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News & Articles Why make time for family mealtime this half-term Working parents say family mealtime is a great opportunity to bond with their school-aged children. Whilst studies have shown the wonderful impact shared mealtime can have on a family’s dynamics, it can also influence the children’s diet. Throughout childhood and adolescence, the body and mind are developing constantly, and with this comes an ever-increasing demand for nutrients. Family mealtime increases fruit and vegetable intake and decreases disordered food behaviours, such as binge eating. This positive impact can be seen across all genders, ethnicities and socioeconomic statuses. Increased nutrient consumption has been proven in fibre, calcium, folate, iron, many vitamins (B6, B12, C and E) and more. Shared mealtime also has an association with lower fried food and fizzy drink consumption, which are both huge contributors to the global child obesity pandemic. Approximately 124 million children worldwide are obese. The Family Meals LIVE! study was designed to identify protective factors for childhood obesity within the home food environment. The study took 2 years to complete and provided some key results in how family mealtime impacts children’s health. The study found that the average length of a family meal is only 16 minutes. 61% of these meals happen alongside some type of screen-time entertainment and 28% do not occur in the kitchen or dining room. The study concluded that obese children had shorter mealtimes and ate in the family room or bedroom more often. Other studies have shown that TV during meals means the family is less likely to engage with each other. The atmosphere created during these family mealtimes has an impact on the child’s risk of obesity. Positive reinforcement, warmth and group enjoyment all lower the risk of obesity. In fact, the more positive the family dynamics overall, the less likely the children are to be overweight. A positive, calm, argument-free environment is also the best possible set up for getting toddlers to eat those greens! Most parents are aware of the wonderful advantages that family mealtimes offer, but they can be challenging to fit in, especially when both parents work. Family mealtimes only need to be around 20 minutes long to see the benefit. This offers enough time for the family to swap stories about their day, communicate about food positively and reconnect. Three or more family meals per week have been shown to have an incredibly positive impact on childrens’ diet and lifestyle choices. However, just one a week will have more of an influence than no family meals at all. In the current climate, we are having to spend more time at home than we are used to, but with that comes some great positives and opportunities to sit together with our children and get talking about food. References - Related Articles
Drug Classes Making Sense of Medication Classification A "drug class" is a group of medications with certain similarities. Three dominant methods are used to classify them: • Mechanism of action: Specific changes they cause in your body • Physiologic effect: How your body responds to them • Chemical structure: What they're made of This article walks you through how classification works, why it's necessary, and the types of classification. Medicine pills AlexRaths / Getty Images Multiple Categories Not all drugs fit neatly into a single category. Some drugs are grouped together under one method but not another. Others belong in multiple classes even within the same system. An example is finasteride, which treats enlarged prostate and regrows hair. So it's in two categories based on those uses. Outside of classifications, you have drugs used off-label (for non-approved reasons). A prime example is levothyroxine. It's approved for hypothyroidism (low thyroid function). But it's often used off-label to treat depression. It can be confusing when you see a drug called an ACE inhibitor, an antihypertensive, and a vasoconstrictor. But all these terms describe the same drug used for the same purpose. Newer and more advanced drugs are introduced into the market each year. That includes: • Next-generation targeted therapies • Gene therapies • Personalized medicines Classifications will likely become even more diverse and distinct because of them. This reflects the ever-expanding knowledge about human biochemistry. Drugs are classified by how they work, what they treat, and their chemical structure. Some drugs fit in more than one category. Others are grouped together under some classification methods but not others. The Purpose of Drug Classification The aim of drug classification is to make sure you use a drug safely and get the greatest possible benefit. Every time you take a drug, your body chemistry changes. Medications are meant to help. But they sometimes cause harmful side effects. If you take multiple drugs, they may change each others' effectiveness. They can also make side effects more severe. By noting the class of a drug, you and your healthcare team can understand what to expect from it. That includes the risks and which others drugs you can switch to. Classification also helps identify drug-drug interactions and the potential for drug resistance. Drug-Drug Interactions The action of one drug can make another drug less effective. They may change the way your body absorbs or uses the drug. When classified by mechanism of action, an interaction that affects one drug will usually affect others in the same class. For example, antacids work by blocking stomach acid. But they also deplete stomach acids you need to break down protease inhibitors (a class of HIV drugs). Taking these drugs together makes the HIV drug less able to control the infection. Organ Systems It's important to use caution when combining drugs that affect the same organ system. Your liver uses an enzyme called CYP3A4 to process drugs out of your system. If you take two drugs metabolized by it, your liver may not be able to clear them effectively. They can build up, leading to toxicity (overdose). By classifying a drug by its CYP3A4 action, healthcare providers can better avoid this interaction. The same applies to drugs like methotrexate and Advil (ibuprofen) that are metabolized by the kidneys. Taking them together can lead to toxicity and even kidney failure. Doubling Up Sometimes, combining drugs makes them too effective. For instance, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibupfofen or aspirin increase your bleeding risk. Anticoagulants (blood thinners) like Coumadin (warfarin) keep your blood from clotting. Taking them together can lead to dangerous excessive bleeding. It's often dangerous to take two drugs from the same class, such as two NSAIDs. Doubling up often doubles the risk or severity of side effects. Drugs are classified for safety and effectiveness reasons. It helps limit side effects, predict your response to it, and choose a replacement drug when one doesn't work. You shouldn't take multiple drugs from a single class or that affect the same organ system. Some classes of drugs shouldn't be used together. Drug Resistance Medications for chronic infections work in a specific way. If used incorrectly or for a long time, the infection can become resistant to it. That means the drug won't work as well. Other drugs of the same class may also be ineffective. Antibiotics come in nine major classes. HIV drugs come in six classes. Some classes are more likely to lead to resistance. Healthcare providers often prescribe drugs from multiple classes to get the best possible control of the infection. Treatment Staging "Treatment staging" means starting with the mildest possible drugs. You then work up until you find what's effective. That's because milder drugs have fewer side effects. This often means first taking over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. If they're not effective, you may move up to a prescription drug. Guidelines for healthcare providers often list "preferred" classes and "alternate" classes for when the preferred ones don't work. With severe pain, for example, staging generally goes: 1. OTC NSAIDs: Advil, Aleve (naproxen) 2. Prescription NSAIDs: Celebrex (celecoxib), Voltaren (diclofenac), Toridol (ketorolac) 3. Schedule II opioid drugs: Vicodin (hydrocodone/acetaminophen), OxyContin (oxycodone) Drug staging is also vital to treating chronic diseases such as: In cases like these, you may start with one drug class and work your way up to other classes. Using antibiotics from different classes can help prevent infectious agents from becoming resistant to them. Treatment staging means starting with the mildest, safest drugs and moving up in strength until you find the right level. Typically, you'll move up within the same class. ATC Classification System The thousands of drug classes and subclasses can be classified in several ways. In 1976, the World Health Organization (WHO) created a system called the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System. It categorizes a drug based on five levels. Level 1 Describes the organ system treated. Level 2 Describes the therapeutic effect. Level 3 Describes the mechanism of action. Level 4 Describes general chemical properties. Level 5 Describes chemical components. For each level, either a letter or numbers are assigned. This system is meant for healthcare providers and isn't useful to you. But the strict hierarchy it establishes protects you from drug errors (like getting the wrong one.) USP Drug Classification A non-profit, non-governmental organization called the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) was established in 1820. Its goal is to ensure prescription and OTC drugs approved in the U.S. meet quality standards. Those that do go on the National Formulary issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Among its many functions, the USP was tasked by the U.S. Congress to classify drugs. It helps guide healthcare providers when it comes to prescribing drugs under the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit. Worldwide, 34 other countries have national pharmacopeias. The European Union Pharmacopeia serves EU countries without their own. Most other countries rely on the International Pharmacopeia maintained by the WHO. The USP classifies drugs in a far broader way than the ACT system. It categorizes them by: • Therapeutic use • Mechanism of action • Formulary classification From the broadest perspective, you're left with 51 drug classes and thousands of sub-classes and sub-categories. Analgesics Antiparkinson agents Hormonal agents (pituitary) Anesthetics Antipsychotics Hormonal agents (prostaglandins) Anti-addiction agents Antispasticity agents Hormonal agents (sex hormones) Antibacterials Antivirals Hormonal agents (thyroid) Anticonvulsants Anxiolytics Hormone suppressant (adrenal) Antidementia agents Bipolar agents Hormone suppressant (pituitary) Antidepressants Blood glucose regulators Hormone suppressant (thyroid) Antiemetics Blood products Immunological agents Antifungals Cardiovascular agents Infertility agents Antigout agents Central nervous system agents Inflammatory bowel disease agents Anti-inflammatories Contraceptives Metabolic bone disease agents Antimigraine agents Dental and oral agents Ophthalmic agents Antimyasthenic agents Dermatological agents Otic agents Antimycobacterials Electrolytes, minerals, metals, vitamins Respiratory tract agents Antineoplastics Gastrointestinal agents Sexual disorder agents Anti-obesity agents Genitourinary agents Skeletal muscle relaxants Antiparasitics Hormonal agents (adrenal) Sleep disorder agents Drug classifications are important. They help protect you from severe side effects and drug interactions. They help ensure your body can break down and use the medication. They help guide many treatment decisions. The main classification systems are ATC and USP. They use different methods but both are useful tools. A Word From Verywell Your healthcare provider(s) should be aware of everything you're taking so they can ensure you're not mixing drugs that don't mix well or doubling up on one class. Your pharmacist can help with this, too. But being aware of what classes your medications are in can help prevent mistakes by healthcare workers or by you when you choose OTC products. When in doubt, ask a provider or pharmacist if something is safe—before you take it. Frequently Asked Questions • What is drug therapy? Drug therapy is using any substance that's not food in order to prevent, diagnose, or treat a disease or condition. Anything that changes your body chemistry is considered a drug, including natural products. • Why do people respond differently to the same medication? People respond differently to drugs for many reasons. It could be due to: • Other drugs they take • Medical conditions • Inflammation levels • Genetics • Biological sex • Diet • Weight • Age • Hormone levels • Liver or kidney function This is why you should never take medication prescribed for someone else. 18 Sources 1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pharmacologic class. 2. National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. Finasteride. 3. Bauer M, Berman S, Stamm T, et al. Levothyroxine effects on depressive symptoms and limbic glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled positron emission tomography studyMol Psychiatry. 2016;21(2):229–236. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.186 4. Masnoon N, Shakib S, Kalisch-Ellett L, Caughey GE. What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitionsBMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):230. doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0621-2 5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug interactions: what you should know. 6. Nawas GT, Phan TT. OTCs can interact with antiretrovirals: Here's what you need to know. Pharmacy Today. 2018;24(9). 7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug development and drug interactions: table of substrates, inhibitors, and inducers. 8. Svanström H, Lund M, Melbye M, Pasternak B. Concomitant use of low-dose methotrexate and NSAIDs and the risk of serious adverse events among patients with rheumatoid arthritisPharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(8):885–893. doi:10.1002/pds.4555 9. Choi KH, Kim AJ, Son IJ, et al. Risk factors of drug interaction between warfarin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in practical settingJ Korean Med Sci. 2010;25(3):337–341. doi:10.3346/jkms.2010.25.3.337 10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance patient safety atlas: Outpatient antibiotic prescription data. 11. NAM Aidsmap. Types of antiretroviral medications. 12. Kaiser Family Foundation. Management and delivery of the Medicaid pharmacy benefit. 14. P&T Community. United States Pharmacopeia celebrates 200 years of building trust in medicines, supplements and foods. 15. World Health Organization. International meeting of world pharmacopoeias. 16. United States Pharmacopoeia. USP Medicare model guidelines v. 7.0. 17. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Drug therapy. 18. University of Connecticut: UConn Today. Why prescription drugs can work differently for different people. Additional Reading
Close search Saving water in your home is a simple way for you to play your part in helping the environment. Using less water in our homes means that we have to take less water from our rivers, reservoirs and ground water sources, and spend valuable energy treating it to make it safe to drink. Because we have to pay for the water that we use, saving water can also help us to save money. Yorkshire Water have come up with lots of ideas on how to save water in your home and garden. Water Meters Some householders can save money by having a water meter installed, which means that you only pay for the amount of water that you actually use rather than paying a fixed amount. On average, customers with water meters save 5-10% on their water bill after having the meter installed. Not all households will save money; however, if you have more bedrooms in your house than people, it is likely that you will save money. Water meters are installed free of charge by the water companies. For more information about whether you can save money by having a meter installed, visit the Yorkshire Water website. Dripping Taps and Water Leaks If you spot a dripping tap or a water leak in your house, then arrange to have it repaired as quickly as possible.Â If you need to report a repair at your home, please use our online repair reporting tool.. Water Butts Installing a water butt in your garden is an easy way to collect rain water to use to water your garden or wash your car. For more information about purchasing a reduced price water butt, visit the Yorkshire Water website. Toilet Flushsaver Yorkshire Water also provide free Flushsavers to their customers. The devices are really easy to use and save up to 3 litres of water every time the toilet is flushed. Flushsaver may not be suitable for use with your toilet if it has a dual flush, as it may prevent the toilet from flushing effectively.
How to Write an Introduction for an Assignment Most students in Australia find it quite difficult to start writing an average university paper, which is partially explained by not knowing how to deal with the introduction structure and being unable to come up with a sentence that will introduce the topic. It is a reason why some assignment help always becomes necessary, especially if it explains things in a simpler language that you can understand. Therefore, it is sufficient to say that your introduction part must explain what your paper is about, why it matters to you and society, and what methods you will use to prove your point. As a rule, your introduction part will also include your thesis statement or the main part of your paper that proves something or makes an assumption for your future research. This way you can think about it as the culmination of your introduction, a part that will work as the locomotive for the wagons that are your body paragraphs. The Purpose of Introduction Part In Your College Paper As the name implies, the main purpose of any introduction paragraph is to let your target audience understand what your paper is about. It works the same way as the introduction in a book, – you read it to understand whether you will like the reading or better skip it. When you start with an assignment, your introduction has a clear purpose as you have to keep readers interested and inspired. If you already have some ideas for your topic, you must think of a sentence that will explain your subject and will speak of something motivational. For example, it can be an unusual fact or an assumption that will help people read into details. When talking about environmental issues, you can start with a statistical sentence. Likewise, any nursing paper can start by stating how keeping things sterile in the ER department must be done even when working in stressful and overly demanding conditions. As you think about how to write an introduction for an assignment, ask yourself about why some topic is important or simply write about why it has been chosen and how exactly it poses certain importance for your scientific field and the academic community as such. The Parts of an Assignment Introduction The typical introduction will always be different depending on an essay type that you must follow, yet there are several aspects or parts of the introduction that must be considered in most cases. They include: • Topic introduction and background that explains the content for the target audience. • Outline the research methods that you are planning to use. • The importance of the topic chosen and the specifics that must be known. • A word or two on the sources used and referencing examples (if relevant). • Thesis statement with or without a supporting sentence. As you think within the lines of how to start an assignment and what to include, double-check your structure requirements in the grading rubric as most Australian universities are quite strict about following rules to the letter! In some cases, especially when writing literature reviews or summaries, the introduction will include basic information about the content that you must analyse and cover brief biographical information about the author. While it is mostly an exception to the rule, this structure must be followed for most academic writing where the core of the paper is not your original work. Useful Tips for Writing a Perfect Introduction Ask any university professor in Australia about what is a good assignment introduction example and you will always hear at least a few words about writing an introductory sentence that helps the chosen thesis statement fit. Of course, there is nothing worse than a good thesis that sounds out of place! Here is a checklist to help you stay out of trouble: • Introduce your topic using a hook sentence that will keep your readers inspired. • State the chosen research method and the importance of your subject. • Limit your research scope in advance to let the audience see what to expect. It will also help you to stay focused. • Make a linking sentence that will help to explain your thesis in advance. • Use clear wording for your thesis and read it aloud to ensure that it sounds confident. • Use the supporting second sentence after your thesis if you find it necessary. • Make a list of keywords specific to your topic and try to include most of them in your introduction. An Example of Introduction For Assignment Sample Let’s assume that we write about teen violence in Sydney. The Methods of Dealing with Teen Violence in Sydney Considering the increase of violent outbreaks in Sydney during the last decade, both educators and law enforcement officers find it necessary to review their current methods of dealing with teen violence. The major problem the system faces these days is the lack of focus on the youth itself. The methods used only deal with the punishment aspect, which only introduces more fear and aggression. The purpose of this research is to seek alternative resolution methods by estimating the possible outcomes of several low-cost, yet efficient approaches. The social factor must be seen as the starting point. It is necessary to approach volunteers and innovative technologies to promote youth clubs and after-school activities where everyone can participate to make a better and safer community. Overcoming The Writer’s Block Sometimes the worst part is not knowing how to start even if you have a good thesis statement written down. If nothing helps, create a single-page outline for your introduction template and try to answer these five questions: 1. What is my topic about? 2. Why have I chosen it? 3. Why is it important? 4. What methods will I use to prove my statement? 5. What is my primary point? Another little trick that you must try to start writing is rephrasing your thesis in your mind or imagining that you must compose an introductory assignment for someone else!
How is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge able to withstand an earthquake? How is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge able to withstand an earthquake? They do, however, help to compensate for seismic vibrations by allowing the building to move with the ground. Vibrations were also absorbed by earthquake-resistant foundations. Overall, the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is built to resist winds of up to 180 mph and earthquakes of up to 8.5 on the Richter Scale. It is considered one of the most powerful bridges in Japan. The bridge's design incorporates many innovative features, such as vertical joints that limit horizontal movement of the deck after an earthquake. The bridge has been praised for its aesthetic qualities and its contribution to wildlife conservation due to its proximity to the Japanese coast. It also provides a safe crossing for whales migrating between feeding grounds and birthing sites near Tokyo. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge was completed in 2005 and has become a symbol of friendship between Japan and South Korea. It connects the cities of Akiachio and Asagaya in the special administrative region of Tokyo on the eastern edge of the capital city of Seoul. The distance between the two cities is only 9 miles (14 km). It costs about $140 million to build this bridge because it is made of steel and concrete. However, if it were not for the fact that it is located in an area prone to earthquakes, it could have been built with more affordable materials. What wind speeds can the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge withstand? The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is located in a seismically active area that also receives some of the most violent storms on the planet. Engineers employed a sophisticated system of counterweights, pendulums, and steel-truss girders to allow the bridge to resist gusts of up to 290 km/h (180 miles/h). The maximum design load is divided between the two towers evenly, so each one can support nearly 2 million pounds. The world's longest suspension bridge, it links Japan's Shizuoka Prefecture with central Tokyo. Opened in 2016, it extends 991 meters (3281 feet) over the Pacific Ocean. It connects with three other bridges in its vicinity, forming a loop route across the bay. No single structure could have been designed to handle the winds that now blow across the Kaikyo Bridge; rather, its engineers used technology available at the time to come up with a solution that would work best overall. The bridge has nine large cables that are attached to anchors embedded in the ground on either side of the strait. These cables carry the weight of the deck above, which consists of more than 4 million square meters of glass fiber-reinforced plastic. The center portion of the bridge is closed to traffic. However, pedestrians and cyclists are allowed on the outside lanes, which are separated from the median by a fence. A small number of vehicles are also used as rolling offices for employees who work near the middle of the bridge. Is the Bay Bridge earthquake proof? Bridges are not designed depending on earthquake magnitudes. Instead of absorbing the ground tremors, localize the damage to specific regions of the structure, so that when the big one strikes, it will not only still be standing, but will also help people in need. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is being retrofitted with seismic upgrades to make it more quake resistant. The project will cost about $600 million and is expected to be completed by 2020. The first step will be to replace the bridge's aging concrete piers with steel piers, which will be anchored into deep basements built below sea level. The replacement piers will be made out of stacked horizontal rings connected by vertical members. Each new pier will be 30 feet wide and sit about 328 feet below street level. The second phase will include the addition of rubber dampeners between each pair of columns, to absorb energy during an earthquake. People living in the surrounding areas can feel the effects of major earthquakes up to 20 miles away. The ground under bridges can move by as much as 8 inches during a strong earthquake, and since most bridges were not designed to withstand such forces, they may suffer damage that needs to be repaired or replaced. Bridges are known for their size and vision, but they are also susceptible to damage from large earthquakes. About Article Author Mike Guido Mike Guido is a self-employed contractor and building inspector. He's been in the construction industry for over 15 years, and worked his way up from general labourer to foreman. Mike takes pride in his work and always tries to do his best when it comes to overseeing projects. He loves the challenge of working with new people and learning new things, which makes each day different from the last. Related posts
How can a city perform as an open-source real-time system. Although the approach of this project seems to be driven quite a lot by a cultural engineering mindset, there are some interesting people-focused elements in it: In the past decades, real time control systems have been developed in a variety of engineering applications. In so doing, they have dramatically increased the efficiency of systems through energy savings, regulation of the dynamics, increased robustness and disturbance tolerance. Now: can you have a city that performs as a real time control system? This is the aim of the WikiCity project at MIT. Letâ€™s examine the four key components of a real time control system: 1. entity to be controlled in an environment characterised by uncertainty; 2. sensors able to acquire information about the entityâ€™s state in real-time; 3. intelligence capable of evaluating system performance against desired outcomes; 4. physical actuators able to act upon the system to realise the control strategy. A city certainly fits the definition of point 1, and point 2 does not seem to pose particular problems. As an example, the Real Time Rome project used cellphones and GPS devices to collect the movement patterns of people and transportation systems, and their spatial and social usage of streets and neighborhoods. But how to actuate the city? Although the city already contains several classes of actuators such as traffic lights and remotely updated street signage, a much more flexible actuator would be the cityâ€™s own inhabitants. Consequently, we are creating a new platform for storing and exchanging data which are location and time-sensitive, making them accessible to users through mobile devices, web interfaces and physical interface objects. This platform enables people to become distributed intelligent actuators, which pursue their individual interests in cooperation and competition with others, and thus become prime actors themselves in improving the efficiency of urban systems. The project vision, which is driven by Carlo Ratti’s SENSEable City Lab, is currently being implemented in Rome, Italy. Visit project website Leave a Reply 1. Henri Laborit, a french thinker, in “L’homme et la ville” (1971) deploys some interesting analysis of the city. His starting point is that humanity is constituted of hierarchical layers from the molecular up to the humanity level. Any layer reveals some structures formed of elements of the underlying one (cellules formed of molecules for example), and these structures interact in order to maintain themselves. At some intermediate levels, individuals are member of some groups of interest (social structures) which have shaped and continue to shape the city in order to survive. In this respect inhabitants would not be actuators “improving the efficiency of urban systems” but agents interacting with the city in order to insure the survival of their social groups. This might result in non-efficient behavior, would “efficiency” have a meaning in this context… 2. […] Un article de PuttingPeopleFirst sur le projet WikiCity du MIT prÃ©sentant les citadins comme des “actuateurs” de la ville agissant en fonction de leurs intÃ©rÃªts individuels et modelant la ville de maniÃ¨re Ã©mergente par leur action combinÃ©e. A cette vision, j’ai voulu opposer celle exprimÃ©e par Henri Laborit dans “L’homme et la ville” (1971) qui envisage la ville comme une structure engendrÃ©e par les organismes (au sens biologique) sociaux et leur permettant d’assurer leur pÃ©rennitÃ©. Nouvelle opposition des Ã©coles holistes et rÃ©ductionnistes…? […] 3. […] real time control system, in which data is accrued and immediately affects the system. That is the idea behind placing sensors in Rome to track human activity with known events. A display provides the […]
Chinese Buddhism \| History 1. Chinese Buddhism Chinese Buddhism or Han Buddhism has shaped Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas including art, politics, literature, philosophy, medicine and material culture. The translation of a large body of Indian Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations together with works composed in China into a printed Canon had far-reaching implications for the dissemination of Buddhism throughout the East Asian cultural sphere, including Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Chinese Buddhism is also marked by the interaction between Indian religions, Chinese religion and Daoism. 2. Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) Various legends tell of the presence of Buddhism in Chinese soil in very Ancient Times: While the scholarly consensus is that Buddhism first came to China in the 1st century CE during the Han dynasty, through missionaries from India, it actually is not known precisely when Buddhism entered China. The Maritime Route hypothesis proposed that Buddhism was originally practiced in Southern China, the Yangtze River and Huai River region. On the other hand, it must have entered from the North-West via the Hexi Corridor to the Yellow River basin and the North China Plain in the course of the 1st century A.D. The scene becomes clearer from the mid-2nd century onward, when the first known missionaries started their translation activities in the capital, Luoyang. The Book of the Later Han records that in 65 CE, prince Liu Ying of Chu (present day Jiangsu) "delighted in the practices of Huang-Lao Daoism" and had both Buddhist monks and laypeople at his court who presided over Buddhist ceremonies. It’s said that throughout the entire Han dynasty, Daoism and Buddhism were constantly confused and appeared as single religion: A century after prince Liu Ying's court supported both Daoists and Buddhists, in 166 Emperor Huan of Han made offerings to the Buddha and sacrifices to the Huang-Lao gods Yellow Emperor and Laozi The first Chinese apologist for Buddhism, a late 2nd-century layman named Mouzi, said it was through Daoism that he was led to Buddhism—which he calls dadao (the "Great Dao"). Early Chinese Buddhism was conflated and mixed with Daoism, and it was within Daoist circles that it found its first adepts. Traces are evident in Han period Chinese translations of Buddhist scriptures, which hardly differentiated between Buddhist Nirvāṇa and Daoist Immortality. Wuwei, the Daoist concept of non-interference, was the normal term for translating Sanskrit Nirvāṇa, which is transcribed as niepan in modern Chinese usage. 3. Traditional accounts According to the most popular one, Emperor Ming of Han (28–75 CE) precipitated the introduction of Buddhist teachings into China. The work (early 3-5th century) Mouzi Lihuolun first records this legend: the scholar Fu Yi said: "Your subject has heard it said that in India there is somebody who has attained the Dao and who is called Buddha; he flies in the air, his body had the brilliance of the Sun; this must be that god." However, neither the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) nor Book of Han histories of Emperor Wu mentions a golden Buddhist statue. 4. The first translations The first documented translation of Buddhist Scriptures from various Indian languages into Chinese occurs in 148 CE with the arrival of the Parthian prince-turned-monk An Shigao: He worked to establish Buddhist temples in Luoyang and organized the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, testifying to the beginning of a wave of Central Asian Buddhist proselytism that lasted for several centuries. An Shigao translated Buddhist texts on basic doctrines, meditation, and Abhidharma. An Xuan, a Parthian layman who worked alongside An Shigao, also translated an early Mahāyāna Buddhist text on the Bodhisattva path. Mahāyāna Buddhism was first widely propagated in China by the Kushan monk Lokakṣema (active c. 164–186 CE), who came from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Gandhāra: Lokakṣema translated important Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, as well as rare, early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as Samādhi, and meditation on the Buddha Akṣobhya. 5. Early Buddhist schools 1. Dharmaguptakas, 2. Mahīśāsakas, 3. Kāśyapīyas, 4. Sarvāstivādins, 5. Mahāsāṁghikas. Therefore, most countries which adopted Buddhism from China, also adopted the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya and ordination lineage for Bhikṣus and Bhikṣuṇīs. It was the Dharmaguptakas who were the first Buddhists to establish themselves in Central Asia: They appear to have carried out a vast circling movement along the trade routes from Aparanta north-west into Iran and at the same time into Oḍḍiyāna (the Suvāstu (Swat) valley, north of Gandhāra, which became one of their main centres). 6. Early translation methods Initially, Buddhism in China faced a number of difficulties in becoming established: 7. The arrival of Kumārajīva (334–413 CE) When he was released in AD 401, he immediately took a high place in Chinese Buddhism and was appraised as a Great Master from the West. Among the most well-known are his translations were: a) Diamond Sutra, b) Amitābha Sutra, c) Lotus Sutra, d) Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra, e) Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, f) Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra. 8. A completed Sūtra Piṭaka Around the time of Kumārajīva, the 4 major Sanskrit Āgamas were also translated into Chinese. Each of the Āgamas was translated independently by a different Indian monk: These Āgamas comprise the only other complete surviving Sūtra Piṭaka, which is generally comparable to the Pāli Sutta Piṭaka of Theravada Buddhism. It is noteworthy that before the modern period, these Āgamas were seldom if ever used by Buddhist communities, due to their Hīnayāna attribution, as Chinese Buddhism was already avowedly Mahāyāna in persuasion. 9. Early Chinese Buddhist traditions Among the most influential of these was the practice of Pure Land Buddhism established by Hui Yuan, which focused on Amitābha Buddha and his Western Pure Land of Sukhāvatī. Other early traditions were the Tiantai, Huayan (Flower Garland) and the Vinaya School. Such schools were based upon the primacy of the Lotus Sūtra, the Avataṁsaka Sūtra, and the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, respectively, along with supplementary sūtras and commentaries. The Tiantai founder Zhiyi wrote several works that became important and widely read meditation manuals in China such as the "Concise Śamatha-Vipaśyanā", and the "Great Śamatha-Vipaśyanā." 10. Daily life of nuns An important aspect of a Nun was the practice of a vegetarian food as it was heavily emphasized in the Buddhist religion to not harm any living creature for the purpose of them to consume. There were also some Nuns who did not eat regularly, as an attempt of fasting. Another dietary practice of nuns was their practice of consuming fragrant oil or incense as a preparation for self- immolation by fire. Some daily activities of Nuns include the reading, memorizing, and reciting of Buddhist scriptures and religious text. Another was meditation as it is seen as the heart of Buddhist monastic life. There are biographers explaining when nuns mediate they enter a state where their body becomes hard, rigid, and stone-like where they are often mistaken as lifeless. 11. Chan: pointing directly to the mind In the 5th century, the Chan (Zen) teachings began in China, traditionally attributed to the Buddhist monk Bodhidharma, a legendary figure. In the early years, the teachings of Chan were therefore referred to as the "One Vehicle School." The earliest masters of the Chan School were called "Laṅkāvatāra Masters", for their mastery of practice according to the principles of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra. The principal teachings of Chan were later often known for the use of so-called encounter stories and Koans, and the teaching methods used in them. Nan Huai-Chin identifies the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra and the Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) as the principle texts of the Chan School. 12. Xuanzang's journey to the West During the early Tang dynasty, in 629-645, the monk Xuanzang journeyed to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms, and wrote extensive and detailed reports of his findings, which have subsequently become important for the study of India during this period. During his travels he visited holy sites, learned the lore of his faith, and studied with many famous Buddhist masters, especially at the famous centre of Buddhist learning at Nālanda University. He is credited with the translation of some 1 330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese. His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of Yogācāra, or "Consciousness-only". The force of his own study, translation and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the Faxiang School in East Asia: Xuanzang's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji who became recognized as the 1st patriarch of the Faxiang School. Xuanzang's logic, as described by Kuiji, was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lacked the necessary background in Indian logic. Another important disciple was the Korean monk Woncheuk (613–696). Xuanzang's translations were especially important for the transmission of Indian texts related to the Yogācāra School: He translated central Yogācāra texts such as the Saṁdhi-nirmocana Sūtra and the Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra, as well as important texts such as the Mahā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra and the Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaidūrya-prabharāja Sūtra (Medicine Buddha Sūtra). He is credited with writing or compiling the Cheng Weishi Lun (Vijñapti-mātratā-siddhi Śāstra) as composed from multiple commentaries on Vasubandhu's Triṁśikā-vijñapti-mātratā. 13. Caves, art, and technology The popularization of Buddhism in this period is evident in the many scripture-filled Caves and structures surviving from this period: a) The Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in Gansu province, b) the Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang in Henan c) the Yungang Grottoes near Datong in Shanxi - are the most renowned examples from the Northern, Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Leshan Giant Buddha, carved out of a hillside in the 8th century during the Tang dynasty and looking down on the confluence of 3 rivers, is still the largest stone Buddha statue in the world. Monks and pious laymen spread Buddhist concepts through story-telling and preaching from sūtra texts: These oral presentations were written down as Bianwen (transformation stories) which influenced the writing of fiction by their new ways of telling stories combining prose and poetry. Making duplications of Buddhist texts was considered to bring meritorious karma: 14. Arrival of Esoteric Buddhism The Kaiyuan's 3 Great Enlightened Masters, Śubhakarasiṁha (637-735 CE), Vajrabodhi, and Amoghavajra, established Esoteric Buddhism in China from AD 716-720 during the reign of emperor Xuanzong: They came to Daxing Shansi (Daxingshan, Great Propagating Goodness Temple), which was the predecessor of Temple of the Great Enlightener Mahāvairocana. Daxing Shansi was established in the ancient capital Chang'an, today's Xi'an, and became one of the 4 great centres of scripture translation supported by the imperial court. They had translated many Buddhist scriptures, sūtra and tantra, from Sanskrit to Chinese. It is not surprising, then, that all 3 masters were well received by the Emperor Tang Xuanzong, and their teachings were quickly taken up at the Tang court and among the elite. However, relations between Amoghavajra and Daizong were especially good: In life the emperor favoured Amoghavajra with titles and gifts, and when the master died in 774, he honoured his memory with a Stūpa, or funeral monument. Master Huiguo, the last known disciple of Amoghavajra, foresaw this: He was happy to see the arrival of Japanese student monk Kūkai and tried to teach him every detail in Esoteric Buddhism at that time, consisting of 2 major divisions, the Womb Realm and the Diamond Realm. Master Kūkai went back to Japan to establish the Japanese Esoteric school of Buddhism, later known as Shingon Buddhism. Huiguo died shortly after his meeting with Kūkai and not long before Emperor Wuzong's persecution. The Esoteric Buddhist lineages transmitted to Japan under the auspices of the monks Kūkai and Saicho later formulated the teachings transmitted to them to create the Shingon sect and the Tendai sect. 15. Tang state repression of 845 There were several components that led to opposition of Buddhism: One factor is the foreign origins of Buddhism, unlike Daoism and Confucianism. Han Yu (768 -824) wrote, As mentioned earlier, persecution came during the reign of Emperor Wuzong in the Tang dynasty: Wuzong was said to hate the sight of Buddhist monks, who he thought were tax-evaders. In 845, he ordered the destruction of 4 600 Buddhist monasteries and 40 000 temples. More than 400 000 Buddhist monks and nuns then became peasants liable to the Two Taxes (grain and cloth). Some argue that Buddhist institutions had accumulated so much precious metal which the government needed to secure the money supply. Ancient Chinese Buddhism never fully recovered from the persecution. 16. 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms (907–960/979) The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in China, between the fall of the Tang dynasty and the founding of the Song dynasty. During this period, 5 dynasties quickly succeeded one another in the North, and more than 12 Independent States were established, mainly in the South. However, only 10 are traditionally listed, hence the era's name, "Ten Kingdoms". This era also led to the founding of the Liao dynasty. Support for Buddhism was limited to a few areas. The Huayan and Tiantai schools suffered from the changing circumstances, since they had depended on imperial support. The collapse of Tang society also deprived the aristocratic classes of wealth and influence, which meant a further drawback for Buddhism. Yuquan Shenxiu's Northern Chan School and Dajian Huineng’s Southern Chan School didn't survive the changing circumstances. The Fayan School, named after Fayan Wenyi (Qingliang Wenyi, 885–958) became the dominant school in the southern kingdoms of Nantang (Jiangxi, Chiang-hsi) and Wuyue (Zhejiang). 17. Song Dynasty (960–1279) The Song dynasty is divided into 2 distinct periods: the Northern Song and Southern Song: Although the Song Dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River, the Song economy was not in ruins, as the Southern Song Empire contained 60% of China's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land. In the early Song dynasty Chan-Pure Land syncretism became a dominant movement. Various Confucian scholars of the Song dynasty, including Zhu Xi (1130 -1200), sought to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism. During the Song dynasty, in 1021 CE, it is recorded that there were 458 855 Buddhist monks and nuns actively living in monasteries. The total number of monks was 397 615, while the total number of nuns was recorded as 61 240. 18. Mongol Yuan rule (1279–1368) During the Mongol Yuan domination, the Mongol emperors made Esoteric Buddhism an official religion of their empire which China was a part of, and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court. By the Ming dynasty, the Chan School was so firmly established that all monks were affiliated with either the Linji School or the Caodong School. 19. Eminent Monks During the Ming dynasty, Hānshān Deqīng (1546–1623) was one of the great reformers of Chinese Buddhism: Like many of his contemporaries, he advocated the dual practice of the Chan and Pure Land methods, and advocated the use of the Nianfo ("Mindfulness of the Buddha") technique to purify the mind for the attainment of self-realization. For Chan masters in this period such as Hānshān Deqīng, training through self-cultivation was encouraged, and clichéd or formulaic instructions were despised. 20. Eminent Nuns During the Ming Dynasty, women of different ages were able to enter the monastic life from as young as 5-6 years old to 70 years old. There were various reasons why a Ming woman entered the religious life of becoming a nun: There were also some cases where some individuals were sold by their family to earn money in a convent by reciting sutras, and performing Buddhist services because they weren't able to financially support them. Those women had found happiness and fulfilment in the convent that they could not seek in the outside world. Despite the many reasons for entering the religious life, most women had to obtain permission from a male in their life (father, husband, or son). Most of the nuns who have entered the religious life secluded themselves from the outside life away from their family and relatives. Most nuns participated in religious practices with devotions to many different Bodhisattvas and Buddhas. Some examples of Bodhisattvas are Guan Yin, Amita Buddha, Maitreya, and Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja. 21. Qing dynasty (1644–1911) The Qing court endorsed the Gelugpa School of Tibetan Buddhism. Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries showed a growing interest in Chinese Buddhism. Anagārika Dharmapāla visited Shanghai in 1893: 22. Republic of China (established 1912) Under influence of the western culture, attempts were being made to revitalize Chinese Buddhism: Most notable were the Humanistic Buddhism of Taixu, and the revival of Chinese Chan by Xuyun: Xuyun (1840-1959) is generally regarded as one of the most influential Buddhist teachers of the 19-20th centuries. Other influential teachers in the early 20th century included Pure land Buddhist Yin-kuang and artist Hong Yi. Layman Zhao Puchu worked much on the revival. Until 1949, monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries, for example by monks of Guanghua Monastery, to spread Chinese Buddhism. Presently, Guanghua Monastery has 7 branches in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia. Born in Jiangsu Province in mainland China, he entered the Saṅgha at the age of 12, and came to Taiwan in 1949: He founded Fo Guang Shan monastery in 1967 and the Buddha's Light International Association in 1992. These are among the largest monastic and lay Buddhist organizations in Taiwan from the late 20th to early 21st centuries: He advocates Humanistic Buddhism, with the broad modern Chinese Buddhist progressive attitude towards the religion. In 1982, he founded Lin Quan Temple in Taipei County and became known for his teaching on Chan practices by offering many lectures and 7-day Chan retreats. 23. Chinese Buddhist Association 24. Second Buddhist Revival Since the reform and opening up period in the 1970s, a new revival of Chinese Buddhism has been taking place. Ancient Buddhist temples are being restored and new Buddhist temples are being built. In October 2012, the State Administration for Religious Affairs announced a crackdown on religious profiteering. Many sites have done enough repairs and have already cancelled ticket fares and are receiving voluntary donation instead. In April 2006 China organized the World Buddhist Forum, an event now held every 2 years, and in March 2007 the government banned mining on Buddhist sacred mountains. In May of the same year, in Changzhou, the world's tallest pagoda was built and opened. Currently, there are about 1.3 billion Chinese living in the People's Republic. Surveys have found that around 18.2- 20% of this population adheres to Buddhism. He went on to found the City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas, a monastery and retreat centre located on a 237-acre (959,000 m²) property near Ukiah, California. Chuang Yen Monastery and Hsi Lai Temple are also large centres. Sheng Yen also founded dharma centres in the USA. 25. Esoteric Buddhism In China and countries with large Chinese populations such as Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore, Esoteric Buddhism is most commonly referred to as the Chinese term Mizong, or "Esoteric School." Traditions of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism are most commonly referred to as Tangmi, "Tang Dynasty Esoteric," or Hanchuan Mizong, "Han Transmission Esoteric School" (Hanmi for short), or Dongmi, "Eastern Esoteric," separating itself from Tibetan and Newar traditions. These schools more or less share the same doctrines as Shingon, and in some cases, Chinese monks have travelled to Japan to train and to be given esoteric transmission at Mount Kōya and Mount Hiei. 26. Teachings Chinese Buddhism incorporates elements of traditional Buddhism and Daoism. Common practices include: => worship of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas => through offerings of incense, flowers, food, etc. => offerings to Devas who reside in the heavenly realm => paying respect to dead ancestors during Qingming and Hungry Ghost festival => performance of religious ceremonies to help souls of the deceased find peace => forming affinities with other people, through gifts and acts of service => vegetarianism: monastics are required to be vegetarian, devout laity are also often vegetarian => compassion towards all living beings through activities such as "life release" Common beliefs include: => existence of gods, ghosts and hell realm => reincarnation, or more technically, rebirth, according to one's karma => karmic retribution, ethically cause and effect 27. Incense burning Burning incense, translated to shaoxiang in Chinese, is a traditional and ubiquitous religious practice for almost all pujas, prayers, and other forms of worship. When Buddhism reached China, this wood evolved into sandalwood incense which was originally burned by Indian Buddhists so they could concentrate better. India is the home of Buddhism, and has formed its characteristic convention of burning incense. Uniform and codified systems of incense-making first begin in India. The philosophy behind incense burning is to sacrifice oneself for the benefit of others, the true spirit of Buddhism. The specific knowledge of incense as a healing tool was assimilated into the religious practices of the time, specifically in early Hinduism. 28. Laypeople in Chinese Buddhism In addition to these numerous biographies, there are accounts from Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) which provide extensive and revealing accounts to the degree Buddhism penetrated elite and popular culture in China. It is known from accounts in the Ming Dynasty that lay practitioners often engaged in practices from both the Pure Land and Chan traditions, as well as the study of the Buddhist Sūtras. The Heart Sūtra and the Diamond Sūtra were the most popular, followed by the Lotus Sūtra and the Avataṁsaka Sūtra. Laypeople were also commonly devoted to the practice of mantras, and the Mahā Karuṇā Dhāraṇī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī were very popular. The esoteric practices of Cundī enjoyed popularity among both the populace and the elite. Beliefs in Karma and Rebirth were held at all levels of Chinese society, and pilgrimages to well-known monasteries and the 4 Holy Mountains of China were undertaken by monastics and lay practitioners alike.
This website works best with JavaScript enabled logo olive Martha was a very unlucky woman. She had been a pupil at St Monica's missionary school. Most of her schoolmates of those days had married young teachers. But Martha married a young carpenter. After years of marriage, her husband died from a disease and left her in poverty. She had to take care of her children. Thus, she spent all hours of the day on the farm and on market day, in the market. Martha's first daughter Veronica was ten years old; she loved school. But she was obliged to abandon it because her mother could not pay for her school fees. So, she stayed home to look after her younger brothers and sisters. Soon after Veronica left school, Mr. Mark Emenike, the big government man of their village who lived in town, came to see Veronica's mother. He told her: "We have been looking for a girl to take care of our new baby". At first Martha was reluctant, but when the great man offered her a good salary for the girl's services in the year in addition to feeding and clothing and other things, she accepted. "Of course, it is not the money I am concerned about" she said, "but whether any daughter will be well-cared for". "You don't have to worry about that, mother. She will be treated like our own children", he said. Adapted from Girls at War and other Stories, by Chinua Achebe. Schoolmate: camarade de classe School fees: frais de scolarité I. Comprehension (8 points) A) Read the text and write the letter corresponding to the correct answer (2 pts) 1) Martha lived ... a) in a village. b) in the city. c) in the bush d) in town. 2) After the death of her husband, Martha ... a) stopped working. b) married another man. c) worked as a farmer and a seller. d) became a teacher. 3) Martha had ... a) one child. b) many children. c) no child. d) two children. 4) Veronica abandoned school because ... a) she was not intelligent. b) her school was very far. c) her mother did not have money. d) she did not like studying. B) Read the text and write true (T) or false (F) in front of each sentence (2 pts) 1) Martha was as fortunate as her schoolmates. 2) Martha's husband was a wood worker. 3) Mr. Mark Emenike forced Veronica to abandon school. 4) Mr. Mark Emenike promised to treat Veronica properly. C) Read the text and answer the following questions: (4 pts) 1) Why can we say that Martha is a hard-working-woman ? (2 pts) 2) What was Veronica doing at home after she left school ? (1 pt) 3) What did Veronica's mother tell Emenike ? (1 pt) II. Vocabulary (2 points) 1) Find in the text the appropriate word or expression to complete the sentences below. (1 pt) a) When you hesitate to do something you are ----- to do it (paragraph n°4) b) Paul is often absent from classes, so his parents ----- his exam. (paragraph n°5) 2) Find in the text the masculine or the feminine of the following words. (1 pt) a) wife b) son III. Grammar (6 points) A. Find in the text two verbs conjugated in the past perfect tense. (1 pt) B. Complete the sentences below with "since", "for", or "ago". ( 1pt) 1) We have worked .... two hours. 2) I went to my village one week ... C. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. (1 pt) 1) If I were rich, I (buy) a new car. 2) You will succeed if you (work) hard. D. These sentences are incorrect. Correct them. (1 pt) 1) My brother has ten years old. 2) Two mice was found running in the house. E. Rewrite the following statements into their negative forms. (1 pt) 1) We start classes at seven. 2) My friend studies his lessons every day. F. Choose the appropriate letter and fill in the blanks in the following sentences. (1 pt) 1) Ali likes ... to school. a) walks b) walked c) walk d) walking 2) As soon as his mother ... cooking, he will eat. a) finished b) finishes c) will finish d) finish IV. Writing (4 points) Is it good to permit children to work for money ? Give two reasons to justify your answer. (40 or 50 words)
10 healthy foods that can add poisons to your body It’s natural for people to feel that foods that are considered safe must be consumed without hesitation. However, some food groups can be healthy and unhealthy for our body. Nutmeg can cause poisoning, and couscous is very low fiber so that it can cause weight gain depending on your diet. Here is top 10 healthy foods that can add poisons to your body. Screen vegetables such as Kale and LP can contain a high lead level, nutmeg can cause poisoning, and couscous is very low fiber so that it can cause weight gain depending on your diet. Our mission is to help you recognize this foods so you can know exactly what you eat. Don’t miss reading Health benefits of plantain to the body when well consumed Therefore, below are 10 top healthy foods that can add toxins to your body: 1. Tuna in its purest form Although height Omega 3, the fresh tuna of the Atlantic Ocean has been found to contain a significant level of mercury, which can cause poisoning. 2. Cinnamon. Cinnamon is spices that can be used to spice up drinks, desserts, and other dishes. However, Coumarin, one of the contents of spices is toxic and carcinogenic. HELPFUL: Dangers of eating food fried with oil that has been used several times 3. Pala Pala is a spice originating from Indonesia and India and is famous for its taste. Nutmeg poisoning, on the other hand, has been documented in some cases. You can develop hallucinations, tachycardia, and ant cholinergic symptoms if you consume too many of these beans. 4. Coffee Some individuals drink coffee to wake up, focus, or just rest during the day, but research shows that consumes too much so that it can worsen osteoarthritis, arthropathies and obesity. 5. Couscous. Because of its poor fiber content, Couscous may promote mass of fat and obesity when paired with a high-fat diet. Couscous also has a high carbohydrate content, which can cause increased blood sugar. If you suffer from diabetes or high risk to develop it in the future, you must avoid this food. 6. Smoke salmon. Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons which can be toxic, mutagenic, and or carcinogenic are abundant in smoked salmon. They are caused by water contamination and smoking acts. RELATED: Healthy liver foods you must consume regularly 7. Potatoes There is no difference whether you eat fries, boiled, or mashed; however, if you find green potatoes, avoid or peel completely. This tuber is high in glycoalkaloid, toxic chemicals that can cause nausea and vomiting. 8. Mango. If you have an allergic history of Poison Ivy, you must avoid mangoes. They both have the same medicine in it, which can cause itching, redness, itching, and blisters. 9. Rice-based cake Rice cakes can be a substitute for chips and cakes that are suitable, but despite low calorie content, they are still poorly processed foods in vitamins and minerals. In addition, one study identified Arsenic in a rice-based diet. 10. Virgin coconut oil Although coconut oil is promoted as healthy food, it really contains more than 80% saturated fat, which increases LDL cholesterol and increases the risk of heart disease. Read also list of healthy foods for persons who are over 50 years of age. Related Articles Back to top button
Norse mythology in popular culture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The Norse mythology, preserved in such ancient Icelandic texts as the Poetic Edda, the Prose Edda, and other lays and sagas, was little known outside Scandinavia until the 19th century. With the widespread publication of Norse myths and legends at this time, references to the Norse gods and heroes spread into European literary culture, especially in Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain. In the later 20th century, references to Norse mythology became common in science fiction and fantasy literature, role-playing games, and eventually other cultural products such as Japanese animation. Storytelling was an important aspect of Norse mythology and centuries later, with the rediscovery of the myth, Norse mythology once again relies on the impacts of storytelling to spread its agenda. [1] Reintroduction to popular culture[edit] Antiquaries of the 19th century such as George Webbe Dasent brought the mythology of Scandinavia back to the popular notice of many people in Germany and England; in both cases, Norse mythology was recognized as the latest surviving form of Germanic paganism. Germany and England were Christianized far earlier than the Scandinavian countries and much of their own traditions were lost. The rediscovery of Norse mythology allows it to be understood under an arti-religious context through analysis of its functionalization with for various national, religious, and cultural renewals in various countries.[2] In Britain, William Morris composed poetry such as Sigurd the Volsung on Norse legendary subjects as well as translating Icelandic sagas into English. In Germany, Richard Wagner borrowed characters and themes from Norse mythology to compose the four operas that make up Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), though he also utilized medieval German sources and Germanized the names of the Norse gods. In Germany, the rediscovery of Norse mythology became popularized by transforming its art-religion context to an alternative spiritual practice. [2] The Lord of the Rings written by J. R. R. Tolkien was said to have been heavily influenced by Norse mythology which brought on many debates about structural and theoretical approaches to mythology. [3] Depictions in modern popular culture[edit] American comics[edit] [4] [5] European comics[edit] Manga, anime and manhwa[edit] • Vinland Saga takes place in Iceland and 11th-century Europe, which makes many references to Norse mythology • In History's Strongest Disciple Kenichi, the protagonists fight against a gang organization known as Ragnarok. Each of the Eight Fists were nicknamed after a figure in Norse mythology, including Berserker, Freya, Loki, Thor, Siegfried, Hermit, Valkyrie, and their leader Odin. • Attack on Titan, also has prominent themes of Norse mythology, including (but not limited to): Ymir, Castle Utgard, the walls, the Titans, parallels between Norse gods/goddesses and characters, as well as plot lines that seem to mimic events in Norse mythology. The conflict between the Titan shifters and normal humans may be compared to the wars between the Aesir and Vanir. There are other references that are minor as well, such as the can of herring found by Ymir (which contains Norse runes on the label) and the giant boar killed in the second OVA of the anime. • Sword Art Online has characters and story based on Norse mythology. • In High School DxD Norse mythology is one of the supernatural factions that exist in the light novel and anime. • Odin, the Chief of the Norse Gods is a major supporting character who aided the Occult Research Club in fending off Khaos Bridge terrorism in Volume 6. • Loki the Norse God of Evil is the antagonist of Volume 7 who tried to start Ragnarok by killing Odin with his son Fenrir but was defeated instead. • Loki's first son the Norse Divine Wolf Fenrir is one of the most powerful monsters in the supernatural world being capable of killing gods with his fangs. After his father was defeated, Fenrir was captured by the Vali Team and Le Fay Pendragon's familiar • Loki's second son the World Serpent Jormundgandr is one of the Five Great Dragon Kings alongside its fellow Norse Dragon Fafnir. • Rossweisse, a genius Valkyrie who once served Odin as his bodyguard, was later reincarnated into a devil by Rias. She also became the lover of the protagonist Issei Hyodou. • Gondul, a legendary Valkyrie and Rossweisse's grandmother debut in Volume 17 to teach magic to Devil children in Auros Academy. • Nidhoggr the Norse Dragon who resides in Niflheimr feeding on dead corpses and gnaws on Yggdrasil's roots is one of the legendary Evil Dragons revived by Qlippoth who was sent to kidnapped Issei's parents. • Vidar, Odin's third son became his father successor as Chief God of the Norse Mythological faction due to Odin sealed himself in an alternate dimension prison to fight the Beast of Revelation 666. • Saint Seiya: Poseidon and the Asgardians has characters and story based on Norse mythology such as Odin, Freyja, Jörmungandr, Fenrir, Sleipnir, Sigurd etc. • In Record of Ragnarok, the Norse gods Odin, Loki, and Thor are among the 13 gods fighting against 13 historical humans in a tournament. In addition, the Valkyries are major characters, the manga using the ones listed in the poems Völuspá and Grímnismál. • Stand Still. Stay Silent., by Finnish Swede illustrator and cartoonist Minna Sundberg, is a post apocalyptic webcomic with elements from Nordic mythology, set 90 years in the future.[6] In this story, Iceland and Norway have returned to the embrace of their ancient Gods.[7] • Off-White is a fantasy webcomic by Polish artists Anna Podedworna and Katarzyna Redesiuk that borrows many elements from Norse mythology, particularly the characters of the wolves Sköll and Hati, chasers of Sól and Máni.[8] • The God of High School features the Norse pantheon deities, including Thor, Odin. Illustration to a Wagner's Opera Nordic folk[edit] Modern Nordic folk genre numbers several bands, soloists, and music projects focused mostly or entirely on themes revolving around Norse mythology. Live action TV[edit] • The Norwegian-language Netflix drama Ragnarok features a boy who discovers he is Thor battling a family of frost giants in human form in the modern-day town of Edda. • Odin and the Valkyries appear a few times in the television series Xena: Warrior Princess in the 6th season which is a spin off of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. • In the Robin of Sherwood story "The Time of the Wolf" (1986), the villain Gulnar leads a murderous cult which worships the Norse monster Fenris, called "The Sons of Fenris".[9] • The television series Supernatural has referenced the Norse Vanir in a Season One episode, as gods that locals of Scandinavian descent brought with them. Supernatural also has four episodes that involves a being believed to be Loki the Trickster. In season 5 episode Hammer of the Gods, members of several godly pantheons (including those of Hindu, Voodoo, etc.) meet in order to deal with the matter of the Christian apocalypse. Lucifer kills all the gods (except for Kali), including Norse gods Odin, Baldur and Loki (revealed earlier to actually be archangel Gabriel). Thor's hammer Mjolnir later appears in a Season 8 episode as an object at a supernatural auction house, bought by Norse god Vili. In the season 13 episode "Unfinished Business", Gabriel is revealed to have made a deal with the real Loki (played by Richard Speight Jr. like Gabriel) to take on his identity and persona millennia earlier to hide from Heaven and to have sought the aid of Loki and his sons Fenrir, Narfi and Sleipnir in hiding after faking his death once more. Instead, the gods had sold him to the Prince of Hell Asmodeus and Gabriel seeks revenge with the help of Sam and Dean Winchester. Gabriel kills Fenris, Narfi and Sleipnir before learning that Loki blames Gabriel for the death of Odin who he still loved despite their differences. Loki's betrayal was his way of getting revenge. After a fight, Gabriel kills Loki with a specially-crafted wooden sword and gets his own revenge upon him. • True Blood features a vampire character named Eric Northman who was once a Viking prince and now the owner of a Shreveport, Louisiana-based nightclub Fangtasia • The American Gods TV series features Norse mythological figures, being an adaptation of Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods. In the first season, Odin is the most prominent. • Victor Magtanggol is a Filipino television series set in the modern world after the events of Ragnarok where most of the Norse gods are already dead including Thor. The main antagonist in the series is Loki who was revived to take over the world. The story revolves around the main character Victor Magtanggol (played by Alden Richards) who was chosen by lady Sif to be the new wielder of Thor's hammer Mjolnir.[10] • Alternate versions of Loki also appear in the 2021 Disney+ series Loki, which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and shares continuity with the other films and television shows of the franchise. • In the anime series Sword Art Online, the game ALfheim Online is based on Norse mythology.[11] • In the Japanese anime series Blue Dragon, a character named Logi comes with many references to the mythology; including his name sounding of Loki's, his shadows called "Valkyrie" and "Odin" (who wields the Gungnir), and his fleet of robots named Sleipnir. • Attack on Titan has elements of Norse mythology such as the first Titan being called Ymir. • Vinland Saga mentions Norse gods such as Thor and Odin. • The 1990s Disney animated series Gargoyles featured "Eye of the Storm," set in modern Norway as the thirteenth episode of the so-called "Avalon World Tour" story arc, where Goliath is involved in what culminates in the return of Odin's missing right eye to him, with Odin depicted as one of the series' magical "Oberon's children," a race of powerful beings led by Oberon and Titania. • The original DuckTales series features an episode titled "Maid of the Myth" in which Ms. Beakley is mistaken for Brunnhilde. The episode also features a cameo from Thor. • The 2017 reboot of Disney's DuckTales featured "The Rumble for Ragnarok", where a wrestling tournament is held in Valhalla every decade to determine the destruction of the Earth, with the Asgardians not really caring what happens as a glorious death for Earth means everybody will be joining them in Valhalla. Valhalla's champion, Jormungandr takes the form of a humanoid snake wrestler to give his opponents, in this case Scrooge McDuck and his family, a fair fight. Fenrir and Hel, under the name "Hecka", are also members of Jormungandr's wrestling team. Video games[edit] • In Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War, the player is part of a two-man mercenary squadron called Galm Team: a reference to Garmr, a Norse hellhound. • Tomb Raider: Underworld uses the Norse mythology keystones, names and artifacts as its main plot basis. Protagonist Lara Croft, in the course of her search for her mother, visits the Neiflheim and other mythical places. Thor's hammer Mjollnir is used as her weapon. • In StarCraft, four of the fifteen Zerg Broods are named Fenris, Garm, Jormungand, and Surtur, and there is also an overlord hero unit called Yggdrasil. In addition, there is a Terran unit called a Valkyrie; similarly, in Starcraft 2, there are several Terran units that are named based on Norse references. • In Halo, the player's character Master Chief wears a special type of armor called MJOLNIR. • In Castle of the Winds, the freeware/shareware RPG for windows, many of the characters/place names/weapons are named after Norse mythology. • In Odin Sphere one of five warlords is the Demon Lord Odin, who commands an army of Valkyrie warriors. The game depicts many aspects of Norse mythology, such as the Armageddon ‒ standing for the Ragnarök, the Haljas (guardians of the Netherworld), the Aesir and the Vanir (Valkyries and Fairies) fighting over control of the land. • In the video game series Fire Emblem several weapons are named after figures and objects in Norse mythology, including the weapons Garm, Gleipnir, and Fenrir. • In the video game Tales of Symphonia, Heimdall, Ymir, Fenrir, and Yggdrasil were taken from Norse mythology, with Heimdall being the name of the village of the elves and Ymir the forest in which it is concealed, Fenrir as the Summon Spirit of Ice Celsius' companion, and Yggdrasill being the world tree of infinite mana. • In the video game La Tale, Norse mythology is reoccurrent in many of the games themes (i.e. fighting Valkyries, as well as Hel and Odin appearing as bosses). There are many maps in game that have ideas taken from Norse mythology, including Bitfrost, Valhalla, Asgard, The Long Tree (being Yggdrasil), Midgard, and a few more. • In the video game Heroes of Newerth, playing as a Valkyrie is possible. • In the Heroes of the Storm, playable hero Tychus can call down the Odin, a heavy combat walker, as one of his two heroic abilities. Cassia can use her heroic ability to summon a Valkyrie that rushes towards her, pulling the first enemy Hero hit, and knocking back all other enemy Heroes in the way. • The puzzle platform game Munin is about Odin's raven Munin, whom Loki has stripped of wings and transformed into a human girl, and who has to travel through the nine worlds of Yggdrasil to relocate her missing feathers. • In the video game Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice, Norse mythology plays a key role in design of the world and enemies, with the developers going to great lengths to research the topic. • The 2018 game God of War, is loosely based on Norse mythology, a change of direction for a series previously centered around Greek mythology. Baldr appears as the main antagonist, Freya, Mímir, and Jörmungandr appear as allies, Odin and Thor are background antagonists, with the former being indirectly responsible for the events of the game and the events of the Norse era as a whole and are mentioned frequently with the latter's sons Móði and Magni appearing as antagonists. Kratos' second wife is Laufey, a Frost Giant, and his son Atreus' original name is Loki. The 2022 sequel, God of War Ragnarök, will depict the events of Ragnarök and thus will feature Thor, Odin, and presumably other deities as major antagonists of the game. • In Pokémon X and Y, the legendary trio, Xerneas, Yveltal, and Zygarde, are based upon creatures from Norse Mythology, with Xerneas representing Eikþyrnir, Yveltal representing Hræsvelgr, and Zygarde's three forms representing Fenrir (10%), Jörmungandr (50%), and Hel (Complete Forme). • The game Jotun uses the mythology as a setting, with the protagonist making its way through various realms in order to fight the gigantic jötunn. • The Bayonetta franchise makes multiple references to Norse mythology. The primary antagonist of the first title is named Balder, and the creator god of myth is referred to as Aesir. A character named Loki also appears as a supporting character in the sequel. • Warriors Orochi 4 adds Norse and Greek deities to its selection of characters. The game depicts Odin, having survived Ragnarok, seeking to absorb energy from other realms via Yggdrasil in order to avoid his impending demise. In an effort to support this, he orders Loki to infiltrate the Greek pantheon, disguised as the hero Perseus. • One of the bosses in Mega Man Zero 4 is based on Fenrir, being a robot known as Fenri Lunaedge. The story also makes reference to Ragnarok, where it is an orbital cannon that Dr. Weil, the main villain, intends to use to destroy the last vestiges of vegetation on Earth so all humans are subjected to his dictatorial rule. When it fails, he tries to directly crash Ragnarok directly into the planet. • In Kingdom Hearts: Dark Road, the Keyblade Master instructor of Xehanort and Eraqus is named Master Odin, with a design based on Georg von Rosen's 1893 depiction of Odin the wanderer. • In Xenoblade Chronicles 2, The World Tree of Norse mythology is central to the plot. The name of the musical track that plays on The World Tree is titled "Yggdrasil". • Assassin's Creed: Valhalla is based heavily on Viking history as well as Norse Mythology. The game features several story arcs set in Asgard and Jotunheim. Characters such as Odin, Tyr, Thor, Loki, and Freyja feature in the game, and their respective myths help form the background for parts of the game's story. • Two spellcards in Touhou Project are called Divine Spear "Spear the Gungnir" and Taboo "Lævateinn". • Ark: Survival Evolved includes the Fjordur DLC, which introduced the Mjolnir weapon skin as a final reward if a player defeated the final boss and had reached Player Level 190, something only achievable if they completed all the objectives of all the game expansions in all the DLCs. Norse mythology in other media[edit] • The Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game has a series of cards (the Nordic, Aesir, and Generaider archetypes) based on Norse gods and other mythological creatures. • The Space Wolves chapter of Space Marines in Warhammer 40,000 are heavily influenced by Norse mythology, with their homeworld of Fenris being named for Fenrir the wolf, who also serves as inspiration for massive Fenrisian wolves that prowl the planet's wintery landscape. See also[edit] 1. ^ Evans, Jerome (2004). "From Sheryl Crow to Homer Simpson: Literature and Composition through Pop Culture". The English Journal. 93 (3): 32–38. doi:10.2307/4128806. ISSN 0013-8274. JSTOR 4128806. 2. ^ a b von Schnurbein, Stefanie (2016), "Germanic Neopaganism – A Nordic Art-Religion?", Norse Revival, Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism, Brill, pp. 298–350, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w76v8x.17, retrieved 2021-12-22 3. ^ a b c Hiley, Margaret (2004). "Stolen Language, Cosmic Models: Myth and Mythology in Tolkien". Modern Fiction Studies. 50 (4): 838–860. ISSN 0026-7724. JSTOR 26286381. 4. ^ "Norse Mythology in Popular Culture". 27 June 2018. 5. ^ "Oeming nails Norse myth in 'Hammer of the Gods'". 20 February 2001. 6. ^ "Stand Still. Stay Silent - webcomic". 7. ^ "Stand Still. Stay Silent - webcomic, page 67". 8. ^ "off-white cover by vesner on DeviantArt". Retrieved 2022-07-04. 9. ^ Richard Carpenter,Robin of Sherwood : The Time of the Wolf.Puffin Books, 1989. ISBN 014032660X (pp. 92, 100) 10. ^ "'Victor Magtanggol' based on Norse mythology, not Marvel's Thor, says creator". 10 July 2018.
The Value Of Floor Screed Calculator The integration of technology into every aspect of our lives has made crucial tasks easier. In recent years, technology in construction has undergone rapid advances like every other aspect. It is to be kept in mind that modern construction processes have become more sophisticated, and therefore, it is possible to construct a tall structure within a few days. Concrete batching plants play an important role in modern construction. They speed up the process of mixing concrete, making it ready to be used in construction. There are two types of concrete plants in the world, one is ready to mix plant, and another is a central mix plant. They can be used in two different ways, depending on what their purpose is. Ready-mix plants use all concrete ingredients other than water to mix. The mixture is then transferred on to the truck. Here water is added giving concrete its form. This concrete is then transferred to the construction site where it is placed in the blocks. All the concrete ingredients are mixed at a central mixing plant. The truck then transports the mix to the construction site. Major plants offer the advantage of having all the ingredients mixed together in one place. This results in a more consistent concrete mix. It’s used extensively in construction projects to produce the best possible results. Different industrial sectors have experienced massive development over the past few years. The construction sector is no exception. Modern automation is used to maintain the standard performance of concrete plants. These plants can be controlled using computers. Computers are used to measure the concrete’s constituents. Computers can mix the ingredients precisely, so that the mix is consistent. The proper operation of these units requires the use of ancillary facilities. No one has the patience to wait long to do a job. This is precisely why batching plants were designed. Concrete plants have made the task of construction more accessible and faster. Concrete plants have made it possible to create things that would normally take many years. This has led to many construction workers becoming more interested in batching plants. Installing a concrete batching plant is simple nowadays. All over the world, there are numerous companies that are involved in this industry. The installation of these plants was time-consuming and costly. You can install a plant at the construction site, or elsewhere. Experts are available to help clients decide which plant is best for them. Clients can also go through the internet to get a clear idea about the expenses of installing a batching plant. This is expensive, and this is why most companies prefer to purchase ready-mixed concrete from concrete manufacturers. Make a search on the following website, if you are looking for additional information regarding floor screed calculator.
Scope of JUHF Halal Certification In India, word “Halal” commonly assumed as “slay an animal, meat or meat product only”. But Halal is not all about meat and meat products. Halal is a very comprehensive word includes all consumable and non-consumable items ensuring they are permissible to use under Islamic Shariah. Moreover, in our daily life, our deeds, our action, our behavior, interactions with other, relations with other is also should be Halal. A Muslim must ensure Halalness of any item before use it. Today, as technologies got advanced, new development and new way of products is being launched, it become compulsory for each item to be Halal Certified whether it from plant source, or animal source or chemicals. There are three categories that come into production of any products and that need to be Halal Certified. JUHF Halal Certification can obtained for the following: 1. Food Products and Beverages Food products and beverages mean products made or produced for human use. 1. Consumer Goods Consumer goods mean products which are not consumable. 1. Food Premise Food premise means any building or any structure, permanent or otherwise for preparation, serving and sale of any food. 1. Logistic Logistic means services for transportation of goods and/ or cargo chain services or warehousing and related activities or retailing related to management and handling of food, beverages, and goods. 1. Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical refers to pharmaceutical products in the form of finished dosage including prescribed and non-prescribed medicinal product for human usage (biopharmaceutical, radiopharmaceutical, traditional medicine, dietary supplement and researched medicine) that has been registered with the Drug Control Authority under the Ministry of Health, India. 1. Cosmetic and Personal Care Cosmetic and personal care means material and preparations made forcontact with various outer layers of the body (epidermis, hair, nail, lips, etc.) or on teeth and mucus channel in the mouth. The sole objective is to clean, to perfume, to change appearance and/ or improve body odour and/ or protect or preserve them in good condition. 1. OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) Company OEM Company is the manufacturer which offer manufacturing services to other companies on contract basis. 1. Slaughter Houses Slaughter Houses where “Makool All-Laham” Animal (permissible animal under Islamic Shariah) get slaughtered for human consumption
10 names of Aztec origin for girls 10 names of Aztec origin for girls We are searching data for your request: Forums and discussions: Manuals and reference books: Data from registers: Wait the end of the search in all databases. If you have not yet chosen a name for your future daughter, we would like to propose ten original ideas of Nahuatl origin. It is a Uto-Aztec macrolanguage spoken by more than a million and a half people. The Nahuatl names are closely related to natural elements like the water, the sun, the wind, the earth and above all the animals. Your daughter will be named after Mexican ancestors, many of whom are still used today. 1. Alotl. This name refers to a Macaw. This bird for the Mexican indigenous culture symbolizes fertility, maternal fecundity, sustenance and peace. 2. Cihuacoatl. Also known as snake woman. The snake implies desire and seduction. In the Aztec language the snake symbolizes the origin of life, fertility, birth and health. 3. Iztacihuatl. It means white woman. It is an inactive volcano located in central Mexico and its name comes from its snowy profile that resembles a reclining woman covered in a white cloak. Mexican mythology tells that Iztaccíhuatl was a princess who fell in love with Popocatépetl, one of her father's warriors. The princess's father sent the warrior to battle in Oaxaca, promising to deliver his daughter to him if he returned victorious and with the head of his enemy on the lance. Some time later the warrior returned with the head of his rival bleeding on his spear, for which he received a feast for his victory. However, their love was terminated as the princess had died. With a broken heart, he took the body of his beloved to a mountain and the gods turned her into an inactive volcano. 4. Metztli. This is how the Moon is called in Nahuatl. In Mexican mythology Metztli is associated with the Moon goddess who had the power to dominate the water on the planet through the serpent, with which she sent storms or floods. The Moon also represented maternal love. 5. Quetzalli. This name, in the Aztec language means precious. It is a name associated with what is most precious, what is most loved. It refers to a sacred and precious bird with long and colorful plumage that lives in the jungle of Central America. In addition to beauty, it also symbolizes the wisdom of the people. 6. Teotl. It is a name that means energy. be eternal and invisible. It symbolizes the creator and sustainer of the universe. 7. Tonalli. It refers to the patron deity of the day, energy and heat. 8. Xochiquetzal. In Mexican mythology Xochiquetzal is the goddess of beauty, flowers, love and the arts. It refers to a precious flower and is related to the fertility of nature. The Aztec people used to invoke the goddess Xochiquetzal to survive some danger to achieve fertility and sensuality, and also to achieve stable marriages. 9. Yoloxochitl. It literally means flower of heart. It is the name of a large tree up to 30m high. And with it it refers to its flowers that are solitary white, very showy and large. The fruits are also large and the seeds are bright red. The leaves are bright light green on the obverse, and the reverse is yellowish green; they resemble leather in their consistency. 10. Yaocihuatl. Warrior woman. It is the name of an Aztec deity who was characterized by being protective, serene and strong, who fights for her dreams and ambitions. Cristina González Hernando. Editor of our site You can read more articles similar to 10 names of Aztec origin for girls, in the On-site Names category. Video: Boy Names from Ancient Greek Mythology (August 2022).
Skip to content How a Salvadorian Children’s Game Anchors Artist Guadalupe Maravilla’s New Show at the Brooklyn Museum At age eight, artist Guadalupe Maravilla was among the first group of children to flee from El Salvador when it was divided by a violent civil war. He arrived, undocumented, in the United States, both alone and not—separated from his family but surrounded by strangers bonded by a shared journey. As a “way to distract myself from the real harsh reality and make a connection with the people I’d just met,” Maravilla turned to Tripa Chuca, a Salvadoran children’s game, the artist told Artnet News. “I played with the coyotes who were hired to bring me over; I played with the grandmothers that would watch me and take care of me in their houses in New Mexico,” he said. “It’s always been a way to bond with people.” In the game, participants scribble pairs of numbers on a piece of paper while their opponents connect the pairs with a single stroke, making sure that no lines touch in the process. Emerging eventually is what Maravilla calls a “labyrinth, a topographical map of sorts.” “To me,” he said, “it starts to feel like a fingerprint between two people that had similar journeys.” As most of his shows do, Maravilla’s new exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum began with a game of Tripa Chuca. The results of the game, played between he and a frequent collaborator who similarly emigrated from El Salvador, greets visitors on a wall at the show’s entrance, teasing the artist’s own transnational perspective. The show’s title posits an altogether different metaphor. “Tierra Blanca Joven,” as it is called, refers to a volcanic eruption from the fifth century C.E.—among the largest in recorded history—that blanketed a several-thousand-mile stretch of present-day El Salvador with ash and debris, uprooting entire communities of Maya people in the process. The goal, Maravilla explained, is to draw a connection between the “many different types of displacement” that have occurred in his home country: those induced by an ancient environmental calamity, by a civil war four decades ago, and by ongoing violence in the region today. The idea is echoed, too, in Maravilla’s choice to integrate nearly two dozen ancient Maya figurines, vessels, and other sculptures from the museum’s collection into the show. “What are these objects doing in Brooklyn?” he recalled thinking upon seeing the Maya artifacts in the institution’s storage rooms. “They were somehow taken from El Salvador in Central America and brought, through multiple hands, to the Brooklyn Museum.” Maravilla was also drawn to the objects for their one-time connection to customs of healing and ceremony, which is an important aspect of the artist’s own artistic creations. “My sculptures are an evolution of these ceramics and these objects,” he said. “That’s what has influenced me the most over the years, looking at these ancient rituals from my ancestors.” A decade ago this December, Maravilla was diagnosed with colon cancer. He ultimately beat the sickness, but the experience—and the rituals he turned to in the process—had a profound impact on his work. Included in the show are three examples of Maravilla’s Disease Thrower series of large, elaborate sculptures inspired by various indigenous healing practices he researched at the time. The most recent of the bunch, Disease Thrower #12122012, was named after the date he was diagnosed. Made of myriad found materials both organic and man-made (rocks and ropes, animal bones and medical objects, metal gongs) the artworks look imposing, occasionally even monstrous. But they act as sites of rehabilitation: Maravilla frequently employs the sculptures for his own healing rituals with others. Over the last two years, in particular, the artist held hundreds of healing ceremonies with his work, many for undocumented immigrants in his own New York neighborhood. The pandemic “opened up these doors [making] everyone… aware of how much healing we need to do.” Shortly after “Tierra Blanca Joven” opened, Maravilla offered something similar for the objects in the show. He invited a Mexican shaman to perform a private ritual in the gallery cleansing both the Maya artifacts and his own creations from “all the weight they must carry.” “Guadalupe Maravilla: Tierra Blanca Joven” is on view now through September 18, 2022 at the Brooklyn Museum of Art.
What Garbage Bag Is The Most Environmentally Friendly? Oct. 13, 2021 You may have heard of the importance of keeping garbage biodegradable. The problem is that most of the waste ends up in traditional garbage bags that are not biodegradable. This means that any waste trapped in the garbage bag is unlikely to be biodegradable, which is a problem for waste eventually entering the landfill. As a Plastic Bags With Handles Manufacturer, share it with everyone. Biodegradable Garbage Bag Biodegradable Garbage Bag For biodegradable waste to degrade, three things are required: If the garbage bag lacks any of these things, it will not be biodegradable, or it will take longer than it should be Now think about how many of these elements will they get when the trash is wrapped around plastic bags and stacked under more trash? If the plastic does finally decompose, it does not actually disappear; on the contrary, it becomes a microplastic. These tiny plastic fragments can seep into the soil and poison the surrounding land. Or worse, it is carried away by rain and pushed into the water system, where it will cause more damage. If we eat/drink anything that contains microplastics, we will be infected with plastic chemicals. This is why you should start using biodegradable garbage bags. They provide an opportunity for your trash to biodegrade, and will not damage the environment in the process. What to look for in a biodegradable garbage bag? Just because the bags say they are biodegradable, doesn't mean they actually are. Many manufacturers are taking advantage of people's love for green recycling solutions. Bioplastics-Anything that uses this term usually comes from plant-based plastics, so surely it wouldn't be that bad? Unfortunately, they are not as good as you think. The problem is that when they biodegrade, they produce much more methane gas than compostable garbage bags. If you do use these garbage bags, make sure to discard them in a facility that can handle methane. Bio-based-This type of biodegradable garbage bag is similar to bioplastics. They use plant materials to make products. The problem is that they usually contain harmful chemicals. If you are looking at these, try to find a package with BPI certification. This is the only way to understand that the bag will actually biodegrade without leaving behind harmful toxins. Degradable-from the name, you would imagine the bag will decompose. but it is not the truth. What it really means is that these bags are neither biodegradable nor compostable. Instead, the bag became thousands of microplastics. Our company also has Biodegradable Garbage Bag on sale, welcome to contact us.
Richard Heinberg Richard Heinberg Climate change is not an isolated issue. And techno-fixes will not solve it. Only a dramatic move away from fossils combined with the willingness of a large part of society to forgo on excessive convenience and luxury products and services, argues Richard Heinberg. As Heinberg writes: climate change is often incorrectly described as an isolated pollution issue. In this flawed framing, humanity has simply made a mistake in its choice of energy sources; the solution entails switching sources and building enough carbon-sucking machines to clear the atmosphere of polluting CO2. Only the political power of the fossil fuel companies prevents us from adopting this solution and ending our existential environmental crisis. But techno-fixes (that is, technological solutions that circumvent the need for personal or cultural change) aren’t working so far, and likely won’t work in the future. That’s because fossil fuels will be difficult to replace, and energy usage is central to our collective economic power. This is not a feel-good message, Heinberg mentions, but the longer we postpone grappling with power in this larger sense, the less successful we’re likely to be in coming to terms with the climate threat. Why not? Why can there be no climate techno-fix? There are two routes to this conclusion. The first one meanders through the history of humans on Earth, revealing how each new technological or social innovation empowered some people over others, while often imposing a long-term environmental cost. The adoption of agriculture was a milestone on this path: it enabled more people to subsist in any given area, and it led to cities, kings, and slavery; further, in many places, plowing tended to deplete or ruin topsoil, and city-dwellers cut down nearby forests, leading to eventual societal collapse. But the real show-stopper came much more recently. The adoption of fossil fuels gave humans the biggest jolt of empowerment ever: in just the last two centuries, our global population has grown eight-fold, and so has per capita energy consumption. Our modern way of life—with cars, planes, supermarkets, tractors, trucks, electricity grids, and internet shopping—is the result. Climate change is the shadow of this recent cavalcade of industriousness, since it results from the burning of fossil fuels, the main enablers of modern civilization. Nevertheless, rapidly increasing population and consumption levels are inherently unsustainable and are bringing about catastrophic environmental impacts on their own, even if we disregard the effects of carbon emissions. The accelerating depletion of resources, increasing loads of chemical pollution, and the hastening loss of wild nature are trends leading us toward ecological collapse, with economic and social collapse no doubt trailing close behind. Ditching fossil fuels will turn these trends around only if we also deal with the issues of population and consumption. That’s the big picture. However, the quest for a climate techno-fix also fails on its own terms—that is, as a painless means of averting climate change while maintaining our current industrial economy and way of life. Why Solar Panels Won’t Save Consumerism Renewables like solar and wind are not without challenges. While sunlight and wind are themselves renewable, the technologies we use to capture them aren’t: they’re constructed of non-renewable materials like steel, silicon, concrete, and rare earth minerals, all of which require energy for mining, transport, and transformation. These materials are also depleting, and many will be difficult or impossible to recycle. Sunlight and wind are intermittent: we cannot control when the sun will shine or the wind will blow. Therefore, to ensure constant availability of power, these sources require some combination of four strategies: • Energy storage (e.g., with batteries) is useful to balance out day-to-day intermittency, but nearly useless when it comes to seasonal intermittency; also, storing energy costs energy and money. • Source redundancy (building far more generation capacity than will actually be needed on “good” days, and then connecting far-flung solar and wind farms by way of massive super-grids), is a better solution for seasonal intermittency, but requires substantial infrastructure investment. • Excess electricity generated at times of peak production can be used to make synthetic fuels (such as hydrogen, ammonia, or methanol), perhaps using carbon captured from the atmosphere, as a way of storing energy; however, making large amounts of such fuels will again require substantial infrastructure investment, and the process is inherently inefficient. • Demand management (using electricity when it’s available, and curtailing usage when it isn’t) is the cheapest way of dealing with intermittency, but it often implies behavioral change or economic sacrifice. Today the world uses only about 20 percent of its final energy in the form of electricity. The other 80 percent of energy is used in the forms of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. A transition away from fossil fuels will entail the electrification of much of that other 80 percent of energy usage, which includes most transportation and key industrial processes. However, many uses of energy, such as aviation and the making of cement for concrete, will be difficult or especially costly to electrify. In principle, the electrification conundrum could be overcome by powering aviation and high-heat industrial processes with synfuels. However, doing this at scale would require a massive infrastructure of pipelines, storage tanks, carbon capture devices, and chemical synthesis plants that would essentially replicate much of our current natural gas and oil supply system. Machine-based carbon removal and sequestration methods work in the laboratory, but would need staggering levels of investment in order to be deployed at a meaningful scale, and it’s unclear who would pay for them. These methods also use a lot of energy, and, when full lifecycle emissions are calculated, it appears that more emissions are often generated than are captured. The best carbon capture-and-sequestration responses appear instead to consist of various methods of ecosystem restoration and soil regeneration. These strategies would also reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions. But they would require a near-complete rethinking of food systems and land management. Heinberg: fixes require even more energy The essence of the problem with a climate techno-fix is this, Heinberg explains: nearly everything we need to do to solve global warming (including building new low-emissions electrical generation capacity, and electrifying energy usage) requires energy and money. But society is already using all the energy and money it can muster in order to do the things that society wants and needs to do (extract resources, manufacture products, transport people and materials, provide health care and education, and so on). If we take energy and money away from those activities in order to fund a rapid energy transition on an unprecedented scale, then the economy will contract, people will be thrown out of work, and many folks will be miserable. On the other hand, if we keep doing all those things at the current scale while also rapidly building a massive alternative infrastructure of solar panels, wind turbines, battery banks, super grids, electric cars and trucks, electrified industrial equipment, and synthetic fuel factories, the result will be a big pulse of energy usage that will significantly increase carbon emissions over the short term (10 to 20 years), since the great majority of the energy currently available for the project must be derived from fossil fuels. The happy illusion that we can do it all can be maintained only by refusing to acknowledge the stubborn fact that all activity, including building alternative energy generators and carbon capture machinery, requires energy. Energy is inextricably related to power. Thus, if society voluntarily reduces its energy usage by a significant amount in order to minimize climate impacts, large numbers of people will likely experience this as giving up power in some form—whether physical, social, or economic. It can’t be emphasized too much: energy is essential to all economic activity. An economy can grow continuously only by employing more energy. World leaders demand more economic growth in order to fend off unemployment and other social ills. Thus, in effect, everyone is counting on having more energy in the future, not less. Problems ignored usually don’t go away. And not all problems can be solved without sacrifice. If minimizing climate change really does require substantially reducing world energy usage, then policy makers should be discussing how to do this fairly and with as little negative impact as possible. The longer we delay that discussion, the fewer palatable options will be left. If we just could give up power The stakes could hardly be higher. If emissions continue, the result will be the failure of ecosystems, massive impacts on economies, widespread human misery and migration, and unpredictable disruptions to political systems. The return of famine as a familiar feature of human existence is a very real likelihood. It’s easy to see why people would wish to avoid giving up social, political, economic, and physical power to the degree that’s necessary in order to deal with climate change. Fighting entrenched power is a contentious activity, often a dangerous one. People with power don’t like threats to it, and they often fight back. That’s why environmentalists like to choose their battles. The fossil fuel industry is wealthy and formidable, but at least it’s an enemy that’s easy to identify, and a lot of people already feel critical of the oil and gas companies for a variety of reasons (gasoline is too expensive, oil pipelines cause pollution, and so on). But not all roadblocks to climate solutions are attributable to the oil companies. The rest of us are also implicated, though to greatly varying degrees depending on where we live and how much we consume. Our whole modern consumerist way of life, the essence of our economic system, is at fault. Unless we’re willing to give up some of our power over nature—our power to extract and transform resources and deliver the goods that we have come to rely on—then we’re destined to careen from one disaster to the next until our worst fears are realized. It’s understandable why most environmentalists frame global warming the way they do. It makes solutions seem easier to achieve. But if we’re just soothing ourselves while failing to actually stave off disaster, or even to understand our problems properly, what’s the point? The only real long-range solution to climate change centers on reining in human physical, social, and economic power dramatically, but in ways that preserve human dignity, autonomy, and solidarity. That’s more daunting than any techno-fix. But this route has the singular advantage that, if we follow it intelligently and persistently, we will address a gamut of social and environmental problems at once. In the end, it’s the only path to a better, safer future. This article is adapted from POWER: Limits and Prospects for Human Survival (New Society Publishers, September 2021) by Richard Heinberg Read the complete article by Richard Heinberg on Also read: Electric cars emit more co2 at production than conventional cars
Apollo 11 2019 marks the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. How much do you know about that historic mission? Quiz by prs17 Last updated: May 21, 2019 First submittedMay 20, 2019 Times taken76 Average score55.6% Report this quizReport Enter answer here / 18 guessed The quiz is paused. You have remaining. You scored / = % This beats or equals % of test takers also scored 100% The average score is Your high score is Your fastest time is Keep scrolling down for answers and more stats ... What day did Apollo 11 launch? July 16, 1969 What rocket launched Apollo 11 to the moon? Saturn V Where did the above rocket lift off from? Cape Kennedy What is the above called today? Cape Canaveral What was the call sign of the command module? What was the call sign of the lunar module? What day did the lunar module land? July 20, 1969 Where did the lunar module land? Sea of Tranquility What were the first words spoken from the surface of the moon (before the moonwalk)? Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed. Who was the first person to step on the Moon? Neil Armstrong Who was the second? Buzz Aldrin Who accompanied the above to the moon, but stayed in lunar orbit? Michael Collins That's ---- ----- ---- for (a) man one small step --- ------ ---- for mankind one giant leap Who was the first person to place a telephone call to the Moon? President Richard Nixon What day did the command module splash down? July 24, 1969 What was the name of the ship that recovered the crew upon splashdown? U.S.S. Hornet Where specifically is the command module today? Air and Space Museum, Washington D.C. No comments yet
Skip to content What Is Web Hosting? How does it works? What Is Web Hosting? How does it works? 6 Different Types of Web Hosting What Is Web Hosting? How does it works? what is web hosting and how does it work,how does web hosting work,what is web hosting,web hosting,how web hosting works,hosting,website hosting,best web hosting,web hosting explained,what is web hosting and how does it work?,types of web hosting,web hosting how does it work,shared hosting,web hosting and how does it work,what is web hosting and how does it work home,what is web hosting and how does it work again, web hosting,what is web hosting,hosting,website hosting,web hosting explained,best web hosting,shared hosting,what is hosting,how does web hosting work,web hosting tutorial,web hosting beginners,wordpress hosting,web hosting service,types of web hosting,web hosting for beginners,cheap web hosting,web site hosting,free web hosting,what is shared hosting,site hosting,dedicated hosting,what is hosting and domain,cloud hosting What Is Web Hosting? There are many different types of web hosting services out there. Which one you choose will depend on your needs and budget. Here are 7 different types of web hosting: 1. Shared Hosting Shared hosting is a type of web hosting in which the server resources are shared by multiple websites. It is the most popular type of web hosting as it is affordable and easy to set up. The main advantage of shared hosting is that it is cost-effective as the server costs are shared among all the websites. Shared hosting also offers good scalability as you can upgrade to a higher plan if your website starts getting more traffic. The main disadvantage of shared hosting is that your website will be affected by other websites on the same server. If another website on the same server gets a lot of traffic, it can slow down your website as well. There are many pros of shared hosting: 1. Shared hosting is very affordable. This is because you are sharing the server resources with other websites. The cost of running a server is divided among all the users, so it is much cheaper than having your own server. 2. Shared hosting is very convenient. You don’t have to worry about maintaining or upgrading the server, as that will be taken care of by the host. All you need to do is focus on building your website and promoting it online. 3. Shared hosting offers great scalability. If your website starts getting more traffic, you can simply upgrade to a higher plan and get more resources without having to set up your own server. There are a few disadvantages to using shared hosting, especially if your website is large or gets a lot of traffic. First, because your site is on the same server as other websites, it’s susceptible to the same security risks. If another website on the server is hacked or gets a virus, your site could be affected as well. Here we are bringing for you a very exclusive deal and discount coupons on ZAP Hosting Voucher 2022 by this you can save your more money. Second, if another website on the shared server gets a lot of traffic and uses up too many resources, your site could suffer from slower loading times or even downtime. And finally, you don’t have as much control over the server environment with shared hosting (you can’t install certain software programs for example), which means you may have to work around some limitations. 2. VPS Hosting VPS hosting is a type of web hosting that uses virtual private servers to provide its users with a more isolated environment. VPS hosting is ideal for websites that are receiving high levels of traffic and need a little extra power to keep up with their growth. Additionally, VPS hosting is a great option for developers who want complete control over their server environment. While VPS hosting does offer some benefits over shared web hosting, it’s important to note that it’s not right for everyone. If you have a small website or blog that doesn’t receive much traffic, you probably won’t need the extra resources that come with VPS hosting. There are many benefits of using a VPS for your website or application. A VPS is often much cheaper than a dedicated server because you only need to pay for the resources that you use. With a dedicated server, you have to pay for all of the resources whether you use them or not. One benefit is that you have complete control over your server environment. This means you can install any software you need and customize your server to meet your specific needs. Another benefit of using a VPS is that it offers better performance than shared hosting because each website on the server has its own resources allocated to it. This results in faster loading times and improved overall performance. There are some disadvantages of VPS hosting to be aware of before making a decision. One is that it can be more expensive than shared hosting, especially if you need a lot of storage space or bandwidth. Additionally, VPS servers tend to be less reliable than dedicated servers, and they can be slower, as well. Finally, because each virtual server is isolated from the others on the same physical server, if one goes down, the others are not affected. 3. Cloud Hosting Cloud hosting is a type of web hosting that uses cloud computing technology to provide online services. Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computer resources (such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). This means that instead of being limited to the physical resources of a single server, cloud hosting allows users to access resources from multiple servers. There are many benefits to using cloud hosting over traditional web hosting models. For example, because users are not limited by the physical resources of a single server, they can scale their website or application up or down as needed without incurring any additional costs. As the world increasingly moves towards a digital economy, more and more businesses are turning to cloud hosting solutions to keep their data and applications safe, secure, and accessible. Here are some of the key pros of cloud hosting: 1. Cost-effective – One of the biggest advantages of cloud hosting is that it can be much more cost effective than traditional on-premise hosting solutions. With pay-as-you-go pricing models, you only ever pay for the resources you use, making it a very scalable and flexible solution. 2. Increased uptime – Another big advantage of using a cloud-hosted solution is that it can offer increased uptime compared to an on-premise solution. There are a few potential cons of cloud hosting to consider before making the switch from traditional web hosting. One downside is that you may not have as much control over your server environment with cloud hosting. Additionally, depending on the provider, there may be a limit to how much scalability you can achieve with your website. Another thing to keep in mind is that some cloud hosting providers may not offer all of the features and tools that you need for your website. 4. Dedicated Hosting A dedicated hosting service, dedicated server, or managed hosting service is a type of Internet hosting in which the client leases an entire server not shared with anyone else. This is more flexible than shared hosting, as organizations have full control over the server(s), including choice of the operating system, hardware, etc. There is also another level of dedicated or managed WordPress hosting where you can get your own fully managed WordPress site for a set monthly fee. Dedicated servers are usually used for high-traffic websites that need extra speed and security compared to what a shared host can offer. A typical use case would be an online store during the holiday shopping season or a news website during breaking news events. There are many pros to dedicated hosting. One of the biggest pros is that you have full control over your server. This means that you can customize it to fit your specific needs. You also don’t have to share your server with anyone else, which can be a big pro if you are concerned about security. Additionally, dedicated hosting typically provides better performance than shared hosting because the resources are not shared with other users. Finally, dedicated servers usually come with a higher price tag than shared hosting, but this cost is often offset by the increased performance and security benefits. There are a few disadvantages of dedicated hosting. One is the cost. Dedicated hosting is more expensive than shared hosting because you are renting an entire server instead of sharing it with other websites. This means that you will have to pay for the server hardware, software, and maintenance yourself. Another disadvantage of dedicated hosting is that it can be difficult to set up and manage. You will need to have someone who is experienced in managing servers in order to set up and maintain your dedicated server properly. This can add to the cost of dedicated hosting as well since you will need to pay for someone else’s time in addition to the cost of the actual server hardware and software. 5. Managed Hosting Managed hosting is a type of web hosting in which the provider manages all aspects of the server, including security, performance, updates, and more. This can be a great option for businesses that don’t have the resources to manage their own servers. Here’s what you need to know about managed hosting. Security is one of the biggest benefits of managed hosting. Your provider will handle all patching and updates for you, so you don’t have to worry about keeping your server up-to-date. They’ll also monitor your server for any potential threats and take action to protect your site if necessary. Performance is another big advantage of managed hosting. There are several benefits to using managed hosting, including: 1. Increased uptime: One of the biggest advantages of managed hosting is increased uptime. Since the provider is responsible for maintaining and monitoring the server, they can quickly identify and fix any issues that may cause downtime. 2. Improved security: Another benefit of managed hosting is improved security. The provider will often have staff dedicated to keeping your site secure from hackers or other malicious activity. There are a few potential cons of managed hosting to be aware of. First, it can be more expensive than traditional hosting since you’re paying for the added convenience and support. Additionally, your host will have access to all of your server’s data and settings, which could potentially be a security concern. Finally, if you’re not comfortable with giving up that level of control, managed hosting may not be the right choice for you. 6. WordPress Hosting If you’re looking for a reliable and affordable WordPress hosting provider, look no further than InMotion Hosting. We offer a variety of plans to fit any budget, and our WordPress hosting includes all the features you need to get started with your website. InMotion Hosting is a leading web hosting company serving businesses of all sizes around the world. We offer a wide range of services including shared hosting, VPS hosting, dedicated servers, and managed WordPress hosting. Our award-winning customer support team is available 24/7 to help you with any questions you may have about our services. Our WordPress hosting plans include everything you need to get started with your website. One of the advantages of using WordPress is that you can find a host for your website quickly and easily. In this article, we will discuss some of the pros of using WordPress hosting. One of the main advantages of WordPress hosting is that it is easy to use. Even if you are not familiar with web hosting or website development, you can still create a beautiful website with WordPress. There are a few potential cons of using WordPress as your website’s host. First, because WordPress is open source software, it is constantly being improved by volunteers around the world. This can be a good thing or a bad thing, depending on your perspective. On one hand, it means that there is always someone working on making WordPress better; Web Hosting Promo Codes on the other hand, it also means that there is no one “in charge” of ensuring that all the various improvements don’t break existing functionality. Second, because WordPress powers such a large percentage of the internet (estimates range from 15% to 30%), it has become a target for hackers and malware authors.
Article CC BY 4.0 Peat and other organic soils under agricultural use in Germany: Properties and challenges for classification Under natural conditions, peatlands store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, they are under threat due to drainage which leads to mineralisation of soil organic matter to carbon dioxide (CO2). This situation is especially severe in Germany, where more than 70 % of peat and other organic soils are used for agriculture. This study assessed the properties of these soils within the framework of the first German Agricultural Soil Inventory. In a nationwide 8 × 8 km grid, soils from a total of 3104 sites were sampled to depths of up to one metre or down to the peat base. Of these sites, 146 were on peat and other organic soils; and 31 % of the 146 sites were being affected not only by drainage but also by changes in horizonation (e.g. mineral covers, deep ploughing). The classification of heavily disturbed sites is limited within the German Manual of Soil Mapping, which has led to the development of an adapted classification scheme for peat and other organic soils under agricultural use in Germany. The respective peat classes showed distinct patterns of SOC and total nitrogen (Nt) contents and stocks, bulk density (BD) and C:N ratios. Overall, a SOC stock of 529 ± 201 t ha-1 and a Nt stock of 29.3 ± 13.9 t ha-1 were found within a depth of 0–100 cm. However, in deeper profiles, 48 % of the total SOC was stored below 100 cm depth down to the peat base. High SOC stocks were also found in peat-derived, mineral-covered and deep-ploughed organic soils, which might be classified as mineral soils depending on the classification system used but are still prone to mineralisation and need to be considered in terms of emissions reporting and mitigation. Logarithmic and quadratic pedotransfer functions were developed to estimate BD and SOC density, respectively, from SOC contents. This is necessary for the calculation of SOC stocks when analyses of BD are absent. The quadratic relationship between SOC content and SOC density clearly showed that heavily degraded organic soils store as much SOC in a defined volume as more natural ones, and that any estimates of differences in potential CO2 emissions should not be based on SOC content, but on SOC density instead. Citation style: Could not load citation form. Access Statistic Last 12 Month: Use and reproduction:
What instruments are used in Chinese orchestra? 03/24/2019 Off By admin What instruments are used in Chinese orchestra? This largely plucked chordophone-based section creates tunes different from that of the Western orchestral instruments. • Yangqin (揚琴) • Liuqin (柳琴) • Pipa (琵琶) • Zhongruan (中阮) • Daruan (大阮) • Sanxian (三弦) • Guzheng (古箏) • Huqin (胡琴) What is the three instrument used in Chinese opera? The main stringed instrument is jinghu (Beijing fiddle), supported by erhu (second fiddle). Plucked stringed instruments include yueqin (moonshaped mandolin), pipa (four-stringed lute) and xianzi (three-stringed lute). Occasionally, suona horn and Chinese flute are also used. What type of instrument is erhu? vertical fiddle Erhu, Wade-Giles romanization erh-hu, bowed, two-stringed Chinese vertical fiddle, the most popular of this class of instruments. The strings of the erhu, commonly tuned a fifth apart, are stretched over a wooden drumlike resonator covered by a snakeskin membrane. What is a Chinese violin called? A symphony orchestra and a philharmonic are the same thing—sort of. They’re the same size and they play the same kind of music. “Symphony orchestra” is a generic term, whereas “philharmonic orchestra” is always part of a proper name. Where did the modern Chinese orchestra come from? This modern Chinese orchestra first developed out of Jiangnan sizhu ensemble in the 1920s into a form that is based on the structure and principles of a Western symphony orchestra but using Chinese instruments. What kind of music does the xiao flute play? The instrument’s timbre is sweet and tranquil; it is used on occasion for solos and usually performed with either the qixianqin (seven stringed zither), the ruan, pipa or erhu. Music for the xiao is typically gentle, calm and quiet in nature. What kind of notation does a Chinese orchestra use? Whilst jianpu (Chinese numerical notation; 简谱) is sometimes used in the modern Chinese orchestra for Chinese instruments, standard notation (五线谱) is more commonly used throughout the entire orchestra. Modern Chinese orchestral works are often published in standard notation, both parts and full scores. What are the different types of Chinese musical instruments? Chinese musical instruments were traditionally grouped into eight categories known as Bā yīn (八音). The eight categories are silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd and skin. There are other instruments which may not fit these groups. This is one of the first musical groupings ever devised.
How can blockchain open access to carbon markets Today is Earth Overshoot Day, marking the date at which humans have consumed more biological resources than the earth can regenerate for the rest of 2022. We gobble up resources at a rate 50% faster than they can be replenished in nature—meaning if governments and institutions don’t find a way to preserve finite resources and meaningfully wean off greenhouse gas emissions, we’re in for some civilization-threatening scarcity in the coming years. Based on the current trajectory of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the temperature of the planet could rise 4.4 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. This would devastate communities across the globe, triggering natural and human catastrophes. Carbon as a commodity Emissions of CO2, the most-burned greenhouse gas on the planet, jumped 6 percent in 2021 to 36.3 billion tons, an all-time high, according to a report from the International Energy Agency. The year represented the sharpest rise in global history, making 2020’s pandemic-induced decline a thing of the past. As the threat of climate change took center stage in the ‘90s, the UN’s Kyoto Protocol of 1997 established carbon credit markets, marking the first ever international treaty aimed at cutting CO2 emissions. The protocol set target levels to limit emissions among the agreeing parties. This established “emissions trading,” allowing countries and corporations that were below the specified target levels to sell spare carbon units to organizations that reached their limit, turning carbon into a commodity. The existence of the carbon credit market helps governments and companies ease off the greenhouse gas by mobilizing resources and reducing costs to smooth the transition toward a net-zero carbon future. The carbon credit market serves as a unique way to drive and inspire changes in the way humanity consumes CO2-emitting pollutants. The two carbon markets As the world tries to cooperate to meet the urgent 2050 deadline set forth by the UN roadmap to achieve net-carbon neutrality, the carbon credit marketplace offers an irreplaceable opportunity for collaboration on a wider scale to combat climate change. In fact, the global carbon market rose 164% in 2021, blossoming into an $851 billion industry. This recent growth of the carbon marketplace certainly represents a positive step towards the goal of reaching carbon neutrality. The problem, however, is that the overwhelming majority of this $851 billion market is sealed off from the general public—only governments and large corporations are legally mandated to offset their CO2 emissions. Mandatory, or regulated, markets exist in the United Kingdom, California, and the E.U., whose Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) was valued at $769 billion in 2021—easily the largest in existence. Only a mere $1 billion belongs to voluntary carbon markets, which empower individuals and smaller organizations to purchase emission-reducing carbon credits. Beyond being unreachable for most individuals and organizations, the voluntary carbon market lacks transparency and quality control, deterring potential participants. Carbon meets blockchain As the carbon market experiences solid growth, blockchain technology is uniquely positioned to help the market’s continued expansion by making access less exclusive. The blockchain can solve problems regarding transparency in the voluntary marketplace while simultaneously opening up mandatory markets to all. Contrary to popular misconception, blockchain isn’t limited to the cryptocurrency industry. It’s a mechanism that can be implemented by many industries to enable efficient transactions, optimize workflows, streamline multiparty processes, boost accountability while minimizing disputes, and open up new markets through asset tokenization. The telecom industry, for example, has already been using blockchain to help rapidly settle roaming charges between competing providers. The auto industry has also started leveraging blockchain to improve efficiency in key areas, such as safe and autonomous data, secure vehicle-related payments, ridesharing, and logistics planning. An increasingly common use case for blockchain is tokenizing real-world assets, such as precious metals or real estate. A potential buffer against inflation Indeed, the real estate anecdote offers parallels most pertinent to the carbon credit market. There are many especially expensive cities in the world, such as New York, London, Hong Kong, and Tel Aviv, in which the vast majority of people simply can’t afford to buy or own an apartment. Blockchain does offer a path, however, for retail investors to still enjoy the benefits of partially owning an apartment. The idea is to fractionalize ownership of an apartment or house into smaller, more affordable shares – opening access to investments that are today dominated by the very wealthy. These tokenization-use cases provide a potential buffer against today’s soaring inflation while enabling a larger class of investors to access widely-considered safe-haven assets. Blockchain technology can do exactly this for the regulated carbon credit market. For the carbon marketplace, blockchain could completely transform the industry through breaking down bulk size carbon credit financial instruments, enabling individuals to take part in a carbon-free future through the currently sealed off mandatory market. Millions of people around the world are eager to create an ecologically responsible future, and blockchain can facilitate this by unlocking the door for everyone to participate in the goal of a carbon-neutral future. Technology holds the key to success On this Earth Overshoot Day, it is important to recognize areas where climate-related initiatives can be improved and expedited to surpass their goals. In this day and age, technology almost always holds the key to success. There’s no reason not to leverage blockchain, the chief technology for democratization, to open carbon markets to retail investors and tackle the global carbon footprint bottom-up, rather than top-down. This blog is part of an Agenda series led by the World Economic Forum’s Crypto Impact and Sustainability Accelerator (CISA) which explores issues at the nexus of policy, sustainability, and social impact to help bring about a systemic, inclusive, and effective approach to governing distributed ledger technology. - Article reposted with credit to Joy Guo, World Economic Forum
Volume 32 - Issue 1 Christian Morality: Jesus’ Teaching on the Law By P.G. Nelson What is the relationship between the law of God in the OT and the teaching of Jesus in the NT? This is an important practical question because in his teaching Jesus seemed to affirm some laws (e.g. ‘you shall not steal’) but abrogate others (e.g. ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’). So when we come to OT laws that Jesus did not explicitly discuss (e.g. the law on charging interest on loans or engaging in homosexual acts) how do we know whether he intended them to apply to Christians or not? The apostles took some of the laws to apply (e.g. the law on homosexual acts, Rom. 1:26–27 etc.), but how did they decide this, and what about all the other laws: did Jesus intend these to apply to his followers or not? Answers to this question vary widely,1 e.g. • he intended all OT laws to apply (Christian Judaism) • he intended only the moral and civil laws to apply (theonomy) • he intended only the moral laws to apply (moral nomianism) • he intended only laws he taught to apply (new covenant theology) • he did not intend Christians to live by laws at all (antinomianism) The wide variety of answers creates a great deal of confusion, both among Christians, and in the Church’s witness to the world. My aim in this article is to try to resolve this confusion by re-examining how Jesus related his teaching to the OT, and bringing this together in a coherent and consistent way. Status of the Law (Matthew 5:17–20) In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus told his disciples: 17‘Do not think that I have come to destroy the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to destroy but to fulfil. 18For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not one small letter, not one little stroke, will by any means pass from the Law until all has taken place. 19Whoever therefore relaxes one of the least of these commandments, and teaches others [to do] so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but whoever does [them] and teaches [them] shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. 20For I say to you that, unless your righteousness surpasses that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven.’ Here Jesus affirms the OT (‘the Law’ and ‘the Prophets’, 17). He says that the Law will stand (a) ‘until heaven and earth pass away’ (18a), and (b) ‘until all has taken place’ (18b). He concludes that disciples should practise and teach all the commandments, even the least of them (19). Disciples are to be more righteous than the scribes and Pharisees (20), both in this respect (‘For …’; cf. 23:23), and as in the teaching that follows (21–48). Commentators debate the timing of (b). However, if the ‘all’ is taken to refer to all the prophecies in the OT, the last of which to be fulfilled is the promise of ‘a new heaven and a new earth’ (Is. 65:17–25), then, as the construction of verse 18 requires, (b) is synchronous with (a).2 Interpreting the Law: the Sabbath (Mark 2:23–3:6) The Pharisees repeatedly criticized Jesus for breaking the Sabbath. Mark records two such occasions.3 The first was when the disciples plucked ears of corn from a field, rubbed the ears in their hands, and then ate the corn (2:23). This violated the Law as the Pharisees interpreted it (24).4 Jesus answered the Pharisees by pointing out that their interpretation of the Law was more restrictive than David’s (25–26)5 and even the Law itself (Matt. 12:5).6 Jesus went on to say to them: 27‘The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath: 28so the Son of man is lord even of the Sabbath.’ Here, Jesus affirms the teaching of the Law that the Sabbath was given for the good of men and women, that they might have rest and be refreshed (27; cf. Exod. 23:12, Deut. 6:24). He infers from this that, as Son of man, he has the authority to decide what is appropriate on the Sabbath (28). This is, by implication, whatever will do a man or woman good. Jesus made this explicit on a subsequent occasion, when he healed a man with a withered hand (3:1–6). The Pharisees regarded this as breaking the Sabbath because the disease was not life-threatening, and treatment could have been left until the next day.7 Jesus asked the Pharisees who were watching, ‘[Is it] lawful on the Sabbath to do good or to do evil, to save life or to kill?’ (4). Jesus thus interpreted the law of the Sabbath according to its purpose. He thereby established a principle which is helpful in the interpretation of other laws. For example, Deuteronomy 22:8a states, ‘When you build a new house, you shall make a parapet for your roof’. Taken legalistically, this would mean that every type of house should have a parapet. The purpose of the parapet, however, was to make the flat roof of a house, on which people lived in summer, safe (8b). Thus, to fulfil the law, a householder need not necessarily build a parapet, but make his house safe according to the hazards his particular type of house can pose. Jesus’ teaching on the Sabbath has considerable implications for the Christian observance of it.8 The main one is that Christians do not have to keep it on a Saturday. The purpose of the law, that on every seventh day men and women might have rest and be refreshed, is fulfilled whichever day they keep. Christian standards: higher still (Matthew 5:21–48) Speaking to his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus went on to explain further how their righteousness must surpass that of the scribes and Pharisees (20): 21‘You have heard that it was said to those of old, “You shall not murder; and whoever murders shall be subject to judgment.” 22But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother shall be subject to judgment … 27You have heard that it was said, “You shall not commit adultery.” 28But I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman intending to lust after [her] has already committed adultery with her in his heart … 31It was also said, “Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce.”32But I say to you that everyone who divorces his wife, except on account of fornication, makes her commit adultery … 33Again you have heard that it was said to those of old, “You shall not swear falsely, but pay to the Lord your oaths.” 34But I say to you, do not swear at all … 37But let your word be “Yes, yes”, “No, no” … 43You have heard that it was said, “You shall love your neighbour and hate your enemy.” 44But I say to you, love your enemies’. Here Jesus takes a series of laws from the OT (‘You have heard that it was said to those of old’) and raises their standard (‘But I say to you’).9 Thus: • he extends the law against murder (Exod. 20:13) to anger (21–26)10 • he extends the law against adultery (Exod. 20:14) to lust (27–30) • he makes the law restricting divorce (Deut. 24:1) stricter (31–32)11 • he takes the law designed to prevent lying (Num. 30:2) further (33–37) • he takes the law designed to restrain retaliation (Lev. 24:19–20) further (38–42) • he extends the command to love one’s neighbour (Lev. 19:18) to enemies (43–48)12 We now reach a key point. Raising the standard of these laws has a different effect on different laws. In some cases, the new standard includes the old one (e.g. if anger is wrong, murder is still wrong). In other cases, the new standard does not include the old one (e.g. if all retaliation is wrong, ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’ is now wrong). In other words, in some cases the new standard subsumes the old one: in other cases it replaces it. We can now understand how Jesus could abrogate laws and still say that he had not come to destroy them (17–20). The laws he abrogated he abrogated by raising them, not destroying them. A further example: the food laws (Mark 7:1–23) On one occasion the Pharisees criticized Jesus for allowing his disciples to break ‘the tradition of the elders’ and eat without ceremonially washing their hands (1–5).13 Jesus replied by pointing out how the Pharisees reject ‘the commandment of God’ for the sake of their tradition (6–13). He then turned to the crowd: 14‘Hear me, everyone, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside a man that, entering into him, can defile him; but the things that come out of a man are what defile a man.’ The disciples could not understand this, and asked him to explain the parable (17). Jesus replied:14 18‘Are you also without understanding? Do you not realize that whatever enters into a man from outside cannot defile him, 19because it does not enter into his heart but into his stomach, and goes out into the sewer’ (cleaning all foods). He continued: 20‘What comes out of a man, this defiles a man. For from inside, out of the heart of men, come evil thoughts, fornications, thefts, murders, adulteries, 21covetings, evil-doings, deceit, indecency, envy, evil-speaking, pride, foolishness. 23All these evil things come from inside and defile a man.’ Here, Mark understands Jesus to nullify, not only the tradition of hand-washing, but also the food laws of Leviticus 11 (19b). Jesus does this once again, not by destroying the Law, but by raising it. The food laws had a symbolic function: they provided a means by which the Israelites could show themselves to be God’s people and distinguish themselves from other nations (Lev. 20:22–26). As such they were concerned only with outward purity. Jesus, however, wanted his disciples to have an inward purity (Matt. 5:8), and to distinguish themselves from other people by the good deeds that come from this (Matt. 5:13–16). Thus, it was by raising the OT’s standard of purity that Jesus nullified the food laws (cf. Acts 10:1–11:18).15 The apostles later realized that raising the OT’s standard of purity nullified all the other laws designed to distinguish Jews from Gentiles, including circumcision (Acts 15:1–29, see below). OT writers had already begun to elevate the law on the latter by calling for circumcision of the heart (Deut. 10:16, Jer. 4:4). The new commandment (John 13:34–35) A further example of Jesus raising the standard of a law is the instruction he gave to his disciples on the night before his death: 34‘A new commandment I give you, mat you love one another, as I have loved you, that you also love one another. 35By this all will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.’ This commandment is an enhanced version of ‘You shall love your neighbour as yourself’. Jesus replaces ‘as yourself’ by ‘as I have loved you’ (cf. 15:12). Jesus is asking his disciples to love each other to a new standard (cf. 13:1–17, 15:12–14, 1 John 3:16–18). Raising the standard of other laws How far Jesus intended to raise the standard of laws he did not explicitly discuss can only be gauged from his treatment of the laws he did discuss. For example, he did not discuss the law prohibiting homosexual acts (Lev. 18:22). His treatment of adultery in Matthew 5:27–30, however, suggests that this law should be raised to include fostering a desire to commit such acts.16 Similarly, his discussion of, ‘You shall love your neighbour and hate your enemy’ (Matt. 5:43–48) suggests that the laws prohibiting Israelites from charging interest on loans to fellow Israelites (Exod. 22:25, Lev. 25:35–38, Deut. 23:19–20) should be extended to loans made to anyone (cf. Luke 6:34–35).17 However, this process must be undertaken carefully. We may raise standards for ourselves, but cannot impose them on others. If a fellow Christian is convinced that the standard of an OT law that Jesus did not discuss should be raised less or more, we have to respect this (cf. Rom. 14:1–15:7). Raising the standard of OT wisdom: laying up treasure (Matthew 6:19–21) Jesus also elevated OT wisdom. The book of Proverbs teaches the virtue of laying up ‘treasure’ and not dissipating it (15:6; 21:20). Jesus accepted the wisdom of this, but took it further. He told his disciples: 19‘Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal; 20but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys, and where thieves do not break in and steal. 21For where your treasure is, mere your heart will be also.’ What Jesus meant by ‘lay up treasures in heaven’ he explained on another occasion (Luke 12:13–34): 33‘Sell your possessions and give alms; provide for yourselves money bags that do not grow old, a treasure in the heavens that does not fail, where no thief approaches and no moth destroys.’ He explained this further in the Parable of the Shrewd Manager (Luke 16:1–13): ‘treasure in the heavens’ is the eternal hospitality of those we help (9).18 Not for everyone (Matthew 19:3–12) When some Pharisees asked Jesus a testing question about divorce (3), he told them that there should be no divorce (4–6). The Pharisees then asked him why Moses allowed divorce (7), to which he replied, ‘Moses allowed you to divorce your wives because of your hardness of heart’ (8). He then pointed out, as in the Sermon on the Mount, that divorce leads to adultery (9).19 The disciples’ response to the strictness of Jesus’ teaching is to say, ‘If such is the case of a man with [his] wife, it is not good to marry’ (10).20 Jesus answers them, 11‘Not everyone receives this word, but [only those] to whom it has been given. 12For mere are eunuchs who were born so from [their] mother’s womb, and there are eunuchs who were made eunuchs by men, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. He who is able to receive [it], let him receive [it].’ What Jesus is saying is that it is not possible for everyone to accept his teaching on divorce (11a). It can only be accepted by those ‘to whom it has been given’ (11b). What he means by this he goes on to explain by means of an illustration (‘For …’, 12).21 He points out that some men are born eunuchs (i.e. incapable of having children), some are made eunuchs by men (i.e. by surgery), and some make themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven (i.e. they exercise self-restraint in their relations with women). In the same way, he implies, some couples are born able to live together for life, some can be made to do this by human pressure (family or social), and some make themselves do it for the sake of the kingdom of God. Jesus draws a clear distinction between the standards he sets for his followers (those who want to keep his commands for the sake of the kingdom of God) and the standards that can be achieved by others (who are only born able, or can be made, to keep some of his commands). He evidently intended that his very high standards should be for Christians, not for the world. Civil law Jesus said very little about the laws that should govern society. However, his answer in verse eight implies that he regarded something like the law of Moses to be appropriate for this purpose, allowing, as it does, for the hardness of men’s hearts. He did, however, question the fitness of men to carry out some of its punishments (John 8:1–11). Jesus’ attitude to Roman rule was: ‘Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s’ (Mark 12:13–17). He did, however, tell Pilate, ‘You would have no authority over me at all if it was not given you from above’ (John 19:11). The apostles followed Jesus in teaching submission to governing authorities (Rom. 13:1–7, 1 Pet. 2:13–17), except when this entails disobedience to God (Acts 5:29). Paul taught Christians to leave all punishment to God (Rom. 12:17–21), but also that governing authorities are ‘God’s servants’ to bring punishment on wrongdoers (Rom. 13:4). The paucity of Jesus’ teaching on civil law emphasizes the extent to which his primary concern was with personal conduct. Summary of the Law: love (Matthew 22:34–40) When Jesus was in Jerusalem, a lawyer from the Pharisees asked him, ‘Teacher, which [is] the great commandment in the Law?’ (34–36). Jesus replied: 37“ ‘You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.” 38This is the great and first commandment. 39The second [is] like it: “You shall love your neighbour as yourself.” 40On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets.’ Here Jesus brings together two laws (Deut. 6:5, Lev. 19:18), in which the key word is ’āhēḇ (Hebrew), agapaō (Greek). This describes the kind of love shown by the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25–37) and by Jesus himself (John 15:13–14, 1 John 3:16–18). Jesus says that this kind of love sums up ‘all the Law and the Prophets’ (40). Jesus is not seeking to replace ‘all the Law and the Prophets’ here: only to summarize them (40). The commandments in the Law still apply (Matt. 5:17–20, 19:16–22; Eph. 6:1–3), albeit in elevated form (Matt. 5:21–48). One cannot invoke ‘love’ to justify an action that contravenes the Law (1 John 5:2). Another place where Jesus summarizes the Law is in the Sermon on the Mount: ‘So whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets’ (Matt. 7:12). This is a different way of saying, ‘You shall love your neighbour as yourself’, and it confirms the practical nature of ‘love’. The ‘So’ points back to the teaching he gave earlier in the Sermon. The new covenant (Matthew 26:27–29) Matthew tells us that at the Last Supper Jesus took the cup, and when he had given thanks he gave it to his disciples, saying: 27‘Drink from it, all of you; 28for this is my blood of the [new] covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.’ Here Jesus takes up the prophecy of Jeremiah concerning a new covenant (Jer. 31:31–34). He anticipates his death on the following day, and declares that the blood he will shed will be for the forgiveness of sins (cf. Jer. 31:34b). Therefore, at one stroke, his death made redundant all the practices in the Law by which worshippers sought forgiveness of sins (Heb. 8:1–10:18). It did not, however, destroy them: it raised them (cf. Matt. 5:17–48). Under the new covenant, there is still a sanctuary, still a priesthood, still the shedding of blood: but the sanctuary is now in heaven (Heb. 8:1–2; 9:11, 24), the priesthood is eternal (5:1–10, 7:1–28), and the blood is effective (Acts 13:38–39, Heb. 9:1–10:18). The writer to the Hebrews likens the relationship between the old covenant and the new to that between a shadow and reality (10:1): there is a correspondence, but one is much better than the other (8:6). New relationship with the Law (John 3:1–21) When Nicodemus came to Jesus at night (1–2), Jesus said to him, ‘unless someone is born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God’ (3). Nicodemus could not understand this (4), so Jesus explained, ‘unless someone is born of water and [the] Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God’ (5). Nicodemus says that he still cannot understand (9), to which Jesus replies that, as a teacher of the OT, this is something he should be able to understand (10). This was because, in speaking about being born ‘of water and the Spirit’, Jesus was referring to God’s promise in Ezekiel 36:25–27: 25And I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your defilements, and from all your idols I will cleanse you. 26And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you; yea I will remove the heart of stone from your flesh and give you a heart of flesh, 27and I will put my Spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my statutes, and keep and do my judgments. In the Ezekiel passage God promises to wash his people from their sins (25) and to put his Spirit in them to enable them to keep his law (27). God had made similar promises earlier in Jeremiah 31:31–34: 33I will put my law inside them, and write it on their hearts … 34I will forgive their iniquity, and remember their sin no more. These prophecies speak of a new relationship with the Law. No longer will God’s people have to try to keep the Law in their own strength: God will give them his Spirit to enable them to do it. Jesus goes on to explain to Nicodemus how it is possible for him to be born ‘of water and the Spirit’: 14‘And as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, 15that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life.’ Jesus was ‘lifted up’ on the cross (John 12:32–33) where he shed his blood for the forgiveness of sins. He was also ‘taken up’ into heaven (Acts 1:9–11), from where he sends the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:33, 38–39). Because of this we may look up to him on the cross for the forgiveness of our sins, and look up to him in heaven for the help of his Spirit (John 7:37–39, 15:1–8). An important question is, how does the Holy Spirit ‘write’ God’s law on our hearts (Jer. 31:33)? Does he do this without our being taught it, or do we still need instruction? Jesus answered this question when he commissioned his disciples: ‘Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, [and] teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you’ (Matt. 28:19–20). This teaching formed a key part of their ministry (Acts 2:42, Eph. 4:20–24, etc.). Dispute over the Law: the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15:1–29) When the first Gentiles became Christians, some Jewish Christians insisted that, to be saved, Gentiles had to be circumcised, and keep ‘the law of Moses’ (1, 5). To resolve this problem, the apostles and elders met in Jerusalem (6). They decided to tell the Gentiles:22 28‘it seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things: 29that you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from fornication. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well.’ What the Judaizers were trying to do was to impose the Law as Moses had given it, not as Jesus had taught it. The former included laws that dealt only with outward purity, which Jesus made obsolete by requiring inward purity. The apostles resisted the Judaizers’ demands, except in respect of Gentile practices that Jews found particularly offensive (29). When they say that they will not burden Gentile Christians with any other requirements, they must mean, ‘beyond the teaching of Jesus’ (Matt. 28:20). Except for fornication, the practices the apostles forbade were not wrong in themselves (Mark 7:14–23).23 The apostles judged them to be wrong because they upset others (1 Cor. 8, Rom. 14:1–15:13). Christians may need to curtail liberties today for the sake of others. Paul’s teaching on the Law Despite the apostles’ decree, some Judaizers continued to unsettle churches. Paul wrote several letters to tackle this problem.24 In these he presented arguments about ‘the Law’ (ho nomos) designed to convince his opponents. Some of his arguments are difficult to interpret because of their in-house nature, and commentators differ widely in their understanding of them. An example is his statement, ‘Christ [is the] end of [the] Law’ (Rom. 10:4). Some commentators take ‘end’ (tēlos) to mean ‘termination‘, others ‘fulfilment’, others ‘goal’. However, Paul’s teaching can be read in a way that ties in closely with the teaching of Jesus. Thus, Paul insisted (as Jesus did to Nicodemus) that ‘a man is not justified by works of [the] Law but through faith in Jesus Christ’ (Gal. 2:16, 3:10–14; Rom. 3:9–26).25 In this sense, Christians ‘are not under [the] Law but under grace’ (Rom. 6:14, Gal. 5:18). Under grace, however, they are still expected to be ‘slaves to righteousness’, and, by ‘walking according to [the] Spirit’, have ‘the righteous requirement (dikaiōma) of the Law’ fulfilled in them (Rom. 6:15–8:14, Gal. 5:13–26). This requirement (as Jesus had taught) excludes outward acts like circumcision (Rom. 2:25–29, Gal. 5:6 etc.), but includes commandments like ‘You shall not commit adultery’, ‘You shall not murder’, ‘You shall not steal’, and ‘You shall not covet’, which are ‘summed up in this saying: “You shall love your neighbour as yourself” ’ (Rom. 13:8–10, Gal. 5:14). Christians are therefore (as Jesus had implied) ‘under [the] law of Christ’,26 i.e. the Law as Christ taught it (1 Cor. 9:20–21, Gal. 6:2; cf. Matt. 7:21–27, 25:31–46). Jesus’ teaching on the Law provides a clear answer to the question, ‘How does he want Christians to live?’ He wants them, with the help of the Holy Spirit, to keep the laws in the OT, interpreted according to their purpose, and raised to the standard he set out in the Sermon on the Mount. This has the effect of extending some laws (e.g. ‘You shall not murder’) and replacing others by more demanding versions of them (e.g. the food laws). Paul’s teaching can be interpreted in a way that is consistent with this. I hope that this understanding of Jesus’ teaching will go some way towards reconciling the different views set out in the introduction. 1 See, e.g., Wayne G. Strickland (ed.), The Law, the Gospel, and the Modern Christian (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993) [paperback edn, Five Views on Law and Gospel (1996)]; Jonathan Bayes and Christopher Bennett, ‘The Christian and God’s Law: Two Views’, Foundations, No. 48, pp. 16–25 (2002); Christopher J.H. Wright, Old Testament Ethics for the People of God (Leicester: IVP, 2004), Part 3. 2 Some commentators take (b) to refer to the death and resurrection of Jesus, but this greatly strains verse 18, and makes verse 19 apply for only three years. 3 For parallels, see Matt. 12:1–14, Luke 6:1–11. For other occasions, see Luke 13:10–17, 14:1–6; John 5:1–47, 7:21–24, 9:1–41. 4 Mishnah Shabbath 7. 5 See 1 Sam. 21:1–6 in relation to Lev. 24:5–9. 6 See Num. 28:9–10. 7 Mishnah Yoma 8.6. 8 A full discussion is beyond the scope of this paper. 9 Egō de legō is more naturally taken as adversative than explicative. 10 Note that Jesus is referring to continuous anger (orgizomenos not orgistheis), i.e. he wants disciples to deal with anger quickly (cf. 23–26, 18:15–17; Eph. 4:26–27). 11 For a full exposition, see P.G. Nelson, Jesus’ Teaching on Divorce and Sexual Morality, 2nd edn (Latheronwheel, Caithness: Whittles, 1996). 12 The gloss (‘and hate your enemy’) summarizes the main thrust of OT teaching (Deut. 7:1–2, 23:3–6; Psa. 139:19–22, etc.). There was, however, a requirement to help an enemy in extremis (Exod. 23:4–5, Prov. 25:21–22). 13 This tradition was based on the law for priests (Exod. 30:17–21, Lev. 22:1–9) but went far beyond it. 14 Following most commentators, I take the words in parenthesis to be Mark’s, hence the following ‘And he said’ to resume the quotation (compare the unbroken quotation in Matt. 15:16–20). 15 Cf. Christian Stettler, ‘Purity of heart in Jesus’ teaching: Mark 7:14–23 par. as an expression of Jesus’ basileia ethics’, JTS 55 (2004), 467–502. I am grateful to a reviewer for drawing my attention to this paper. 16 For a full discussion, see Nelson, Jesus’ Teaching on Divorce and Sexual Morality. 17 P. G. Nelson, ‘Jesus’ teaching on money’, Foundations, No. 50, pp. 9–14 (2003). 18 Nelson, ‘Jesus’ teaching on money’. 19 For a full exposition, see Nelson, Jesus’ Teaching on Divorce and Sexual Morality, Chap. 2. 20 Lit. ‘If thus is the cause’, referring back to v. 3, ‘Is it lawful to divorce one’s wife for every cause?’ 21 I depart from most commentators here. That Jesus is using an illustration is evident from the context. The disciples were concerned about marriage, not being a eunuch (10). At least one of them was married already (Matt. 8:14). Jesus presumably used the illustration because the three cases are particularly clear-cut for eunuchs. 22 I have followed the generally accepted text here [see Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (United Bible Societies, 1971), 429–34]. 23 Jesus’ teaching rendered ‘all’ foods clean (Mark 7:19b). The inclusion of fornication (Gk. porneia) is unexpected because Gentile Christians would learn that this is wrong from the teaching of Jesus (Mark 7:21). One early manuscript (P45) omits it. If the apostles included it, they presumably did so because of the prevalence of fornication in Gentile society. They may also have been influenced by the laws foreigners were required to keep in Israel (Lev. 17–18). 24 P. G. Nelson, What is the Gospel? (Latheronwheel, Caithness: Whittles, 1997), pp. 2–3. 25 Lit. ‘if not through faith of Christ Jesus’, the sense of which is determined by what follows. 26 Gk. ennomos Christou, lit. ‘in law of Christ’. The Received Text has Christō (‘to Christ’). P.G. Nelson P.G. Nelson is a writer on contemporary theological issues. His books include Jesus’ Teaching on Divorce and Sexual Morality (Whittles, 1996).
Overview of commercial and free thesauri Slashdot it! Delicious Share on Facebook Tweet! Digg! Miss_j, 123RF Miss_j, 123RF Spicy Vocabulary A deft use of language can give a text the perfect finish. Those who wish to steer clear of commercial thesauri can find world-class free software alternatives. A simple search for GPS apps for your smartphone these days can turn up results covering everything from baseball players to Moroccan cuisine. Often, Internet search results only make sense when you add terms to the search itself. The reason lies in the analysis of the language, which is integrated into the search engine's utilization process. This analysis looks at the relationships between the words based on various criteria, which are then used to refine the results. Computers also appear to understand what you are looking for by providing you with exact and varied results even if typos are present within your search terms. Although the user interface (e.g., an input screen) often appears quite mundane, the process behind these searches has little in common with a simple phrase or keyword search [1]. In the past, a query didn't find files or documents unless the correctly chosen (and correctly spelled) search terms were used. However, search engines have evolved during the past 20 years into sophisticated language processors in which many criteria play a vital role. Search engines use more than 50 different processes including the language of the document, the format and structure, technical terms within the metadata that register how often a document is referenced, or a link itself (e.g., degree of network integration). The result then is based on concepts that belong together thematically. In addition to a large dose of statistics, knowledge about the linguistic context of the individual words plays a major role. This originates from the linguistic components of the thesauri (see the "Origins" box). The term thesaurus comes from the ancient Greek word thesauros , which means treasure or treasure trove . Unsurprisingly, the word for thesaurus in Latin is also "thesaurus" and refers to a thematically ordered collection of certain criteria in which objects are related one to another – a "storehouse of knowledge" if you will. A thesaurus is essentially a dictionary based on linguistics and information science, that compiles the entire vocabulary of a language. In the 1950s, the thesaurus became a specialized reference book with controlled, limited vocabulary pertaining to individual words as well as their relations to other words. The basis for the vocabulary used in a thesaurus was developed under the authority of the German National Library [2] and the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) [3]. Synonyms, as well as generic terms and narrower terms, are primarily used. The relationships between the terms are standardized in accordance with DIN 1463-1 (more specifically ISO 2788) and are known as associations and references. Current examples include the thesaurus Linguae Latinae (abbreviated ThlL or TLL) [4] for Latin, Linguae Graecae (TLG) [5] or the UNESCO Thesaurus [6]. The latter is more of a collective work in the area of education, science, culture, social sciences and humanities, information and communication sciences, political science, law, and economic sciences. All of the entries are in English, French, Spanish, and Russian. The European Thesaurus on International Relations and Area Studies [7] and the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN) [8] are also very useful. These are now available as open data for anyone who is interested (Figure 1). Figure 1: Detailed search results and hierarchy for the German term "Warnemünde" on TGN. Linguistic thesauri are based on applied linguistics and use mindmaps to organize vocabulary. The main goals for this are to display the invisible connections (semantics) between words of different origins and to illustrate the similarity (relations and associations) between each word. Additionally, thesauri serve to explore the history of language and to determine specific meanings and their history. Thesauri assist people in day-to-day life as dictionaries of synonyms. These references can help create you more elegant expressions and may also help you become more skillful in a given language. In IT, thesauri often come bundled with word processors, as well as with search engines. They often form the basis for spellcheckers and reinforce assistance with proper grammar. KThesaurus [9] and OpenThesaurus for LibreOffice [10] are just a couple examples of the practical application of thesauri. Projects and Tools The Swiss website Lexikon.ch [11] offers an introduction to research in German-speaking countries. This offers a special search engine for encyclopedias, thesauri, dictionaries, quotation collections, abbreviations, and rhyming dictionaries. The site catalogs both commercial and free projects. Woxikon [12], Leo [13], and Beolingus/Dict [14], among others, are offered solely online. Woxikon and Leo offer supplemental information for Slavic, Romance, and Scandinavian languages. Beolingus/Dict focuses on English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Leo and Beolingus/Dict were developed through the scientific endeavors of TU Munich and TU Chemnitz, and they work in cooperation with the French National Center for Textual and Lexical Resources (CNRTL) [15] in Nancy (Lothringen) as well as with OpenThesaurus [16] and WordNet [17]. Commercial thesauri as resources were traditionally presented in book form (e.g., Oxford English Dictionary, Roget's, German Standard Edition of Duden). Most publishers integrate their thesauri into their online editions and make it possible to use on a web browser or mobile app. Admittedly, these websites are more oriented toward occasional users. The publishers provide an interface (API) for unlimited use and integration into your own application. Working with this requires that you register and acquire an API key. You will need to use this key for every query. The Macmillan Dictionary [18], Merriam-Webster [19], and Cambridge Dictionaries Online [20] provide their results in XML Data or Javascript Object Notation (JSON) and comply with current, accepted web standards. Listing 1 shows a query on Merriam-Webster and Listing 2 displays the subsequent search result. Listing 1 Merriam-Webster Query Listing 2 Merriam-Webster Result <entry id="umpire"> <mc>a person who impartially decides or resolves a dispute or controversy</mc> <vi>usually acts as <it>umpire</it> in the all-too-frequent squabbles between the two other roommates</vi> <syn>adjudicator, arbiter, arbitrator, referee, umpire</syn> <rel>jurist, justice, magistrate; intermediary, intermediate, mediator, mediatrix, moderator, negotiator; conciliator, go-between, peacemaker, reconciler, troubleshooter; decider</rel> The competing dictionary publishers Pons and Langenscheidt take two slightly different approaches. Pons provides a connection to an in-house database as a standalone service [21]. Langenscheidt, on the other hand, focuses their offerings in the form of print books and specific apps for different mobile devices.Visual Thesaurus [22] allows users to take a look at the facets of individual words by the way of graphs. These graphs show the connections between words visually as individual nodes and edges in a web browser (Figure 2). Figure 2: The Visual Thesaurus website maps out the connections between words on a tree, using the word "help" in this example. The image is created with Javascript and can be rotated in any direction, by clicking on the desired node. If you don't have an API key, you may make only a limited number of queries. Enough queries are generally provided to give the user an impression of the service. The commercial product Wordnik [23] is a kind of enhanced dictionary for the English language that focuses particularly on the issue of mobile devices. The range of functions includes descriptions, explanations of the meanings of the word, as well as a large number of examples. Wordnik combines results from many different sources simultaneously (i.e., from Wiktionary or WordNet). See Figure 3. Figure 3: The commercial product Wordnik is characterized by a clear and well-structured search result. All modules are available under the Apache license. The source code can be found in a GitHub repository. The connection is possible via various modules and interfaces for Python, Ruby, JavaScript, Java, and PHP. The application requires registration by the manufacturer before you receive the corresponding API key. Buy this article as PDF Express-Checkout as PDF Pages: 5 Price $0.99 (incl. VAT) Buy Ubuntu User Get it on Google Play US / Canada Get it on Google Play UK / Australia Related content
Powerful Words, Powerful Person Diane Williams was an activist, leader, and teacher at heart who used her voice as a platform to speak up and shift the climate at Muhlenberg. Her words were used as powerful weapons to fight the battle of injustice and racism. scapbook, image of diane and poem side by side caption n link She was a voice for the Black community, and made sure people knew about her and her classmates’ exhausting and often othering experiences at Muhlenberg. Just being there was an active protest, but what caused Diane to go above and beyond that? Here’s why: influential. struggle. powerful. Diane grew up in Harlem in a brownstone on 122nd street between Seventh and Lenox avenues with her mother raising her along with her aunts and some other family members. She did not grow up with a lot of money due to the fact that she only had a single parent income. It was a struggle sometimes, but her mom always tried to provide for Diane. Growing up she had a strong influence of powerful women in her life, which she attributes her own power from. Diane’s mother, Mae, believed that being educated was very important, so at three years old Diane learned how to read. Then, later Diane attended an all Black Catholic school in Harlem, and it was the only one like it in all of New York City. scapbook, image of diane and poem side by side caption n link “I grew up during the Civil Rights Era. So many of my memories are studded with the fight for equality and justice.” As a child, Williams was very influenced by the Civil Rights era. “As a child I ate dinner while I watched African American youth hosed by firefighters, beaten by cops, and bitten by dogs simply because they wanted the right to vote and have a decent education” (Williams, blog). As she grew older and went through high school, she continued to have this major wave of activism and the Civil Rights Movement in her life. An example of this is when she was on her first ever date with a boy, she was coming out of the movie theater in Times Square, and had heard that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated. After the boy dropped her home, she immediately went out again to rally on 125th street to see what she could do politically to move against these horrific injustices of racism. At just a young age of seventeen she was already using her internal power to stand up for what she believed in. wordcloud, clickable to subpages with video
The mischievous figure that terrorized London before Jack the Ripper Before Jack the Ripper, a strange figure with devilish features and the ability to jump really high terrorized Victorian England. His name was Spring-heeled Jack. In August 1888, the body of a woman was found in the Whitechapel area in London. Locals and police officers jumped to assume the crime was committed by an odd figure that had been terrorizing the city and its surroundings for the last five decades. That man, or spirit as some assumed, was known as Spring-Heeled Jack. Days later, the theory grew bigger as an anonymous letter reached the police. The letter accepted full responsibility for the murder, and more importantly, it was signed by Spring-heeled Jack. In truth, this was just the first of many crimes attributed to the infamous Jack the Ripper, who, by the way, got his name from the false anonymous letters attributed to Spring-heeled Jack. But who was this figure, and why did Victorian Londoners rush assume it had been him? To answer that, we must go 49 years back. Spring-heeled Jack's first sightings In 1837, a man reported he had spotted a figure jumping through the headstones of a cemetery. He described him as a muscular man with bony hands, big ears, a pointy nose, and bumpy devilish eyes. No one really took the report seriously as, at the time, London had become the setting of endless ghost stories. However, by October of that year, two different reports with similar characteristics alerted London's police. The first victim was Mary Stevens, a young woman who, while coming back from visiting her parents, was attacked by a strange figure who jumped from a dark alley, grabbed her, and started kissing and ripping her clothes. Mary's screams scared the assaulter who just left her there and ran. The very next day, near Mary's house, bystanders reported a strange incident. An eerie figure jumped right over a moving chariot, causing a massive crash. According to witnesses, right after the crash, the figure just started laughing and jumped over a three-meter wall to escape. Due to his ability to jump that high, the newspapers baptized him as Spring-heeled Jack. In January 1838, London's major, Sir John Cowan, revealed at a public conference that he had received an anonymous complaint by a resident. The resident claimed he had overheard at a bar that some guys were betting another man to terrorize the neighborhood using some disguises. By the time the major revealed the complaint, there had been several cases of assault and attacks that resulted in seven women fainting and two of them having to be put into a mental asylum. Moreover, the letter said the press had deliberately kept the story a secret. Two days later, the major showed dozens of letters with reports that had one thing in common, a devilish figure who either assaulted bystanders or jumped into moving chariots. The major assured the residents, he was going to do anything to find out who this prankster was, and put him behind bars. Thus, a massive police mobilization started, and even rich sums of money were offered as rewards. Most famous incidents: Alsop and Scales Two cases paralyzed the city and raised panic among Londoners. Two teenage girls were assaulted within the same month. The first one was Jane Alsop. On the night of February 19, 1938, Jane opened the door after hearing an insisting knocking. A man claiming to be a police officer asked for light; he said they had captured Spring-heeled Jack. When she opened the door, the man jumped towards her and attacked her. According to Alsop, he produced a strange blue flame from his mouth so bright that it automatically blinded her. He grabbed her and tore her dress. Her family heard the screams and ran immediately to close the door, but the figure kept knocking and scratching it. Nine days after Alsop's attack, Lucy Scales and her sister were returning home from visiting their brother. Right on one corner, a strange figure jumped from a considerable distance and attacked Lucy, also blinding her with a bright blue flame. Lucy's sister started to scream alerting some police officers who were nearby, and like in previous cases, the figure ran off jumping really high. Both girls declared that the man who had attacked them was wearing a strange helmet and bright white leathery clothes. Jane Alsop's assault was highly covered on the media; Lucy's wasn't. The main reason, as it happens with these cases, is that Lucy Scales and her sister were working-class girls while the Alsop family had some renown. First suspect The Alsop case caused massive hysteria in the area, making the police walk the extra mile to try to catch this criminal. The first suspect was Thomas Millbank, a man who had been heard confessing to being Spring-heeled Jack in a pub. When Millbank was arrested he was wearing a strange attire similar to the one the girls had described, and he was carrying a used candle which made the police officers think it had been used to produce the strange flame. Millbank was set free and cleared of all charges because he simply assured the police he wasn't able to produce fire. In the following years, dozens of cases such as Alsop's and Scales's would be reported to the police, as well as incidents involving this strange man jumping towards moving chariots. But, no matter how much the police would do and how many leads they had, no one was able to catch this mischievous prankster. For years, Millbank remained the only suspect they had. Supernatural or master of the deceit? The fact that years passed and no one had been able to identify who this character was, only increased the craze and fear of the people of London and its surroundings. Newspapers were filled with stories about alleged attacks by Spring-heeled Jack as well as suppositions of who he was. Moreover, they started claiming that he had to be a spirit or demon to be able to escape justice. All this attention also created a legend of Spring-heeled Jack, whose physical features and abilities were often exaggerated. He became one of the most popular characters of the time, inspiring endless stories published in the press, pulps, novels, and tons of art trying to put a face to him. While many assure he was able to jump really high, it's also true that the news added a few meters to make it even scarier and more impressive. Now, the theory of him being a specter or some supernatural creature was only believed by the people and the media. The police were certain Spring-heeled Jack was a mere prankster with a lot of money capable to build systems to create illusions. This was proven in 1855 when spring marks were found on the ground after an attack. Scientists working for the police theorized about his techniques and concluded that Spring-heeled Jack's characteristic blue flame was produced through a wire and a mixture of sulfur to activate the blue spark. Who was Spring-heeled Jack? Spring-heeled Jack was never caught nor identified. As years went by, reports of attacks of the same nature started to appear all over the United Kingdom and even the United States. Several suspects were arrested, including an aristocrat who was known as The Mad Marquess, but the police were never able to fully prove they were responsible for the attacks, and more importantly, as soon as someone was caught, new attacks would be reported. Most likely, Spring-heeled Jack was a group of people or he inspired many copycats throughout over half a century. We'll never know. Moreover, no one really understood what was his purpose other than pranking and generating terror in the country, but Spring-heeled Jack became an urban legend and part of the Victorian folk. That until he vanished suddenly with the appearance of a greater terror: Jack the Ripper. Photos from PICRYL Podría interesarte
Batting helmet From BR Bullpen A batting helmet is a hard plastic hat worn over a player's normal baseball cap. While the name implies that it is worn exclusively by batters, it is actually worn by offensive players in every stage of their appearance on the field: while on deck, in the batter's box, and running the bases. Batting helmets developed surprisingly late in the history of baseball. The danger of being hit by a pitched baseball were apparent from very early on, as shown by the early development of the catchers' "tools of ignorance". Both catcher's masks and chest protectors were in common use by the 1890s, and shin guards were adopted in the 1900s. Batting helmets were not required for another half century. Even the tragic death of Ray Chapman, who was fatally beaned by Carl Mays in 1920, did not lead to the adoption of protective gear. The first known use of batting helmets in the majors was by the 1941 Brooklyn Dodgers. Two of the Dodgers, Joe Medwick and Pee Wee Reese, had suffered severe beanings, so General Manager Larry MacPhail made the entire team wear protective helmets. Those helmets were based on jockeys' helmets, and were much like a normal baseball cap with a hard liner. However, before that, Negro Leagues star Willie Wells had begun using a helmet back in 1936, following a beaning, using a modified construction hard-hat. In 1971, Major League Baseball made helmets mandatory, though some veterans continued to wear cloth caps with liners under a grandfather clause. They included Norm Cash, Bob Montgomery and Tony Taylor. Starting in 1983, players were required to wear helmets with flaps extending down from the crown to cover the ear of the batter that was closest to the pitcher. Players who had previously worn flapless helmets were allowed to continue doing so. Tim Raines Sr. was the last active player to wear a flapless helmet. This innovation began in the 1960s as Earl Battey and Tony Oliva improvised flaps. The first man to wear a helmet with a flap that was molded in as part of the factory construction was Tony Gonzalez, in 1964. In 2013, Major League Baseball introduced a new model of helmet manufactured by Rawlings, the S100 Pro Comp, which has been shown in tests to be able to withstand the impact of a 100 mph fastball (previous models were only tested to 68 mph). It is constructed of aerospace-grade carbon fiber composite and was made mandatory throughout the major leagues, as a provision of the 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement. Players are allowed to wear helmets that are more protective than the standard design. Batters sometimes wear helmets with cheek protectors, often after having suffered face injuries. Gary Roenicke and Ellis Valentine are two early examples, but that style became more prevalent in the late 2010s. Safety advocates have encouraged youth leagues to adopt helmets with a full facemask, much like those used by cricket batsmen, but response has been tepid. Further Reading[edit] • Jorge L. Ortiz: "Comfort or safety? For MLB sluggers, C-Flap helmet not so 'freakish,' but still a rarity", USA Today Sports, May 30, 2018. [1] Related Sites[edit]
NewslettersSign inAPP spainSPAINargentinaARGENTINAchileCHILEcolombiaCOLOMBIAusaUSAmexicoMEXICOperuPERUlatin usaLATIN USAamericaAMERICA What are hypersonic missiles, how do they work and why has Russia used them in Ukraine? Russia has confirmed it has deployed Kinzhal missiles in Ukraine against military targets, hypersonic weapons that are practically impossible to stop. This file photo taken on May 9, 2018 shows Russia's MiG-31 supersonic interceptor jets carrying hypersonic Kinzhal (Dagger) missiles flying over Red Square during the Victory Day military parade in Moscow. Russia’s Ministry of Defence confirmed last Saturday that the Kremlin had approved the use of Kinzhal hypersonic missiles against military targets in Ukraine. The Defence Ministry said the hypersonic weapons had been used to destroy a “large underground warehouse of missiles and aviation ammunition” in Deliatyn, in eastern Ukraine. A day later, further Kinzhal attacks were launched against a military base in the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine’s northwest, which Russian officials said was occupied by over 100 Ukrainian special forces troops and “foreign mercenaries.” The US confirmed the use of Kinzhals in Ukraine after tracking the strikes in real time. The attacks represent the first time Russia has admitted deploying hypersonic missiles in combat, although it is suspected they have been used in Syria. What is a Kinzhal? The Kh-47M2 Kinzhal was unveiled by Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2018 as one of a range of “new generation” weapons developed in response to the decision of the United States to pull out of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which until its dissolution in 2002 had been the basis of the nuclear non-proliferation agreement between the two Cold War superpowers. A hypersonic missile, the Kinzhal has a range of over 1,200 miles and can reach speeds of Mach 10: 7,600mph or 10 times faster than the speed of sound. By comparison, a US Air Force F-35A has a top speed of Mach 1.6, or 1,200mph. Russia claims that its range can be extended to over 1,800 miles if delivered from a Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber. The Kinzhals launched against targets in Ukraine were fired from modified supersonic MiG-31s and, according to military experts, the missiles are extremely difficult to defend against. They have a high level of manoeuvrability and reach Mach 4 rapidly after launch, making most missile defence systems and airborne interceptors redundant. Russia has just launched the hypersonic missile, because it's the only thing that they can get through with absolute certainty,” US President Joe Biden was quoted by CNN as saying on Monday. “It's a consequential weapon ... it's almost impossible to stop it. There's a reason they're using it.” What does the use of hypersonic weapons mean in the wider context? The issue that has the western powers concerned is what the Kinzhal is capable of carrying. The hypersonic missiles are able to deliver either a conventional or nuclear payload of up to 480kg. According to defence and aerospace industry experts, that is equivalent to 33 times the power of devastation of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. Another concern for the US, NATO and the western allies is that although the Kinzhal is extremely accurate, the strikes last weekend were carried out against targets not far from Ukraine’s borders with NATO members Romania and Poland. While such systems are hugely reliable, were a Russian launch to strike NATO territory there would be swift retaliation. However, US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin told CBS’ Face the Nation last Sunday that Putin “is trying to re-establish some momentum” as Russia’s ground assault has failed to make the breakthroughs anticipated by the Kremlin. US officials also believe that Russia is “sending a message” to the western allies by launching Kinzhals, while also taking advantage of the opportunity to battle test the armaments. “It’s a bit of a head-scratcher... Why you would need a hypersonic missile fired from not that far away to hit a building?” a senior Pentagon official told CNBC.
A+\| A\| A- India in GHI 2020 The position of India in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) score is far from being satisfactory, though the decadal progress of India in dealing with hunger looks positive. The GHI score for India in 2000 was 38.9 and has reduced to 27.2 in 2020. However, the pace of progress when compared with many other countries is not impressive. A comparison of India with other countries on GHI shows a dismal picture. For example, India lags far behind the other BRICS (a grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) nations. The GHI scores of Brazil and China are the lowest among the ranked countries, with a score of <5, and the scores of Russian Federation and South Africa are 5.2 and 13.5, respectively. The rankings of GHI of the neighbouring countries of India, such as Pakistan (24.6), Myanmar (20.9), Bangladesh (20.4), Sri Lanka (16.3) and Nepal (19.5), stand better. What is astonishing is the ranking of India below the low income countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (26), Ethiopia (26.2), and Angola (26.8). This is a matter of serious concern. The low ranking of India in GHI naturally raises concern about its food security issues. As per the figures (September 2020) of the Food Corporation of India (FCI), the total foodgrain stock (both rice and wheat) is 700.27 lakh metric tonnes (MT). The stock of unmilled paddy and coarse grains is 109.47 lakh MT and 1.37 lakh MT. The total foodgrain stock has been increased while comparing with previous years, even before the end of 2020. This points towards the sufficient food stocks in India. What is lacking is its proper utilisation by the states. The storage and its utilisation of foodgrains (data) with FCI for August 2020 show underutilisation of foodgrains by many states such as West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Sikkim. Utilisation is below 65%. This indicates a serious lacuna on the distribution side. The food shortage crisis in India is mainly because of its poor governance in providing adequate food to the needy and deserving people. This reflects the overall nutritional status of the people of India, and thereby, India finds a place at the bottom of the GHI. Dear Reader, To continue reading, become a subscriber. Explore our attractive subscription offers. Click here Updated On : 23rd Oct, 2020 Back to Top
What causes hypothermia in infants? Why do babies get hypothermia? What is considered hypothermia in infants? Definition. Neonatal hypothermia is defined as an abnormal thermal state in which the newborn’s body temperature drops below 36.5 °C (97.7 °F). Progressive reduction in body temperature leads to adverse clinical effects ranging from mild metabolic stress to death. What is the most common cause of hyperthermia in newborn? Causes of hyperthermia in infants include exposure to a hot environment and excessive swaddling. What are signs of hyperthermia in a baby? The symptoms would be excessive thirst, weakness, nausea and inappropriate behavior. It is the stage that can lead to the most dangerous of all hyperthermia illnesses: heat stroke. Which infant is most at risk for hypothermia? Neonates, particularly very low-birth-weight infants, are susceptible to environmental hypothermia; illness (eg, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis) increases risk. Should I be concerned if my child temperature is low? If a low body temperature is your child’s only symptom, it is not something to worry about. If a low body temperature occurs with other symptoms, such as chills, shaking, breathing problems, or confusion, then this may be a sign of more serious illness. IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Do you have to Sterilise baby teething toys? Can a viral infection cause a low body temperature? When you have an infection, your body’s temperature usually rises as it tries to fight off the bug causing the infection. Interestingly, some people see their body temperature go down (hypothermia) instead of up.
Forests Around the Globe are in Serious Danger due to the Impact of Beetle Infestation A beetle, no larger than a grain of rice, the tiny mountain pine beetle, has already destroyed 15 years of log supplies in British Columbia and they are now chomping their way through forest in Alberta and other parts of the Pacific Northwest. The number of trees that have already been destroyed is equal to the number of trees needed to build nearly 9 million single-family homes. Sadly, similar pests are threatening to devour more trees in North America and are already destroying supplies in parts of Europe. The bugs are thriving as climate change warms winters that would normally keep them at bay, destroying a swath of the world’s timber supplies. That may eventually spur shortages for the global housing market. Right now, lumber prices are soaring to record highs thanks to a surge in pent-up repair, brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Caroline Whitehouse, a forest health specialist for the province of Alberta, says that ‘squashing the bugs is no easy feat.’ Currently, Whitehouse’s team is on the ground searching out pines that are oozing a creamy, reddish resin to confirm the beetles have bored into the bark and overwhelmed their host. To stop the spread of the pest Whitehouse says that the infected trees are cut down with chainsaws and then they are chopped into bits and burned with fuel to destroy any chance the larvae could spread. Original Source: Millions of Beetles Are Wiping Out Forests All Across the World
How do you use pandemonium in a sentence? Pandemonium sentence example 1. All pandemonium broke loose outside. 2. By the time of the Scotland gigs in 73, the fans were creating Pandemonium . 3. There would be absolute Pandemonium for the next few minutes. 4. Repeated calls had been answered by a child’s high-pitched yelling, backed by sounds of total Pandemonium . What does exculpate mean? exculpate, absolve, exonerate, acquit, vindicate mean to free from a charge. exculpate implies a clearing from blame or fault often in a matter of small importance. What does inarticulate mean? (Entry 1 of 2) 1 : incapable of giving coherent, clear, or effective expression to one’s ideas or feelings. 2a(1) : incapable of speech especially under stress of emotion : mute. (2) : incapable of being expressed by speech inarticulate fear. What causes pandemonium? Pandemonium is a very noisy and uncontrolled situation, especially one that is caused by a lot of angry or excited people. What is an example of pandemonium? Pandemonium is defined as a place with chaos, noise and confusion. An example of pandemonium is the arena full of the fans whose team has just won the Superbowl for the first time in 12 years. What does fully exonerated mean? to clear, as of an accusation; free from guilt or blame; exculpate: He was exonerated from the accusation of cheating. to relieve, as from an obligation, duty, or task. What is the meaning of castigate? transitive verb. : to subject to severe punishment, reproof, or criticism The judge castigated the lawyers for their lack of preparation. What is an example of inarticulate? The definition of inarticulate is something or someone lacking clarity of speech. A person who fumbles over his words and cannot explain himself is an example of someone who would be described as inarticulate. Unable to speak with clarity or eloquence. An inarticulate debater. What does ineffectually mean? 1 : not producing the proper or intended effect : futile. 2 : ineffective sense 2. Other Words from ineffectual Synonyms & Antonyms Example Sentences Learn More About ineffectual. What does pandemonium literally mean? Pandæmonium, as the capital of Hell is known in the epic poem, combines the Greek prefix pan-, meaning “all,” with the Late Latin daemonium, meaning “evil spirit.” (Daemonium itself traces back to the far more innocuous Greek word daimōn, meaning “spirit, deity.”) Over time, Pandæmonium (or Pandemonium) came to … How would you describe pandemonium? wild uproar or unrestrained disorder; tumult or chaos. a place or scene of riotous uproar or utter chaos. (often initial capital letter) the abode of all the demons. What does Pandemonium mean in a sentence? Definition of Pandemonium. chaos and utter craziness. Examples of Pandemonium in a sentence. Even though the teacher had instructed the children to be on their best behavior, pandemonium broke loose the minute Santa Claus walked through the door. 🔊 What does the name Pandemonium mean? Definition of pandemonium. 1 : a wild uproar (as because of anger or excitement in a crowd of people) Pandemonium erupted in the courtroom when the verdict was announced. What is the noun for Pandemonium? pandemonium. noun. /ˌpændəˈməʊniəm/. /ˌpændəˈməʊniəm/. [uncountable] jump to other results. a situation in which there is a lot of noise and activity with a great lack of order, especially because people are feeling angry or frightened synonym chaos. Pandemonium broke out when the news was announced.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of foreign subsidiaries? What are the disadvantage of foreign subsidiary? High costs. Opening a subsidiary overseas is expensive (employees’ salaries, rental of premises, maintenance costs, etc.). Working with distribution partners can prove more advantageous from this point of view. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having wholly owned subsidiaries? Advantages of using wholly owned subsidiaries include vertical integration of supply chains, diversification, risk management, and favorable tax treatment abroad. Disadvantages include the possibility of multiple taxation, lack of business focus, and conflicting interest between subsidiaries and the parent company. What are the advantages of a subsidiary company? What are the Advantages of Subsidiaries? • The subsidiary can establish its own brand recognition, and possibly increase the overall share of a market. … • The subsidiary can establish its own management style, methods of operation and corporate culture to fit the particular nature and location of its business and operations. THIS IS IMPRESSING: Your question: Why customer service is important in tourism and hospitality? What does a foreign subsidiary do? A foreign subsidiary is an overseas company owned or controlled by a larger enterprise based in another country. Foreign subsidiaries are separate legal entities and must comply with the law of the local jurisdiction. They’re also responsible for their own assets and taxes. What are the advantages and disadvantages of holding companies? Advantages and Disadvantages of Holding Company • Ease of formation. It is quite easy to form a holding company. … • Large capital. The financial resources of the holding and subsidiary companies can be pooled together. … • Avoidance of competition. … • Economies of large scale operations. … • Secrecy maintained. … • Risks avoided. What are the disadvantages of establishing international locations? Disadvantages of International Expansion • Cost of establishing and termination of an entity. … • Compliance risk. … • Business practices and cultural barriers. … • Managing international employees – HR and payroll obligations. What are three advantages of acquisitions? Diversification of the products, services and long-term prospects of your business. A target business may be able to offer you products or services which you can sell through your own distribution channels. Reducing your costs and overheads through shared marketing budgets, increased purchasing power and lower costs. What is the primary advantage of a wholly owned subsidiary? Wholly owned subsidiaries allow the parent company to diversify, manage, and possibly reduce its risk. In general, wholly owned subsidiaries retain legal control over operations, products, and processes. What are the advantages to a company using a joint venture rather than buying or creating its own wholly owned subsidiary when entering a new international market? Advantages of joint venture THIS IS IMPRESSING: Do opposites really attract in friendship? increased capacity. sharing of risks and costs (ie liability) with a partner. access to new knowledge and expertise, including specialised staff. access to greater resources, for example, technology and finance. What are the advantages and disadvantages of joint venture? Provides companies with the opportunity to gain new capacity and expertise. Enables companies to enter related businesses or new geographic markets or gain access to modern technology. Provides access to greater resources – including specialised staff and technology. Shares risks with a venture partner. Why are subsidiaries important? A company may organize subsidiaries to keep its brand identities separate. This allows each brand to maintain its established goodwill with customers and vendor relationships. … Subsidiaries can also help you position part of your business as an alternative to the parent company at a different price point. What are the advantages of subsidiary book? The advantages of maintaining subsidiary books can be summarised as under: • Proper and systematic record of business transactions. … • Convenient posting. … • Division of work. … • Efficiency. … • Helpful in decision making. … • Prevents errors and frauds. … • Availability of requisite information at a glance. … • Detailed information available. Why do companies use foreign subsidiaries? Companies primarily open foreign subsidiaries to establish a corporate foothold in a specific overseas economy, primarily to boost revenues, generate tax benefits and diversify company assets to better manage risk. What is foreign subsidiary strategy? Setting up a foreign subsidiary establishes a legal entity in another country. Legal entities can market their products and services to the local population. … Additionally, companies with a local presence can expand their brand recognition to new markets so that they can potentially increase their profits. THIS IS IMPRESSING: Why are tourists attracted to the Lake District? How do you manage foreign subsidiaries? Keep international subsidiary management plans on track with entity management technology 1. Decide on where to set up your subsidiary. 2. Create the new company, following local regulation and process. 3. Allocate assets and liabilities. 4. Create the subsidiary’s bylaws. 5. Create the board of directors.
Is there such a word as Bulbosity? Is there such a word as Bulbosity? Bulbosity meaning (uncountable) The condition of being bulbous. What does Bulbosity mean? The definition of bulbosity in the dictionary is the quality of being bulbous. Other definition of bulbosity is a bulbous object. What does when definition mean? What does when D mean? contraction of when did: When’d that happen? What is the use of when? We use when as a conjunction meaning ‘at the time that’. The clause with when is a subordinate clause (sc) and needs a main clause (mc) to complete its meaning. If the when-clause comes before the main clause, we use a comma. What does DS stand for in slang? dear son DS is an abbreviation for “dear son” or “darling son.” It’s part of internet slang that has developed for use on forums, social networks, email, and texting. What is D & D free? Dungeons & Dragons Online is a free-to-play, heart-pounding MMORPG based on the beloved role playing game that started it all. Build your hero from classic D&D races and classes and battle through hundreds of hours of exciting adventure based gameplay. When we use be and being? “BE” is the base form of the verb “be”; “been” is the past participle of the verb “be” and “being” is the present participle of the verb “be”. “Be” is used whenever the base form of a verb needs to be used, for example after an auxiliary verb, e.g. in “You should be a good example to your younger siblings.” How do you use until? Until (conjunction) Until means ‘up to the event mentioned’. I’ll stay here until you come back. We have to wait until he arrives. We do not use will after until when speaking about the future. What is DS stand for in Snapchat? Summary of Key Points. “Directing Staff (on a training course)” is the most common definition for DS on Snapchat, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok. Are We missing a good definition for bulbosity? Are we missing a good definition for bulbosity? Don’t keep it to yourself… The ASL fingerspelling provided here is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment. What do you call the quality of being bulbous? 1. Also called: bulbousness the quality of being bulbous Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster’s page for free fun content . is now available in paperback and eBook formats. Make it yours today! Flashcards & Bookmarks? Please log in or register to use Flashcards and Bookmarks. What are the causes of excessive bulbosity in root? Increase in age, male gender, abnormal root morphology (increased length, excessive bulbosity or divergent roots), sinus proximity to root apices and upper first molar are the responsible factors for OAC formation. Dictionary browser? Full browser? is now available in paperback and eBook formats. When does the peak force of bulbosity reach? As the clip is slowly removed from the attachment the force rapidly becomes retentive as the leaves of the clip are forced open and this reaches a maximum, or peak force, as it passes over the bulbosity of the ball.
How much faster is desktop than laptop? How much faster is desktop than laptop? Of course Desktops are faster, but you lose portability and mobility like Laptop. And CPU of Desktop you shown is faster as its clock frequency is 3.4 GHz and Desktop CPUs are lot faster then Laptop’s. Is the processor same for desktop and laptop? While you have basically the same choice of CPUs in both laptop and desktop computers, the hardware that supports the CPU can be dramatically different. Do laptops run slower than desktops? Since laptops are designed for energy conservation, they will naturally run more slowly. The hard drive in a laptop is typically smaller than in a desktop unit, has less storage capacity and runs at a slower speed. Many laptops have less memory installed than desktops. Why are laptop processors so slow? Yup, laptop processors (GPU and CPU) are far behind the performance of a desktop version. The big reason for the slow down, is the requirement that is needed to be done on the CPU to consume drastically less power, and reduce heat. Why are laptops better than desktops? Pro: Portability It’s no secret that PC users tend to lean toward laptops instead of desktops because of their portability. Lightweight computing is perfect for those who need to take their computing to go. In an age where constant connection and communication is of the essence, laptops easily take gold in this arena. Which one is better laptop or desktop? To get a more powerful laptop (higher speed, better graphics, more storage space, etc.), the price can be considerably higher, ranging up to $1000 or more, depending on the brand. Bottom line: Desktop wins this category. A desktop computer is always cheaper than a laptop. Should I replace my desktop with a laptop? Which is better laptop or desktop? After taking a look at all the factors at play between laptops and desktops, we can already say which one is better. In terms of portability, user-friendliness, and power efficiency, laptops win. For everything else, desktops all the way. Do laptops overheat faster than desktops? Many Laptops tend to heat up faster than Desktops. It might be a common analogy for some while others might have experienced something different. Whatever be the case, you want to know why and avoid it because excess heat may cause slowdown or even damage your computer. Why are laptops quieter than desktops? So, why are laptops loud and some desktops quiet? Well, laptops are small, so they use small fans running very fast to provide cooling. This is the same reason why rack mounted servers are often loud…. small fans running fast. What is a good processor speed for a laptop? What to Know A 1.3 GHz processor and 2-4GB of RAM is sufficient for using the internet and watching Blu-ray movies. A 3.5 GHz processor and at least 8GB of RAM are recommended for CPU-intensive gaming. Check the individual RAM, processor, and internet speed requirements for the programs you want to use. What is the fastest laptop processor? Combining the benchmar results for laptop processors from Futuremark and CPU Benchmark the fastest laptop processors are currently the following: i7-5950HQ, i7-4980HQ, i7-6820HK, i7-6920HQ and the i7-6700HQ. What is the best laptop processor ever? Intel Celeron 300A. • MOS 6502. • BAE RAD750. • Intel Core i7-2600K. • AMD Opteron 275. • ARM Cortex-A9. • Intel Banias (Pentium M) Intel’s Banias (aka Pentium M,aka Centrino) solved a critical problem for Intel in the early 2000s: The P4 was emphatically not a mobile CPU. • Qualcomm Snapdragon 800. • Apple A9. • Honorable Mentions. • What’s a better processor for a laptop? – Intel 11th-gen Tiger Lake preview – Intel 10th-gen Ice Lake preview – AMD Ryzen 7 4700U review – AMD Ryzen 7 4800U preview – Intel 10th-gen Comet Lake and Ice Lake buying guide – Intel 8th-gen Kaby Lake R Review Back To Top
Is there a difference between bond and bail? Is there a difference between bond and bail? Bail is the money a defendant must pay in order to get out of jail. A bond is posted on a defendant’s behalf, usually by a bail bond company, to secure his or her release. It is rather a way of securing a defendant’s agreement to abide by certain conditions and return to court. Can you go to jail for not paying bail bonds in California? Can you go to jail for not paying bail bonds? The answer is yes. If you don’t hold up your end of the bargain, the bond company can remand you back into custody. How do you bail someone out of jail with cash? In order to be released on cash bail, you must deposit the full amount with the clerk of the court or with the arresting agency. Depending on the policies of the particular court, you may pay by cash, a traveler’s check, money order, personal check, or a bank cashier’s check. Is there still bail in California? The California Supreme Court has eliminated cash bail for defendants who can’t afford it — writing that “conditioning freedom solely on whether an arrestee can afford bail is unconstitutional.” ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: In California, the state Supreme Court has ruled to end cash bail if a defendant can’t afford to pay. Is bail going away in California? Do you get bail money back in CA? As long as you attend all of your court appearances, your cash bail amount will be returned. If you fail to appear at any court appearance, you may forfeit that cash bail (California Penal Code – Section 1305) and will not be able to get the cash back. What are bail bonds and how do they work? Bail agents, sometimes called bail bondsmen, act as sureties and post bail on behalf of defendants. A bail agent makes a profit by charging the defendant a non-refundable fee (usually 10% of the bail amount). If the defendant fails to appear in court, the bail agent forfeits the bond amount. What is the process of bail bonds? How does bail bondsman pay bail? The bail bondsman pays a small part of the money received from families into a security fund. This allows the company to pay the bail in case the defendant doesn’t show up in court. Working with a bond company also provides more security for families. Are bail bonds surety bonds? Surety Bonds. People who can’t come up with enough money to post bail don’t necessarily have to stay in jail. They can obtain a bail bond, which is a type of surety bond. Surety bonds essentially are insurance policies: If you fail to fulfill an obligation to someone, the bond provider promises to pay that party a certain amount. Back To Top
What does a high lactic acid level mean? What does a high lactic acid level mean? A high lactic acid value means lactic acidosis, which can be caused by: Severe loss of water from the blood (dehydration). Blood problems, such as severe anemia or leukemia. Liver disease or liver damage that prevents the liver from breaking down lactic acid in the blood. What is a normal lactic acid level? The normal blood lactate concentration in an unstressed patient is 0.5-1 mmol/L. Patients with critical illness can be considered to have normal lactate concentrations of less than 2 mmol/L. What level of lactic acid indicates sepsis? Since the serum lactate level was decreased to 2 mmol/L, serum lactate level is a more sensitive marker for septic shock. Notably, serum lactate level >2 mmol/L indicates a condition that is similar to sepsis with low BP in this issue of Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (3). What lactic acid level indicates lactic acidosis? Severe levels of lactate are 4 mmol/L or higher. Other definitions for lactic acidosis include pH less than or equal to 7.35 and lactatemia greater than 2 mmol/L with a partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaC02) less than or equal to 42 mmHg. What diseases cause high lactic acid? Lactic acidosis occurs when there’s too much lactic acid in your body. Causes can include chronic alcohol use, heart failure, cancer, seizures, liver failure, prolonged lack of oxygen, and low blood sugar. Even prolonged exercise can lead to lactic acid buildup. What lactate level is incompatible with life? Levels higher than 2 mmol/L (the cutoff point in our study) predicted a grave outcome; the higher the level the worse the outcome and a higher probability of death within 24 hours of admission. What does a lactate of 8 mean? An elevated lactate is associated with increased mortality.1-7 If the lactate is cleared it is associated with. better outcome.8-12 Lactate is the best means to screen for occult severe sepsis (occult sepsis is when. the patient’s blood pressure and mental status are good, but the patient is still at high risk of death … How do I lower my lactic acid level? 1. Stay hydrated. Make sure you’re staying hydrated, ideally before, during, and after strenuous exercise. 2. Rest between workouts. 3. Breathe well. 4. Warm up and stretch. 5. Get plenty of magnesium. 6. Drink orange juice. How do you treat high lactic acid levels? Increasing oxygen to the tissues and giving IV fluids are often used to reduce lactic acid levels. Lactic acidosis caused by exercising can be treated at home. Stopping what you’re doing to hydrate and rest, often helps. What is the normal range for lactic acid? Normal lactate levels range from 4.5 mg/dL to 19.8 mg/dL, MedlinePlus cites. Do not exercise for several hours prior to taking the test because exercising can temporarily increase lactic acid levels. Lactic acid tests are typically performed only in patients suspected of having lactic acidosis. What does high levels of lactic acid mean? What can elevate a lactic acid? A tuberculosis medication called isoniazid and a diabetes medication called metformin will both raise your levels of lactic acid. Exercise – Moderate and vigorous exercise can lead to an increase in lactic acid production, but it is usually safe, normal levels. What are the effects of too much lactic acid? If too much lactic acid builds up in your bloodstream, you can develop a medical condition called lactic acidosis. Symptoms of this disorder include weakness and nausea. Back To Top
Nederlands \| English \| Deutsch Project Sports Questions and answers about sports What does it mean when a plant has bolted? 4 min read Asked by: Lamont Carter Bolting occurs when a crop prematurely grows flower stalks and produces seeds, preventing the plant from bearing a vigorous harvest. Also called “running to seed” or “going to seed,” bolting redistributes a plant’s energy away from the leaves and roots to instead produce seeds and a flowering stem. What does it mean when a plant is bolting? One of the biggest nuisances in the summer vegetable garden is bolting – when crops put on a vertical growth spurt to flower and set seed before the vegetables are ready for harvest. The result is inedible, bitter-tasting leaves or poor-quality produce with little that can be salvaged. Can you save a plant that has bolted? Occasionally, if you catch a plant in the very early stages of bolting, you can temporarily reverse the process of bolting by snipping off the flowers and flower buds. In some plants, like basil, the plant will resume producing leaves and will stop bolting. Is bolting good for plants? Bolting refers to a vegetable plant’s sudden growth of a flower stalk. Seed formation follows the flowers and the desired growth of the vegetable itself stops. The first thing to realize is that bolting is a problem for you, not for the plant. For the plant, bolting is perfectly natural and desirable. How do you fix bolting? The top of the bolts off they're the the stem of the bolt off you just toss that away you want to thin out your lettuce that way it's not as dense down here so that way it promotes. What do you do when a plant goes to seed? You just cut the whole thing off and hang it upside down drive to dry somewhere. And then once those seeds are good and dry like for me that's depending. How do you save bolted seeds? If you have an entire garden of bolted lettuce to save, the paper bag method is for you. Clip your lettuce head from the stalk and place the entire head in a paper bag. Fold over the top of the bag and shake vigorously for 30 seconds or so. The seeds will fall right out into the paper bag. What does it mean when a plant goes to seed? Also called “running to seed” or “going to seed,” bolting redistributes a plant’s energy away from the leaves and roots to instead produce seeds and a flowering stem. Bolting usually signals the end of new leaf growth. In annual plants, it’s an indication that the plant will soon die. Why do my seedlings bolt? What do you do with a bolted rocket? But if you keep chopping it it'll keep growing for maybe three or four times. And don't forget that plant you've just cut and think these leaves you can use as normal just fall into your salad. Is bolted lettuce poisonous? Can You Eat Bolted Lettuce? Yes, you can eat bolted lettuce but you probably won’t want to. Once lettuce begins to bolt it starts producing compounds called sesquiterpene lactones. They are the plant’s natural defense mechanism to ward off pests so that it can successfully produce seeds. How do you keep greens from bolting? 3 ways to delay bolting lettuce: 1. 1) Grow bolt tolerant cultivars. Certain varieties of lettuce, spinach, radicchio, cabbage, and other bolt-prone crops have been selected or bred to be more resistant to bolting. … 2. 2) Give lettuce some shade. Less light means lower temperatures and often more moisture. … 3. 3) Water and mulch. Can you cut down bolted lettuce? This is my favorite thing to do with the bolted lettuce in my garden. Instead of pulling the plants out by the roots, simply cut the tops off and leave the roots intact. The stump will resprout when temperatures cool later in the season and go on to produce a second crop of lettuce in the late summer or fall. What does bolting lettuce look like? Welcome to the rustic garden today I want to show you what bolting greens are and/or bolting lettuce and you can see it starting in this plant. Will lettuce grow back after bolting? A: Bolted lettuce, when cut down to its base will regrow under the right conditions. If summer is too hot, the entire plant may die, but in cooler temperatures, it may resprout and continue to produce.
• Readers • Authors • Partners • Students • Libraries • Advertising • Contacts • Language: Русская версия Section: Biology The Fish of Lake Baikal Against Atherosclerosis#On a New Experimental Object for Medicine The Fish of Lake Baikal Against Atherosclerosis On a New Experimental Object for Medicine Cholesterol metabolism imbalance leads to atherosclerosis and is a factor causing myocardial infarctions and strokes. Atherosclerosis and the triggered cardiovascular diseases are major contributors to population mortality in Russia and in other industrially developed countries. To design efficient methods for making early diagnoses and then treating this disease, it is necessary to acquire thorough knowledge about the mechanisms of its development. Amazingly enough, some fish of Lake Baikal can help in solving this problem Cholesterol and other fats travel in the bloodstream as lipoproteins. These particles have a rather intricate structure composed of a “drop” of fat and specialized proteins that help the drops to interact with the cells of a body. Lipoproteins either partially exchange their lipids with cells or are just captured by cells. Bad and Good Cholesterol Cholesterol metabolism disorder is mainly an increase in its level in the blood; in addition, the ratio of its fractions changes. There are several types of lipoproteins, or cholesterol fractions. One type unites very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and low density lipoproteins (LDLs); they are atherogenic lipoproteins, or, as patients say, “bad” cholesterol, which is responsible for the developing of atherosclerotic plaques. These particles carry cholesterol from the liver to the cells of blood vessels. The other type, “good” cholesterol, or antiatherogenic lipoproteins, referred to as high density lipoproteins (HDLs), transports cholesterol in the opposite direction, from blood vessels to liver cells, thus hindering atherosclerosis development. The liver is the major regulator in the metabolism of cholesterol and other fats and is able to eliminate this compound from the body with bile. Differences in the cholesterol concentrations and (a) its atherogenic and antiatherogenic fractions (b) in the blood of Lake Baikal sculpins The body maintains fine equilibrium between the fractions of “bad” and “good” cholesterol in the blood with the help of intricate biochemical and genetic mechanisms, some of which are yet vague. This equilibrium can be disturbed; therefore, it is of the utmost importance to know the mechanisms that control the adaptation of blood cholesterol metabolism and keep the balance between the “bad” and “good” fractions when they are influenced by various adverse factors. The factors are numerous and include, in particular, the diet with high cholesterol content, smoking, and fat accumulation in liver cells (Klimov and Nikul’cheva, 1999). Baikal Model All animal species have their own specific features of cholesterol metabolism; this determines the degree of resistance to the development of lipid metabolism disorders. The species-specific differences in the systems controlling cholesterol metabolism are a unique material for clarifying the mechanisms that underlie resistance to pathological changes as well as for using them to prevent and treat human cardiovascular diseases. For example, the comparative analysis of the ratio of cholesterol fractions in the blood of animals resistant to atherosclerosis has made it possible to discover the important role of HDLs (Klimov and Nikul’cheva, 1999), giving the HDL cholesterol the name of “good” cholesterol. Top to bottom: longfin Baikal sculpin (Cottocomephorus inermis Yakovlev, 1890); red Baikal sculpin (Procottus major Taliev, 1944); bighead sculpin (Batrachocottus baicalensis Dybowski, 1874); and Berg’s sculpin (Limnocottus bergianus Taliev, 1935) For such research, the disease is artificially reproduced (simulated) in animals. Unfortunately, the model species currently used for this purpose belong to different systematic groups, such as mammals, birds, and fish (Getz and Reardon, 2012); they are very remote from each other from the evolutionary and, correspondingly, genetic standpoints, which interferes with understanding the general pattern of cholesterol metabolism adaptation. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to examine the groups of genetically related organisms that occupy different ecological niches and, thus, have different characteristics of their lipid metabolisms. An appropriate model for this purpose is endemic closely related species of sculpins (Cottoidei), living in Lake Baikal. This fish group comprises 26 species that originated from a small number of ancestral forms (Sideleva, 2003). Different Cottoidei species display a wide diversity and are adapted to different habitats and diets with different risks of atherosclerosis development. It is important that anthropogenic pollution in Lake Baikal is minimal as compared with other water bodies (Shimaraev et al., 2000), which excludes the data distortion associated with pollution. Different Species, Different Lipids Four Cottoidei species differing in their diets and behavior were chosen for this research (Sudakov et al., 2015); namely, the red Baikal sculpin (Procottus major Taliev, 1944), longfin Baikal sculpin (Cottocomephorus inermis Yakovlev, 1890), Berg’s sculpin (Limnocottus bergianus Taliev, 1935), and bighead sculpin (Batrachocottus baicalensis Dybowski, 1874). The level of total cholesterol in the blood turned out to be individual for each species. The lowest cholesterol level, in fact comparable to that in humans (Flaim et al., 1981), was observed in the longfin Baikal sculpin, which lives in water. The cholesterol level observed in the remaining three species, which live at the bottom, was higher. The fractional composition of cholesterol displayed even greater differences. The highest level of antiatherogenic cholesterol was observed in the red Baikal sculpin, and the lowest, in the longfin Baikal sculpin, the content of atherogenic cholesterol in both species being low. On the contrary, the atherogenic cholesterol content in the Berg’s and bighead sculpins was high. In other words, “good” cholesterol prevails over the “bad” one in the red Baikal sculpin, while “bad” cholesterol is prevalent in the remaining three species. Interestingly, the observed differences in the lipid profiles of the fish blood are not associated with their specific diets, suggesting that the blood levels of cholesterol fractions in these closely related species are strictly predetermined at the genetic level. For example, the lipid profiles of the Berg’s and Red Baikal sculpins are opposite with respect to the cholesterol atherogenic and antiatherogenic fractions despite the fact that they mainly eat the same amphipods (crustaceans). Amazingly, the lipid pattern of the Berg’s sculpin, which feeds mainly on amphipods, is most close to that of the bighead sculpin, the most active predator in the Cottoidei family. Amphipods account for 70 % of its diet with the remaining 30 % consisting of other Cottoidei species. Numerous large lipid drops in the liver cells of the red Baikal sculpin (Procottus major). The cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue); fat drops, with Nile Red, a dye specific for lipids (yellow); and actin cytoskeleton, with FITC-conjugated phalloidin (green). Laser confocal microscopy In addition, these fish species can be of interest because of the important role of their liver in storing fats (Henderson and Torcher, 1987). Microscopy has shown that the Cottoidei liver tissue contains numerous cells with large lipid drops. The high concentration of lipids in the liver of some sculpins has been also demonstrated by biochemical assays (Kozlova, 1998). Surprisingly, the large volume of fat drops in the fish liver cells is not accompanied by the development of cholesterol disorders and atherosclerosis, which would be impossible in the human and other mammalian species. Presumably, fat drops are an integral regular component of the liver cells of the Cottoidei and of many other fish; they are not pathological elements, as is the case with accumulating excess fat in the mammalian liver (Takahashi et al., 2012). The examined Cottoidei species represent a unique set of model organisms for studying the genetic, physiological, and ecological mechanisms that underlie the resistance to developing cholesterol disorders and atherosclerosis. Despite their common origin, the representatives of the examined species display a wide range of total cholesterol and its fractions in the blood as well as distinct specific features of the blood lipid profiles. A study of the mechanisms that underlie these differences will provide a deeper insight into the adaptation patterns of cholesterol metabolism and resistance to the developing of atherosclerosis. Moreover, the specific features of the fat content in fish liver will contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that determine the resistance to negative effects of their excess accumulation in the liver. Getz, G. S., Reardon, C. A. Animal models of atherosclerosis // Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012. V. 32, N 5. P. 1104—1115. Flaim, E., Ferreri, L. F., Thye, F. W. et al. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in adult males consuming normal and high cholesterol diets under controlled conditions // Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981. V. 34, N 6. P. 1103—1108. Henderson, R. J., Torcher, D. R. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish // Prog. Lipid Res. 1987. V. 26. P. 281—347. Klimov, A. N., Nikul’cheva, N. G. Metabolism of Lipids and Lipoproteins, and its Disorders 3d edition. St. Petersburg: Piter Kom. 1999. 512 p, [in Russian]. Kozlova, T. A. Lipid class composition of benthic-pelagic fishes (Cottocomephorus, Cottoidei) from Lake Baikal // Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 1998. V. 19, N 3. P. 211—216. Martirosyan, D. M., Miroshnichenko, L. A., Kulokawa, S. N. et al. Amaranth oil application for heart disease and hypertension // Lipids Health Dis. 2007. V. 6. Article 1. Published online. Shimaraev, M. N., Parfenova, V. V., Kostornova, T. Ya. et al. Exchange processes and distribution of microorganisms in the deep zone of Lake Baikal // Dokl. Biol. Sci. 2000. V. 372. P. 279—282. Sideleva, V. G. Endemic fishes of Lake Baikal. Backhuys Publishers. Leiden. Netherlands, 2003. P. 270. Sudakov, N. P., Klimenkov, I. V., Pastukhov, M.V. Lake Baikal Endemic Sculpins (Cottoidei): A Promising Model to Study Adaptive Plasticity of Blood Cholesterol Metabolism // Brazilian Arch. Biol. and Technol. 2015. V. 58, N 4. P. 613—616. Takahashi, Y., Soejima, Y., Fukusato, T. Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis // World J Gastroenterol. 2012. V. 18. P. 2300—2308. Like the article? Share it with your friends Subscribe to our weekly newsletter
Pinsteps. Former halls of the Order of Hospitallers in Old City of Jerusalem. In the Middle Ages, the halls of the Order of Hospitallers stood at this place. The name of the order is derived from a Latin word meaning to give shelter. Its purpose was to welcome the pilgrims and provide them with help and protection. The patron saint of the order is John the Baptist. Hence another name of the order is the order of St. John. After the expulsion of the Crusaders from the Holy Land, the Knights settled in Rhodes and then migrated to Malta. With them came the emblem of the Order - the Red Cross on a white background. This symbol is known by its current name: the Maltese cross. In the middle of the 19th century in Jerusalem, there was an attempt to revive the Order of the Knights. It took place at the initiative of Queen Victoria of England. As a result, the Order of Hospitallers, or the Order of the Reverend St. John, was established on Hebron Road, as the largest ophthalmological clinic in the Middle East, and provided relief and charitable services to the needy. However, in 1948, after the city was divided between Jordan and Israel, the order moved to the Old City, and its activity diminished. Pictures uploaded by @Evgeny Praisman Discover routes near this place here! Evgeny Praisman (author) Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Женя, я путешественник и гид. Здесь я публикую свои путешествия и путеводители по городам и странам. Вы можете воспользоваться ими, как готовыми путеводителями, так и ресурсом для создания собственных маршрутов. Некоторые находятся в свободном доступе, некоторые открываются по промо коду. Чтобы получить промо код напишите мне сообщение на телефон +972 537907561 или на и я с радостью вам помогу! Иначе, зачем я всё это делаю? List of routes including this place Evgeny Praisman Jerusalem Old City Holy Sepulcher and Wailing Wall The trip takes us from the Jaffa Gate through the Christian Quarter to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. After that, we will visit Golgotha, the stone of anointing, burial, and resurrection, St. Helena Chapel - the site where the Holy cross was found. Further, the route passes through Muristan to the Jewish Quarter, Kardo Street, excavations of the walls of Jerusalem from the time of Jesus, the mosaic of Madaba, the Hurva Synagogue, the Menorah, the panorama of the Olive and Temple Mountains, the Wailing Wall. Finally, we return to the Jaffa Gate through the Muslim Quarter, the monuments of the Mamluk architecture, and the street of David. Don't waste time for planning Use detailed routes created by your friends and professionals. Don't be afraid to get lost in new places! This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience
It was a great ____ to beat the other runners in that race.I'm reading an interesting book about the history of Antarctic ____ . Most people watch TV for ____ , and not to learn anything. You need a lot of ____ if you want to be good at a sport. It was difficult to ____ the walkers from the middle of the desert. You need to use your ____ to write a good story. It takes a lot of ____ and planning to climb a big mountain. I work very hard all week, so I need to ____ and get some rest at the weekend. The new company is going to bring a lot of ____ to our town. Walking fifty kilometres across the desert is a real ____. Таблица лидеров Переключить шаблон Восстановить автоматически сохраненное: ?
Eye twitching and eyelid tics and spasms are pretty common. Called myokymia in doctor lingo, these rippling muscle contractions in an eyelid can be triggered by many things, including: • Stress • Tiredness • Eye strain • Caffeine • Alcohol • Dry eyes • Nutritional imbalances including lack of calcium in the diet • Allergies Almost all sudden-onset eyelid twitching is benign, meaning the condition is not serious or a sign of a medical problem. However, this kind of eye twitching also can be hard to treat. The only option for making the twitching stop may be to figure out the cause and deal with it. More serious forms of eyelid twitching are caused by neurological conditions such as blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. These conditions are much less common and should be diagnosed and treated by an eye doctor. Why Does My Eye Twitch? Stress: While we’re all under stress at times, our bodies react in different ways. A twitching eye can be one sign of stress, especially when it is related to vision problems such as eye strain (see below). Reducing the cause of the stress can help make the twitching stop. Tiredness: A lack of sleep, whether because of stress or some other reason, can trigger a twitching eyelid. Catching up on your sleep can help. Eye strain: Vision-related stress can occur if, for instance, you need glasses or a change of glasses. Your eyes may be working too hard, triggering eyelid twitching. Computer eye strain from overuse of computers, tablets and smartphones is also a very common cause of visionrelated stress. Caffeine and alcohol: Many experts believe that too much caffeine and/or alcohol can trigger eye twitching. If your caffeine (coffee, tea, soda pop, etc.) and/or alcohol intake has increased, cutting back is worth a try. Dry eyes: More than half of the older population experiences dry eyes, due to aging. Dry eyes also are very common for people who use computers, take certain medications (antihistamines, antidepressants, etc.), wear contact lenses, and consume caffeine and/or alcohol. If you are tired and under stress, you also may develop dry eye. Nutritional imbalances: Some reports indicate a lack of certain nutritional substances, such as magnesium or calcium, can trigger eyelid spasms. Although these reports lack scientific evidence, if you suspect a nutritional deficiency may be affecting you, talk this over with your family doctor for expert advice rather than randomly buying over-the-counter nutritional products. Allergies: People with eye allergies can have itching, swelling, and watery eyes. When eyes are rubbed, this releases histamine into the lid tissues and the tears. This is significant, because some evidence indicates that histamine can cause eyelid twitching. To offset this problem, some eye doctors have recommended antihistamine eye drops or tablets to help some eyelid twitches. But remember that antihistamines also can cause dry eyes. It’s best to work with your eye doctor to make sure you’re doing the right thing for your eyes. Previous facial nerve trauma: Sometimes after a punch to the face or a fall, facial nerves can be damaged. As they regrow, they sometimes regenerate in areas where they previously didn’t exist and cause twitches as you talk or eat. Most eye twitches come and go, although they can last for weeks or even months.
Energy self-consumption 5 minutes of reading Being part of the electricity production system is something that is appealing to more and more French people. But what is energy self-consumption really? Self-consumption is defined as consuming one’s own electricity production through renewable energy facilities (solar-powered, wind, geothermal or biomass). The owner of the facilities can then choose whether or not to connect them to the national grid. If he/she connects them (which has a cost), he/she can sell all of the energy produced or only the surplus – at a price fixed by law – and re-inject it into the national grid. This is known as partial self-consumption. The surplus sale model is the most common in France and concerns about 70% of facilities. In the case of non-connection, the model is called total self-consumption. This can be quite challenging as renewable energy production is intermittent and relatively irregular, especially when dependent upon changing weather factors. Where energy cannot be stored and there is no connection to the grid, the energy produced by renewable sources must be used immediately so as not to be lost, thus requiring energy consumption habits to be adapted. This model is therefore more commonly chosen for isolated sites (avoiding costly network extensions) or at sites where production coincides perfectly with consumption needs. It is interesting to note that where surplus energy is produced, it is compulsory to configure the system so that this energy is injected into the public grid free of charge or to guarantee through a technical device that production is lower than consumption, thus justifying non-injection of energy into the grid. What are the pros and cons of self-consumption today? Factors encouraging self-consumption are growing Over the last ten years, several ideological, economic and legislative factors have contributed to the development of self-consumption, which has been mainly individual (a single producer and consumer) but which is tending to become collective (several producers and consumers grouped together in the same geographical area). In 2019, a study published in Le Parisien stated that 63% of French people said they were interested in producing and using their own energy[1], undoubtedly related to climate awareness and the growing appetite for local consumption. The rise in self-consumption is also due to two trends that are gradually tilting the economic equation in its favour. On the one hand, the uninterrupted fall in the production costs of energy facilities, particularly those of the solar panel sector, which is the preferred solution for the French, has contributed to making self-consumption attractive. In less than five years, the price of a photovoltaic panel has more than halved[2]. On the other hand, the gradual increase in the price of electricity has also encouraged self-consumption, which promises a cheaper and more stable cost per kWh. Finally, various government schemes[3] have encouraged self-consumption and self-generation (the fact of producing but not necessarily consuming your own energy). In particular, a law passed in 2017 allows self-consumers to use the renewable energy they produce directly, rather than selling it to EDF or another operator and then buying it back. At the same time, the law set feed-in tariffs for solar panels, locked in for a period of 20 years, which are particularly reassuring and advantageous for self-producers. The law also provides for tax benefits for facilities (incentives, VAT exemptions, etc.). Some obstacles to self-consumption remain Despite all these encouraging factors, certain obstacles – mainly economic and technical – remain. First of all, the economic balance of the model remains fragile. In France, the price of electricity remains low and this does not always make individual investment in self-consumption profitable, especially as initial investment costs remain quite high despite continuing to come down in recent years. Indeed, on average, the cost of a photovoltaic installation consisting of about 30 m² of solar panels is around €8,000. As for photovoltaic energy batteries, which make it possible to store the surplus electricity produced and then release it at the appropriate time, their cost remains too high to be considered by self-consumers, unless they adopt great restraint in their energy use and thus reduce their need for storage. Some people choose to reuse their car battery to give it a second life. However, if you use a battery that is not suitable for storage, it will become damaged quickly. It is therefore more cost-effective to invest in a suitable battery for a longer life. Lastly, the subsidy schemes are often little known by the French or require complex administrative formalities. Incentives and subsidies for self-consumption are not always well directed and often focus only on low-power facilities. What are the future prospects for self-consumption? Many players are jostling for position As this market grows, a number of players are positioning themselves in the design, production, sizing, installation, operation and/or maintenance of self-consumption solutions. The major energy companies (ENGIE, EDF, Total) are developing solar power self-consumption equipment offers and incorporating them into their new markets in the same way as e-mobility or the Internet of Things. Renewable energy developers and operators, equipment manufacturers (Comwatt, Solarwatt, etc.) have also entered the market, seeing it as an opportunity to broaden their offer and their targets. For specialists in the supply of green electricity and gas (ekWateur, Enercoop, Ilek, etc.), self-consumption allows them to diversify their offer and strengthen their position. Finally, pure players offering smart systems that optimise the electricity usage of domestic appliances, such as Monabee or MyLight Systems, are also banking on the growth of the market to perfect their offers.[4] Collective self-consumption: a land of opportunities The multi-annual energy plan (PPE), France’s energy roadmap, sets the number of self-consumption operations at 200,000 by 2023, including 50 in collective self-consumption. In France, there are currently only about twenty experiments in collective self-consumption. However, many players could become interested in installing a collective self-consumption system. The most interesting strategy is one that brings together players with different and/or predictable energy usage to optimise energy consumption. For example, schools could be grouped with adjacent buildings, developers could integrate collective self-consumption in their development project (by trying to include buildings with different uses), etc. Collective self-consumption was defined in law in 2016, and redefined in 2019 in the “Pacte” act; the challenge is to democratise the legal, contractual and economic structures adapted to collective self-consumption projects in order to make this model more common. But for the time being, the complexity of the legal and financial arrangements involved in installations have weakened its profitability. At neighbourhood level, collective self-consumption is often cited as the future of energy governance or as offering the possibility of achieving energy independence. Collective self-consumption appears to be a way of increasing the resilience of a local area, through local and secure production, independent of national grids. However, this statement has to be qualified by certain factors. For example, the lack of production during peaks in energy demand and therefore the forced use of the national grid, which in turn could increase its tariffs due to the gradual loss of users, or the environmental cost of producing the installations. Some examples of self-consumption Individual self-consumption Partial self-consumption: A private individual living in a large house in Toulouse wanted to reduce their annual electricity bill. Arema installed 15 solar panels (4.5 kW) on the roof. The hot water heater was replaced by a thermodynamic water heater and the meter by a Linky smart meter. The most energy-intensive appliances (water heaters and two heat pumps) were connected to the Mylight Systems energy management system. The total installation cost €23,000, but tax credits on the thermodynamic water heater reduced the investment to €19,000. The self-consumption grant and the resale of electricity also reduce the investment. This private individual estimates that the installation will pay for itself within ten years and has already seen their annual bill halved. Total self-consumption: A couple living in a house in the Aude region of France installed four solar panels in 2015 on the south side of their roof. After installation, they changed their consumption habits: the washing machine and dishwasher are plugged into programmable sockets to coincide with peak production times. The hot water heater operates from 12pm to 2pm (thanks to a clock installed on the electrical consumer unit). For the vacuum cleaner and the iron, they make sure that there is sunlight and that no appliances are running at the same time. More generally, the installation made them aware of unnecessary electricity use and reduced their consumption. Collective self-consumption In Sophia Antipolis, four office buildings have installed 2,500 m² of solar panels on their roofs and the car park shade canopies[5]. The developer chose to integrate battery storage because the complex produces more than it consumes. The buildings are therefore independent in five key areas: heating, air conditioning, hot water production, lighting and ventilation. Within a neighbourhood this time, the Société d’aménagement de la métropole Ouest Atlantique is planning a collective self-consumption project in an area of Nantes. This project will see approximately 10,000 m² of solar panels installation on roofs in the République district between 2023 and 2028[6]. The green electricity produced will cover part of the consumption of the communal areas of the buildings and the premises on the ground floor. The electricity will be routed via the public distribution grid, but will not be resold, as the density and mix of the neighbourhood will ensure the energy produced is fully used. Self-consumption is a developing model but still needs technical and legal adjustments to make it conclusively attractive and profitable for individuals and groups of individuals in the same geographical area. Self-consumption allows you to better control your electricity production and consumption. It also contributes to the development of renewable energies and reduces the need to strengthen the national electricity grid. Although solar-powered self-consumption, which is by far the most popular solution, seems very appropriate for tertiary buildings, where consumption is often aligned to daylight hours, the growth of teleworking may well lead to new installations in private homes. Indeed, the daily presence of a teleworker at his or her home could, in the future, provide make stronger arguments for self-consumption on a domestic scale. [1] https://www.hellowatt.fr/blog/chiffres-autoconsommation/ [3] https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/systemes-dautoconsommation [4] https://www.lesechos-etudes.fr/media/uploads/etudes/samples/LEE_autoconsommation_2020_HD2.pdf [5] https://www.valenergies.com/autoconsommation-collective-exemple/ [6] https://smile-smartgrids.fr/fr/actualites/appel-projet-autoconsommation-collective-samoa-ile-de-nantes.html
Yeast Fermentation Lab Good Essays Title: How Ph Levels Affected the Fermentation of Beer Hypothesis: The beer will be left with more sugar deposit as the Ph levels increase because alpha/beta -amylase will no longer function. Predictions: Alcohol Percentage Analysis for the Control and the Experimental During this experiment, the pH level was increased, therefore Alpha-Amylase was favored. Due to the nature of Alpha-Amylase cutting randomly through a large carbohydrate molecule, it leaves bigger sugars in the flask, which cannot be digested by yeast. Due to this, less reactions should occur in the experimental, therefore leading to a lower percentage of alcohol production, compared to the control. There should be a higher alcohol percentage in the control than that of…show more content… In the control, beta-amylase was present unlike the experiment, which resulted in less molecules lingering. Discussion: 1. a. My results matched my prediction regarding alcohol percentage by weight. I predicted that the control would have a higher alcohol content than the experimental since beta and alpha amylase are working together. Since only Alpha-Amylase worked in the experimental, there was probably bigger carbohydrates present in the flask, therefore, there was a lower alcohol percentage since yeast can’t digest bigger sugars. b. My results also matched my prediction regarding mean reducing carbohydrate levels during the mashing process between the control and the experimental. My prediction stated that there would be less reducing carbohydrate ends in the experimental, which was proven in the data table. c. My results also matched my prediction regarding the amount of carbohydrates left after fermentation in the flasks. Based on my predictions, there should be more carbohydrates left in the experimental after fermentation since there was less alcohol produced. The lower percentage of alcohol suggests that there was less reactions that occurred, therefore causing less alcohol Get Access
Portrait of Chuck Thacker Chuck Thacker Emeritus Researcher Charles Patrick “Chuck” Thacker (February 26, 1943 – June 12, 2017) was a pioneering architect, inventor, designer, and builder of many of today’s key personal computing and network technologies. Thacker lead the computer world by pioneering the very first true PC, the Xerox Alto, which was the first computer to use a mouse-driven Graphical User Interface. All of today’s personal computers with bit-map screens and graphical user interfaces descend directly from the Alto. He received his B.S. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1967. He then joined the university’s “Project Genie” in 1968, which developed the pioneering Berkeley Timesharing System on the SDS 940. Butler Lampson, Thacker, and others then left to form the Berkeley Computer Corporation, where Thacker designed the processor and memory system. While BCC was not commercially successful, this group became the core technologists in the Computer Systems Laboratory at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Thacker worked at the PARC in the 1970s and 1980s, where he served as project lead and was the engineering force behind many of PARC’s technologies, including the Xerox Alto personal computer system,  co-inventor of the Ethernet LAN, and contributed to many other projects, including the first laser printer. In 1983, Thacker was a founder of the Systems Research Center (SRC) of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and in 1997, he joined Microsoft Research to help establish Microsoft Research Cambridge  in Cambridge, England. After returning to the United States, Thacker designed the hardware for Microsoft’s Tablet PC, based on his experience with the “interim Dynabook” at PARC, and later the Lectrice, a pen-based hand-held computer at DEC SRC. Because of his breakthrough leadership, drive, and his inspirational mentorship of generations of computer scientists the ACM Breakthrough Award was created in his honor. Thacker held an honorary doctorate from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and was a Technical Fellow at Microsoft. Among numerous awards in his long and decorated career, Chuck received the Turing Award in 2009 and was honored with the ACM IEEE-CS Eckert-Mauchly Award posthumously in 2017. The Microsoft Research “Charles Thacker Breakthrough Award” was named in his honor.
Saturday, 8 July 2017 Winter Learning Journey For this activity in the winter learning journey, I have to pretend that I got lost in a forest all by myself. I have to write a short story (8-10 sentences) about what might happen next. It was a wonderful day, with the sun shining and the birds chirping. I strolled along the forest floor, dazed by the forest’s natural beauty. Suddenly, I realized the I couldn’t hear my companions footsteps, talk or endless laughter. I was lost! I wandered around for ages, shouting at the top of my lungs, hoping that they might hear me. My only water bottle lay in my bag, dry as a bone. Soon, the heat began to kick in. My lips were cracked and dry and my throat was sore. After a while, I just gave up on looking for my friends and lay down. Soon, sleep came. In the morning, I didn’t really feel like walking, so I just sat on the forest floor. After a couple of hours, I heard a peculiar noise. It was a helicopter. As quick as I could, I climbed the tallest tree around me and when I saw the helicopter I waved my arms frantically. Someone in the helicopter let down a piece of rope and I grabbed it and climbed up inside. 1. Hi Daniel, This story was very deep and it included a lot of figures of speech which was good to see. Some of your sentences though did not make any sense so please double check your work before you publish it. 2. Hi Daniel, Your short story was very interesting and I liked how you added different types of punctuation. Although, some of your sentences didn't make sense so could you please go over your work again? - Zahra 3. Hi Daniel I like you story you wrote. It has some powerful words like dazed and chirping. I like the ending of the story when the helicopter came. Some of your sentences don't make sense so please can you double check. Keep up the great work! 4. Hi Daniel, Your 8 to 10 story was interesting and amazing. I liked the part that said It was a wonderful day, with the sun shining and the birds chirping. Awesome work. 5. Hi Daniel Your doing very well with you blog post and your blurb keep it up. 6. Hello Daniel, I really like how you have been using some powerful words and similes in your story. They hooked me into reading your whole story. Amazing job and keep it up. 7. Hi Daniel. I really like your story. You have described the setting very well. I really like your synonym for friends (companions). I really like how you have used punctuation marks like, commas and exclamation marks to make your story sound a lot better. Keep up the great work. 8. Daniel, This is a really well written, creative story! I like how you used a simile to describe your thirst - "dry as a bone". Well done on writing an awesomely imaginative piece of writing! Nicky :) 9. Hi Daniel, I really your story it is really great. I like that you used language features. Well Done!
Presentation is loading. Please wait. Presentation is loading. Please wait. Chapter 2: Thematic Elements Similar presentations Presentation on theme: "Chapter 2: Thematic Elements"— Presentation transcript: 1 Chapter 2: Thematic Elements Theme: The central, unifying purpose and focus of the film (Unlike literature, the theme of the film is not limited to an idea.) Types of Themes found in Film: 1. Plot 2. Emotional Effect or Mood 3. Character 4. Style, Texture, Structure 5. Idea 2 Focus on Plot The film is most concerned with what happens. Its primary purpose/ focus is linked to its plot. Action/Adventure films and detective stories are concerned mainly with plot Examples: Bourne Series, Gladiator, Day After Tomorrow, LA Confidential , Raiders of the Lost Ark, Pirates of the Caribbean 3 Emotional Effect or Mood The film’s primary concern is to convey a certain mood to an audience, get the audience to feel and react a certain way. Horror/Suspense Films are most notably concerned with the Emotional Effect Horror/Suspense: Alfred Hitchcok films, Saw Series, Texas Chainsaw Massacre series Comedy: Stepbrothers, Superbad Romantic Films: Notebook Dramadies (part comedy and part drama) are concerned with both emotions. Royal Tenenbaums 4 Character The film’s primary concern is with portraying a unique character and tracing his/her development. These films are “character driven” rather than plot driven. Bio-pictures focus on character (Ali, Raging Bull, Frida, Ray, Capote) Non-bio pictures that also focus on portraying a unique character: Rushmore, Charlie Bartlett, Napoleon Dynamite 5 Texture, Style, Structure These films are most concerned with the visual representation of the story and experimenting with style and structure. What we remember most is the “look” of the film or the way in which the story was told. Examples: Memento, Sin City, New World, Waking Life, 300, Scanner Darkly 6 Ideas The film’s primary concern is to convey an idea about life, human relationships, the human experience, and/or society. The idea may be stated directly by a character or clearly represented by a particular scene or conveyed more subtlety through the connection of various elements. The film’s central idea is open for interpretation and there may be several opinions as to what a film’s central idea is. 7 Moral Implications These films deal with the moral consequences and implications of a character or characters’ decisions and actions. Unlike the Moral Riddle, these films seem to suggest more overtly a moral statement like: “money is the root of all evil.” These films include: Crash, A Simple Plan, Quiz Show 8 The Truth of Human Nature These films look at the universal experience of human nature. These films depict characters who represent some idea about the universal human experience. Examples: Lord of the Flies (How young boys react once civilization is removed.) Sideways looks at how people cope and deal with disappointment and broken dreams. 9 Struggle for Human Dignity These films trace the struggle of a character to defy the internal or external challenges he/she faces to restore dignity to their lives. The central character is usually at a disadvantage in his/her life. Examples: Rocky Films, Pursuit of Happyness, Million Dollar Baby, On the Waterfront 10 Social Problems These films are concerned with examining, critiquing societal problems, institutions. These films usually offer a critique, but perhaps not a solution to these problems. They may also deal with their subject matter in a serious or satirical way. Examples: Philadelphia, Dead Man Walking, Do the Right Thing , Michael Moore documentaries 11 The Complexity of Human Relationships These films look at the joy, pain, complications that arise out of family, friendships, romantic relationships. Examples: In the Bedroom, Breaking the Waves, Brokeback Mountain, Terms of Endearment, Before the Devil Knows You’re Dead, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind 12 Coming of Age/Loss of Innocence/Growing Awareness These films deal with a character, usually young, who experiences events that cause a change in awareness about his/herself, society, and/or relationships. These films include: Whale Rider, Almost Famous, To Kill a Mockingbird, This Boys’ Life, My Girl , Thirteen 13 A Moral or Philosophical Riddle These films center around a moral/philosophical riddle/puzzle. These films only raise moral/philosophical questions rather than addressing them. They use ambiguity, symbolism and images rather than overt statements. These films include: Being John Malkovich, I Heart Huckabees, Fight Club, I’m Not There A reaction to this type of film would be: “What’s this all about?” 14 Identifying Theme Usually, this can not be done until after you’ve seen the film and thought about it. Start by explaining the film to someone else. Usually, what first comes out of your mouth about the film, will indicate the film’s purpose. Make a tentative statement about the film’s theme. Begin analyzing individual elements and then go back to revise previous statement. 15 Evaluating Theme Evaluating a theme is highly subjective. Few criteria: 1. Universality of the theme (Does the theme/characters transcend the time in which the film was made?) - Easy Rider versus Grapes of Wrath 2. Significance of theme (Is the theme intellectually/philosophically interesting?) -Nacho Libre versus Godfather Download ppt "Chapter 2: Thematic Elements" Similar presentations Ads by Google
Saturday, January 5, 2008 Lick Granulomas in Dogs Canine Acral Lick Dermatitis, more commonly known as ‘Lick Granuloma’, is one of the most frustrating skin problems there is. What often seems like a simple problem is in fact multifactorial, and therefore attempting to treat it with a single approach are usually doomed to failure. There is usually an underlying cause, plus a secondary bacterial infection, plus an obsessive-compulsive behavioral cycle to deal with. Lick granulomas are most common in large, active, attention-seeking breeds such as Dobermans, Rottweilers, Labrador retrievers, German Shepherds and Irish Setters. It can however happen in any breed, at any age. The wound (‘lesion’) develops as a result of the repetitive licking action of the animal. Chronic trauma to the site results in follicular rupture and furunculosis. The lesion is usually single, oval and varies in size from 2-6cm. It is usually found over the carpal (wrist) or metacarpal areas, though can also occur on the back leg. The lesion usually manifests as a raised, firm, hairless nodule or plaque and may have an ulcerated surface. Almost without exception, lick granulomas are infected. Bacteria from the mouth are seeded in the lesion by the constant licking, which leads to the infection and a perpetuation of the licking cycle. In the early stages at least, the infection is usually by Staphylococcus species. Identifying the Underlying Cause Once it has been established that the dog does indeed have a lick granuloma, and not a skin tumor for example (usually obvious by clinical signs, though biopsy is definitive) then the dog must be examined for the presence of other skin, orthopaedic and neurological disease. A full clinical history and physical examination is mandatory. The following approach would be considered a very thorough one; most vets will simply bandage the leg and try a long course of antibiotics – sometimes successfully – but in the interests of those that cannot be fixed by this approach (and many cannot) I shall describe the thorough approach. Skin tests should include skin-scraping, hair plucking, fine needle aspirates and/or a punch biopsy from a non-ulcerated area. A bacteriology swab should also ideally be taken for culture and sensitivity, to enable optimal antibiotic selection. Orthopaedic investigation should include survey radiographs (Xrays) of the area, comprising at least 2 views, to look for bony lesions. If the lick granuloma is over a joint, then synovial fluid may be sampled. For neurological assessment, a thorough knowledge of the nerves innervating the skin is required, and electromyography has been used to identify specific neurological deficits (this is realistically outside the realms of most practitioners). Treatment of Medical Conditions Lick granulomas are part infection, part behavioral and part other causes. After screening for underlying disease as described above, the next step is getting rid of any bacterial infection. Topical antibiotic creams are useless in these cases. They only draw attention to the lesion from the dogs perspective, and perpetuate the licking. Systemic (oral) antibiotics are required, and are needed for a minimum of 3 weeks (and often up to 3 months). The choice of antibiotic is best made following bacterial culture and sensitivity, first line drugs often selected include cefalexin, amoxicillin and clindamycin. If resistance to these is suspected or confirmed, then more expensive antibiotics such as enrofloxacin (Baytril) or marbofloxacin (Marbocyl) can be prescribed. Treatment of a Behavioral Problem Many different treatments have been tried in order to break the compulsive behavioral component of lick granulomas. These include: Corticosteroids (prednisone, medrone) Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Surgical excision Cobra venom Radiation therapy Electronic collars Laser treatment However, no one therapy has been consistently shown to resolve the problem without recurrence. Recent work has suggested that a combination of drugs and behavioral modification is the best approach. The only drug currently licensed for behavioral therapy in the dog is clomipramine (Clomicalm). The main side effect of this is sedation, and it cannot be given to animals with pre-existing liver or kidney dysfunction. Better drugs for this purpose are the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), such as sertraline and fluoxetine. These SRIs have less side effects and can be used long term, but have a slow onset of action so when being trialed, must be given for a minimum of 4-6 weeks before any judgment is made as to efficacy. Behavioral modification depends on the cause of the stress involved. For fear and anxiety related stress, avoid leaving the dog alone, leave the dog in a favored place (e.g. car) or vary the arrival and departure routine so that the dog doesn’t realize its owner is going out. For boredom related stress, increase the visual or auditory stimulation by providing new toys, leaving the radio or TV on etc. For attention-seeking stress, ignore stereotypical behavior to avoid reinforcement, and do not punish the behavior as this may lead to anxiety and complicate matters. To conclude, lick granulomas are a difficult disease to manage. However, if the veterinarian’s approach is logical, then appropriate investigation, together with antibiotic treatment, behavioral drugs and behavioral modification, can achieve a high degree of clinical resolution if not always a complete cure. No comments:
Results for: Departmentalization What is departmentation? When you have a huge job to be done, just like a big commercial organization has, it becomes difficult to manage each and everything by your own because you have to keep recor (MORE) What is functional departmentalization? Functional Departmentalization- Putting jobs that do similar activities together into a single department Functional departmentalization - Grouping activities by functi (MORE) What is departmental undertaking? it is the traditional and oldest form of a public enterprise wherein the aggregate investment is made by the government, a private party is debarred from investing in it (MORE) What are departmental objectives? The aims or goals of a business are set to the department. Might be developed by the departmental heads in conjunction with those who set organizational objectives. Objectives (MORE) What are the bases of departmentation? business can be divided into: Knowledge, skills: Cardiology, Allergy in a hospital Function: sales dept., finance dept., research dept. Client: wholesaler, reta (MORE) In Uncategorized What is departmentation by function? The process of grouping various activities into separate units is called departmentation. Departmentation can be made on the basis of functions or product handled. When the de (MORE) In Uncategorized What are departmental teams? it is a team that is in a company and they work together in departments to compleate particular tasks In Uncategorized What do you mean by departmentation? The word departmentation generally refers to the process of grouping jobs into different logical units. It is the process of categoring an organisation based on departments to (MORE)
AIDS: A Man-Made Disaster? [Article concerning The River: A Journey Back to the Source of HIV and AIDS] by Ruaridh Nicoll The Scotsman, 24 June 2000, Magazine pp. 16-21. This article is part of a collection of material on Polio vaccines and the origin of AIDS in the section on The River. It is located on the website on suppression of dissent. WHEN THE BLOOD LEFT Bill Hamilton it drained away as fast as a reputation, starving his great mind of oxygen and leaving his body in a coma. Hailed as the "most distinguished Darwinian since Darwin", Hamilton had just returned to the UK from the Congo where he had been seeking evidence that another great scientist had inadvertently triggered the deaths of 16 million people. As Hamilton lay unconscious that other scientist took a bow from a grateful nation. "The world owes Dr Hilary Koprowski an enormous debt of gratitude," an United States Senator declared in a tribute written forever into the Congressional Record. Nine days later Hamilton died. An autopsy showed that it was an excruciatingly unlucky death for the great naturalist. Wracked with malaria following the trip to Kisangani, a pill he had taken had lodged in his gut and burnt its way through into a major blood vessel, instantly filling his body cavity with blood. Although he would live for six further weeks, the damage done to his brain was irreparable. In his 63 years, Hamilton had cleared up many of the problems left by The Origin of the Species - he was best known for marking out the role played by altruistic self-sacrifice in a world governed by the survival of the fittest. Altruistic self-sacrifice seems an interesting notion in this story where intense competition and sloppy science stand accused of visiting a plague upon a world living with the prospect of live AIDS vaccines, genetic modification and xenotransplantation. Science is a calling where an individual can leave a mark that lasts forever. In a different world the marks made by Hilary Koprowski should have helped all of mankind. Koprowski was a 33 years-old research scientist when he fed the first child a live polio vaccine. At the time polio was the most feared killer in the Western World. Basic hygiene had wiped out the natural reservoir of immunity in the population, allowing epidemics to paralyse and kill thousands - in the US alone over 10,000 of the nation's young were being affected every year. That was 50 years ago. This year the World Health Organisation expects polio to be eradicated - in no small part due to Koprowski's work. The Polish-born scientist, an angular, intense-looking man was, at the time, in a keenly fought race with Albert Sabin to cure the world. Sabin won seeing his vaccines cleared to don sugar lumps the world over. At the time Koprowski showed magnanimity; on visiting Brazil Sabin fell asleep to the sound of children singing under his hotel window - adulation Koprowski claimed he would have found it too difficult to live with. Instead he would go on to a glittering career. As director of the Wistar Institute, the oldest privately funded medical research centre in America, he would create vaccines that would tackle rabies and German measles and produce man-made antibodies to fight cancer. But while he worked, a new disease began to affect the homosexual communities of New York and Los Angeles; then heroin addicts, haemophiliacs. Curiously, Haitians also began to fall ill. The affected were soon referred to as 'The four Hs' - conjuring up images of the four Horsemen of the Apocalypse - but this turned out to be Pestilence's show, riding in on curiously global, yet hidden, sharing of blood. As HIV spread and AIDS blossomed, a variety of cock-eyed theories sprung up. From the religious reactionaries who saw it as a God-given plague to the KGB's naughty suggestions that it was a botched biological weapons experiment by the CIA, whispers circulated, and for a moment stuck. As the 80s became the 90s a new rumour spread, one that was to crash in upon Koprowski's life. According to this theory, polio vaccine trials Koprowski had conducted in Africa in the late 1950s had taken the virus from its natural chimpanzee host and placed in the bloodstream of children. In essence not only was HIV doctor-caused, but he was the doctor that caused it. For some reason Koprowski, a brilliant linguist, has never reached a standard in English which allows him to communicate without difficulty. Speaking about the accusations from his office at the Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, the 83 year-old complained of being turned into an ogre. He had been in Germany when he story first broke in the pages of Rolling Stone magazine. "I was utterly shocked," he said. AIDS, let alone any part he might have played in its genesis, would have barely registered with Koprowski when in 1986, an adventurous young man from the East End of London was happily indulging his love of Africa and his not insignificant love for African women. Based in Uganda, BBC World Service stringer Edward 'Ed' Hooper had already undergone one life changing experience - being locked up in a Ugandan jail for four weeks - and would shortly undergo another. In August, 1986 Hooper heard about an outbreak of disease on the shores of Lake Victoria on Uganda's southern border. He travelled down to the small village of Kasensero and found that 100 people had died of a strange new illness he at once guessed was AIDS. Later he would say the experience had traumatised him, not least because the residents had asked him what they should do to protect themselves and the best he had been able to come up with was advice not to have unprotected sex. He began to dedicate his life to tracking the epidemic. First he wrote "Slim", a personal account that received some decent reviews but sold just a few hundred copies. In 1990 he moved on to a far more controversial project, an investigation he would call The River. The book, running to over 1000 pages, details not only the history of HIV and AIDS but also sets out the case against Hilary Koprowski in minute, highly readable detail. The paperback, which was published earlier this month, starts with an introduction, written by Bill Hamilton, suggesting Hooper receive a Nobel prize if the theory is proved and ends with a postscript reporting the scientist's death. It is no exaggeration to say the publication of The River has caused a sensation in both the lay and professional press. Lauded by writers as a literary achievement - "a version of the Faust myth for our age" according to Giles Foden, "the investigative and revelatory text of the year" says Will Self - it has had fire poured down on it from a number of specialists who are either targeted or mentioned in its pages. In the course of researching this article it has been described variously, by scientists, as "a conspiracy theory", "boring", "sanctimonious bullshit", "hysterical", "innuendo on innuendo" and "very unlikely." It has also led to vials of Koprowski's vaccines being taken out of storage and sent to independent laboratories for testing. And then there was Hamilton, the universally acclaimed naturalist, who died in an attempt to prove Hooper right. Tracking down Hooper to the incongruous setting of Hay-on-Wye where he was speaking at the village's annual literary festival, I found him in a restaurant holding forth on the Bonobo chimp's penchant for anal sex. Scruffy, rounded and unshaven, Hooper has a manner that is both tetchy and ingratiating at the same time. A further, strong trace of paranoia should be forgiven him given the firestorm that surrounds him. He said his obsession was partly due to being healthy and HIV free: "Several of my former lovers have since died of AIDS," he told me. "So I felt I had dues to pay." At first the dues were to write an uncontroversial book that would trace HIV back to source, hence the title The River. He wanted to answer the question "Why Now?" - planning to spend 16 months on the project. As he went about his task, busily discarding all the loopy theories he came across, he found the polio vaccine theory the most difficult to knock down. It was being promulgated by a shadowy figure calling himself Louis Pascal who would write long and angry articles to anyone who would listen. Despite Pascal's cranky nature, Hooper felt his words had merit. As time passed, and Hooper conducted around 600 interviews around the world and he grew more and more convinced of Pascal's claims. Soon he found himself at the forefront of those who believed in the theory. For some reason Pascal grew silent and Tom Curtis, the journalist who wrote the article in Rolling Stone was effectively silenced when Koprowski sued the magazine. Only Hooper remained, busily running the virus back into the heart of Central Africa. On the way he scored a number of great breakthroughs. A committee set up by the Wistar in response to the Rolling Stone article rejected the theory on the basis of a Manchester man who seemed to have contracted HIV before the polio vaccines were fed. Hooper helped prove to everybody's satisfaction that the man had been misdiagnosed. MOST SCIENTISTS are now certain HIV jumped from chimpanzees to humans. Genetic analysis has shown that the simian immunodeficiency virus in the common chimp is closest relative to HIV-1m - the strain that has caused the pandemic. A lesser HIV2 affects the west of Africa and jumped, Hooper suggests by a different polio vaccine, from sooty mangabey monkeys. Conventional thinking goes that a hunter butchering a chimp contracted the virus through a cut and that this was not unusual, the leap between species having happened many times in history. It is only now, with modern population movements and immunisation programs in Africa, that the virus has failed to die out, instead leaping borders and continents, blossoming into a pandemic that has so far engulfed 55 million and killed 16 million people. It's a convenient theory of course, because nobody's to blame. After all it wouldn't do in our brave new world to think that something darker may have happened. It is here that Hooper points out that population movement in Africa is nothing new - look at the slave trade for example. He began to draw dots on the map of the Congo, that vast rain-forested morass of disease and conflict, illustrating the most circumstantial, yet most compelling, evidence of a man-made disaster. Hooper points out that Koprowski, after dosing that first child in upstate New York, went on to develop another experimental polio vaccine he called CHAT that would end up being tested on more than 900,000 people in the Congo, Burundi and Rwanda between the years 1957 to 1960. The first confirmed case of HIV is from a man whose blood was taken in the capital of the Congo in 1959. Of the 28 confirmed cases of HIV and AIDS that emerged in specific towns in Africa before and during 1980 a full 23 were in the very towns (or with 175 miles) that the vaccine had been tested. Leaving aside the claim (refuted by Koprowski) that 95% of the African children were already immune to polio and the trial held no health benefits, Hooper exposes a terrifying laissez-faire approach by the researcher. Not only did Koprowski fail to follow up these trials properly but nowhere at the time did he say what the vaccine had been grown in; which is now a key issue because the vaccines are grown in the minced kidneys of monkeys. Was it possible that the scientist used the chimpanzees that carry the ancestor of HIV to grow his vaccine? "No," said Koprowski. "Yes," says Hooper. Hooper shows that Koprowski had not only the means but also the knowledge to use chimp kidneys as a growing agent for his vaccine. Koprowski himself told Hooper that that he had spent several days with a vet who had grown polio vaccines in the kidneys of a number of African primates, among them chimpanzees. Hooper argues that this offered Koprowski first hand knowledge. What is more, Koprowski had chimpanzees at hand. In 1956 he had set up a camp at Lindi 10 miles down river from Kisangani (the town where Kurtz had his camp in Conrad's Heart of Darkness) which would house nearly 400 chimpanzees. The camp was constructed to test the effectiveness of Koprowski's vaccine yet, for some reason nearly all the animals at the camp were killed. Hooper has found a worker there who told him their organs were cut out and taken away along with their blood. Again it is a side issue, but given that the chimps had to be alive during this procedure, the methods used on our tree-dwelling cousins were horrific. So rather than a hunter picking up the virus, Hooper argues that Koprowski, busy in a race with Albert Sabin, used kidneys from his chimp camp at Lindi, not knowing that several of the animals harboured a simian virus as yet unknown to mankind. When he administered the resulting vaccine into the mouths of hundreds of thousands of Africans, the hidden virus took advantage of the mouth ulcers, sores or bitten lips to jump species. Then, when it seeded well, HIV broke out and spread. Looking at the maps and the evidence gathered over 10 long years, Hooper had Hamilton convinced. "To my mind it is by far the most plausible theory of how the disease got started," he told CNN in the last interview he ever gave. But there are other voices, other very strong voices. "Just because you spend 10 years on a piece of shit doesn't mean it's not shit," said Beatrice Hahn, a microbiologist at the University of Alabama, who is one of the great experts on both the human and the chimp virus. THERE are two groups of scientists who reject Hooper's hypothesis. The first are those who are associated with Koprowski. The second are those currently working in the field who claim not to have any axe to grind in the debate. A third group remain sceptical but opened minded while a fourth group is supportive to varying degrees. There are only a handful of important figures in the first, second and last group. The others crowd in the third group, which contains practically every professional scientist with an interest. Before he died Bill Hamilton organised a meeting of the Royal Society to discuss and debate Hooper's theory. Originally it was to have taken place in May but Hamilton's death, added to the need for negotiations to ensure the participation of all parties and the expectation of the test results from the Wistar, has meant it will be delayed until September. While Koprowski has said he plans to attend, Stanley Plotkin, his old colleague at the Wistar who has a chapter dedicated to him in Hooper's book, will speak on his behalf. Calling from Paris where he was handing out several hundred diplomas, Plotkin, until recently head of the pharmaceutical giant Pasteur Merieux, summed up the core of the argument he plans to present. "Hooper has no solid evidence that chimpanzee cells were ever used or even a motive to why they would have been" he said. " Secondly I think the alleged incidence of vaccination and putative early cases of AIDS is false, illusory and invalid." While these statement at first sight seem to be straightforward denial of the evidence Hooper has amassed, it is clear that the second group, the scientists who are currently working in the field, are readying themselves to go against Hooper in the September battle. "Look at his table, at the Katanga cases he lumps in this one corner of Congo," said Hahn. "You will find the evidence that polio vaccine was given here is based solely on a newspaper interview where Stanley Plotkin said he thought he was going to vaccinate there. There was no evidence that vaccine was ever given yet Hooper puts it into his table as 65,000 people being vaccinated there." She turns to another case, this time in Kikwit, and calls it "total conjecture". "All other cases congregate round the Congo river," she said, pointing out the river is one of the great people carriers across the centre of Africa. The attack on these two events is interesting because Hooper views them as highly significant. The case in Kikwit involved a Belgium cartographer and his Congolese wife who both developed AIDS in the early 1980s long after they had left the Congo. Records show the cartographer had a hernia operation in Kikwit in 1958. As it happened Stanley Plotkin had vaccinated both blacks and whites there in 1959. "The key thing is that there is an astonishing correlation," said Hooper. The second major battlefield revolves around the location of the chimps that carry the simian ancestor virus. Hahn believes the chimps around Kisangani and the Koprowski's Lindi camp do not even carry the ancestor virus but rather that it emerged from troops in West Central African countries of Gabon, Cameroon and West Equatorial Guinea. It was in his attempt to prove Hahn wrong that Bill Hamilton spent most of January in the forests around Kisangani collecting chimp faeces for analysis. Nothing has yet come of those samples. It is here that Hahn's argument begins to seem jarring to the lay eye. Given that there is no controversy over where people starting dying of AIDS, its seems odd that Hahn places the jump from chimp to man over 1,000 miles to the west. "If you look at the early epidemiology of HIV- 1m it is absolutely clear that it emerged from the former Belgium Congo and not French Equatorial Africa," said Hooper. "The epidemic starts in a completely different place from where they say the hunter who cut himself comes from." Hahn responds by saying that outbreaks are unpredictable in their early stage and the virus could easily have been carried east. "It was transported east by a human to where the conditions were favourable for an epidemic outbreak," she said. "I mean, you don't have chimps in Thailand do you? And yet you have an epidemic there." And then there is Bette Korber, a scientist based in Los Alamos who has used a supercomputer called Nirvana to come up with the date of 1930 as the year when all the strands of HIV-1m were the same. She calles it the Eve virus. While on the face of it this seems to batter the polio vaccine theory (Koprowski was still in short trousers in 1930), Hooper argues that it offers him no difficulty, the virus could have already split into subtypes by the time it was passed through the vaccine. What's more Korber's former mentor at Los Alamos, Gerry Myers, agrees with Hooper and plans to speak on his behalf in September. "The supercomputer has little relevance," said Myers. "I think there is a good chance Hooper's hypothesis is true." Korber is too polite to attack Myers - saying only that he is "much more taken" with Hooper's theory than she is. Other scientists are not so reticent. "Gerry Myers was out to lunch five years ago," said one. In this era when the entire human genetic code is about to be mapped, when Dolly the sheep leads to a litter of cloned pigs, when live AIDS vaccines are being tested on humans, when genetically modified seeds are being planted without the knowledge of the farmers, when surgeons are nothing short of desperate to begin xenotransplantation and start saving lives with pig's innards, Hooper offers us the possibility that a scientific error turned sex into death for a generation. It was striking that very few of the scientists interviewed for this article were gung-ho about using animal organs in human transplants. Beatrice Hahn said: "People cannot expect to have medical experimentation and reap the benefits without taking a risk". So, presuming the Wistar vaccine tests prove nothing as they are expected to do, what of the theory that Koprowski's live polio vaccines gave mankind AIDS? The panel convened by the Wistar after the Rolling Stone article concluded that "almost every step of this hypothetical mode of transmission is problematic". Plotkin, asked if it is possible, just said "No". Myers said it made sense to him. Hamilton thought it highly plausible. And Robin Weiss, one of the organisers of the September conference and yet another of the world's most respected scientists, believes Hooper should be thanked for making sure the question is at least tested: "If Hooper had not written this book they wouldn't be analysing these samples," he explained. The point is it's plausible. That is what annoys the scientists so much. They can't knock down a theory that, tenuous or not, links up to suggest they got it wrong. But come September, Hooper will have to work hard to shift the public's view away from the so-called 'cut hunter theory' and create a widespread belief in the theory that a badly-made vaccine, created for the good of mankind, gave us an epidemic. To do that I think he will have to do one very difficult thing, and that is convince Beatrice Hahn that he is right. So far all Hahn believes is that it was a very close run thing. "It may have been a close shot," she says candidly. "If African Green Monkey Virus had been suitable to infect humans, we could have introduced it when AGM kidneys were routinely used for polio vaccine later on, so it was a close shave." It is all so reassuring for you and me.
Freshwater Fish‎ > ‎Other Fishes‎ > ‎ Macropodus opercularis Macropodus opercularis Paradise Fish Paradise fish or paradise gouramis (Macropodus opercularis) are small freshwater labyrinth fish found in ditches and paddy fields in East Asia, ranging from the Korean Peninsula to Northern Vietnam. Paradise gouramis were one of the first ornamental fishes available to western aquarium keepers, having been imported to Europe as early as the 19th century. These small fish are ideal lone inhabitants of aquariums. The paradise fish is one of the more aggressive members of its family, by being more aggressive than the blue gourami. Yet they are far less aggressive than the rarely kept Combtail. Paradise Fish are fairly combative, harassing and attacking each other as well as potentially killing small fish. In the wild, they are predators, eating insects, invertebrates and fish fry. The popularity of this species has waned in recent decades as much more colorful (and often, less pugnacious) species of gouramis have become widely available to hobbyists. This species is one of the few fish that can change its color (lighter or darker) in response to stimuli. Male paradise fish should be kept apart, since they will fight aggressively by locking jaws. A male can be kept with females; females may also be kept together in groups. A tank that includes paradise fish should be at least 2.5 gallons in size for a single male or 20-30 gallons for a community tank. The tank should be well planted and covered; bogwood and rockwork may be included. Paradise Fish are often aggressive thus tankmates must be chosen with care. Suitable tankmates include giant danios, large tetras, most smaller catfishes and even some of the less aggressive cichlids, such as firemouth cichlids.They can hold their own against most South American cichlid species of a similar size, that aren't overly aggressive. Slow moving or long finned fish such as fancy goldfish and freshwater angelfish are likely to be attacked, bettas and gouramis may also be victimized due to their resemblance to paradise fish. Male paradise fish may also attempt to court female bettas and gouramis. Small fish less than 3 cm are likely to be consumed. Males are particularly aggressive and should not be kept with slow fish or fish with long, flowing finnage which is commonly shredded by the territorial paradise. In a community tank, male Paradise fish fight other paradises, as well as any other fish for dominance. Paradise fish will often fight with other fish for dominance, particularly other aggressive, robust fish, such as cichlids, gouramis, and even flying foxes. They therefore should not be housed with any other fish which may attempt to challenge them, because this leads to fighting. If kept with significantly larger but non aggressive fish, such as geophagus cichlids, large synodntis catfishes, or larger gouramis, they are usually submissive and do not act nearly as aggressive as if they are the dominant species in the aquarium. However, if the larger fish are also aggressive, they will not even attempt to fight and will take to hiding behind filters, plants, or in decor, and will succumb to stress. 盖斑斗鱼是一种小型的淡水鱼类，又名三斑斗鱼、台湾斗鱼，英文名称为天堂鱼(Paradise fish)，日本人称台湾金鱼。原产于中国南部、海南岛、中南半岛及台湾。
m leaves dropping o leaves dropping s leaves dropping s leaves dropping e leaves dropping s leaves dropping Moss cover image When you have finished this page, try the Mosses Quiz. Mosses and liverworts are a simple type of green land plant. They have existed on the earth for millions of years. They do not have the true roots, stems with xylem and phloem and leaves of more developed plants. They do have a simple form of roots called rhizomes and simple structures like leaves. Mosses are found in moist areas and do not grow vertically too high but can spread out to be a yard long. They are found on forest floors and appear as a sort of living carpet. Mosses make their own food through photosynthesis. Mosses reproduce or make more of themselves by branching and breaking into pieces. They also regenerate from parts of leaves or stems, and by spores. Mosses are valuable in the form of peat moss and sphagnum used for fuel. Some animals also eat mosses. Mosses break down soil to let loose nutrients. They are important in preventing erosion. Plants Main Page How Plants and Animals Differ Photosynthesis Algae Mosses Fungi Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms Leaves Roots Stems Flowers Links and Activities Seeds Site Meter
Tag Archives: racism Military heroes, Genghis and confederate This 13 story statue of Genghis Kahn looks over the plains of Mongolia. All military statues are offensive, as best I can tell. Among the most offensive, is the 131 foot tall monument to Genghis Kahn in central Mongolia. Genghis Kahn is known for near-perfect military success, and for near-total disregard for non-Mongols; he treated them as cattle, to be herded, slaughtered, raped or pillaged. I imagine this statue is offensive to Chinese, Russians, Koreans, Moslems, Jews, Hindus, Poles, and Germans — people he slaughtered by the millions. For some Mongols too, I imagine this statue is offensive as a sad reminder that Mongolia no longer rules the eastern world. But the monument is not for the maudlin, nor is it intended to offend. Like other military statues, the Genghis monument is a rally point for soldiers, old and new. It’s a way to inspire Mongols to be great leaders of men, military and not. Such will see, in Genghis, a man who made tough choices, and carried through to great achievements. That he killed and oppressed others will be justified by noting he did it to keep his Mongols from being killed or oppressed. The grand size is chosen to encourage Mongols to think big. Genghis appears in fictional form as the villain, Shan Yu, in Mulan. There, his motivation is he doesn’t like the wall. Mulan and the Chinese army stop his Mongol attack by burying them at a snow-covered mountain pass. Historically, a Chinese army did meet Genghis and his army at a mountain pass, but the Mongols were not defeated. Instead they bypassed the Chinese and captured their supplies. Genghis then offered the starving Chinese a choice: join or die. Those that joined had to fight those who did not. A few months later, Peking fell, and in a few years, the rest of Asia. Few of the turncoats survived. Given the same choice, Genghis’s men never turned on him. General Lee planted a maple tree on this spot in Fort Hamilton, New York. in 2017 the plaque is removed as it's considered offensive. Genghis’s most famous saying is that one arrow is easily broken, but a bundle will overcome any adversary. Similar to this, he is supposed to have said that, if you treat your soldiers as sons, they will follow you even into death. Such words are nonsense to non-soldiers and professional complainers: those who do not imagine themselves going to war. Those who go to war as generals know this is how to behave; those who go as soldiers hope for a leader who values them as sons, and not as cannon fodder. In the US we’ve begun removing all monuments to the southern forces of the Civil War. This may be a mistake, but it seems irreversible. We’ve kept our monuments for Northern generals including William Sherman, known for his tactic of total destruction, and for Phillip Sheridan, equally known for total war, and for the saying: “The only good Indian is a dead Indian.” But we no longer tolerate Confederates. Among the reasons is that we claim to ease the pain of black people — a pain I feel looking at the Genghis Kahn monument. Another reason, we’re told, is that the statues are “dog-whistles” to racists and white supremacists — a particular danger now, evidenced in the election of Donald Trump. A danger, I think, that’s been largely trumped up as a way to keep politicians and newscasters politically relevant. For these reasons, or politicians have removed every last confederate monument in Florida, the last being a large grave-stone in the Woodlawn cemetery. Virginia’s governor has similarly declared his intention to remove them all from his state. The city of Baltimore removed all four civil-war monuments in the middle of one busy night, August 18, 2017, and the University of Texas did similarly, working at night. New York City removed a plaque remembering Robert E. Lee for planting a tree at Ft. Hamilton, And, last week, an honorary window at the Washington cathedral where Lee had been a deacon. Statues of Robert E. Lee are a particular target. There are quite a few in Virginia where his family was prominent — it was Richard H. Lee’s motion in the Continental Congress that carried as independence; his home now serves as Arlington Cemetery. While Lee opposed slavery and freed his slaves before the war, he fought for the Confederacy, so clearly he didn’t oppose slavery as totally as we would like. And Lee only freed his wife’s inherited slaves in 1862, fairly late, though Grant still had slaves at that time. Besides, in 1852, Lee caused an escaped slave to be whipped. I imagine he did the same to runaway soldiers. Historians used to praise Lee, but now call him a cruel racist. In hindsight, we imagine we would have done much better. General Lee statue being removed from University of Texas. General Lee statue being removed from the University of Texas. As best I can tell, Virginians still remember Lee fondly, particularly soldiers, veterans, and those who imagine themselves leading men in difficult situations. When I try to put myself in Lee’s position, I find I can’t imagine myself doing better or achieving more. His life involved thousands of divisions and hundreds of inspiring actions. In the choice to fight for Virginia and not for the north, I note that Lee was given the same no-win choice as Genghis’s trapped Chinese: join the Union army and kill your brothers, or be killed by that army. The exchange appears in this movie. I admire Lee’s courage to stand by his brothers; it seems the more honorable of two bad choices. Early in his life, Lee committed himself to only honorable behavior — according to his conception. This is all I expect from myself, and the most I hope for from any other person. Another thing is Lee’s surrender. I find it a model of how to end a war so that lasting peace is achieved. It’s remembered in Johnny Cash’s song, “God Bless Robert E. Lee.” Another song, “The night they drove old Dixie down” calls Lee “the very best.” I would be hard pressed to find a better US general: one who won more or was better loved. Japanese resettlement. Japanese resettlement in WWII. Our history is full of painful decisions by people we admire. Let’s try to not repeat our mistakes or pretend we don’t make them. A killer complaint lodged against Lee, and against all the confederates, is that they were traitors. If so, George Washington and Ben Franklin were traitors too. In England, Benedict Arnold is honored as a patriot with a statue on Trafalgar square, but we do not honor him, rightly I think. He turned on his friends and brothers. I think it’s politics that’s motivated the current spate of removal. Most of the confederate statues stand (stood) in Democrat-leaning cities of five Republican-leaning states: Virginia, Texas, Georgia, North Carolina, and Mississippi. The white, non-college country-folk of these states are being pitted against the darker, college-educated city folk in a fight for their hearts and pocket books. As for my guess at interpretation of the statues themselves. I’m inclined to suggest that the statues and their inscriptions do not appear racists to me, so much as soldierly. The statues were largely erected between the Spanish-American war and WWII with soldierly (to my eyes) comments. Baltimore monument to Jackson and Lee, reads on one side: “STRAIGHT AS THE NEEDLE TO THE POLE JACKSON ADVANCED TO THE EXECUTION/ OF MY PURPOSE” and on the other side: “SO GREAT IS MY CONFIDENCE IN GENERAL LEE THAT I AM WILLING TO FOLLOW HIM BLINDFOLDED.” Another Baltimore inscription: “THEY FOUGHT AS GENTLEMEN.” To me this latter is a swipe at Sherman and Sheridan, who did not. Removing these statues is a swipe at the honor of southern soldiers. The statues now read “BLACK LIVES MATTER,” a slogan I read as anti-police, anti-Trump, and anti-white. The remnant of Baltimore's Lee- Jackson statue, showing the old inscription and the new. The remnant of Baltimore’s Lee – Jackson statue with the old inscription and the new..To me, the old inscription is military, mostly, and not as racist as the new. The pain of black America is real, but the thing that’s missed is that it is similar to the pain of rural white America. Both have been left behind. I’ve noted that urban black Americans and rural whites have virtually no savings, It could be the two poor cultures don’t realize they have much in common. Or it could be (I think) some folks purposefully fermenting dissension. What is needed, at least is better financial sense, and a recognition that race isn’t racism, but to listen to CNN or read the New York Times, such understandings seem unlikely. The Trump election shocked everyone, I think, those who voted for him and those who didn’t — and perhaps even Trump himself. Hillary, it seems had already bought a house in DC to house her staff. The surprise is not a reason to turn on one’s fellow. I can hope that Trump will prove to be a great president. For now, he is the president, and we are faced by nuclear enemies. It hardly helps to see half of our electorate call the other half racists and deplorables. As with a bundle of arrows, we have strength in union, weakness in disunion. May we all be blessed for a good, sweet year of peace and brotherly love Robert E. Buxbaum. September 24, 2017. Perhaps my fondness for Lee is because I’m named after him. Here’s my theory for why Mongol arrows flew further. Arrested for decriminalized possession The arrest rate for marijuana is hardly down despite widespread decriminalization, but use is up. decriminalization, but use is up. A rate that exceeds that for all violent crime. Despite years of marijuana decriminalization, arrest rates for marijuana are up from 20-25 years ago, and hardly down from last year. Why? There are a couple of troubling patterns in US drug arrests. For one, though marijuana has been decriminalized in much of the USA, marijuana arrest rates are hardly down from five years ago, and higher than 20-30 years ago — see graph at right. Besides that, it’s still mostly black-people and Latinos arrested. And the crime is, 4/5 the of the time, drug possession, not sale. At the same time that violent crime rates are falling, marijuana possession arrests are rising (see graph below). Currently, according to FBI statistics, more people are arrested for marijuana possession than for all violent crime combined. You’d expect it would not be this way, and a question I’d like to explore is why. But first, let’s look at more data. I note that part of an explanation is that marijuana use is up (18% in 2015 vs 12% in 1990). This still doesn’t explain the racial imbalance but it could explain the general rise. Marijuana isn’t quite legal, and if use is up, you’d expect arrests to be up. But even here, something is fishy: use rates are the same as in 1980, 35+ years ago in the midst of the “war on drugs,” but arrest rates have more than doubled since. Why? Take New York City as an example, 17,762 people were arrested for low-level marijuana possession in 2016 (smoking in public or possession of 25 gm to 2 oz). The low-level arrest rate is twice the national average in this Democratic-bastion city, where the drug was decriminalized years ago. Arrest rates in NYC went up an additional 10% in 2016, with black people arrested at 11 times the rate of white people. How could this be? The race discrepancy of arrests persists across the US. Though black citizens use drugs only 15% or so more often than whites, and make up only 13% of the US population, they are arrested for drugs about three times as often and incarcerated about 4 times as often. It’s mostly for marijuana possession too, and the discrepancy varies very strongly by location In Louisiana, Illinois, and New York City arrests are particularly weighted to people of color. When New York City police precinct captains were asked about this, they explained that their instructions come from above. It’s a curious answer, I’d say, reflecting perhaps their dislike of the mayor. Drug arrests are mostly for possession, not sale, and the spread is rising. Drug arrests are mostly for possession, not sale and the spread is rising. More than half the time, it’s marijuana. One of the race-affecting instructions is that the police are instructed to patrol black neighborhoods, but not the student unions of majority-white colleges like NYU. They’re mandated to stop and search junky cars but not nice ones, and to search people who have outstanding parking tickets, but not generally. They even get raises that depend on the number of tickets given, a practice that does not lead to a pattern of looking the other way — one many New Yorkers would prefer. Another issue: in many states, including New York, the police can keep money or cars, if they can claim that the asset was purchased with drug money or used in the drug trade. This leads to a practice where the city budget benefits when the police arrest persons they don’t expect will be convicted. It’s a practice called civil asset forfeiture, one lampooned, on Last Week Tonight, but jealously guarded. Since it is near impossible to prove that the money or car was not used in any way illegally, once they arrest someone, the police can expect to keep his or her money or cars indefinitely. The annoyance of lawyers perhaps encourages the arrest of people who do not seem to have them — people of color. New York mayor deBlassio justifies his arrests as a way to protect the neighborhoods, as his version of former mayor, Guilliani’s broken window approach. Maybe. But I think the profit motive is at least as relevant. drug arrests hit black folks a lot more than white Drug arrests hit black folks a lot more than white. I note that strict justice tends to land hardest on the poor and defenseless. I also note that many important people have used marijuana without it damaging their lives in any obvious way. Both Jeb! Bush and Bill Clinton claimed to have smoked it; as did Barak Obama, Al Gore, and the Beatles. My bottom line: while marijuana decriminalization is worthwhile, it must go along with the repeal of civil asset forfeiture laws, and other means that make arrests into profit centers – or so it appears to me. Otherwise we’ll keep on flushing lives down the drain for no good reason. Robert Buxbaum, March 6, 2017. I’ve previously blogged about the structure of criminal sentencing, coming to conclude that the least strict sentence that does the job is to be preferred. I also ran for water commissioner in 2016. Chinese jokes At college, my chinese room-mate wanted to make a surprise birthday dinner for his girlfriend. ….. But someone let the cat out of the bag. Then there was the fellow who broke into the Fortune Cookie Factory with a hammer and broke virtually all the fortune cookies — as many as he could find — in an act of wonton destruction. And finally, I don’t believe racial jokes are evil, but suppose it all comes down on your idea of good humor. Comedy always involves odd people, or people doing things differently. The difference doesn’t have to be insulting, just different, and all good jokes provide some new insight. Robert E. Buxbaum, October 29, 2015. Every now and again I post jokes– and then I analyze them to death (it’s funny because ….). Recent ones include an Italian Funeral joke, a fetish lawyer joke, and things on, engineers, dentists, piratessurrealism. Just click the “jokes” tab at right for the whole, unsightly assortment. Racial symbols: OK or racist Washington Redskins logo and symbol. Shows race or racism? Notre Damme Fighting Irish. Is this an offensive stereotype. The Frito Bandito, ambassador of Frito Lays corn chips.
Caiet online. A scrie înseamnă a te citi pe tine Mesoamericans were the greatest cultivators in history, but of all their many horticultural innovations none was more lastingly important or unexpected than the creation of maize, or corn as it is known where I come from. We still don’t have any idea how they did it. If you look at primitive forms of barley, rice or wheat set beside their modern counterparts you can see the affinities at once. But nothing in the wild remotely resembles modern corn. Genetically its nearest relative is a wispy grass called teosinte, but beyond the level of chromosomes there is no discernible kinship. Corn grows into a hefty cob on a single stalk and its grains are encased in a stiff, protective husk. An ear of teosinte, in comparison, is less than an inch long, huskless and grows on a multiplicity of stems. It is almost valueless as a food; one kernel of corn is more nutritious than a whole ear of teosinte. Lasă un răspuns Comentezi folosind contul tău Dezautentificare / Schimbă ) Poză Twitter Comentezi folosind contul tău Twitter. Dezautentificare / Schimbă ) Fotografie Facebook Comentezi folosind contul tău Facebook. Dezautentificare / Schimbă ) Fotografie Google+ Comentezi folosind contul tău Google+. Dezautentificare / Schimbă ) Conectare la %s Nor de etichete %d blogeri au apreciat asta:
Salzburg, the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is dominated by churches, castles and palaces. Its picturesque old town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Salzburg is dominated by the picturesque fortress of Hohensalzburg, on the southeastern summit of the Mönchsberg. Accessible by a 20-minute walk from the Old Town center or via a funicular railway, the original castle was built in 1077. The Salzburg Cathedral (Salzburger Dom) is famous for its long and dramatic history. Mozart was baptised here and later became the cathedral’s organist. One of the cathedral’s most prominent features is its dome. As you enter, look for the two rows of frescoes painted by Donato Mascagni of Florence that portray scenes from the Old Testament. Mascagni was also responsible for some of the paintings that adorn the main nave. Art lovers and historians will appreciate the sculptures that flank the main gate. They depict the two patron saints, Rupert and Vigil, and the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul. The Franciscan Church (Franziskanerkirche), the town’s parish church until 1635. Notable features of the exterior are the high roof of the choir and the tower on the south side from 1498, while inside, the dark 13th-century Romanesque nave contrasts with the high, bright 15th-century Gothic choir. In front of a ring of Baroque chapels dating from 1606 stands the high altar, added in 1709 and notable for its late 15th-century carved Madonna. In the central chapel behind the altar is a winged marble altar from 1561 from the old cathedral. Opposite the church is the still-operating Franciscan Friary. Street Views
How did King Lear achieve wisdom?the process of how king lear achieved wisdom Expert Answers Ashley Kannan eNotes educator\| Certified Educator I would say that Lear achieves wisdom by truly understanding his own predicament and his own self of self in the middle of that awful storm. Prior to that point, Lear had believed that his own wealth had meant value. He believed that with title, property, possessions, and wealth, he was able to externally reflect the sense of respect and dignity that he believed he held and to which he was entitled. When asking his girls to profess their loyalty, he believes Regan and Goneril, primarily because like all else he possesses this is an external representation of his internal hopes. When he walks into the storm and understands that when these external elements are stripped, there has to be a rumination upon what remains and what is internal. When Lear understands this, it is as this point where wisdom, what the Greeks would call "sophia," is present. kc4u \| Student The journey of the old king in Shakespeare's immortal tragedy, King Lear, is a journey from folly to wisdom through madness and suffering. Lear is old and impassioned, sometimes, even childish. The way he declares to divide & distribute his kingdom among his three daughters on the basis of a sort of elocution contest, the way he banishes his most loving daughter, Cordelia, without understanding that her 'nothing', however obstinate it sounds like, is everything, we may agree with Kent that the anger-driven octogenarian must be 'mad' from the outset. Irascible anger clouds Lear's judgement. By banishing Cordelia and by submitting himself to the custody of Goneril & Regan, the two 'pelican daughters', he foolishly banishes true love and embraces the hypocritical appearances of it. Now let us trace Lear's passage from this utter folly to his attainment of final wisdom in the recovery of Cordelia's filial love and mad Lear's regeneration, tragic reversal in her murder, the closing moments of his further degeneration(?) & death: a) Lear's persecution by Goneril & Regan--driven out onto the open heath, unsheltered & exposed to the cruelties of natue and cosmos; b) Lear runs about in tattered clothes, accompanied by his Fool and Edgar diguised as a Bedlamite--feels close affinity with the 'poor naked wretches' of the world---the folly-fallen old king empathises with all the sufferers of the world; c) This process of learning through sufferings is enhanced by the constant commentaries by the Fool, functioning as the old king's alter-self and his conscience; the Fool tells Lear that the king is a greater fool; d) As Cordelia returns to rescue her wronged father, Lear retrieves his lost love that has a healing effect upon his degenerate mind; Cordelia is a sort of Christ figure offering Lear the road to salvation; e) The loyal Kent & the good and humane Edgar also contribute to Lear's journey to wisdom; both of them illustrate sympathy and support necessary for Lear's recovery from madness. King Lear thus progresses through 'filial ingratitude' to filial love, through enormous physical as well as mental sufferings to the brink of sanity and realisation, though his story ends on a final impression of disaster.
What dramatic purpose is served by the introduction of the players? Expert Answers gbeatty eNotes educator\| Certified Educator Several dramatic purposes are served, though not all of them are made visible immediately. First and most simply, more characters are on stage. This diffuses the tension between Hamlet and Claudius, and delays direct confrontation. Second, it reminds us of another larger and happier world, before Claudius. Third, the themes discussed (playing roles, change, but also the content of the play) relate to Hamlet's larger action. And fourth, once they are there, foreshadowing. nkyra \| Student The players are main characters in the play . They foreshawdows the events that are going to be revealed or rather are revealed. It forewarns the King that someone knows how King Hamlet was killed and that revenge is going to take place in the future.
What is the main theme of Juno and Paycock? Expert Answers rareynolds eNotes educator\| Certified Educator There are several main themes in O'Casey's play. One has to be poverty, which informs all the actions of the Boyles. It is clear from the play that want of money is a trap that each character is struggling to find a way to escape, either by drink or rebellion. Another theme, of course, is the complex politics of the Irish rebellion of the time and Johnny's decision to betray his friend Robby, which leads ultimately to his own death. While the rebellion on the face of it seems to provide a way to strike back at the economic forces crippling Ireland, in the context of the play it seems to be an excuse for terror and retribution. Another theme is the idea of personal honor or integrity, which all the characters struggle for but all of them (with the possible exception of Juno) sacrifice in one way or another. Finally, it is worth considering the role of women in the play: Mary's rejection by all the male characters when they learn of her pregnancy is of course a shocking example of a double standard; it is also true that the mother, Juno, is the one who saves Mary and seems to find a way out of the "trap" of poverty, not by getting money, but by simply leaving. Hope this helps! coachingcorner eNotes educator\| Certified Educator Poverty is one of the main topics explored in the play 'Juno and the Paycock' by Sean O Casey. At the time that the Irish were fighting for their independence from the grip of English rule, many of the ordinary people lived in squalor in overcrowded tenements without enough to eat. Many would have to steal or beg to get by, or take demeaning work in rat-infested neighbourhoods. The only way out of this grinding misery was through fantasy and many lived through imagining great stories of better lives. Sean O Casey contrasts the lives of these people with those who could afford the luxury of devoting energy to pursuing a 'free state.' Look out for all the references to poverty and imagination throughout the play. Read the study guide: Juno and the Paycock Access hundreds of thousands of answers with a free trial. Start Free Trial Ask a Question
Why did the newly masqued figure draw attention? Expert Answers troutmiller eNotes educator\| Certified Educator Everyone at the party was appalled at what the masqued figure was wearing. His clothes were "of the grave" and he was scarlet like the red death itself. He looked like someone who had died of the red death and was walking among them to show disrespect. He suddenly appeared at the strike of midnight, which created anxiety in most of the party goers. Another reason he drew attention was because he did not listen to Prince Prospero. His slow gait led the Prince through the 7 rooms to the final "room of death." All eyes were on him for these reasons. Read the study guide: The Masque of the Red Death Access hundreds of thousands of answers with a free trial. Start Free Trial Ask a Question
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Forces on Pendulum 1. Jun 21, 2014 #1 I am working on HS Physics teacher certification, the study guide lists one the competencies as follow: "Identifies and applies Newton's laws to analyze and solve a variety of practical problems (e.g., properties of frictional forces, acceleration of a particle on an inclined plane, displacement of a mass on a spring, forces on a pendulum)." Does anyone know the formula for "force on a pendulum"? I know only the period for pendulum. Keep in mind that this is introductory-level physics, any help from experts out there would be very much appreciated. Thanks for your time and effort. 2. jcsd 3. Jun 21, 2014 #2 User Avatar Staff: Mentor Welcome to the PF. I did a Google search on Pendulum Physics, and got lots of great hits. Why don't you give that a try, and post any specific questions about that reading here... :smile: 4. Jun 21, 2014 #3 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor It's not a matter of a "formula", it's a matter of thinking! There is the force of gravity straight down on the bob of the pendulum of course and there is the force of the pendulum arm toward the pivot that keeps the bob from going straight down. Use a little trigonometry to break that into vertical and horizontal components. Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Forces on Pendulum 1. Forces on pendulum (Replies: 7) 2. Pendulum force (Replies: 0) 3. Force pulling a pendulum (Replies: 10)
The Mango (scientifically known as the Mangifera indica) is a variety of hardwood originating in India and found across tropical Asia and Oceania. Most oak trees are deciduous, with a few being of the evergreen type. The tree grows up to 100-130 feet, with a lifespan of about 100 years. It is most popularly known for its delicious mango fruit, but once it reaches maturity, the yield reduces and hence it is sold off as timber. The wood of the Mango tree is a pleasant kaleidoscope of colours, due to the spalting (wood coloration caused by fungi) that is present. Under normal circumstances, the wood is generally a golden brown colour with paler undertones of yellow and straw. The mango wood grain is generally interlocked or curly, while straight grain features in from time to time. It has a medium coarse structure and a naturally polished lustre. Due to its unique effectiveness in bringing the feeling of warmth in a room, mango wood is popularly used for furnishing and flooring purposes. It is also used in making of the musical instrument ukuleles. Plywood is also made out of mango wood. The wood from the Mango tree is highly durable and water-resistant. However, it is susceptible to damage by fungi and insects. Mango is the national fruit of India, and holds great value in its cultural history. The Mughal Emperor Akbar had 100,000 mango trees planted in Darbhanga, Bihar, at the place which is now called Lakhi Bagh.
Home Page>>Home Page>>What's New The Origin of Jade Spring 2017-06-27 Near Hangzhou Botanical Garden is Jade Spring, one of the three famous springs in Hangzhou. For last 700 years, it is widely known for its crystal-clear spring and fish watching. Its unique view “Jumping Fish at Jade Spring” has been cited as one of the "Eighteen Scenes of West Lake" during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). According to Hangzhou legend, the spring is a masterpiece of a Chinese dragon living in a bottomless ditch beside Qiantang River (钱塘江). The ditch was called "Kaitian River" (开天河, “Kaitian” literally means the creation of the world). The Chinese dragon living in the ditch was very powerful, capable of things which were impossible to normal people, like mounting clouds and riding mist, even overturning seas and rivers. However, he was unworldly and not familiar with the way the world works. One day, a government ship escorted two barges passing through Qiantang River. Those officers on the ship were rather cocky and knocked gongs to make other ships to give way. Among the loud beatings of gong, one can still hear people in the barges crying. The dragon was very curious and began to ask questions. It was informed that the emperor in the capital lived a rather luxurious life and forced people to build palaces for him. And the people in the barges were some of them. Learning this, the dragon got furious and used its magic to overturn the government ship and released all those poor people. On second thought, it thought that to solve the problem thoroughly, it had better kill the bad emperor and replace him with a good one. Riding on the wings of the wind, it forced into the palace. Right before it was about to kill the emperor, a brave servant hit it right in the right eye with a slingshot. The dragon was in such a pain that it fled and swore to come back. Knowing that in Qinglian Monastery lived an old monk with superb medical skills, the dragon disguised itself as a man and went to see him. The monk saw through its little trick and got suspicious. He asked the dragon about the cause of the injury. Realizing there was no way to hide the truth any longer, the dragon confessed the whole story and added when it was fully recovered, it would search revenge. Hearing this, the monk was startled, and thought to himself that his monastery was sponsored by the emperor, and if the dragon killed the emperor, he would lose everything. Hence, he faked a smile and asked a favor from the dragon as a reward for curing its eye: creating a spring for the monastery because the monastery was low on water supply. Unaware that it was a setup, the dragon agreed instantly and drilled into the ground. The jade-clear water gurgled out from the spring eye he went in. The deeper it drilled, the more water came out. Gradually, the water formed a pond. Before the dragon could get out, the old monk moved the holy pagoda standing before Buddha right on the spring eye and imprisoned the dragon underground. The pond formed by the dragon was then named Jade Spring because the water was as clear as jade. Not far from Jade Spring, there are two other pools nearby, "Pearl Spring (珍珠泉)" and "Showers on a Sunny Day (晴空喜雨泉)". Legend has it that the head of the dragon is under Pearl Spring. Hence, when one stamps his foot on the edge of the pond, the dragon will be waken and its breath will cause pearl-like bubbles rising endlessly to the surface. While the tail of the dragon is under the "Showers on a Sunny Day", that’s why on sunny days, the pond is always covered with mist. Where to go: Jade Spring Address: No.2, Taoyuan Hill, Yuquan, Hangzhou (杭州市玉泉桃源岭2号) Tel: 86-571-87961908 Leave a message Have it All in Jiande2017-11-16 To most people, Jiande in Hangzhou is an aerial town with a great natural environment that is home to many characteristic B&B’s and healthy hot springs but, in fact, Jiande has a lot more to offer than that. Hot Spring – A Cold Day’s Best Companion2017-11-15 As we are in mid-November, Hangzhou has gradually entered its phase of colder days. So, during a chilly moment, why don’t you visit a hot spring and soak up the most enchanting scenery whilst soothing your mind, body and soul with the warm and healthy springs. No.188, Fuchun Road, Hangzhou, China TEL: 86-571-96123 FAX: 86-571-96123 Complain: [email protected] Consult: [email protected]
3rd Grade vocabulary practice test 3 of 27 Vocabulary Workshop Score: N/A Question 1 of 10: What is the meaning of "annex"? Very Good! Correct. Sorry, Incorrect. Correct answer: 1. to take control or possession over a piece of land without permission and often by the use of force 2. to add or attach 3. 2. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "annual"? (a) 1. occurring each year 2. payable on a yearly basis or calculated over a year 3. yearly (b) 1. occurring each quarter 2. payable on a quarterly basis or calculated over a quarter 3. quarterly (c) 1. occurring each week 2. payable or calculated over a week 3. weekly (d) 1. occurring each month 2. payable on a monthly basis or calculated over a month 3. monthly Answer: A 3. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "appendix"? (a) 1. an application that is used to determine the correct amount of materials to mix for chemical equations or processes 2. something consulted to determine the ratios of mixes (b) 1. additional material that is found at the end of a book, an essay or another written piece 2. added information (c) 1. a woman who designs applications to be used on smart phones or tablets 2. a woman who programs applications, (d) 1. an internal organ that is located in front of the human stomach 2. the organ that controls human bile production Answer: B 4. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "approach"? (a) to work slowly (b) to take a step (c) to move nearer (d) to do in advance Answer: C Grammar rules: to move or become near or nearer to something or someone in distance or time. 5. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "approximate"? (a) 1. to come close to something 2. to be similar to something 3. to get near (b) 1. to be able to see something 2. to understand something based on visual cues 3. to gain insight through images or appearances (c) 1. to investigate a subject 2. to look into something 3. to try to explain a specific phenomenon (d) 1. to think twice about something 2. to reconsider one's position or ideas Answer: A 6. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "area"? (a) 1. a geographical region 2. part of a surface or space 3. a subject or field of study (b) 1. a specialized way of looking at a specific subject 2. a way of examining something (c) 1. an open field which is used to allow animals to graze 2. a place where free-range animals are kept and allowed to graze (d) 1. the total sum of the length, width, and height of a shape or surface 2. the sum of all parts Answer: A 7. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "assist"? (a) 1. to find out about something 2. to learn about something (b) 1. to support or help; to aid (c) 1. to be surprised 2. to be taken aback by something unexpected (d) 1. to dance in a jubilant way 2. to express one's happiness through dance 3. to jump about in a cheerful way Answer: B 8. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "assure"? (a) 1. to take out an insurance policy against something bad happening 2. to purchase a policy which protects one's home or goods (b) 1. to claim that something may or may not happen 2. to make a claim 3. to believe that there is a possibility (c) 1. to assure someone that something is true, in hopes of getting rid of doubts 2. to confidently promise; to pledge 3. to guarantee 4. to make secure or safe (d) 1. to offer to help someone 2. to make a claim that one will aid someone whenever they can Answer: C 9. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "astute"? (a) 1. intelligent but socially inept 2. awkward in social situations 3. unable to behave properly in public or with others (b) 1. related to the ashtanga, a type of yoga based on eight principles 2. based on eight specific principles (c) 1. slow and unintelligent 2. showing difficulty when faced with certain situations 3. unable to properly judge others' responses (d) 1. crafty 2. possessing the ability to correctly judge situations and use one's observations to take advantage of the situation 3. shrewd Answer: D 10. 3rd Grade Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "attitude"? (a) 1. a feeling or an opinion; a mental position 2. physical posture 3. a way of acting, thinking or feeling (b) 1. the level at which a specific person or object is situated 2. the official elevation of something (c) 1. a device that is used to interpret one's body language 2. a small machine which allows humans to understand other humans (d) 1. the depth of a body of water 2. the deepest point in a lake, river, sea or ocean Answer: A Other grammar & vocabulary tests American & British English Common Errors in English English Grammar in Use / A Practical English Grammar Synonym/Antonym Practice Random Grammar Exercises Random Vocabulary Exercises English Grammar in Use / A Practical English Grammar 2. Nouns 3. Adjectives 4. Irregular verbs Common Errors in English 1. Misused forms – Using a Wrong Preposition 2. Misused forms – Misuse of the Infinitive 3. Misused forms – The Use of a Wrong Tense 4. Misused forms – Miscellaneous Examples 5. Misused forms – Un-English Expressions 6. Incorrect Omissions – Omission of Prepositions 7. Incorrect Omissions – Miscellaneous Examples 8. Unnecessary Words – Unnecessary Prepositions 9. Unnecessary Words – Unnecessary Articles 10. Unnecessary Words – The Infinitive without "To" 11. Unnecessary Words – Miscellaneous Examples 12. Misplaced Words – Wrong Position of Adverbs 13. Misplaced Words – Miscellaneous Examples 14. Confused Words – Prepositions often Confused 15. Confused Words – Verbs often Confused 16. Confused Words – Adverbs often Confused 17. Confused Words – Adjectives often Confused 18. Confused Words – Nouns often Confused 19. Confused Words – Confusion of Numbers 20. Confused Words – Confusion of Parts of Speech Learn and Test Your Vocabulary 1. All Words (2,077 words) 2. SAT Vocabulary (1,668 words) 3. GRE Vocabulary (1,746 words) 4. IELTS Vocabulary (1,377 words) 5. TOEFL Vocabulary (1,624 words) 6. ACT Vocabulary (1,337 words) 7. TOEIC Vocabulary (1,060 words) 8. GMAT Vocabulary (1,707 words) 9. 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Slow down your speaking speed Use Mobile apps Install and use a dictionary app in your mobile Learn English idioms and phrasal verbs Listen to news bulletins Read out loud Learn new words daily Learn sentences Write every day Watch English movies Language swap Go to a mentor Try to correct your mistakes Give yourself time to think Be an advance learner Start with "Tense" Learn common pronoun usage Active voice and passive voice Incorrect: The cinema was gone to by me. Correct: The cinema was enjoyed by me. Read, read, and read Vocabulary wordbooks Use a journal Learn some new words everyday Use flashcards Set a target Look up new words Play some word games Use your newly learned words Engage in conversations Take vocabulary tests
Ocean Energy The Ocean is a constant source of energy. According to the Ocean Energy Council, sea water is 832 times as dense as air and this gives a 5 knot ocean current more kinetic energy than a 350 km/h wind. Crowd Energy makes a compelling case for Ocean Energy. Q: Can we actually replace Fossil Fuel and Nuclear Energy? A: To replace Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy, a renewable energy source must meet four basic criteria. 1. Near limitless supply of energy – Energy that will not run out in the next 1000 years and come from a source that has existed for the last 1000 years. 2. A constant even supply of energy -No periods of non-production , no spikes in production, no movement in energy location. 3. High energy density – Energy can be collected at one location with realistic commitment of technology and resources. 4. Survivability – Energy supply and collection is not disrupted by storms, natural disaster, war, etc. Deep Ocean Current Energy is the only form of renewable non-polluting energy that meets all of these requirements and it is the only energy source with the potential to replace Fossil Fuel and Nuclear Energy. Q: Where does all of this energy come from? A: Most people know the ocean is constantly moving, but not everyone knows how much it moves. Please take a moment to watch this video of Global Ocean Currents from NASA to better understand the potential energy of the global oceans. You will notice that the Gulf Stream Ocean Current off the coast of North America has the energy density required to power most of North America. If you add up all the rivers that flow to the Atlantic Ocean you get 0.6 Million cubic meters per second of potential Hydropower in the US. The Gulf Stream by comparison reaches 150 Million cubic meters per second of potential Hydropower from its deep ocean currents. Now take into consideration that the flow of the Gulf Stream is a small fraction of the global Deep Ocean Currents. The truth is, there is more power in Deep Ocean Currents than we as humans could ever use, and this is a clean, non-polluting, eternal, renewable energy. It is time for us to make use of this limitless energy and end our dependence on Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy. We have the technology and we have the experience to make this a reality, but we need your help to make it happen. (Source: Crowd Energy)
Skip to main content ENC 1101 (Ojeda)- Documented Argument Assignment: Step 1: Choosing A Topic This guide will help students complete Professor Ojeda's documented argument assignment Steps To Picking A Topic Choosing a topic is the first step in the research process for an argument assignment. The following considerations below will assist you in picking a topic that is manageable. 1. Pick a topic that interests you and is controversial or debatable. 2. The topic should give you several options for research that can easily be narrowed. 3. Meets your professor's requirements for the assignment (some topics might not be allowed or have been overused). Topic Ideas The resources below will provide ideas for argumentative topics that are controversial. These tend to be the current and popular topics so if you are interested in a local issue or something that is more obscure, check out the newspaper databases and subject specific databases later in this guide. If prompted to enter a Borrower ID and pin, your VID is your borrower ID and the last four numbers of your VID are the pin. Web Resources Erich Heintzelman's picture Erich Heintzelman Valencia College - East Campus 701 N. Econlockhatchee Trail Office: Building 4-217 Phone: 407-582-2886 Website / Blog Page
Saanichton, BC Dr. Miguel A. Lipka Anorectal Malformations This is categorized under: Anorectal malformations are defects that occur during the fifth to seventh weeks of fetal development. With these defects, the anus (opening at the end of the large intestine through which stool passes) and the rectum (area of the large intestine just above the anus) do not develop properly. Abnormalities that occur with Anorectal Malformation include: • The anal passage may be narrow or misplaced in front of where it should be located • A membrane may be present over the anal opening • The rectum may not connect to the anus • The rectum may connect to part of the urinary tract or the reproductive system through a passage called a fistula, and an anal opening is not present Anorectal Malformations affect 1 in 5,000 babies and is slightly more common in males. The exact cause of anorectal malformations is unknown. In some cases, environmental factors or drug exposure during pregnancy may play a role, but this is still unclear. Although most babies with anorectal malformations have no known previous family history, there are cases where known inheritance patterns exist. Depending on the type and severity of the anorectal malformation, a number of problems can occur: • When the anal passage is narrow or misplaced in front of the correct location, a child may have a difficult time passing a bowel movement, causing constipation and discomfort. • If there is a membrane over the anal opening, the baby may be unable to have a bowel movement until the membrane is surgically opened. • If the rectum is not connected to the anus and no fistula (abnormal connection between the rectum and urinary tract or vagina) is present, there is no way for stool to leave the intestine. The baby will be unable to have a bowel movement — resulting in bowel obstruction. • When the rectum is not connected to the anus but a fistula is present, stool may pass through the fistula instead of the anus. This can cause urinary tract infections. Approximately 50% of babies with anorectal malformations have other coexisting abnormalities. These commonly include: • Spinal abnormalities, such as hemivertebra, absent vertebra and tethered spinal cord • Kidney and urinary tract malformations, such as horseshoe kidney and duplication of parts of the urinary tract • Congenital heart defects • Tracheal and esophageal defects and disorders • Limb (particularly forearm) defects • Down syndrome, Hirschsprung's disease and duodenal atresia can also occur with an anorectal malformation Treatment recommendations will depend on the type of anorectal malformation, the presence and type of associated abnormalities, and the child's overall health. However, most infants with an anorectal malformation will require surgery. Infants with a rectoperineal malformation require an operation called an anoplasty, which involves moving the anus to an appropriate place within the muscles that control continence called the anal sphincter. Newborn boys and girls diagnosed with anorectal malformations without a fistula will require one or more operations to correct the malformation. An operation to create a colostomy is generally initially performed. The next operation creates a connection between the rectum and the newly created anal opening. The colostomy remains in place for six to eight weeks after this procedure so the area can heal without being infected by stool and so the patient can undergo a dilation protocol and the anus can reach the size appropriate for age. Even though the rectum and anus are now connected, stool will leave the body through the colostomy until it is closed with surgery. A few weeks after surgery, parents are taught to perform anal dilatations to ensure the anal opening is large enough to allow normal passage of stool. The colostomy is closed in another operation at least six to eight weeks later. Several days after surgery, the child will begin passing stools through the rectum. Shortly after surgery, stools may be frequent and loose, and diaper rash and skin irritation can also be a problem. Within a few weeks after surgery, however, stools become less frequent and firmer. Anal dilatations should continue for several weeks or months. Some infants may become constipated. To avoid this, we encourage following a high-fiber diet. Laxatives may be required prior to the age of potty training. In cases of severe constipation, a bowel management program may be developed according to the particular needs of the child. The program may include child and parental education in the use of laxatives, stool softeners, enemas, bowel training techniques and biofeedback. Toilet training should be started at the usual age, generally when the child is around 3 years old. Children who have had anorectal malformations generally gain bowel control more slowly, and depending on the type of malformation and its surgical repair, some children may not be able to gain good bowel control. This varies with individual situations.
The Digestive System The digestive system of the human bodyFood provides us with fuel to live, energy to work and play, and the raw materials to build new cells. All the different varieties of food we eat are broken down by our digestive system and transported to every part of our body by our circulatory system. Our digestive system is a 9 meter long tube. The digestive process begins in the mouth, where the teeth and tongue break up the food after it has been softened with saliva. The food is then swallowed and travels down the esophagus to the stomach. While the food is in the stomach, it is mixed with a mild acid which breaks the food down into a paste similar to porridge. The food then passes, a little at a time, into the small intestine, which is roughly 6 meters long. Here the food is broken down even further until it is small enough to pass through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Google Search Subscribe NOW by email and stay informed on our latest news!!
dividing line Also found in: Dictionary, Legal, Wikipedia. Graphic Thesaurus 🔍 Display ON Animation ON • noun Synonyms for dividing line a conceptual separation or distinction References in periodicals archive ? Evans of Clough Lane, Brighouse Her home at Clough Lane, Brighouse, is right on the boundary between the two local authorities, Kirklees and Calderdale, with the dividing line on her original driveway. During his walk along the dividing line, Pavlopoulos greeted members of the public and had short conversations with some. All we are asking for is our trees to be replaced on the dividing line between the houses where they have been taken away for kerb drops. There is no dividing line between "recreational" drink and drugs and the real world. The new dividing line in British politics is between Gordon Brown trying to spend Britain out of recession and David Cameron, who would cut spending. Not recognize it as the dividing line for Dodgers and Angels fans. Earlier, Blair rallied his MPs, telling them: "The most important dividing line is the economy. The two sides are linked perfectly, but between them is a visible dividing line, a fissure between the "reality" of today and an artistic vision of the past. The 12-kilometer-long dividing line is physically significant because earthquakes in California cannot rupture the ductile crust lying below 12 km deep. The petition comes amid fears that the M6, which runs through Great Barr, could be used as a dividing line for new congestion charges. Rossall said the Westside district was close to reaching an agreement with the Palmdale district on leasing the site, next to Summerwind School, south of the Antelope Valley Mall, and near the 25th Street West dividing line between the two districts. draws a clear dividing line between these 'traditional' sellers and those who are willing to publicly commit to sell with honesty and integrity to earn buyers' trust. This wavelength represents a dividing line for detection of the microwave background. The dividing line between the east and west side of Manhattan, on of the most expensive strips of real estate in the world, sports a rich history. The museum, located at the former dividing line between slave and free territories on the Ohio River, helps foster global empathy for freedom using exhibits that provide on-the-spot learning and personalization of the freedom experience for each visitor.
Audio provided by Morton Tavel, MD. Turbulent Blood Flow When heard through a stethoscope, turbulent blood flow produces a murmur as blood tumbles over an abnormal heart valve. A similar sound called a bruit is heard as blood goes through a narrowed or irregular artery. A bruit indicates that atherosclerosis, which is a major risk factor for transient ischemic attack or stroke, is present within the blood vessel.
Online Shopping Customer Service 0300 3033380* Diet Advice Shopping Cart Health Advice Main Menu Diet Advice More From NHS Contents In order to have the very best chance of a healthy pregnancy it's a good idea for both you and your partner to start thinking about your lifestyle before you try to get pregnant. For example, a woman's weight can affect ovulation, so women who are severely underweight or overweight, might want to talk to their GP before attempting pregnancy Diet During Pregnancy The two golden rules for diet during pregnancy are: Don't 'eat for two' and 'Pregnancy is not a time for dieting'. A well-balanced diet will ensure your baby gets all the nutrients he needs for his development, and that you feel good throughout your pregnancy, and afterwards. Try to eat at least five pieces of fruit and vegetables a day to make sure you are getting all the vitamins and nutrients you need. Vitamin C is present in most fruit and vegetables, especially blackcurrants, strawberries, citrus fruits, green peppers and greens such as cabbage, spinach and broccoli. Vitamin C helps the body to absorb iron and may reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia and is the only nutrient linked with good birth weight. Leafy greens are also rich in folic acid and help in the formation of healthy blood cells, as are fish, milk and eggs. Fortified breakfast cereals also contain folic acid. Vitamin B12 is also essential to process iron which can be found in fish, eggs, hard cheese and yeast extracts such as marmite. Dairy products such as semi-skimmed milk and yoghurt are also essential for protein and calcium, and fish, meat and poultry can also provide essential nutrients and protein. And don't forget your 'fuel' carbohydrates such as bread and pasta, which are the best source of good calories for energy. Try to avoid eating too many foods containing high levels of fat and sugar. If you are hungry between meals, eat a healthy snack, such as a piece of fruit or a sandwich, rather than sugary or starchy foods, such as cakes and biscuits. As well as being healthy, you won't gain extra pounds which can be difficult to lose after the birth.
V-Fib: What it is and how to battle it V-fib, VF, Ventricle Fibrillation. All these terms mean the same thing. A lethal rhythm that, if left untreated, will result in death. With quick action and a prepared rescuer, we can try to prevent death and hopefully, save a life. First lets explain what Vfib is. Ventricle Fibrillation Medical: Cardiac muscle of the heart is contracting uncoordinatedly in the ventricles. This produces a quiver. It is identified as “irregularly irregular”, meaning there is no predicability in the heart rhythm on an ECG. During Ventricle Fibrillation, a pulse will not be able to be palpated and electrical intervention will be needed to correct the problem. If the rhythm in not defibrillated, it will degrade into asystole. Non-medical: In V-Fib, the heart is basically having a seizure, producing no blood flow. This patient is dead. If the patient is talking to you or moving, they are not in VFib, check the monitor. Course VfibCourse V-Fib is easily identified fine v-fibFine V-Fib is not as easy to identify Medical: Ventricle Fibrillation can be identified by it’s disorganized, chaotic and turbulent activity on an ECG. The ECG deflections will constantly change direction and shape. Typically, VF occurs in unhealthy hearts with ischemic heart disease (note this is not the only cause though). Non-medical: V-fib looks like static on an ECG. It is irregularly-irregular. The rhythm’s QRS complexes are wide and tall or wide and short. Wide is the key. In VF, the heart is basically having a seizure. Think of an ECG of a patient having a seizure or moving around would look like. Remember, in VF, THIS PERSON IS DEAD. If they are moving, talking or breathing, they are not in Ventrical Fibrillation. V-Fib Treatment The ACLS Algorithm per the 2010 AHA guidelines is: ventricular fibrillation algorithm This algorithm can overwhelm a lot of people. An easy way to remember all of this is: 1) CPR – If someone does not have a pulse, they need to have CPR started on them immediately 2) Shock, Shock, Drug, Shock, Drug, Shock, Drug, Shock…. That’s it. That’s the most simple breakdown of VF treatment. If you want to get complicated it would become: Shock, Shock, Epi, Shock, Amiodarone, Shock, Epi, Shock, Amiodarone, Shock, Epi, Shock, Epi, Shock, Epi…. Now this treatment can get more tricky and starts to get some medicine involved when we look for the H’s and T’s (the underlying causes of the cardiac arrest). However, following the Shock, Drug treatment described as above, will allow you to go on autopilot until more experience providers can arrive. Be sure to look at our video section for an example of V-fib. To learn how to treat V-fib, sign up for an ACLS Course with us today!
Semiotics and psychology A semiotic analysis of a person’s “internal and external signalling” often can be more conducive to understanding than a “psychological” analysis. From a semiotic point of view, it is not at all necessary that even a very significant adult behavior will have started with a significant trauma or any other sort of strong influence. The smallest thing can constitute the start of a “semiotic slope” that, once begun, will tend to persist. For example, your mom may not have understood that as a three-year-old it was normal for you to prefer the company of your father. Her misunderstanding may then have led to her withdrawing from you very slightly, and this snowballed between the two of you. When, years later, you wanted a closer relation with your mom and were not able to get it, it may have seemed to you that the cause was some trauma in her relation with her mother. But the actual start of the whole thing began with nothing more than your mom never having learned the simple fact that toddlers often prefer one parent over the other for a period of time. What happened was she misunderstood the semiotics of toddler behavior and many things followed from that. There was no trauma, no ideal state not attained due to some seriously bad thing having happened to her. Another way to put this is most people do not remember very much before the age of five or so. But didn’t a lot of formative things happen back then? Some probably were traumatic, and we do tend to remember those experiences more clearly than others, but much of what started our paths of development also began with very simple, often accidental, interpretations or misinterpretations of what was said or done to us or around us. In a semiotic analysis, we recognize that a good deal of what we think/feel/believe began with a small thing, a random or accidental interpretation than got us going in some direction that we likely today see as a major component of our “personality.” Semiotics can be defined as “the science of communicable meaning (including internal communication).” Once your mom began to interpret, even very slightly, your toddler behavior as “meaning” that you did not love her as much as your father, many things followed for all of you. But there was no trauma, no glaring formative event, no Freudian ghost from her past coming to haunt your life. Rather, she simply made a mistake due to her ignorance of toddler behavior. Ironically, the fact that many of us still today tend to understand much of human “psychology” as being determined by unconscious Freudianesque forces is a good example of how a “semiotic slope” once begun tends to continue. Freud started us down a “semiotic slope” that still shapes much of our world today. The persistence of what is simply a wrong interpretation in an individual can be compared to what happens in cultures. Something begins, then it snowballs, then it becomes a tradition or an established idea. The semiotic network that is culture is hard to change once it is established. Something very similar is also true for individuals. I am not claiming that emotional traumas do not happen and that they do not affect people. I am claiming that what we are is often due to small accidents as much as large traumas. And that people who are “resilient” after having suffered significant traumas may be so because their semiotic development led them to view the “meaning” of their trauma in a more “resilient,” or useful, way. The reason we use the term semiotics on this site Semiotics can be defined as “what we take to have meaning and how we perceive it through signs and symbols.” It can also be defined as “the science of communicable meaning.” Or “the science of communicable signs.” Signalling as a basis for understanding introversion and extroversion Basing our understanding of human “psychology” on signalling and signalling systems—essentially seeing people as complex signalling systems—can make many aspects of being human clearer. For example, rather than analyze “introversion” versus “extroversion,” we can use terms that work better with the signalling model—introspection versus extrospection. Extrospection is a made up word. In this context it means someone who looks (spec, specere) outwardly for the establishment, maintenance, and validation of their identity. In the signalling model, identity can be defined as “the (somewhat) complex nexuses of meaning/signaling that ’embodies’ our comprehension of the semiotics of our cultures and experiences.” An extrovert is normally seen as someone who likes people and wants to spend time with them, as opposed to an introvert who prefers spending time alone. There is probably some value in this distinction. But all introverts know that we also like people and want to spend time with them; the problem is spending time with strongly “extroverted” types is not fully satisfying. Similarly, extroverts are generally not as satisfied with the company of introverts as they are with other extroverts. It may be hard to see why this is until we use the terms “introspection” and “extrospection.” A person whose identity depends heavily on the opinions of others—one who favors extrospection—will tend to spend more time with other people than alone. They will be good at getting along with other people of their type because “extrospectors” value the mutual validation they offer each other. To a person whose identity depends heavily on introspection, the “extrospector” may be fun to be around for a while, but will probably become tiring because the “introspector” does not want the same sort of validation required by the “extrospector.” In terms of signalling, the introspector relies on internal signalling while the extrospector relies on external signalling. The introspector can and does enjoy other people, but they are far more likely to be satisfied with other people who share their tendency for internal signalling. The signalling systems of introspectors with introspectors and extrospectors with extrospectors mirror each other much better than when the two types are mixed. Extrospectors tend to form groups and have a much easier time finding each other than introspectors do. This is why extrospectors control so much of what happens in the world. Moreover, extrospectors also tend to base their opinions of themselves and each other on external, measurable things—property, money, status symbols. To the introspector, these things are not as valuable to their identity as depth of analysis, depth of internal signals, depth of communication. Extrospectors are great and we need them. But if you are not one, it might be good to realize that it is not people per se that you want to avoid, but rather the tedium of extrospectional values, aims, and beliefs. Find another introspector with compatible interests and you will both become highly “extroverted” toward each other. Meaning and identity [Edit: I have changed the first six bullets several times.] • Meaning can be defined as two or more signalling systems connecting. Connecting means “sending and receiving, receiving and sending.” • To visualize this, think of Newton’s every action produces an opposite and equal reaction; thus sending (action) produces receiving (reaction), which in turn sends a message back. For example, a photon hits a hydrogen atom; the photon “sends” while the atom “receives”; by receiving, it also sends a message back and out; it affects the photon and more. • Space is the foundation of the plethora of signalling systems. Time is the foundation of their activity and extent. • Meaning is the most basic word in language. • When you look at it “psychologically,” it’s not what the sign is but what the meaning is. Thus, meaning is a deep basis of semiotics. • In this context, it makes sense to say that time and space are the sine qua non of signalling systems. This “defines” time and space in terms of signalling systems. • Identity depends on meaning as defined above. • Our identities are (somewhat) complex nexuses of meaning/signaling that “embody” our comprehension of the semiotics of our cultures and experiences. They lie at the center of how we understand ourselves. Identity signalling occurs internally as well as externally. • In non-FIML social intercourse it is normal for people to assert/display the props/symbols of their identities, as they understand them. • People who do FIML also need identities, but they do not need the social props that help non-FIML people define each other. • You really do not want to be defined by props and symbols. It’s a static role that leads away from authentic being. • People do not truly belong to a culture. Rather they maintain the illusion that they belong to a culture. This is clear when we think and analyze identity in terms semiotics, which here means “the science of communicable meaning.” • Having a weak or confused identity can be a very good thing as this may prompt you to learn how identities are made and maintained. • No Buddhist should want an identity defined by props and symbols. • Buddhism is about authentic being, the “thusness” of being, the experiential existential being that you really are, the one that occurs before there are definitions, props, and symbols. • This being can be hard to see because humans are semiotic entities; that is, we are entities that seek, create, and communicate meaning. This causes us to look within semiotics for the definition of our authentic being, a place where it can never be found. You have to look outside of semiotics. • But you can’t look outside semiotics unless you know how to look inside. You have to fully understand how the “language” of your semiotics works to be able to step outside of it. • Your semiotics is your unique take on the semiotics of your culture(s) and experiences. • You cannot fully explore your semiotics, your identity, your nexus of individual meaning alone because there is no way you can check your work. You cannot see yourself. • Each of us is a social, interactive, communicative being. You can only fully explore your unique semiotics/identity with a partner who wants to do the same. • Two people working together are able to stop the flow of conversation to analyze the semiotics of how they are hearing and speaking. One person working alone is only guessing. • Find a partner and do FIML. You will learn a lot from it. • Do not expect FIML to give you new symbols or props or tell you how to be. FIML is only a procedure. It is empty, almost devoid of its own content. It is a process that will help you see and recreate your identity. • Do not expect your FIML teacher to be an example for you. Do not expect your teacher to be impressive or to project signs and symbols at you. Do not expect to follow your teacher. • Just learn how to do FIML from them. Semiotics are social • Semiotics is “the science of communicable meaning.” It is this much more than “the science of communicable signs.” • My position on human cultures is they all suck. They’re terrible because each of them is fundamentally based on lies and bad communication. That’s why virtually all of them are hierarchical and violent. • Only FIML, or something very much like it, can correct mistakes in interpersonal communication. Thus only a FIML subculture can avoid the problems of all other cultures. • Be a “semioclast”; don’t stop at being a mere iconoclast. Deconstructing a handful of public symbols is nothing compared to fully analyzing the semiotics that underlie everything you think and feel, everything your personal version of your culture is based on. • Why don’t more people realize how ambiguous our communications are and how often we misunderstand and that those misunderstandings can be very serious? The reason is probably that most people are still living in cultures rooted in the past—hierarchical, role-based cultures that do not permit the sort of communication used in FIML. • Humans are semiotic beings and thus we have a basic urge to seek and create meaning and to communicate that meaning. • In most cultures, the assertion of fundamentally empty meaning (social formalities, cliches, polite conversation, etc.) is all that people do. • Many psychological problems arise due to the misuse of the semiotic urge, the urge to seek or create meaning. • People understand meaning “loco-centrically”; that is, they understand it based on their own semiotic proprioception. This is a technical way of saying we understand meaning in a self-centered way, a self-centric way. This natural and unavoidable self-centeredness of all people explains a great deal of communication error. You speak from your point of view while I hear from mine; they two will rarely even be close. • Yet we pretend we understand or have been understood. • All communication is constantly establishing and reestablishing itself. Communication, just like the meaning(s) contained within it, asserts itself. • Non-FIML communication asserts many static kinds of meaning—roles, beliefs, values, fake history, fake agreement, etc. • FIML communication, in contrast, asserts a procedure, a way of making sure that real, unambiguous communication is happening and has happened. • North Korea is an example of an extremely bad static, hierarchical non-FIML society. Notice that within this society the individual is robbed not only of any semblance of a decent culture but also of the possibility of deep introspection, individual introspection. When the culture is absurd and violent, the individual cannot even see inside himself. • But all cultures are like that to a greater extent than we normally realize. Why FIML is better than psychotherapy FIML is not better than psychotherapy if you are in the midst of a crisis or you do not have a suitable FIML partner. In most other cases, FIML practice will work better than psychotherapy because FIML is done in real-time with a partner to whom you are genuinely connected. FIML partners form an “interpersonality” that allows both of them to find their “authentic” beings; that is, their beings shorn of mistaken fixations within their “identities.” Identity can be reasonably defined as “a semiotic nexus that is central to and defines much or most of the matrix of interpersonal semiotics known and used by an individual.” Our identity, as defined above, is the “deluded” “self” of Buddhism. It is a delusion that causes suffering and it can be fixed by freeing ourselves from it, from its demands. Buddhist practice can free us from this identity and so can FIML. Taken together, the two practices, I believe, work quicker and better than either of them taken alone. Psychotherapy does not work as well as FIML in most cases because there is no way that a paid professional can provide the time or insight that a worthy FIML partner can. In Buddhist terms, without extensive Buddhist practice, we are all deluded. In FIML terms, without extensive FIML practice, we are all crazy. I do not believe there is anyone with a healthy “identity” who has not done extensive Buddhist and/or FIML practice. This is so because without sufficient analysis (the Buddha was an analyst) of the causes and conditions that produce and maintain our “identities,” they will function on their own; in a deep sense they will function unconsciously “without us.” This causes suffering because the mind being led around by an unconscious (and harmful) “identity” will know at some level that it is not the authentic mind, not the mind that is capable of much more, not the “Buddha mind.”
Stanford 10 Testing Materials The Stanford Achievement Test Series, Tenth Edition (SAT 10), offered by NCS Pearson, is a nationally normed achievement test used with confidence by administrators and teachers for over 80 years. SAT 10 helps educators obtain reliable data to evaluate progress toward meeting Missouri’s Show-Me Standards and national content standards, including those set by NCTE and NCTM. It also allows educators to make achievement and ability comparisons when administered with the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Eighth Edition (OLSAT 8). The Stanford Series helps identify academic strengths and weaknesses in both individuals and groups so that educators can make informed curriculum and advisement decisions. SAT 10 offers:  Valid and reliable information  13 levels (Kindergarten – Grade 12)  Grade-appropriate content  Easy-hard-easy question format  Materials to support interpretation, instruction, and parent communication Forms A and D are identical with the exception of the format of the language test. They are composed of the following subtests: Reading, Mathematics, Language, Spelling, Listening, Science, and Social Science. The Form A language subtest uses a traditional approach that measures language proficiency through the assessment of language mechanics and expression. The Form D language subtest uses a comprehensive approach that assesses language proficiency in a more holistic fashion that replicates the writing process as closely as possible. This subtest measures prewriting, composing, and editing in a holistic fashion that resembles a writing task. View as Sort by Display per page SAT 10 - Answer Sheets Standford 10 Answer Sheets contain OLSAT 8 answer spaces for every level except Primary 3 when used for 3rd grade spring testing. For combination SAT 10/OLSAT 8 testing at the primary 3 level, a SAT 10 answer sheet and an OLSAT 8 machine- scorable test booklet Level D must be completed. For combination SAT 10/OLSAT 8 testing, order OLSAT 8 Reusable Test Booklets. SAT 10 - Machine-Scorable Test Booklets Standford 10 Machine-Scorable Test Booklets do not include OLSAT 8 answer spaces. FOr combination SAT 10/OLSAT 8 testing at the SESAT through Primary 2 levels, both SAT 10 and OLSAT 8 machine-scorable test booklets are needed. SAT 10 - Reusable Test Booklets Be sure to order separate answer sheets.
Directions (Q. 1-5) Which of the phrases (1), (2), (3) and (4) given below should replace the phrase given in bold in the following sentence to make it meaningful and grammatically correct. If the sentence is corect as it is and no correction is required, mark (5) as the answer. 1. Banks charge differently rate of interest depending on the size of the loan difference in rate of interests differently what rate of interest different rates of interest the different rate of interest No correction required 2. It is necessary that we take any steps to reduce pollution soon we should take every we have taken no us to take any we take some No correction required 3. It is too early to say how the impact the new tax will have on investors what impact that the impact how much impacts what are the impacts of No correction required 4. Kindly ask his advice regarding the various health insurance policies presently available. him to advise that regarding his advise that he should advice about his advice No correction required 5. Unfortunately many of our towns and cities do have more good transportation systems. have a good not have good not have much good not having better No correction required
Infrastructure of Starfruit in Michigan Today consumers go to the grocery stores and can buy almost any item they would like. Specifically for fruits, we can find blueberries, strawberries, bananas and even starfruit for a majority of the year. But how do these fruits get to our local grocery stores? There is an infrastructure, a system of organizational and physical structures that supports the possibility of starfruit in Michigan. It can be broken down into three layers: Top layer: Is the fact that we can walk into a Kroger, Meijer or Whole Foods and put a starfruit in our cart. Bottom layer: The fruit is grown on trees native to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, but has also expanded to be cultivated throughout non-indigenous tropical areas, such as in Latin America, the Caribbean and southern parts of the U.S. such as Texas, Florida, Puerto Rico and Hawaii. In any of these cases the fruit is not grown in Michigan and so we have to think about the middle layer of services that connect these. Middle layer: Thinking through the steps of a starfruit tree being seeded to the fruit being placed on the shelves of a grocery store here, it involves the workers who grow and cultivate the fruit, customs and export control agencies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), shipping companies, and grocery stores who stock the fruit. The FDA is involved because they set the standards for food regulations in the United States. For instance even though Malaysia is a global leader in starfruit production and probably produce better starfruit being a native location, whole starfruits cannot be imported to the U.S. due to concerns over pests and pathogens. Starfruit commercial cultivation has not always been an established infrastructure. The fruits popularity and broad consumer acceptance really only took off about 40 years ago in the 1970’s, however the middleware involved has been longer established because it is the same services that are used for most all other non-locally grown fruits and food items we can buy in our grocery stores. About caprince11 This entry was posted in middleware. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Turkey mobilizes for Crimea after 160 years Article Summary In its dealings with the crisis in Ukraine, Ankara is showing particular interest in the Crimean peninsula, given that Turkey has deep ties with the ethnic Tatars in this region. The Crimean peninsula, scene of one of most important military struggles of the last years of the Ottoman Empire, has made a surprising comeback to the world scene after the events in Ukraine. Russia's moves of sending troops to Crimea, in an effort to sever it from Ukraine, prompted Ankara and Western capitals to react. Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutolgu, who went to Kiev last Friday, met with the former speaker of the Tatar National Assembly, Mustafa Abdulcemil Kirimoglu, and declared: “If the term is appropriate, we are in 'mobilization' to defend the rights of our kin in Crimea by doing whatever is necessary.” The word "mobilization," which Davutoglu had selected carefully. was an excellent indicator, although not with military connotation, of the urgency of the issue for Turkey. Turkey, which had refrained from taking a too-visible position about the Ukrainian popular revolt so as not to upset Russia, however took a clear position siding with the West when the issue became Crimea. A senior official I spoke with yesterday, March 3, said: “Crimea has important strategic importance for all of Europe. Perhaps Syria and Egypt are more dramatic issues, more mediagenic, but Crimea is a more strategic one.” Over the weekend there were intensive contacts about Crimea between Western capitals and Ankara. Davutoglu had frequent telephone contacts with German, US and Eastern European allies. Crimea is important for Ankara not only because of its location as a gate to the Black Sea, but also because of Muslim Crimean Tatars. Crimean Tatars, who were part of the Ottoman Empire till the end of the 18th century, are ethnically and culturally close to Turkey. Crimean Tatars, who were subjected to deportation and ethnic pressure during the Cold War, are actually an extension of Anatolian geography just like Kirkuk Turkmen. They speak Turkish and since the last quarter of the 19th century there has been a sizable Crimean diaspora in Turkey. Turkey believes that the rights of the Crimean Tatars, with whom it has been in close relations with since the first days of the republic, will be better preserved not under Russian control but within the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Turkey’s Agency for Cooperation and Coordination (TIKA) and other institutions had established close ties with the Crimean Tatars who had been trying to reassert their identities. Foreign Ministry sources I spoke with yesterday said: “We are not looking at Ukraine solely from a Crimean perspective. But it is also true that Crimea has special importance for us. They speak Turkish and we have deep cultural ties with Crimean Tatars. Historically, Crimea was a part of the Ottoman Empire.” Davutoglu in his Kiev contacts emphasized the importance of territorial integrity of Ukraine and pointed to the need for the new government to be “all-embracing” instead of provoking pro-Russia elements. But the signs on the ground point to an escalation of the crisis. Reports reaching Ankara and EU capitals on Saturday said Russia was launching what appears to an invasion of Crimea. Even before the decision of the Russian parliament, 6,000 Russian soldiers had surrounded the state offices, took over the airports and closed the air space. Turkish officials say these developments are causing concern. A senior official said before anything else Ankara favors the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and added: “On Ukraine and Crimea we share the positions of the West.” This, in a way, paints a picture about the balance of forces in Europe 160 years ago. The Crimean peninsula was separated from the Ottoman Empire with the 1774 Karlowitz Treaty and became the cause of a similar strategic struggle between the European powers and Russia in the mid-19th century. In the 1853-56 Crimean War, the Ottomans fought alongside the British and French against Russia, despite the extremely high costs it had to pay. Found in: turkey, russia, minorities, foreign policy
Masterworks Fine Art is remodeling our gallery! Dada began in the early 20th century in opposition to World War I as a way of rejecting bourgeois society through departure from popular artistic practices. This included letting go of aesthetics and logic and instead embracing the absurd and illogical. This art movement spanned many mediums from visual arts to written and beyond.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Axially Loaded Members Question 1. Oct 2, 2011 #1 So I'm trying to do this problem right now. For the most part, I feel like I have 80% of the work done (in terms of finding certain unknowns etc) but I have no idea how to incorporate the θ=3°. What I mean is, what kind of equation can I set up that includes the angle in it? Apparently you don't need trig or anything, so I am a bit lost. 2. Relevant equations ƩMb = 0; FA(a) + FD(b) - P(c) = 0 F = kΔ ΔD/b = ΔA/a (I used similar triangles to achieve this for when the bar will be pulled down) 3. The attempt at a solution At the moment, I have found all the unknowns such as the reaction and spring forces etc. I think I am on the right track, but I just have no idea how I can set up an equation using the maximum angle. Thank you for your help! 2. jcsd 3. Oct 2, 2011 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Hint 1: sin(3 deg) = delta_A/a; but delta_A = F_A/k1.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Resistivity question. 1. Nov 3, 2013 #1 Determine the length of the shunt if the c.s.a of the copper is 25cm^2. 2. Relevant equations R = ρ l/a Resistance of shunt is 0.5μΩ 3. The attempt at a solution Transposing to find l. l = AR/ρ =25^2x10^2 x 0.5x10-6/1.7x10-8 =7.4mm is the length of the shunt. Does this look feasible? Any guidance will be well received. 2. jcsd 3. Nov 3, 2013 #2 User Avatar 2016 Award Staff: Mentor Please use units, this makes it much easier to check which number you put where. I think there is a factor of 10 missing somewhere. Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Resistivity question. 1. Resistance question (Replies: 2)
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Sum of the forces problem 1. Apr 30, 2008 #1 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known There is a spring with two crates, (5kg +3 kg) as shown in this picture. (1) The spring constant is 1000 n/m. I need to find a) How much the spring is compressed from its initial position (at rest) b) The frequency of the oscillation c) Max amplitude after contact And then there is a different spring, oscillating horizontally with 2 boxes on top of each other, m1 on m2. The maximum force of friction is define as f. I need to find the a) max horizontal acceleration for the m1 not to slip on m2 and I need to find the b) max amplitude for simple harmonic motion without m1 slipping. I'm not given any numbers whatsoever. 3. The attempt at a solution For a) I would think I would do (8)(9.8) and then do that against the force of the constant b) I think I would use w (frequency?) = (k/m)^1/2. c) I'm not too sure on this I don't know what to do afterwards (or at all) for the second spring Attached Files: • 1.JPG File size: 4.6 KB Last edited: Apr 30, 2008 2. jcsd 3. May 1, 2008 #2 Any advice to kick me off? 4. May 1, 2008 #3 User Avatar Homework Helper Hi simplemail1, For part a of the first problem, you can definitely use the sum of the forces; however, the acceleration is not zero so you would need to be able to tell what the acceleration is and set the sum of the forces equal to [itex]ma[/itex]. As an alternative, I would try using conservation of energy to find the answer. 5. May 1, 2008 #4 Exactly, all of these questions can be solved from the Newton's equation F=ma. a) In this case, the equilibrium position is asked, so a=0 and sum of forces=0. In the sum of forces, you have the gravitation force mg and the reaction of the spring k(l-l0). In those kind of problems always be aware of the difference between the position at rest and the natural length of the spring l0 that are different due to the gravitation b) F=ma allows you to obtain the differential equation of movement, mx''+kx=0 so you can have the pulsation c) solving the differential equation allows you to have x(t), x'(t) and x''(t), which all will be sinusoidal functions... It is easy to have their maximum For the second spring, always the same problem, but the forces will be different: no gravitation, but friction force. 6. May 1, 2008 #5 User Avatar Homework Helper Hi jonpoux, The wording of the question is not too clear, but I don't think they are asking for the equilibrium position in this problem. They are setting up an oscillation so I think they want the maximum distance the spring is compressed from it's initial position during the oscillation. It doesn't look like you typed in the complete statement of the problem. It might be best if you type in everything the problem said; little details can make a big difference. Similar Discussions: Sum of the forces problem 1. Sum of forces (Replies: 10)
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! White dwarf mass-radius relationship 1. Oct 15, 2014 #1 The mass-radius relationship for a white dwarf star is defined by : R= (9pi)^0.66 /8 * h^2/m1 * 1/(Gm2^1.66M^.333), where m1= electron mass, m2=proton mass, G=grav. constant, h=planck's constant I want to take a proportion with the solar mass and solar radius, which would involve a division where I think everything should cancel out. But then for one solar mass, a white dwarf would have a radius equal to that of the Sun. I've found that the following is the correct relationship: But where in the world does the factor of 0.010 come from??? If anything needs to be explained more clearly, please let me know. Thank you very much!!! Last edited: Oct 15, 2014 2. jcsd 3. Oct 16, 2014 #2 User Avatar Staff: Mentor 4. Oct 16, 2014 #3 Yeah I guess there are variations to the equation out there. Would the constants not also divide out in the equation that you have mentioned, though? 5. Oct 16, 2014 #4 Vanadium 50 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Education Advisor White dwarfs are smaller than main sequence stars. The 0.01 tells you how much smaller. (And it's made up of h's and c's and pi's and the like) 6. Oct 16, 2014 #5 Ken G User Avatar Gold Member Your formula includes various physical constants and numerical factors, you are supposed to plug those in and see what you get. That's where the 0.01 comes from, there's no reason to expect those physical constants would yield a solar-radius white dwarf if it has a solar mass, because the physics of the Sun is very different from the physics of a white dwarf. In particular, a white dwarf has lost a whole lot of net heat, relative to the Sun, and that's why it is so much smaller. So the answer to your question is, the 0.01 comes from all that net heat that the white dwarf had to lose to get to a white dwarf. 7. Oct 19, 2014 #6 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member All you need to know to figure out a relation like R/R(solar)=X(M(solar)/M)^(1/3) is to know that ##R\sim M^{1/3}## and how large a solar mass white dwarf is. I think this is perhaps easier than trying to figure out how all the constants work out. Once you know how big a solar-mass white dwarf is, you can plug in 1 solar mass to the right hand side of the equation and get that R/R(solar)=X. That's where the .01 comes from. A solar mass white dwarf will have a radius that is 1/100th the radius of the Sun (or about 6900km). Of course, this relationship fails quite dramatically as M reaches 1.4 solar masses, and so it's not like the range of validity of this relationship is all that broad in the first place. 8. Oct 22, 2014 #7 Hi guys, A white dwarf is a polytrope with index n=3 since it is relativistic and degenerate. For all the polytropes, the mass radius relation is: M~R(n-3)/(n-1). So for a white dwarf the mass is independent of the radius. 9. Oct 22, 2014 #8 Ken G User Avatar Gold Member White dwarfs are generally not particularly relativistic. You are talking about what happens as the mass approaches the "Chandrasekhar mass." That mass is independent of the radius because it is just one mass, generally about 1.4 solar masses, where the white dwarf goes highly relativistic, and that is also where it collapses into a neutron star. In the opposite limit of a lower-mass white dwarf, it is nonrelativistic so has a polytrope index of n=3/2, and a mass-radius relationship that radius scales like mass to the -1/3 power, as above. Similar Discussions: White dwarf mass-radius relationship 1. Radius of white dwarfs (Replies: 7) 2. White dwarf (Replies: 1)
Number One Rocket Man (May, 1938) Number One Rocket Man Past President, the American Rocket Society Editor of Astronautics Your Moon Room’s Waiting (Dec, 1961) Your Moon Room’s Waiting Beating the Celestial Strip-Tease (Jan, 1942) Beating the Celestial Strip-Tease by Bill Williams The Next Frontier? (Jul, 1976) The Next Frontier? Our Earth as a Satellite Sees It (Aug, 1960) Our Earth as a Satellite Sees It Head, Meteorology Branch Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA COMSAT: Communication in the Space Age (May, 1967) That was actually a pretty good guess. COMSAT: Communication in the Space Age Not experimental, but commercial, instant worldwide information transmission by satellite We’re Living in Exploded Universe (Mar, 1932) Given that the current consensus is that the universe is around 13.75 billion years old that was a pretty good guess. Although with the exception of the Big Rip, most scenarios for the ultimate fate of the universe give us trillions of years at a minimum. We’re Living in Exploded Universe THAT the universe can never burst because it has burst already, perhaps ten or twenty billion years ago, and is now in the midst of the most gigantic explosion ever conceived by man, is the suggestion of Sir Arthur Eddington, distinguished English astronomer. What the universe was like before it exploded no one knows. The entire origin and history not merely of man but of the earth have happened during the explosion and probably billions of more years will be available for further evolution before the explosion is over. AN EYE ON SPACE (Apr, 1960) By Dr. Dan Q. Posin What the Sputniks Said (Jul, 1958) What the Sputniks Said Russian scientists disclose how radio waves travel from their satellites to earth By A. J. Steiger How a New Star Looks (Jun, 1935) How a New Star Looks WHEN Nova Herculis was announced in the papers, a few days before last Christmas, many people went out to look for it. As a matter of fact, it was a little disappointing as a naked-eye spectacle; it never came up to first magnitude (the smaller the magnitude, the brighter the star. The two brightest stars are below zero in magnitude.) But it was extremely interesting. Astronomers are still watching it through telescopes and spectroscopes.
Monday, April 14, 2008 Computer Dashboard, part 5 - Dampers Back to Part 4 In the previous chapters we've seen how output from the pins of the I/O board can either switch an LED on or off, or move a meter. After doing some tests, I noticed that while it worked just fine, the output was rather "harsh". The LED was ON or it was OFF - immediately. The meter snapped with precision and speed to each position on the scale. Now, this might have been cool in the early 80s, when digital was new. But nowadays it's hip to soften the edges a bit and "fake" analog. Witness the hypnotic sleep indicator on a MacBook - it fades in and out, as an incandescent lightbulb might do. So what I wanted to do was add some smoothing to my output devices - something to make the meter gradually move from one position to another, and fade the LEDs in and out. This is very simple to do with a simple R/C network in between the output pins and the device. An R/C network is simply a single resistor and capacitor. A capacitor is like a very fast charging battery. (well, not really, but think of it that way). A resistor will affect how fast the capacitor charges. What this means is, when an output pin turns on, you can wire the resistor and capacitor in such a way that initially, most of the current goes into charging the capacitor, rather than into the LED. As the capacitor charges to full, more and more of the current goes into the LED. This results in a slow-on effect. When the pin turns off, the full capacitor discharges through the LED, resulting in a slow-off effect. Same for the meter - the capacitor will soak up current and release it during any change, resulting in a damping or slowing of any movement. The picture shows this - the input signal is the square spiky thing, the output is the gentle rampy thing. I had to fool around with the resistor and capacitor values to arrive at the final configuration, but it's quite effective. Nowadays they're showing kids how to arrive at the same effect by programming microcontrollers. Sigh. No comments:
Meaning of CUSHION in English n. & v. 1. a bag of cloth etc. stuffed with a mass of soft material, used as a soft support for sitting or leaning on etc. 2 a means of protection against shock. 3 the elastic lining of the sides of a billiard-table, from which the ball rebounds. 4 a body of air supporting a hovercraft etc. 5 the frog of a horse's hoof. 1. provide or protect with a cushion or cushions. 2 provide with a defence; protect. 3 mitigate the adverse effects of (cushioned the blow). 4 quietly suppress. 5 place or bounce (the ball) against the cushion in billiards. cushiony adj. Etymology: ME f. OF co(i)ssin, cu(i)ssin f. Gallo-Roman f. L culcita mattress, cushion Oxford English vocab. Оксфордский английский словарь.
Peacock and Swan Wandering is one way in which Dhamma was spread throughout India and beyond by Bhikkhus. They do not have many possessions, unlike householders who must have a lot of things, so they can come and go easily. The Buddha compared the Bhikkhu to a swan, a bird that is plain and unadorned but capable of flying very far and strongly. The layperson is compared to the peacock, beautiful but burdened by its beauty and therefore slow and unable to fly long distances. It is for this reason that Dhamma was spread far and wide mostly by Bhikkhus. It is very rare to read of a layman or woman propagating the Dhamma in distant lands for usually they would have their families to look after. Of course, there have always been learned lay Buddhists, and those who have been able to practise meditation deeply, but they have rarely travelled far. Their influence was usually limited to their own towns or villages where they would be foremost among the supporters of the local Teacher-monks and leaders of the lay Buddhist community. Banner of the Arahants: Buddhist Monks and Nuns from the Buddha's time till now
MMR Vaccine and Autism: Is there a link? MMR vaccin The most notorious study claiming a link between the MMR vaccine and autism was conducted by Andrew Wakefield, but was later retracted. Andrew Wakefield, a surgeon and medical researcher, attempted to show that within a short period of getting the MMR children had not only developmentally regressed, but also acquired gastrointestinal symptoms. Four years after the study other researchers claimed to be unable to replicate his findings and that the results of his study were influenced by unidentified financial conflicts of interest. Apparently, he was being paid by a law firm intending to sue vaccine manufactures, information he failed to reveal. I have to wonder if his results were proven to be invalid due to the effect they had on parents refusing to give their children the MMR vaccine. He still stands by his research, regardless of how he has been discredited. However, cases of measles have been on the rise since the release of the study caused a decrease in immunizations, despite the results being retracted. Measles Infection One possible theory for a link between the MMR vaccine and autism includes a low grade measles infection in the bowels after vaccination. The theory claims that it results in a child having difficulties with gluten and casein, causing gastrointestinal problems and the opioid effect that produces symptoms of autism. Placing the child on a gluten free casein free diet appears to alleviate the symptoms. Another theory relates to the rubella portion of the MMR. The disease rubella has been known as the first proven cause of autism. Some people claim that the MMR may actually be one of the first anti-autism vaccines simply because it is supposed to prevent rubella. However, being that the vaccine contains the rubella virus, isn’t it possible to conceive that the MMR vaccine and autism are correlated? Despite this theoretical question, there are no studies to prove this theory. Animal and Fetal Tissues They do make a separate vaccine that only contains the measles and mumps virus for concerned parents, which also appears to be a better vaccination for those that are morally concerned about the aborted fetal cells that are used to make the MMR and other immunizations as well. Yes, you did read that right. Many people are unaware that the MMR and some other vaccines are made with aborted fetal cells, which is confirmed by The National Network for Immunization Information and also appears to be correlated with an increased trend in autism as discussed on my page about which vaccines cause autism? Regardless of what your decision is when it comes to vaccinating your children, the best thing you can do is to educate yourself. Learning about vaccine ingredients and adverse effects is important, which is why I have created these pages to provide valuable resources for individuals that are looking for information. More on the MMR vaccine and autism debate
By Sandra Postel Water may seem to be everywhere, but for a rising portion of the world's population, there may soon be hardly a drop to drink - or to use for growing food, supporting industries and cities, and preserving life-giving ecosystems. Indeed, a growing scarcity of freshwater is now an impediment to global future food security, health of aquatic ecosystems, and social and political stability. Each year millions of tons of grain are grown by depleting groundwater, a clear case of robbing the future to pay for the present. Competition for water is increasing - between cities and farms, between neighbouring states and provinces, and between nations - as demands bump up against the limits of finite supply. And critical ecosystem functions such as flood protection, water purification, habitat maintenance, and the sustenance of fisheries are being destroyed by excessive damming, diversion, and pollution of rivers. As world population expands by a projected 2.6 billion people over the next 30 years , and as consumption levels spiral upward, water problems are bound to intensify. With the best dam sites already developed and rivers and groundwater reserves already overtapped, opportunities to solve these problems by exploiting new sources are limited. A fresh approach is needed, one focused on using water more efficiently and allocating it more equitably. Global Mirage Though the volume of runoff seems huge, nature's delivery of this freshwater supply does not correlate well with the distribution of world population. Asia, for example, receives 36 percent of global runoff but is home to 60 percent of the world's people; South America, on the other hand, supports 6 percent of the population yet has 26 percent of the world's runoff. The Amazon river alone carries 15 percent of the earth's runoff but is accessible to only 0.4 percent of the world's population. Much of the river flow in the tropics and high altitudes is virtually inaccessible to people and economic activity and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future, since water is difficult and expensive to transport long distances. In fact, 55 rivers in northern North America, Europe, and Asia, with combined annual flows equal to about 5 percent of global runoff, are so remote that no dams have been constructed on them, even for hydropower. According to a 1996 study conducted by this author and Gretchen Daily and Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, the total amount of runoff within reach geographically totals some 32,900 cubic kilometres or abut 81 percent of the total runoff. But that's not the end of the story. About three-fourths of this amount is flood water and therefore not accessible on demand when it is needed most. To add to the remaining one-fourth that is accessible, engineers have built large dams and reservoirs, raising the stable supply of water provided by underground aquifers and year-round river flows by about half. This brings the total stable supply to 12,500 cubic kilometres. Globally, people now use about 35 percent of this accessible supply, or some 4,430 cubic kilometres per year. At least an additional 19 percent is used "instream" to dilute pollution, sustain fisheries, and transport goods. Thus humanity is already appropriating, directly or indirectly, more than half of the water supply that is now accessible. The problem is that water use tripled between 1950 and 1990 as world population soared by some 2.7 billion. Given that the population is projected to climb by nearly the same amount over the next 30 years, this is a troubling prospect. Worldwide demand to water cannot triple again without causing severe shortages for crop irrigation, industrial use, basic household needs, and critical life-supporting ecosystems. The security of renewable freshwater not only poses a long-term threat but has already begun taking a toll in many countries, especially where population has grown out of proportion to water resources. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates that producing the food needed for a nutritious, low-meat diet requires about 1,600 cubic meters of water per person per year. In humid climates, virtually all of this could be provided directly to the soil by natural rainfall. But in dryer regions and those with distinct wet and dry seasons, a portion of the needed moisture would have to be supplied by irrigation water drawn from rivers, lakes, or aquifers. Estimating conservatively that a third of the 1,600 cubic meters per person would need to be supplied by irrigation, annual water demand for food - above and beyond what direct rainfall provides - would average about 530 cubic meters per person. Of course, countries have more than just food needs to meet. Estimates by Russian hydrologist Igor Shiklomanov suggest that worldwide household, municipal, and industrial water uses average about 240 cubic meters per capita per year. More widespread use of efficient technologies could reduce this level substantially, but the resulting savings would partially be offset by the more than 1 billion people now lacking minimum household water supplies and by rising affluence, which translates into higher water use. Assuming an average for household, municipal, and industrial uses of 200 cubic meters per capita per year, and adding this to the freshwater required for food production, yields a requirement of some 730 cubic meters per capita per year. Unfortunately, in many, if not most, countries it is difficult to access and control more than 30 to 50 percent of runoff. Moreover, a portion of runoff must remain in rivers to dilute pollution and satisfy other "instream" needs. Thus the total amount of runoff must be 2 to 3 times higher than the amount required to meet irrigation, industrial, and household water demands, which works out to be approximately 1,700 cubic meters per person per year. Consequently, countries can be considered "water stressed" when the total annual runoff per capita drops below 1,700 cubic meters. Some water analysts argue that this "water stress" indicator can be misleading. Hillel Shuval, professor of environmental science at Hebrew University, points out, for example, that Israel maintains a highly successful modern economy and high per-capita income even though its renewable water per person is less than a fifth of the water-stress level of 1,700 cubic meters per year. In part, Israel has succeeded so well with its limited supplies by importing much of its grain - which Shuval and others sometimes refer to as "virtual water." Indeed, with the production of each ton of grain requiring some 1,000 tons of water, importing grain becomes a key strategy for balancing water budgets. Such a strategy would seem to make economic and environmental sense for countries short of water, since they can get much higher value from their limited supplies by devoting them to commercial and industrial enterprises and using the resulting income to purchase food through international markets. The Middle East, for instance, which is the most concentrated region of water scarcity in the world, imports 30 percent of its grain. As long as surplus food is produced elsewhere, nations with surpluses are willing to trade, and countries in need can afford to pay for the imports, it would seem that water-short countries can have food security without needing to be food self-sufficient. This tidy logic is shaken, however, by the growing number of people living in countries where water availability is a constraint to food self-sufficiency, and by widespread signs of unsustainable water use in key food-producing regions. As of 1995, a total of 44 countries with a combined population of 733 million people had annual renewable water supplies per person below 1,700 cubic meters. Just over half of these people live in Africa or the Middle East, where the populations of many countries are projected to double within 30 years. Water-short Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia are each already importing more than a third of their grain. With their collective population projected to grow by 87 million people over the next 30 years, these countries dependence on grain imports is bound to increase. Indeed, this is a likely scenario for much of Africa: given current population projections, more than 1.1 billion Africans will be living in water-stressed countries by 2025 - three-quarters of the continent's projected population. Portions of many large countries, including China, India, and the United States, would also qualify as water stressed if breakdowns of water supplies and population were available by region. Even using national statistics, China - with 7 percent of global runoff but 21 percent of world population - will narrowly miss the 1,700 cubic meter per capita mark in 2030; India, the world's second most populous country, will join the list by then. Water for Food Many physical signs of unsustainable water use authenticate the numerical indicator of water stress. Perhaps most important, evidence suggests that the amount of freshwater that can sustainably be supplied to farmers is nearing its limit. Groundwater overpumping and aquifer depletion are now occurring in many of the world's most important crop-producing regions - including the western United States and large portions of India, as well as parts of north China, where water tables are dropping 1 meter a year. This signals not only that limits to groundwater use have been exceeded in many areas, but also that a portion of the world's food supply is produced through unsustainable water use. Like groundwater, many of the planet's major rivers are suffering from over exploitation. In Asia, where the majority of world population growth and additional food needs will be centred in the years ahead, many rivers are completely trapped out during the drier part of the year, when irrigation is essential. These include most rivers in India - among them the mighty Ganges, principal water source for densely populated and rapidly growing South East Asia, and China's Yellow River, whose lower reaches ran dry for an average of 70 days a year in each of the last 10 years and for 122 days in 1995. Demand for water is exceeding the Yellow River's capacity to supply it. Crop production may be even harder hit in these and other areas as population growth and urbanisation push up water demands. Worldwide, the number of urban dwellers is expected to double to 5 billion by 2025. With political power and money concentrated in the cities, and with insufficient water to meet all demands, governments will face strong pressures to shift water out of agriculture even as food demands are rising. In fact, the reallocation of water from farms to cities is well under way in both industrial and developing countries. In California officials project an additional net decline of nearly 162,000 hectares between 1990 and 2020, with most of the loss owing to urbanisation as the population expands from 30 million to a projected 49 million. In China, water supplies are being siphoned away from farmlands surrounding Beijing to meet that city's rising domestic, industrial, and tourist demands. The capital's water use now exceeds the capacity of its two main reservoirs, and farmers in the agricultural belt that rings the city have been cut off from traditional sources of irrigation water. With some 300 Chinese cities now experiencing water shortages, this shift is bound to accelerate. Similarly, growing demand in the megacities of Southeast Asia - including Bangkok, Manila, and Jakarta - is already partially met by overpumping groundwater. With limited new sources to tap, pressures to shift water out of agriculture will mount in these regions as well. Unfortunately, no one has tallied the potential effect on future food production of the progressive shift of water from agriculture to cities combined with groundwater overpumping, aquifer depletion, and the other forms of unsustainable water use. Without such assessments, countries have no clear idea how secure their agricultural foundations are, no ability to accurately predict their future food import requirements, and no sense of how or when to prepare for the economic and social disruption that may ensue as farmers lose their water. Supply-Side Options Another option, desalination, is often held up as the ultimate solution to the world's water problems, since the oceans hold more than 97 percent of the earth's water. As early as 1961, President John F. Kennedy noted that if humanity could find an inexpensive way to obtain freshwater from the seas, the achievement "would really dwarf any other scientific accomplishment." Cutting Demand Measures to reduce demand for water through conservation, recycling, and higher efficiency are typically more economical than efforts to gain new supplies of freshwater. Costing between 5 and 50 cents per cubic meter of water, nearly the entire spectrum of conservation options - including leak repair, the adoption of more efficient technologies, and water recycling - cost less than the development of new water sources and much less than desalination. Unfortunately, large subsidies to water users continue to discourage investments in efficiency and convey the false message that water is abundant and can be wasted - even as rivers are drying up and aquifers are being depleted. Farmers in water-short Tunisia pay 5 cents per cubic meter for irrigation water - one-seventh the cost of supplying it. Jordanian farmers pay less than 3 cents per cubic meter, a small fraction of the water's full cost. And federal subsidies to irrigators in the western United States total at least $20 billion, representing 86 percent of total construction costs of installing the systems, according to Richard Wahl, formerly an economist at the U.S. Department of Interior. Although poverty alleviation and other social goals may justify some degree of irrigation subsidy, especially for poor farmers, the levels of subsidisation that exist today is an invitation to waste water. Likewise, results from a variety of countries have shown that farmers who have switched from furrow (trench) or sprinkling irrigation to drip systems, which deliver water nearer to the roots of crops, have cut their water use by 30 to 60 percent. Crop yields often increase at the same time because plants are effectively "spoon-fed" the optimal amount of water (and often fertiliser) when they need it . Drip systems, which cost in the range of $1,200 to $2,500 per hectare, tend to be too expensive for most poor farmers and for use on low-value row crops, but research is under way to make them more affordable. Colorado-based International Development Enterprises has developed a drip system that costs just $50 per half acre ($123 per half hectare), 10 to 20 percent of the cost of traditional drip systems. The keys to keeping costs down are simple materials and portability: instead of each row of crops getting its own drip line, a single line is rotated by farmers among ten rows. Adapting to Dryness Raising the water productivity of the global crop base is also critical. Actual strategies used will vary by crop, climate, and the type of water-control system, but the basic aim will necessarily be the same in each: to optimise the timing and amount of moisture in the root zone and to enhance the crops' ability to use that moisture productively. Like more realistic water pricing, water marketing can create incentives both to encourage efficiency and reuse, as well as to allocate water more productively. Instead of looking to a new dam or river diversion to get additional water, cities and farmers can purchase supplies from others who are willing to sell, trade, or lease them water or water rights. The Metropolitan Water District of Los Angeles, for example, is investing in conservation measures in southern California's Imperial Irrigation District in exchange for the water those investments will save. The annual cost of the conserved water is estimated at about 10 cents per cubic meter, far lower than the water district's best new-supply option. In Chile, where water policy encourages marketing, water companies that serve expanding cities frequently buy small portions of water rights from farmers, most of whom have gained surplus through efficiency improvements. Further Steps Finally, reining in demand for water offers the best hope of preventing scarcity from leading to more hunger, poverty, widespread ecological decline, and social instability. Living within the limits of nature's water supply will require reduced consumption among the more wealthy social groups and smaller family size among all groups. Source: Technology Review, April 1997.
Food Guts - Ingredient Information Ingredient Lookup Lowfat Milk Lowfat Milk Cooking Considerations: No Cooking Considerations yet. Add some! Lowfat Milk Storage Considerations: No Storage Considerations yet. Add some! Lowfat Milk on Wikipedia: For other uses, see Milk (disambiguation). A glass of pasteurized cow's milk. Types of consumption There are two distinct types of milk consumption: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals, and a food product for humans of all ages derived from other animals. Nutrition for infant mammals A goat kid feeding on its mother's milk. Food product for humans see also milkfat Humans are an exception in the natural world for consuming milk past infancy, despite the fact that more than 75% of adult humans show some degree (some as little as 5%) of lactose intolerance, a characteristic that is more prevalent among individuals of African or Asian descent.[4] The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, and a few tropical shrubs. The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase, reaches its highest levels in the small intestines after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly.[5] On the other hand, those groups that do continue to tolerate milk often have exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates, not only of cattle, but also sheep, goats, yaks, water buffalo, horses, and camels. The largest producer and consumer of cattle and buffalo milk in the world is India.[6] Top ten per capita cow's milk consumers (2006)[7] Country Milk (litres) Cheese (kg) Butter (kg) Finland 183.9 19.1 5.3 Sweden 145.5 18.5 1.0 Ireland 129.8 10.5 2.9 Netherlands 122.9 20.4 3.3 Norway 116.7 16.0 4.3 Spain 119.1 9.6 1.0 Switzerland 112.5 22.2 5.6 United Kingdom 111.2 12.2 3.7 Australia 106.3 11.7 3.7 Canada 94.7 12.2 3.3 The term milk is also used for whitish non-animal substitutes such as soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, and coconut milk. Even the regurgitated substance secreted by glands in the mucosa of their upper digestive tract which pigeons feed their young is called crop milk though it bears little resemblance to mammalian milk. Holstein cattle, the dominant breed in industrialized dairying today. Drinking milk in Germany in 1932. Milk glands are highly specialized sweat glands. It has been suggested that the original function of lactation (milk production) was to keep eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on monotremes (egg-laying mammals):[8][9][10] Girl milking a cow by hand. 1959 milk supply in Oberlech, Vorarlberg, Austria Animal milk is first known to have been used as human food during the Secondary Products Revolution, around 5000BC. It is assumed that when animals such as cattle were first domesticated, it was only for purposes of meat. Cow's milk was first used as human food in the Middle East. Goats and sheep are ruminants: mammals adapted to survive on a diet of dry grass, a food source otherwise useless to humans, and one that is easily stockpiled. The animals dairying proved to be a more efficient way of turning uncultivated grasslands into sustenance: the food value of an animal killed for meat can be matched by perhaps one year's worth of milk from the same animal, which will keep producing milk â€” in convenient daily portions â€” for years.[5] Milk byproducts found inside stone age pottery from Turkey indicate processed milk was consumed in 6500 BC some thousands of years before the ability for adult humans to digest unprocessed milk had evolved.[11][12] DNA evidence extracted from Neolithic skeletons indicates that a thousand years later in 5500 BC people in Northern Europe were like all other peoples of the time and were still lactose intolerant. Earthenware vessels found in England from a thousand years after this in 4500 BC contain milk byproducts indicating milk was used in some form although perhaps not drunk directly.[13] Milk was first delivered in bottles on January 11, 1878. The day is now remembered as Milk Day and is celebrated annually. The town of Harvard, Illinois also celebrates milk in the summer with a festival known as ``Milk Days``. Theirs is a different tradition meant to celebrate dairy farmers in the ``Milk Capital of the World.``[14] Other animal sources Goat's milk can be used for other applications such as cheese and other dairy products. In addition to cattle, the following livestock animals provide milk used by humans for dairy products: Camel Donkey Goat Horse Reindeer Sheep Water buffalo Yak In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist.[15] According to the National Bison Association, American Bison (also called American buffalo) are not milked commercially.[16] However, various sources report cows resulting from cross-breeding bison and domestic cattle are good milk producers, both during the European settlement of North America[17] and during the development of commercial Beefalo in the 1970s and 1980s.[18] All other female mammals do produce milk, but are rarely or never used to produce dairy products for human consumption. Modern production Main article: Dairy farming Milk output in 2005. Click the image for the details. In the Western world today, cow's milk is produced on an industrial scale, and is by far the most commonly consumed form of milk. Commercial dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries. Dairy cattle such as the Holstein have been specially bred for increased milk production. 90% of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins.[5] Other dairy cows in the United States include Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Jersey, and Milking Shorthorn (Dairy Shorthorn). The largest producers of dairy products and milk today are India followed by the United States,[19] Germany, and Pakistan. This table below shows the numbers of water buffalo milk production. Cattle milk is produced in a much wider range. Top ten buffalo milk producers â€” 2007[22] Country Production (tonnes) Note India 59,210,000 * Pakistan 20,372,000
Site Index Native American Goddesses The great creator mother of the Inuit people. ("the mother") An Inuit goddess of childbirth. The self-sacrificing maiden of the Oneida tribe. The Leni Lenape personification of Star. The reference is to any star, but specifically the North Star. Star sees the world at night and offers her meek light to those in darkness. The Crow Mother. Angwusnasomtaka is a wuya, and a mothering kachina figure. She is considered the archetypal mother of all the , or of all kachinas. During powamu, she leads the initiation ceremony for the new children. She is also in charge of whipping the initiates with yucca whips. She also often leads other kachinas into a ceremony, often carrying corn kernels and bean sprouts as a symbol of fertility and good luck for the upcoming new planting season. Anog Ite (Ite, Face or Double Face Woman) She is the wife of Tate (Wind) and daughter of Skan (Sky). Her name reflects her two faces; one beautiful, the other ugly, a punishment for her attempt to seduce Wi (Sun). In other Lakota tales she is the bringer of "quilling", the craft of sorting and dyeing porcupine quills. (Arnarquagsag ) "Old Woman of the Sea". An Inuit deity of Greenland who supplies all physical needs. Asgaya Gigagei The Red Man or Red Woman invoked by the Cherokee in spells to cure the ill. Asgaya Gigagei is either male or female, depending on the sex of the patient. An Inuit female weather deity who is of human parentage. The Angakoq (shaman) invokes her to provide good weather. She is occasionally regarded as a male deity. Similar to Apotamkin, she is a monster girl who carries off children in the Alsea area of the Pacific Northwest. Her laughter is an omen of imminent death. The Athabaskan first woman. She was responsible for the birth of animal life on earth. In this tale Sun is carried by an old woman who dwells with her daughter in the sky. She leaves in the morning and come home at night. [Pacific Northwest, Kathlamet] (Ataensic) ('mother of breath of wind') According to the Iroquois and the Huron, a sky goddess who fell to the earth at the beginning of creation. She is said to have died giving birth to the twins Hahgwehdiyu and Hahgwehdaetgah, fought in her womb. From her body she made the Moon and the Sun, which were set in the sky by her husband, Master of Winds. She is associated with marriage, childbirth, and feminine crafts. The Pawnee Sacred Earth Mother of every living creature. The Pawnee were hunters, when they told to abandon hunting and settle down to farming, the elder replied: "You ask me to plow the ground! Shall I take a knife and tear my mother's bosom? Then when I die she will not take me to her bosom to rest. You ask me to dig for stone! Shall I dig under her skin for her bones? Then when I die, I cannot enter her body to be born again. You ask me to cut grass and make hay and sell it, and be rich like white men! But how dare I cut off my mother's hair? It is a bad law and my people cannot obey it." Aweah Yegendji Mother Swan of the Seneca tribe in the Northeast. She is a wise old woman who lives alone with three beautiful daughters. Awitelin Tsta Among the Pueblo Zuni, Awitelin Tsta is the earth mother. She gave birth to all life with the sky father Apoyan Tachi. Basket Woman The Pawnee mother of the Moon and all the stars, who permits the world to be created. Bear Medicine Woman She was born with the spirit of a bear, after her father killed a bear while she was still in her mother's womb. She is the origin of the Bear Medicine Ceremony of the Pawnee invoking healing powers by actions of a bear based on her narrative myth. Bear Woman A Pueblo woman who becomes a bear, also known as Yellow Woman. Breath of wind The Mohave goddess of love (the "Mohave Venus"). She presides over fertility in humans and animals. Cannibal Grandmother [Plains, Pawnee] She does not enjoy the meat of deer and buffalo, but prefers the soft, tender flesh of humans. She lives in the desert with a boy and four ravenous dogs. The boy hunts humans with a magic bow, a black snake, to provide her with meat. He feels sorry for the humans and pleads with Cannibal Grandmother to stop eating human flesh. Finally she is persuaded to set her dogs free except one, Afraid of Nothing. While away, the boy seeks long to find any buffalo who have held council against him and Cannibal Grandmother for her carnivorous ways. The mate of the dead buffalo takes him to the buffalo village where he wins many contests before they try to kill him. Escaping up a tree, Cannibal Grandmother hears his cries for help and releases Afraid of Nothing, chasing away the buffalo attackers. The boy finally persuades Cannibal grandmother to desist her diet of human flesh, gives her a bag of seeds and sends her to the north country. Old Cannibal Grandmother's offspring are the farmers and the boy goes south and becomes a great warrior, whose offspring never plant seeds. Cannibal Woman Chakwaina Okya The Zuni goddess of childbirth. Changing Bear Woman A Navajo female hero and role model figure of the faithful and efficient wife, after whom Coyote lusts. Crow Woman In Arapaho logend, she is the jealous first wife of a water monster. Her envious wrath is taken out on River Woman by drowning her. Beaver Foot revives his sister River Woman who repays the ill intent by drowning Crow Woman. Water Monster begins to weep and floods the river. Beaver Foot, through stretching his body, acts as a dam and saves the village. A dangerous witch known to the Seneca, who live in the Northeast Woodlands. She is often represented as a whirlwind, and is destroyed by the father of her child. The collective name of the three daughters of the Earth Mother of the Seneca. They are the guardians and spirits of corn, beans, and squash. A heroine of the Ontario Hurons, Djigonasee was the mother of the peacebringer Deganiwada, founder of the Iroquois Laeague (Six Nations): Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora. Like many mothers of heroes, Djigonasee was a virgin when her son was born. A herald from beyond this world announced the birth. The Frog Princess of Haida mythology, she is also referred to as the Volcano Woman, who arrived from the sea with six canoe-loads of people. Her husband was Kaiti, the bear god. The Seneca reference for "Old Woman", or more precisely "ancient bodied one", who is known as the First Mother. A Duwamish mountain goddess. The earth. Her name means "our mother" in Iroqouis. The Cherokee earth mother; sister of Igaehindivo (the sun goddess) and Sehu (the corn woman) The Arapaho Grandmother earth goddess. She is the wife of the Great Spirit of the Chamoco, and the mother of the rain. (Estsanatlehi) The Navajo sky goddess, wife of the sun. The twin sister of Yolkai Estsan, wife of the moon. The most respected goddess of the Navaho Indians, she is seen as the goddess of change, and it is said that she progresses through age to become an old woman, then becomes a young woman again. She passes through an endless stream of lives, always changing but never dying. Estanatlehi created the primeval pair of humans from maize. Afterwards she became the ruler of the realm of the dead, in the west, from where only the good things for humans come from. The Navaho tales tell how the first man and woman observed a black cloud descend onto a mountain, and perceiving great portents therein, approached the mountain, where they found a baby girl. This was Estanatlehi, who grew into a full-grown woman within eighteen days of the couple taking her home. It is also said that the goddess, feeling lonely, fashioned men and women out of small pieces of her own skin, to keep her company. "The woman who changes". She is a shape-shifter, and is associated with transformation and immortality. She is the mother of the twins Monster Slayer and Born for Water, who rid the earth of monsters. The first humans are said to have been created from skin rubbed from her body. The goddess of night and day. She had a pot with a lid; when she closed the lid the sun was left outside (night), when she took the lid off the pot, the sun could be seen (day). The creator goddess of the Coquille. Known in Alaska as the moon's female lover, whose face is reflected in the full moon. The Ojibwa of the Northwoodlands refer to her as Lone Bird. A name associated with a helping spirit of the Kathlamet of the Northwest Coast, who keeps the bones of animals rolled in her mat. Owing to a lack of honor, sometimes leads to people starving, since these animals will show themselves to be hunted or trapped. Flower Woman Flower Woman is best known of as the Yaqui woman of the Southwest who understands the Talking Tree that reveals the nature of the world and life. Foot Stuck Child A curious tale of an Arapaho girl child who is carried and born by a man. The man is hunting with his brothers when his foot is stuck by a thorn. His foot swells and swells until a female infant emerges from the wound. A young Ojibwa woman given in marriage to a respected elder of the tribe, who was more than three times her age. She went obediently, if unhappily, feeling her life would be less satisfying than if she had found a love-mate her own age. As the years passed and she had many children by the old man, her heart softened towards him. When he grew sick at age 85, Gawaunduk cared for him tenderly and nursed him back to health. He recovered and lived another 15 years. Then, at 100 years old, he died quietly in his sleep. She grieved so at his grave that she died of that grief and they were buried together. Mists that rise from spruce forests are said to be her tears as she mourns for him. The Ojibwa sky mother, a Manitou (great spirit) who dwelt in the heavens and watched over her people from there. She was the creator of humanity; she created the earth by descending into the primal soup to find land under the waves and fashioning it into the hills and valleys and the mountain ranges of the earth. (Gendewitha) The morning star (means "she who brings the day"). Her story tells of the time when the great hunter Sosondowah was stalking a supernatural elk. The hunt brought him to the heavens, where the goddess Dawn trapped him as her doorkeeper. But he did not remain faithful to his duties; down on earth he saw Gendenwitha (a mortal woman) and daily left his duties to court her. While Dawn was busy coloring the sky, the hunter was singing to his beloved: in spring as a bluebird; in summer, as a blackbird; in autumn, as a hawk. And it was as a hawk that he tried to carry Gendenwitha to heaven with him. But the jealous Dawn turned the woman into a star and set Gendenwitha just above Dawn's door, where she shines today as the morning star. She was an Iroquois woman so wise that squabbles among her people were brought to her for settlement. Genetaska was always fair and impartial, but one day fell in love with a defendant, and then married him. This ruined her reputation for impartiality and her "office" of mediator was abolished. She learned the healing chant (Hozoni) and its rituals from her lover, a leader of the snake people of the lower world. Back on earth, she tried to teach the song of beauty to her brother, but he was not as fast a learner as she and had trouble remembering the elaborately beautiful song. By the use of magic she finally taught him; when she returned to the lower world, the Navajo were left with the gift of healing. Among the Tuscarora it is said that at the beginning of time, all the people spoke the same language. The heroine Godasiyo was a chief in the biggest village. One day, Godasiyo's favorite dog gave birth to seven puppies, the last-born of which was the cutest puppy you have ever seen. This magical puppy was so cute that Godasiyo's people grew envious. They began to argue violently for possession of the dog. Godasiyo invented canoes and ordered those of her people who were still friendly into them. She wanted them to travel to a new place, where they could establish a new village and live in peace with the adorable puppy. But even as they pepared to embark arguments began about which canoe the chief and her puppy should ride in. Godasiyo then invented an outrigger, so she could ride between the canoes. But even this was not good enough. The migrating people reached a place where the river divided and began to argue furiously about which way to go. During the argument, the chief and her dog were accidentally thrown into the water and drowned. But almost immediately they were reborn, she as a huge sturgeon, the puppy as a little whitefish. When the people tried to comment on this miracle, they found they could no longer understand each other. Because of the conflict over possession of a puppy, the many human languages were born. Grandmother Spider (Spinning Woman, Thinking Woman) The creatress and wisdom goddess of the Cherokee. She wove the universe every day and unraveled the web every nigh According to Ojibway mythology, Greenmantle was the daughter of an Ojibway chief. The Sioux captured her when they invaded the Thunder Bay, Ontario, area, over a hundred years ago. She was taken prisoner and forced by the Sioux to lead them to the Ojibway encampment. Pretending to betray her tribe, she leads them over Kekabeka Falls, instead, and escapes to warn her people. In another version, she dies with the Sioux as they head over the falls, and her spirit can be seen above the falls as a rainbow, while the cries of the Sioux warriors can be heard in the roar of the falls. The Tlingit and Haida tribes of Alaska considered her a beneficent forest goddess. The hunting goddess of the Navaho, wife of the war god. Huruing Wuhti Two mother goddesses, survivors of the Deluge who became the ancestors of the Hopi tribe. Iatiku and Nautsiti The Acoma sisters who created man. An Inuit sea goddess. The Pueblo Corn Mother. The Cherokee sun goddess. Sister of Elihino (the earth) and Sehu (maize goddess). An Inuit Goddess of lightning. She made lightning by rubbing pieces of flint together. Mother Earth, to the Algonquin. The Corn Mother who connects the Pueblo people with the Earth. In Oglala and Lakota legend, she is the wife of Tate (the wind) and the mother of the Wani (four sons who control the four seasons). The corn goddess of the Keresan Puebloes. She is the ruler of her underground realm shipap. It is the place from where mankind first emerged, infants today are born, and where the dead go. She is associated with compassion, agriculture, and children. The Inuit deity of thunder, sister of Ignirtoq. In some traditions, Kadlu consists of three sisters. Ketq Skwaye The Huron creator; Grandmother Toad. (Komorkis) The Blackfoot moon goddess; mother of the Morning Star. Erotic companion of Kokopeli. She challenged the young men of the Hopi villages they visited to a foot race. When she overtook them (most of the time), she wrestled them to the ground and simulated intercourse with them. Hopi Creator goddess; she created humans, plants, and animals. In Native American folktales, literally, a wise woman. The term of reproach or abuse for an old woman or a witch who does not have supernatural powers. The Bella Coola goddess who initiates the shamans. La'idamlulum Ku'le The first woman of the Maidu. Bird goddess of the Klamath. A Kwakiutl goddess of wealth and luck. A beneficient Klamath goddess portrayed as a beautiful woman. A Klikitat fire goddess; the personification of Mt. St. Helens. Loon Woman In Modoc and Shasta Wintu lore, it is said that Loon Woman discovers her lost brother and the two run away together. She wishes to have intercourse with him but he rightfully refuses, heedless of her threats of creating an all-consuming fire. The family flees to the sky world, but one child dares look back and the entire family plunges into the fire. Loon Woman gathers their hearts and strings them into a necklace. Upon her demise, the members of her brother's family are restored. [West Coast, Modoc, Shasta Wintu] Sioux Earth mother. The Inuit sun goddess; sister to the god Anningat, the moon. A terrifying female spirit whom the Aymara Indians accuse of lying waste their fields and of killing their herds. The savior of the Blackfoot people from starvation. The hunters of the tribe would drive a buffalo herd over a cliff; the women would cut up and collect the meat from the dead animals. This particular time the buffalo herds would turn away before going over the edge. This continued until the people were in dire straits and on the verge of starvation. One morning Minnehaha was at the bottom of the cliff when she noticed a large herd above. In desperation she yelled out that she would marry one of them if they jumped off the cliff. Some of them jumped, others followed and soon the whole herd was over the cliff. When the rest of the tribe came to the cliff they found plenty of meat, but no Minnehaha. Her footprints showed that she had left with an old buffalo. Motho & Mungo Two sisters, heroines of many Indian folktales. Their names mean literally the grain and the vetch pulse. An Inuit sea-goddess who is regarded as the mother of all sea creatures. She was invoked by hunters and fishermen invoked for success in their trades. "Grandmother". The earth goddess of the Algonquin. She fed all living things; plants, animals, and people. The Inuit goddess of the land-hunt. The Iroquois spirit of wheat; she is Eithinoha's daughter. Owl Woman The Owl Woman of the Plains Tribes, is the Keeper of a bridge that souls must cross on the way to the afterlife. She will cast off those spirits and souls that are unidentified into the dark abyss below. The Pawnee moon goddess who marries the sun. They are the creators of the first people. She and her daughter created the first Paiute people. She cares for the souls of the Inuit dead in heaven while they wait to be reincarnated. "The one on high". The Inuit goddess of game, the hunt, helper of medicine, men and the living. She brings the souls of the recently deceased to heaven and gives them to the care of Pana, and she watches over the deeds of humans. In Crow Indian folklore, and also of the Hidatsa and the Gros Ventre, a terrible old woman. She always keeps a big pot burning, and when she tilts it towards anyone it sucks them in. (Ptesan-Wi) White Buffalo Woman was a Teacher of Peace and Wisdom. She is also known as Whope (Falling Star) to other Plains tribes. At a time when the Lakota people were in great need, two Lakota men saw a "wakan" (holy) woman floating toward them. When they met her and saw how beautiful she was, one of the men thought of her only in a physical way, and acted disrespectfully. He was struck by lightning and became a pile of ashes. The other behaved properly and she instructed him to tell his people to prepare a medicine lodge for her arrival. In the legends of the Plains Indians, she came to the medicine lodge wearing a dress of white buckskin, and introduced the pipe ceremony. She taught the people to honor the whole universe when tobacco is placed in the pipe, and told them that the pipe binds together the sky, the earth and all life on it. She also said that the buffalo is a sacred being, representing the universe and standing in the west to hold back the waters. When all the buffalo are gone and the waters cover the earth, the sacred hoop will end. She also gave the people maize, and taught them the seven sacred ceremonies. She gave the sacred pipe she bears in her left hand to the medicine chief, transformed into a white buffalo and then turned the black, then red, then last she turned yellow, representing the colors of the four directions. She then disappeared. The Eskimo goddess of childbirth and clothes making. The first woman of the Bella Coola. The Chinook creator goddess who created people by eating thunderbird eggs. The Hopi goddess associated with the creation of life. The Mandan creator goddess. She makes human bodies and her male counterpart adds the souls. On a sea journey from one village to another, Sagapgia is taken from her canoe by the sea spirit(s) as a wife. Her uncle offers significant presents for a happy marriage. The couple bears a son, Wa-medi-aks ("Down the Useless River") and later a daughter, both of whom the sea spirit stretches to grow faster. This union and the offspring lead to a great feast with the sea spirits who have been responsible for many drowning and ill tides. To ensure harmony, the sea spirits release Sagapgia and her children. (Avilayoq) There was an Inuit legend of a young woman who went fishing with her father. He felt she was eating too many fish and pushed her out of the canoe. As she clung to the side, he cut off her fingers and she sank to the bottom, becoming a Goddess in the sea; her fingers became the fish in the ocean. To ensure a good catch, the shaman journeys to the bottom of the ocean to ask for her blessing. She was greatly feared but sought out by Shamans for the release of the seals for hunting. According to one myth, Sedna lives now on the bottom of the sea (Adlivun) where she spends here days amidst whales and other creatures of the sea. In Greenland she is called Arnakuagsak and in Alaska, Nerrivik. ("corn") Sometimes known as the Cherokee First Woman, she is Kanati's wife. Selu created corn in secret by rubbing her belly or by defecating. Her sons, the Twin Thunder Boys, killed her when they spied upon her and decided she was a witch. Spider Woman Spider Man and Spider Woman are Navaho supernaturals or Holy People. They taught the Navaho people how to weave, and established the four warnings of death. Spider Woman is an important mythic being among both the Eastern Pueblos and the Western Pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona. She probably assimilated into the Navaho religious assemblage, as the Athabasans migrated from their home land in Canada to the southwest, slowly taking on character as they went along from different cultural associations. However, the major influence was from the Pueblo peoples of the southwest, especially during the 1600's and early 1700's, in conjunction with the Pueblo Revolt. At this time there was a very close living association between the Navaho and the Pueblos, at places like Largo Canyon in New Mexico. These stressful times greatly influenced the Navaho religion and thought. In general, Spider, Spider Woman or Spider Man is a beneficial character in the myths and stories of the Plains, Southwestern, and Western American Indians. In some cases a creator (Pima and Zia) and others a trickster ( Dakota groups). Among the Jicarilla Apache, spider is a minor character, but Spider Woman is a very important personage in the myths of the Hopi, especially with the Hero Twins and Culture Heroes. She even takes a part in the Sunset Crater myth, which may well have some Sinagua affiliations An Inuit deity who resembles a little old woman. The female spirit of the Acoma Indian creation myth. In Kwakiutl mythology, Tsonoqwa is a member of the Geekumhl family of cannibal giants who live in the mountains and woods. There are two forms of Tsonoqwa: male and female. The male Tsonoqwa is known as being fierce and strong with a formidable alertness. Tsonoqwa is known as the wealth-giver and the copper keeper, a theme recurrent in potlatches. The female Tsonoqwa is the most frequent version of these forest dwelling giants. She is a wild woman wandering the woods in search of children to devour. She cries "Hu-Hu" while she searches the woods, with a basket on her back to collect children for future snacks. She also tries to lure children to her house in the woods by offering sweets, food, and copper treasures. Unlike, the male Tsonoqwa, the female is always portrayed as a stupid and clumsy creature with half-closed eyes. Hence, the children are usually too alert to be captured, and instead snatch her precious treasures. The female Tsonoqwa is also a dancer in the Kwakiutl's Tsetseka Winter Dance. A Yana Goddess of good luck. The Cherokee goddess of the Sun, her name meant "apportioner", she who divided time into units. The world had no sun, so opossum was sent to get one but burned its tail; vulture tried, burning its feathers. Finally, Spider Grandmother wove a web that caught Unelanuhi, the sun, and the people had warmth. A Lakota Goddess ancestor of all evil beings. She also created fish. The Chinook people were once struck with a terrible endless winter. They were completely ice-bound with no relief in sight, and so the people began to fear for their survival for they would soon have no food. A council was called, and the elders recalled that endless winter resulted from the killing of a bird. Each person was asked if he or she had been guilty of such a crime. Everyone denied it. But the children pointed to a little girl who, crying, confessed that she had struck a bird with a stone, and it had died. The Chinook dressed the girl in the finest garments and exposed her on a block of ice as an offering to the winter spirits. Almost immediately a thaw ensued and summer came with a rush. Now the people could gather food again. Nearly a year later, when the winter returned, the Chinook saw a block of ice containing the girl's body and fetched it to shore. Miraculously, the girl revived and afterward lived among them as a sacred being, able to walk unprotected, even barefoot, through the winter and to communicate with its spirits. White Buffalo Woman (Ptesan-Wi) This sacred woman brought secret knowledge to the Oglala. It was said that she first appeared to two young men as a white-clad lady whose clothing was lavishly embroidered with porcupine quills in exquisite patterns. One of the young men was overtaken by lust, but the second recognized that she was no earthly woman. The first, although warned, could not contain himself; he rushed open-armed toward the woman. She smiled, and a soft white cloud descended to cover their embrace. When it passed, the woman stood alone with the young man's skeleton at her feet. Smiling, she told the second man that the dead man had been awarded just what he sought. She instructed the man to return to his village and set his people to building a huge sacred tent. Then she entered the village, and the people were enraptured by her presence. Walking seven times around the central fire, she spoke to them, giving them a bag containing a sacred pipe and teaching them the ceremonies that went with these objects. She reminded them of the mysteries of their mother, the earth. Urging them always to honor her, she disappeared in the shape of a white buffalo. The daughter of the Sun Wi and the Moon. She is a goddess of peace and the wife of the south wind. When she visited the earth, she gave the Dakota Indians (Sioux) a pipe as a symbol of peace. Later she became the White Buffalo Calf Woman to the Lakota. A witch, or a female evil doer. She was the daughter of the great Ojibwa goddess Nokomis. Winonah was a virgin mother who was raped four times by the same manitou or spirit. It happened that she was in the forest picking berries one day, and overtaken with a need to urinate, she forgot the warning that women should never face west while making water. When the manitou saw her vagina, he took form and had intercourse with her immediately. Through this spirit-union, she not only acquired magical powers of fertility and longevity, but also gave birth to four heroic sons. The female leader of the Navajo gods. Yolkai Estsan The earth goddess of the Navaho who is associated with seasons and the land, similar to Estanatlehi. The sister of the turquoise-sky goddess Estanatlehi, she was a Navaho moon goddess. Called "white shell woman" because she was made from abalone, Yolkai Estsan ruled the dawn and the ocean; she was also creator of fire and maize. E-mail Us to report a broken link! Back to the Top of the Page! Chinaroad Line © Copyright 2000-2008 Chinaroad Löwchen. All Rights Reserved.
From the Teeth of the Dragon - Gigantopithecusblacki by Eric Pettifor In ancient Greek mythology a hero named Jason yoked two fire breathing bulls and plowed a field. Into the furrows he sowed dragons' teeth from which sprang men (Hamilton, 1942). The Chinese have for centuries sold 'dragons' teeth and bones to be ground up as a medicinal. These bones are actually ancient fossils. In 1935 G.H.R. Von Koenigswald discovered a fossil tooth in an apothecary shop in Hong Kong (von Koenigswald, 1952). Since then 3 jaw bones and over a thousand teeth have been recovered, not only in apothecary shops but in situ as well (Ciochon, Olsen, & James, 1990). They are the remains of an extinct ape, Gigantopithecus blacki. There are sites where Gigantopithecus blacki remains occur along with Homoerectus, such as at Tham Khuyen in Viet Nam, and in the Hubei and Sichuan provinces of China (Ciochon et al., 1990). At Tham Khuyen the remains of a potential competitor for bamboo, a proposed major food source of Gigantopithecus blacki, were found as well: the giant panda, now extinct in Viet Nam (Ciochon et al., 1990). Gigantopithecus teeth from Wuming, China have been dated to the middle Pleistocene, around 400,000 B.P., by faunal association. Homo erectus was in Asia by that time and may have played a role in the extinction of Gigantopithecus (Ciochon et al., 1990) According to Ciochon et al. (1990), Gigantopithecus blacki was 10 feet tall and weighed 1,200 pounds. This is speculative, since it is with some uncertainty that one reconstructs such a massive creature from a few jaw bones and teeth, however many. The way they arrived at this picture was first to estimate the size of the head from the jaw, and then to use a head/body ratio of 1:6.5 in order to determine the body size. For comparison they cite a head/body ratio of 1:8 for the Australopithecus afarensis specimen known as 'Lucy'. The more conservative ratio for Gigantopithecus was arrived at out of consideration of the massive jaw as an adaptation to the mastication of fibrous plant matter (probably bamboo). Gigantopithecus was probably proportionally a markedly big jawed creature. For the head shape they based their assumptions on the orangutan, since evolutionarily they place Gigantopithecus on the same line as the orangutan, finding a common ancestor for them both in Sivapithecus. However, the orangutan could not serve as a model for the body, since it is unlikely that a 1,200 pound ape would be as arboreal. Therefore they chose the largest primates known, the gorilla and the extinct giant baboon Theropithecus oswaldi, as their models for the body. They gave Gigantopithecus an intermembral index 108 (gorilla at 120 + Theropithecus at 95 divide by 2 = 108 rounded up - very scientific!) (Ciochon et al., 1990). Since Ciochon (et al, 1990) with aid of Bill Munn (Hollywood monster maker/dinosaur reflesher) were interested as well in building a very impressive life size model we would be wise to consider the dimensions with some caution, and note that they represent the biggest Gigantopithecus that could be built rationalized from the actual remains, and that it is a male. Females may have been half the size of the males, since the teeth fall markedly into two distinct size groupings (Ciochon et al., 1990), as I will discuss later in terms of sexual dimorphism and what inferences have been drawn. Elwyn L. Simons and Peter C. Ettel (1970) paint a somewhat different picture. They trace Gigantopithecus back to a dryopithicine origin and their corresponding reconstruction is essentially a giant gorilla, 9 feet tall, weighing 600 pounds. It is not nearly as attractive as the giant orangutan/gorilla cross created by Ciochon et al. and Bill Munn (1990) Sexual Dimorphism Simons and Ettel (1970) do go into greater detail regarding the mandibles, however, and speculate that the size differential between two of them (Mandibles I and III) reflects sexual dimorphism. The way that the teeth fall into two distinct categories was discovered by Charles Oxnard, an Australian anatomist, when he analyzed 735 Gigantopithecus teeth. All teeth from the first incisors through the third molars occurred in both groups in equal numbers (Oxnard, 1987, cited in Ciochon et al., 1990). Furthermore, the size differential is greater than that occurring in any living primate including both gorillas and orangutans. Ciochon (et al., 1990) note that in living species this usually indicates competition between males for multiple females, but go on to note Oxnard's argument that the equal numbers of males and females suggests general promiscuity free from competition. "The resultant increased proportion of females pregnant at any one time under such a system (perhaps almost all of them), together with harsh environmental conditions, including fierce predator pressure, could combine to produce small inter- or intra-sexual selection, but strong sex-role differences and therefore strong sexual dimorphism." (Oxnard, 1987, cited in Ciochon et al, 1990). This sounds good, but does not address the fact that even in species with marked sexual dimorphism and sexual competition, males and females will be born in more or less equal numbers and can reasonably be expected to leave behind equal numbers of teeth. It seems that this is an instance where complex social behaviour is difficult to determine solely from physical remains, especially remains as regrettably incomplete as those of Gigantopithecus. If there are analogies to be made with living primates exhibiting marked sexual dimorphism, equal numbers of surviving male and female teeth cannot be a factor in the analysis. Geographical Distribution Geographical distribution is likewise sketchy, since the majority of remains are from one site, Liucheng Cave in Liuzhou, China, though there have been other finds in Viet Nam and in China, so that we may define south east Asia as the range of Gigantopithecus blacki. A separate species of Gigantopithecus, Gigantipithecus giganteus, was found in northern India, but this specimen predates Gigantopithecus blacki by about five million years, and there is some controversy as to the exact nature of its relationship. Simons and Ettel (1970) place it as directly ancestral to Gigantopithecus blacki, while David W. Frayer (1972) argues that it is ancestral to the Australopithicines, only to be refuted by Robert S. Corrucini (1973) on the basis of multivariate analysis and so on. Physical remains for this species are even rarer than for Gigantopithecusblacki and the opportunity for speculation and statistical gamesmanship is correspondingly greater. Ciochon et al., (1990) speculate that given its size Gigantopithecusblacki was a ground dwelling ape, probably a knuckle walker, though it could just as easily been a fist walker, the exact nature of its locomotion is impossible to ascertain from mandibles. Given its mass it could not have been a gibbon-like brachiator. When considering diet, the teeth can provide us with stronger clues via analysis of opal phytoliths. An alternative technique [to analysis of wear patterns and other conventional methods of ascertaining diet] based on the identification of opal phytoliths found bonded to the enamel surfaces of the teeth of extinct species allows for identification of the actual plant remains eaten by an animal prior to its death. Thus the vegetative dietary preferences of an extinct species no longer have to be inferred but can be demonstrated directly through the identification of phytoliths, the inorganic remains of plant cells, on the teeth of extinct species. (Russell L. Ciochon, Dolores R. Piperno, and Robert G. Thompson, 1990) In an analysis of 4 Gigantopithecus teeth, Ciochon et al. (2) (1990) identified 30 structures which were "indisputably phytoliths" on two of the teeth. These thirty broke down into two categories: the vegetative parts of grasses, and the fruits and seeds of dicotyledons. Prior to the phytolith study Ciochon was pursuing a theory of massive bamboo consumption on the part of Gigantopithecus using analogy to the penchant of other megaherbivores to depend upon a single or limited number of plants. Creatures the size of Gigantopithecus would need a source which existed in abundance. The most likely candidate is bamboo. Further, the teeth seemed to point in that direction as well: The molar teeth of Giganto are low-crowned and flat, with very thick enamel caps. The premolars are molarized: that is, they have become broad and flattened, and thus resemble molars. The canine teeth are not sharp and pointed, but are rather broad and flat, more like what one would expect premolars to be; the incisors are small, peglike, and closely packed. These observations, combined with the massive jaw morphology, make it really an inevitable conclusion that the animal was adapted to the consumption of tough fibrous foods by cutting, crushing, and grinding them. (Ciochon et al., 1990) Ciochon et al., (1990) then go on to compare this morphology with that of the giant panda, another bamboo eater, and infers a diet of bamboo for Gigantopithecus. While bamboo is a grass, the phytolith analysis does not technically either confirm or deny this theory, since it is not capable of defining the type of grass the phytolith came from. What was surprising to Ciochon was the suggestion of fruit in the diet of Gigantopithecus. Ciochon et al (2) (1990) have identified the fruit as belonging to a species in the family Moraceae or a closely related family and state "Judging from the present frequency of dental phytoliths in Gigantopithecus, fruits may have constituted a significant portion of the diet," and go on to note that the high sugar content of this type of fruit may be responsible for the high incidence of cavities in Gigantopithecus teeth (11%). The results of this study are reported in less complete and less technical terms in the book Other Origins (Ciochon et al, 1990), and in a review of that book Jeffrey H. Schwartz (1991) notes that a great deal is being drawn from the analysis of four teeth, upon only two of which were found phytoliths, with the greatest concentration on only one. Clearly a larger sample of teeth need to be similarly analyzed, but reading the report it is difficult not to share Ciochon's (et al. (2) 1990) excitement at the findings and for the employment of this technique in paleoanthropology in general. Ciochon (et al. 1990) propose three factors as being potentially related to the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki and all are interrelated: dependence on bamboo, the giant panda, and Homo erectus. Bamboo is prone to periodic die offs, the exact reason for which is unknown. The giant panda was contemprous with Gigantopithecus blacki and may have been in competition with it for the same food source. The final straw, however, may have been the introduction of Homo erectus into the region. All three creatures, panda, Giganto, and Homo, may have been fond of the sprouts of the bamboo as a food source (as are living pandas), which means that plants would have been consumed before they had a chance to reach maturity and reproduce. Further, Homo erectus may have been using bamboo for tools. In archaeology it was traditionally assumed that Asia was a cultural backwater during the stone age due to its lack of sophisticated stone tool kits like those found in Europe, but this attitude is changing as consideration is given to the wide variety of uses of bamboo, not only in theory, but as witnessed in practice in Asia through historical times into the present. Likewise, there is much debate around Homo erectus' proclivity for hunting, but another possible factor in the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki is that it may have been hunted. Ciochon (et al., 1990) believes that it was likely a combination of factors, with the entry of Homo erectus into Gigantopithecus' range upsetting an already delicate balance. No one factor was likely absolute. For example, if Homo erectus had monopolized the fruit supply it would have left Gigantopithecus blacki with no back up when a periodic bamboo die off occurred. This coupled with competition from the giant panda and sporadic hunting could have been enough to reduce breeding populations of Gigantopithecus below viable levels. (Ciochon et al., 1990) The Myths Some suggest that Gigantopithecus blacki did not in fact become extinct, and continues to exist as the Sasquatch and the Yeti. Gigantopithecus blacki could have crossed the Bering Land Bridge, the same way humans are thought to have entered the New World (Geoffrey Bourne, 1975, cited in Ciochon et al., 1990). So far, though there have been many alleged sightings, no indisputable physical evidence has been recovered. One is led to suspect that the question of Sasquatch (and related entities) is more for comparative mythology, cultural anthropology, or psychology, since an actual creature the size of Gigantopithecus blacki existing in numbers sufficient to qualify as a breeding population would not only leave physical remains, but would have an observable effect on their environment. An old Sherpa once observed: "There is a yeti in the back of everyone's mind; only the blessed are not haunted by it." Lama Surya Das, A Yeti Tale formerly at We have cast the dragon's teeth, and something has sprung up. Is it a giant with the pleasing features of an orangutan and the impressive body of a gorilla? Perhaps it is a mega-gorilla, a prototype King Kong. Perhaps it will turn out to be something really surprising. One thing, though, is clear. We need more data. Ciochon, Russell L., Dolores R. Piperno, and Robert G. Thompson, 1990. Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape Gigantopithecus blacki: Implications for paleodietary studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87: 8120-8124. Ciochon, Russel L., John Olsen, and Jamie James, 1990. Other Origins: The Search for the Giant Ape in Human Prehistory. New York: Bantam Books. Corruccini, Robert S. 1973. Multivariate Analysis of Gigantopithecus Mandibles. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 42: 167-170. Frayer, David W. 1972. Gigantopithecus and Its Relationship to Australopithecus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 39: 413-426. Hamilton, Edith 1942. Mythology. Boston: Little Brown and Company. Schwartz, Jeffry H. 1991. Book Review of Other Origins: The Search for the Giant Ape In Human Origins. American Anthropologist, 93: 1029-1030. Von Koenigswald, G.H.R. 1952. Gigantopithecus blacki Von Koenigswald, a giant fossil hominoid from the pleistocene of southern China. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 43: 295-325
One of the most prolific CPU architectures of the computing age has been X86 and its extension X86_64. This architecture has been popularized by Intel, the leading CPU manufacturer of the last forty years. The architecture was introduced on the 8086 CPU in the early 1970s. An interesting quirk of the architecture is that every instruction contained in the 8086 has a direct counterpart in the modern Intel i7 CPU. Thus a CPU that was developed for a printing calculator is really not that different from one used to render 4K video streams. CPUs that use the X86 architecture are available from a wide variety of companies such as AMD. It is almost certain that the computer you are reading this article on is running a processor uitlizing X86 or X86_64.
The Good and the Bad of Artificial Intelligence: 10 Need-to-Know Facts Photo © Shutterstock Editor's Note: Max Tegmark is a professor of physics at MIT and the co-founder of the Future of Life Institute. Tegmark has been featured in dozens of science documentaries. His most recent book is Life 3.0. Here, Tegmark explores the top 10 things we need to know about Artificial Intelligence as AI becomes a reality we will all need to deal with. 1. AI is coming for your job. To safeguard your career, go for jobs that machines are bad at – involving people, unpredictability and creativity. Avoid careers about to get automated away, involving repetitive or structured actions in a predictable setting. Telemarketers, warehouse workers, cashiers, train operators, bakers or line cooks. Drivers of trucks, buses, taxis and Uber/Lyft cars are likely to follow soon. There are many more professions (including paralegals, credit analysts, loan officers, bookkeepers and tax accountants) that, although they aren’t on the endangered list for full extinction, are getting most of their tasks automated and therefore demand much fewer humans. 2. Unemployment can be a lifelong vacation. AI progress can produce either a luxurious leisure society for all or unprecedented misery for an unemployable majority, depending on how the AI-produced wealth is taxed and shared. MQ-1 Predator 3. Killer robots aren’t fiction: We’re on the verge of starting an out-of-control arms race in AI-controlled weapons, which can weaken today’s powerful nations by making cheap and convenient assassination machines available to everybody with a full wallet and an axe to grind, including terrorist groups. Leading AI researchers oppose this and want an international AI arms control treaty. 4. Machines don’t have an IQ. Intelligence is the ability to accomplish complex goals. It can’t be quantified by a single number such as an IQ, since different organisms and machines are good at different things. To see this, imagine how you’d react if someone made the absurd claim that the ability to accomplish Olympic-level athletic feats could be quantified by a single number called the “athletic quotient”, or “AQ” for short, so that the Olympian with the highest AQ would win the gold medals in all the sports. 5. AI is getting broader: Today’s AI has mainly narrow intelligence: ability to accomplish a narrow set of goals such as playing chess or driving, sometimes better than humans. In contrast, humans have general intelligence: ability to accomplish virtually any goal, including learning. The holy grail of AI search is to develop Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): the ability to accomplish any intellectual task at least as well as humans. Many leading AI researchers think we’re only decades away from AGI. 6. AI might leave us far behind: AGI might rapidly lead to superintelligence, as the British mathematician Irving J. Good explained in 1965: “Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. Since the design of machines is one of these intellectual activities, an ultraintelligent machine could design even better machines; there would then unquestionably be an `intelligence explosion’, and the intelligence of man would be left far behind. Thus the first ultraintelligent machine is the last invention that man need ever make, provided that the machine is docile enough to tell us how to keep it under control.” 7. We’re nowhere near the limits of computation: Computing has gotten a whopping million million million times cheaper since my grandmothers were born. If everything got that much cheaper, then a hundredth of a cent would enable you to buy all goods and services produced on Earth this year. Moore’s Law governs how cheaply we can compute by moving electrons around on two dimensional silicon wafers, and once this plateaus, there are many other hardware solutions we can try — for example using three-dimensional circuits and using something other than electrons to do our bidding. We’re still a million billion billion billion times below the ultimate limits on computation from the laws of physics. 8. AI can help humanity flourish: Since everything we love about civilization is the product of intelligence, amplifying our own intelligence with AI has the potential to help life flourish like never before, solving our thorniest problems, from disease to climate, justice and poverty. 9. AI poses risks: The Hollywood-fueled fear of machines turning conscious and evil is a red herring. The real worry isn’t malevolence, but competence. Superintelligent AI is by definition very good at attaining its goals, whatever they may be, so we need to ensure that its goals are aligned with ours. Humans don’t generally hate ants, but we’re more intelligent than they are – so if we want to build a hydroelectric dam and there’s an anthill there, too bad for the ants. The beneficial-AI movement wants to avoid placing humanity in the position of those ants. 10. We need AI safety reseach: To ensure that AI remains beneficial as its impact on society grows, more AI safety research is urgently needed. For example, how do we transform today’s buggy and hackable computers into robust AI systems that we can really trust? How to make machines learn, adopt and retain our goals? These are challenging questions that may take decades to answer, so we should start a crash research effort now to ensure that we have the answers when we need them. But relative to the billions being spent on making AI more powerful, governments have so far earmarked close to no funding for AI safety research.
Select the desired text size Jolly Miller. Start of Story The baby slept that night in the miller's own bed, snugly tucked in beside the miller himself; and in the morning he fed her milk again, and then went out to work singing more merrily than ever. Every few minutes he would put his head into the room where he had left the child, to see if it wanted anything, and if it cried even the least bit he would run in and take it in his arms and soothe the little girl until she smiled again. That first day the miller was fearful some one would come and claim the child, but when evening came without the arrival of any stranger he decided the baby had been cast adrift and now belonged to nobody but him. "I shall keep her as long as I live," he thought, "and never will we be separated for even a day. For now that I have found some one to love I could not bear to let her go again." He cared for the waif very tenderly; and as the child was strong and healthy she was not much trouble to him, and to his delight grew bigger day by day. The country people were filled with surprise when they saw a child in the mill-house, and wondered where it came from; but the miller would answer no questions, and as year after year passed away they forgot to enquire how the child came there and looked upon her as the miller's own daughter. She grew to be a sweet and pretty child, and was the miller's constant companion. She called him "papa," and he called her Nathalie, because he had found her upon the water, and the country people called her the Maid of the Mill. The miller worked harder than ever before, for now he had to feed and clothe the little girl; and he sang from morn till night, so joyous was he, and still his song was: "I care for nobody, no! not I, Since nobody cares for me." One day, while he was singing this, he heard a sob beside him, and looked down to see Nathalie weeping. "What is it, my pet?" he asked, anxiously. "Oh, papa," she answered, "why do you sing that nobody cares for you, when you know I love you so dearly?" The miller was surprised, for he had sung the song so long he had forgotten what the words meant. "Do you indeed love me, Nathalie?" he asked. "Indeed, indeed! You know I do!" she replied. "Then," said the miller, with a happy laugh, as he bent down and kissed the tear-stained face, "I shall change my song." And after that he sang: "I love sweet Nathalie, that I do. For Nathalie she loves me." The years passed by and the miller was very happy. Nathalie grew to be a sweet and lovely maiden, and she learned to cook the meals and tend the house, and that made it easier for the miller, for now he was growing old. One day the young Squire, who lived at the great house on the hill, came past the mill and saw Nathalie sitting in the doorway, her pretty form framed in the flowers that climbed around and over the door. And the Squire loved her after that first glance, for he saw that she was as good and innocent as she was beautiful. The miller, hearing the sound of voices, came out and saw them together, and at once he became very angry, for he knew that trouble was in store for him, and he must guard his treasure very carefully if he wished to keep her with him. The young Squire begged very hard to be allowed to pay court to the Maid of the Mill, but the miller ordered him away, and he was forced to go. Then the miller saw there were tears in Nathalie's eyes, and that made him still more anxious, for he feared the mischief was already done. Indeed, in spite of the miller's watchfulness, the Squire and Nathalie often met and walked together in the shady lanes or upon the green banks of the river. It was not long before they learned to love one another very dearly, and one day they went hand in hand to the miller and asked his consent that they should wed. "What will become of me?" asked the miller, with a sad heart. "You shall live in the great house with us," replied the Squire, "and never again need you labor for bread." But the old man shook his head. "A miller I have lived," quoth he, "and a miller will I die. But tell me, Nathalie, are you willing to leave me?" The girl cast down her eyes and blushed sweetly. "I love him," she whispered, "and if you separate us I shall die." "Then," said the miller, kissing her with a heavy heart, "go; and may God bless you." So Nathalie and the Squire were wed, and lived in the great house, and the very day after the wedding she came walking down to the mill in her pretty new gown to see the miller. But as she drew near she heard him singing, as was his wont; and the song he sung she had not heard since she was a little girl, for this was it: "I care for nobody, no! not I, Since nobody cares for me." She came up softly behind him, and put her arms around his neck. "Papa," said she, "you must not sing that song. Nathalie loves you yet, and always will while she lives; for my new love is complete in itself, and has not robbed you of one bit of the love that has always been your very own." The miller turned and looked into her blue eyes, and knew that she spoke truly. "Then I must learn a new song again," he said, "for it is lonely at the mill, and singing makes the heart lighter. But I will promise that never again, till you forget me, will I sing that nobody cares for me." And the miller did learn a new song, and sang it right merrily for many years; for each day Nathalie came down to the mill to show that she had not forgotten him. back to top Back To Top previous page Previous Page Audio version of this story audio version of this story Download the audio of this story Download the audio of this story Download the text of this story download the text of this story
District 9 Essay Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 254 • Published : February 3, 2013 Open Document Text Preview I think that District 9 says a lot about human nature. It says that humans have a tendency to not accept differences, and that they tend to judge books by their covers. These characteristics were displayed several times throughout the movie. When people are introduced with something completely new to them, they generally don’t adapt to it right away, or sometimes, not at all. In the movie, the aliens were immediately unnaccepted and unwanted. They were not treated as human beings, but worse. Before the humans even got to know them, they already wanted them to leave. They wanted to evict them and change their location to an area that had “better” living conditions. They knew that the conditions were bad, but they didn’t care. It is much easier to assume than to take time to actually get to know something and to understand it fully. This is why many humans judge things by what they seem to be at first glance. When you think of the word aliens, the word is automatically given a negative connatation. This is why the humans in District 9 immediately decided that the aliens were a threat. They forced them to live in dirty, unsanitary, shacks that were piled on top of each other. Then, later on, Wikus needed the help of christopher. This made him see and experience the whole situation from the aliens’ point of view. He could then see that Christopher had a son that he loved very mich, just like many humans; he saw that they wanted to go home but just couldn’t, and never wanted to harm the humans. tracking img
Rhetorical Analysis of Why Chinese Mother Are Superior Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 2628 • Published : February 28, 2013 Open Document Text Preview Dang Dao Instructor Erin Todey English 250 Feb 9th, 2013 Tiger Mother Amy Chua and Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior It is true that the ways the parents raise their children will decide how well the children grow, especially the mothers who impact their children the most. There is no right or wrong in how a mother takes care of her children. All of them want the best for their children. The only difference is the level of intensity in how to raise a child. In Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior, Amy Chua, a professor at Yale Law School believes that the ways Chinese mothers raise their children are the most effective ways. Her main purpose of this article is to state the differences between Western mothers and Chinese mothers which show how great Chinese mothers are. To achieve her goal, she employs many techniques which are effective content, which includes examples and special writing style, and especially powerful tone in her piece. In Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior, Amy Chua argues that the ways Chinese mothers raise their children is the best way. There are three main differences between them just like Chua said in her piece. The first is that Westerner parents care a lot about their children pride which influences the words they use in conversation with the children; furthermore, they expect less than Chinese parents. The second difference is the effect of long time traditional thinking about the depth of children to their parents since parents give them the forms and lives. The last is that the Chinese mothers understand the children more deeply than Western mothers. Chua then applies her own memoir with her daughter Lulu as support for her points. One of many techniques that Amy Chua uses throughout the article is effective content, for instance, statistics and especially examples. In paragraph 4, she provides impressive statistics which are dominant numbers about the thinking of Western and Chinese mothers. “70%” (217) in the number of Western... tracking img
What is Rubella? Rubella is an infection that affects mostly the skin and lymph nodes. Known as the German Measles, The Rubella virus can spread via several methods, including: • Direct contact with an infected person • Through the air, such as when an infected person coughs, talks or sneezes This illness is not particularly aggressive and many people who contracted it at some point may not have even realized it. It is characterized by a red rash that starts 10 to 15 days after exposure and that usually lasts for approximately three days. What are the Symptoms of Rubella? Rubella symptoms may show within a couple of days of mild fever and tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck. A rash can begin showing on the face and spread downward. A rubella rash is often the first sign of illness can be seen. It may appear as either pink or red spots that can merge to form evenly colored patches. The rash can become very itchy and last up to 3-4 days, sometimes longer. As the rash clears, parts of the skin may start to flake off. Some of the other symptoms of Rubella can include loss of appetite, sinus congestion and swollen joints. Some people who contract Rubella may show no symptoms. Rubella in some pregnant women can cause congenital rubella syndrome. This is a disease with potentially devastating consequences for the developing fetus. Children who are infected with rubella before birth are at risk for potentially significant lifelong health problems for the child. How is Rubella Treated? Because Rubella is caused by a virus rather than a form of bacteria, there is no specific treatment available. Healthcare providers can prescribe medications with the goal of symptom relief in mind. Someone with Rubella should stay clear of others in their household. It will be important to maintain a heightened sense of hygiene in order to prevent the infection from spreading. An MMR vaccine (administered to toddlers at 12 to 15 months) protects against measles, mumps and rubella. This vaccination requires a second dose that needs to be given to children between at age 4 to 6 (right before first grade). Last Reviewed: October 09, 2016 Last Updated: August 23, 2017
Sunday, May 07, 2006 Nail your colors to the mast The (Jolly Roger) was mentioned during the trial of Captain John Quelch and his pirate crew who were executed in Boston in 1702. Three months later the pirates were off the coast of Brazil flying as a flag the Old Roger which was ornamented by an anatomy with an hourglass in one hand, and a dart in the heart with three drops of blood proceeding from it in the other. One of the earliest recordings of pirates using the black flag as well as the use of the term Old Roger and by 1724 the Oxford English Dictionary had defined the Jolly Roger. "If they catch you at disadvantage, the mines for your life is the word; and so we fight them with our colours nailed to the mast." - Sir Walter Scott: The Pirate, 1821. The first maritime flags were often solitary-colored banners and came into use during the Middle Ages. Today's international maritime law absolutely necessitates a ship of war to fly its ensign, or flag, before firing on the enemy or at the commencement of any hostile acts. Striking the ensign, or lowering it from the mast, was and is across the world the standard signal of surrender. Surrender is dated from the time the ensign is struck. Ensigns eventually came to be more commonly called "colors" in battles and as a result many lively idioms arose. For example to come through with flying colors is an expression dating from the 1600's meaning "to win or succeed." Victorious ships at war would sail with their flags high. A century later a similar phrase appeared, "to show one's true colors" meaning to: Oh, better that her shattered bulkShould sink beneath the wave;Her thunders shook the mighty deep,And there should be her grave;Nail to the mast her holy flag. -Oliver Wendell Holmes, Old Ironsides Of all the naval duels in history it is John Paul Jones, who stands alone when it comes to leaving an enduring and prominent name in history for the struggle for independence during the American Revolution. Probably the most famous story about nailing one's colors to the mast occurred on September 23, 1779. With a squadron of three ships led by the Bonhomme Richard, Captain John Paul Jones met Captain Pearson with the Serapis and one other ship who were, "convoying a fleet of merchant vessels off the coast of Flamborough Head, Scotland, and at once the two flagships engaged in a desperate conflict." The battle continued through the long hours of that September night in 1779. Cannons boomed across the waters and in the middle of the clash Jones ran his vessel into the Serapis. There was a pause in the fire. During the intense fighting between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis, Bonhomme Richard`s ensign had been shot away and Captain Pearson called out, "Have you struck your colors?" The commanding officer of the Richard lashed the two ships together and a bloody battle ensued until the decks of both were littered with dead and dying. Around ten o'clock p.m. a hand grenade from the Richard was lobbed into the hatchway of the Serapsis and row of cartridges burst into flames leading to an appalling explosion where twenty men were blown to pieces. Nautical terms and Phrases Accessed Jun 14 2003. Naval operations of the Revolutionary War Accessed Jun 14 2003. The Phrase Finder Accessed Jun 14 2003. Pirates & Privateers: the History of Maritime Piracy Accessed Jun 14 2003Posted by Picasa Russell Ragsdale said... I'm glad you picked this topic! The adventurous tales of bold pirates makes for great reading. lometa said... I'm glad you like it Russell! I have a real soft spot for buccanneers and pirates =)
Expert Answers gpane eNotes educator\| Certified Educator A satire is a work that uses humour, irony, or wit to show up the failings and pretensions of individuals, insititutions or ideas. This play satirises conventional notions of war as being a heroic and honourable affair, and the idea that the lot of soldiers is a glorious, elevated one. The play also targets idealised notions of romantic love. Both these subjects - love and war - had been portrayed in an idealised, sentimental light in many late-nineteenth century melodramas. Shaw aimed to debunk such notions, although in not quite as savage a manner as, say, that of First World War poets like Wilfred Owen. Raina, the heroine, has to shed her romantic view of love and war, shared by Sergius, her fiance; she eventually settles for the practical-minded Bluntschli. Bluntschli (perhaps his name is a play on the idea of being 'blunt', of telling it like it is) is a soldier, but not much in the traditional heroic, courageous mould; he is a mercenary who at the beginning of the play is running away, he keeps chocolate in his belt instead of ammunition, he sees through romantic pretensions. Sergius, however, cannot give up such ideals so readily, and at one point is driven to openly express his dismay at the gulf between reality and idealism: Oh, war! War! The dream of patriots and heroes! A fraud, Bluntschli, a hollow sham. (Act III) However Sergius's dismay is not allowed to turn into hopeless disillusionment; there is a happy ending for the major characters. The play remains within the bounds of largely comic satire; it is not allowed to turn to tragedy.
Time Management 101 — Part 1 march-2013-calendar-16One of the issues experienced by survivors and those who have not experienced brain injury first hand, is we are all constrained by the number of hours in a day. Some people use the majority of their 24 hours sleeping, eating, napping, working, volunteering, playing, snacking, watching television, exercising, learning, or sharing. Other people divide their time evenly or unevenly among many activities. As described in an earlier post, some people are too overwhelmed by the options that they make no decision about how to spend their time. Regardless of how you choose to spend your time, there is a possibility you could spend your time more efficiently. There is plenty of evidence that time management is a significant problem. For example, if you search for the phrase ‘time management’ in any of the popular web browsers, you will receive more than 200 million results. A search on Google results in 1.94 billion hits. There are thousands of books, videos, webinars and seminars that address the topic of time management. Although each time management expert may focus on a specific management strategy, the two facts shared by all the experts include a belief that people mismanage their time and a solution to time mismanagement exists. To improve time management, I recommend the following actions: • Prioritize your activities. • Plan for tomorrow, today. • Sleep when you are tired. • Take medicine as prescribed by your doctor. • Avoid using stimulants to stay awake. • Exercise at least 30 minutes per day at least five days per week. • Check your email and social media accounts briefly, no more than three times per day. • Avoid multitasking and interruptions. • Be flexible. Due to the length of this article, I will divide the content into two or more posts. Click here to read the next post in the Time Management 101 series. Prioritize Your Activities This solution addresses two problems – the need for a To Do list and a strategy for completing tasks on the list. Many people simply exist without knowing what they are trying to accomplish. In other words, they either do not have an accurate To Do list or they do not reference the list. In addition, those who have an accurate Priority ListTo Do list and refer to it regularly might complete activities from their list in order of simplicity or in alphabetical order. The problem with completing activities in order of simplicity or letter is that you may complete several activities that are not urgent then have no energy to complete the urgent activities. My suggestions are to: • Create a To Do list for every day including weekends and holidays. • Refer to the list regularly throughout the day. • Prioritize every activity on the list in terms of urgency. • Complete activities on the list in order of their urgency. Plan for Tomorrow, Today Before you go to bed each night, create a prioritized To Do list for the next day. This step is extremely important because it trains your brain to think about the things you want to accomplish, it teaches your brain to think in terms of priorities, and it ensures you have a reasonable plan for the next day from the moment you get out of bed. Sleep When You are Tired Sleeping CatMany people believe that they can simply push forward to complete a task when they are tired. Although this strategy may work, it is certainly not a great time management strategy. When fatigue starts, productivity drops tremendously. What you could achieve in one hour if you were alert may require several hours to complete if you are tired. A general rule is you need at least eight hours of sleep every day. If possible, take a short (one hour or less) nap when you are tired or simply walk away from what you are doing, stretch a little, and think about something else. Working only when alert is a great time management strategy. Do you have a written list of activities you want to complete for each day of the week? Does your list contain only SMART goals (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time sensitive)? Have you prioritized the activities on your list in terms of urgency? Are you looking at your list regularly? Are you planning your day based on your priorities? Are you pushing yourself to complete tasks while you are tired or do you sleep when you are tired? 1. i find the articule very helpfull and keeps me guided with working these skills. If I dont use these skills to organize my day I waste my time on things of less importance. 1. Damian, I am happy to hear that you like the post. If you would like any help with time management or any other subject related to your cognitive therapy, feel free to let me know. I will help how I can. 2. I find time management very challenging. Blocking out sufficient time during specified days, hours, and minutes to complete desired goals. I end up spending a great deal of time doing things that are urgent, overdue, or soon to be overdue. I do work into the wee hours of the night because I am slow and desire the satisfaction of completion. I do manage to complete some projects; they are usually the ones I can do, prefer to do, and want to do; rather than the things that I have repeatedly failed at in the past. 1. Esther, although time management is a challenging skill to learn, it is also one of the most important skills. Those who judge us (supervisors, teachers, family, and friends) tend to evaluate us based on the importance of what we accomplish rather than the quantity of what we did. For example, your teacher will not care if you read the next 16 chapters, but you neglected to complete the homework that is due today. One of the best ways to demonstrate accomplishments to yourself and others is to create a written time-management plan. Creating a plan is fairly straightforward — include every task you want to accomplish in a to-do list then prioritize all items in the to-do list. As I see it, the reason why you are always fighting fires is not because you are slow but because you are too fast. You might consider slowing down, documenting and prioritizing all tasks before you rush to accomplish anything. Then, address the high-priority activities rather than the easiest activities. This strategy will enable you to dedicate your thoughts and actions to the most critical activities while you are focused and alert. You can complete the lower-priority items when you have less energy or you can move lower-priorities to another day. 3. Time management 101 is a great article. I need to be reminded on the process and benefits because I don’t use the system for my day to day things. I do use it when I am planning something big, like our upcoming family Easter dinner and egg hunt. It always serves me well in those cases, therefore I need to use the system in my daily life. Thanks for a good read:) 1. Cheryl, you made an extremely important point in your comment — all compensation tool are only good if they are helpful to the person who uses them. There is no reason to force yourself to use a compensation tool unless it works for you. I’m not suggesting that people decline to use a tool before they try it, and I am not saying that all tools are perfect out of the box without customization. The fact is that people are most likely to use a tool that works for them. Thank you for sharing your comment. Leave a Reply
Sunday, October 18, 2009 The Moon Most people heard that NASA launched a missile at the moon's south pole last week, followed by the LCROSS spacecraft. The experiment was designed to search for the presence of underground glacial water, which scientists have suspected might be found beneath the Cabeus A crater. The LCROSS spacecraft flew into the plume of dust left by the missile's impact and measured the properties before also colliding with the lunar surface. The experiment cost $79 billion, cheap in the world of space travel. Millions gathered outside with binoculars and telescopes on the early morning of September 9 to observe the impact. It therefore seems like a good time to post a few comments on the moon, our nearest celestial neighbor, and the only body with details visible without a telescope. As far as we can tell, it's unusual for a satellite and its host planet to be so close in size as the Earth is to the Moon. Mercury and Venus have no moons, and Mars has two, but they are very tiny. The diameter of our moon is about one-fourth that of Earth (3480 Km, 2160 mi.); but its volume is one-fiftieth of Earth's, and the Earth's mass is 81 times greater than the mass of the moon. Thus the pull of gravity on the lunar surface is only one-sixth of what it is here. A rocket trip to the moon takes 60-70 hours. If you drove to the moon by car at a steady speed of 75 miles per hour, it would take 135 days to reach your destination. Twelve men and no women have walked on the moon, and the Apollo missions have collected 842 pounds of moon rocks. Although the strength of the moon's gravity is one-sixth that of Earth's, the gravitational field itself is uneven. There are patches of unexpectedly high gravity , called "mascons", or "mass concentrations" on the lunar surface. Nobody knows for certain what causes them, but they are found in high concentrations where there are thick layers of lava from volcanic activity. Surprisingly, not all areas which were once volcanically active host mascons. In 2011, NASA will send a probe to study the moon's gravity in minute detail. This will not only allow us to learn more about the moon, but also about how gravity can work here on Earth, and throughout the universe. Things hardly ever change on the surface of the moon. Neil Armstrong's footprint will be visible for thousands of years, and it is still possible to find rocks on the surface from when the Solar System was created. The astronauts from the Apollo 15 mission found a rock that is 4.5 billion years old. Called the Genesis Rock, it is now on display at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The moon is a very quiet, stable environment, which makes it a terrific place to mount astronomical instruments. In fact, the moon is a perfect observatory, completely free from noise, light, and atmospheric interference such as we have here on Earth. Some day its craters might be used as dishes for massive radio antennae. It's also an ideal launch pad for deep space exploration. If bases could be established on the moon, deep space exploration would become much easier. To exploit this potential, first we'd need to work out how to live there and build construction facilities. This is where water, native to the moon rather than shipped from Earth, would come in handy. Then we would have to find a way to launch space vehicles in a lunar environment. No doubt it's a big job, but we're working out the details all the time. For more information, I recommend checking out the Book of the Moon, by Rick Stroud. For my previous posts on outer space, click here. No comments:
Wednesday, 20 April 2016 The tragedy of Calvary. Part 79. The tragedy of Calvary: or the minute details of Christ's life from Palm Sunday morning till the resurrection and ascension taken prophecy, history, revelations and ancient writings by Meagher, Jas. L. (James Luke), 1848-1920 How God the Son so loved the world as to be made man, drink to the depths the chalice of all human sorrows, sufferings—even death; Priest and Victim offering these to his Father for forgiveness of the sins of all the members of our race, now will be our theme. St. John says if all He did were written, the world would not hold the books, (John xxi. 25.) seeming to hint that we may look elsewhere than in the Gospels for the details of his Passion. Accounts of Calvary's Tragedy we find in Temple types and figures, in tabernacle ceremonies, in acts and words of patriarchs and prophets, in sayings of sibyls and sages, in ancient histories, in early Fathers' works, in Saints' revelations—and these we now weave in one continued story. But you must not take them as equal to the Gospels of those who saw Him die. Let them serve as pious meditations. Too terrible seems the story. But hundreds of years before, speaking through the prophets, the Holy Spirit revealed His history—else the world would not have known Him, received Him, or understood the Mystery of Calvary. Frequently will we quote their words, and end each chapter with a long prophecy relating to the incidents described. Three times during the Last Supper Christ told them one of them would betray him : " Amen I say to you that one of you is about to betray me." (Matt, xxvi, 21.) "But woe to that man by whom the Son of man shall be betrayed. It were better for that man if he had not been born." (Matt.xxvi, 24) This last sentence is taken from the Book of Enoch, a work held then in much esteem by the Jews. "And Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went to the chief priests to betray him to them. And they hearing it promised to give him money." (Mark xiv, 10. 11) Joseph's Narrative says a robber plundered the Temple, taking money from the treasury, the scroll of the Law, stripped Sarah, Caiphas' daughter, and carried away the mysterious deposit Solomon placed there. This threw the priests into a tumult. Later it was found the robber was Demas, the thief crucified with Christ. Sarah accused Christ of the crime, that spurred on the priests, who sent for Judas. He was Caiaphas nephew, never a sincere disciple, but for the last three and a half years had acted as a spy, reporting to the Temple priests Christ's every act. Their intention was to arrest Christ after the Passover week, which closed on the twenty-first of the month, but the robbery of the Temple brought things to a crisis. "Sunday, Judas said to the Jews, * Come let us hold a council, for perhaps it was not the robber that stole the Law, but Jesus himself, and I accuse him.' And when these words had been spoken, Nicodemus, who kept the keys of the sanctuary came to us, and said to all, Do not do such a deed.' For Nicodemus was true, more than all the multitude of the Jews. And the daughter of Caiphas, Sarah by name, cried out and said, ' He himself said before all against this holy place, I am able to destroy this temple and in three days raise it.' And the Jews say to her, Thou hast credit with all of us.' For they regarded her as a prophetess." The Scroll of the Law was copied out with much labor, and a manuscript of the Torah was very valuable in that time, before printing had been invented. The Jews could not hold the Passover without it, and they were so much incensed against Sarah, who was its guardian, that they wanted to burn her, and she said to them, " Wait, my children, and let us destroy this Jesus, and the Law will be found and the holy feast will be celebrated," "And secretly Annas and Caiphas gave considerable money to Judas Iscariot, saying, Say as thou saidest to us before, ' I know that the law has been stolen by Jesus, that the accusation may be turned against him, and not against this maiden, who is free from blame.' And Judas having received this command said to them, Let not all the multitude know that I have been instructed by you to do this against Jesus.' " (Narrative of Joseph, Cap. 11.) "And Judas going into the sanctuary at the dawn of the fifth day (Thursday), says, "What will you give up to you the overthrower of the law, and the plunderer of the prophets ?'.... And as evening was coming on, Judas says to the Jews, ' Give me the aid of soldiers, with swords and staves, and I will give him up to you.' They therefore gave him officers for the purpose of seizing him. And as they were going along, Judas says to them, ' Lay hold of the man whom I shall kiss, for he has stolen the Law and the prophets." (Narrative of Joseph, C. 11) Judas, whose father's name was Simon, the only apostle of the tribe of Juda, was born at Iscariot, meaning, " the man of murder " or " of extermination," thus his crime was in the name of his birthplace, mentioned only once in the Old Testament. (Josue 15. 25) Iscariot was a little village of Juda near Hebron, now called by the Arabs, Kuryetein, in the valley of Arabes Djekalin on the borders of Edumea. There Jesus had passed seeking converts, many of the people believed in him, Judas being among them. (Mark iii, 8) The thirty pieces of silver he had been promised for his treachery was the price of a slave. (Exod. xxi, 32) It was not a Roman coin, but of the sanctuary, the piece placed in the Corban, the temple treasury, the money with which they always bought the victims for the sacrifice, and with this very kind of coin, they bought of Judas the Victim the animals foretold. Each coin had on one side an olive branch, the symbol of peace, and on the other in Hebrew, "JERUSALEM THE HOLY. The shekel of Israel." These coins were first struck by Simon Maccabeus. The Jews used Roman and Greek coin in business and to pay the taxes, but only these silver coins could be put in the Temple treasury (Deut, xxiii, 18) and used to buy victims for the altar. The law forbade putting the price of sin into the Corban or Temple treasury, and that is why the priests debated what to do with the silver when Judas brought it back. Every Israelite, each convert or proselyte and freeman of twenty years or over had to put a half shekel into the treasury once a year. Women, minors and slaves were exempt, but if they wished they could contribute. The coin was equal to the Sela mentioned in the Mishna, which Maimonides says weighed 192 grains of barley, a small silver coin, called in Greek, Colobus, being added to make the value of the shekel sure. The Drachm was a Persian coin (II. Esdras, vii. 70-72.) equal to two selas, half a shekel. Long regulations relating to the offering called the Shekalim are given in the Talmud. On the first of the month Adar, warnings were sent from Jerusalem concerning the Kelayim, "plowing," with an ox and ass, mixing seeds, etc. On the 15th of Adar country roads were fixed, market-places cleaned, graves and tombs whitewashed, and the Holy City prepared for the great multitudes, who were to assemble for the great Easter feast of the Passover. On the 25th of that month the money-changers sat in the Court of the Temple changing money into the shekel, and, took pledges from parties who came late. The priests were exempt from paying the shekel as beneath their dignity. The law said they should have paid, but they got around the law. The thirteen money-boxes, trumpets, or curved chests, into which the worshipers put their offerings, were marked as follows: 1, The old Sheklim ; 2, New Sheklim ; (Sheklim is the Hebrew plural of Shekel, the coin of the Sanctuary,) 3, Bird-offering ; 4, Doves for Whole-offering ; 5, Wood ; 6, Incense; 7, Gold for cover of walls, roof, etc., of Holy of Holies; 8, Marked offerings in general; 9, Remainder of Sin-offering ; 10, Remainder of Guilt-offering; 11, Remainder of Bird-offering; 12, Nazarite offering, and 13 offerings of those afflicted with sores. Into these money-chests all the coin offerings of the people were placed. It was drawn out three times a year with great ceremony, two weeks before the Pass over, Pentecost, and Feast of Booths or Tabernacles, dates when the cattle were tithed, that is the tenths part given the Temple.

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