disease Nuclear medicine therapies include : • Radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy used to treat some of the causes of hyperthyroidism , (a thyroid gland that works harder than normal, for example, Graves disease ) and thyroid cancer • Radioactive phosphorus (P-32) used to treat certain blood diseases • Radioactive materials used to treat metastasis of tumor painful bones • I-131 MIBG (radioactive iodine labeled with metaiodobenzylguanidine) used to treat tumors of the adrenal gland in adults and tumors of the nervous system and adrenal gland tissue in children How should I prepare – Nuclear Medicine technologist You may need to wear a gown during the exam, or you may be allowed to keep your clothes on . Women should always speak with their doctors and technologists if they are pregnant or breastfeeding. See the X-Ray Safety, Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine Procedures page for more information on pregnancy and breastfeeding related to nuclear medicine imaging prognosis. Talk to your doctor and your technologist about any medications you are taking, including vitamins and herbal supplements. Mention any allergies, recent illnesses, and other medical conditions . Leave jewelry and other accessories at home or remove them before the exam. These objects could interfere with the procedure. Your doctor will tell you how to prepare for your particular exam. In some cases, certain medications or procedures may interfere with the required test. See the Radioactive Iodine (I-131) Therapy page for instructions on preparing for the procedure. How is the team – Nuclear Medicine technologist Nuclear medicine uses a special gamma camera and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques. The gamma camera detects the energy emissions from the radiosonde on your body and converts them into an image. The gamma camera itself does not emit any radiation. It has radiation detectors called gamma camera heads. They are lined with metal and plastic, often box-shaped, and attached to a round, ring-shaped gantry. The patient lies on an exam table that slides between two parallel gamma camera heads, above and below the patient. Sometimes the doctor will orient the gamma camera heads at a 90 degree angle on the patient’s body. In SPECT, the gamma camera heads rotate around the patient’s body to produce detailed, three-dimensional images. How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 The PET scanner consists of a large machine that has a circular opening, with a hole in the middle. It is similar to a CT or MRI unit. Multiple ring-shaped detectors inside the machine capture energy emissions from the radiosonde on your body. A computer helps create the images from the data obtained by the gamma camera. A probe is a small handheld device similar to a microphone. It measures the amount of radionuclide in an area of your body. No specialized equipment is used during radioactive iodine therapy, but the technologist or other personnel who administer the treatment may cover your clothing and use lead containers to protect the radioactive material you will receive. How is it the procedure – Nuclear Medicine technologist X-ray exams pass X- rays through the body to create an image. Nuclear medicine uses radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals or radiosondes. Your doctor usually injects this material into your bloodstream. Or, you can swallow or inhale it as a gas. The material accumulates in the area being examined, where it delivers gamma rays. Special cameras detect this energy and, with the help of a computer, create images that show details of how organs and tissues look and function. Unlike other imaging techniques, nuclear medicine focuses on the internal processes of the body. This includes metabolic rates or levels of various other chemical activities. The areas of greatest intensity are called “hot spots.” Such areas could show high concentrations of radiosonde and places where there is a high level of chemical or metabolic activity. Less intense areas, or “cold zones”, indicate a lower concentration of radiosonde and less activity. In radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy for thyroid gland disease, radioactive iodine (I-131) is swallowed and absorbed into the bloodstream in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and taken up from the blood by the thyroid gland, destroying the cells that are inside this organ. How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy. In immunotherapy, a molecule made in the laboratory, called a monoclonal antibody, is designed to recognize and bind to the surface of cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies mimic antibodies naturally produced by the body’s immune system, which attack invading foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. In RIT, an antibody is coupled with a radioactive material. When injected into the patient’s bloodstream, the antibody travels to and binds to cancer cells, allowing a high dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor. In 131 I-MIBG therapy for neuroblastomas, the radiotracer is delivered by injection into the bloodstream. The probe binds to cancer cells allowing a high dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumor. How is it carried – Nuclear Medicine technologist Physicians perform nuclear medicine examinations on outpatients and inpatients. You will lie on an exam table. If necessary, a nurse or technologist will insert an intravenous (IV) catheter into a vein in your hand or arm. For most tests, you will be given a radionuclide injection. Or, you could swallow or inhale it as a gas. It may take several days for the radiotracer to travel through your body and collect in the area under study. Images could be acquired immediately, in a few hours, or several days later. After image capture starts, the camera or browser will capture a series of images. The camera could rotate around you or stay in one position. You may have to change position between images. While the camera is taking photos, you will have to stand still for short periods. In some cases, the camera may move very close to your body. This is necessary to obtain the best image quality. Before your exam begins, talk to your technologist if you are afraid of confined spaces. The technologist may pass a handheld probe over the body to measure levels of radioactivity. Other tests measure levels of radioactivity in the blood, urine, or breath. The length of time for nuclear medicine procedures varies considerably, depending on the type of examination. The actual scan time for nuclear medicine imaging tests can take anywhere from 20 minutes to several hours and could take several days. How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 Young children may need to be gently sedated or restrained to help them stay still. If your doctor deems it necessary to sedate your child, you will receive specific instructions on when and whether to feed your child on the day of the exam. A doctor or nurse who specializes in pediatric anesthesia will be available during the exam to keep your child safe while under sedation. When making an appointment for a child’s exam, ask if they have a child specialist available. These specialists are trained to help your child feel more comfortable and less anxious without sedation, and they will also help your child not move during the exam. After the exam, you may have to wait until the technologist determines if more images are needed. Sometimes the technologist acquires more images to clarify or better visualize certain areas or structures. The need for more images does not necessarily mean that there was something wrong with the exam or that something was abnormal. It shouldn’t cause you concern. How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 If you have an intravenous (IV) line, your technologist will usually be the one to remove it. The technologist will leave it in place if you will have another procedure on the same day that you require an IV line. For patients with thyroid gland disease who are undergoing radioactive iodine therapy (I-131), which is generally an outpatient procedure, radioactive iodine is taken in a single dose, either in capsule or liquid form. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT), which is generally an outpatient procedure, is given by injection. Neuroblastoma therapy with I-131 MIBG is given by injection into the bloodstream. Children are admitted to the hospital for inpatient treatment and will spend the night in a specially prepared room. Special arrangements are made so that parents can participate in the care of their children while they are undergoing therapy. What will I experience during and after the procedure? With the exception of intravenous injections, most nuclear medicine procedures are painless. It is rare that significant discomfort or side effects are reported. You will feel a small pin prick when the technologist inserts the needle into your vein for the IV line. You may feel a cold sensation creep up your arm during the radiotracer injection. Usually there are no side effects. Radiosondes have little or no flavor. Breathing in a radiotracer feels no different than breathing in the air around you, or holding your breath. In some procedures, the technologist may place a catheter in your bladder. This could cause you temporary discomfort. How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist 2022 It is important that you remain still during the exam. Nuclear medicine itself does not cause pain. However, having to stay in one position or still for long periods may be uncomfortable. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, you will be able to resume your normal activities after your exam. A technologist, nurse, or doctor will give you any special instructions you need before you leave. Through the natural process of radioactive decay, the small amount of radiotracer in the body will lose its radioactivity through the natural process of radioactive decay. It may also pass out of the body in urine or feces during the first few hours or days after the procedure. Drink large amounts of water to help remove the material from the body. See the Nuclear Medicine Safety page for more information. You will be informed where and when to return to the nuclear medicine department for further procedures. Who interprets the results and how do I get them? A radiologist or other doctor specially trained in nuclear medicine will interpret the images and send a report to your referring doctor. What are the benefits and risks? • Nuclear medicine exams provide unique information that cannot generally be obtained with other imaging procedures. This information includes details about the function and anatomy of structures in the body. Nuclear medicine provides the most useful information possible for the diagnosis or treatment of many diseases. • A nuclear medicine scan is cheaper and may provide more accurate information than exploratory surgery. • Nuclear medicine offers the ability to identify diseases in their early stages, usually before symptoms appear or abnormalities can be detected with other diagnostic methods. • Because they can detect with some precision whether a lesion is benign or malignant , PET scans can eliminate the need for a surgical biopsy, or they can identify the best site for a biopsy. • PET scans may provide additional information that is used for radiation therapy planning. Risks – Nuclear Medicine technologist • Because nuclear medicine exams use only a small dose of radiotracer, they have relatively low radiation exposure. This is acceptable for diagnostic tests. In this way, the potential benefits of an exam outweigh the risk of very low radiation. • Physicians have been using nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures for more than six decades. There are no known long-term adverse effects from exposure to such a low dose. • Your doctor always weighs the benefits of nuclear medicine treatment against any risks. Your doctor will discuss the relevant risks before treatment and give you an opportunity to ask questions. • Allergic reactions to radiosondes are extremely rare and generally mild. Always talk to the nuclear medicine staff about any allergies you may have. Describe any problems you have had during previous nuclear medicine exams. • The radiotracer injection may be slightly sore or red. This should resolve quickly. • Women should always talk to their doctor and radiation technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant or nursing. See the X-Ray Safety, Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine Procedures page for more information on pregnancy and breastfeeding related to nuclear medicine imaging prognosis. What are the limitations of general nuclear medicine? Nuclear medicine procedures can be time consuming. It can take from several hours to several days for the radiosonde to accumulate in the area of interest. Also, getting the images can take up to several hours. In some cases, newer equipment could substantially reduce procedure time. The resolution of nuclear medicine images may not be as high as CT or MRI. However, nuclear medicine scans are more sensitive for a variety of indications. The functional information they produce is generally impossible to obtain using other imaging techniques. Frequently Asked Questions: How long does it take to become a Nuclear Medicine technologist? How long does it take to become a nuclear medicine technologist? Education, Training, and Other Requirements The Joint Review Committee on Education Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology accredits formal training programs in nuclear medicine technology. Completion of a training program takes one to four years and leads to a certificate, an associate degree, or a bachelor’s degree. Is nuclear medicine a dying field? Finally, to complete the answer to your question, diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine are very active in research and new radiopharmaceuticals coming in for clinical use. So, nuclear medicine is certainly not a dying field. How long is school for nuclear medicine? Nuclear medicine technology-the process of elucidating various bodily processes using small amounts of radioactive drugs traced via diagnostic scans-is a relatively new (and lucrative) medical field, requiring at least a two-year postsecondary degree. What does a nuclear medicine technologist do daily? Nuclear medicine technologists typically do the following: Explain medical procedures to the patient and answer questions. Follow safety procedures to protect themselves and the patient from unnecessary radiation exposure. Prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to the patient. 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Early Signs of ADHD According to the NICE Guidelines (National Institute of Clinical Excellence) March 2018, a large increase in early signs of ADHD and a corresponding rise in the numbers treated: from an estimate of 0.5 per 1,000 children diagnosed in the UK 30 years ago (Taylor, 1986), to more than 3 per 1,000 receiving medication for ADHD in the late 1990s (NICE, 2006b). The rates in the US have risen too. By identifying early signs of ADHD, a child will be able to receive the right treatment and parents would be able to prepare for the challenges involved in raising a child with ADHD. It is important to consult a psychiatrist and/or a psychologist if you feel that your child may show signs of ADHD. Some of the early signs of ADHD are described below: A. Inattentiveness By the age of four, children learn to sit quietly at school and pay attention to the teacher. Most children are able to focus on the tasks given at school or at home. Children with ADHD can stay focused if they are doing something that they love but if things get repetitive or they find it boring then they would easily lose focus. They find it difficult to concentrate on an activity if there is too much noise or activity in their surroundings. To improve their focus, they need a calm and distraction free surrounding. They may also need constant reminders to carry out their task if they are not enjoying what they do. They may not necessarily show signs of fidgeting or hyperactivity. Some children with ADHD only struggle with inattentiveness which is sometimes referred to as Attention Deficit Disorder/ADD. Some signs include: • Difficulty with remembering instructions and making careless mistakes when doing their work • Lose stuff very easily such as toys, books, stationery and even homework may easily be misplaced. • Struggle to pay attention when you talk to the. B. Hyperactive The most common sign of ADHD is hyperactivity. While children of the same age group will show a certain extent of activity, children with ADHD will find it very difficult to sit still even when forced to do so. They tend to tap their foot constantly, drum their fingers or fidget with something. They are unable to focus on their work properly and often become bored and disruptive in classrooms. Some signs include: • Continuous fidgeting and constantly moving around • Inability to sit quietly • Excessive talking C. Impulsive Impulsiveness often exists alongside hyperactivity and is shown among children with ADHD. They have very little self-control and are unable to wait for their turn or stay patient in a group. Moodiness is also a concern among children with ADHD and they may often react emotionally. Sometimes their impulsive nature may put them in danger or other children in danger too. Some signs include: • Invading the personal space of another person without finding it inappropriate • Answering questions in the class before their turn or before allowing the question to be completed • A tendency towards risky behaviour without fear of consequences • May not be able to control their emotions easily leading to emotional outbursts If you notice these signs, then it is ideal to consult a psychiatrist and/or a psychologist who can further observe the child to identify if the child has ADHD or not. Do not reach your own conclusions and always rely on professional discretion. Sep 2019
, Jean-ChristopheJean-ChristopheAudruBRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)Does Science Improve The General Public Information? The Example of Preparedness Actions For The Seismic Risk in Martinique (FWI).La Science Améliore t’elle L'Information du Grand Public ? L'exemple de la préparation au risque sismique en Martinique (Antilles Françaises).HAL CCSD2015[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth SciencesAudru, Jean-Christophe2014-12-16 16:30:322022-08-03 04:02:592015-09-08 13:12:34enPoster communicationsapplication/pdf1Martinique is a French Overseas island of the Lesser Antilles archipelago; it straddles the subduction of the North American plate beneath the Caribbean plate. This geodynamic position implies a high seismic hazard, and several strong intensity events have hit the island in the past until the recent 2007 earthquake (Mw = 7.4 and EMS98 int.VI–VII).Since 2006, Martinican stakeholders involved in seismic safety formed the “Réplik” (“Aftershock” in French) working group; it includes state and regional councils representatives, mayors, architects, geoscientists, civil defense and consultants specialized in media, communication and social psychology. This poster presents a mid-term appraisal of the seismic awareness campaigns organized by the Réplik group from 2006 to 2011, and how it has modified, or not, the public education and preparedness to a high magnitude earthquake.Despite efforts from the Réplik team to improve its efficiency through surveys, a growing gap is noted between the reported awareness and the actual preparedness of the public. As observed elsewhere, gender, age, educational level, then boredom and saturation contribute to this discrepancy; strong cultural items probably also influence the perception of actions. To remain efficient, to respond to security standards and to public's expectations, Réplik actions must evolve: consideration of religion and local beliefs, comprehensive messages on TV and radio featuring families, use of Creole language, participatory experiences and drills, with only a little bit of science. So that, the Réplik campaign can hope to increase the Martinique public's efficiency and involvement into the preparedness process.
What Type of Instrument Is Most Used in Irish Music? Harp is a traditional Irish musical instrument. For almost 1,000 years, this antique instrument has been a part of Irish culture. Uilleann pipes / bagpipes The loud groan of bag pipes has been heard by everybody. Fiddle. What exactly is the difference between a fiddle and a violin? Flute. Whistle. Frame Drum. Bones. Concertina. Similarly, What instruments are commonly used in Irish music? Also, it is asked, What is the traditional instrument of Ireland? Flute, Fiddle, Tin Whistle, Low Whistle, Uilleann Pipes, Accordion, Concertina, Bodhrán, and Harp are the main Irish instruments. Guitar, Bouzouki, Mandolin, Banjo, Harmonica, and Piano are all prevalent instruments in Irish music nowadays. The penny whistle and the feadóg are other names for the Tin Whistle. Secondly, What is the most famous instrument in Ireland? The violin in Ireland Also, What type of flute is used in Irish music? The Irish flute is a conical-bore, simple-system wooden flute of the type preferred by classical flautists in the early nineteenth century, or a flute of modern manufacture derived from this design (often with modifications to optimize its use in Irish Traditional Music, Scottish Traditional Music, or Brittany Music and. People also ask, What instrument is used in Riverdance? The event was separated into several “scenes” of Irish dance, with occasional singing solos or clashes between musicians playing traditional Irish instruments including the fiddle, drums, uilleann pipes, and saxophone. Related Questions and Answers What is an Irish smoking pipe called? What is Ireland’s oldest instrument? Wicklow Pipes, around These six hand-carved cylinder pipes made of yew wood were discovered in 2003 during an archaeological dig conducted by Bernice Molly at Greystones, Co. Wicklow. They are the world’s oldest surviving wooden musical instrument. Top-selling Irish artists of all time Acts from Ireland U2170 Million +Alternative Rock SoldGenre1 2. Enya (80 million+) + Celtic/New Age 3. Westlife (pop. 55 million) 4. The Cranberries$50,000,000 +Rock What makes music sound Irish? The key is in the ornamentation and bowing patterns (or lack thereof) that give a piece its particular Irish flavor. What are non traditional Irish instruments? Fiddle, flute/whistle, uillean pipes, war pipes (bagpipes), harp, and voice are the only instruments that Irish traditional music has gained in the previous 100 years (There have, of course, been other instruments which have been lost in the mists of time). What are non traditional instruments? Ten Strange Musical Instruments from Around the Worldàn Tre Cornett tenor Mayuri. Ring the bells. Copper snake. Bassoon from Russia. Zurna. Haegeum. What is Celtic music called? Celtic music is music that roots in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The people who reside in these places are known as Celts, which is how Celtic music got its name. Celtic music can best be described as a folk music genre with distinctive music and lyrics. Is the violin an Irish instrument? History. The fiddle has long been associated with Ireland, with the earliest mention of bowed instruments resembling the violin appearing in the Book of Leinster (ca. 1160). By the early 1700s, the modern violin had become common in Ireland. What are Irish songs called? Traditional music is Ireland’s most popular genre, and it is the foundation from which all other genres sprang. Folk music or Irish Celtic music are two terms used to describe it. Is Irish flute the same as flute? The simple system flute is used in Irish flutes, while the Boehm system is used in classical flutes. To put it another way, wooden flutes have much fewer keys, if any at all. What key is Irish music in? Modes and keys The Ionian, Dorian, Mixolydian, and Aeolian modes predominate in traditional Gaelic music, with the keys of D Ionian, G Ionian, A Dorian, and E Dorian being the most popular among session players. Are Bagpipes Played by Irish People? The Uilleann pipes are a form of bagpipe played by Irish people. These pipes have a long and illustrious military history in Ireland, dating back to the early 1400s. Bagpipes are frequently performed during special occasions and festivities. What is the psaltery and harp? The psaltery is a musical instrument with plucked strings of gut, horsehair, or metal strung over a flat soundboard, which is usually trapezoidal but may also be rectangular, triangular, or wing-shaped. None of the strings are closed to generate various tones. What does uilleann mean in Irish? An Irish bagpipe with a bellows held below and operated by the elbow. What are small bagpipes called? What is a Dublin pipe? Dublin pipes often have cylindrical shanks and tapered stems, although they may also have oval shanks with saddle bit stems. The saddle bit stem on pipes is frequently referred to as “Bells,” however this is merely another way of pronouncing Dublin. Do pipe smokers live longer? Cigar or pipe smoking has a lower impact on life expectancy than cigarette smoking. The amount of cigarettes smoked as well as the length of time spent smoking are both highly linked to mortality risk and the number of life years lost. Is Ireland or Scotland bigger? Ireland (island) measures 84,421 square kilometers (32,595 sq mi) Scotland has a total area of 77,933 km2 (30,090 sq mi) Ireland’s area is 70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi). What is the most played Irish song? The Athenian Fields What is the most beautiful Irish song? Here are 9 wonderful Irish folk tunes that Irish folk music listeners appreciate. “The Fields of Athenry” is a somber ballad about the Great Hunger. “When Irish Eyes Are Smiling” “Danny Boy” “Molly Malone” “The Rose of Tralee” “Galway Bay” “My Wild Irish Rose” “Mother Machree” Irish music is a type of folk or traditional music, which has its own specific instruments. The most used instrument in Irish music is the “irish instruments”. This Video Should Help: Irish music is a traditional type of music that has been around for many years. It is mostly played on the fiddle, but other instruments like the piano are also used in Irish music. Reference: traditional irish music. • list of irish instruments • irish instruments bodhrán • types of irish music • irish music instrumental • irish folk music Scroll to Top
Skip links Zero-day vulnerabilities vs. Organisations Zero-day vulnerabilities vs. Organisations, so what is a zero-day vulnerability? It was recently reported that a zero-day vulnerability was discovered in Microsoft Teams in June, with researchers claiming an attacker could access the victim’s chat history, read and send emails on the victim’s behalf and access files in their OneDrive storage. Although the vulnerability was quickly patched by Microsoft, it is vulnerabilities like this that highlight the potential threat posed by the platforms, people and applications we trust and why external communications are not the only threat to consider. But this again raises the important question, what is a zero-day vulnerability? In simple terms it is a software security flaw that has yet to have a patch developed and released, leaving the potential for it to be exploited by cybercriminals. A vulnerability is at the simplest level, a code/development error in a software programme, operating system, which if not ‘patched’ could leave holes in the security, through which cyber criminals can attack. Why are vulnerabilities a security risk? Once hackers become aware of a vulnerability, to target this specific security weakness, they will write code packaged into malware called a zero-day exploit, which takes advantage of the vulnerability, which could lead to the computer system being compromised. Exploit malware can not only steal data or allow hackers to seize control of a computer, but can also ensure other malware is allowed access to delete, encrypt or corrupt files. It can even install spyware to steal sensitive information, often without the user being aware of the infection. The term ‘zero-day’ is used to refer to a newly discovered software vulnerability, typically the day of the discovery is day zero and the developer has no time (zero days) to create a patch to fix the flaw before hackers are able to exploit the newly identified security weakness. It is imperative the developer quickly delivers the necessary patch as soon as the vulnerability becomes publicly known, to protect its users and limit its reputational damage. If no patch is released before a successful cyber-attack, then the users have suffered a zero-day attack. Protecting against zero-day vulnerabilities The problem for any organisation is not only keeping up to date with all the newly discovered vulnerabilities in all the software, apps and programs being routinely used, but knowing which, if any, of the vulnerabilities expose their systems to potential hacks. However, how does vulnerability scanning help protect against zero day vulnerabilities, when it can’t yet know about undocumented vulnerabilities? This problem requires organisations to deploy solutions like our Managed Endpoint Detection & Response which monitors for malicious activity on machines and networks, rather than look for documented vulnerabilities. Why is 30GB of data being moved overseas outside office hours? Which is why checking your systems regularly is increasingly important, given the growing threat following news of technically minded criminals selling ransomware to ordinary criminals to increase the attack vector beyond the typical hacker profile. The regular check is known as vulnerability scanning and it assesses possible security vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cyber criminals, in computers, internal and external networks, along with connected communications equipment. Although deployed by an experienced team, the process itself is fully automated and will scan infrastructure targets against continually updated reference databases of known flaws, bugs, configuration errors and potential access routes for hackers into corporate networks. This blog has looked at what vulnerabilities are and how scanning your systems for them makes perfect sense, given the scale of the current cyber threat. In part two, we will look at the benefits of regular vulnerability scanning, but in the meantime, please get in touch if you want to discuss how illume can help keep your organisation safe.
What Causes Herpes Zoster Shingles? What Causes Herpes Zoster Shingles? What Causes Herpes Zoster Shingles? What causes herpes zoster shingles? Varicella-zoster virus causes herpes zoster shingles. It is the same virus responsible for chickenpox in children. The virus stays in the body for years and reactivates later in life. It reappears especially in old age which by that time the immune system gets weak. What are Treatments for Herpes Zoster Shingles? There are common treatments to help alleviate the pain during the outbreak. Medications and home remedies are the two common treatments. As for the medications, you should consult a physician before taking them. Herpes zoster shingles are caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox and shingles disease. This virus is capable of surviving in the victim’s body. It is known as the varicella-zoster virus. It normally reappears after several years when the victim’s immune system has weakened with age. Do you suffer herpes zoster shingles outbreak? Try The Viral Inhibitor Pro as an alternative herpes treatment for herpes zoster shingles outbreaks.
Click Here for Current Production Lead Times. June 7, 2022 Clean. Drain. Dry. Protect Our Waters and Clean Your Boat Clean. Drain. Dry. Help be part of the solution to stop the spread of invasive species. Did you know that as a packrafter you also need to clean your boat to stop the spread of invasive species in our waterways? Many packrafters do not realize this, but the law is that any and all non-motorized boaters, including packrafters must stop at watercraft inspection stations. As we travel from river to river, even if you think your boat is clean, you never know what microscopic species you may have picked up. It's really important to stop at watercraft inspection stations to ensure your packrafts are invasive species free when entering rivers. Dreissenid Mussles, one of the biggest threat to waters in the Western United States. There are several species that are attaching themselves to our packrafts and we don't see, but Dreissenid Mussels, are arguably the biggest threat to waters of the Western United States currently due to their environmental impacts and their wide presence in the Central and Eastern United States. This species is one major microscopic "veligers" living in standing water in boats. In the Great Lakes region where these mussels were first established in the 1980s, powerplants and industrial facilities spend more than $2 million each year to control the infestation and ensure their equipment is operable. Important Stats About Invasive Species 1. Damages from invasive species has been estimated at $138 billion per year in the United States 2. Invasive species are thought to be involved in 70% of this century's extinctions of native aquatic species What Can You Do? No matter what kind of packraft you like to float, you should always CLEAN-DRAIN-DRY. The following steps can help you avoid spreading from river to river. 1. CLEAN your packraft and gear using the water you just floated in. Remove any mud, sand or vegetation when you leave the water. 2. DRAIN standing water out of your packraft and gear. Sop up any hidden water from the nooks and crannies with a towel or a sponge. 3. DRY your packraft by letting the sun do its work. Your chances of spreading invasive species are much lower if everything is dry to the touch. 4. ALWAYS STOP at watercraft inspection stations - it’s the law. No matter how big or small your watercraft, the inspection is mandatory. If you’ve cleaned and drained, stopping should be pretty painless. Make sure you clean your gear before you hit the water! Learn more about the Invasive Species Action Network. This organization provides solutions to invasive species problems by working with organizations like Alpacka Raft, focusing on scientific research, education and outreach programs, and policy development.
Skip NavigationSkip to Primary Content Preventative medicine is a cornerstone of our practice and timely vaccination is a vital component in maintaining your cat’s health. Proper vaccination is critical in warding off and preventing the spread of harmful disease. We believe that preventative care is fundamental to maintaining your pet’s well-being and longevity. Proper vaccination is an important component of protecting your cat from many viral diseases to which she is otherwise susceptible. Why are vaccinations important? When should my pet get vaccinated? Vaccinations are particularly important for kittens that still have immature immune systems. We typically begin immunizing when your friend is 6-8 weeks of age and booster those injections throughout your cat’s life. Our veterinarians will develop a vaccination schedule customized to your cat’s lifestyle. How are vaccines administered? Vaccines help to combat diseases by exposing the pet's immune system to inactive or small amounts of a particular form of bacteria or virus. Vaccinations are accompanied by a consultation and examination with our veterinarians to make certain that your pet's condition is stable enough to receive them. Proper and timely administration is necessary to ensure optimal protection.
What did 'Bhagat Singh' do for India ? What did Shaheed 'Bhagat Singh' do? The Story begins when Bhagat Singh was a child, when Britishers ruled 'Hindustan'. Bhagat Singh was very small when he saw the incident which occurred in 'Jallianwala Bagh'. How lakhs of people died, when Britishers gave an order to open cease fire on People. Who came to oppose the law taken by British. I literally recall How Bhagat Singh became a Revolutionary Hero?? He sacrificed his love and marriage for Freedom. He left his marriage and ran to fight against British. Could you leave your Shaadi for Independence?? Can you think about it?? No, Right. But, He was the one who did it and Because of his struggle only Gandhi realized the situation in India. And, Non-Violence moment and Ahimsa came into existences. Quit India Moment was Milestone in that aspect. It was not first Gandhi who took it seriously, It was Bhagat Singh's violet action which made Gandhi to think about it and Non-violent way to handle the situation. But, Gandhi's plan and tactics worked well and because of which India is Independent Today. When 'Bhagat Singh' went to parliament to fight with British, He threw the Bomb in parliament but, no one was injured, Because his intention was not to kill anyone, It was too keep his view point in front of others. So, he decided this would be good way to prove himself. Chandrasekhar Azad was an ideal for Bhagat Singh. Bhagat Singh went to the true words of Chandrasekhar Azad. For, Bhagat Singh- Chandrasekhar Azad was a True Hero and Teacher of his. Guru of Bhagat Singh. He was known as Sardar. Gandhi could have saved Bhagat Singh from getting hang, Than Why didn't Gandhi do that??? Why Gandhi didn't support Bhagat Singh??? Do you know the answer?? Than, share it in Comment box. I have heard that Gandhi did each possible way to Save life of Bhagat Singh. But, It didn't succeed. And, At last he was hanged to death. Gandhi was even against of Capital Punishment and He tried Bhagat Singh's punishment to be reduced and He wanted it to be Postponed. But, their was lot of pressure from British Government due to which it didn't happen. Both are equally important in their place and Have given contribution in their respective. I should learn from their Unity, they belonged from different families and background, Than also they came together to fight with BRITISH that too without any WEAPON. This is called the TRUE SPIRIT !!! How ever British won the Battle But, they can never get back that RESPECT !!!! Today, For their courage and sacrifice a memorial has been built their !!! To remember our VEER YODHA!!!! When ever something wrong has occurred people have always raised their voice!!! And, proofs are in front of us from History. This is What which makes India Unique from other Countries. Thank to God That I am born on this land. Such incident which occurred had a drastic effect on Bhagat Singh and people of Punjab. As, the time passed Bhagat Singh evolved as a Social Activist and wanted Independence from British. However, people were treated unequally, there were separate colleges for British and people of India. Bhagat Singh left his home and ran away to fight against British Rule. He became a member of 'Hindustan Republican Association'. Bhagat Singh and his group were against Simon Commission, which was imposed by British in that incident 'Lala Lajpat Rai' was martyr. Because, of lathi charge Lala Lajpat Rai was badly injured in head and which led to his death. Some times I feel, If these people didn't fought for Freedom than What would be the life of Us?? Bhagat Singh's life in Jail and his struggle for Equality. Equal Rights for Prisoner of India and British Prisoner never ended. Bhagat Singh decided to take revenge of lala's death from Britishers. He decided to kill a Police Chief, who was responsible for it. But, because of mistaken identity, a Deputy Superintendent was shot dead Bhagat Singh left lahore and he also shaved his beard and cut his hair to avoid recognition. After this incident, the Defence of India Act was enacted by the British Government in order to give more power to the police. In response to this act, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association planned to blast a bomb in assembly. It was decided that no one should be injured 'or' killed. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt surrendered themselves for arrest. It was after their arrest that the British rulers came to know that Singh was involved in the murder case of JP Saunders. Bhagat Singh along with the other prisoners launched hunger strike in the Jail. The main reason behind this was that the British thieves and murderers were given better treatment than the Indian prisoners. According to law the Indian political prisoners were supposed to be given better rights. This hunger strike lasted for 63 days and ended with the submission of British power. Why this discrimination between British prisoners & Indian prisoners???? Why didn't they treat everyone equally??? Is this right to open fire on people??? They didn't ever care of children??? What ever happened in Jallianwala Bagh that incident has shook me from inside??? Thanks to God !!! At least Today they are not here, Otherwise We Indian would not been left in World. They would have killed us from their ANGER !!! With this, he gained tremendous popularity. Bhagat Singh became the first Socialist leader of the Country. Bhagat Singh was hanged on 23rd March, 1931 at 7:30 p.m, in Lahore Jail, along with fellow revolutionaries Sukhdev and Rajguru. Their was movie based on it played by Ajay Devgn i.e The Legend of Bhagat Singh in 2002. I have seen the movie it is based on real life story of Bhagat Singh. In end I got emotional. When ever I see movie and At end when climax scene comes I get emotional. How many of you get emotional??? Do share your comments!! The desire of Bhagat Singh to inspire thousands of youths to assist the Indian Independence Movement took a serious turn. Finally, India got Independence on 15th August, 1947. No comments: Powered by Blogger.
B&Q competition Statins warning: Two fruits that are 'potentially dangerous' on statins - 'play it safe' STATINS provide a lifeline to those at risk of a serious cardiovascular event. However, to optimise the benefits and mitigate the risks, you should swerve two types of fruit, warns a major health body. Comment section Share on LinkedIn Share on Pinterest Copy link Link copied Statins: How the drug prevents heart attacks and strokes Statins are a class of drugs that provide a buffer against heart disease - one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Statins have this effect by reducing the production of LDL cholesterol inside the liver. LDL cholesterol is commonly branded the "bad" cholesterol because it can gum up your arteries. The cholesterol-lowering drug is therefore to be welcomed but they should be used carefully. Statins can interact with certain dietary decisions and the ones to watch are not obvious. For example, citrus fruits can interfere with prescription medications that reduce cholesterol, explains the Mayo Clinic. "Don't take these interactions lightly. Some can cause potentially dangerous health problems," the health body warns. Given the potential risks, it says to "play it safe with prescription drugs". READ MORE: Taking statins at the wrong time of day can 'significantly' increase cholesterol - warning Grapefruits and seville oranges can be a 'potentially dangerous' mix Statins: Grapefruits and seville oranges can be a 'potentially dangerous' mix (Image: Getty Images) What accounts for this effect? Harvard Health explains: "Certain classes of drugs — most notably statins — are metabolised (broken down) in your intestines by an enzyme called CYP3A, which normally reduces the amount of drug that enters your bloodstream." According to the health body, citrus fruits such as grapefruit contain compounds called "furanocoumarins" that stop CYP3A from doing its job. "As a result, more of the drug is absorbed, making it more powerful than it's meant to be — even toxic in some cases." The health body points out that "not all statins are affected equally by grapefruit juice, so grapefruit fans might want to switch to a statin that's less affected". How many times do you pee daily? The optimal number [TIPS] Hair loss: Three 'hair-care' habits causing hair loss [ADVICE] Peter Kay: Comic's experience with 'complex' disease [INSIGHT] It adds: "But if you can't switch, experts say it's probably okay to enjoy a small glass." Alcohol is another one to watch on statins because it can induce serious side effects. The NHS says: "The doctor will also ask you how much alcohol you drink before prescribing statins. "People who regularly drink large amounts of alcohol are at increased risk of getting more serious side effects." Compounds in grapefruit can cause more of the drug to be absorbed Causes: Compounds in grapefruit can cause more of the drug to be absorbed (Image: Getty Images) If you're prescribed a statin, you may be able to continue drinking alcohol. However, the NHS says you should not drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week. Alternative ways of lowering high cholesterol There are two natural ways you can lower your cholesterol levels: overhauling your diet and exercise. Bupa says to eat more fibre and more wholegrain carbohydrate foods because this can help to lower LDL cholesterol. What you need to know about the cholesterol-lowering drug Statins: What you need to know about the cholesterol-lowering drug (Image: Getty Images) "And eat more fruit and vegetables, oats, beans and pulses (for example, lentils and soya)." Above all else, you should curb your intake of saturated fat. Bupa explains: "If you eat a lot of saturated and trans fat, it increases how much cholesterol your liver produces, and slows down how quickly it’s removed from your body." It's recommended that all UK citizens do at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity a week or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity a week.
Small But Crucial Things To Observe In Regulation. Legislation is a system of policies controling human actions. Its definitions are differing. Some individuals describe it as a science while others call it the art of justice. Regulations can be a collection of guidelines within a nation or a whole region. In easy terms, saying “murder protests the law” suggests that a certain criminal offense is not enabled within that nation or area. Alternatively, people can utilize the term “regulation” to define the regulations of a contract or mediation agreement. Typically, legislation is utilized for numerous purposes: to maintain the status quo, safeguard individuals from majorities, promote social justice, as well as bring order to social adjustment. Some lawful systems offer these functions much better than others. Tyrannical federal governments, as an example, frequently oppress minorities as well as political opponents. Likewise, manifest destiny usually imposed tranquility on a country. The European powers of Britain, France, Germany, and Holland enforced this system on their brand-new territories. In the very first year of legislation college, trainees have the possibility to pick a variety naturally, including foundation programs in the field. These structure training courses cover topics such as civil litigation, evidence, family legislation, as well as expert responsibility. Other programs supplement these foundation courses. Clinicals are also usual, which permit students to acquire real-world experience as well as obtain a feel for how the lawful system works. Additionally, many law institutions also offer students the chance to take cases in the courts. While many legislation programs prepare students for a profession as a legal representative, some are developed to create a pupil’s academic skills with research study and also scholarship. These programs are often referred to as a PhD in Legislation (Doctor of Laws), or Medical Professional of Juridical Science. There are likewise brief courses, such as a 2-year diploma, as well as employment programs. It is important to research every one of the various lawful occupations before choosing a level. There are lots of benefits to researching legislation. The standard research of law has actually concentrated on the top qualities of the regulation and its impact on individuals’ actions. However, there is an expanding interest in social science perspectives and the way in which regulation is applied. Moreover, legal theories have evolved to integrate the challenges of modern society. The complexity and heterogeneity of social life might require the society to modify its primary rules in order to meet transforming needs. If the state is unable to readjust its main rules, it is likely to impose a legal system that is based on normative principles. Common law is a body of legal criteria derived from judicial choices. This legislation is a foundation for new legislation. It additionally provides predictability. This is practical for the basic population. Without legislations, societies would certainly depend upon protection as well as would certainly have no government banking defense. In addition to aiding individuals feel secure, legislation can create larger social structures and also boost efficiency. There are lots of benefits to the regulation of regulation, and also common law is simply one instance of this. The power to pass statutes is vested in the chosen agents of a nation. However, laws do not cover every possible case and also courts might be needed to translate them. Case law, on the other hand, is judicial decisions involving a particular case. These decisions are called “case law” as well as legally bind celebrations. Furthermore, judicial decisions might be taken into consideration regulation in the very same potential feeling as laws. If they have lawful pressure, judicial decisions might manage the conduct of all persons in that territory. A basic writing on civil law is Cooper’s Justinian the Pandects. The Encyclopedie has an area on Roman law, and also Domat includes a section on Les Loix Civiles. Additionally, there is the Wood’s Civ. Law and Brown’s Dict. These are distinguished texts for civil law. Regardless of which one you like, these are vital references for any type of law student. Despite what is commonly believed, the principle of “legislation” and also its origin is an intricate one. It combines several facets of human habits and also is based upon the ideas of factor and harmony. It is a key element in legislation and also supports much of modern life. The meaning of a regulation, by definition, can be as easy or as facility as the conditions that surround it. The laws of a nation are typically regulated by their constitution, as well as are thus affected by the normative context of that particular nation. A typical regulation college training course will certainly consist of a number of compulsory core courses and afterwards will offer you much more liberty to choose which topics you wish to study. Training techniques are a mix of lectures, seminars, and team job. Numerous teachers utilize a Socratic method of mentor and typically use a study or hypothetical circumstance to show pupils about a certain subject. On top of that, some establishments permit students to spend a year abroad, and even function for the public good for real clients. While there are many types of law, Hart focuses on social fact as a legitimate regulation. He specifies law as rules troubled culture that figure out the validity and application of key rules. This sight appeals to the challenges faced by culture, which are usually adjustments in atmosphere, increasing intricacy, as well as heterogeneity. The purpose of regulation is to secure individuals as well as society. Simply put, it is a device to achieve social adjustment as well as promote social justice. Law is a mosaic of guidelines governing culture. It is made use of to separate communities that are regulated from those that are not. Laws transform continuously, as well as are a complicated representation of the culture in which we live. In the United States, legislations are routinely introduced and repealed, bringing them under consistent adjustment. To understand how regulations work, we must take a look at the concepts behind each. We have to also comprehend the numerous branches of law and acknowledge that every one has different obligations. A lawful account of the social scientific researches must can abstracting from the institution of the nation state. Moreover, a social scientific research account of law must supply a reasonable basis for just how legislation is passed and applied. In spite of this, lawful approach must not try to clarify legal qualities that are distinct to different societies. For instance, regulations can not transform individuals’s habits if they do not have a sense of company. Nonetheless, when established by a legislature, regulations can alter habits patterns to accomplish normative goals. visit website A legal system needs to additionally recognize the presence of administrative agencies. Legislative bodies should have the authority to develop administrative agencies, however they frequently lack thorough knowledge of vital concerns. The government requires professionals to take care of complicated topics. As an example, the federal government established the Department of the Inside to carry out natural resources. This agency has the authority to promulgate legislations. This authority additionally extends to private citizens. Nevertheless, a lawful system should remain in location to protect the civil liberties of people. Leave a Reply
TY - JOUR AU - Fritzsch, Bernd AU - Elliott, Karen L. PY - 2017 M3 - Mini Review TI - Evolution and Development of the Inner Ear Efferent System: Transforming a Motor Neuron Population to Connect to the Most Unusual Motor Protein via Ancient Nicotinic Receptors JO - Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2017.00114 VL - 11 SN - 1662-5102 N2 - All craniate chordates have inner ears with hair cells that receive input from the brain by cholinergic centrifugal fibers, the so-called inner ear efferents (IEEs). Comparative data suggest that IEEs derive from facial branchial motor (FBM) neurons that project to the inner ear instead of facial muscles. Developmental data showed that IEEs develop adjacent to FBMs and segregation from IEEs might depend on few transcription factors uniquely associated with IEEs. Like other cholinergic terminals in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), efferent terminals signal on hair cells through nicotinic acetylcholine channels, likely composed out of alpha 9 and alpha 10 units (Chrna9, Chrna10). Consistent with the evolutionary ancestry of IEEs is the even more conserved ancestry of Chrna9 and 10. The evolutionary appearance of IEEs may reflect access of FBMs to a novel target, possibly related to displacement or loss of mesoderm-derived muscle fibers by the ectoderm-derived ear vesicle. Experimental transplantations mimicking this possible aspect of ear evolution showed that different motor neurons of the spinal cord or brainstem form cholinergic synapses on hair cells when ears replace somites or eyes. Transplantation provides experimental evidence in support of the evolutionary switch of FBM neurons to become IEEs. Mammals uniquely evolved a prestin related motor system to cause shape changes in outer hair cells regulated by the IEEs. In summary, an ancient motor neuron population drives in craniates via signaling through highly conserved Chrna receptors a uniquely derived cellular contractility system that is essential for hearing in mammals. ER -
What is a Sump Pump? Sump pumps are found below the basement of homes, just below the surface. This carved hole is known as a basin. The basin is where the sump pump is located, and the pump is equipped with valves. These valves can sense rising water levels and pressure. As the water levels get too high, the sump pump removes the excess water from the basement to the outside through a discharge line. How Does a Sump Pump Work? sumpSump pumps work by detecting water levels that are elevating and getting too high, as well as pressure from the water. This ensures that these water and pressure levels do not climb too high before a switch in the basin activates and turns the pump on. The sump pump then guides water through a discharge pipe and away from the home’s foundation, protecting the home from flooding and other damages. Primarily, pumps are powered through wires electrically, but several sump pumps have a backup pump installed within them in case of power outages. These backup pumps are powered by a battery or water. Types of Sump Pumps pumpsThere are two main types of sump pumps: submersible units and pedestal pumps. As the name suggests, a submersible sump pump is a sump pump that is designed to be submerged in water. On the other hand, a pedestal pump is placed inside the sump pit, but the motor is placed outside of it since it is not designed to be submerged. Due to the stark differences between these two pumps, with one being submersible and the other not, it should be no surprise that the pedestal pump is louder than the submersible one since the motor for the pedestal pump is left out of the pit. The submersible pump is more expensive than the pedestal pump and more difficult to repair because it is located deep within the pit. However, the submersible pump can effectively handle bigger bouts of water as well as solids and particles. Unlike the submersible one, the pedestal pump cannot handle solids or particles, making it less effective. Still, when it comes to sump pump repair and sump pump installation, the pedestal pump is both easier to repair and easier to replace. Plus, the pedestal pump can usually last up to 5 times longer than the submersible pump and are much cheaper. Sump Pump Benefits Sump pumps provide a lot of benefits to homeowners. The primary benefit of having a sump pump is that it can reduce water and moisture-related problems and damage. This includes wood rot, insects that feed on wood, pests that are attracted to stagnant water, mold and mildew growth, and electrical problems that could result in fire hazards. Those aren’t the only benefits, though. Sump pumps also provide prevention for flooding and prevent extensive water damage. It also protects against backups of sewage and structural damage to the home. About Heidler, Inc. Heidler, Inc. is a family-owned and operated company serving Annapolis, MD, and the surrounding areas since 1947. They provide flat-rate pricing, emergency assistance, and unparalleled customer service. Call them today for sump pump installation or repair in Annapolis, MD.
What is a glue joint? What is a glue joint? Materials used for joining Joints can be designed to hold without the use of glue or fasteners; a pinned mortise and tenon is an example of this. Glue is highly effective for joining timber when both surfaces of the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong or stronger than a single piece of wood. Is a glue joint stronger than wood? The adhesive bonds of wood glues—as well as epoxies and polyurethane adhesives, both of which can also be used to join wood—are stronger than most woods. How long should you clamp glued wood? thirty minutes How do you break glue joints in furniture? Water or white vinegar will do the job on familiar white carpenter's glue, and vinegar will dissolve animal-based hide glue that you're likely to find on older furniture. Use acetone or denatured alcohol if you suspect the joint was glued with epoxy or urethane. What is the best adhesive remover? 1. Goo Gone Original Liquid Surface Safe Adhesive Remover. ... 2. 3M General Purpose Adhesive Cleaner. ... 3. Elmer's Sticky Out Adhesive Remover. ... 4. un-du Original Formula Remover. ... 5. Uni Solve Adhesive Remover Wipes. Does Dawn remove adhesive? How do you remove dried adhesive? Will vinegar remove glue from wood? Using vinegar on a rag or cloth is one way to remove glue and its residue from wood surfaces. Vinegar is a non-toxic chemical you may already have in your kitchen. The chemical will remove epoxy and many other types of glue. How do you dissolve glue gun glue? Can I sand hot glue? For hot glue bonds, you are going to want to rough up any smooth surfaces with sandpaper, giving the glue something on the bonding surface to grab on to. With most plastics 80-200 grit sandpaper is perfect. Giving surfaces a quick alcohol wipe will help assure a clean bond too. Why does my hot glue dry so fast? Possible Cause #1: Glue Temperature Is Too Low Is it extremely hot? ... If your glue is drying too quickly, one of the first things you want to do to troubleshoot the issue is to slightly raise the glue temperature. This will help keep the glue tackier for a longer period of time. How long does glue gun glue take to dry? 10 to 20 minutes Is 40 watt glue gun good? iwill Black 40 Watt With 25 Hot Melt Glue Sticks Standard Tempera... Glue gun gets with 25 glue sticks and does get the work done.. but it would be good if comes with led indicator... Must buy! Pros: Value for money, easy to use, non harmful, non toxic. What can I use instead of glue gun? Here are some amazing alternatives to glue guns • Buttons – 3-in-1 Advanced Craft Glue
understanding poetry 3 Let’s discuss the idea of the American hero regarding Death of a Salesman. The American idea of a tragic hero differs substantially from the Ancient Greek idea of the tragic hero and one’s tragic flaw. How do you find value in reading about such American tragic heroes such as Willy Loman? Be sure to support your ideas with details from the play as well as quoted passages. As always, make sure you use in-text citations and an end reference. (APA FORMAT) Save your time - order a paper! Order Paper Now 1.) In what ways does Will Loman recognize (or fail to recognize) his own shortcomings? Why does this matter? Would you say that Willy Loman’s lack of self-awareness is a major part of the tragedy? 2.)What did you personally learn about human behavior from the historical aspects of the play and does this play’s commentary on American consumerism resonate with what we see and experience in our society today? 3.)Is Willy Loman completely responsible for what became of him and his keeping-up-with the Joneses obsession or can we also blame the social and cultural environment in which he lived? Each question is to be answered minimum 250 words, material will be uploaded PLEASE DO NOT PLAGIARIZE!!! Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!
Strategies to Structure ML Projects Why Structuring is necessary? With the use of Python and its vast in-built libraries it has become highly simple to implement Deep Neural Networks even for those who have no idea about what Neural Networks actually do in the back-end of the code. This becomes a problem when the model has to be tuned to improve accuracy. Most students and professionals aiming to train a model don’t follow a structured approach and land up in a situation wherein they are not able to find out what parameters to tune and where their model has to be improved. This leads to the necessity to follow a structured approach. In this post ill explain all the key concepts involved in a structured approach towards a ML project. Concepts Covered: 1) Orthogonalization 2) Evaluating a model 3) Creating and Dividing your data set 4) Grading and Improving Performance 5) Error Analysis What is Orthogonalization? Orthogonalization or Orthogonal approach to a project means to find out and tune parameters in such a way that we tackle only the issue at stake and do not lead to further issues i.e. we tune the parameters in such a way that they do not affect other parameters. The example of a radio and tuning its knobs for a particular frequency is a real-world example for orthogonal approach. This is the standard example to explain orthogonal approach. Consider a conventional radio which has knobs in order to tune frequency. A radio works on the principle of resonance i.e. when we tune the frequency in such a way that it matches the resonant frequency of the transmission signal then we can receive signals from the transmission center efficiently. Now there are two features of a signal that are allowed to be tuned i.e. amplitude and frequency. Tuning the frequency improves the quality of reception whereas tuning the amplitude improves the sound output strength. Both these parameters are independent of each other when tuned in the working frequency and hence, don’t affect each other. Orthogonalization is an approach followed in mathematics and not native to Deep Neural Networks. Anyone with a basic knowledge of mathematics knows that all the co-ordinate systems used have orthogonal axes i.e. the axes are mutually perpendicular to each other and the variables along those axes are independent variables. This concept of orthogonal co-ordinates is the key intuition behind orthogonalization in ML. The figure below shows a set of rectangular co-ordinates with there mutually perpendicular co-ordinates x, y and z. With enough intuition gained about what is Orthogonalization and why it should used, let’s move on to using orthogonalization in ML problems. How to evaluate a model? Consider two classification algorithms one based on Convolutional Neural Network and other based on simple deep neural network. Lets call first one classifier A and second one classifier B. How do we evaluate their performance or how do we know which model performs better? This leads us to the need for a single number evaluation metric. At the core of any ML problem we need to perform 3 tasks: What an evaluation metric does is it lets us help to decide which model works better and on which model we need to perform the above 3 tasks again. There r two metrics: Precision and Recall: Precision tells us how precise the model is in classifying the intended object whereas Recall tells how efficient the model is in classifying any object. This data tells us that classifier A is more precise with its classification but isn’t efficient whereas classifier B is more efficient but not precise. Hence, both the models have to be tuned on different grounds. If a model satisfies both the metrics then it’s an optimized model. How to create an efficient data set? Any Deep Learning model requires lot of data to perform efficiently. This costs a lot to accumulate. But there are few strategies with which we can make the available data more efficient. · Data Augmentation: This is the method of augmenting the data so as to diversify the data set in hand. Mirroring the image, random cropping, changing BGR to gray and vice versa, changing the color scheme are some of the efficient augmenting ideas. But one must carefully analyze the data set and then perform augmentation else this may spoil the accuracy even more. Cropping a data which has disoriented images can spoil accuracy. Mirroring is a safe augmenting strategy which I recommend out of my experience. · Synthesizing Data: This is a less suggested but efficient idea. There are various graphic tools online in order to create images we need. These images can be added to the data set after performing augmentation. · Randomization: Randomizing the data set before dividing the data into train, dev and test sets can greatly improve accuracy because without randomizing there are chances that the sets have different distributions and the model’s accuracy might drop. How to divide your data set? How do we divide our data set at hand into training, development and test sets. This is a key issue in ML projects and model’s performance greatly depends on the distribution of train, dev and test sets. Suppose we have 10,000 images in our data set then the best strategy is to use 80–90 % (8000–9000) of the data for training, 5–8% (500- 800) for dev set and 2–5 % (200–500) for test set. The most important factor determining accuracy is the distribution of these sets. · The training and dev sets must be from the same distribution else the model’s accuracy might drop drastically. · The training set must be made from all available distributions of data and should be as diverse as possible. · The dev and test sets should be smaller and more data should be used for training. The test set should contain worst case scenarios in order to check the model completely. How to grade and improve the performance? The difference between Human Level Performance and Training Error is called BIAS and the difference between Training error and Dev error is called variance. How to perform error analysis and when? This is the most brain-storming problem to solve in an ML project. Most people do not follow a structured approach and end up mis-tuning their model further spoiling their accuracy. Here ill explain the most common problems faced during development of a model and what parameters to tune when they arise. Get the Medium app
A Day’s Wage “But many who are first will be last; and the last, first” (Matthew 19:30). Matthew 20:1-7 familiarizes the reader with the scenario of a parable. It would have been common for employment arrangements to have been made in this manner. At a designated location in the city, all of the able-bodied men without jobs would gather together and make themselves available to landowners who were in need of laborers that day. In the parable, notice a few things about the owner of the vineyard. First, it is clear that he represents God. He is in charge of calling people to serve him, and is also in control of the wage. The laborers and the owner all agreed to a set price, so there was no deception involved by either party, just as God makes the terms of the kingdom of heaven clear to us. Throughout the day, the same opportunity for service is presented to even more people, some arriving to the work all the way until there was very little daylight left. Also see that there is always more room for workers in the vineyard (20:7), just as there is no limit to the number of people who can be saved. Next, a problem arises at the end of the work day (20:8-12) when the owner distributes the same payment to all the laborers regardless of when they started working. The men who had been in the vineyard all day complained that this was unfair and that they should be given proper compensation for their work. Indeed, a lesson that we can learn from this is that many people in the world can only find fault with God. How many of us are always trying to find something to complain about? Or how often are God’s promises not good enough? Is it unfair that babes in Christ be given the same spiritual and physical benefits as longtime members of the Lord’s body of saved people? We sometimes feel like the workers in this parable. Do you believe that your Christianity is more or less important than somebody else’s? The landowner resolves the situation by explaining a few things to the grumbling workers. “Friend, I am doing you no wrong; did you not agree with me for a denarius?” (20:13) Indeed, no wrong had been done! In a completely fair and lawful manner, both the laborer and the owner agreed on a denarius as a fair price for a day’s worth of work. “Is it not lawful for me to do what I wish with what is my own?” (20:15) And the answer is undeniable. “Or is your eye envious because I am generous?” At the root of the problem is envy. These laborers were not arguing with the owner because the wage discrepancy actually was unfair, they simply thought it was unfair because they wanted more.
Precautions for Low BP & Ways to Manage It Sonali Kapoor , Health A2Z When your body has no to minimal control on the blood pressure, then you should take following precautions to lower your BP and to manage it. It generally happens when your brain is not getting a sufficient amount of blood, you frequently feel fainting and weakness. Hello, in this blog, I am describing 8 best ways to manage your BP. If you want to know more, follow the entire blog. (People Also Like To Read: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) – A Long-Term Autoimmune Disorder) What is Low Blood Pressure? Low blood pressure usually happens when your brain is not receiving sufficient blood which can cause fainting or dizziness, weakness, etc. It happens because standing causes blood to “settle” in the veins of the lower body, and this can lower the blood pressure. What are the Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure? There are a few symptoms of low BP: • Lightheadedness • Dizziness • Nausea • Clammy skin • Loss of consciousness • Blurry vision What are the Precautions for Blood Pressure? There are a few precautions which you can take if you are having Low Blood Pressure: 1. Drink Water Drinking more water can help increase blood volume, which can alleviate one of the potential causes of low blood pressure. It can also help avoid dehydration. 2. Eat small meals frequently Eating smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day may help with low blood pressure. This is because the smaller meals help prevent a drop in a blood pressure associated with eating larger, heavier meals. 3. Cross Legs While Sitting Crossing the legs while sitting has been shown to increase blood pressure. For people with high blood pressure, this can be a problem. For people with low blood pressure symptoms, crossed legs may help increase blood pressure with minimal effort. (You Might Also Like To Read: What are Wisdom Teeth?) 8 Ways to Manage Low Blood Pressure Here, are 8 best ways to manage your low blood pressure include: 1. Exercise Regularly Regular physical activity makes your heart stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort. If your heart can work less to pump, the force on your arteries decreases, lowering your blood pressure. For some people, getting some exercise is enough to reduce the need for blood pressure medication. 2. Have a healthy diet In low BP always try to have a healthy diet which makes your BP normal. Food likes- Leafy greens, fresh fruits, dry fruits and have a bit of dark chocolate it immensely makes your BP normal. 3. Quit Smoking We all know that smoking is injurious to our health it makes our body weaker day by day if we consume this a lot. Especially, in low BP we shouldn’t even touch cigarettes because if take even one puff of this in low bp it creates a major problem to your health. 4. Maintain a healthy weight A good and healthy weight makes our body free from every health-related problems. If you are consuming a lot of junk foods it creates a problem for you. Always keep in mind to maintain a healthy weight. 5. Reduce excess stress Workplace and family demands, national and international politics they all contribute to stress. Finding ways to reduce your own stress is important for your health and your blood pressure. There are lots of different ways to successfully relieve stress, so find what works for you. Practice deep breathing, take a walk, read a book, or watch a comedy. 6. Cut back on caffeine In low BP always keep in mind not to drink any kind of caffeine because it is harmful to you and your body. As caffeine raises your blood pressure, but the effect is temporary. 7. Good sleep Good sleep can automatically make your mood good, it helps to make your mind refresh and you feel energetic. Although, if you are not taking a sufficient amount of sleep you may experience low all day, sleepy and irritated. 8. Less Alcohol Hello, as we have mentioned in the above blog, Precautions for Low BP & Ways to Manage It. The best way to manage this is to drink a lot of water, and have a healthy diet as well as a healthy weight. After taking all of these precautions you still feel any of the above issues then consult a doctor immediately. (People Also Like To Read: Psoriasis Types & How to Take Control of the Condition)
Question: How Far Is Albuquerque New Mexico To The Texas Border? How far is nm from Texas border? The total straight line distance between New Mexico and Texas is 619 KM (kilometers) and 600 meters. The miles based distance from New Mexico to Texas is 385 miles. Is Texas close to New Mexico? Distance from Texas to New Mexico is 624 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 388 miles. The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Texas and New Mexico is 624 km= 388 miles. How far is Amarillo from the New Mexico border? It is only about 50 miles from Amarillo to the New Mexico border, with the Old 66 Road passing through the small towns of Vega and Adrian. What cities are between Albuquerque and Amarillo? The city at the geographic halfway point from Albuquerque, NM to Amarillo, TX is Newkirk, New Mexico. • Tucumcari, New Mexico. City: Tucumcari. State: New Mexico. Country: United States. • Albuquerque, New Mexico. City: Albuquerque. State: New Mexico. Country: United States. • Amarillo, Texas. City: Amarillo. State: Texas. You might be interested: Question: How Far Is New Port Beack From Mexico Beach, Florida? What is between New Mexico and Texas? The boundary line between New Mexico and Texas is the middle of the channel of the Rio Grande as it was located in 1850. New Mexico v. Texas, 275 U.S. 279 (1927), was a United States Supreme Court case that determined the boundary between Texas and New Mexico in the vicinity of El Paso, Texas. What towns are on the Texas New Mexico border? The Texas-New Mexico-Chihuahua region stretches approximately 500 miles (800 km) along the international boundary from the Coronado National Forest to Big Bend National Park and includes the following major sister cities: Columbus-Palomas, Las Cruces-El Paso-Ciudad Juárez, and Presidio-Ojinaga. What is Texas famous for? 1. Hot Weather. 2. Second Largest State. 3. Live Music Capital of the World. 4. Texas BBQ. 5. The Alamo. What parts of Texas are desert? The northern part of the largest North American desert, the Chihuahuan Desert, spills into the western part of Texas, west of the Pecos River, known as the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. While not truly arid, this semi-arid region certainly looks very desert-like. What is there to see between Amarillo and Albuquerque? Best stops along Amarillo to Albuquerque drive • 2nd Amendment Cowboy. Sights & LandmarksPoints of Interest & Landmarks. • Cadillac Ranch. • Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge Admin Building And Visitor Contact Station. • Magnolia Gas Station. • Midpoint Cafe. • Sunflower Station. • Russells Truck & Travel Center. • Ute Lake State Park. You might be interested: Question: How Far Is Valles Cadera From Taos New Mexico? What is Amarillo TX known for? Amarillo is a popular stop along Route 66 in Texas and is particularly famous for its delicious steak challenge at the The Big Texan Steak Ranch. The city is also home to many well-known theatres and art shows, as well as the popular space museum, the Don Harrington Discovery Center and the Space Theater. How long is it from New Mexico to Arizona? Yes, the driving distance between New Mexico to Arizona is 467 miles. It takes approximately 7h to drive from New Mexico to Arizona. What is halfway between Amarillo Texas and Albuquerque New Mexico? The city at the geographic halfway point from Amarillo, TX to Albuquerque, NM is Newkirk, New Mexico. How far is the Texas border from Santa Rosa New Mexico? There are 162.38 miles from Santa Rosa to Amarillo in east direction and 172 miles (276.81 kilometers) by car, following the I-40 route. Santa Rosa and Amarillo are 2 hours 25 mins far apart, if you drive non-stop. This is the fastest route from Santa Rosa, NM to Amarillo, TX. Leave a Reply
Sunflowers aren’t just a great background for Instagram photos. They also grow something delicious and nutritious: sunflower seeds. Here are the biggest benefits of this small snack. 5 benefits of sunflower seeds Sunflower seeds have a lot to bring to your table. They’re: 1. heart-healthy 2. have lots of antioxidants 3. may stabilize blood sugar 4. full of important minerals 5. convenient Sunflower seeds are pretty high in calories per serving, so keep this in mind. Pre-packaged seeds also tend to contain a lot of salt. If you’re sensitive to this, look for “unsalted” or “lightly salted” options. benefits of sunflower seedsShare on Pinterest Aleksei Vel/Getty Images Munching on sunflower seeds can benefit more than just your taste buds. Here are some ways that adding sunflower seeds to your diet may benefit your health. 1. Good for your heart Sunflower seeds are high in nutrients that your heart loves. This includes fiber, vitamins, healthy fats, and minerals. Research suggests that a diet high in seeds can help keep your heart healthy and may protect against heart disease. Plus, snacking on sunflower seeds may help keep cholesterol and blood pressure levels in check. A 2012 study in 22 women with type 2 diabetes found that eating 30 grams of sunflower seed kernels per day for 3 weeks helped significantly reduce “bad” LDL cholesterol and blood pressure levels. 2. High in antioxidants Sunflower seeds are chock-full of compounds (like antioxidants) that help keep your bod healthy. These tiny seeds contain a variety of antioxidant compounds including chlorogenic acid, vitamin E, and more. Antioxidants help protect your cells from damage that might lead to disease. A diet high in antioxidants is linked to a lower risk of chronic diseases. For example, a 2018 review of 69 studies found that having higher blood levels and dietary intake of vitamin E was associated with a lower risk of cancer, stroke, and death from all causes. That means it may even help you live a longer life. 3. May help promote healthy blood sugar levels Eating a balanced, nutrient-dense diet is one of the best ways to keep your blood sugar at a healthy level. Some nutrients (like protein, fiber, and magnesium) are especially important for blood sugar regulation. Sunflower seeds are a great source of these nutrients and make a healthy choice for peeps both with and without diabetes. Try sprinkling sunflower seeds on top of a green salad or pair sunflower seed butter with apple slices for a blood sugar-friendly snack. 4. Rich in minerals Sunflower seeds are packed with important minerals like magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium. Making sure you get enough mineral-rich foods in your diet is important because these nutrients do a lot for your bod. For example, zinc is important for a healthy immune response. Want well-functioning antioxidant enzymes? (Hint: yes, you do.) Selenium is essential. Magnesium is a superstar mineral that’s essential for healthy stress response, blood sugar regulation, and more. Adding mineral-rich foods like sunflower seeds to your diet can help ensure you’re getting the recommended amount of these nutrients on the reg. 5. Convenient and filling snack Sunflower seeds are portable and super filling thanks to plenty of protein, fat, and fiber. That means they’re a smart snack if you’re on the run. Protein is the most filling of the macronutrients and sunflower seeds provide 5.4 grams per ounce, which is pretty good for a plant-based protein source. Plus, they pack in fiber and healthy fats, making them a balanced snack. Try keeping a pack of sunflower seeds in your bag or backpack so you have a healthy option when hunger strikes. Though they’re teeny tiny, sunflower seeds are loaded with nutrients. Even a small portion can make a big impact on your nutrient intake. Here’s the nutrition breakdown for one package (50 grams) of plain, salted sunflower seed kernels. • Calories: 288 • Protein: 9.55 grams (g) • Fat: 24.6 g • Carbs: 11.9 g • Fiber: 5.5 g • Vitamin E: 12.0 milligrams (mg) • Vitamin B6: 0.397 mg • Magnesium: 63.5 mg • Phosphorus: 570 mg • Zinc: 2.62 mg • Copper: 0.904 mg • Folate: 117 micrograms (mcg) • Selenium: 39.2 mcg Sunflower seeds are a good source of lots of vitamins and minerals. They’re especially high in vitamin E, folate, phosphorus, copper, manganese, and selenium. Vitamin E actually refers to a group of nutrients that play many important roles in the bod. They act as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage. These nutrients are also involved in immune function, cellular signaling, and more. Selenium is another mineral concentrated in sunflower seeds that acts as an antioxidant. It’s also needed for thyroid function and reproductive health. Zinc, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese are all needed for healthy bones and immune function. The B vitamins folate and B6 are essential for metabolism, enzymatic reactions, and other important processes. Plus, sunflower seeds provide protein, healthy fats, and fiber. What more could you ask for in a tasty snack food? You can buy sunflower seeds raw or roasted. They come in kernels (for peeps who like immediate gratification) or in their shell (for those who like a challenge). Either form will work just fine as a snack. If you’re using sunflower seeds in recipes, to top salads, or to mix with other ingredients to make a delish trail mix, though, you’re better off buying the unshelled version. Keep in mind that salted or flavored shelled or unshelled sunflower seeds can be super high in added salt. They can also contain additional ingredients like added sugar, so it’s important to read labels. Sunflower seeds have a mild taste and go with just about anything. Here are a few ways to use sunflower seeds in meals and snacks: • Sprinkle shelled sunflower seeds on your salad for a crunchy boost of fiber, fat, and protein. • Make your own sunflower butter by blending the seeds in your food processor. • Add sunflower seeds to your oatmeal, yogurt, or chia pudding. • Mix salted sunflower seeds, almonds, cacao nibs, and dried cherries together for a salty and sweet trail mix. • Use sunflower seeds in baked goods like muffins and bread. • Top grain bowls and pasta dishes with salted sunflower seeds for a unique texture and taste. As wonderful as sunflower seeds can be for your health, there are a few things to keep in mind when it comes to eating them. Like all nuts and seeds, sunflower seeds are high in calories. This doesn’t mean they’re bad for you, but it’s something to be aware of. Just one ounce contains 163 calories, so a couple handfuls of sunflower kernels will deliver a pretty hefty calorie load. If you’re salt sensitive or have high blood pressure, it’s a smart idea to avoid high salt foods like salted sunflower seeds as foods high in salt can contribute to high blood pressure. Choose unsalted or lightly salted sunflower seeds instead. Also, if you’re allergic to sunflower seeds, avoid them. You should also stay away from any products that contain sunflower seeds. Can you eat the shells of sunflower seeds? Your body can’t digest sunflower seed shells, so don’t eat them. In fact, eating too many sunflower seed shells may cause a serious issue called a rectal seed bezoar. This blocks your rectum and may require surgery to remove. If you’re munching on sunflower seeds in the shell, make sure you’re only swallowing the kernel. Sunflower seeds may be tiny, but they offer some impressive benefits. They’re packed with fiber, protein, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals. This means they may help keep your heart healthy, promote healthy blood sugar levels, and keep you from getting hangry midday. Try adding sunflower seeds to your meals and snacks for a tasty boost of nutrients.
Three Ways to Create the Perfect Remote Learning Environment at Home The past few months have forced families into the uncharted waters of remote learning, while also contending with the need to ensure their children receive the education they deserve. Parents, teachers, and administrators are all working together to provide their students with the best education possible during its disruption as a result of school closures, though it’s been a smoother transition for some than others. Turning a dining room into a classroom isn’t the easiest thing to do, and it’s caused quite a few challenges for many parents. However, creating an ideal learning environment in your home doesn’t have to be such a terrible ordeal. Here are ways to help you set up the perfect learning environment for your children while they are at home: Set Reasonable Expectations This first tip has more to do with the energy in your house than the physical setup of your living room. Remember that you can’t simply replicate your child’s school day at home; instead, you need to create a new environment that allows them to thrive. For that to happen, you need to set reasonable expectations for how this new form of learning is going to happen. You can’t expect your grade schooler to sit at the table from 8 am to noon and do nothing but work; they will need breaks and other activities that split up the day that can give them a chance to recharge. Children usually have lunch, recess, gym, music, and art classes to break up the school day. Try giving them the same kind of breaks with exercise, free time, and art projects so they can get the most out of their new learning experience. Minimize Distractions When it is time to focus on schoolwork, your children will benefit from a space that’s free of distractions. Television, video games, and cell phones should be in a different room or at least turned off while your kids are doing their schoolwork. You can also try to work around everyone’s schedules – if one child needs to be on a video chat for their class, maybe that’s a good opportunity for the other child to take a break and spend some time playing outside or in their room. Keep in mind though that your kids will naturally get distracted if they’re sitting in one place for too long, so make sure to let them get up and move around or do something different before they get back to work. You’ll never be able to completely eliminate distractions; just do your best to minimize them. Provide Screens, Notebooks, and Visual Aids Laptops and tablets allow students to collaborate with their teachers and fellow students. However, some learning should be done offline. For example, you can give them a notebook that they can use as a journal, which will give them a break from the screen and spend some time practicing their writing skills. You can also give them the supplies to make visual representations of their work, like timelines, infographics, or mind maps. Or you can print out some of the work for them to do on paper. Simply scan or send photos of the completed work back to the teacher when they are done. Breaking away from the screen for a little while lets your kids stretch different creative muscles and will enhance their learning. With the end of the school year approaching, experts in the arena of education have predicted that typical summer learning loss will be compounded by missed learning objectives as a result of the disruption caused by COVID-19 school closures. Historically, learning opportunities during the summer months have been essential to keeping kids on track academically for grade-level advancement—and given the uncertainty of schools reopening in the fall, it is more prevalent today than ever before. A virtual summer program that offers students a chance to strengthen core academic skills, while engaging with their peers in a safe and secure online learning environment, can ease the minds and concerns of parents about the loss of academic gains.
Primary Source Analysis: Learning about Wheat, Peas & Corn in 1790’s Niagara It’s been a while since my last post! I just thought I’d share some insight on a primary source collection that I’ve been working through lately, and what its been teaching me about Niagara’s Loyalist-era economy. Upon suggestion by my supervisor, I have been reading through some of the personal correspondence of the Hon. Peter Russell as compiled in three volumes by E. A. Cruikshank and A. F. Hunter for the Ontario Historical Society in the 1930s. These papers reflect a period of Russell’s life when he was appointed to fill in for Upper Canadian Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe during a leave of absence in the late 1790s. The province of Upper Canada only becoming established in 1791, this was an important position still in its infancy. These volumes contain not only the correspondence of Peter Russell, but also letters that reflect the workings of the British administration in the early days of this colonial province. This means that letters from people like Joseph Brant, Governor Simcoe, John MacDonnell, and even Minutes of the Executive Council are included. While the sources themselves reflect a host of topics, primarily discussions surrounding land purchases and the relationship between the British administration and the people of the Six Nations, there is still much that can be gleaned from conversations about economic policies and matters of military supply. These writings reflect crop growth and the distribution of wheat, peas and corn in the late 1790s, routes of transport via crude roadways and the Great Lakes network, relationships between farmers, merchants and administrators in Upper Canada, and their interactions with Americans in new neighbouring states. This information can be used to either support or contradict arguments from historians like Harold Innis, who believed that at this time the trade of furs & timber and exports of wheat & flour were fundamental to the growth of the province of Ontario, and Canada as a whole. It does the same for arguments from more recent historians like Douglas McCalla, who believes that the primary sources we draw from can change the way we understand this part of our nation’s history. He states: “the vast majority of the settlers, who actually made the new economy, necessarily invested their lives and funds into smaller projects ad specific places. When we look at the economy from their perspective, most of the patterns, timing, and momentum of development are not explained by the staples approach or the specific political events that it highlighted.” [1] Considering Peter Russell’s elevated position, are these sources more likely to support an Innisian thesis? How might the authors’ decisions about what letters to include or exclude in these volumes affect how we interpret these years in Canada’s history? These were just some of the questions I had in approaching these documents. So, do you want to keep reading? Just Kidding… What I learned from these letters: 1. The British government’s paternal relationship with Niagara farmers is a complicated one. When incentivising settlers to come to Upper Canada from the former American colonies, the British had to make a lot of concessions that did not necessarily help them financially, but was worth it because it meant they were getting the people they wanted for this new province. In the 1790s the government financed and built storehouses and wharfs in Queenston, Chippewa and Fort Erie for the purpose of bettering the Niagara River Portage route, they provided the majority of vessels used in shipping across the Great Lakes, they continued to buy the local produce from Niagara farmers despite the low quality, erratic supply & high prices being demanded, AND they even would pay for the cost of transport! [2] However, there are clear moments of frustration with Niagara farmers in the late 1790s. John McGill who was the purchasing agent for the Province of Upper Canada reveals these issues in his letters. In the spring of 1798, McGill anticipated not being able to fill the quota of flour he was required to purchase for the army storehouses in Upper Canada. In a letter from March, he wrote to James Green, Military Secretary in Quebec, estimating he would not get more than 1000-1200 barrels of flour from the Midland & Eastern districts, which was much less than he had received from those areas in previous years. [3] This was not because of any crop shortage; in fact the Niagara peninsula had actually produced a good crop that year. The reason for this low estimate was because the farmers expected to get a price for the flour that McGill felt was way too high. The price is not specified, but that same month he mentioned getting an proposal from Detroit farmers of thirty-one shillings and six pence Canada Currency per counterweight in barrels, and this being outrageously high. McGill’s suggestion to rectify this Niagara issue was for Green to order “a few hundred Barrels or even a few Bateau loads of Flour” [4] to be shipped to Kingston from the Commissary General in Quebec, being convinced that “it would have a very good effect not only in preventing a rise in the price of this Article, but likewise induce the Farmer to bring forward his Store in proper time.” [5] Two months later, McGill ordered 50 barrels of flour at twenty-two shillings per cwt. to be delivered to Fort George. As it turns out, McGill’s idea to flood the market with cheaper flour from Lachine was successful in forcing the hand of the farmers to sell their produce at a lower price, for fear of not being able to sell it at all if there was going to be other flour available. McGill wrote to Green that after getting word in April about the expected arrival of this flour, he made the news public in Niagara and “in a day or two afterwards declared that I would not give more than Twenty shillings per cwt., cask included. 296,800 pounds of flour have since been purchased on those terms, with 637 Bushels of Pease at five shillings a Bushel in Barrels, the whole to be delivered to His Majesty’s Magazines in Kingston on or before July 1.” McGill still expected to receive even more flour than this. Thus, these letters show the complicated relationships between administrative and military bodies, merchants and farmers. While the British administrations were paternalistic, the middle men like McGill and Green were constantly struggling with how to profit in their individual roles. Roadblocks resulting from the growing pains of this new society are evident in McGill’s DCB biography where we read: The primary sources in these volumes sources show us that policies towards Niagara farmers, and high-level visions for the purpose and future of Upper Canada were not black and white. Administrators often disagreed with one another and the paternalism that Niagara farmers enjoyed was inconsistent. 2. Another important theme in these letters is that there were evolving relationships between farmers in the Niagara region and the Americans in New York. Historian Alan Taylor argues that late Loyalists, or those who came to Upper Canada after 1792, were often viewed with suspicion by the United Empire Loyalists who came over in the previous decade, immediately after the end of the American Revolution. [6] The reason for this is because many UELs felt that the latent ideas of republicanism that late Loyalists had grown used to in the spirit of the American Revolution impacted how they thought about relationships between governments and their people. As Taylor puts it: “Americans looked to a republic to safeguard their liberal aspirations. To their north, the British designed Upper Canada to discourage such aspirations- except within narrow bounds carefully patrolled by executive power.” [7] So what do these primary sources tell us? Well, these documents seem to suggest that the farmers were not totally loyal to the British government, supporting Taylor’s arguments. In the spring of 1797, McGill complained that the farmers in Niagara were selling their flour and peas directly to the Americans at Fort Niagara who offered much higher prices. This was the first summer that the Fort was in the hands of the Americans, being given to them in the 1796 Jay Treaty. This was the first time the British had to deal with this new economic threat and McGill was not impressed that the farmers were choosing money over loyalty. In one conversation from May of 1797, McGill wrote to Green: “The Farmers in these settlements have been exceedingly backward in bringing forward their produce.”[8] Similar issues were taking place in the Western districts as Fort Detroit and Fort Mackinac went to the Americans in the same Treaty. There are a few reasons that these farmers give for why they are selling to Americans before their own countrymen. One argument was that there were not enough small boats available to take the wheat to mills, and then to the merchants like Robert Hamilton in Queenston or Richard Cartwright in Kingston. They also argued that the existing mills were in a poor state of repair and many of them were not running at that time due to lack of water. One final big argument was that the rumours of impending war between the French and the United States in the late 1790s would induce people to move from the States to Upper Canada, meaning extra demand and consequently they could rise the price of their wheat, peas and corn. Despite the continual support of the British government, the Niagara farmers seemed to leave for greener pastures the moment they saw the opportunity. In the short run, the choice to supply American garrisons instead of British ones makes some sense; poor roads made it difficult for farmers to store, process, and transport their produce, while the Americans organized their own system of collection of produce and paid the farmers well. This cut McGill out of the picture, as well as merchants like Robert Hamilton who could not hope to compete with American prices for Niagara’s local produce. Alan Taylor believes that [Governor] “Simcoe had been only half successful in recruiting Upper Canada’s settlers. He had enticed families who did not particularly care for the republic, but he had not attracted people who cared deeply for the empire.” [9] The minimal taxation and easy access to land that these settlers enjoyed was expected to be met with a level of subordination to their provincial government, but this clearly was not the case in 1797. However, since McGill only refers to the “farmers” in Niagara as a whole, it is still possible that some of the early farmers were the ones selling to McGill, and it was only the later loyalist farmers who had arrived after 1792 that were selling to the Americans. A further investigation of primary sources on the local level will be necessary for understanding more specifically these divided loyalties. 3. A final important theme in these primary sources is that they support McCalla’s arguments about regional production being vital to economic development of Canada as a whole. I still need more data in order to fully prove this point, but the stats for 1796-1799 as shown in these letters already reveal that production for initial consumption was crucial in Niagara. This argument is made in opposition to the Innisian staples thesis that states the importance of the eastward movement of staple exports like furs, timber and flour. In February of 1798, McGill complained that there would not be enough flour to supply the garrisons by July 1 that summer because “The Quantity of Wheat in the settlement I am informed is considerable, and were it not for the stills, which consumes much of this article, there is great reason to believe, that the supplies required for the use of Government might be obtained upon more reasonable terms.” [10] Whisky as a popular commodity was driving up the price of flour in the region, showing the importance of settlers, as McCalla says, “investing their lives and funds in smaller projects and specific places.” [11] Similarly, in March of 1798 McGill estimated how much flour he had left over to give to the Upper Canadian garrisons, after “reserving what may be sufficient for the consumption of the Inhabitants in the settlements at, above, and below Kingston.” What exactly was the amount of produce being reserved here in McGill’s mind? Whatever the percentage of wheat being consumed in Niagara and Upper Canada, Niagara’s export to markets in Lower Canada in these years do not seem to be as big of a priority as was supplying the more local garrisons in Upper Canada (and New York). This then contradicts Innis’ idea that staple exports to larger markets out of the interior were the main facilitators of economic development. The decision of local farmers to sell to the American forts in 1797 also shows a powerful human agency, separate from the control of the British administration. That’s all I’ve got for now. Stay tuned for more primary source analyses. Thanks for reading! [1] Douglas McCalla, “The Ontario Economy in the Long Run,” Ontario History 90 no. 2 (1998), 97. [2] Bruce Wilson, The Enterprises of Robert Hamilton: a study of wealth and influence in early Upper Canada, 1776-1812, (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1983), 76-78. [3] Compiled by E. A. Cruikshank, and Andrew F. Hunter, The Correspondence of the Honourable Peter Russell : With Allied Documents Relating to His Administration of the Government of Upper Canada during the Official Term of Lieut.-Governor J. G. Simcoe, While on Leave of Absence, Volume Two, (The Ontario Historical Society, 1932), 127. [4] Ibid., 126. [5] Ibid., 127. [6] Alan Taylor, “The Late Loyalists: Northern Reflections of the Early American Republic,” Journal of the Early Republic 27, no. 1 (Spring, 2007), 19. [7] Ibid., 2. [8] Compiled by E. A. Cruikshank, and Andrew F. Hunter, The Correspondence of the Honourable Peter Russell : With Allied Documents Relating to His Administration of the Government of Upper Canada during the Official Term of Lieut.-Governor J. G. Simcoe, While on Leave of Absence, Volume One, (The Ontario Historical Society, 1932), 175. [9] Taylor, “The Late Loyalists: Northern Reflections of the Early American Republic,” 29. [10] Cruikshank and Hunter, The Correspondence of the Honourable Peter Russell Volume Two, 100. [11] McCalla, “The Ontario Economy in the Long Run,” 2.
Patagonian Dinosaur Fossils Date: 2011 Owner: SRAPix Source Type: Images Patagonia's wealth of fossils continues to unveil new secrets about the ancient earth, yet it also helps to promulgate a corps of specialists that have put Argentine paleontology back on the world stage. Dr. Bonaparte, who recently served as director of the Museo Nacionale de Ciencias Naturales, is an international leader in both mammal and dinosaur paleontology and has discovered well over a dozen new species during his many years in the field. Other major research institutions such as the Museo de La Plata and the smaller Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia continue to amass collections and publish scholarly journals. Many of the excavations in Patagonia and elsewhere in Argentina are still done by foreign expeditions, mostly from the U.S., but there has been a consistent increase in both scholarly dialogue and onsite interaction between native and international scientists. The result has been a plethora of new discoveries that continue to illuminate our understanding of this most ancient Latin American history. CITATION: SRAPix. "A Gleam in his Daddy's Eye", display of dinosaur bones and eggs in the Museo Paleontologico Edigio Feruglio, in Patagonia, 2011.
Traditionally, a minor or an infant was a person who was under the age of 21. This has been changed by statutes in almost every state, and a minor is now anyone under the age of 18. The terms “infant” and “minor” are used interchangeably in most legal contexts. What Is the Rule When Contracting With an Infant? Generally speaking, anyone who contracts with a minor does so at their peril. That is because the law gives minors the ability to void, or exit, contracts as they see fit. In addition, guardians can void a contract on behalf of a minor. The other party to a contract with a minor, the one who is not a minor, does not have the same right to void the contract. The law in this area varies in the different states, so a person would want to consult an experienced contract lawyer in their state to learn about the provisions of contract law relating to minors in their state. More importantly, courts do not enforce contracts in which one party is a minor. This means that if the minor breaches the contract and does not provide the performance promised in it, the other party cannot recover damages by suing the minor for breach of contract. The other party would have to absorb the loss. The technical legal term for the right of one party to renounce a contract is “disaffirmance. “ This law is most often justified as necessary to protect minors from assuming obligations which they are not capable of understanding. It also protects minors from economic exploitation, as they may not have the experience and understanding to recognize contractual relationships that may not really be in their best interests. Of course, allowing minors the right to unilaterally void a contract might lead to harsh results, so some exceptions have been created. When a minor reaches the age of majority, i.e. 18, and they are still a party to a contract, in most states, the contract then becomes a valid, enforceable contract. Or, in some states, the minor has a limited amount of time in which to either accept the contract or void it. If the minor does not void the contract within the required time period, the contract is considered to have been ratified. Contracts made with minors who have been emancipated by a court are valid, because a court has granted adult status to the emancipated minor. What Is a Voidable Contract? A voidable contract is a contract that either party may exit at will. A valid contract is one that is binding on both parties. If one party fails to do what they promised in a valid contract, the other party may sue them for breach of contract. If the party who does not receive the performance promised in a valid contract from the other party sues that other party for breach of contract, they can expect to succeed. A court should enforce the contract and award the non-breaching party damages to compensate for their economic losses. One of the most important kinds of contracts with a minor that can be enforced deals with necessities. When a minor enters into a contract that is for health, e.g. medicines, comfort, or education, the minor cannot void the contract on the grounds that they did not have the capacity to enter into it. Moreover, when a minor does void a contract that they are legally allowed to void, the law requires that certain steps be taken. If the minor still has the property or goods that they received from the other party to the contract, they must return it to the other party when they seek to void the contract. If the minor does not return the property in such a situation, they cannot void the contract. However, if the minor cannot return the goods they have received per the contractual agreement, because it has been spent, damaged or destroyed, they can still void the contract. They can void the contract, and the law only requires that they return that part of the goods or property they received that they still have. If the minor has nothing left of what they received, or what they have is damaged property, they can still void the contract. However, if a parent or any other adult co-signs a contract entered into by a minor, then the parent or other adult can be held liable for performance of the contract. So, for example, if a parent or guardian co-signs a car loan made to a minor, the parent is responsible for paying the loan if the minor defaults. If a parent or guardian has not co-signed the contract, they cannot be held liable for a minor’s contract. What Are The Exceptions to a Minor’s Ability to Void a Contract? If every contract with a minor were invalid, of course, no sane person would ever enter into a contract with a minor. To allow some minors to enter into contracts and/or prevent minors from abusing their minority, there are several exceptions including the following: • Sports or Entertainment Contracts: Generally speaking, minors who enter into sports or entertainment industry contracts are held to them, and cannot void them at will. Many minors work in the entertainment industry. In New York and California, there are laws limiting a minor’s right to void contracts for the minor’s employment in the entertainment industry. In some states, courts are required to approve the contract before the minor starts working to safeguard the interests of both parties. • One strategy for avoiding issues involved in contracting with a minor is to contract with the parent or legal guardian of a minor rather than directly with the minor, in order to ensure that the contract is legally binding on the minor. • Minors may be allowed to work in many states, as long as they obtain a work permit. Some states may have other laws about the types of contracts that those under 18 cannot void. • In New York State, a minor may purchase or be the recipient of a life insurance policy, and the insurance contract is not voidable; • Necessities: Contracts for certain goods and services that are necessary to the health and safety of infants cannot be voided. Such goods and services include food, clothing, medicine and lodging or shelter. In some states, an automobile or motorcycle may be considered a necessity; • Void the Entire Contract: A minor who chooses to void a contract because of their age must void the entire contract. The law does not allow them to continue to enforce part of the contract while voiding other parts; • Ratification: A minor can only void a contract while they are still under the age of 18, or for a reasonable time after they have reached that age. If a person does nothing to disaffirm the contract after they stop being a minor, in most states, the law may find that they are no longer able to void the contract Can an Attorney Help Me with Contracting with a Minor? If contracting with a minor, it is likely that the contract would not be legally enforceable. The time to consult with an experienced contracts attorney is before entering into the contract. So, if you are in the process of negotiating or drafting a contract with a minor, you really should consult a contracts attorney. If you already have a contract with a minor who is seeking to void it or defend against its enforcement, contacting an experienced contracts attorney is strongly recommended.
What Does “RNG” Mean? + When, Where & Why You Might See It Used Whether you’re a gamer or a budding mathematician, you may be running into the acronym “RNG” a lot. What exactly does it mean and why does it often make people mad. The phrase “RNG” appears in a variety of real-world contexts and may even be synonymous with “life” itself, although video games remain by far the most frequent setting in which to see this term. You have almost likely been familiar with the phrase “RNG” if you have been participating in specific games with pals or simply watching your favorite streamers play games on Twitch, Youtube, or Facebook. The phrase “RNG” is almost never used in a positive context. It is a common criticism and one that is justified given that RNG can always find a means to ensure that your talent is meaningless, no matter how skilled you may be at particular games. So, in a nutshell, what does RNG stand for? In the following paragraphs, we will first provide a definition of the phrase before demonstrating several situations in which it is applicable and likely to be used. What Does RNG Stand For? The term “RNG” stands for “random number generator”, which usually refers to a computer program that generates random numbers. A random number generator is a device or technique that generates numbers by chance. RNG, in gaming terminology, refers to occurrences that do not repeat themselves every time you play. While it may seem to be straightforward, computers have difficulty generating random numbers. This is due to the fact that computers are programmed to obey instructions, which is the polar opposite of randomness. Giving instructions on how to choose something randomly is an oxymoron, therefore you can’t simply order a computer to “come up with a random number”. The most basic way to think of this concept is if you put the numbers 1 to 100 in a hat and got somebody else to pick one out without looking. They would then put the number back in and go again if required. RNG In Gaming In gaming, there are a whole host of examples in which RNG is used. Here, we’ll go through some of the most common examples so that you can relate them to your usual gaming sessions. Damage Deal The random number generator is used in a lot of games to figure out the odds of anything happening. The majority of role-playing games (RPGs) in particular are guilty of this. When you fight foes in a variety of video games, there is often a random possibility that you may score a critical hit, which does extra damage. This occurs rather frequently. In many games, this happens at random; however, you may increase your odds by using particular equipment. In many games, random number generation is also responsible for determining how much damage is dealt by normal attacks. However, the levels and items held by your character, along with many other aspects of the game, may have an effect on how the RNG is delivered. The importance of random number generation is crucial in loot-focused games such as Fortnite, Borderlands, and Warzone. When you land, defeat an NPC, open a treasure chest, or explore the ground for weapons, the reward that you get is not always the same. Due to the fact that the algorithm picks it at random each time, there is a chance that you may obtain a really uncommon item right away, but there is also a chance that you will repeatedly receive a piece of low-level armor. In order to keep a game fair and balanced, the process through which loot spawns and is dropped is often completely at random. In this scenario, RNG might either be your best ally or your worst enemy. Games that either have mechanisms in place that prohibit you from receiving the best weapon in the game from the very first treasure box you open or have mechanisms in place that gradually raise your chances of getting a better weapon as the game proceeds are exempt from this rule . Another aspect of random number generation that can be seen in Battle Royale games like Fortnite, Warzone, and Apex Legends is the location of the storm and where the zones go to. This means that even if you have the best equipment, the game might still go against you. Game Generation Random Number Generation is at the heart of procedural generation, a prevalent trend in the game industry. The term “procedural generation” refers to the method of producing in-game material by means of an algorithm, as opposed to manually building each individual element. Games like Minecraft allow the user to construct a new world, and each time they do, the area they create is radically different from the last. Games like this one generate one-of-a-kind worlds via the use of a seed value, which means that each and every player has a unique experience each time they go through the game. Restrictions are added by game creators, much as in other kinds of RNG, so that worlds are not produced entirely at random. In Minecraft, for instance, you won’t come across random earth pieces just floating in the air over an ocean. Is Gaming RNG True RNG? To properly produce a random number using a computer, you’ll need to employ a hardware random number generator, which is a physical device. To generate random numbers, this method employs minute physical phenomena such as electrical noise. Because no one can forecast or know what is going on with these undetectable occurrences, they are as random as possible. This sort of RNG is essential in security-centric systems, and it’s why it’s used in so many encryption schemes. With gaming RNG, true RNG isn’t as imperative. Many applications, especially games, use pseudorandom number generation for increased speed and reproducibility. Pseudo-RNG generates a random number using an algorithm that conducts mathematical operations on a seed value. It’s critical to select a seed that’s as random as possible to get different results each time. Jake McEvoy Related Posts Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Q&A with Rosa Guzman, Researcher Scientist with Reach Every Reader July 22, 2020 Rosa Guzman’s research interests lie at the intersection between language, literacy, and technology. She seeks to understand how technology, such as e-readers, is shaping children’s literacy and language development at home and at school. This research will help parents and practitioners make better decisions regarding how, when, and where to use technological devices especially in disadvantaged communities. Guzman’s ultimate goal is to find tools that can help children be better prepared for grade school and close the various educational gaps found in the U.S. today. Prior to graduate school, Rosa worked as a lab manager and research assistant at the Harvard Lab for Developmental studies. She conducted several studies that explored the training of children’s intuitive numerical and spatial abilities, with the goal of creating fun games that could help children mathematical abilities in underserved communities. She has also worked on projects that focused on understanding the role of bilingualism in children’s executive function and social skills. What is your role in Reach Every Reader? I am a research assistant and facilitate the fieldwork for the Pre-K Home and Family apps’ development. I specifically assist in the study design, data collection, analysis, and reporting of results. Why is this work meaningful to you? I have always been interested in understanding the context and the mechanisms behind the achievement gaps that exist at the start of early childhood education. As a first generation American from a low-income immigrant family, I experienced and witnessed many families struggling to support their children’s education due to lack of resource accessibility, information, and financial resources. Growing up the idea of the American dream was instilled in me. My family came to the US in the hopes of achieving this dream, or at least provide the opportunity to the next generations. However, I kept learning that achieving the “American” dream or any one’s own potential was much more difficult for individuals who came from disadvantaged backgrounds. I was fortunate enough to receive the support of teachers and guidance counselors who not only encouraged me, but guided me to the resources necessary in order for me to go to college. All children deserve to have the help and support they need to achieve their dreams and full potential. In my current work, I focus on finding solutions to problems such as the achievement gap by focusing on how to promote a rich home learning environment and equip parents with the knowledge they need to help their children. I ultimately aspire to create tools and resources that can help parents and practitioners make better decisions regarding how, when, and where to use technological devices. How has this COVID19 pandemic impacted your work and/or perspective of educational preschool apps? The COVID19 pandemic has pushed me to work harder to investigate how technology can support children’s learning. Parents of young children are struggling to find activities that they can do together at home that are new and engaging for all of them. Although there are a lot of educational apps on the market, very few of these apps have evidence to support that they are supporting children’s learning. We need to create an educational app market for parents that not only provides them with research-backed apps, but also provides them with transparent information about how to incorporate these apps into their daily routines. What have you learned so far that could help parents struggling to support their children’s learning at home? Simple interactions can go a long way for children. Simple games like hide and seek are great opportunities to not only have fun, but engage in conversations that expose children to a rich language environment. Children are curious and are eager to learn and through language we can not only teach them about the world, but also learn from them about their own ideas and interests which will further boost their own learning. What is your favorite part of Reach Every Reader? My favorite part has been learning from parents and children about what works and does not work when playing educational apps with their children. Parents had many recommendations that we have incorporated into the apps that have made the apps more successful. I have also really enjoyed working with app developers and learning how to translate research findings to create fun products for families.
Education data reality: A continued conversation Report by the Digital Futures Commission (UK): “explores how EdTech is currently used within schools, and identifies four problems that constrain children’s best interests when it comes to EdTech and the use of education data: 1. Disproportional risks vs benefits: The actual benefits of EdTech and the data processed from children in schools are currently not discernible or in children’s best interests. Nor are they proportionate to the scope, scale and sensitivity of data currently processed from children in schools. The teachers and school staff reported modest added value of EdTech or the insights that could be extracted from the data processed by the EdTech in use without appropriate analytics skills required from teachers or school staff. 2. Limited control over data: Schools have limited control or oversight over data processed from children through their uses of EdTech. This limited control over data results from the design of the specific EdTech, EdTech providers’ business models, the broader ecosystem of public and commercial stakeholders with interests in data processed from children in educational contexts and convoluted terms of service and privacy policies. Effectively, the power imbalance between EdTech providers and schools, as service users, is structured in the terms of use they signed up to and exacerbated by external pressure to use some EdTech services. 3. Insufficient guidance: Currently, there is a distinct lack of comprehensive guidance for schools on how to manage EdTech providers’ data practices. Nor is there a minimum standard for acceptable features, data practices and evidence-based benefits for schools to navigate the currently fragmented EdTech market and select appropriate EdTech that offers educational benefits proportionate to the data it processes. 4. Resource limitation: Patchy access to and security of digital devices at school and home due to cost and resource barriers means that access to digital technologies to deliver and receive education remains inequitable…(More)”.
Panama: High-rise neighborhoods – VPRO Panama, America at its narrowest: locally only about fifty kilometers. However, anyone who wanted to sail to the other side always had to travel ten thousand kilometers before 1915, to the southernmost point of the continent and back. The channel would greatly shorten the path. Since 1881, excavations have been carried out under French leadership for seven years, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths from malaria and astronomical losses. They eventually have to abandon the plan. But the need remains. That canal was finally dug, says the US government at the beginning of the last century for Gran Colombia, the country of which the region became part of in the 19th century. The government representative agrees, but the Senate rejects his proposal. In response to this Colombian disapproval, the Americans support the Panamanian independence movement, which was immediately successful. At the end of 1903, Panama became an independent country, with one exception: a strip of land 16 kilometers wide on both sides of the unfinished canal was declared the property of the United States. With American money and modern means, drilling began again and in 1914 the first ship could finally pass through the canal. It would be a huge economic success, but the fact that the Americans owned the Canal Zone would only increase tensions for the rest of the century. Under the original agreement, the Panamanian state would receive $10 million in one go and then $250,000 a year, while the freight value is several times higher. See also Biden: The Senate hope continues to focus on urgent matters Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Halloween isn't fun for everyone Halloween is usually a time when people get together, go to parties, dress up and have fun. Many people love the arousal of excitement of Halloween, but not for people with fears and phobias. There are many phobias related to Halloween. Phobias usually develop from a stressful time during childhood or through watching and learning phobic responses from someone else. All phobias are an anxiety response resulting in irrational thoughts and behaviours. There are simple phobias like the fear of spiders and more complex phobias such as a fear of social situations such as going to a Halloween party. The fear triggers the body's survival response in which people either want to run away or fight the fear. This puts stress on the body and can result in many changes to the body including panic attacks, digestive problems, and muscle tension. The person with the phobia just wants to take back control but doesn't know how. Here are some phobias that people might experience related to Halloween: • Dreading Halloween can develop into Samhainophobia. So the build-up to Halloween is just as awful as the day. • Maskaphobia. This is the fear of masks or costumes. Because people dress up a lot for Halloween it becomes difficult for people with this phobia to avoid the stress. Similar to maskaphobia is coulrophobia which is a fear of clowns. During Halloween evil clown faces and costumes can cause fear in many people. • Arachnophobia. This is the fear of spiders and is probably one of the most common phobias that lots of people know about. During Halloween shops hang cobwebs and spiders everywhere so even simply going shopping can trigger panic in some people. • Haemophobia. This is the fear of blood. Even though people who fear blood know that the makeup used at Halloween is fake this can still trigger fear in some people. • Necrophobia. This is the fear of anything to do with death. People may think of loved ones that they have lost or things related to death trigger a phobic response. Items could be coffins, tombstones, or people dressed up as corpses. But the good news is that people can be helped to rid themselves of their fears and phobias with hypnotherapy and counselling using several different techniques. So if you have a fear or phobia there is no reason to continue suffering during Halloween. Get the support you deserve, take back control, learn to relax and feel so much better. Linda Witchell Awaken the Change *People with severe anxiety states are advised to see their doctor for a health check. Share this article with a friend Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6DS Written by Linda Witchell, FHS Specialist in stress, anxiety and bereavement issues Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 6DS Linda Witchell is a qualified hypnotherapist, counsellor, coach, trainer/supervisor. She runs her own full-time hypnotherapy practice called Awaken the Change in Bournemouth and Ferndown, Dorset. Linda is a general hypnotherapist but she specialises in issues related to stress and anxiety, weight loss, fears and phobias, and bereavement and loss. Show comments Find a hypnotherapist dealing with Phobias All therapists are verified professionals All therapists are verified professionals Related Articles More articles
Course Code CLAS 0043 Course Type Subject Credit Course Availability The lyric poetry of the Greek city-states of the Archaic period embraces a great variety of styles, with performance ranging from the public realm to the intimate setting of the symposium. The poems address themes from the very personal and intimate to the great questions which face the state. Semonides, Sappho, Alcaeus, Theognis, Solon and Anacreon from M.L. West, Greek Lyric Poetry Pindar Olympian 1 and Pythian 1 Sample topics: 1. Semonides portrayal of women in Fragment 7 in the context of its time 2. The personal and introspective nature of Sappho’s poetry 3. Sappho and Alcaeus’ use of Homeric themes 4. Theognis on men, gods and morality 5. Solon’s political poetry 6. Anacreon’s use of style, structure and form to convey experiences 7. The theme of excellence in Pindar’s victory odes 8. Pindar’s use of myths There is no language requirement for this tutorial: all texts are taught in English translation. However, if you do have the relevant language skills then it can be taught through the original texts: contact the Senior Tutor to discuss this.
Why has my garden gone yellow? 10 July 2018 Why has my garden gone yellow? Chris Smith asked Plant Ecologist Howard Griffiths, from Cambridge University, to shed some light on this question from Liz… Howard - Sure. It's a question really of how grasses grow. Because you’ll all recognise that you can cut grasses regularly but you wouldn't take your lawnmower to your herbaceous border now would you? And that's because grasses grow from the base, their leaves expand up, and that's why you can keep cutting off the leaves normally and they'll regrow again from the base. But they're also adapted to grow in drying conditions and they also store lots of reserves in their roots. Basically at the same time they'll be packing away reserves into their roots. And so when they get a really dry period, they dry up completely. But don’t worry you don’t need to water your lawn. Many of the colleges we see in Cambridge aren't watering their lawns because we know when the rains come back the grass will regrow from those reserves. Chris - It does come back incredibly quickly as well doesn’t it? You look at this thing, it looks like a complete desert, it’s completely brown and just a sprinkling of water later. And within literally minutes it’s begun to come back to life. Howard - Well I wouldn’t say minutes. There are some plants that are able to come back like that they’re called Resurrection Plants. Chris - But they’re very much greener as soon as you dampen it... Howard - They will regrow very quickly certainly. Add a comment
Air Layering Is the Plant Propagation Method You Need to Try Protect your mother plant, and increase your chance of success Air layering a golden pothos The Spruce / Taylor Fuller Picture this, plant parents: You have a plant you really, really love, and you want to propagate it to create a new plant. Or, you've got a super expensive or rare plant you want to propagate. The mere thought of cutting the mother plants sends chills up your spine. Memories of past failed propagation attempts come flooding back, and you just can't bring yourself to make the snip. We've been there, too. But did you know you can significantly increase your chance of a successful propagation with another method that doesn't require you to cut the mother plant? Yes, it's called air layering, and we have step-by-step instructions on how to try this method without harming your plant, plus tips from a plant collector and YouTuber, SunnySideUp With Nicole. What is air layering? Air layering is a simple process that allows you to propagate your plant while it’s still one plant. Instead of snipping it near a node, you leave it connected and attempt to grow roots while your future cutting is still a part of its mother plant. Why Is Air Layering More Successful? When propagating plants via a stem cutting, the end goal is for the cutting to establish new roots so a new plant can grow from it. That doesn't always happen, but air layering method has the potential to increase that chance by a lot. “Air layering doesn’t guarantee root development," said plant collector and YouTuber, SunnySideUp With Nicole," adding, "but it does increase the success rate significantly. "Based on my experience, when propagating in water or soil, the success rate is 60-70%, while the air layering success rate is 90% and above. The biggest benefit from air layering is that if the node does not root, it tells me that it might not root in water, soil and/or other medium. I can avoid making this unnecessary cut and causing harm to the mother plant.” Benefits of Air Layering No Damage to Plant: Nicole said she uses this method to propagate rare or hard-to-root, such as her Monstera Standleyana Variegata. Potentially Get Roots Before Cutting: Even if you successfully root a cutting, Nicole explained that's still no guarantee that it will continue to grow into a healthy plant. "Due to many factors, there is no guarantee that a cutting will survive after making a cutting from the mother plant," Nicole said. "However, by using this method, I can ensure that the node will be able to root before the cut. In addition this method helps roots grow faster and stronger," she said. Less Stress on the Cutting and Mother Plant: "The reason I like to do it this way is it only requires one cut. This means the mother plant and the cutting only get disturbed once. If I do it the traditional way, I will have a cutting that gets placed into water, which can rot (especially if the temperature is not correct). "Also the fragile roots are going to be moved from the water to the soil which can cause stress. With this single cut via the air layering method, the cutting already has roots and one cut, which is less traumatic and has one less thing that could cause the cutting to fail.” Sold on trying this method yet? Here are Nicole's step-by-step instructions: How to Propagate Using the Air Layering Method We followed Nicole's instructions demonstrated in this video, in which she propagates a Horsehead Philodendron. Here are her steps, which I followed to try the method on two not-so-rare plants—a golden pothos and a marble queen pothos. • 01 of 05 Identify the Nodes Marble queen pothos with nodes Taylor Fuller • 02 of 05 Choose and Prep Your Growing Medium spaghnum moss and plastic wrap for air layering propagation Taylor Fuller I chose to use sphagnum moss as the medium. You can choose perlite or any other medium as well. Then I whet the moss. • 03 of 05 Wrap the Node in Growing Medium and Plastic Wrap nodes wrapped for air layering Taylor Fuller Second, I wrap the node with a good amount of moist sphagnum moss and then use plastic wrap to create a protective covering that will retain the moisture in the moss. • 04 of 05 Check on the Node, Water, and Wait "Depending on the temperature of the room I unwrap it and check the sphagnum moss once a week to ensure the moisture level and check for rooting progress," Nicole said. "If the moss is dry, I spray it with water and re-wrap it. During growing seasons, it usually takes no more than two weeks for the plant to get ready-to-pot root growth.” Continue to 5 of 5 below. • 05 of 05 Check for Growth, Cut and Repot Marble queen pothos successfuly rooted with air layering method Taylor Fuller After a couple of weeks, my marble queen pothos started to grow a root along its node. The golden pothos didn’t. I’m not sure why it didn’t (it could be due to the temperature of my bathroom, which is freezing). I’m happy that I didn’t chop up my plant first, as I would have been quite sad if it hadn’t rooted in water since it’s been growing long for ages now. Are you ready to try this method? Give it a shot. Remember, it can't harm your mother plant, so you've got nothing to lose.
Car Phone From Dead Media Archive Revision as of 02:09, 7 October 2008 by Maxwell (Talk \| contribs) (Bluetooth) Jump to: navigation, search Car Phones RULE What is the Difference Between a Car Phone and a Cell Phone? Good Question! While it might be easy to say in hindsight that the Car Phone was simply a precursor to the modern cell phone, (and perhaps technologically, it was) however, the car phone served a distinct purpose and idea within it's own historical context. There are several factors which play into the differences between the two devices which underline the core ideological and societal differences between a phone in your car and a phone in your pocket. A brief Technological History of the Car Phone Car Phones An important aspect to consider when understanding the the development of the car phone is the difference between "Mobile Telephony" and "Cellular Telephony." The Mobile Telephone invented by Bell Laboratories in 1946, but was not theoretically feasible in the United States in the way we understand it today until 1962. Being a technology which was innovated before the invention and proliferation of the transistors, Mobile Phones were extremely large and clunky, the size of which could be retrofitted into a large briefcase at their smallest ( The first, prototype of a mobile telephone, pioneered by Bell Labs in 1946 could only accommodate 23 simultaneous users within the given spectrum mandated by the FCC, and further innovation was stifled until FCC could be convinced of the mobile phone's usefulness which resulted in new spectrum not being issued until 1968. Early Representations of Car Phones The Front Cover of the Seattle Times Claiming the Arrival of the Automobile Phone Collins Wireless Telephone Before Car Phones became a widespread phenomenon, there were several instances of people being to grapple with the concept of a "Car Phone" The first of these instances was surrounding the Collins Mobile Telephone, and subsequent scandal thereafter. Fredick Collins, obsessed with the idea of creating Wireless Telegraphy after Marconi invented his wired telegraph, spent much of his life attempting to makes these dreams a reality. In wanting to create a mobile telegraph, and subsequently, telephone, Collins saw the primary use to be used in cars. From an article in Modern Electronics from 1903: Unfortunately, while Collins did have a short distance radio telephone (something closer to a walkie talkie than a telephone) working, his inventions never lived up to his "wild claims," and after several counts of stock fraud and fraudulent demonstrations, he was forced to close up shop, and his mobile automobile telephone was never realized. Automobile Telephone Shoe and Bat Phone Possible overlying themes 1. Concept of a Car as the new American Living Room 2. Notions of Telephony as related to places, rather than individuals 3. Practical limit of the technology in time Pre Car Phone Days Early thoughts on the Car Phone Mobile Telephoney in Fiction Maxwell Smart shoe phone Real Technological Innovation Political Acceptance Mainstream Adoption and Societial Proliferation Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Upon first entering the market place, the car phone was promoted as a crucial facilitator for the modern businessperson, and eventually for the modern family. Large telecommunications companies promoted the new technology as a way for “people with drive [to] improve their performance” (Chicago Tribune). As evidenced by Western Union’s mid 80’s ad campaign, the car phone was marketed as a tool for success. The advertisements appeal to people with high-end cars, whose time is in high demand such as young business professionals. One advertisement from a 1984 edition of the LA Times makes claims about producing a phone that is finally “worthy of the car it goes into” and addresses “people in the fast track [who] don’t have time to wait up to half an hour for a telephone line” (LA Times). This kind of ad tactic was crucial to the success of the car phone because the purchasing initial purchase price was astronomical, even by today’s standards for cellular technology. Initially, the price of just the phone could reach up to $3,000, however as the technology became newer the price of phones fell to around $1,000 (Mehegan). Due to this prerequisite, advertisers targeted the young business elite, a demographic with expendable cash and a desire to progress in the business world. Ads emphasize the advantage owners of a car phone would have over other businessmen, working hard to imbue the technology with status and clout. Like many technologies, the car phone was marketed as a solution to a problem that consumers had barely yet though of: being unable to work when not at work. The car phone, in conjunction with early personal computers, marked the beginning of a generation of technology based on the idea of constant accessibility. An idea that the medium simultaneously introduces, and resolves for the early 1980’s business person. The new technology of the car phone had a few limitations that were met with social outcry. Firstly, the car phone proved to be a much less private medium than the business elites who invested in them would have preferred. The early cellular technology on which the phone functioned was easily eavesdropped by electronic scanners (Colleen). These scanners were legal, and easily obtained from any electronics store. People would scan car phones maliciously and purely for the entertainment (Costa). This worried many car phone users, and privacy was a concern like never before. Some invested hundreds of dollars for scramblers, however most people just ignored the threat (Colleen). Another shortcoming of the car phone was that actually speaking on it was a driving hazard. The niche of the media itself caused public disgruntlement as the technology which was marketed to keep you safer and more in touch, actually was likely to cause you to get into a crash (“Hello”). Around the late 80’s, more strict car phone regulations were in place, or at least, more stern warnings (Ward). This was merely the beginning of a long battle between the “use anywhere” idea of ever advancing technology, and safety. For example, only as in the summer of 2008 is it required to use a hands free device while driving in the State of California. Enhanced 9-1-1 (E911) • 24-hour access an advisor • Connection to emergency services • Hands-free calling Bluetooth (via Lexus) Works Cited Bluetooth. “Basics.” Bluetooth. 25 Sept. 2008. < Technology/Basics.htm>. Costa, Louisa. “Car Phone Sales up Despite Scanners.” Sydney Morning Herald. Lexis Nexis. 3 Dec 1986. <>. Colleen, Ryan. “Bookie Spends $18,000 to Thwart Electronic Snoops.” Sunday Mail. Lexis Nexis. 29 Mar. 1987. <> "Display Ad 63 -- No Title. " Los Angeles Times (1886-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif.] 1 Dec. 1986, c4. ProQuest Historical Newspapers Los Angeles Times (1881 - 1986). ProQuest. NYU. 3 Oct. 2008 <> "Display Ad 63 -- No Title. " Los Angeles Times (1886-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif.] 19 Jun 1984, e7. ProQuest Historical Newspapers Los Angeles Times (1881 - 1986). ProQuest. NYU. 3 Oct. 2008 <> "Display Ad 20 -- No Title. " Chicago Tribune (1963-Current file) [Chicago, Ill.] 31 Mar. 1986, pg A5, ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986). ProQuest. NYU. 3 Oct. 2008 <> “Hello? Hello? Cruuuunch!” Newsweek. Lexis Nexis. 9 July, 1984. Pg. 59. <> . Lexus. “Bluetooth Phone – Overview.” Lexus. 22 Sept. 2008. <>. Mehegan, David. “Cellular One Turns Up the Heat.” The Boston Globe Online. Lexis Nexis. 31 Oct. 1988. <>. OnStar. “OnStar Explained.” OnStar. 22 Sept. 2008. < explore/index.jsp>. Ward, Daniel. “Using car phones on the move ‘a danger.’” The London Times. Lexis Nexis. 2 Mar. 1987. <> to be incorporated: (history of the mobile phone, via FCC) of the mobile phone again, via FCC) for "Radio Telephone System") for "Car Phone" payphones) (Batphone from 1966, and get smart shoe phone from 1965) (patent for intra car communications) Modern Electrics, August, 1908 "The Collins Wireless Telephone" by William Dubilier, Assistant to Mr. Collins via ( (Car Phone Seattle Times ad)
TIP! Sod should be laid correctly. Your soil should be prepared before you lay the sod. Gardens are most than just a beautiful backyard decoration! Anyone can enjoy this hobby from an amateur to someone with a very green thumb. It is a great way to for one to relax, and to enjoy and appreciate nature. If you become a avid gardener, it will have a great effect on your way of living. TIP! To prevent your plants’ systems from becoming shocked, you need to gradually transition them from higher to lower temperatures. At first, only leave them outside for a brief period of time. It may be helpful to let your plants begin their life in a pot and to transfer them to your garden when they’re seedlings. They are then more likely to survive and to become thriving, mature plants. In addition, it offers you a smaller time frame between plantings. Once the fully matured plants are removed, the seedlings can be planted. Coffee Grounds TIP! You can plant wheat grass or cat grass near the plants that the cat eats. You could also place mothballs and citrus peels around your plants to keep your cat away. If you find that you have soil that has high amounts of alkaline, mix used coffee grounds throughout the soil. Coffee grounds are an affordable means of adding acid to the soil so that it is pH-balanced. You will notice that your vegetables and greens will have a stronger taste. Get horticulture knee pads if you have low-growing plants. If you spend a large portion of your gardening session on your knees, it could create pain over time. You can be more comfortable in the garden with a good pair of gardening knee pads. TIP! Keep your plants dry and aerated daily. Excess moisture creates an appealing environment for disease and parasites. Irises should be divided. You can increase your stock of irises by dividing up overgrown clumps. After the foliage dies, pick up bulbous irises. The bulbs often divide in your hand with no intervention on your part, and when you replant them, they will usually flower the following year. Make use of a knife to split up rhizomes. New pieces should be cut from the outside, then the old center you want to discard. Each piece needs one strong offshoot. Immediately replant all your selected cuttings. TIP! Pest control can become a major issue. Avoid spraying harsh chemicals on fruits and vegetables destined for your table. TIP! Choose a plant as a focal point. Gardens are like art; you need to give the piece (or garden) an initial focal point. Use the above tips to revitalize your garden. It is a decision you will not regret, especially when you see all your plants alive and blooming. Horticulture can work wonders on a hectic and stressful lifestyle, and provide many benefits to just about anyone willing to work at it, so get outside and enjoy.
Neanderthals Probably Lived Near Late Princess Diana’s Estate About 40,000 Years Back The Neanderthal may have been the first inhabitants at Princess Diana’s home. As per a report by The Telegraph, the archaeological dig conducted at Althorp lead to surprising discoveries. This is the same place that Diana Spencer grew up. Seashells that dated back to 40,000 years were found. According to Roger Michel, the excavation leader, the shells may not be remnants of the prehistoric meal. This is because Althorp was nowhere close to the sea and further away from it back then than today. He added that they were incised, so, they were probably used as decorations or as spurs for jewelry. Neanderthals and the Modern Humans According to the date, the shells existed when the Neanderthals lived in modern Britain, who arrived at this very location about 400,000 years back. On the other hand, modern humans came to Britain only 40,000 years back. This was the same time that the Neanderthal populations all over Europe were on the verge of extinction. So, the shells could have been used by either the modern humans or the Neanderthals. Looking for a Lost Village The archaeologist team did not expect to discover artifacts from the Paleolithic era on Princess Diana’s estate, at West Northamptonshire in England. Instead, the search was intended for a village named Ollethorp. This village was said to have been abandoned back in the 14th century during the time of the Black Death. The Spencer family has been owners of this estate since 1508. Diana’s brother Charles Spencer as well as the current estate owner had ordered this dig to look for this village. The History The village of Ollethorp was mentioned in the famed Domesday Book as per a survey done back in 1086 for the benefit of the then ruler William the Conqueror. He was only trying to keep an elaborate record of people he intended to collect taxes from. However, in 1508, a rich wool merchant by the name of John Spencer had bought the estate. By then, the village had disappeared. Michel and his archaeologist team excavated a trash pile that may have been brought to this place from the sea. Apart from shells, this pile also had antlers and flint in them.
Environmental impacts of petroleum engineering Save this page for later by adding it to your bookmarks Press Ctrl+D (Windows) or Cmd+D (Mac OS) The exploration, production, and refining of petroleum are some of the primary economic activities in some countries. Petroleum exploration and production are of critical importance as it provides energy that is useful in driving the global economy. The globe has exhibited a greater demand for energy a factor that explains why the processes of petroleum exploration and production remain significant. However, there is evidence that the processes involved in petroleum exploration and production may register adverse environmental effects. It is impossible to assume the adverse environmental effects brought about by the processes of petroleum engineering. It is apparent that the processes have served to compromise the efforts geared towards environmental protection. This paper will address the environmental impacts of the petroleum engineering processes. There is evidence that petroleum exploration and production registers detrimental effects on the atmosphere. Particularly, the globe has exhibited concern over the increasing rates of global warming. Petroleum exploration and production lead to an increased level of greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, the processes involved in the production of petroleum only serve to enhance global warming due to the greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the existing standards that govern the petroleum production, it is impossible to eliminate any greenhouse gas emissions (Orszulik 34). As more companies explore the availability of oil, there is an increasing risk to the environment. Currently, the globe does not have a reliable solution of undoing the adverse effects of global warming. Many developing and developed countries have expressed their concern over the increasing rates of greenhouse gas emission. Although the globe needs energy, there is a need to consider the adverse effects of petroleum engineering processes. The process of petroleum production leads to the discharge of hydrocarbons into the environment. Some of these hydrocarbons pose a major safety and health risk to human beings. There have been reported cases of both acute and chronic toxicity exhibited by people who encounter petroleum hydrocarbons. Some companies in the industry do not give attention to the proper measures of mitigating the risk. As a result, people living in proximity to petroleum companies are vulnerable to developing toxicity to the substances they inhale. It is clear that failure to observe safety measures can threaten the lives of employees as well as the well-being of the surrounding community (Matanovic, Gaurina-Medimurec, and Simon 48). When the atmosphere has an increased level of contamination, it becomes difficult for people to continue enjoying clean oxygen. Recent studies have demonstrated that communities living near petroleum companies may be at a higher risk of developing diseases such as cancer due to the extended contamination of the atmosphere by petroleum hydrocarbons. Liquid affluence from the production companies has also proven to be a major contaminant of water sources. The affluence contains highly toxic materials that cause adverse effects on the aquatic organisms. Failure to dispose of the affluence appropriately explains why they find their way into rivers, posing a great threat to the environment as well as to human beings consuming the water (Kutz and Elkamel 72). For instance, many countries with numerous petroleum companies have exhibited the presence of water contamination due to the inappropriate disposal of liquid affluence. Many water sources that serve as the dumping site for the liquid affluence are unable to support life due to the toxic components. It is unfortunate that these processes lead to the contamination of water as the globe seeks sources of clean drinking water. In many parts of the world, the population lacks access to clean drinking water. As a result, there has been a quest to curb water pollution to protect the resources for the future generation. However, the level of pollution taking place in many petroleum production centers only limit the hope of having a globe that has sufficient and safe water. Abandoned oil wells have also contributed to the contamination of ground water, making it impossible to access water. The discharge of solid wastes into the environment has proven to be a major health hazard. These solid wastes may contain metal components that affect either human beings or other organisms in the natural food chain. The efforts to decontaminate the environment and eliminate the solid wastes are less likely to be sufficient in neutralizing the risk that people face (Fanchi and Christiansen 21). The spillage of crude oil during transportation also can affect the environment adversely. Components of the crude oil have proven to be toxic and posing a major risk to the environment. The growth of plants is practically impossible when metal components from solid wastes pollute the soil. Additionally, liquid affluence may also contaminate the soil, making plant growth impossible. Oil companies have been unable to control the disposal of both solid and liquid wastes with the purpose of protecting the environment. Petroleum production companies also release sulfur components, ammonia oxides, as well as nitrogen oxides that have adverse effects on plant and animal life. Particulate emissions are also a significant cause of concern because they affect the growth of plants and animals. Many companies fail to take measures of mitigating potential risks to the environment. As a result, human beings have to pay a heavy price for the continued production of petroleum because of environmental degradation. Studies cite the processes of petroleum production as some of the leading causes of pollution in both the developing and developed world (Orszulik 39). There is a need for a better understanding on the toxicity levels of the emitted compounds. Evidently, petroleum exploration and production pose a major threat to environmental preservation. The different processes involved in oil production register adverse environmental effects. Different governments have established measures and standards of minimizing the levels of environmental degradation. However, the standards have proven insufficient in the efforts to promote a safe environment suitable for both plant and animal growth. The need for better strategies for the reduction of contamination is evident. The petroleum industry needs to establish proper regulatory measures that will protect the environment for the future generation. As the world seeks to increase its energy supply, there should be a level of consideration of the potential adverse effects of exploiting petroleum sources. Did you like this sample? 1. Fanchi, John R, and Richard L. Christiansen. Introduction to Petroleum Engineering. Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. Print. 2. Kutz, Myer, and Ali Elkamel. Environmentally Conscious Fossil Energy Production. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010. Print. 3. Matanovic, Davorin, Nedilijka Gaurina-Medimurec, and Katarina Simon. Risk Analysis for Prevention of Hazardous Situations in Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering. Hershey, PA : Engineering Science Reference, 2014. Print. 4. Orszulik, S T. Environmental Technology in the Oil Industry. Cham: Springer, 2016. Internet resource. Find more samples: Related topics More samples Related Essays
microeconomics 61 Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper *****400-600 words with reference and no plagarism***** George Foreman was a professional boxer who made a comeback by endorsing grills. Foreman does not own the company that makes the grills, but he became the face of the brand. At first, people were not certain whether he was an expert on grills or fat-free cooking, but Foreman soon became thought of as the expert on this product and this type of cooking. Think of the concept of utility and how Foreman’s role as a celebrity endorser affects the marginal utility of these grill products. Answer the following: • How do people’s budget, income, and substitution effects fit in? • How do you think this influences the demand curve for indoor grill products? • Are these choices made rationally? Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper
Organizational root causes A root cause according to the Collins dictionary is; the fundamental reason for the occurrence of a problem. An organizational root cause, is therefore a root cause that is the fundamental reason of an organizational problem, which is occurring due to deficiencies within the way of working in the organization. Another way to put it is that a mal-functioning way of working has built-in organizational root causes. But the question then is; how many organizational root causes do we have? Infinite? Many? A few? In fact, we have the same number as our organizational principles, since an organizational root cause is nothing else then a non-fulfilled organizational principle. If we have organizational root causes, i.e., built-in deficiencies in our way of working, it automatically means that we will have organizational problems, in the beginning mostly invisible ones. The more organizational root causes we have, the more organizational problems will occur short-term, as well as more and more will occur long-term. The longer cycles we have in our way of working, the longer time it can take until we understand that our way of working is mal-functioning. This means that for product development, with very long cycles from an idea until a completely new product is developed, it can take very long time until visible problems (both organizational or normal) occur. Can we find the organizational root causes long before the organizational problems become visible? This is another strength of the SPPA method, since it is a proactive method that can be used any time, and with a very low effort per occasion. By individually collecting all the problems within the organization, the problems can be connected to each other, as well down to the root causes. For more detailed information, please see here about organizational root causes, how we can find them, as well as examples.
What is sustainable farming? What is sustainable farming? As the world becomes more and more aware of its impact on the environment and the need to act now, every industry is looking at ways to become greener and more sustainable. The farming and agriculture industry is no different, and farms and businesses across the UK are changing the way they grow, rear and produce food to better protect the future of the planet, including our dairy farmers that own Arla. This is generally referred to as sustainable farming. New ideas, innovations and technology are helping our farmers on their journey to becoming more sustainable and ensuring they leave the land in a better place for the next generation. What is meant by sustainable farming? Simply put, sustainable farming is an umbrella term for a number of different agricultural practices that use environmentally friendly methods to carry out their work. These practices reduce the impact of farming work on local ecologies and habitats, and look to reduce energy use and emissions from processing and transporting produce. When it comes to Arla and our dairy farms, we’ve been working for many years to be more sustainable through initiatives to reduce our Co2 emissions, use more renewable energy across our operations, and always ensure the happiness and health of our cows. Our farmers are among the most climate-efficient dairy farmers in the world, producing milk with less than half the average emissions compared to global dairy production, and we are committed to continuing to reduce our footprint. Our first phase in this journey is to reduce our total emissions by 30% by 2030. Initiatives such as turning cow pats into renewable energy are just one of the ways we are working to find new solutions On a daily basis farmers face a balancing act of working hard to protect the environment, care for their animals and keep producing food that is affordable. Some examples of how new agriculture practices are helping to reduce emissions are: • Recycling – The practice of using animal and plant waste as fertiliser or fuel for transporting goods, as well as recapturing water to use in agricultural processes. For example, we’ve been developing a system where cow poo can be captured and processed to create a renewable fuel source to produce electricity and power our delivery tankers. Now that’s closing the poop loop! • Technology use – The practice of using technology to drive sustainability in agriculture. An example of this is using GPS-guide machinery to reduce soil damage during the sowing and harvesting of crops . At Arla, our dairy farmers are using technology to improve how slurry fertiliser is spread across to reduce emissions, keep smelly gases in the air to a minimum and keep the countryside smelling sweet. Frequently Asked Questions How does farming affect climate change? There are a number of ways that farming can affect climate change, such as methane emissions from cows, or pollution from trucks transporting goods on the road. We know that farming creates emissions which is why we are working incredibly closely with our farmer owners to support them in reducing their impact. Our Climate Checks programme helps farmers identify the best areas where they can take steps to improve their carbon footprint. What can farmers do to reduce climate change? Farmers across the world are already beginning to make changes to the way they work to reduce their impact on the environment and their contribution to global warming. From better soil management and dedicating land to biodiversity to improved water regulation and the use of natural fertiliser, there is a lot that can be done by agricultural businesses to have a positive effect on their local and global environment. In this BBC article, five global world leaders give their ideas for better and more environmentally conscious agricultural practices that farmers can begin to adopt. How can we all reduce climate change? While farms and businesses have a big part to play when it comes to tackling climate change, individuals can also play their own role in reducing our global greenhouse gas emissions. This can be as simple as: • Sorting and recycling household waste • Reducing car use and choosing public transport or greener transport instead • Buying responsibly manufactured items such as food with recyclable packaging • Reducing food waste as this contributes to greenhouse gases Reducing water waste by turning off taps and having shorter showers. Those are just some small examples, but they all contribute to a healthier and greener planet and environment.
Word Summary katheudō: to sleep Original Word: καθεύδω Transliteration: katheudō Phonetic Spelling: (kath-yoo'-do) Part of Speech: Verb Short Definition: to sleep Meaning: to sleep Strong's Concordance to sleep From kata and heudo (to sleep); to lie down to rest, i.e. (by implication) to fall asleep (literally or figuratively) -- (be a-)sleep. see GREEK kata Thayer's Greek Lexicon STRONGS NT 2518: καθεύδω καθεύδω; imperfect 3 person plural ἐκάθευδον; from Homer down; the Sept. mostly for שָׁכַב; 1. to fall asleep, to drop off to sleep: Matthew 25:5. 2. to sleep; a. properly: Matthew 8:24; Matthew 9:24 (on this and its parallels, cf. B. D. American edition, p. 1198{a}); ; Mark 4:27, 38; Mark 5:39; Mark 13:36; Mark 14:37, 40; Luke 8:52; Luke 22:46; 1 Thessalonians 5:7. b. euphemistically, to be dead: 1 Thessalonians 5:10; (Psalm 87:6 (); Daniel 12:2). c. metaphorically, to yield to sloth and sin, and be indifferent to one's salvation: Ephesians 5:14; 1 Thessalonians 5:6.
Allergy FAQs Allergies are surprisingly common in both dogs and cats. Like people, pets can be allergic to a wide variety of things. Fortunately, most allergies in pets are treatable with help from your veterinarian. Pershing Animal Hospital in Chicago and Hyde Park, IL look at the facts about pets with allergies. Allergy FAQs What Pets Are Allergic To? The most common things that pets are allergic to include flea saliva, insect bites, pollen, molds, dust mites, tobacco smoke, laundry detergents, medication, artificial ingredients in food, and certain foods. When pets are allergic to foods, it’s often wheat or wheat gluten, eggs, dairy products, fish, and beef. Pets can be allergic to more than one substance. Are Allergies Caused by Genetics? It is unknown why pets get allergies. It could be a combination of factors. However, some breeds of dogs, like retriever breeds, are more prone to allergies than others. What Are the Signs of Pet Allergies? The most common sign of allergies in pets is incredibly itchy skin. The pet scratches, licks, or rubs the skin so much that it causes bald spots, sores, chronic ear infections, or sore paws. Pets also may experience gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea, abdominal bloating from gas, and vomiting. They can have upper respiratory problems like a runny nose, runny eyes, sneezing, breathing noisily, suddenly starting snoring or coughing. Can I Give My Pet My Allergy Medication? Unless specifically told to by your veterinarian, never give human medication for allergies or itchy skin to pets. This medication can poison your pet. How Are Allergies in Pets Diagnosed? Since many health conditions have similar signs to allergies, a pet exam is needed to help rule out other possibilities. Your pet may need a skin scrape or hair sample. Your pet may also need blood tests. If allergies are suspected, then your vet will inject a small amount of the suspected allergen into your pet’s skin. If there is a reaction, then the allergen is discovered. If it is unknown what your pet is allergic to, it can be a long process of trial and error to discover just what sets off your pet’s allergies. How are Allergies in Pets Treated? Treatment is a combination of getting rid of the symptoms and trying to remove the allergen from your pet’s life as much as possible. Your pet may need a complete change in diet. Medications can be given in pills, cream, or shampoo forms. Schedule an Appointment with Our Vet in Hyde Park, Chicago for Pet Allergy Treatment If you are looking for pet allergy treatment in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, contact Pershing Animal Hospital today. Call us at (773) 288-8888 for more information or to schedule an appointment with our veterinarian. Check out our Online Pharmacy! Find us on the map Contact Us We look forward to hearing from you
Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by organisms. Glucose may be oxidized completely if sufficient oxygen is available by the following equation: {{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{ + 6 }}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{6 }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O + 6 C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g) + energy}} All organisms, including plants and animals, oxidize glucose for energy. Often, this energy is used to convert ADP and phosphate into ATP. It is known that peas undergo cell respiration during germination. Do peas undergo cell respiration before germination? The results of this experiment will verify that germinating peas do respire. Using your collected data, you will be able to answer the question concerning respiration and non-germinating peas. Using the CO2 Gas Sensor, you will monitor the carbon dioxide produced by peas during cell respiration. Both germinating and non-germinating peas will be tested. Additionally, cell respiration of germinating peas at two different temperatures will be tested. In this experiment, you will • Measure gas production. • Study the effect of temperature on cell respiration. • Determine whether germinating peas and non-germinating peas respire. • Compare the rates of cell respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas.
Essay On War Photography 1109 Words5 Pages WAR PHOTOGRAPHY Earlier, war was painted as ‘sweet’ by the British government influencing young soldiers to fight for personal glory and national honour. Since then, war has become inevitable causing destruction and leading to the greatest tragedy of human species. War Photography captures photographs of armed conflict and life in war-torn areas.The origin of photography can be traced back to the 1820s with the help of chemical photography by the French inventor Niaphore Niepce. However, his photographs took very long to expose and so with the support of Louis Danguerre, the danguerreotype was introduced in 1837.It was in 1839 that the first ever photo of a person was taken by Danguerre. Slowly ,the technology became more advanced and the first official attempts at war photography were made by the British government at the start of the Crimean war (1855-56).Roger Fenton ,the best-known photographer along with his companion Szathmari clicked pictures of soldiers, weapons, camp…show more content… She was one of the America’s best known and most admired writers. She hasn’t limited herself to her writings about the war photography in“Regarding the pain of others”. she gives many instances of war photography but highly addresses the Vietnam War which changed war photography and its influence dramatically.According to her war photography is anti-war in nature because the point here is war photographs are not only remarkable for the horror they capture but also its aesthetics.However,one shouldn’t forget the fine line between the two because the aesthetic appeal which draws our attention can shift the same away from the content,from the pain of others.Sontag hasn’t shown lot of images of victims but has shown images of weapons.Hence Sontag’s writings are able to convey the dual role, the nature of the war More about Essay On War Photography Open Document
Cemetery at Tighedouine, Morocco This cemetery was lost to memory, and would have been physically lost, too, but for the efforts of an old Muslim Amazigh (Berber) woman. Indeed, when a European company sought to develop the land, she protested, asserting that the plot was a Jewish cemetery. As a result of her efforts, the cemetery remains, along with an olive press and farm lands that once served Jew and Amazigh alike. Tighedouine was a small Jewish community located in the Al Haouz province near Marrakesh. The community at Tighedouine would have been the central Jewish population in the area since Jews from surrounding towns buried their family members in the Tighedouine cemetery. Tighedouine's community also included the rabbi Sabah, who was eventually buried in the Tighedouine cemetery. Raphy Elmaleh speaks about the large Jewish cemetery in Tighedouine which is believed to be around 800 years old, the Berber woman who protected it, and the rabbi Samah who is buried there. Tighedouine , Morocco © Mapbox, © OpenStreetMap
‘Green’ coastal protection solutions could prevent damages worth $50 billion in the Gulf of Mexico New research in the PLOS One peer reviewed journal reveals that nature-based solutions are more cost effective than artificial solutions in preventing flooding in the Gulf of Mexico. The research found that the restoration of marshes and oyster reefs are some of the most effective solutions. According to the research conducted by UC Santa Cruz, the Nature Conservancy, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology nature-based solutions could help avoid over 45% of climate risks in the region over a 20-year period, saving over $50 billion in damages. Wetland and reef restoration can have a benefit to cost ratio of over seven to one, meaning that for every $1 spent on restoration there is $7 worth of direct flood reduction benefits. Although artificial solutions, such as levees, are effective they often have a benefit to cost ratio of one to one, meaning they are expensive to implement on large scales. The research used Economics of Climate Adaptation to understand the drivers of coastal risk and to evaluate cost-effectiveness. In 2017 the Gulf of Mexico, the US and the Caribbean suffered severe damage due to a number of hurricanes. For example, hurricane Irma and Maria caused US$64.8 billion and US$91.61billion worth of damage respectively. Climate change threatens the region and the US Gulf Coast faces increased frequency and intensity of tropical storms, as well as rising sea level and subsidence. The study confirmed that in the Gulf region flood risks will increase and this is primarily driven by coastal development; the more people who are exposed the greater the risk. However, the study found climate change will cause more frequent losses, with weather and flooding events that cost $100 billion becoming up to three times more frequent. Although the US is investing in coastal protection strategies, this is mostly focused on artificial, or ‘grey’, solutions that can degrade ecosystems. The new research supports the growing interest in nature based, or ‘green’, solutions such as restoration of wetlands. In the Gulf of Mexico reefs, wetlands, barrier islands and sand dunes can protect against flooding by reducing wave energy, trapping sediment and reducing storm surges. Michael Beck, lead marine scientist at the Nature Conservancy and a research professor at UC Santa Cruz commented: "We show that nature-based measures for flood reduction can be considered right alongside artificial or grey measures such as seawalls in industry-based benefit-cost models. This removes a major impediment for engineers, insurers, and risk management agencies for building coastal resilience more naturally” Image credit: The World Bank Be part of the humanitarian aid and development community!
Qal'at as-Subeiba, Golan Heights Qalʻat ar-Rabad (12th-13th century) in Jordan These two qalats were built by the Ayyubids and expanded by the Mamluks to help in the fight against the Crusaders, to subdue local tribes, and to control rival emirs. Qalat[citation needed] or kalata (قلعه) in Persian,[1] and qal'a(-t) or qil'a(-t) (قلعہ‎, قلعة) in Arabic, means 'fortress', 'fortification', 'castle',[2] or simply 'fortified place'.[3] The common English plural is "qalats".[Note 1][dubious ] Qalats can range from forts like Rumkale to the mud-brick compound common throughout southwest Asia. The term is used in the entire Muslim world to indicate a defensive fortress.[4] The term took various forms in different languages, such as qala/qal'a and qalat/qal'at (Persian and Arabic), kale (Turkish),[3] kaleh and kalleh (Persian), qila (Urdu and Hindi), and often became part of place-names. It is even preserved in toponyms in places such as Sicily, which was occupied by the Aghlabid dynasty and then the Fatimids from the ninth to the twelfth centuries.[5] The word is used an various Arabic placenames. Wolf Leslau (1987), citing Siegmund Fraenkel [de] (1886) and Walter Belardi (1959), offers that the Arabic word has been adopted from the Iranian (Persian) kalata.[1] The Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish written by Armenian-Turkish author Sevan Nişanyan states that the Turkish word kale is adapted from ḳalˁa(t), which originates from the Arabic root ḳlˁ. Nişanyan goes on to note that the Arabic word shares its origin with the Middle Persian variant kalak, which has no written record and originates in the Akkadian word of the same meaning kalakku.[3] The Persian word is kalata.[1] The Arabic word takes the forms qal'a(-t) and qil'a(-t), plural qilâ' and qulû' , meaning fortress, fortification, or castle.[2] Middle East This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2021) See the lists of castles from Saudi Arabia, Jordan (Qalʻat ar-Rabad, Qal'at al-Karak and Qal'at ash-Shawbak), Tal Afar in Iraq, the castles of Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, etc. Central Asian fortified city A typical qala in Central Asia consisted of a tripartite city model: kuhandiz (citadel), shahristan (residential area), and rabad (faubourg, suburb; the regional variant for rabat). This city model is valid not only for Central Asian city typology and is also used to describe similar city types elsewhere in Islamic geography.[6] Kuhandiz (citadel) In the pre-Islamic Iran and Turkestan towns consisted of a fortress called diz (also means "fortress" in Persian), and the actual town which was called shahristan. Middle Eastern Islamic geographers use the word kuhandiz for the oldest part of the settlements in the town centers. It later started to be used in with the meaning of citadel. The word kuhandiz originates from Persian (كهندز) and means literally "old fortress". But the word kuhandiz can't be applied to solitary fortresses which were independent of towns, as it would cause conceptual confusion. Although in Arabic the word hisn or husûn (حصون. ج - حص)[clarification needed] was used to indicate fortresses which were located off towns, since Arabic terms did not have proper meaning to describe those structures, they borrowed the word kuhandiz during the Islamic conquest of Iran. Kuhandizes were usually built on high ground and were the last line of defence in the town. Administrative units were mostly located here. The Turkish term iç kale and the English "citadel" are synonymous.[7] Shahristan (residential area) Shahristan is a combination of two words, šahr (city) and -stan/-istan (region, area), thus it literally means "city area". Before the Islamic conquest of Central Asia, castle-style settlements were common rather than large political and economic centers. The word used by Muslim Arabs for these fortified towns, which were protected by walls, is qal'a. As the feudal system was transcended, this tripartite city model appeared with castle-like structures, which are called kuhandiz, forming the core of the city. With the development in itself of the settlement within the old walls, cities without kuhandizes also appeared. Most of the townspeople dwelled in the shahristan. Mesut Can states that this might be the reason the name shahristan was used. Most of the buildings for recreation and worship were also located there.[8] Rabad (faubourg, suburb) Main article: Rabad Qala compounds in Iran and Afghanistan A qalat in southeastern Afghanistan used by American soldiers. A qalat in southeastern Afghanistan used by American soldiers. In many areas of Iran and Afghanistan, particularly in tribal areas with pre-modern building practices, the qalat compound is the standard housing unit for multi-generational families. Qalats can be quickly constructed over the course of a single season, and they can be extremely large, sometimes covering several acres. Towers may be placed at the corners or points along the walls to create a more defensible position, but most qala compounds consist only of the walls.[citation needed] While the foundation of a qala compound may be stone or fired brick, the walls are typically dried mud. Walls are created by laying down a row of adobe bricks with mud mortar along the entire length of the wall. By the time that the mason returns to the point of origin, the mortar is dry and the next row can be added on top of the old. Using this technique walls dozens of feet high can be built very rapidly.[citation needed] See also: List of castles in Turkey Kilitbahir Kalesi, on the European coast of the Dardanelles.[9] Kale-i Sultaniye, on the Asian coast of the Dardanelles. Together the two castles, built in 1452 by orders from Mehmed the Conqueror, were protecting the Dardanelles.[9] In modern Turkish, kale (Turkish pronunciation: [ka'le]) is an umbrella term that encompasses all types of fortified structures.[10] In Turkish, the scope of the term kale can vary. Today many fortified buildings are called kale, which causes confusion. Originally the word kale (or kal'a قلعە in Ottoman Turkish) refers to fortresses which were built on roads, at narrow passes, and at bottlenecks, where the enemy was expected to pass by, or in cities with strategic value.[3][10] Building materials of kales could differ according to geographical conditions.[11] For example, Ottoman palankas were mostly built of wooden palisades.[12] A typical kale has the same features known from Western and Eastern counterparts, such as curtain walls with towers and a gatehouse, an inner tower similar to a keep (bâlâhisar, erk or başkule in Turkish), battlements and embrasures, a moat and sometimes postern gates. In the 15th century, the Greek word for tower, purgos, was adopted into Turkish as burgaz.[10] Ottoman towns in the Balkans and Anatolia had a tripartite city model: old castle (inner fortress), varoş (residential area, in modern Turkish used as 'suburb'), and outer city (suburb).[13] Kale vs hisar, kermen See also: Hissar There are also other similar terms such as hisar or kermen. The definition of the term hisar is similar to that of castle, a fortified structure that acts as a residence, such as Rumelihisarı or Anadoluhisarı.[10] The word originates in Arabic, where it means 'fortress' and 'blockade', and from where it also made it into Persian as hessar.[14] Another word used for forts is kermen, which originates from Cuman. It is known as kirmen in Tatar, and as karman in Chuvash. The Russian word kremlin also originates from kermen.[15] When toponymically examined, it can be seen that hisar is used for place-names in western Turkey, kale in eastern Turkey, and kermen in the Crimean peninsula.[16] See also 1. ^ in Arabic, the singular is "qala", but English may use "one qalat/many qalats" (Unclear if this is quoted from a source, and if so, from which.) 1. ^ a b c For the derivation of the Arabic term from the Persian, see Leslau (1987) p. 426, citing Fraenkel (1886) p. 237 and Belardi (1959) pp. 147-150. • Leslau, Wolf (1987). Comparative dictionary of Geʻez (Classical Ethiopic): Geʻez-English, English-Geʻez, with an index of the Semitic roots. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, page 426, ISBN 978-3-447-02592-8 • Fraenkel, Siegmund [de] (1886). Die Aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (The Aramaic Loanwords in Arabic). BRILL, page 237, OCLC 750560476, in German, reproduced from original in 1962 by Georg Olms Publ. [de], Hildesheim, OCLC 476894716, and again in 1982, ISBN 978-3-487-00319-1 • Belardi, Walter (1959). "Arabo قلعة qal‘a". AION Linguistica 1: pp. 147—150 2. ^ a b Steingass, F. J. (1993) [1884]. The Student's Arabic-English Dictionary. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 853. ISBN 978-81-206-0855-9. Retrieved 1 June 2021. Reprint of first edition. 3. ^ a b c d "kale". Nişanyan Sözlük. Retrieved 2021-01-25. 4. ^ Belardi, Walter (1959) 5. ^ Influsso arabo: L’elemento arabo è ben attestato, soprattutto in Sicilia, a testimonianza di un dominio, quello saraceno, che durò dall’inizio del IX fino alle soglie del XII secolo. Con il toponimo generico qal‘a (‘cittadella’, ‘fortezza’) abbiamo per esempio Calatafimi, Calatamauro (ovvero ‘la rocca del Moro’), Calatrasi (‘la rocca del tessitore’), Caltabellotta (‘la rocca delle querce’). (Arab influence: The Arab element is well attested, especially in Sicily, evidence of the Saracen rule beginning in the ninth and lasting until the beginning of the twelfth century. From the generic name Qal'a ('citadel', 'fortress') we have, for example: Calatafimi, Calatamauro (i.e. 'the stronghold of the Moor'), Calatrasi ('the fortress of the weaver'), Caltabellotta ('the fortress of the oak trees').) Bentsik, R. "Tracce" ("Traces") "Intercultural Dialogue European Radio Campaign" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine page 61,; see also Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1974) "Attraverso la toponomastica urbana medievale in Italia" ("Through the medieval urban toponymy in Italy") pp. 401–499 In Centro italiano di studi sull'alto Medioevo (1974) Topografia urbana e vita cittadina nell'alto Medioevo in Occidente, 26 aprile-1 maggio 1973 (Conference publication) Presso la sede del Centro, Spoleto, Italy, volume 2, page 415, OCLC 1857092 6. ^ Can 2015, pp. 143–154. 7. ^ Can 2015, pp. 148–150. 8. ^ Can 2015, pp. 150–151. 9. ^ a b Nicolle 2010, p. 11. 10. ^ a b c d "Kale". Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı (TDV) İslam Ansiklopedisi [Turkish Religious Foundation (TDV) Islamic Encyclopedia] (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-01-25. 11. ^ Ersenal 2019, p. 36. 12. ^ Ozguven, Burcu (2001). "The Palanka: A Characteristic Building Type of the Ottoman Fortification Network in Hungary". EJOS – Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies. IV. 13. ^ Özgüven 2003, p. 157. 14. ^ Rajki, András (2005). Arabic Dictionary with etymologies. Accessed 5 September 2018. 15. ^ Eren 2006, p. 180. 16. ^ Şahin 2013, p. 51. Further reading
Physical exercise or academic study. Физическая активность или академические занятия. нравится 3 не нравится I am surely of the opinion that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Even a small session of exercise, but a regular one, can go a long way to give a balanced body. The rest of the school day can take care of academic studies. The common saying "All work and no play makes John a dull boy" holds water here. Also a balanced body allows one to have a balanced mind on top of it. A small part of the day devoted to exercise can take a long way in preventing future health risks. Moreover in the age of fast-food getting rid of the couch potato image is essential for today"s young generation. It can easily be reasoned that students have better concentration if they exercise regularly. The mind runs fresh only if the body supports it. Students always need a break from the daily tedious lectures, and exercise can provide it in the best way. Another important reason to have daily physical exercise is its long-term benefits. Researchers have shown that daily dose of exercise can greatly reduce the risks of many diseases, especially heart problems. Physical exercise can act as a handy weapon against the rising obesity at school students. For maintaining good health, one always needs to do physical exercise daily. So why not do it in the discipline of the school? An entire day of academic studies can make life dull for students, and exercise can act as a pleasant escapade. Комментарии пользователей Другие материалы из раздела Сочинения на английском языке
• Having their artworks exhibited virtually at Marina Bay Sands ArtScience Museum 1 in stock Yuxuan Xia, 17, China Under the threat of COVID-19, the images of brave female doctors fighting at the front line in big cities are widely praised. But in a mysterious region far away from our daily lives, at the foot of snowy mountains and the center of great grasslands, a group of brave women who use their unique way to contribute to human health are not noticed by the public. The female Tibetan doctors, collecting natural plants and processing them into traditional medicines, fight against disease and pandemics in places without access to modern western medical service. My picture showed an old female Tibetan doctor carefully sorting herb under the warm sunshine. In traditional Tibetan clothes with necklaces made of kallaite, beeswax, and dzi, holding a prayer wheel, she represents the common image of a devout Buddhist. By her side, a white yak, a sacred animal in Tibetan culture, laid quietly, symbolizing the female doctor’s noble spirit and huge contributions to human welfare. Also, a young dog rolling on grass showed the old woman’s young and happy mood, which adds movement to the peaceful picture as well. In general, the artwork utilized bright and vivid colors to express the optimistic spirit of life. I hope this work can eliminate people’s misunderstanding and call for public attention to those brave Tibetan women doctors. They not only cured thousands of patients but also used their life to inherit the unique Tibetan culture.
August 10, 2022 Medical Trend Medical News and Medical Resources Stem cell therapy technology to treat uremia Stem cell therapy technology to treat uremia Stem cell therapy technology to treat uremia. Stem cell therapy is expected to help uremic patients embark on the road to recovery. Uremia is not an independent disease, but a clinical syndrome shared by various advanced kidney diseases. It is a syndrome composed of a series of clinical manifestations that appear when chronic renal failure enters the terminal stage. Stem cell therapy technology to treat uremia Uremia is a chronic process that develops continuously. Chronic nephritis, renal failure, and uremia are the dangerous trilogy of the development of nephropathy. This process may be very hidden and undetected, so that it is too late to discover. When it develops to this stage of uremia, the number of damaged kidney cells increases, and renal fibrosis damage has already accounted for the majority, which can cause symptoms of various systems throughout the body. The kidney has a strong compensatory function, including excretion of metabolic waste in the body, maintaining body fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, as well as endocrine function, by secreting certain hormones, regulating blood pressure, regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and promoting bone marrow to produce red blood cells. When kidney function is impaired due to various reasons, and the end-stage renal failure progresses, the metabolites, toxins, and water in the body will not be excreted in time, which will cause the body’s internal biochemical processes to be disordered, and the endocrine function of the kidneys is also damaged , Causing a series of syndromes, this is uremia. The early symptoms of uremia mainly include yellowing complexion, fatigue, headache; poor appetite, anorexia, nausea; body swelling; decreased urine output, less frequent visits to the toilet, etc. There are many reasons for uremia, such as accelerated life rhythm, heavy work pressure, less rest and sleep, and excessive fatigue; too much entertainment, intemperate diet, high-protein, high-fat, and high-purine foods, all invisibly increase the burden on the kidneys. Currently, renal replacement therapy includes hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. However, dialysis will gradually shrink the kidneys. After kidney transplantation, infection and various complications must be prevented, and it is inevitable to take immune drugs for life. Stem cell treatment of uremia Stem cells use their strong proliferation ability and multidirectional differentiation potential to produce a large number of offspring or various types of cells needed to differentiate into the human body, and exert their self-replication and differentiation potential to repair damaged cells and restore the functions of damaged organs and tissues. It can repair glomerular endothelial cells and mesangial cells. Mesenchymal stem cells can repair pancreatic function, strengthen insulin metabolism, regulate blood sugar, reduce damage to the kidney, and help restore various cellular functions of the kidney tissue. After the stem cells enter the renal blood vessels, the kidney lesion will send out a certain signal to attract, prompting the stem cells to produce a large number of progeny cells, and these progeny cells will continue to differentiate into various types of cells needed by the kidney. Improve the local microcirculation of the kidney, reduce the high pressure in the glomerulus, relieve the renal ischemia and hypoxia state, so that the blood circulation of the whole body can be continuously restored and improved, and certain active factors released can also stimulate the secretion of erythropoietin in the kidney cells. The erythropoietin can promote the production of red blood cells, thus alleviating the body’s anemia. It also suppresses the immune response, differentiates into immune cells, regulates the function of the immune system to return to normal, and achieves the goal of gradually repairing the kidney. Due to the critical condition of uremia, early treatment of nephropathy is necessary to control and delay the progression of the disease, reduce the incidence of uremia, and pay attention to diet and rest. It is believed that in the near future, stem cell therapy technology can help more uremia patients and allow more patients on the road to recovery. (source:chinanet, reference only) Disclaimer of
August 4, 2022 • August 4, 2022 The history of Mumbai and its slums By on July 24, 2022 0 At the end of the 19th century, Mumbai’s encounter with the industrial revolution led to the emergence of a kind of habitat unsuitable for man because it lacked civic services such as water and drainage and called “slum”. This followed a somewhat similar trajectory to England’s industrial centers like Liverpool and Manchester. It was only after the outbreak of the bubonic plague in 1896 in Bombay that the colonial rulers were forced to acknowledge the issue of housing and sanitary conditions. In response to the plague, the Bombay Improvement Trust (BIT) was established in 1898 and the Bombay Development Department (BDD) in 1920 to build low cost housing for the countless workers who worked in factories, ports and involved in the construction of railways. Now we know that was too late to intervene and created a legacy of backlogs and housing shortages that continues to this day. Historians lament that the BIT and BDD worsened the housing crisis because, through their interventions, they dislodged more people than they provided with housing. After independence, we mainly followed the approach of the colonial rulers when it came to issues concerning slums or even urban development. Slum clearance was the official approach of governments exemplified by the title of the central law – Slum Clearance Act, 1956. It was mainly to deny and not recognize the existence of slums and to implement this called slum clearance programs. It was not until the early 1970s that there was some shift from slum clearance to a more humane and rational approach to slum upgrading and upgrading. Maharashtra became one of the first states to enact state-specific slum legislation in the form of the Maharashtra Slums (Upgrading and Clearance) Act 1971. In addition to carrying out a city-wide slum census, trips were undertaken and photo passes were issued to slum dwellers, officially acknowledging their existence. Along with this period also saw the deepening of political party representatives, especially locally elected corporators or ‘nagar sevaks‘ in poor neighborhoods. They appeared as “every day” via the media and almost all political parties have their “slum cells” or slum wings through which they reach residents. In this regard, Shiv Sena has managed to establish itself and make its presence felt in these neighborhoods and in the city through a grid-like network of ‘shakhas‘. It is widely acknowledged that the Shiv Sena had its first experience in office when it formed the government in alliance with the BJP in 1995 on an election promise to provide “free houses” to 4 million slum dwellers in creating an exclusive Slum Upgrading Authority (SRA). The provision of housing through the removal of slums and their redevelopment by involving private developers had serious implications for the residents of these settlements as well as for the city as a whole. There has been no turning back and “re-development” has taken precedence over all other possibilities for the supply of social housing. Since 1995, when slum upgrading was introduced as a modus operandi to provide housing for slum dwellers, no political party has been able to look past it. Redevelopment as an ideology succeeded in an all-party consensus. Mumbai Chawls \| Credit: Getty Images Besides the spatial landscape, the redevelopment also transformed the political and social landscape of the city, transforming housing from a social good into an economic good. It has led to the emergence of a speculative market for development rights known as TDRs (Transferable Development Rights). The last few months have seen outlandish scams by developers undertaking slum redevelopment. Staggering figures of thousands of crores of rupees in loans taken out from banks, ostensibly to redevelop slums, but then diverted for other purposes seem to be the modus operandi. Slum dwellers have always been indispensable and slums have also turned into a tradable currency. There has been an inconvenient truth about slums, which is; that they are the visible marker of the inequality that marks our cities and the result of a specific trajectory of urban development that has continued even in postcolonial times. Since independence and even before that, there has always been a large gap in housing produced in the formal sector. This left a large number of city dwellers with little chance of stumbling upon housing produced in the arena of the sector. Thus, slums are more than anything else symptomatic of the abandonment of state agencies tasked with creating formal housing stocks in Mumbai and elsewhere. The slum is about what architect Jai Sen has described as the involuntary city, one that has never been part of official master plans but has always been implicit in them. The slum is the embarrassing alter ego of the planned city, the city without which it cannot survive but also cannot admit or recognize itself. More than an undesirable urban form, the slum is also a negotiation with daily survival or an attempt to settle in the city. Emphasis should also be on slums as a concept or category. Slums have long stigmatized the specific urban form and its inhabitants. Viewing a settlement as a slum justifies recourse to the exercise of discretion by the state and its agencies. For a long time, slums have been synonymous with poverty, desperation and illegality. This must change for any meaningful understanding and engagement. The story of Mumbai and its slums is not only despair but also hope, it is a dream but also a nightmare, it is as much an answer as a question. The slum poses a challenge not only to the paradigm of urban development, but above all to the promise of citizenship and democracy. (The opinions expressed in this article are personal and do not necessarily reflect the views of Outlook India.)
This book is a condensed but detailed textbook on what you must know to learn piano as quickly as possible. You do not start with exercises and lesson pieces because that wastes too much time; you start by learning what you want to play because most aspiring pianists already know what they want to play. In case you don't, there is a section on suggested pieces for beginners [(3) Starting a Piece]. 这本书是一本精练而详尽的教科书，它介绍了尽可能快地学习钢琴必须具备的知识。您不会从练习和课程开始，因为这会浪费太多时间。您首先要学习要演奏的东西，因为大多数有抱负的钢琴家已经知道他们想演奏什么。如果没有，则为初学者提供建议的乐段[（3）开始乐段]。 I took piano lessons for over seven years from age ten, practicing up to eight hours on weekends. My successes in life and lifelong dedication to the piano [see (85) About the Author] gave me every reason to believe that I should be successful in piano. Although I became a choir accompanist and church organist, I was struggling with the Beethoven sonatas — difficult passages remained insurmountable no matter how long I practiced. This made no sense because there have been thousands of proficient pianists in the world — how did they all learn? I was told that musical talents and perseverance were the only ways, but I suspected that there are teachers who know how to teach. They must have written books. So I read books and they all taught the same things: practice scales, arpeggios, exercises, start with easy lesson pieces, etc., which I was already doing. Even published interviews with famous pianists gave no clue as to how they learned, except to endlessly tout their exceptional talents, an obviously self-serving device with no pedagogical value. Was lifelong, daily, total dedication to piano, at the exclusion of everything else, the only way? 我从十岁开始就上了七年的钢琴课，在周末练习了八个小时。我一生的成功和毕生的奉献精神[参见（85）关于作者]使我有充分的理由相信我应该在钢琴方面取得成功。尽管我成为合唱团的伴奏者和教堂风琴手，但我仍在与贝多芬奏鸣曲作斗争-无论练习多长时间，困难的乐章仍然无法克服。这是没有道理的，因为世界上有成千上万的熟练钢琴家–他们都是如何学习的？有人告诉我，才华和毅力是唯一的方法，但我怀疑有些老师会教。他们必须写书。所以我读了书，他们都教了相同的东西：练习音阶，琶音，练习，从简单的课本开始等等，这些我已经在做。甚至对著名钢琴家的公开采访也没有任何关于他们如何学习的线索，除了无休止地称颂他们的杰出才能，这显然是自私的，没有教学价值。唯一的办法是终生每天都全心投入钢琴吗？ This book originated in 1978 when I took our daughter to her piano lesson with Mlle. Yvonne Combe (see back cover). After a few years of lessons, our two daughters were progressing at unbelievable speed, which we attributed to their "exceptional musical talents". During this lesson, the teacher took out a book with lesson pieces arranged according to difficulty, for choosing a new piece to study. Combe said "Choose whatever you want!!!" and my daughter looked all over the book, as Combe played excerpts from various pieces. I couldn't help interfering to ask "Shouldn't she stay within her level of difficulty?" Combe smiled knowingly with our daughter and answered "Difficulty isn't our problem, is it?" I was so flabbergasted by the implications of what she said that I decided to investigate her teaching method. It took 15 more years of research and experimentation at the piano for me to realize that efficient practice methods were the key to success, not talent!!, and additional 10+ years to gather all this material. 这本书起源于1978年，当时我带着女儿和Mlle一起上钢琴课。 Yvonne Combe（请参阅封底）。经过几年的课程，我们的两个女儿以惊人的速度进步，这归功于他们的“非凡的音乐才能”。在这一节课中，老师拿出了一本书，并根据难度安排了乐谱，以便选择新的乐谱进行学习。 Combe说：“选择任何您想要的！！！”当Combe演奏各种片段的摘录时，我的女儿四处张望。我忍不住要问：“难道她不应该弹她所在的难度级别的曲子吗？”Combe知道地笑了笑，然后回答：“困难不是我们的问题，对吗？”她对我所说的话感到非常惊讶，于是我决定研究她的教学方法。在钢琴上花了15年的研究和实验时间，我才意识到有效的练习方法是成功的关键，而不是才华！！另外10多年的时间来收集所有这些材料。 I read over fifty of the most popular piano books and have reviewed them here and they demonstrate that practically every piano learning method consists of showing students what to practice, and what kinds of techniques (runs, arpeggios, legato, staccato, trills, etc.) are needed. There are few instructions on how to practice in order to be able to play them, which is mostly left to the student and endless repetitions. These books represent how teachers taught, because they were written by respected teachers. 我阅读了五十多本最受欢迎的钢琴书，并在这里对其进行了审查，它们表明，几乎每种钢琴学习方法都包括向学生展示如何练习以及采用哪些技术（演奏，琶音，连奏，断音，颤音等）。关于如何练习以使其能够演奏的说明很少，这大部分得靠学生和无休止的重复。这些书代表了老师的教学方式，因为它们是由受尊敬的老师撰写的。 Most of the known methods of how to practice for technique acquisition have been assembled in here, see [(50) Summary of Method]. New pieces are quickly learned using these methods because there are solutions to every technical problem, and previously "impossible" pieces come within reach. The difference in learning rate between approaches based on efficient practice methods and others can be the difference between a rewarding musical experience within months and a lifetime of exercises, lesson pieces, little progress and nothing to perform. I also researched hundreds of internet sources and over fifty [(82) References], and included any insights on practice methods from all these sources into this book. Books with significant useful information have been labeled "must read" in the reviews [(83) Book Reviews: General Comments]. 有关如何实践技术习得的大多数已知方法已在此处汇总，请参见[（50）方法摘要]。使用这些方法可以快速学习新作品，因为每个技术问题都有解决方案，而且以前“不可能”的作品都可以触及。基于有效练习方法的方法与其他方法之间的学习率的区别，可能是前者几个月内就会有快乐的音乐体验，而后者练一辈子的练习曲、课件，进展甚微且无所作为。我还研究了数百个互联网资源和五十多个[（82）参考文献]，并将所有这些资源中对实践方法的任何见解都纳入了本书。带有重要有用信息的书籍在评论中被标记为“必须阅读” [（83）书籍评论：一般评论]。 As a scientist, I knew that organizing this material into a logical, scientifically sound structure was the only way to write a useful textbook that did not contain fatal flaws such as false assumptions, a common flaw in most piano literature. My career as a research scientist was critical to the creation of this book and, together with the most complete treatment of practice methods, distinguishes it from every other book on piano; see (64) Why the Greatest Pianists Could Not Teach, (66) Scientific Approach to Piano Practice and (83) Book Reviews: General Comments. Eliminating some widely accepted practice methods based on incorrect assumptions frees up enough time to not only learn piano, but also pursue the education needed to navigate in today's world, or even have a separate career. The higher education is necessary for understanding and teaching piano! I became convinced of this book's potential to help students and teachers and, since 1999, have made it downloadable free on the internet — you can't put a price on a child's ability to make music. 作为一名科学家，我知道将这种材料组织成一个逻辑，科学合理的结构是编写一本有用的教科书的唯一方法，该教科书不包含致命的缺陷，例如错误的假设，这是大多数钢琴文学中的常见缺陷。我作为研究科学家的职业对这本书的创作至关重要，再加上对练习方法的最全面的处理，这使它与其他钢琴著作区别开来。请参阅（64）为什么最伟大的钢琴家不能教书，（66）钢琴练习的科学方法和（83）书评：一般评论。消除一些基于错误假设而被广泛接受的练习方法，不仅可以腾出足够的时间来学习钢琴，还可以从事在当今世界航行，甚至从事自己的职业所需的教育。高等教育是理解和教授钢琴的必要条件！我深信这本书可以为学生和老师提供帮助，并且自1999年以来就使该书可以在互联网上免费下载——孩子的音乐制作能力是非常重要、不能用金钱衡量的。 I did not originate most of the basic ideas in the practice methods. They were re-invented umpteen times in the 200 years since Bach, by every successful pianist; otherwise, they would not have had such success. I started writing this book using the teachings of Combe, the teacher of our two daughters who became accomplished pianists; they have won many first prizes in piano competitions and averaged about 10 recitals a year each for ten years; both have absolute pitch, enjoy composing music, and have careers in the computer field. 我并不是在练习方法中产生大多数基本思想的。自巴赫（Bach）诞生以来的200年中，每位成功的钢琴演奏家都对它们进行了重新发明。否则，他们将不会取得如此成功。我是根据两个女儿的老师康贝的教学开始写这本书的。她们成为了有成就的钢琴演奏者，在钢琴比赛中赢得了许多一等奖，并且在十年中平均每年大约有10个独奏会。两者都有绝对音高，喜欢作曲，并且在计算机领域有事业。 Too many students spend 100% of their time learning new compositions and, because this process takes so long under the old teaching systems, there was no time left to practice the art of making music and to get a needed general education outside of music. The objective here is to make the learning process so fast that we can allocate 10% of practice time to technical work and 90% to making music, an objective first enunciated to me by Combe. 太多的学生花费100％的时间来学习新曲子，并且由于在旧的教学系统下该过程花费了很长时间，因此没有时间练习制作音乐的艺术并获得音乐以外的通识教育。这里的目标是使学习过程变得如此之快，以至于我们可以将10％的练习时间分配给技术工作，而将90％的时间分配给制作音乐，这是Combe首先向我提出的目标。 The Age of Exercises (1900-2000), epitomized by Hanon's exercises and Cortot's book (Cortot, Alfred,), is finally ending because we know much better methods for technical development. The age of "you can't play this for ten years because it is too difficult" is also over; we can all start making music from day one of piano lessons and aspire to acquire significant repertoires of memorized, performable music within a fixed schedule of time. Hanon的练习和Cortot的书（Cortot，Alfred）所代表的练习时代（1900-2000）终于结束了，因为我们知道更好的技术开发方法。 “因为太难了，所以不能玩十年”的年代也结束了。我们都可以从钢琴课的第一天开始制作音乐，并渴望在固定的时间内获取大量可记忆的、可演奏音乐。 I did not realize how effective these methods were until after I finished my First Edition book in 1995. These methods were better than what I had been using previously and, for years, I had been applying them with good results. I experienced my first awakening after finishing that book, when I read my own book and followed the methods systematically -- and experienced their incredible efficiency! So, what is the difference between knowing parts of the method and reading a book? In writing it, I had to take the various parts and arrange them into an organized structure that served a specific purpose and that had no missing essential components or fatal errors. It was as if I had most of the parts of a car but, without a mechanic to assemble it, find any missing parts, and tune it up, those parts weren't much good for transportation. That is a major advantage of books: everything can be carefully thought out and organized; nothing is forgotten. A teacher teaching a student in real time doesn't have that luxury; I always remembered important things that I should have taught (in science, piano, etc.) after the lessons were over. Without a good textbook, it is impossible to convey the information in a good book in lessons lasting just several hours a week. 直到1995年完成第一版后，我才意识到这些方法的有效性。这些方法比我以前使用的方法要好，而且多年来，我一直在应用它们并取得了良好的效果。当我读完自己的书并系统地遵循这些方法时，我在完成那本书之后经历了第一次觉醒-并体验了其惊人的效率！那么，知道方法的一部分和读书之间有什么区别？在编写它时，我不得不将各个部分安排在一个有组织的结构中，该结构可以满足特定的目的，并且不会遗漏任何必要的组件或致命的错误。好像我拥有汽车的大部分零件一样，但是如果没有机械师来组装它，找到任何缺失的零件并进行调整，这些零件对于运输来说就没有太大用处了。这是书籍的主要优势：可以仔细考虑和组织所有内容；没有什么被遗忘。实时教授学生的老师没有那么奢侈。我总是记得上完课后应该教的一些重要事情（科学，钢琴等）。没有一本好教科书，就不可能在一星期持续数小时的课程中传达在一本好书中信息。 Teachers are better than books because they can adapt their teachings to fit each student, but good books can provide more information than any one super teacher can hope to know, are always available to anyone, and cost less. Everyone agrees that the best system is a good teacher with good books, as practiced at all schools and universities. Can you imagine your school or university teaching without textbooks? Piano teaching got away without genuine textbooks for so long because it was based on talent instead of knowledge. Where would our civilization be today, if all institutions of learning were based on student talent instead of knowledge, where each student had to rediscover algebra, science, history, etc., on his own, without books and with only the teacher's memory as the source of information? 老师比书本更好，因为他们可以根据每个学生的需要调整教学内容，但是好书可以提供比任何一位超级老师都希望知道的更多的信息，任何人都可以使用，而且价格更低。每个人都同意，最好的系统是在所有学校和大学中都实行的具有良好教科书的好老师。您能想象没有教科书的学校或大学教学吗？钢琴教学在没有真正教科书的情况下走了很久，因为它是基于才华而不是知识。如果所有的学习机构都是基于学生的才干而不是知识，并且没有书，每个学生不得不自己重新发现代数、科学、历史等，只有老师的记忆作为信息来源，那么今天的文明将是怎样的呢？ This book is not a dogmatic set of practice rules; it is a collection of tools for solving technical problems. It empowers students to create their own practice routines because each individual is different. It is about growth into independent, self-sufficient, mature individuals and musicians who control their own futures, instead of career students waiting for instructions. 这本书不是一套教条式的练习规则。它是解决技术问题的工具的集合。由于每个人都不一样，它使学生能够创建自己的练习程序。它是关于成长为独立、自给自足、成熟的、控制自己的未来的个人和音乐家，而不是职业学生在等待指令。 Music, the ability to memorize a large repertoire, and IQ are linked. This book discusses this linkage, see (65) Creating Geniuses. Learning piano can lower the IQ (with mindless repetitions of exercises and cultivating a lazy brain) or raise the IQ by learning how to memorize, conversing with the greatest geniuses that ever lived through their music, increasing brain stamina and speed, and learning the four "genius skills": efficient practice methods (this book), mental play [(15) Mental Play (MP)], absolute pitch [Absolute Pitch, Relative Pitch], and play by ear [(18) Play by Ear (PBE), Composing], that we can all learn. It is astonishing that a majority of teachers never taught these genius skills -- little wonder that genius was such a rarity. 音乐，记忆大曲目的能力和智商是相互联系的。本书讨论了这种联系，请参阅（65）创建天才。学习钢琴可以降低智商（通过无意识地重复练习和培养懒惰的大脑），或者通过学习记忆、与音乐中有史以来最伟大的天才进行交流、提高大脑的耐力和速度并学习四种方法来提高智商。 “天才技能”：有效的练习方法（本书），Mental Play[（15）Mental Play（MP）]，绝对音高[绝对音高，相对音高]和用耳朵演奏[（18）用耳朵演奏（PBE），作曲]，我们都可以学习。令人惊讶的是，大多数老师从未教过这些天才技能——难怪天才是如此稀有。 In order to understand music theory and to learn piano, it is helpful to understand the (76) Chromatic Scale and piano tuning [Chapter Three Tuning Your Piano]. Pianists need these types of knowledge to communicate intelligently with the piano tuner. Every tuner is familiar with these subjects, but they run into impossible problems when the pianists are not informed, so that the tuners decide what is best for the pianist. Bach and Beethoven used specific temperaments and some temperaments are problematic with Chopin's music. Today, you can change temperaments with the flick of a digital piano switch and experience the unbelievable sonority of Beethoven's Waldstein or hear key color with Bach's Well Tempered Clavier, that are impossible with even the most expensive concert grand tuned to today's standard (Equal) Temperament. 为了理解音乐理论和学习钢琴，了解（76）音阶和钢琴调音很有帮助[第三章钢琴调音]。钢琴家需要这些知识才能与钢琴调音器进行智能交流。每个调音器都熟悉这些主题，但是在不通知钢琴家的情况下，它们会遇到无法解决的问题，因此，调音师会决定最适合钢琴家的。巴赫（Bach）和贝多芬（Beethoven）使用了特定的音律，而某些音律则对肖邦的音乐造成了问题。今天，您可以轻弹一下数字钢琴开关来改变音律，体验贝多芬的Waldstein令人难以置信的声音，或者用Bach的Welled Tempered Clavier听到关键的音色，即使将最昂贵的音乐会三角钢琴调到今天的标准（平均）音律，也是不可能的。 This book is only a beginning; future research will reveal better learning methods with limitless possibilities. Today, babies are tested for hearing as soon as they are born; tomorrow, parents who want musical children will teach them Absolute Pitch before they learn the alphabet, see Absolute Pitch, Relative Pitch, (65) Creating Geniuses. Don't worry if you find yourself reading the same sections several times; that is normal because the information density is so high. Today's pianists can learn so many skills so quickly that no amount of "inborn talent" can hope to compete with a properly educated pianist. 这本书只是一个开始；未来的研究将揭示出无限可能的更好的学习方法。今天，婴儿出生后便会接受听力测试。明天，想要有音乐感的孩子的父母将在他们学习字母之前教他们绝对音高，请参见绝对音高，相对音高，（65）创造天才。如果您发现自己多次阅读相同的章节，请不要担心。那很正常因为信息密度很高。当今的钢琴家可以如此迅速地学习很多技能，以至于没有多少“天生的才能”却没受过良好教育的人希望与受过良好教育的钢琴家竞争。 Acknowledgements: I must thank Dr. Robert B. Marcus, my supervisor at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, who introduced us to Mlle. Yvonne Combe, the volunteers, some of whom spent years translating my book, and the thoughtful readers who contributed comments. 致谢：我必须感谢新泽西州Murray Hill贝尔实验室的主管Robert B. Marcus博士向我们介绍了Mlle。伊冯·科姆（Yvonne Combe），志愿者，其中一些人花了很多年翻译我的书，还有一些有思想的读者发表了评论。 Here are eye-opening Testimonials; what teachers think of this book and how it affected each pianist. What readers say, matters. 这是令人大开眼界的读者来信，即老师怎么看这本书以及它如何影响每位钢琴家。读者说的，很重要。 Copy link
Skip to main content Climate, human behaviour or environment: individual-based modelling of Campylobacter seasonality and strategies to reduce disease burden With over 800 million cases globally, campylobacteriosis is a major cause of food borne disease. In temperate climates incidence is highly seasonal but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, making human disease control difficult. We hypothesised that observed disease patterns reflect complex interactions between weather, patterns of human risk behaviour, immune status and level of food contamination. Only by understanding these can we find effective interventions. We analysed trends in human Campylobacter cases in NE England from 2004 to 2009, investigating the associations between different risk factors and disease using time-series models. We then developed an individual-based (IB) model of risk behaviour, human immunological responses to infection and environmental contamination driven by weather and land use. We parameterised the IB model for NE England and compared outputs to observed numbers of reported cases each month in the population in 2004–2009. Finally, we used it to investigate different community level disease reduction strategies. Risk behaviours like countryside visits (t = 3.665, P < 0.001 and t = − 2.187, P = 0.029 for temperature and rainfall respectively), and consumption of barbecued food were strongly associated with weather, (t = 3.219, P = 0.002 and t = 2.015, P = 0.045 for weekly average temperature and average maximum temperature respectively) and also rain (t = 2.254, P = 0.02527). This suggests that the effect of weather was indirect, acting through changes in risk behaviour. The seasonal pattern of cases predicted by the IB model was significantly related to observed patterns (r = 0.72, P < 0.001) indicating that simulating risk behaviour could produce the observed seasonal patterns of cases. A vaccination strategy providing short-term immunity was more effective than educational interventions to modify human risk behaviour. Extending immunity to 1 year from 20 days reduced disease burden by an order of magnitude (from 2412–2414 to 203–309 cases per 50,000 person-years). This is the first interdisciplinary study to integrate environment, risk behaviour, socio-demographics and immunology to model Campylobacter infection, including pathways to mitigation. We conclude that vaccination is likely to be the best route for intervening against campylobacteriosis despite the technical problems associated with understanding both the underlying human immunology and genetic variation in the pathogen, and the likely cost of vaccine development. Campylobacter species are the most important gut pathogens in developed countries. Campylobacteriosis occurs in 1% of the US population each year [1] and costs the European Union alone an estimated €2.4 billion annually [2]. In developing countries the disease is endemic but extensively unrecorded and it is prevalent in infants (< 1 year), with isolation rates of 8 to 21% of all diarrhoea samples [3]. In developed countries the disease also occurs in older age groups. There is considerable pressure to reduce disease burden with government agencies having strategies to monitor disease. The public health burden, however, continues to rise. Illness is often associated with consumption of chicken [4,5,6,7,8,9] but this does not account for all cases [10]. In temperate regions Campylobacter incidence is also predictably seasonal [10, 11] but the causes of this seasonality are not understood. Campylobacter is found in many animal species and these along with environmental exposures have been suggested to explain 20–40% of disease burden [12]. The relative importance of different exposures to disease remains largely unquantified which renders effective intervention to reduce the disease burden difficult. Furthermore, understanding of the interaction between human host and pathogen is poor as seroconversion rates are variable (67–96%) and infections can be asymptomatic [13]. There is also a dose–response relationship for infection [14, 15], but not symptoms [16]. Why is the disease seasonal in developed countries? Understanding the causes of seasonality could help identify methods for mitigating against disease when it is most prevalent. Exposure to Campylobacter is multifactorial, in that the pathogen is probably ubiquitous in the environment and in much raw chicken. To understand how the disease spreads requires understanding of human risk behaviours, social demography; consideration of how contact with the pathogen comes about and how it leads to disease. In effect we need to integrate across a range of ‘epidemiological’ processes that operate at different scales. Here we use an interdisciplinary approach to investigate different pathways of exposure to Campylobacter strains via the rural environment and diets, and link these to potential seasonality in human risk-behaviours. We then attempt to determine the most effective interventions to mitigate disease. We used a combined biostatistical and individual-based (IB) modelling approach. We used time-series analyses to investigate the role of weather in disease and in mediating those human risk-behaviours that increase exposure to the pathogen and hence disease. We sought to identify the extent to which disease is related to weather after adjusting for seasonality numerically for a real population where the disease burden was known. One issue with analysing data that show seasonality is that apparent associations may occur between two or more variables, but the correlation does not reflect a causal link between the variable as there is another (often unmeasured variable) driving both processes. We used harmonic regression to model the relationship between the pattern of cases and human risk behaviours and month. This approach allowed us to adjust for seasonality and identify the direct and indirect roles of weather that determine exposure to Campylobacter associated with eating chicken, cooking activities and countryside visits. However, this approach did not allow us to quantify the relative importance of each risk behaviour in causing disease, a key outcome if we are to identify methods to intervene to mitigate against disease. To evaluate the contribution of these different exposure pathways to disease we developed an IB model which models stochastically the daily experience of human individuals, their risk-behaviours and immunity, and integrates with weather and exposure, to predict disease. We tested this model by predicting temporal disease patterns in a large population of individuals in North East England, UK. The region has a population of 910,000 with an area in excess of 2500 km2, at 55° latitude N. Finally, we used the IB model to investigate how interventions to extend the duration of immunity and to reduce risk behaviours might reduce the burden of disease. Time-series analyses of cases of disease, human risk behaviours and weather We investigated the effects of seasonality in temperature and rainfall on three human risk behaviours: visits to the countryside, potential barbecue activity and purchase of chicken products for barbecue. Completely coterminous data were not available for all variables, so we assumed that patterns observed over all periods were consistent: it is well-established that seasonality in cases is consistent over long periods of time in the UK [17]. Data collation Monthly occurrence of Campylobacter cases, daily temperature and rainfall from 2005 to 2009 and 2010 to 2015 were collated for NE England [18]. Visits to the countryside by the public were obtained from the Monitor of Engagement with the Natural Environment survey (MENE) [19] based on interviews of 800+ participants/week across NE England from 2009 to 2015. A proxy variable of barbecue activity in the region was constructed from the internet queries per month for barbecue charcoal in England on Google Trends from 2012 to 2015. Weekly sales of all fresh chicken products were obtained for 2013 to 2015 from one of the UK’s largest UK supermarkets. Time-series analyses To investigate the relationships between Campylobacter cases, weather and the three risk-behaviours we de-seasonalised each variable using six sine-cosine harmonic regressions [18]: 1. a. Mean temperature/month, 2. b. Total rainfall/month, 3. c. Campylobacter cases/month, 4. d. Barbecue charcoal queries/month, 5. e. Sales of broiler chicken/month, 6. f. Number of visits to the countryside/day, 7. g. Sales of barbecue chicken/month. Temperature, rainfall, Campylobacter cases, charcoal queries and chicken sales were de-seasonalised with an annual cycle whereas visits to the countryside, where more fine-grained data were available, were de-seasonalised for weekly and annual periods. The residuals of each temporal model were used as de-seasonalised representations of the original response variable. Linear regressions were used to determine the relationships between de-seasonalised temperature and rainfall (independent weather predictors) versus de-seasonalised Campylobacter cases and the three risk-behaviours (dependent variables). Likewise de-seasonalised broiler chicken and barbecue chicken sales were compared with de-seasonalised Campylobacter cases. Non-significant relationships between a de-seasonalised predictor and a de-seasonalised dependent variable were assumed to indicate that the two variables were independent of each other. IB model of impacts of risk behaviours, exposure and immunology on Campylobacter disease The IB model simulates temporal patterns of risk-behaviours, exposure pathways, immune response, and subsequent probability of disease in relation to seasonal variation in weather, age and socio-economic status for individuals (Fig. 1). The processes considered were: Fig. 1 figure 1 Flow diagram of the IB modelling model 1. a. Consumption of barbecued food as a source of Campylobacter, 2. b. Infection from chicken preparation and consumption in the home, 3. c. Presence of Campylobacter in the countryside as determined by livestock land use, 4. d. Visits to the countryside as determined by weather, day of week, age and socio-economic status, 5. e. Human exposure to Campylobacter in the countryside, 6. f. Strains encountered when individuals were exposed, 7. g. Immune response of an individual after exposure to Campylobacter. Parameters used in the IB model are summarized in Appendix Table 1. Table 1 Sources of data used for parameterisation of microsimulation model; reference numbers refer to main text 1. a. Consumption of barbecued food as a source of Campylobacter. The relationship between charcoal queries and weather, from the time-series analysis (above), was used to predict barbecue occurrence on a scale of 0 to 100. Idealo Survey data [20] were used to quantify the frequency of barbecues and their distribution across the days of the week. Frequency of barbecue was assigned to each individual and also the probability that they would have a barbecue on a specific day of the week. Campylobacter exposure was then predicted as the product of two probabilities: first that meat was contaminated [21] and second that the meat was undercooked [21]. 2. b. Infection from chicken preparation and consumption in the home. We estimated daily consumption of chicken based on the population known to consume this meat [22] and amount of chicken consumed. Surface contamination was calculated from: the probability that a purchased chicken was contaminated [23]; the proportion of the chicken that was skin [24]; and the frequency distribution of Campylobacter found on chicken skin purchased from UK retailers [23]. This procedure could not distinguish between barbecue cooking and other forms of chicken consumption, so may have led to an over-estimate of the contribution of chicken. Exposure to cross-contamination and likely transmission were modelled after Nauta et al. [25]. 3. c. Presence of Campylobacter in the countryside. Campylobacter strains in the countryside were predicted to arise from sheep, wild birds and cattle. Sheep and wild bird contamination was assumed to be constant throughout the year, whilst that of bovine contamination was seasonal, occurring only after grass growth was sufficient to maintain stock for 10 days. We predicted grass growth using a modified Gompertz model [26]: $$y_{t} = a_{1} + \left( {a_{2} - a_{1} } \right)e^{{ - be^{ - ct} }}$$ where: yt = herbage biomass after t day-degrees; a1, a2, b, c = estimated model parameters. Scale parameters a1 and a2 were determined by the minimum and maximum values respectively of herbage biomass typical in UK farms. Pastures were predicted to be contaminated by bovine sources if the increase in herbage mass was sufficient to support 10 days of consumption by cows at an average stocking density of 2.4 cows ha−1. 4. d. Visits to the countryside. Generalized estimating equations (GEE with Wald tests) [27] were used to predict the probability that an individual would visit the countryside from the MENE data. We modelled visit on each day of the week as a logistic response and included an autoregressive correlation structure to account for serial dependency between days using temperature, rainfall, day of the week, age and socioeconomic class as predictors. 5. e. Exposure to Campylobacter in the countryside. Exposure to Campylobacter was assumed to be via footwear. We assumed that on handling foot-ware Campylobacter would be transmitted to hands and the relationships of Nauta et al. [25] were used to model the transmission of Campylobacter to hands and food. 6. f. Strains encountered when individuals were exposed. Pathogen strain-type was derived from the frequency distribution of strain-types recorded in the field [28]. The dose was set arbitrarily at 0.1 g to provide an invisible and conservative estimate of contamination. Campylobacter counts in sheep, cattle and wild bird faeces were derived from Stanley et al. [29]. 7. g. Immune response of an individual after exposure to Campylobacter. We assumed that the dose consumed affected the likelihood of becoming ill [30]. Exposure may or may not result in illness [14, 15] but only cases with moderate or severe illness will be reported. Illness depends on both dose [14, 15] and extent of previous exposure and immunity. We modelled the illness response of humans to exposure using data derived from human dose response experiments [14] and assumed that cooking on a barbecue would result in a 2.5-fold reduction in the dose of colony forming units (CFU) [23]. The modelled dose was used to predict the likelihood of illness subject to the predicted level of immunity at the time of exposure. Immunity was assumed to decline exponentially from time of exposure to zero at a pre-defined time, which could be set as a model input variable. Whilst exposure to Campylobacter may not cause illness, the antigens present may still initiate a response from the host immune system, so any exposure to Campylobacter which did not lead to illness was assumed to affect immunity and return it to 100% as would occur immediately after illness. We did not simulate different immune responses for different strains. Validation of the IB model The model was run for NE England using weather data from January 2005 to November 2009. A cohort population of 10,000 individuals was created for each simulation. Individuals were assigned age, gender and socio-economic class based on the socio-economic structure in NE England. The initial immune status of individuals was a normal random deviate (mean 0.5, SD 0.2). We predicted cases for the whole population and compared with the log-transformed monthly number of cases using generalized linear models (GLM). We ran the model 10 times from the same starting conditions and produced a mean number of cases per month and associated standard errors on our predictions. Modifying human risk behaviours and immunity to mitigate against disease We varied parameter estimates for risk behaviours, weather and immunity. The following input parameters were used: • Extending the period of immunity leading to protection from developing disease (21 to 1095 days) as might be undertaken following an intervention to enhance immunity following infection, such as vaccination with a hypothetical polysaccharide vaccine that produced short-term immunity. • Probability of chicken being undercooked (contamination reduction per cooking event) as would occur following implementation of an education program to reduce risk of exposure in domestic settings. • Fold-reduction in CFU dose in food from either cooking or reducing the burden in raw chicken (1.5 to 2.5) as would occur following implementation of an education program or a scheme to reduce the cfu on raw chicken during production. • Temperature (± 2.5 °C) and rainfall (± 10 mm). These assess impacts of weather on visits to the countryside and barbecue behaviour. We used Latin Hypercube Sampling [31] to create ranges for input parameters and used GLMs to quantify the contribution of each variable to the predicted number of cases. Impacts of temperature and rainfall on Campylobacter cases in NE England The number of reported cases was highly seasonal rising to a peak in early summer (June) each year and closely matched the seasonality in temperature and rainfall (Fig. 2). The seasonality was well-described with harmonic regression models which were significant for Campylobacter cases (t = − 7.448, P < 0.001 and t = − 7.436, P < 0.001 for cosine and sine variables of time with a 365 day period) and monthly mean temperature (t = − 18.710, P < 0.001; t = − 25.300, P < 0.001). There was evidence for periodicity in the rainfall (t = 3.634, P < 0.001 for cosine variable). We used the residuals from these models as de-seasonalised measures of each variable to investigate links between variables and disease. De-seasonalised counts of Campylobacter cases were not significantly related to de-seasonalised temperature after also adjusting for autocorrelation (t = 0.212, P = 0.230) or rainfall (t = − 0.119, P = 0.906). This suggests that the simple seasonal relationship between monthly number of cases of Campylobacter and mean monthly temperature and rainfall is not a true one and was in fact related to other unmeasured seasonally-varying phenomena. Fig. 2 figure 2 Monthly recorded cases of Campylobacter in NE England 2005 to 2009 in relation to temperature Impacts of temperature and rainfall on visits to the countryside of NE England Total visits to the countryside and daily mean temperature showed seasonal variation across the study period (Fig. 3). Temperature was highly seasonal with the harmonic regression for temperature significant (t = − 65.950, P < 0.001 and t = 45.830, P < 0.001 for cosine and sine variables). There was evidence of seasonal variation in the rainfall (t = − 5.266, P < 0.001 for cosine variable). The log-transformed count of visits to the countryside per day showed marked annual (t = − 4.157, P < 0.001; t = 5.328, P < 0.001) and weekly (t = − 3.220, P = 0.001; t = 5.736, P < 0.001) periodicities, reflecting the seasonal weather and periodicity associated with the working week. There was a significant linear relationship between the de-seasonalised visits and that for temperature and rainfall data (t = 3.665, P < 0.001 and t = − 2.187, P = 0.029 for temperature and rainfall respectively). This suggests that in contrast with the occurrence of cases of disease, weather variables were important drivers of people visiting the countryside. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between probability of an individual undertaking a visit to the countryside and weather, socio-economics status and age. GEE Wald test statistics (W) indicated that visits to the countryside were positively associated with increased temperature (W = 16.343, P < 0.001), weekends (Saturday: W = 53.370, P < 0.001; Sunday: W = 107.679, P < 0.001), tending to increase with age (W = 22.691, P < 0.001) and higher socio-economic class (W = 47.283, P < 0.001). Fig. 3 figure 3 Daily counts of visits to the countryside in the NE England and mean daily temperature, 2009–2015 Impact of temperature and rainfall on Internet queries for barbecue charcoal Web queries for barbecue charcoal for England over the study period were used as a surrogate for pursuit of barbecue activities. Queries for information on barbecue charcoal material were highly seasonal (Fig. 4) with significant harmonic regression coefficients (sine t = − 2.606, P = 0.010; cosine t = 2.457, P = 0.015). De-seasonalised query data were significantly related to temperature and rainfall in the week of the queries, suggesting that queries were related to weather rather than other unmeasured seasonal trends. De-seasonalised queries were positively associated with maximum weekly temperature (t = 11.014, P < 0.001) but were negatively associated with the minimum average weekly temperature (t = − 3.626, P < 0.001). This also suggests that, in contrast with the patterns of disease (and perhaps not surprisingly) interest in barbecue charcoal was driven by weather. Fig. 4 figure 4 Proportional of queries (index 0 to 100) relating to purchase of barbecue charcoal 2012–2015, and mean monthly temperature Impact of temperature and rainfall on sales of chicken products There was a seasonal pattern to the sales of raw chicken products and the harmonic regression for chicken consumption was significant (cosine t = 16.300, P < 0.001; sine t = 15.560, P < 0.001). However, after subsequent de-seasonalising the relationships between chicken sales and temperature and rainfall were not significant (t = − 0.903, P = 0.368 and t = 0.897, P = 0.372, respectively). This suggests that temperature and rainfall were not drivers of chicken purchases. Impact of chicken product sales on Campylobacter cases There were no significant relationships between de-seasonalised sales of all raw chicken or barbecue chicken products, and the equivalent de-seasonalised Campylobacter cases (t = 0.070, P = 0.945 and t = 1.222, P = 0.234, respectively). This suggests that sales of both all raw chicken and raw “barbecue” chicken alone did not have a direct effect on the numbers of Campylobacter cases. Impact of monthly total of countryside visits on Campylobacter cases There were no significant relationships between de-seasonalised total monthly visits to the countryside and Campylobacter cases (t = − 0.541, P = 0.59). This suggests that monthly visits to the countryside had little influence on numbers of cases. In summary, the time series analyses suggest that weather appeared to influence visits to the countryside and also the pursuit of barbecues, but was not itself a driver of cases of disease. However the number of cases was associated with our measure of barbecue activity and hence indirectly with weather. Results of the IB model The predicted number of Campylobacter cases from the IB model, using weather and socio-demographic data as inputs, followed a cyclic pattern, with cases lowest in winter but rising to a peak in early summer. The observed numbers of cases fitted reasonably well within the 95% confidence intervals for our model predictions. There was a significant positive correlation between the mean numbers of observed and predicted cases per month for NE England over the study period. Mean number of predicted and observed cases per month were compared using generalized linear models, and predictions were significantly related to observations (r = 0.728; t = 8.210, P < 0.001). The regression coefficient was 6.12 (95% CI 4.95 to 8.01); the model over-predicting cases by a factor of 6.12. When the observed data were scaled by a multiplier of seven the match between the predicted and observed cases is clear (Fig. 5). The predicted proportion of Campylobacter cases derived from chicken (mean 88.1%, SD 25.9) declined slightly in winter when other strains formed a greater proportion of predicted cases. Fig. 5 figure 5 Predicted number of Campylobacter cases (rescaled by ×7; see text) in NE England (± sd) attributed to chicken strains 2005 to 2009 and the observed number of cases over the same period Interventions to mitigate against disease We altered immunity, daily temperature and rainfall (which affect both barbecue activity and visits to the countryside), probability of under-cooking chicken, and the effectiveness of cooking/reduced cfu load on chicken, and re-ran the IB model to predict number of cases of disease. All interventions significantly reduced the predicted total number of Campylobacter cases, but the effectiveness of the interventions differed greatly. Extending the duration of immunity through vaccination of the population had the largest effect on level of disease (t = 56.072, P < 0.001), explaining more than 95% of the variation in predicted number of cases relative to the other interventions. Extending immunity from 20 days to 1 year reduced predicted number of cases by an order of magnitude (95% CI 2412–2414 to 203–309 per 50,000 person-years). There were lower impacts from changes in daily temperature (t = 6.801, P < 0.001) and rainfall (t = 9.538, P < 0.001) which would affect visits to the country as well as the adoption of barbecue activity. Educational interventions to change the probability of under-cooking (t = − 5.963, P < 0.001) and the fold-reduction in Campylobacter dose on raw meat before cooking or the effectiveness of the cooking process (t = − 5.540, P < 0.001) had significant effects, but their relative contribution to overall number of cases was small. To our knowledge our research is the first interdisciplinary study that integrates different and disparate human risk-behaviours, with immunology, demography of the at-risk population, sources of contamination, and weather to predict disease. The models suggest that behaviours driven by weather that lead to consumption of barbecued chicken, and to a lesser extent visits to the countryside, lead to exposure and disease. More importantly, they indicate that consideration of the immune-dynamics of the host–pathogen interaction is necessary to understand the relative role of different exposure pathways to disease. There are obvious limitations of the modelling. Data were derived from different studies with overlapping time periods. We hypothesised that the processes investigated were both causal and also consistent through time. We cannot assess the impacts of these assumptions on the model formally, but note that the patterns of disease in the UK are predictably consistent year-on-year [17]. We did not model all processes identified as risk factors. We excluded exposure at non-domestic food establishments [32] and cases associated with foreign travel [10, 33, 34]. Strachan et al. [10] suggested national and international travel accounted for 18% and 17% of cases respectively. We note that both of these risk behaviours are likely to be seasonal in themselves. It is difficult to quantify the contribution of cases arising from travel because of poor ascertainment. However, travel in its own right is unlikely to be a mechanism leading to disease, but rather it could lead to changes in human behaviours or in exposure to new strains or both. We also did not model variation in immune response to different Campylobacter strains, treating all as homologous in their impacts on development of disease. However, in reality, C. jejuni exhibits significant genetic diversity [35]. Furthermore, recent evidence shows that C. jejuni undergoes transcriptional and genetic adaptation during human infection [36]. Our analyses of countryside visits and barbecue behaviour suggested that there were significant relationships between both activities and the weather immediately prior to adoption of the behaviour. Thus, there is a mismatch in the time scales of recording of disease and the risk behaviours that lead to exposure to the pathogen. The time-series analyses suggest our proxy for barbecue activity and visits to the countryside were directly related to temperature and rainfall. The former activity has been cited as a risk factor for disease [6, 7, 37] but our results indicate that this risk factor for exposure to the pathogen was mediated by weather. Thus, the seasonal pattern in human Campylobacter cases in NE England is probably not directly influenced by weather, but rather by an indirect effect through changing the human behaviours that lead to exposure. The IB model operated at a more short-term timescale than the time-series analyses and allowed for variation in reporting and case ascertainment specifically. The IB modelling results therefore provide more insights into the disease mechanisms than the time-series analyses and allows more scope in an assessing potential intervention strategies. In effect the model predicted population-level patterns of disease based on simulating human behaviour and exposure events for individuals on a daily basis. This more fine-scale modelling showed that weather-driven variations in barbecue activity, countryside visits and domestic cooking provided a reasonable explanation for the broad pattern of observed monthly cases of disease. The UK-based IID2 study [38] concluded that only around one in seven people with Campylobacter symptoms sought medical help. Our model predicted an approximately six-fold difference between predicted infections and observed cases, which whilst possibly fortuitous may reflect this under-reporting to health services. In addition, we predicted that 88% of cases were from strains associated with chicken, similar to findings of Kramer et al. [39] although this is higher than the 40% to 50% reported elsewhere [32]. These results suggest that there is a smaller role for countryside exposure in causing disease in this population, which matches the conclusion we drew from the time-series analyses where it was not a significant predictor at all. Whilst we have outlined the limitations to our model, it should also be stressed that the epidemiological processes that we have omitted or over-simplified could all be readily incorporated with suitable data. The model generates confidence intervals on predictions, which give it inferential power. In addition, notwithstanding social-demographic features of the population which might predispose UK citizens to particular risk behaviours, this modelling approach could be extended to any country where equivalent risk behaviour, consumer and climate data exist. Our results indicate that the dynamics of a person’s immune response after exposure affect the cyclic pattern of disease in the population and the overall burden of disease. Vaccination to extend short-term immunity was the most important factor determining number of cases. However, the modelled interaction between host and pathogen was probably over-simplistic. Resistance to Campylobacter infection is assumed to change with age [40]. This could reflect progressive acquisition of immunity from repeated exposure. In effect, the pool of strains that could initiate disease might decline with repeated exposure. Strains can also have an homologous effect on the immune system, with exposure to one strain leading to immunity to others [41], and protection from subsequent illness [16, 42]. Analyses of strains causing illness in Scotland [43] showed that rare strains appeared more frequently in older patients. However, a small proportion of individuals can shed Campylobacter without showing disease [44] or people may have symptoms not sufficiently severe to make them seek medical attention. There has been considerable effort to develop vaccines against Campylobacter particularly for livestock [45] and the immunological evidence from animal models suggests that repeated vaccination can lead to medium-term immunity (> 26 weeks). Vaccines research has mainly focussed on identifying target antigens, particularly proteins and polysaccharides [46]. A conjugate vaccine for enterotoxic bacteria including Campylobacter has been shown to lead to functional antibodies to disease in mice [47]. However, developing a vaccine for humans is more complicated because of the poor understanding of the underlying immunology and the potential for interactions with post-infection immunological syndromes like Guillain Barré syndrome [45]. There is also the problem of development costs. It has been estimated that development to the point of drug approval would cost $2.8–3.7 billion [48, 49]. However, the huge expense of vaccine development has to be considered in the context of the cost of the disease burden, which annually in the EU alone has been estimated as of the same order as that of the cost for developing vaccines (€2.4 billion~ €2.7 billion). Equivalent analyses of the cost effectiveness of behavioural interventions to mitigate food-borne disease have been less frequent. One study in the US, with a budget of $300 K, led to a program in which 14,062 people participated with a reduction in disease risk of 12.8% [49]. The benefits of this level of prevention were considered sufficient to outweigh the costs. However, the practicality of behavioural interventions at anything other than the small scale probably means they are impractical given the sizeable disease burden and the lack of efficacy suggested by our analyses. This is the first inter-disciplinary study to integrate environment, risk behaviour, socio-demographics and immunology to model infectious disease and identify pathways to mitigation. We conclude that vaccination is likely to be the best route for intervening against campylobacteriosis despite the technical problems associated with understanding both the underlying human immunology and genetic variation in the pathogen, and the likely cost of vaccine development. generalised estimating equations Monitoring of Engagement with the Natural Environment colony forming units 1. Ruiz-Palacios GM. 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Article Google Scholar Article Google Scholar Download references Authors’ contributions SPR undertook the modelling and was lead author on the manuscript; RAS validated model runs and prepared figures; all authors contributed to the conception of the project and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We thank colleagues within the Modelling, Evidence and Policy Research Group for useful feedback on this manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Availability of data and materials The R code used in this research is available at; it is platform independent, R version 3.3.0 and above. Consent for publication Not applicable; the research used data available from Public Health England that are not publically available for the project. Ethics approval and consent to participate A favourable ethical opinion was received from the NHS Health Research Authority North West-Haydock Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 12/NW/0674). This research was funded by Medical Research Council Grant, Natural Environment Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, and the Food Standards Agency through the Environmental and Social Ecology of Human Infectious Diseases Initiative (Sources, seasonality, transmission and control: Campylobacter and human behaviour in a changing environment (ENIGMA); Grant Reference G1100799-1). PRH, SJO’B, and IRL are funded in part by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infection, at the University of Liverpool. PRH and IRL are also funded in part by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, at King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health or Public Health England. Publisher’s Note Author information Authors and Affiliations Corresponding author Correspondence to Roy A. Sanderson. See Table 1. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Rushton, S.P., Sanderson, R.A., Diggle, P.J. et al. Climate, human behaviour or environment: individual-based modelling of Campylobacter seasonality and strategies to reduce disease burden. J Transl Med 17, 34 (2019). Download citation • Received: • Accepted: • Published: • DOI: • Campylobacter • Individual-based modelling • Risk behaviours • Food • Weather • Vaccination
Trending Topics 20 Facts About Issac Newton Which Nobody Knows 20 Facts About Issac Newton Which Nobody Knows Isaac Newton, one of the world's greatest scientists, was from England. If we turn pages of physics and there will be nothing where Newton isn't available. So, let's know about 21 interesting facts about him. 1. Newton was born in the year in which Galileo Galilei died. 2. Newton's full name was 'Isaac Newton'. He was born on 25 December 1642 in England and died 31 March 1727 in England. 3. Do you know, Isaac Newton's father's name was also Isaac Newton? 4. Newton's father died three months before his birth. Newton's size was much smaller than the normal at birth, so there were very few chances of his survival. 5. The time Newton made Law of gravitation, Three laws of motion and Calculus, the plague's disease spread in Cambridge at that time and Newton was absolutely free. 6. Newton was only 23 years old when he discovered gravitational force. 7. Apple did not fall on Newton's head but dropped ahead. 8. Newton has written so many papers but not in science and mathematics but on religion. 9. Newton threatened to burn his mother and stepfather alive once. 10. Newton was also a member of the Parliament for a year. In this entire year, he only spoke one sentence: He asked his side to hit the open window. 11. The earth revolves around the Sun but in the oval axis. 12. Newton discovered the differential and integral calculus to tell why all the planets roam the oval. 13. Isaac Newton took only that much time to invent calculus as much as a student take to learn it. 14. In 1720, Isaac Newton lost the money of today's $ 30 million in the stock market. 15. In 1666, Newton observed the rays of the sun with the help of the prism that it is made up of many colors. They had created a telescope that reflected light, with its own hands, which is still used today. 16. Newton was a man with a left-hand hand writing. 17. Isaac Newton was the dead Bachelor. 18. Apple company's 1st logo had a picture of Newton. They also have a product named after him. 19. Scientist Albert Einstein kept a photograph of Michael Faraday, James Maxwell with a picture of Newton on the walls of his study room. 20. A small calculation in Isaac Newton's Mathematics theory was wrong, but for 300 years no one has paid attention to it.
Short Essay on Lockdown in English 500 Words Short Essay on Lockdown in English, It was not an easy and good time for people when the lockdown was imposed. Today, in this essay, we are going to talk about the lockdown, what it is, what its effects are, etc. So, start reading: The term ‘lockdown’ is defined as the suspension of the regular freedoms of citizens. It also includes the freedom of movement and getting socialized. It was imposed in 2020 collectively around the world. As we all know the entire world was hit by the deadly coronavirus in 2020. This is why to protect people from this virus, the government imposed the situation of lockdown. The whole world was overwhelmed by the pandemic of the coronavirus. Lockdown is a condition, which is occurred during a huge range of emergencies. This condition destroys normal life. In 2020, we have come across many words that made our lives stressful. Lockdown was one of them. short essay on lockdown in english short essay on lockdown in english Short Essay on Lockdown in English Essay on Lockdown in English 500 words When the lockdown is imposed in any part of the world, it is the time when people have to stay home. They are only allowed to travel when they will have an emergency. Throughout this period, everything stays closed but there are exceptions for essential services like grocery stores, medical stores, hospitals, vegetable and fruit stores, etc. When it was imposed, all people were living a disastrous and stressful life because no one was allowed to go out of their homes. People were caught in their homes. Coronavirus has been known to be the most contagious virus in the history of manhood. It has devastated the entire world with its worst effects. Slowly and slowly, it has turned out to be catastrophic within a short interval of time. It was important to stop the infection spread to the entire world. This was the main reason why the government of different countries decided to put a ban on the normal lifestyle of people and asked them to stay home so that they could stay safe. Even in India, there was a lockdown, which affected the normal lives of people to a great extent. There were lots of bad effects of lockdown people suffered. One of the most important things to be executed was a lockdown, in which all businesses and industries have been closed. At that time, all people became restricted to their homes. This is how the professional, personal, and economic lives of people have turned out to be at a standstill. It was the worst time we have ever seen in our lives. In India, the lockdown was announced and imposed on the 25th of March, 2020. It was a piece of shocking news for every one of us because we all were juggling how we were going to manage all of our stuff by staying home. There were many challenges in front of us when this lockdown was enforced. The most important thing to know about lockdown is that it has been extended for a long period, in many phases. It continued till mid-June. Based on the government, it has been advised to all citizens to practice social distancing to stay away from the spread of coronavirus. We were asked to stay homes and safe. The main motive of the lockdown is to stop community transmission of this lethal virus. This way, the government wanted to break the chain of transmission. All of us suffered many problems during this period. But when it comes to daily wagers, it was much harder for us to cope with it. In this lockdown period, we all had to work from home. Online education and online businesses were some pretty good options people used to meet their needs. The government of India made hard efforts to help people to a great extent. Even, our prime minister had helped us a lot in staying motivated. It was the first time when people opted for online options like education, work from home, and other options. Even for the first time, schools and colleges in the country have shifted to online classes. It was a difficult and challenging situation for teachers, as well as students. Children and their parents felt the necessity of schools in this period. The situation of lockdown made people keener to learn about digital technology, how to use it to the fullest, etc. This is how digital literacy has been boosted a lot in this period. There are apps and websites, which have been used for educational purposes like for sharing important study materials, etc. Not only this, but there are lots of apps like emails, WhatsApp, Telegram, and other social media apps, which have been used to send study material and clear the doubt questions. Lockdown has motivated students to be an expert in digital technology. They became keen to learn digital skills for their own benefit. This is how the quality of education as well as changes in textbooks, syllabus, teacher training, and examination systems have been enhanced. On the overall, it can be said that the quality of online education should also be enhanced as per requirements and preferences. Positive effects of lockdown There are many positive effects we can see in people with the implementation of lockdown. People learned how to stay independent for their daily chores like cleaning, cooking, home maintenance, and much more. Side by side, people also came to know how to live happily with limited resources. The idea of ‘Atmnirbhar’ has been emphasized in this period. People got enough time to work on themselves. This is how features like self-development and self-awareness are being targeted and enhanced. The health of people also has been enhanced because people were cooking and eating at home. There were no junk foods from outside. Although snacks and junk foods were prepared at home, still they were prepared in a clean and hygienic environment. Pollution levels were also controlled due to less use of machines, less traffic, etc. In the end, we can say that the lockdown phase has motivated us to learn many things despite the worse effects of coronavirus in the entire world. This is short essay on lockdown in english, from this entire article, we cover information regarding lockdown essay in english for students. If found anything missing let us know by commenting below. For more info kindly visit us at Leave a Comment error: Content is protected !! %d bloggers like this:
Gender equality and women’s economic empowerment remain elusive ideals, and this is evident in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. In its Opportunities for Youth Employment (OYE) projects, SNV Netherlands Development Organisation is making conscious efforts to promote the inclusion and empowerment of young women and is continuously seeking how its approaches can be improved. Understanding gender dimensions To successfully connect young women with gender-equitable opportunities for employment in any sector, it is important to first have an accurate assessment of the environment they are operating in, as well as existing gender dynamics in the context of value chains. Thus, as the OYE project kicked off in Zimbabwe, the SNV team was determined to understand the gender dimension of its nascent activities in two districts of the country – one rural (Umguza) and one peri-urban (Goromonzi). A study was commissioned to collect insights into young women and young men’s (self-) employment prospects and ambitions in OYE’s focus sectors agriculture and renewable energy (green jobs) and how their aspirations are influenced by gender and age relations. Study finds vulnerabilities and opportunities The study both unearthed and confirmed much of what the team had witnessed in the field regarding the lived experiences of young women in many parts of the country. The astronomical rate of formal unemployment in Zimbabwe has left young people, who comprise nearly 70% of the population, vulnerable to risky behaviours. Young men often turn to drugs and precarious and dangerous work, if they can find it, while young women become reluctantly enmeshed in sex work, teenage pregnancies and early marriages. The study findings revealed that indeed, several opportunities do exist in the agriculture and renewable energy sectors for young people. However, men and women access them differently. Some of the factors militating against equal access to these opportunities include restrictive cultural and social norms, time poverty due to disproportionally burdensome reproductive and household responsibilities, hampered mobility, and lack of access to financial and other resources (including land). Examples of successful young women empowered through the OYE project in the study show encouraging evidence of buy-in and support from community leaders, husbands and other family members, whereby there is a strong likelihood of improved income generating potential for women. It was also noted that the negative gender dynamics are much less pronounced in groups of younger men and women working together, as opposed to older groups of men and women, which is promising in itself. Wider family and community involvement needed The study underscores the need for SNV to ensure wider family and community involvement in supporting young people in Zimbabwe, so as to foster a more conducive environment to sustain their development. By taking steps to further refine its direct services to young women while also working with existing institutions and promoting gradual systems change, SNV Zimbabwe aims to help young women to access and maximise on identified opportunities for (self-) employment, enhance their market participation and inclusion, and ultimately improve their agency. Sharon Wekwete OYE Regional Program Manager
Aerojet Rocketdyne teams with NASA in Alabama on new 3D printed rocket engine Aerojet rocket thrust chamber Exhaust jets from the interior of a rocket chamber built by Aeroject Rocketdyne using additive manufacturing or 3D printing. The company says it has been working on the technology for decades, and it has now won a new contract with NASA to develop cheaper, stronger rocket engines. Aerojet Rocketdyne has signed a Space Act Agreement with NASA in Alabama to design and build a key rocket engine part using additive manufacturing or 3D printing. The company opened a big new rocket propulsion Advanced Manufacturing Facility in north Huntsville earlier this year. The rocket piece the company plans to build for NASA is a lightweight engine thrust chamber assembly. That’s the business end of the engine where fuels combine, ignite and channel out the bottom to produce thrust. The goal of the project is twofold. NASA wants to cut the cost of building rocket engine parts, and Aerojet and NASA want “scalable” rocket parts that can be made quickly and made larger or smaller for space craft from large boosters to small lunar landers. “As we look to the future of space exploration, efficiency and scalability will be key, which is why we are excited to work with NASA on this innovative thrust chamber for rocket engines,” Aerojet Rocketdyne CEO and President Eileen Drake said in a statement. “The technology we develop will leverage the most advanced additive manufacturing techniques and materials to help provide efficient and safe transportation to and through space.” Drake was in Alabama in June to officially open Aerojet Rocketdyne’s two new facilities: a 136,000-square-foot advanced manufacturing facility and a new 122,000-square-foot Defense Headquarters building aimed a winning more defense contracts at Redstone Arsenal. “Huntsville is a great place to build a future, and that’s what we’re doing with our expansion here,” Rocketdyne CEO Eileen Drake said in Huntsville then.
Capacity building for management of Human- wildlife conflict Authors: Mukesh Kumar and Pampi Paul HWC is a common phenomenon from the past and has become a significant problem throughout the world (Wang & Macdonald, 2006). Human-wildlife conflicts also undermine human welfare, health and safety, and have economic and social costs. Driving forces to Human-wildlife conflicts: There are so many cases of human-wildlife conflicts recorded where wildlife threatens, attacks, injures or kills human or destroys their livestock, agricultural crops or property. A set of global trends has contributed to the escalation of HWC worldwide. These can be grouped into human population growth, rapid urbanization, land use transformation, species habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, growing interest in ecotourism and increasing access to nature reserves, increasing livestock populations and competitive exclusion of wild herbivores, abundance and distribution of wild prey, increasing wildlife population as a result of conservation programmes, climatic factors and stochastic events. Human-wildlife conflict also occurs when humans deliberately injure, abuse or kill wildlife because of distinguish or actual threats to their property, livelihoods, lifestyle, person or family. Human wildlife conflict scenario: Worldwide Retrospect Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) is a serious threat to the survival of many endangered species and serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide and causes both direct and indirect costs for human beings. Conflicts are becoming more prevalent as human populations increase and diversify, development expands, resources shrink, the global climate changes, and other human, societal and environmental factors put people into greater potential for conflict with wildlife. Human-wildlife conflict occurs when wildlife requirements encroach on those of human populations, with costs both to residents and wild animals (IUCN, 2005). Destruction and loss of food crops, livestock depredation and human harassment are direct costs of livestock owners -wildlife conflict (LWC). LWC is not restricted to particular geographical regions or climatic conditions, but is common to all areas where wildlife and human population coexist and share limited resources. Dense human population in close vicinity to nature reserves seems to pose the greatest challenges in many countries (Western, 1989). If solutions to conflicts are not adequate, local support for conservation of wildlife declines. All continents and countries whether developed or developing, are affected by human wildlife conflict. Building Management Capacity for Individuals, Groups, Organizations, and Institutions: Most broadly, in a global context, “capacity” refers to the ability of individuals and institutions to make and implement decisions and perform functions in an effective, efficient and sustainable manner. More narrowly, the GEF (UNEP) defines environmental capacity as the ability of individuals, groups, organizations and institutions to address environmental issues as part of a range of efforts to achieve sustainable development. Further, the GEF (UNEP) defines capacity building (also called capacity development) as the process by which capacity in environment and appropriate institutional structures are enhanced. Capacity building, whatever the sector, encompasses a country’s human, scientific, technological, organizational, institutional, and resources capabilities. Capacity building addresses at least three levels: individual, organizational, and societal level. Individual capacity is the ability of individuals to learn, gain knowledge and skills that can be expanded when new opportunities arise. Individual capacity also address the not insignificant problem of ensuring that the right people are in place, that is, highly motivated, decent individuals who are committed to excellence. Organizational capacity is about people working together on a common cause, including building institutional capacity and reforms that are owned and driven by countries themselves. Organizations can be formal, such as a government agency or an NGOs, or informal such as people's cooperatives, network of associations, and business or professional groups. Societal capacity refers to the overall incentive environment as well as the rules and norms under which people and organizations operate. Societal capacity also refers to the broader political and cultural environment, and the civil engagement of societal actors. It includes the ability of societies as a whole to allow and support the use and growth of individual people’s capacities and to prevent loss of skills or brain drain of countries. With the wild animals as the focus of concern and an umbrella species like tiger, leopard, elephant etc. capacity building refers to investment in people, organizations, and societies so practice and policy enable countries to achieve their biodiversity conservation and environmental sustainability objectives. It requires a coordinated process of deliberate interventions at all levels. Too often, training at the individual level, however effective in enhancing knowledge and skills, is wasted because the organizational structures are not in place to allow individuals to implement what they have learned, and/or society insufficiently values the results. For example, a protected area manager may successfully interdict poachers but the justice system may not work to effectively prosecute offenders and society may not value wildlife enough to impose meaningful punishments. 1. Western, D. (1989). Conservation without parks: wildlife in the rural landscape. Pages 158 - 165 in D. Western, and M. C. Pearl, editors. Conservation for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, Oxford. U.K. 2. IUCN. (2005). Preventing and Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Report of the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress. 3. Wang, S. W. & Macdonald D, W. (2006). Livestock predation by carnivores in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan, Biological Conservation, 129, 558-565. About Author / Additional Info: Authors are Ph.D. scholar in Dairy Extension Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001 Haryana (India).
Andorra: A Play in Twelve Scenes views updated (Andorra: Stück in zwölf Bildern) Play by Max Frisch, 1962 Andorra —set in a fictitious town, not in the European region of the same name—was completed in 1961 and premiered in November of the same year at Zurich's Schauspielhaus. In January 1962 it was performed on various German stages. The idea for the play came much earlier; in his Sketchbook 1946-1949 (translated by Geoffrey Skelton) Max Frisch recorded an entry under the heading "The Andorran Jew": In Andorra there lived a young man who was believed to be a Jew. It will be necessary to describe his presumed background, his daily contacts with the Andorrans, who saw the Jewishness in him: the fixed image that meets him everywhere. Their distrust, for instance, of his depth of feeling—something that, as even an Andorran knows, no Jew can possibly have. A Jew has to rely on the sharpness of his wits, which get all the sharper because of it. Or his attitude toward money, an important matter in Andorra as elsewhere… He could not become like all the others, and so, having tried in vain not to make himself conspicuous. he began to wear his otherness with a certain air of defiance, of pride… Andorra is a play about political and personal issues, specifically about racial and national prejudice, stereotypes, identity, and collective guilt. Andri, a young man considered a Jew by the Andorrans, has been "adopted" by a teacher who, as he finds out later on, is his real father, although he does not admit to his paternity because he is ashamed of having a child out of wedlock. Andri tries to assimilate with the Andorrans and to their way of life, but they reject him because of his seeming "otherness." The Andorrans see in Andri what they consider "Jewish" traits—cowardice, greed, sexual urges, and ambition—traits they themselves have and project onto him. Andri is confused about his identity, and he finally adopts the image society has made of him. At the end the invaders who occupy Andorra take him away on the pretext that the Andorrans have murdered Andri's real mother. Andri is slaughtered, while his father hangs himself and his sister goes insane. In Andorra Frisch uses devices reminiscent of Bertolt Brecht 's Epic Theater, although he does not share Brecht's optimism that society can be enlightened through the theater. Between the scenes the perpetrators, except members of Andri's immediate family, step up to a ramp where they rationalize their behavior to the audience and take refuge in their collective guilt, denying personal responsibility. This whitewashing technique, which Frisch introduces at the beginning of the play when Andri's sister is whitewashing the facades of the house, is very effective inasmuch as it makes the audience aware of the dangers inherent in image-making. In order to prevent a recurrence of this personal tragedy, which ultimately could lead to a Holocaust, Frisch admonishes the viewer in the section of "The Andorran Jew": "Thou shalt not, it is said, make unto thee any graven image of God. The same commandment should apply when God is taken to mean the living part of every human being, the part that cannot be grasped. It is a sin that, however much it is committed against us, we almost continually commit ourselves—except when we love." Frisch points out that each individual carries the responsibility of preventing a future Holocaust by accepting and affirming every person's unique being. —Gerd K. Schneider
The world is mysteriously awesome. It has so many hidden elements that can surprise us. Like square starfish, birds using makeup, and more. While some of these facts are unusual, they definitely make this world a better to live in. So, scroll down and take this mind-blowing biology class to get a closer look at the worlf. 15. This is what a platypus’ foot looks like. 14. Some baby owls sleep like this. 13. Penguins have knees. 7. This is how big a whale’s skull is. 15 Amazing Animal Facts That Even Your Biology Teacher Probably Doesn’t Know 5. Chinese water deer look like vampires. 3. Shark eggs are transparent. 2. This is what an elephant’s tail looks like. Bonus: Anna’s hummingbird changes its color every second.
It could revolutionize electric vehicles and aircraft. By Caroline Delbert • Scientists have made a massless structural battery 10 times better than before. • The battery cell performs well in structural and energy tests, with planned further improvements. • Structural batteries reduce weight and could revolutionize electric cars and planes. In groundbreaking new research, scientists have made a structural battery 10 times better than in any previous experiment. What’s a structural battery, and why is it such a big deal? The term refers to an energy storage device that can also bear weight as part of a structure—like if the studs in your home were all batteries, or if an electric fence also held up a wall. In the new paper, researchers from Chalmers University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden reveal how their “massless” structural battery works.RELATED STORYIs the World Ready for the EV Battery Boom? The main use case is for electric cars, where a literally massive amount of batteries take up a ton of room and don’t contribute to the actual structure of the car. In fact, these cars must be specially designed to carry the mass of the batteries. But what if the frame of the car could hold energy? “Due to their multifunctionality, structural battery composites are often referred to as ‘massless energy storage’ and have the potential to revolutionize the future design of electric vehicles and devices,” the researchers explain. To make the new structural battery, the scientists layered a buffer glass “fabric” between a positive and negative electrode, then packed it with a space-age polymer electrolyte and cured it in the oven. What results is a tough, flat battery cell that conducts well and holds up to tensile tests in all directions. The battery’s combined qualities (or “multifunctionality”) make it 10 times better than any previous massless battery—a project scientists have worked on since 2007. Chalmers University of Technology writes in a press release: The scientists say the next step is to improve the performance even more, replacing aluminum foil in the electrode with carbon fiber material and thinning out the separator. This could result in a battery that produces 75 Wh/kg of energy and 75 GPa of stiffness, setting more records for massless batteries and also greatly reducing their weight. Besides electric cars, the study team mentions e-bikes, satellites, and laptops as technologies that could use massless batteries. There could be further applications that we don’t think of as electric at all today. One of the most exciting potential uses is in aircraft, which scientists are struggling to turn electric because of the huge weight of existing battery tech. Regular airplanes as well as vertical take off and landing vehicles could turn electric by using massless batteries. They could even combine massless structural batteries with solar panels in order to store what they soak up for later use.
Fahrenheit 451 Theme Essay Powerful Essays Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is a uniquely shocking and provocative novel about a dystopian society set in a future where reading is outlawed, thinking is considered a sin, technology is at its prime, and human interaction is scarce. Through his main protagonist, Guy Montag, Bradbury brings attention to the dangers of a controlled society, and the problems that can arise from censorship. As a fireman, it is Guy's job to destroy books, and start fires rather than put them out. After meeting a series of unusual characters, a spark is ignited in Montag and he develops a desire for knowledge and a want to protect the books. Bradbury's novel teaches its readers how too much censorship and control can lead to further damage and the repetition of history’s mistakes through the use of symbolism, imagery, and motif. When Bradbury employs symbolism, certain characters convey hidden meanings which help to further clarify the important themes in the story. As Montag is walking home from work one night, he runs into a young woman, Clarisse. Montag quickly discovers that Clarisse is not the average citizen and that she does not fall into the stereotype created by the censored community. Clarisse is a stark contrast to Montag who does his …show more content… Fahrenheit 451 is a book of warning. It is a reminder that we need knowledge to survive, and we need people who crave this knowledge to take over in generations to come. We need knowledge to combat ignorance and we get this knowledge from reading books and listening to other people's opinions. It is a warning of what might happen if we were to let the ignorance win, and a warning to never let this happen. It is a warning that what we have is valuable and a reminder to never take that for granted. Censorship is dangerous, and too much of it can lead to an inevitable destruction of our Get Access
Community responsibility for road safety To achieve this, we have adopted a safe system philosophy on road safety. This is a holistic method that aims to minimise the risk of death or serious injury on the roads by taking into account the interaction between roads, vehicles, speeds and road users. While people are fallible and often do make mistakes on the road, road trauma should not be accepted as inevitable. Within the safe systems model, if a mistake is made on the road the impact is severely reduced or negated by safer roadssafer vehicles, safer speeds and safer people. In a road crash, the amount of force a person can absorb depends on the amount of protection they have. This protection is increased when we work within the rules of the safe system, resulting in no death or injury. The safe system approach is only effective when rules are obeyed – such as keeping to speed limits, avoiding dangerous driving as well as the provision of safe roads and safe vehicles.
Healing Your Living Space Through Colors! Indians don’t fear the passion of red, the vibrant energy of orange and the poise of yellow. Indian streets don’t shy away from color. East is the gate that opens from the grayscale world of the West to the vibrant colors. Are you ready to walk through that gate? The “Pink City” of Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan that contains one-sixth of the human population and for the world; it is the capital of colors. A tour through the streets of Jaipur is like watching a pinwheel spin rapidly in the wind, melting the colors in one another. From the yellow vibrant turbans donned by men to the bright stone walls, the city quickly signals another way of life. Walls fit for a Prince There is a history behind the pink clad buildings of Jaipur: before the Prince of Wales’ visit in 1876, Jaipur was painted in the traditional color of welcoming guests. Yes, you’ve read that right. Not a pink carpet or pink garlands, but all the buildings made of stone, timber, brick and adobe were painted pink. Ever since, Jaipur is known as the “pink city”. The flashiest among the pink fronted buildings is the Hawa Mahal; “the palace of winds” built from red and pink sandstone. The palace was built for the women in maharajah’s harem to watch the high streets of the city and has 953 windows. Colorful Ideas While furnishing a home, you often think long and hard about which colors go well together, what material would visually clash with others, what kind of cladding would suit it best. Now look at it from an Indian point of view; where there are no contradictions. Peaceful temples and intense traffic, motor vehicles and animals are all part of the same whole. Indians choose colors not on the premise of their harmony but their healing properties, energy and meaning. Healing Colors It’s not just Indians; it is known that older Egyptian and Chinese civilizations too placed emphasis on the healing power of colors. In these deep rooted civilizations, colors that each carry a different meaning and property were used in daily life as well as in temples. Orange and gold are the color of the divine. There is a word in Indian, describing a state of being in harmony with the color orange. This word describes, “the moment in which the being, or sense of self is stabilized”. If the Indians name it as such, we are certain that they are onto something. Try and create some more place for the color orange in your home. Your soul shall seek the color to find peace, instead of the couch. Hundreds of years ago, Indian reverends have built a chromatology based on the seven chakras of humans and the seven colors of the sun spectrum. And based on this they have developed the practice of color healing called Chromatherapy. This technique arises from the theory that the human body has centers that correspond to these seven colors. These centers called “chakras” rule certain organs. When the chakras become unable to function due to organic or psychological reasons, their need for the color with which they correspond increases. Chromatherapy applies treatment through the color which their chakras are lacking. Behind the colorful fashion of India today lays the centuries old religious and supernatural practice of color-healing. According to ancient Indian therapies, using the appropriate colors in clothing and accessories, spending time in spaces that incorporate these colorful elements provide a sense of wellbeing. In need of luck? Try wearing a red shirt, eating an orange or looking at yellow tinted rocks. According to Indian tradition, inviting luck and happiness into your life is possible through surrounding yourself with the right colors. Example? The human brain perceives the color of the sun light as yellow. Since yellow is a color that stimulates the brain, the productivity and the pace with which the brain works increases during the hours of sunlight. Therefore it could be a good strategy to prefer yellow tones in your working space. According to Indians, different color rocks aid in different health problems. Like everything with color, they too radiate energy and heat. According to this, green stones are good for stress. Red stones help the heart, and yellow ones soothe the nervous system. Marble too, is a very important material in India. Considering the countless marble statues of gods exhibited in temples, it makes sense that the Indian marble quarries work ceaselessly. Marble gives elegance and tranquility to the environment in which its’ incorporated. Therefore it is a popular choice in interior design. A Touch of Color in Your Life You’ve made it this far in the article and explored the healing power of colors. So what will you do? You don’t have to relocate to Jaipur! You can summon the energy of colors wherever you live. You may not welcome a prince at your house that often but that shouldn’t stop you from picking a welcoming color for the building blocks of your home. Even if you can’t paint the town pink, you can do it in your house with the color your mood or energy requires with a simple step. Who knows, maybe people will follow suit to name your city the next City of Colors! Check our catalogue out. Find the colors that reflect you, and carry their soul healing energies to your living space!

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