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How 5G Will Change Our Lives: The Future of Wireless Networking
What is 5G?
5G is the next-generation wireless network that will connect everything from our smart home appliances to public transit systems. It is expected to bring on-demand video, data transmission speeds of 20 gigabits per second, and higher-quality cellular signal for users. Where will 5G be installed? 5G technology will most likely be installed in densely populated areas, such as major cities, such as London, Tokyo, and New York. 5G technology will also be installed in more rural areas, such as sparsely populated areas such as parts of the American West. How does 5G impact daily life? 5G will enable almost instantaneous wireless communication and will transform the way we watch movies, shop online, and communicate with one another.
How 5G Works
Key Benefits of 5G Decreased cost per bit Lower latency communications between devices More flexible network No need for costly backhaul connections Why 5G Will Improve Our Lives Improves and Eases Communication There is no better time to develop 5G as voice and messaging between mobile devices has grown dramatically in the last few years. Voice and video is the main way that people communicate with one another these days. 5G will be able to support these services and keep the data usage low while connecting people in new ways. Improves Healthcare 5G technology will be key in a new way that doctors are able to monitor the health of the people they care for. Doctors will be able to monitor vital signs through a camera in the patient’s home to prevent illness.
The Benefits of 5G
5G is so much more than faster web browsing and streaming. The 5G network will revolutionize the mobile, connected home, and enterprise industries. 5G micro-networks will bring all the home gadgets we use every day closer together — televisions, security cameras, door locks, thermostats, home appliances, and more. Businesses will be able to run more complex workloads and perform more high-speed transactions with their data centers. The information you send from the car’s infotainment system to your phone will be so fast, you won’t have time to ask “What?” when your phone prompts you to use it. The Future of 5G Features In the Consumer Market One of the biggest advances we’ll see in 5G is the expansion of high-speed internet.
How is 5G different from the current standard, 4G LTE?
5G will allow wireless network operators to connect an ever-increasing number of IoT devices, use resource-intensive virtual reality technologies and support the growing number of mobile video consumers. 5G will also allow customers to access their personal content on mobile devices faster, on the go. What is a 5G network? 5G networks are designed to provide faster speeds at a low cost. 5G technology supports a huge increase in data transfer rates, higher data caps, and lower latency. The expected end-user price for mobile 5G service is expected to be lower than that of the 4G LTE service for a given capacity. At the same time, it will enable carrier’s to generate revenue by providing wireless connections for other devices. When is 5G expected to launch?
Who is using it now and how do they use it?
The best-known use of 5G is the creation of massive micro-networks. These networks use millimeter-wave and sub-millimeter-wave spectrum to increase data speeds across whole buildings, in 3D structures, and over very large distances. Google, which is pushing its own self-branded 5G network for mobile devices, is already testing its networks in 11 cities including NYC. Verizon Wireless (a Verizon subsidiary) has begun its 5G deployment in 11 cities, but it’s expected to begin nationwide in 2019. The California cities of Irvine and San Diego are already testing 5G hotspots for residential Internet of Things devices, like smart thermostats, security cameras, and video doorbells.
What are the challenges to adopting 5G?
A 5G ecosystem includes mobile devices, end-devices, service providers, and standards organizations. Devices include mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and home wireless routers. At the same time, there are major challenges for vendors, such as 5G radio system hardware, software, application development, and a ubiquitous network infrastructure. The challenges are to develop the right products and services, plan, manage, and support end-to-end 5G deployments, and support and educate end-users. In addition, 5G requires advanced test and monitoring platforms to ensure commercial performance is consistent with OEM specifications and specifications that are interoperable with existing equipment. How is 5G more secure than the 4G and 3G networks?
What does the future hold for wireless networking?
For decades, wireless networking technology has taken off thanks to advances in protocols, hardware, and software. Today, several commercial technologies, and standards have emerged. Apple’s AirPlay is one example of a new standard for multi-room wireless audio. The industry is no longer at the stage of standards development, but vendors are experimenting with and refining new hardware and software to ensure connectivity for the wireless world to come. Beyond better wireless connectivity, 5G promises a whole new way of delivering video and other data. With 5G, we’ll be able to send huge amounts of information from the sky, to the field, to our bodies, all wirelessly. This means 5G will power 4K ultra-high definition (UHD) video streaming.
The Future of 5G
5G in 2016: A Technology Preview for the Future 5G infrastructure initiatives are underway in several areas of the world. As more countries deploy and commercialize 5G networks, wireless speeds will increase and broadband availability will increase, and countries will be able to drastically improve the quality of their wireless networks. What Will 5G Look Like? 5G for Enterprises and 5G for Consumers Imagine connecting to the internet using services such as Facebook, Twitter, and Skype on your tablet, your computer, or even your refrigerator. Advances in Wireless Communications From the early days of the commercial mobile phone industry, wireless networking technology has developed exponentially.
5G is happening now. Companies are already experimenting with 5G technologies, using it to bring innovations to the fields of robotics, streaming TV, and the Internet of Things. Please note that all data and statistics presented in this article are for informational purposes only. The analysis is based on historical data and does not take into account future technological advancements. Readers are encouraged to do their own research before making any significant investment decisions.
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Software Bug
A software bug is an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program or system that produces an incorrect or unexpected result, or causes it to behave in unintended ways. most bugs arise from mistakes and errors made by people in either a program's source code or its design, and a few are caused by compilers producing incorrect code. a program that contains a large number of bugs, and/or bugs that seriously interfere with its functionality, is said to be buggy.
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Doctor’s Note: Do masks protect us from coronavirus?
A doctor explains why there are conflicting opinions about the use of face masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Doctor''s note face masks/Getty Images
There has been a lot of discussion about whether face masks help limit the spread of the coronavirus [Filadendron/Getty Images]
We have reached a strange point in time when it is rare to go on a trip to the supermarket or walk through the park without seeing people wearing surgical-style face masks.
The official advice about whether you should wear these mask varies from country to country, with the British government, for example, not advising the use of face masks for the general public, but the authorities in certain provinces of China making it compulsory.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that, provided you are healthy, you do not need to wear a mask. People should, however, wear masks if they are caring for someone infected with the new coronavirus, or if they are unwell and coughing or sneezing.
There are a number of different masks available, ranging from basic cloth masks and surgical masks to higher-grade respirator masks.
Different masks are recommended for different risk levels. For instance, doctors seeing patients will only need to wear a surgical face mask for general consultations.
If they are carrying out aerosol-generating procedures, such as intubating (putting in a breathing tube), extubating (taking out a breathing tube), endoscopy (inserting a flexible tube with a light and camera) or bronchoscopy (a tube passed down the throat to view the lungs), then respirator masks are required.
The two main respirator masks used are the FFP3 (filtering face piece) and the N95 (not resistant to oil, filters 95 percent of airborne particles). These types are universal.
A surgical (non-respirator) face mask is loose-fitting and usually blue. It creates a barrier to airborne contaminants, whereas the respirator masks form a seal around the nose and mouth and have an efficient filtration system.
Despite discrepancies between different countries’ advice, all seem to agree that the respirator masks should be reserved for medical front-line staff only, and are not necessary for public use.
Which masks should the public use?
Many nations, including China, Hong Kong and Singapore, have taken the advice of WHO and advocated the use of surgical masks by those who have symptoms.
Other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, have said if you have symptoms, you should be self-isolating at home and, therefore, there is little need to wear a mask other than to protect anyone that must enter your house, such as a carer.
Interestingly, while the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also does not specifically advocate the use of surgical masks, it does advise the use of “simple cloth face coverings” made from common household materials to slow the spread of the virus and prevent people who may have the virus and do not know it – known as “asymptomatic shedders” – from transmitting it to others.
Germany has followed suit. On April 1, the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), the German federal agency responsible for disease control, updated its advice to include wearing temporary textile masks when entering public places where it is not possible to maintain a safe distance of more than 2 metres (about 6 feet) from others. This includes public transport, grocery stores and workplaces.
This, too, is aimed at protecting the public from asymptomatic shedders. The RKI advises that the cover should be worn tightly over the mouth and nose, must not be touched with the hands by the wearer or anyone else while it is being worn, and must be changed if it gets wet.
There is a significant difference between the loose-fitting, usually blue surgical masks used by healthcare professionals and those that are made at home from household textiles.
Surgical masks require a layer of fabric made from an extremely fine mesh of synthetic polymer fibres for air filtration. Cotton is less dense and will, therefore, not be as efficient in filtering.
Who do masks protect?
There have been no studies or trials testing the efficacy of makeshift cloth masks that the CDC recommends for the general public.
There has, however, been a study of the use of cloth masks compared with surgical masks as “standard practice” for preventing influenza-like illness in healthcare staff.
This study found that cloth masks were the least effective but there was no true control in this study as the “standard practice” usually involved wearing a surgical face mask.
A robust study usually requires a control element to compare to, and that control element is often “what would happen if you did nothing” or, in this case, wore no mask at all.
But in this study, the control element was “standard practice” which means wearing a surgical face mask in some of the instances. Therefore, the scientists conducting the study were not able to truly compare the effect of a cloth mask or a surgical mask against not wearing anything.
The RKI states that, by covering the mouth and nose, cloth masks can trap infectious droplets that are expelled when the wearer is speaking, coughing or sneezing and, therefore, theoretically reduce the risk of infecting another person.
It also makes clear, however, that this protective effect has not yet been scientifically proven, though it appears plausible.
Can masks protect the wearer?
The RKI also says there is no evidence for self-protection, which essentially means that wearing a face mask is designed to protect others from you, rather than you from others.
There is, therefore, no significant evidence yet that cloth masks do much to protect wearers from catching coronavirus. Furthermore, the problem with members of the general public buying and using surgical masks instead is that there is then a significant shortage for those who need them the most – healthcare workers on the front line.
In March, WHO highlighted this shortage and called for a 40 percent increase in the production of protective equipment, including face masks.
There is evidence that using medical-grade masks can protect the wearer from catching the virus, in the right healthcare settings, but little to support it in the general public.
The most robust trial was a 2020 systematic review comparing surgical masks with respirator masks and no masks in the transmission of influenza.
This found there was a benefit in wearing a mask over no mask at all, but that there was no statistically significant benefit in wearing the specialist N95 masks over a surgical mask.
Previous laboratory studies had shown that N95 masks do provide greater protection. Therefore, experts suggested, when the specialist masks are taken out of the lab and into the real world, they are less effective – possibly because people are not using them properly as they can be very uncomfortable and painful at times.
The results of other studies have mimicked these findings. A 2010 systematic review of surgical masks and respirator masks in influenza epidemics, again found some benefit to wearing a mask, but only for those with respiratory symptoms. They found no benefit for those without symptoms, suggesting wearing a surgical or respirator mask during illness will protect others, but there is less evidence to support wearing them to prevent infection from others
This, therefore, suggests that masks provide some protection when it comes to transmitting the disease to others, but not so much when it comes to protecting the wearer from catching the virus.
The most recent study, published in April 2020, which is still in pre-print, examined the use of masks with a number of respiratory illnesses, including that of coronaviruses, and found again that there was no strong evidence to support the use of face masks by the general public.
While there may not be any significant evidence supporting the use of face masks by the general public, a lack of evidence is not necessarily evidence itself.
Are there downsides to wearing a mask?
Aside from the risk that the public buying masks will deplete the supply chain for those who really need them on the front line, there are some other negatives associated with the public wearing masks.
There are concerns that you may do more harm than good by wearing a mask, as you may not wear it properly and it may increase the chance of you repeatedly touching your mask and face.
The other concern is that wearing a mask may breed complacency by giving a false sense of security, leading to people disregarding other measures that we do have strong evidence for, like handwashing and social distancing.
While we await further trials to give us more robust evidence about the use of masks, ultimately, if you have symptoms, you should stay at home, self-isolating, and not go out in public potentially spreading it further.
If you are asymptomatic and are concerned you might be spreading it unknowingly, then you are unlikely to be coughing and sneezing, and therefore wearing a mask to protect others may not be necessary, especially if you are adhering to the guidelines to remain more than 2 metres away from others.
Remember that these textile and surgical masks are primarily designed to protect the environment from the wearer, not the other way around.
Source: Al Jazeera
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"Climate change, health and inequalities" by Marc Fleurbaey
Marc Fleurbaey, Ph.D. in Economics at the École des Hautes Études in Social Sciences of Paris and Professor at the University of Princeton, led the conference on "Climate change, health and inequalities" at Palau Macaya. The conference linked two of Re-City's challenges - "Combating inequalities" and "Facing climate change."
Fleurbaey compared the global temperature in 1900 to 2017, showing that in the last 30 years there has been a dramatic increase in planetary average temperatures. He argued that climate change not only has an impact on people's health, but also punishes the most vulnerable.
Fleurbaey is a climate change economist, and agrees with others in his field that global solutions are needed. There are, however, different opinions regarding the urgency of the measures and how much to reduce emissions by. For Fleurbaey, we should not only focus on ethical parameters, but also on issues such as the importance of economic growth and economic convergence. His integrated evaluation model demonstrates the importance of the relationship between climate change and inequalities across regions and countries.
Population growth is also relevant for climate change policies. If present-day developing countries become stronger economies but with a relatively small population, there will be proportionally fewer people suffering the effects of climate change. On the other hand, if the current developed economies do not experience economic growth and population growth is high, then a greater number of people will experience the most serious impacts of climate change.
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Science Ticker
The Scientist
An Arachnid Symphony
Scientists at MIT translate a spider web into music.
Spiders don't see very well so they sense their surrounding through vibrations. They wait for prey to wander into their webs, and vibrate the silk stands like guitar strings. Researchers wondered what this sounded like so they introduced an algorithm that turns spider web vibrations into a digital stringed instrument.
Scientists used the tropical tent-web spider to create a 3-dimensional (3-D) digital web. Once the spider had created its web, the researchers scanned the web with lasers, creating two-dimensional slices, to compile into a 3-D image. The follow up with algorithms to analyze the frequencies of the original strings within the web, ultimately translated it into audible music, though not beautiful music. The findings were presented this week at the American Chemical Society meeting.
To get an idea of what spiders sound like, check out the story in The Scientist.
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Learn Music Theory with our Online courses!
Music course for beginners (I)
If you want to learn music or play an instrument, music theory is one of the most important tools to do so, and, in Amsterdam Music School, Brussels Music School and Luxembourg Music School we know it!. That’s why, down below you have a basic music course, enough to already start playing an instrument.
All you need to know if you want to start learning music theory
Can I teach myself music theory?
This is a very common question from our music students in Brussels Music School Damvibes. The truth is that, you can learn music theory alone, but you will always have to have someone to guide you, in this case, Damvibes music teachers will guide you through the process. Meanwhile, rest and enjoy our music lessons online!
How long does it take to learn music theory?
This question makes other questions arise. Let me explain: the important questions are: How much time do you have to dedicate to learn music theory? What kind of music style would you like to learn? Some styles of music require less music theory knowledge and thus, it will take less time. As you can imagine, there are millions of variables and answers to this question – Don’t be fooled by those who give you a clear answer, my dear student. Just get started, plan yourself, schedule your free time so you can start as soon as possible. Then you’ll get your precious answer as you develope your skills! We are here to help you, remember that!
How do you actually learn music theory?
Learning music theory is something quite simple. Our music school offers articles and music courses so you can learn the theory, but also practice through our exercises and “homework”. As you keep learning music theory, you will automatically apply all the concepts learn to your instrument.
How hard is it to learn music theory?
Here is our philosophy; The more you love something, the easier will be to learn.
Where can I learn music theory for free?
Of course you can learn music theory for free! That’s why we exist! It’s true that having an instructor will make your life much easier, as he/she will guide you and correcting your mistakes live, but, fortunately for both of us, there some nice exercises that you can use to test yourself!
How many levels of music theory are there?
Music theory, as music itself is not about levels, it’s about what areas do you need for your purposes. If you want to simply play an instrument, learning about solfège and harmony probably will be enough for you, in case you want to compose, not only for piano, but also for orchestra or band the answer changes…In this case, probably you should be learning about orchestration, technical aspects of each instrument, harmony, analysis, etc.
Have a Personal Music Teacher!
Join our online music school!
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a shot of dev knowledge
What is a firewall in data security?
What is a firewall?
A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic. A firewall filters this traffic and blocks outsiders from gaining unauthorized access to the private data on your computer.
How does a firewall work?
A firewall only allows configured incoming connection requests. It also only permits IP addresses coming from authorized sources.
Firewalls protect traffic at a computer’s portsthe points where data is shared with external devices.
For example: “Source address is allowed to communicate with destination through port 40."
Types of firewalls
Based on their overall structure and mode of operation, firewalls can be classified into numerous categories.
There are three major firewall types:
• Packet-filtering firewalls
• Circuit-level firewalls
• Proxy firewalls
Packet-filtering firewalls
Packet-filtering firewalls act as a checkpoint at a traffic router that inspects IP addresses, packet type, and port numbers in data packets coming through the router.
Circuit-level firewalls
The TCPtransmission control protocol handshake is verified by circuit-level gateways/firewalls. This TCP handshake check ensures that the packet originates from a genuine session.
The packet itself is not checked by these firewalls. So if a packet has malware, but also has the correct TCP handshake, it would be allowed to pass.
Proxy firewalls
Proxy firewalls filter incoming traffic between the network and the traffic source at the application layer.
These firewalls:
1. Establish the connection to the source of the traffic
2. Inspect the incoming data packet
After inspection, these allow the packet to connect to the destination.
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In Singapore, you are spoilt for choice when it comes to bread. You can choose from a wide array that includes traditional kaya toast and savoury breads stuffed with ham and cheese, potato or mushroom. Or you can have sweet breads filled with coffee cream and pumpkin paste.
But do you know just how healthy or nutritious your favourite bread is?
“For many Singaporeans, bread makes a quick and hassle-free breakfast. But not all breads are the same. They may differ in their nutritional content such as fibre, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates including sugars,” says Ms Wong Hui Mei, Senior Dietitian at the Department of Dietetics and the LIFE Centre, Singapore General Hospital (SGH), a member of the SingHealth group.
We’ve all heard that it’s best to choose wholemeal bread over white bread. But what about multigrain bread?
“Wholemeal bread is a rich source of B vitamins with twice the fibre compared to white bread. The term “multigrain” simply indicates that a loaf contains different types of grains, which distinguishes it from whole wheat bread. These grains may be oats, wheat, barley or millet. Multigrain bread can be as healthy as wholemeal bread if whole grains, not refined grains, are used,” explains Ms Wong.
Most common types of bread in Singapore
Bread is usually made from white flour or whole wheat flour, yeast, water, sugar and salt. Check the ingredient labels to see what type of bread you are buying.
Wholemeal bread
Wholemeal bread is nutritious because it is made from whole wheat flour produced from milling the entire wheat grain. You get all the nutrients – dietary fibre, antioxidants such as vitamins A and E, essential minerals and B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, folic acid) from the bran (the grain’s outer layer) and germ (inner layer).
In addition, whole grains also contain phytochemicals which may help to reduce risk for conditions such as heart disease and certain types of cancer.
White bread
White bread is made from refined wheat flour. During the refining process, the bran and germ are removed, so most of the nutrients that you can get from the bran and germ are lost. What remains is the carbohydrate-laden endosperm (middle layer).
Multigrain bread
Multigrain bread contains different types of grains and seeds. However, this does not mean that all multigrain breads are nutrient-rich.
Multigrain bread is nutrient-rich if the flour is milled from grains that are indeed 100 per cent whole grain or 100 per cent whole wheat, and the bread is not made from white or enriched white flour.
Adding sunflower seeds, raw flax seeds, rolled oats and barley gives the bread texture and some health benefits, but if these grains are refined and have had the bran and germ removed, the nutritional value is still essentially the same as white bread.
Enriched white bread
Enriched white bread is white bread that has been artificially enhanced with small quantities of B vitamins (usually vitamins B1 and B3), fibre and minerals (iron and calcium).
Brown bread
The brown colour doesn’t necessarily mean the bread is made of whole wheat or whole grains. Brown bread is white bread with added colouring. Brown bread is a popular choice for traditional kaya toast. It is important for you to check the ingredients and the nutritional value of the bread before you purchase it.
Sweet and flavoured breads
Many bakeries in Singapore offer sweet breads. These are white breads with added fillings such as raisins, sweet corn and custard cream. Often, manufacturers use additional sweeteners such as sugar, corn syrup or honey to make their bread taste sweeter. As these breads are usually high in calories and may not necessarily be nutrient-rich, buy them as occasional treats.
Flavoured breads such as pandan bread are usually enriched white bread with added green colouring from pandan leaves or approved artificial flavours to enhance the taste of bread.
Ref: O17
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Hemerocallis is from Greek words meaning ‘the beauty of a day’, they are commonly known as ‘day lilies’. Genera in this family can be found listed for the Phormiaceae as well as in Liliaceae s. lat. Perennial tufted or rhizomatous herbs; leaves linear, distichous. Inflorescence a panicle or solitary usually regular, perianth of 2 whorls 3+3, usually similar. Carpels 3, ovary superior; fruit a capsule or berry. Dianella is the main Australian genus.
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High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
What is high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)?
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a non-cancerous condition that starts in the prostate gland. In this condition, abnormal prostate cells fill the small glands and ducts in the prostate. The diagnosis of high-grade PIN is not the same as having prostate cancer. As a result, definitive treatment, such as surgery or radiation therapy, is not required for patients with high-grade PIN. A low-grade PIN also exists but it should not appear in pathology reports as it has been shown to have no clinical significance.
What is the prostate?
The prostate is a small organ that is found only in males. The prostate is normally the size and shape of a walnut. It is located at the bottom of the bladder and sits between the pubic bone (the front part of the hip) and the rectum. The prostate also wraps around the urethra. The urethra is the tube that conducts urine from the bladder and semen from the ejaculatory ducts to the exterior of the body.
The prostate acts to secrete a fluid that helps nourish and transport sperm that comes from the testicles. This fluid is made in by a complex network of small structures called glands and is then transported out of the prostate through channels called ducts.
Prostate biopsies
A biopsy is usually performed if abnormalities are detected in the prostate on digital rectal exam (DRE), if there is a family history of prostate cancer, or if the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test reveals high levels. Most biopsies include multiple samples of tissue (typically 10 – 15) taken from various parts of the prostate.
How does a pathologist make the diagnosis of high-grade PIN?
The abnormal cells in high-grade PIN are located in the glands and ducts of the prostate. Unlike cancer cells, the abnormal cells in high-grade PIN are still separated from the surrounding tissue by a thin barrier. When viewed under the microscope, the abnormal prostate cells are larger than normal prostate cells, their nuclei are darker (hyperchromatic), and prominent round structures called nucleoli can be seen in the center of the nucleus.
What is the significance of detecting high-grade PIN on prostate biopsy?
Some medical studies have suggested that the presence of high-grade PIN is associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. However, high-grade PIN does not always progress to prostate cancer and the likelihood of it progressing to cancer is much less than it was once thought.
How is high-grade PIN managed?
Experts are divided as to what type of medical follow-up is recommended when high-grade PIN is detected on biopsy. It is generally accepted that other factors should be evaluated when determining when and if a repeat biopsy should be performed. Talk to your doctor to determine the management strategy that is best for you.
by Trevor A. Flood, MD FRCPC (updated July 11, 2021)
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia.
a. The faculty of sight; eyesight: poor vision.
b. Something that is or has been seen.
2. Unusual competence in discernment or perception; intelligent foresight: a leader of vision.
3. The manner in which one sees or conceives of something.
4. A mental image produced by the imagination.
5. The mystical experience of seeing something that is not in fact present to the eye or is supernatural.
6. A person or thing of extraordinary beauty.
tr.v. vi·sioned, vi·sion·ing, vi·sions
1. To see in a vision.
2. To picture in the mind; envision.
[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin vīsiō, vīsiōn-, from vīsus, past participle of vidēre, to see; see weid- in Indo-European roots.]
vi′sion·al adj.
vi′sion·al·ly adv.
(Alternative Belief Systems) the act or an instance of seeing something in or as if in a vision
References in periodicals archive ?
JOHN'S CHURCH was in the midst of a visioning process.
Part 3 discusses the process of implementing the new vision, first translating it into reality and then summarizing the lesson to show how visioning should be a continuing process within any type of organization.
These voyagers fast-forwarded to the future in the initial phase of the CPA Vision Process--a massive grass-roots effort by the accounting profession to reposition itself for the challenges it will face in the 21st century and the first time any American profession has engaged in a visioning project of such magnitude.
At the same time, in developing a strategic plan for the AICPA Tax Section, the Tax Division went through its own visioning process.
Experience has shown, however, that involving others in the visioning process directly and intensively at a meeting or "vision retreat" arranged for that purpose can realize even greater advantages.
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Feb 10, 2015
Why Alcohol Affects Women Differently to Men
When it comes to drinking alcohol, it is said that men are more ‘resistant’ to it; that is – women drinking the same amount of alcohol as men will become easily intoxicated. Even though some women may develop resistance to alcohol and there are always exceptions which confirm the rule, in general, this inequality should be understood seriously and women should pay more attention to it. There are a few reasons why alcohol affects women more which you will read in the following lines.
Blood isn’t water
The source of life – water – is said to be one of the reasons for this. Alcohol is such a substance which mixes with water. Human bodies consist of roughly 57 per cent of water, and when alcohol enters the body, it goes straight to our blood.
Another factor that plays a significant role here is the body – even though some women may not like this, male and female bodies are different and males tend to be bigger than women, which also influences the volume of blood that runs through their veins. Simple calculations will show that when a man, who has approximately 5-6 litres of blood, and a woman, who has approximately 5 (or less) litres of blood in her body, drinking the same amount of alcohol will show different reactions to it. Namely, the given amount of alcohol will be more concentrated in a female body rather than in male, it will not be processed as efficiently, leaving the woman suffers from the consequences of alcohol heavily when compared to the man. The brain and other organs become exposed to more alcohol which shortens the period of alcohol processing and will tend to break the body down faster in order to eliminate the alcohol.
Additionally, women on average tend to have a higher proportion of body fat than men. Since fat does not absorb alcohol, it then becomes highly concentrated in the body. However, before alcohol enters the bloodstream the body will want to break down the alcohol, however, female body – which has less of dehydrogenase (gastric, or stomach enzyme) that metabolises the alcohol – will absorb up to nearly 30 per cent of alcohol, affecting the behaviour much faster.
Another difference may be the concentration of hormones and the change of hormone levels in different phases of the menstrual cycle, impacting the female body more easily than male. And finally, the consequences of chronic alcohol drinking will leave heavier physical consequences on women than on men, such as liver or brain damage, which tend to progress faster in women.
Even though a woman will look ‘more drunk’ than a man who drank the same number of beer or other spirits, the breathalyser will show the same percentage on both of them. Having in mind the bad sides, there are ways in which women can take care of themselves:
- never drink on empty stomach – this will enable the alcohol to enter your bloodstream more easily, thus affecting your physical condition in a negative manner; instead, have a heavy meal prior to drinking, or eat snacks while drinking;
- know when to stop – you have to find out what your limit is, experiment at home with a friend or spouse, starting with smaller amounts;
- small amounts – never participate in a drinking contest; rather, sip your drink and enjoy the flavour and aroma of the drink;
- mix – but not in the sense of mixing two drinks, no! – mix one alcohol beverage with a non-alcohol beverage, or drink them alternately, having finished a beer, drink a juice or a glass of water;
- never drink with medicines – some pharmaceuticals can cause more problems when combined with alcohol, than the alcohol itself;
- stay active – it is best to help alcohol leave your organism by being active instead of sitting and drinking because you will notice how the alcohol has affected you; rather, dance or walk around to work it off.
The bottom line is that there even though some of us would like for gender inequality to be non-existent, but sometimes facts are just facts, meaning that 2 glasses of semillon sauvignon blanc will leave the same consequences on a woman as 4 glasses a man drinks. This is why you have to think about your safety more, without putting yourself at risk.
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Set specifications and Dirac brackets
One of the few glaring omissions from TeX's mathematical typesetting capabilities is a means of setting separators in the middle of mathematical expressions. TeX provides primitives called \left and \right, which can be used to modify brackets (of whatever sort) around a mathematical expression, as in: \left( <expression> \right) - the size of the parentheses is matched to the vertical extent of the expression.
However, in all sorts of mathematical enterprises one may find oneself needing a \middle command, to be used in expressions like
\left\{ x \in \mathbb{N} \middle| x \mbox{ even} \right\}
to specify the set of even natural numbers. The ε-TeX system defines just such a command, but users of Knuth's original need some support. Donald Arseneau's braket package provides commands for set specifications (as above) and for Dirac brackets (and bras and kets). The package uses the ε-TeX built-in command if it finds itself running under ε-TeX.
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What Is a Distributed Ledger? How Does it Work? And Why Should I Care?
Bitcoins are just the same plural of Bitcoin
If you break the data inside many computers into small pieces, you would come up with 1s and zero’s. These are also called hex digits. You probably already know about hex digits.
They aren’t just virtual coins stored in computer systems. They’re coins kept in computer systems, but they aren’t even physical and just exist in the virtual world! That’s right; there is a third thing that makes your bitcoin work. The third thing is called blockchain.
The block chain is a record of all the different changes in all the different bitcoins. The more accurate it is, the better. It will allow every single transaction to be checked and to ensure that it actually was done, which is how this is supposed to be secure.
But how does this help the decentralization of the bitcoin?
Well, imagine if there was a way to get around the blocks and to avoid having to wait for so long for all these transactions to go through. Imagine if you could use your social impact in all transactions that you make. You could make sure that only certain people got to have an opportunity to have access to some of these bitcoins. Those people could then be looked at as being less well off and might not be able to afford all these different transactions and have their IP addresses traced. This is what would be called a social impact.
And this is what the developers of the bitcoin want to see. They want to make sure that the system is not only fair in practice, but also fair in theory. They want to make sure that those with less money and therefore less influence have an equal opportunity to have influence by being able to use IP addresses to make their transactions. They want to make sure that the decentralization of the system is maintained – and this is exactly what they are doing by putting in such mechanisms that allow miners to band together and still have a reasonable chance of getting their transaction through even if they are in very small groups now.
But what is even more interesting to note is that the whole idea of this system is one that was originally proposed way back during the height of the internet bubble. It is called the distributed ledger – and this is where the bitcoin comes into play. The distributed ledger is like a telephone directory which can be accessed by anybody who wants to look up information about any specific transaction that has happened on the bitcoin exchanges. The bitcoin works exactly like this now – but it is perhaps more interesting now than ever before because of the social impact it is creating among ordinary citizens all over the world.
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It is just bad behaviour on my part, I must admit, when I, as a wildlife scientist, point fingers at other people’s ignorance about wildlife, issue unsolicited comments and corrections at errors they make, poke fun even. Still, it is hard to resist at times, especially when it concerns animals as wonderful and legendary, and, yes, as large as elephants. It is particularly hard to stay quiet when someone is talking or writing about Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, but uses a painting or photograph or example of the African species, Loxodonta africana. How can one mistake the Asian elephants, with their arching convex backs and smaller ears, their two-humped foreheads and trunk tips ending in a single finger-like lobe, a grand animal that looks like this,
A herd of Asian elephants (Photo: Divya Mudappa)
for African elephants, with their saddle-like concave backs and much larger ears, their females carrying tusks like males, their sloping foreheads and corrugated skin, trunk tips ending in a pair of pincer-like lobes?
African elephant
Still, it happens all the time. A website or newspaper reports on a serious issue involving elephants and people in the fragmented landscape of forests and fields and cities in southern India, but uses a photograph of a large herd of African elephants marching through open savanna. A tea producer in Assam brands its tea packet with an image, not of Asian elephants walking old migratory routes where huge tea plantations now exist, but that of a herd of African elephants, adding gratuitous insult: these are ‘raging elephants’. A reputed Indian scientist suggests making fences with disused railway tracks to separate people from elephants here in India because it has worked in Addo National Park in Africa, and the authorities take the suggestion and run to install another barrier in an already sundered landscape. To sell news or products or opinions, the African is pulled in place of the Asian, again and again and again. One baulks at the indifference, at the injustice and ignorance on display.
Pretending he just doesn’t see?
Bob Dylan, Blowin’ in the Wind
One good thing about ignorance, however, which no one understands, or so wrote José Saramago in his novel The Elephant’s Journey, is that “it protects us from false knowledge.” The Elephant’s Journey is Saramago’s fictional retelling of the historical journey made by an Asian elephant, Solomon, gifted in 1551 by King João III of Portugal to Archduke Maximilian of Austria. Saramago writes of Solomon’s journey from Lisbon to Vienna, through the Iberian peninsula and northern Italy and across the alps, with a “masterfully light hand” and tender humour. His words in this delightful novel came to my mind in the last few days, oddly enough, after reading about the results of a recent scientific study on elephants. A study probing more than three centuries into the past, pulling specimens out of museums, flipping open the pages of an historic book of the eighteenth century, in which Carl von Linné or Linnaeus, the father of modern biological taxonomy, formally classified the elephant, bestowing the scientific name Elephas maximus, for the very first time. In Saramago’s strangely appropriate words:
The past is an immense area of stony ground that many people would like to drive across as if it were a motorway, while others move patiently from stone to stone, lifting each one because they need to know what lies beneath. Sometimes scorpions crawl out or centipedes, fat white caterpillars or ripe chrysalises, but it’s not impossible that, at least once, an elephant might appear…
And when the elephant does appear before you for the first time, after the initial wonderment and fascination fades away, you might be tempted to conclude, like the European peasants do when the elephant appears in their village, that:
There’s not much to an elephant, really, when you’ve walked round him once, you’ve seen all there is to see.
The specimen Linnaeus used (Courtesy: Swedish Museum of Natural History)
Sure, until someone looks even closer, like the scientists did in the recent study. The study in question, by Enrico Capellini of the University of Copenhagen and an international team of scientists, found that something long believed to be true about Asian elephants, their very identity as Elephas maximus established by Linnaeus in his historic work Systema Naturae, was the result of an error. Linnaeus described the Asian elephant from a ‘type’ specimen, an elephant foetus preserved in an alcohol-filled jar (a somewhat large jar, one presumes). The specimen—long considered as the first taxonomic specimen and permanent benchmark for Asian elephant—turns out to be (you guessed it!) that of an African elephant. Published in November 2013, the study weaves brilliant scientific and archival detective work, delving into ancient DNA and protein molecules, into museum records, artwork, and archives, to conclude that Linnaeus had it wrong. And Saramago says:
as elephant philosophy would have it, what cannot be cannot be,
Which means that Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758, as the species is named, fully and formally, refers at the first instance to the African elephant. Which means that I might now have to suppress my smug, superior erudition on telling Asian from African elephants and instead eat my own words. Which goes to show that you never know where you will be led when you dig into the past. Into history.
It is the idea of history itself, that Saramago examines from his fictional vantage point, using the lens of literature.
…but that is how it’s set down in history, as an incontrovertible, documented fact, supported by historians and confirmed by the novelist, who must be forgiven for taking certain liberties with names, not only because it is his right to invent, but also because he had to fill in certain gaps so that the sacred coherence of the story was not lost. It must be said that history is always selective, and discriminatory too, selecting from life only what society deems to be historical and scorning the rest, which is precisely where we might find the true explanation of facts, of things, of wretched reality itself. In truth, I say to you, it is better to be a novelist, a fiction writer, a liar.
Perhaps Linnaeus, in his enthusiasm to describe the elephant, paid insufficient attention to history. The elephant foetus that Linnaeus labelled was obtained at his behest by the Swedish royalty from the collection of Albertus Seba, a Dutch pharmacist interested in natural history and trader in animals collected from various parts of the world. Seba obtained the elephant foetus from the Dutch West India Company, which traded in Africa and regions west across the Atlantic. Linnaeus, however, believed and declared the locality of origin of the elephant as Ceylon (Sri Lanka), which may have been the case if the source had been the Dutch East India Company. If Linnaeus had paid more attention to history, as to biology, one would perhaps have not had to wait 250 years for an analysis of ancient mitochondrial DNA to establish that the elephant originated in a part of Africa where Dutch traders were active in the 17th century. Linnaeus had, unwittingly, been looking Lanka instead of talking Togo.
As I said to you once before, the elephant is a different matter altogether, every elephant contains two elephants, one who learns what he’s taught and another who insists on ignoring it all, … I realised that I’m just like the elephant, that a part of me learns and the other part ignores everything I’ve learned, and the longer I live, the more I ignore,
Fortunately for us ignorant retrospective liars about elephants, Asian and African, the taxonomists are still on our side. Waving their bewildering box of rules about names and naming of animals, called the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, they have provided a face-saving way out. Out of the other specimens (‘syntypes’) of elephants that Linnaeus had seen, known, or used while describing the elephant, one can designate another specimen (a ‘lectotype’) to shoulder the responsibility of carrying the species’s name. To find and pin down the new name-torch carrier, the scientists have pulled out, not a rabbit from a hat, for that is not hip in science, but what is perfectly de rigueur: a skeleton out of a closet. A genuine Asian elephant skeleton, confirmed by anatomical and DNA analysis, which Linnaeus himself had referred to, will now be the specimen-designate for Asian elephants. The Asian elephant, thanks be to The Code, will remain Elephas maximus. It is as Saramago ordained,
because life laughs at predictions and introduces words where we imagined silences, and sudden returns when we thought we would never see each other again.
Where that skeleton came from is another remarkable story. One that takes the tale another hundred years into the past, into the mid 17th century. In 1664, John Ray, an English academic who quit Cambridge to pursue natural history and travel through Europe, saw and wrote about “…the skin and skeleton of an elephant which was shown in Florence some 8 or 10 years ago and died there”, a specimen that Linnaeus, too, was aware of. The skeleton remains today, much as Ray described it, in the Natural History Museum of the University of Florence. The scientists have verified from anatomical and molecular analysis that the skeleton is that of an Asian elephant. I applaud their patience, their achievement, but it is Saramago’s subtle humour that rings in my ear.
If your highness knew elephants as I believe I do, you would know that india exists wherever an indian elephant happens to be, and I am not speaking here of african elephants, of whom I have no experience, and that same india will, whatever happens, always remain intact inside him,
The skeleton was that of an elephant named Hansken. Hansken was a female Asian elephant, brought to Europe courtesy the right company this time, the Dutch East India Company, from Sri Lanka, with the fortuitous result that the type locality mentioned by Linnaeus for Elephas maximus can now remain the same. Arriving in Europe in the 1630s, she was taken as a travelling curiosity through varies cities, including Amsterdam, where in 1637, she was sketched by a person no less than Rembrandt!
This is Hansken. This is Elephas maximus (Sketch by Rembrandt, Courtesy: British Museum via Wikimedia Commons).
Now, I cannot help wondering if Rembrandt and Linnaeus were aware of the other elephant that had journeyed from Sri Lanka through Europe, a century earlier in the 1550s: the Suleiman of history, the Solomon of Saramago’s story. (Is history and his story really all that different, for an animal with culture and memory like the elephant, for people like us? In Saramago’s part of the world, in Portuguese and Spanish and Catalan, is not the word for story and history the same? Historia! So it is.).
Still, after the conundrum posed by Linnaeus’s error, what a distinguished and artful conclusion to arrive at, for Asian elephants! A newly-designated specimen, the skeleton of Hansken, whose fleshed-and-blooded portrait was made by Rembrandt himself! Destiny, Saramago writes,
when it chooses, is as good or even better than god at writing straight on crooked lines.
Of Solomon, we know that he entered Vienna in early 1552 and died in less than two years. What we know little about is of the people who attended to him, particularly his mahout. Not so, of course, in Saramago’s story, wherein “to fill in certain gaps so that the sacred coherence of the story was not lost”, he invents a mahout with a peculiar eastern Indian sounding name, Subhro. As Solomon enters Austria, Subhro, too, is passed on with the elephant to Maximilian, who with a sort of Germanic disdain, renames the elephant Suleiman and rechristens his mahout, Fritz. What do we know of the life of Subhro-Fritz? Or of Hansken’s mahout? There are inscriptions and woodcuts, coins and frescoes, depicting Solomon in Europe, and Hansken is immortalised by Linnaeus and Rembrandt, but clearly the elephant is the centre of attention, not the mahout on its back.
The elephant ‘Soliman’ in Vienna, 1552 (Source: Felistoria, Wikimedia Commons)
One wonders. What is the fate of the keeper when it is the kept that garners all the attention? As Subhro himself says:
but, one way or another, dear friend, while your future is guaranteed, mine isn’t, I’m a mahout, a parasite, a mere appendage.
And what, one wonders, too, will happen now, to the poor African elephant foetus in the jar? Does it become a footnote to history, a museum relic, an anecdote, an aside? Now, to paraphrase E. E. Cummings, after the doting fingers of prurient philosophers have pinched and poked, and the naughty thumb of science prodded the elephant-that-never-was, now: will it rest encased in its alcoholic tomb? Will it be quietly mourned, yet spurned, like a miscarriage, spawned by Linnaeus, of an anonymous mother? Or will fade to obscurity again, for centuries, forever, like a misbegotten afterbirth? Will we conclude, as Saramago suggests, of this elephant’s journey, as we might of the life of the mahouts:
and that was that, we will not see them in this theatre again, but such is life, the actors appear, then leave the stage, as is only fitting, it’s what usually and always will happen sooner or later, they say their part, then disappear through the door at the back, the one that opens onto the garden.
Still, worse things could happen. The foetus could become a museum celebrity, to be probed and pinched and peered at further. It could become a case study: required reading in taxonomic textbooks.
Or perhaps, it will remain a mute witness, as the elephants do on their own journeys through landscapes of Asia and Africa, when we subject them to our scrutiny, amusement, benevolence, entertainment, affection, harassment, and exploitation. As they will continue to do while we struggle to come to terms with elephants with whom we have lived for thousands of years. Struggling to understand the elephants for who they are, to respect their identities and individuality, and to give them the admiration that they deserve, we continue to seek answers on our own terms. Perhaps we will find those answers yet, from patient science or great literature, or perhaps from wise Solomon himself, in The Elephant’s Journey:
For the first time in the history of humanity, an animal was bidding farewell, in the literal sense, to a few human beings, as if he owed them friendship and respect, an idea unconfirmed by the moral precepts in our codes of conduct, but which can perhaps be found inscribed in letters of gold in the fundamental laws of the elephantine race.
Further reading:
Callaway, E. 2013. Linnaeus's Asian elephant was wrong species.
Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14063
Cappellini, E., Gentry, A., Palkopoulou, E., Ishida, Y., Cram, D., Roos, A.-M., Watson, M., Johansson, U. S., Fernholm, B., Agnelli, P., Barbagli, F., Littlewood, D. T. J., Kelstrup, C. D., Olsen, J. V., Lister, A. M., Roca, A. L., Dalén, L. and Gilbert, M. T. P. 2013. Resolution of the type material of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 (Proboscidea, Elephantidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12084
Medina, R. 2013. Ceci n’est pas un éléphant.
Saramago, J. 2011. The elephant's journey. (Translated from the Portuguese by Margaret Jull Costa.) Mariner Books.
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Diet of Despair
Diet of Despair
A Book about Eating Disorders for Young People and their Families
• Anna Paterson - Eating Disorders Awareness Campaigner, Hertfordshire
January 2002 | 214 pages | SAGE Publications Ltd
`Anna has written a very descriptive book of her feeling and the difficult times she went through as she struggled with anorexia. The book gives advice, recovery ideas and encouragement for those who suffer eating disorders' - International Woman
`I enjoyed her style of writing and would certainly recommend this book to anyone interested in eating disorders' - Signpost
`Provides a valuable insight into how a young person with an eating disorder thinks and feels' - Contact a Family
`The style is clear and engaging and ought to reach young people who are experiencing difficulties. The level of information contained would be of equal value to the families of these young people in helping them understand the emotions of their loved ones' - Educational Psychology
Looking in the bathroom mirror for the first time since my illness had begun, I saw how I really looked. I was a walking skeleton, with my skin stretched tight over my bones. My face had become a skull, and when I smiled, it looked like I was wearing a horror mask.
Anna has suffered a serious eating disorder and, more importantly, she has recovered!
In this book she provides the reader with:
" a moving account of her experiences
" information about eating disorders
" a plan for recovery
The book is intended for young people and their families, and all those who care for children at risk.
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Are there Any Other Eating Disorders?
Do Boys and Men Get Eating Disorders?
What are the Dangers of Eating Disorders?
Why do Eating Disorders Start?
Do Thin Women in the Media Influence Me?
Am I Happy That My Body is Changing?
Why do I Feel That Everything is My Fault?
Do I Have Problems With My Body Image?
Why Do I Think About Food All the Time?
What is the `Voice'?
Why Do I Feel the Need to Hurt Myself?
Am I Happy at Home?
What Treatments Are There for My Eating Disorder?
How Do I Start Recovering?
What is a Healthy Diet?
How Do I Learn to Live at a Healthy Weight?
What Are the Benefits of Beating my Eating Disorder?
For instructors
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ISBN: 9781873942192
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Available on Amazon
Available on Amazon
Observations placeholder
Manganese poisoning
Type of Spiritual Experience
Number of hallucinations: 1
A description of the experience
J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(2):293-307. Manganese. Barceloux DG. [email protected]
Manganese is a very hard, brittle metal, which is used to increase the strength of steel alloys.
Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract occurs in the divalent and tetravalent forms. Permanganates, which are strong oxidizing agents, have a +7 valence.
The principal organomanganese compound is the anti-knock additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
Manganese is a ubiquitous constituent of the environment comprising about 0.1% of the earth's crust. For the general population, food is the most important source of manganese with daily intake ranging from 2-9 mg Mn.
Combustion of gasoline containing methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl releases submicron particles of Mn3O4 that are potentially respirable. Biomagnification of manganese in the food chain probably does not occur. The lungs and gastrointestinal tract absorb some manganese, but the relative amounts absorbed from each site are not known. Homeostatic mechanisms limit the absorption of manganese from the gastrointestinal tract. Elimination of manganese occurs primarily by excretion into the bile.
Animal studies indicate that manganese is an essential co-factor for enzymes, such as hexokinase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase. However, no case of manganese deficiency in humans has been identified.
Manganism is a central nervous system disease first described in the 1800s following exposure to high concentrations of manganese oxides. Manganese madness was the term used to describe the initial psychiatric syndrome (compulsive behavior, emotional lability, hallucinations). More commonly, these workers developed a Parkinson's-like syndrome.
Currently, the risks of exposure to low concentrations of manganese in the industrial and in the environmental settings (e.g., methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in gasoline) are being evaluated with regards to the development of subclinical neuropsychological changes.
The American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists recently lowered the TLV-TWA for manganese compounds and inorganic manganese compounds to 0.2 mg Mn/m3.
PMID: 10382563
The source of the experience
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Activities and commonsteps
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The Masque of Anarchy cover
The Masque of Anarchy
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
1. 01 Preface to the 1832 edition
2. 02 The masque of anarchy
3. 03 Shelley, 'Peterloo', and the Mask of Anarchy
The Masque of Anarchy was Shelley's response to the Peterloo massacre at St Peter's Fields, Manchester, where 18 died and hundreds were injured, after Hussars charged into a rally for parliamentary reform. Written in Italy in 1819, the poem was not published until 1832, ten years after Shelley's death. This reading is from the first published edition with the addition of three words that were inserted in full only in later additions ('Eldon' in Stanza IV and 'Bible' and 'Sidmouth' in Stanza VI). The poem is preceded by Leigh Hunt's preface to the 1932 edition and followed by Harry Buxton Forman's 1887 lecture on the poem to the Shelley Society.
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6 thoughts on “P15 – Capes
1. What is the purpose behind this research program at CU? Phages are super cool and I would love to know more about the potential application of your research!
1. This research program focuses on understanding how phages work and ways that they can be applied through the isolation of a novel phage. Our phage is lytic which means it will kill all of the bacteria it infects, this can be applied in the medical field in treating bacterial infections. Even more amazing, this treatment can be used against bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics!
2. How would you measure how the temperature would effect the bacteriophage in future experiments?
1. So if a phage was more effective at 37⁰ C than at 30⁰ C, the plaques formed at 37⁰ C would be larger. This means that the phage at this temperature would spread faster than when it is incubated at the other temperature.
3. What are some previous examples of research that have been done on your phage or phage in general?
1. As we just discovered our phage, there hasn’t been much research done on it aside from us identifying it. However, much of the research being done on phages will explore the usefulness of them in treatment of bacterial infections and other methods to modify them and increase their effectiveness in treatment
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Experience the 20th century through the eyes and ears of those who lived through it via original documents, literature and multimedia.
Aside from war, the Great Depression was perhaps the darkest chapter in 20th century American history. It profoundly affected our nation and culture in ways not seen since.
Bread lines, soup kitchens, bank runs and more. Life in the city was hard and there was no easy way out.
Although most farm families had access to a steadier supply of food, they suffered from their own set of circumstances.
American farmers were in trouble for years before the Great Depression reared its ugly head. The agricultural industry expanded greatly during the war years in order to help relieve food shortages in Europe. When the war ended, most of these countries were able to resume crop production, which meant that American farms began producing a huge surplus. This led to falling prices and greater debt for the farmers, who were struggling to pay off loans acquired for equipment and other needs. Many farmers gave up, sold their farms and moved to urban areas. The quality of life in rural American decreased throughout the 1920s, while prosperity generally reigned in the cities. With crop prices still dropping and poverty taking root in many rural areas, hard times arrived on the farm long before the Great Depression era even began. There was too much food and too little money in the system.
By the time America moved into the 1930s, the situation changed from very bad to catastrophic. The price of wheat fell to as low as eight cents a bushel. It cost more to grow the crop than what the grain would bring at market. In many rural areas, people took to burning corn in their stoves because it was cheaper than coal. Foreclosures increased and many lost their homes and their livelihood. However, considering all this, farm people had some advantages those in the cities did not. It was easier to live off the land than trying to survive in an inner city concrete jungle. Since there was no shortage of certain foodstuffs, few rural residents actually went hungry. Money was less important, as farm produce could be bartered for necessities. It was no picnic, but it was a lot better than starving.
Even with little money, farm families could produce much of their own food.
With commodity prices falling and debt rising, many farmers believed they had to take action to preserve their livelihoods and survive. One such movement led to the organization of the Farmers' Holiday Association by members of the National Farmers Union in 1932. At that point, farmers had been suffering for ten long years. The plan was for farmers to refuse to sell their products or purchase any goods or services. Members of the association took a number of actions to maximize public visibility of their plight. In some places, farmers barricaded roads to prevent farm products from getting to market. Foreclosure sales became "penny auctions". Organized farmers would arrange to keep bids extremely low, forcing the sale of seized farms for mere pennies on the dollar. The property was then deeded back to the original owners.
Dairy farmers were also greatly affected by falling prices and the other consequences of a failing economy. The wholesale price of milk had fallen from almost five dollars per hundred pounds to less than two dollars by 1932. In Wisconsin, affected farmers called for a strike in February 1933, seeking agreement among producers to refuse to sell milk or other dairy products until induced scarcity could force prices upward. However, not everyone was on board with the plan. Soon, strikers erected roadblocks, seized milk and dumped it on the roadside. When transporters began using alternate routes, strikers started patrolling the roads, looking for milk carrying trucks. The protests turned violent. Some milk was adulterated with poisons such as kerosene. State officials began escorting convoys and when attacks, attempted to disperse strikers with tear gas. They tried using trains to move the product, but strikers blocked the tracks. During subsequent strikes in May and October, seven creameries were bombed, National Guardsmen wounded several protesters, killing at least one and a sixty year old farmer, trying to deliver food to strikers on a picket line, was shot and killed by a passenger in a car stopped by the protesters. The violence subsided, but the memory of its impact was lasting.
Farmers' strikes were one way to fight back against the Depression.
Farmers barricading a road in Iowa to block goods from market.
The Plow That Broke the Plains is a 1936 short documentary film which shows what happened to the Great Plains region of the United States and Canada when uncontrolled agricultural farming led to the Dust Bowl.
This WPA film focuses on social and economic wastes resulting from continued drought in the midwestern dust bowl and efforts of the federal government in attempting to remedy such conditions. Several views indicate the condition of the land from which much of the moisture has gone.
Soon after Roosevelt's inauguration, he directed the Congress to establish a number of new federal agencies to deal with the economy. One of these, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, adopted a policy of artificial scarcity to deal with the food surplus and falling prices. This tactic, which involved leaving crops to rot in the field and killing more than six million pigs, was met some public outrage. As a result of this backlash, Congress created yet another agency, the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation, to try another tactic, the acquisition of surplus product for distribution to local relief agencies and organizations. Prices did begin to rise gradually and reached 1929 levels by 1937. However, the rebound was short-lived. Prices steeply declined during the following year and did not recover until after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Some of the food purchased by the federal government to boost farm prices.
For farmers who were merely renting the land they worked, the Great Depression brought yet another sorrow. For decade, it had been a widespread practice for land owners to rent portions of their farms to tenants. This made sense because virtually all of the work required horses, which limited the amount of land that one family could farm. However, this made less sense as motorized tractors became the norm. When the high debt and low prices of the Depression are factored in, it became evident that the old way was not the best way. One family with a tractor could farm five times as much land as one could using horses. In addition, the federal agencies created during the early years of the era provided payments to land owners, who could then afford to by a tractor and other mechanized equipment. They would often retain one tenant and evict the others. With no other work available, these displaced families were forced to move on with only the possessions they could carry with them. Their plight is covered in detail on the Life On The Move page.
A tenant farmhouse is abandoned as the tractor conquers the plains.
Although life was hard, rural citizens still found ways to have fun. Since money was tight, most entertainment and recreation involved activities that required little or no expense. Rural communities, by tradition close knit and family oriented, looked to the church and each other. Church socials and community picnics were very popular during the hard years. Since farms produced plenty of food, many activities involved the sharing of meals. Dances, held in barns, parks and community halls provided opportunities for young people to socialize and date. Larger events and gatherings such as county and state fairs were well attended as well. Since these were organized by local communities, expenses could be minimized by sharing resources.
Although still a relatively expensive appliance, the price of radio sets declined in the early years of the Depression, and many farms depended upon them for farm and weather reports as well as for entertainment. Even farms without electricity could buy battery powered receiving sets especially designed for farm use. Since batteries were expensive and often not readily available from local sources, farmers would remove the battery from their tractor at the end of the day and attach it to the radio for the evening.
Many farm families depended on radio for news, weather and entertainment.
County fairs provided inexpensive fun.
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There has been an increase in both supply and demand for streaming, and streaming platforms such as Twitch and Youtube have become larger and larger. However, some streamers struggle to gauge what the audience is saying, because the only way to decipher what the chat is saying is through eyeballing dozens of messages scrolling up every second. We decided that we could implement features that would help streamers visually understand what the audience is saying, by automating the generation of useful statistics.
What it does
There are two main statistics that the web app generates and presents. One is the number of chats per minute, displayed in gradients of ten seconds over the span of two minutes, and the other is the six most frequently typed words in the chat. The current user interface consists of one refresh button, which restarts the word frequency distribution and resets the frequent word graph.
How we built it
We used TwitchIO library to create a bot that listens to chats coming to specific streamers' streams. The messages are then fed into our NLP processing class, which tokenizes the chat strings, turns them into lowercase, and stores them in a dictionary as a frequency distribution. The NLP processing class was built with NLTK, a NLP library in Python. Statistics for chat per minute are also calculated concurrently in the NLP class, which the bot calls for whenever it needs to create a graph. The webpage was built using Flask. The Flask app calls the Javascript program that invokes the HTML and CSS scripts to display the webpage, and the Flask script also manages the creation and communication with the Twitch Bot. For example, the app notifies the Bot whenever a button is pressed, to execute procedures such as refresh.
Challenges we ran into
We spent the majority of debugging time on two operations: concurrency and user interface. The Flask app and the Bot had to run at the same time, and given our limited experience on async functions in Python, we chose to implement concurrency using multithreaded processes in Python. It was our first time using this tool with Flask, and encountered multiple errors regarding functions running multiple times and data races. User interface was also a challenge, as the buttons sometimes would not communicate with the Bot, and this was in part a concurrency challenge too. An embarrassing mistake we made was editing the wrong file with the same name as the file we had to edit, which set us back about 2 hours.
Accomplishments that we're proud of
The most crucial part of the project was getting the Twitch bot to read chat data from Twitch, which we succeeded in a surprisingly short amount of time. Building the NLP class with NLTK was also very smooth, and undergrad algorithms courses definitely helped in this area. None of us were particularly familiar with Flask, but one of our teammates stepped up and learned Flask in a few hours, and we were able to have a working front end. Integrating all the modules with the limited knowledge we had was hard, but the end result of a webpage that created live visuals with data scraped off of Twitch chat was awesome. We are also very proud of our very trendy logo!
What we learned
We learned how to program concurrently with web development, how to make a decent project work in a very limited amount of time, and how to use every team member's potential by dividing tasks in a way that maximizes our expertise in our best fields.
What's next for Chit Chart
We could make our webpage work with different streaming platforms such as Youtube or TikTok. We plan to improve our user experience with more buttons that give control to the user over more of our parameters. We have not deployed our website on a real server, and we wish to deploy our project so that people can use it anytime from anywhere. Our tool could also gather and analyze big data about the slangs and sentiment of streamers’ chats. This would enable better identification and categorization of streamers, which would be useful in applications such as recommendation algorithms.
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4 minute read
FIELD NOTES: Hugelkultur
I know a few gardeners who like to experiment. Their trial and error attempts at growing different things, composting, starting seeds under different conditions, impresses me. Like anyone curious, they want to see the results of their efforts. With evaluation of production, more and different gardening methods are employed.
The true experiment I recall from my science classes involves undertaking a procedure to make a discovery or test a hypothesis. You suspect something and set out to see if it happens. An investigation into an unknown can produce results that can be both predictable and surprising. And that, to a gardener—I am told since I do not consider myself even a poor one—is the fun part!
My sister-in-law’s experimentation with a gardening attempt intrigued me. She and my brother-in-law sent pictures of their garden a few weeks ago, at the end of a successful growing season. They read of an Austrian technique called hugelkultur, or mound gardening. Raised beds have been used for years by successful gardeners; dirt from side trenches is added and the additional dirt that allows root vegetables like carrots and beets to grow into aerated soil. The side trenches also give you a place to walk while tending to the plants.
The mounds with the hugel approach are built using all kinds and sizes of wood: cut stumps, long logs, limbs and branches, twigs, leaves—everything from the tree. And the idea is to have it rot and enrich the soil. A trench is dug about a foot deep, maybe four to five feet wide, and the wood debris is placed end to end in the trench. Here any compost is added, also newspaper, clean cardboard, and yard waste (no treated lumber or mulch) before dirt covers the trench. Over time, as the wood material decomposes, nutrients not originally present are now slowly added to enrich and supplement the soil. This was why her garden was so successful, the rotting wood slowly added nutrients the plants needed, now and for future seasons.
I went online to look up the hugel method of mound gardening and found it is used all through Europe and is fast catching on with American gardeners. It is spelled H U G E L and pronounced HOO-gle. The height of the mound can vary, all the way up to six and seven feet, depending on the amount of sunlight, water required, plants to be grown, and wind direction.
We intend to use the method to change the front yard, now a shaded area with big trees. It lacks sunlight except for maybe a few hours in midsummer.
Years ago when our boys were young, I tried desperately to grow grass in what I hoped would be a large, green space with lush turf and not a blade of crabgrass. I took great pains to fertilize, water, and tend regularly to this shaded area. I even fenced it off with wire and stakes and yellow strips of sheeting tied every few inches.
When the boys accidently went beyond the fencing to chase a ball or frisbee, I yelled to get out, and stay out!
We thought when the grass finally did grow, we’d have a nice yard where they could play. When a friend visited and saw the drama, he calmly stated, “Hmmm, it appears to me you’re growin’ boys, not grass!” That made a lot of sense, and I felt guilty.
Now years later, yards and expansive lawns in shaded woods seem foolish and against nature.
We hope the hugel mounds will create better soil, not for garden plants, but for our native plant area. Over time, I transplanted several native shrubs there like arrowwood, spicebush, highbush cranberry, and wild hydrangea.
This year, we purchased native plants as seeds or root clusters from a native plant nursery. We hope native flowering plants we enjoy like shooting star, blue cohosh, wild ginger, and wild bergamot will grow. It’s a start.
I’ve brought in ferns from our woods: Christmas, New York, Broad Beech,and Maidenhair Fern that survived transplanting and thrive. They are spaced in and around the native plants, creating what we hope will eventually become a lush woodland with herbal layer and ground cover.
Soil is the most basic ingredient to this plan. The hugel mounds should help restore nutrients.
I haven’t read where hugelkultur is used for this purpose, but I figure if you improve the soil for garden plants, why couldn’t it help the native ones? This is what I first meant by experimenting.
We soil workers—us dirt diggers, who love getting hands and knees dirty, sweat running down the face, smelling dirt—like to see what changes we can do to improve things.
It resorts back to my natural resources classes where different management strategies were discussed depending on a desired outcome.
Hugelkultur employs what is stressed in managing nature areas: decomposition is vital to healthy plants. You see this everytime you walk through the woods—decay and rotting wood, a natural process, makes it possible for plants to grow.
You can do different things to and on the land, as long as it is compatible with what nature itself can do. I can still hear a professor’s philosophic mantra: “Treat the land as though your life depends on it, because it does!”
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[Haskell-beginners] CORRECTED: making translation from imperative code]
Michael Mossey mpm at alumni.caltech.edu
Thu Apr 2 14:59:20 EDT 2009
STOP THE PRESSES--- I noticed some goofs (more late-night programming... ) Corrected
below. Read this version.
A composition consists of several voices or instruments, each indicated
by its own *staff*. Visually, a staff is a layout of items such as
notes, clef signs, and accidentals arranged horizontally from left to
right, representing increasing time.
A *system* is a set of staves stacked vertically that represent
instruments playing at the same time.
Here is a simple representation of a system, in which the pipe character
represents items. Note that some of the items are aligned vertically
meaning they will play at the same time. At other times, only one
staff contains a note.
staff 1: | | | |
staff 2: | | | |
Next we elaborate this model to show that items have visual width. Here
they are represented by clusters of x's with a pipe in the middle. The pipe
represents the part of the item that needs to be aligned with items on
other staves. For example, in the visual representation of a chord,
the part of the chord called the notehead needs to be aligned with
noteheads on other staves. (A chord includes other symbols, like accidentals
and flags, which get drawn to the right or left of the notehead and don't
need to be aligned vertically with anything else.)
staff 1: x|x xx|xx x|x
staff 2: x|x x|x xxxxx|xxxxx
a b c d
Here you can see that there is an additional constraint on layout,
which is that items need to have horizontal space around them so they
don't collide. For instance, the very wide item at 'd' (on staff 2) means
that the item on staff 1 at 'd' has to be positioned far to the right
of its previous item.
Note that data exists in two domains: there is data that describes notes;
that is, pitches and timbres and volumes and times and duration. We'll
call this the 'score'. It's the fundamental data. Then there is the
visual *representation* of the score. Here we are concerned only with
creating a visual representation. However, we need to refer to
data in the score.
-- LayoutItem is a visual representation of a note. The center of the note
-- or chord (specifically the part that needs to be aligned vertically)
-- goes at position 'pos', the other variables describe how much the
-- note sticks out to the left, right, top, and bottom. We omit other
-- details about the note.
data LayoutItem = LayoutItem
{ pos :: ( Int, Int ),
leftWidth, rightWidth, topHeight, bottomHeight :: Int,
staffId :: String }
-- ChunkData is 'score' domain data. It represents all notes that start
-- sounding at the same time. It is an association list of staff
-- names to notes. Note that a complete score is essentially a list of
-- chunks in time order.
data ChunkData = ChunkData [ ( String, [ Note ] ) ]
-- We'll just say a note is an int giving its pitch.
type Note = Int
-- A system layout is a set of *staves*. Here, staves are
-- lists of LayoutItem, put into an association list by staff name.
-- There is also a need to make a memo of chunks for future reference.
data SystemLayout = SystemLayout
{ staves :: [ ( String, [ LayoutItem ] ) ],
chunkMemo :: [ ChunkData ] }
-- This is the loop state. During the loop, 'time' keeps advancing to
-- the time of the next chunk, and 'nextX' keeps advancing to the next
-- vetical alignment location.
data LoopState = LoopState {
time :: Double,
nextX :: Int }
--- Details of score omitted, but assume it has two key functions.
data Score = Score ...
scoreGetChunkData :: Score -> Time -> ChunkData
scoreNextTime :: Score -> Time -> Maybe Time
-- layoutSystem works as follows: it takes a time to start the layout
-- at, a score, and a maximum paper width, and returns a tuple with the
-- LoopState and SystemLayout at termination.
-- The looping happens in the helper function layoutSystem' which
-- has a simple signature: basically all relevant state goes in,
-- and all relevant state comes out. (See signtaure below.)
-- incororateChunkData does the main work of looking at all notes
-- in the next chunk and either finguring out how to add them to
-- the staves, or indicating they can't be added without going off
-- the right edge of the paper. It returns
-- a tuple ( Bool, LoopState, SystemLayout ) where the Bool indicates
-- success or failure.
layoutSystem Time -> Score -> Int -> ( LoopState, SystemLayout )
layoutSystem firstTime score maxWidth =
layoutSystem' initialState initialSystemLayout
initialState = LoopState { time = firstTime, nextX = 0 }
initialSystemLayout SystemLayout { staves = [], chunkMem = [] } )
layoutSystem' :: LoopState -> SystemLayout ->( LoopState, SystemLayout )
layoutSystem' state slayout =
let chunkData = scoreGetChunkData score (time state)
in case incorporateChunkData chunkData state slayout maxWidth of
( False, state', slayout' ) -> ( state, slayout )
( True, state', slayout') ->
case scoreNextTime score (time state') of
Just t -> layoutSystem' state' { time = t } slayout'
Nothing -> ( state', slayout' )
-- incorporateChunkData is a function that does the work of looking at
-- all notes
-- in the next chunk and either figuring out how to add them to
-- the right edge of the paper. It returns
-- success or failure.
incorporateChunkData :: LoopState -> SystemLayout -> Int ->
( Bool, LoopState, SystemLayout )
incorporateChunkData chunkData state slayout maxWidth =
let items = makeLayoutItems chunkData
-- Find new x alignment value, which done by finding how far right
-- each item needs to go to avoid collision with previous items.
-- For each staff 'staffId' and each item 'i' that needs to be added to
-- the staff, the question is: how far right does the staff extend,
-- and how far left does the new item stick out from its central
-- position? That tells you where the new central position needs to go.
-- (the function rightExtent finds how far right a staff extends),
-- This process needs to be repeated for all staves, noting the
-- needed alignment point for each---and then the final determination
-- is the maximum of all those alignment points.
alignX = max (map (\i -> let r = rightExtent slayout (staffId i)
in r + leftWidth i)
-- Now see if we've run off the right edge of the paper.
-- Then check how far to the right each item will extend and
-- compare to maxWidth
farRight = max ( map (\i -> alignX + rightWidth i) items)
if farRight < maxWidth
then let slayout' = addItems slayout items alignX
state' = state { nextX = alignX + 1 }
in ( True, state', slayout' )
else ( False, state, slayout )
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Monday, October 25, 2021
HomeCybersecurity NewsRansomware: Is backup data its next victim?
Ransomware: Is backup data its next victim?
Ransomware is big business today and getting bigger all the time. It is so profitable that organized crime and state actors have gotten into it in a big way. It is easy for any criminal, terrorist organization or state sponsor to buy the latest variations of ransomware on the dark web.
The experts say the best defense against a ransomware attack is a good backup, replica or snapshot (referred to collectively as backup). The criminal coders running ransomware know that, too, and have been pouring their profits back into research and development to defeat ransomware backup defenses. As a result, the latest generation of ransomware attacks have included backup data as a target.
To understand this threat further requires a brief explanation about the various stages of ransomware.
Ransomware stages
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts all of the data on the system upon which it resides and demands a ransom for the decryption key. It then ransoms access to the data back to the system owner(s). The ransomware perpetrators threaten to destroy the key if they are not paid in a set amount of time, and commonly demand payments in stages based on set time limits. If the disseminators of ransomware are not paid the ransom, the ransomware then destroys the key and thereby access to all of the data. There are five stages to ransomware: Infection, detonation, gestation, dormancy and destruction (or release).
Infection occurs when a tainted file, picture or website is connected to the system. Up-to-date anti-virus software can stop known infection signatures or blacklists, but not necessarily all. Whitelist-based anti-virus solutions can also miss signatures that mimic well-known applications. No front door prevention is leak-proof, however, so ransomware infections will occur and the statistics prove it. Approximately 71% of all businesses targeted in 2017 were infected with ransomware.
Detonation is when the ransomware encrypts the data on the infected system. Early generations of ransomware detonated as soon as they infected the system. Unknown to the users of the system, the malware encrypted data immediately and transparently in the background. It takes time to encrypt all of the data, but once complete, the ransomware deletes the key on the now-detonated system, then holds the data up for ransom. If the ransom is not paid in full within a set period of time, it randomly deletes files to raise data owner anxiety. This creates a sense of urgency to pay the ransom: If ransomware is never paid, the malicious actor destroys their side of the key, making the data forever inaccessible.
READ MORE: Lost your job thanks to Coronavirus? AI will find a new one
The latest generation of ransomware today does not detonate and encrypt immediately. It has a gestation period designed to maximize revenues and overcome the backup defense. The ransomware’s Phase One attack during the gestation period is to spread as far as it can from one system to another using the permissions of the systems it’s infected. When it cannot spread any further it goes to Phase Two of its attack by deleting or encrypting the backups it is able to locate. Backup files have a known signature and backup software of all kinds have published APIs that can be used to delete older backups no longer needed. Ransomware uses that API to do just that—upon detonation the user discovers that their backups (snapshots and replicas, too) have been deleted. This data is very tough to recover when there are no backups. This evolved ransomware neuters the No. 1 defense against ransomware, forcing the ransom to be paid or the data is lost forever.
After spreading as far as it can, the latest variations of ransomware will lie dormant and not delete or encrypt the backup files. Ransomware lies dormant for one, two, four, six, “n” months before finally detonating. This is analogous in humans who have a virus that can lie dormant for months or years before it makes an appearance. The problem with dormant ransomware is that it will be backed up along with the legitimate data the entire time it is dormant. Any recoveries from infected backups will detonate all over again. This is called an attack-loop.
Destruction or release
The final stage is when the ransomware destroys files. As previously discussed, if a valid encryption key is not entered within the specified time, hostage files may be randomly deleted and the ransomware price for the encryption key will be increased. The malicious actor’s version of the key is destroyed if no ransomware is paid. The destruction of the encryption key effectively destroys the data, but paying the ransom is a poor choice. It may seem expedient, but it identifies the organization as a target that pays and it will be hit again. It’s also no guarantee that the encryption key will be released. There have been several documented cases where the encryption key was destroyed even though the ransomware was paid.
Image by Vicky Gharat from Pixabay
How backup vendors are responding to ransomware
Backup and data protection vendors have responded to the increasingly sophisticated and disastrous ransomware attacks in three ways: Do nothing (a.k.a. denial), detect and react to ransomware detonations, or prevent backups from being deleted or encrypted.
Do nothing
Doing nothing is ignoring the changing reality in the ransomware era. It’s analogous to treating an antibiotic-resistant infection with the same antibiotics the infection is resistant to. The backup defense is compromised while the backup vendor is refusing to acknowledge it. This is an ineffective response.
Reacting vs. preventing ransomware detonations
This approach leverages the backup software’s incremental or changed block-tracking mechanism. After the first backup the amount of data being incrementally backed up is typically very small. When ransomware detonates and encrypts the data, the backup software sees the encrypted data as all new and is forced to back up all the data. That’s going to stick out like a sore thumb and the backup will take considerably longer. This action provides the backup software an alerting mechanism—the software enables user or software determined policy-based triggering thresholds to detect a likely ransomware detonation, notify the administrator and suggest recovery responses. Some can start the recovery process immediately.
READ MORE: Phishing with Worms — The Greatest Password Theft I’ve Ever Seen
The problem with this increasingly popular approach to ransomware recovery is that it’s reacting to a detonation, not preventing one. It assumes the ransomware infection has not made its way into the backups and is enabling recoveries from the most recent backup, solving the ransomware detonation. This is a dangerous supposition. Even assuming the backup software has an effective response to preventing the ransomware from encrypting or deleting the backup data as previously discussed, reacting to detonations does nothing to prevent the nefarious attack-loop. Detecting and reacting to ransomware detonations is an ineffective response.
Prevent backups from being encrypted or deleted
Successful prevention of a ransomware attack-loop requires a cybersecurity capability that needs to detect ransomware infections in the backup stream. The technology essentially isolates the infected files, prevents them from being backed up and notifies the backup and security administrators, who can then identify the infected files and remove them from their origin before they detonate, stopping ransomware in its tracks. A backup solution with this capability also prevents infected files that may have been backed up in previous generations of backup data to ensure a clean recovery. The solution would need to detect and isolate the infected file and notify the backup and security administrators of any issues, giving them an option to recover or not.
As part of a preventative strategy as opposed to a reactive approach, look for solutions that make specific types of backup data difficult to locate in the first place with variable repository naming. This will make it much more difficult for the more intelligent strains to identify backup data with important customer records, personally identifiable information, very important financial data or valuable operational data. Experts also recommend going further and demanding two-factor authentication (2FA) that prevents the deletion of data with a single mouse-click or API call.
Ransomware conclusions
While backups should be a critical component of every company’s data protection plan, simply having backup infrastructure in place is not enough. Backup technology has evolved and now it is possible to all but guarantee that backup data will be safe by using a cybersecurity-enabled backup/recovery solution, giving organizations the best chance of defeating the extortion attempts of malicious ransomware coders.
• Eran Farajun is the executive vice president of Asigra and an expert in the area of cloud-based data protection with more than 20 years in the industry. This article originally appeared on Security Boulevard
Eran Farajun
Eran Farajun is the executive vice president of Asigra and an expert in the area of cloud-based data protection with more than 20 years in the industry. He has been instrumental in establishing Asigra as a leader in public, private and hybrid cloud-based data protection, bringing new levels of efficiency to organizations and addressing new challenges in the areas of data security and compliance.
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Busted Bugs: German Wind Turbines Demolishing 1,200 Tonnes of Insects Each Year
Giant industrial wind turbines represent an existential threat to birds, bats, bees and a veritable host of other insect species. For just about anything on the wing, their 50-60m blades represent the end of the line. And the carnage is measured in the thousands of tonnes.
A few weeks back we covered some German research on the issue: Bug’s Life: Bees & Other Flying Critters Being Wiped Out By Wind Turbines
Here’s a couple of further reports on the wind industry’s insect demolition Derby.
DLR studies interactions between flying insects and wind farms
Interview with Franz Trieb
26 March 2019
For 25 years, Franz Trieb has worked in the Energy Systems Analysis Department of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR). The department of the same name at the DLR Institute of Engineering.
Dr Trieb, how does one come up with the idea of investigating the impact of wind farms on flying insects?
Franz Trieb: A comprehensive assessment of German energy scenarios based on a large number of indicators, which we carried out in 2017[1], revealed that the compatibility of wind farms and flying insects during the migration of insects to new breeding grounds was still an open question. Initial research has shown that the remains of flying insects on rotor blades can lead to large reductions in the efficiency of wind turbines and have motivated the establishment of a global cleaning industry for rotor blades. For this reason, we conducted a study on the subject, drawing on interdisciplinary expertise in the fields of entomology, atmospheric physics, wind energy, aerodynamics and DNA barcoding – a method of species identification based on DNA sequencing.
What was the starting point for your study?
An extensive body of technical literature currently shows that large swarms of flying insects also seek high, fast air currents. They allow themselves to be carried by the wind to distant breeding grounds. Observations and measurements have been able to detect high insect concentrations worldwide at altitudes between 20 and 220 metres above the ground – the very same altitudes occupied by the rotors of wind turbines. The phenomenon of insect strikes can reduce the power output of wind turbines by up to 50 percent – this has been the subject of extensive research in both theory and practice. So far, however, the consequences of insect collisions with wind turbine rotors on the insect population and the ecosystem have not been investigated.
What approach was used in your study? How did you proceed?
Trieb: First, we conducted extensive research, collecting and evaluating existing scientific data. Based on this data, we created our own model calculation. On the one hand, this model calculation is based on an average insect density of around three creatures per 1000 cubic metres of air at the level of the wind turbine rotors. This figure was based on regular insect catches over Schleswig Holstein by entomologists between 1998 and 2004[2]. On the other hand, for our model calculation, we extrapolated the volumetric flow, that is, the ‘air throughput’ of all the wind farms in Germany. Here, there are around 30,000 wind turbines with a total rotor area of around 160 square kilometres, which with a nominal wind speed of 50 kilometres per hour reach an average of 1000 nominal full load hours during the insect flying season from April to October. By simply multiplying these numbers, we calculated a seasonal air flow rate of about eight million cubic kilometres – that is more than 10 times the total German airspace up to a height of two kilometres. If one multiplies the insect density and airflow rate, then around 24,000 billion airborne insects fly through the rotors in Germany each year.
A simple approximation of the resulting damage can be derived from studies by Sandia National Laboratories on the contamination of rotor blades by flying insects. Four factors are multiplied with each other: the ratio (five percent) between the blade surface visible from the wind’s direction and the circular area swept by the rotor blades; the average proportion of the polluted blade area on both sides of the rotor blades totalling around 80 percent relative to the visible blade area; the so-called collection efficiency for winged insects averaging 40 percent; and a ratio between median relative blade speed (45 metres per second) and nominal wind speed (14 metres per second) of about 3.2. According to the figures, on average, about five percent of the creatures flying through a running rotor get hit. This amounts to approximately 1200 billion insects per year. These figures only consider creatures that leave visible residues on the rotor blades.
What conclusions can be drawn from your model calculation?
Trieb: Our model calculation points to an aspect of wind energy that has not yet been comprehensively researched. Approximately 1200 billion flying insects are struck each year as they fly through the rotors of wind farms in Germany. Such a large number of affected insects could be a relevant factor for the stability of the insect population and could thus influence species protection and the food chain.
This summary is from their research report.
Interference of Flying Insects and Wind Parks
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Study Report
Franz Trieb
30 October 2018
The study investigates possible coherence of flying insect losses recently discovered in Germany and insect impingement on the rotor blades of wind turbines.
Evidence from literature confirms that migrating insects select fast air streams above the turbulent surface layer of the atmosphere for the purpose of efficient displacement to breeding grounds. Wind farm developers select sites with strong winds and install high towers with rotors just above the surface layer in order to optimize the energy output of their wind turbines. As a result of this coincidence, large numbers of flying insects can be expected in wind farms.
Model calculation of the amount of insect biomass that traverses wind rotors during operation provides a first estimate of the order of magnitude of 24,000 tons of insects crossing the German wind park throughout the summer season. Based on conservative model assumptions, five percent of the insects flying through a rotor could be actually damaged. The related loss of 1,200 tons per year since more than fifteen years could be relevant for population stability.
Species flying at critical rotor heights between 20 and 220 meters above ground level in addition to those already found within this study should urgently be identified by DNA meta-barcoding of the deposits that are regularly found on rotor blades. In addition to that, wind farms should be enabled to recognize approaching insect swarms and to react accordingly for their protection and conservation.
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Study Report
About stopthesethings
1. The wind turbines and solar panels are OK for domestic or local minor use. The farms or even town use is not interfering with anything much and is easily repaired if anything goes wrong. But these monstrosities are not all that good on a large scale, anyone with an ounce of brains can see that.
2. Reblogged this on ajmarciniak.
3. Coincidentally, this morning the BBC (so unbiased!) broadcast a report on a letter sent to very rich people in the UK by a group of “distinguished scientists” listing rates of deforestation, species extinction and land degradation as a threat to us all and urging them to prevent ecological catastrophe. Seems they are either ignorant of the damage caused by windfarms or prefer not to notice. Extinction of insects is an ecological catastrophe.
4. Reblogged this on Climate- Science and commented:
Green energy is not Green. Greenies destroy all they don`t understand.
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• Biomass Pre-Treatment
Analytical Methods
There has been a considerable focus in recent years on the production of advanced biofuels, also known as cellulosic biofuels, and biomass-derived chemicals in biorefining processes. These technologies use lignocellulosic biomass, which is mostly composed of the biopolymers of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignocellulosic biomass is highly abundant and is typically of a significantly lower cost than the biomass (such as wheat, sugar beet and rapeseed) used to produce conventional biofuels.
The key to exploiting the chemical value of lignocellulosics is to depolymerise the lignocellulosic matrix in order to obtain smaller molecules that can be utilised, or further converted to platform chemicals and biofuels. There are two major pathways by which biorefineries undertake this conversion: through hydrolysis processes that aim to liberate sugars from the lignocellulosic polysaccharides (i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose), and through thermal processes (such as pyrolysis and gasification) that degrade more extensively the components of both polysaccharides and lignin.
Why Pre-treatment is Necessary
In the hydrolysis process cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolysed (broken apart) in pure water through attack by the hydrogen atoms of the water molecule on these polysaccharides. This is a very slow reaction, particularly for cellulose due to its recalcitrance to hydrolysis, but it can be sped up using elevated temperatures and pressures, and catalysed by acids (concentrated or dilute) and highly selective enzymes such as cellulases. However, the rates of hydrolysis of cellulose when processing virgin biomass are still very low due to the recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic matrix. In particular, the complex inter-associations between hemicellulose and cellulose, the crystalline nature of much cellulose, and the existence of a physical barrier of lignin surrounding the cellulose fibres are said to be major hindrances.
Biomass is more than just cellulose, however, and the process is complicated by the relative ease with which hemicellulose can be hydrolysed meaning that a severe means of hydrolysis targeted for the liberation of glucose from cellulose may result in the sugars liberated from hemicellulose being degraded.
For these, and other, reasons most hydrolysis technologies involve a pretreatment step prior to the hydrolysis of the cellulose. This typically targets the removal of hemicellulose and/or lignin, leaving a solid predominately cellulosic residue that is more amenable to conversion. The hemicellulose is typically present in the liquid output from the pretreatment and can be valorised in separate processes.
Types of Pre-Treatments
There are large number of different pretreatment technologies that can be employed in biorefineries prior to the primary hydrolysis stage. One of the more common types is steam explosion which involves partially comminuted biomass being subjected to high pressure steam (at 210–290 C) for several minutes before this steam is rapidly vented, resulting in an explosive decompression and flash cooling of the biomass. Liquid Hot Water is another pretreatment process and involves superheated water (180–230 C) that is kept in the liquid state through high pressures and put in contact with the biomass via various pathways (including co-current, counter-current, and flow-through processes). The process will hydrolyse most of the hemicellulose and up to two thirds of the lignin and one quarter of the cellulose, depending on conditions. The use of dilute-acids is a more well-established pretreatment, whilst other pretreatments involve the use of alkalis and other solvents (e.g. ethanol, acetone etc.). There has also been much research recently on the use of ionic liquids as green solvents for biomass.
Important Considerations When Designing a Pretreatment
Particularly when elevated temperatures and/or chemicals are employed in pretreatment it can be possible for the production of the monosaccharide (e.g. from the hydrolysis of hemicellulose) to not be the end-point of the process. Some sugars may be further degraded to a variety of potential products. This is important since these products can often be inhibitory to fermentation or can otherwise complicate subsequent downstream processing methods. However, a number of these sugar degradation products (such as levulinic acid, furfural, and hydroxymethylfurfural) can be valuable chemicals in their own right and some technologies target their production.
However, in other cases the pretreatments may only partially hydrolyse some of the polysaccharides. This partial hydrolysis can result in a significant proportion of the hemicellulosic and/or cellulosic sugars being tied up in soluble oligosaccharides that are contained within the process liquor. It is important to know whether the soluble sugars are present in monosaccharide or oligomer forms as these will affect downstream processing and the effective valorisation of the liquid component.
Therefore, the compositions of the liquid and solid outputs of biomass pretreatment processes can form a wide spectrum of potential products that can exist in greatly varying concentrations which will depend on: the feedstock, the type of pretreatment, and the wide array of potential pretreatment conditions (e.g. solid loading, temperature, pressure, solvent etc.).
Recommended Analytical Methods to Evaluate Pretreatments
(1) The Starting Feedstock
We recommend that a detailed lignocellulosic analysis of the starting feedstock is carried out, including removal of the extractives and determination of their composition. Removal of the extractives is important since we have found that, if not removed, they can lead to elevated values for the lignin content. Furthermore, some biomass can contain significant amounts of water-soluble carbohydrates and extractives removal and characterisation will help to provide clarity on the source of the sugars found when the biomass sample is hydrolysed to determine its lignocellulosic composition. These water-soluble carbohydrates are also likely to be present in the liquid output of many pretreatment processes and, if their concentrations are not known, it may be incorrectly inferred that such sugars present in the liquid must come from lignocellulose.
Similarly, if you expect that there will be some starch in your sample then we also recommend that starch analysis of your starting feedstock be undertaken as this constituent may also be removed and hydrolysed in many pretreatment processes.
When determining the lignocellulosic composition of the sample it is important that each of the constituent sugars within the polysaccharides (e.g. glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, etc.) are measured separately so that their fate during the pretreatment process can be monitored.
Additionally, it may be useful to also determine the uronic acid composition of the sample.
(2) The Liquid Stream
We have found that much of the soluble carbohydrates in the liquid outputs of many pretreatment processes exist not as free sugars but as oligosaccharides that can contain as much as ten sugar units. For this reason, we would recommend that the liquid output is analysed for oligomeric sugars as well as for monosaccharides. We determine the oligomeric component by firstly analysing the original liquid for the free monosaccharides and disaccharides (e.g. cellobiose) in solution and then subjecting the liquid to a mild form of acid hydrolysis that will break apart any oligosaccharides into their constituent monosaccharide units. We then analyse the hydrolysate and the proportion of each sugar that is present in the original liquid in the oligomeric form can then be calculated by subtracting the pre-hydrolysis concentration from the post-hydrolysis concentration.
We would also advise that the liquid be analysed for the main organic acid and furanic sugar-degradation products.
analysis of biomass extracts at Celignis
(3) The Solid Residue
While it is likely that most of the conventional biomass extractives will have been removed in the pre-treatment, it is still necessary in many cases to undertake extractives removal of the solid residue from pre-treatment prior to undertaking its lignocellulosic analysis. This is because this residue may contain some of the liquid fraction sorbed onto its particles. The sugars and sugar-degradation products will be retained and concentrated on these particles if the sample is dried and may still be retained even if the sample is washed. Hence, if they are not removed prior to hydrolysis, these sugars may be assumed to come from lignocellulose, giving a false impression of the efficiency of the pre-treatment.
It is also possible that the composition of these sorbed water-soluble constituents will be different from that of the liquid fraction, so we recommend that the water extract is also characterised for its own monomeric/oligomeric sugar composition. These results, coupled with the data from the previous analyses, will help to give a clear and detailed picture on the fate of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin during the pretreatment process. We would also recommend that the ash content is determined to see how much ash is solubilised by the pre-treatment.
Analysis at Celignis
We have a lot of experience in analysing many products (both liquid and solid) from biomass pretreatment processes. These samples have covered a wide variety of starting feedstocks and pretreatment processes and conditions. We are able to undertake all of the analytical techniques described above and can provide data that can guide you in engineering the most appropriate pretreatment conditions for your feedstocks and processes.
Please contact us with your specific requirements and we will be happy to select a set of analysis packages suitable for your needs. There is also additional information on the website relating to our analytical techniques for pretreatment liquids, oligosaccharides, sugar-degradation products, and the solid residues from pretreatment processes.
Publications on Pre-treatment By The Celignis Team
Gottumukkala L.D, Haigh K, Gorgens J (2017) Trends and advances in conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biobutanol: microbes, bioprocesses and industrial viability, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76: 963-973
Biobutanol has gained attention as an alternative renewable transportation fuel for its superior fuel properties and widespread applications in chemical industry, primarily as a solvent. Conventional butanol fermentation has drawbacks that include strain degeneration, end-product toxicity, by-product formation, low butanol concentrations and high substrate cost. The complexity of Clostridium physiology and close control between sporulation phase and ABE fermentation has made it demanding to develop industrially potent strains. In addition to the isolation and engineering of superior butanol producing bacteria, the development of advanced cost-effective technologies for butanol production from feedstock like lignocellulosic biomass has become the primary research focus. High process costs associated with complex feedstocks, product toxicity and low product concentrations are few of the several bioprocess challenges involved in biobutanol production. The article aims to assess the challenges in lignocellulosic biomass to biobutanol conversion and identify key process improvements that can make biobutanol commercially viable.
Vasudeo Zambare, Archana Zambare, Lew Christopher (2010) Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts from lichen Xanthoparmelia somloensis, native to the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA, International Journal Medical Science and Technology 3(7): 46-51
The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lichen Xanthoparmelia somloensis, native to the Black Hills in South Dakota, USA. The antioxidant activity of lichen extracts was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay. The lipid peroxidation reaction of acetone and methanol extracts was inhibited 85% and 81%, respectively A free radical scavenging activity of 77% (acetone extract) and 65% (methanol extract) was determined. The antibacterial activity was assayed against four clinical strains using the agar well diffusion method. Except for Escherichia coli, both extracts were found inhibitory to Streptomyces aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,and Steptococcus agalactiae with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.7-0.9 mg/ml. It was demonstrated that both the antioxidant and antibacterial activities correlated well with the protein to polysaccharide ratio rather than the polyphenol content of the lichen extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature report on antibacterial activity from the lichen X.somloensis. The results reported here warrant further investigations to establish the usefulness of X.somloensis in biomedical applications such as treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections.
Parameswaran, B, Raveendran S, Singhania, R.R, Surender V, L Devi, Nagalakshmi S, Kurien N, Sukumaran R.K, Pandey A. (2010) Bioethanol production from rice straw: an overview, Bioresource technology 101(13): 4767-4774
Rice straw is an attractive lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production since it is one of the most abundant renewable resources. It has several characteristics, such as high cellulose and hemicelluloses content that can be readily hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars. But there occur several challenges and limitations in the process of converting rice straw to ethanol. The presence of high ash and silica content in rice straw makes it an inferior feedstock for ethanol production. One of the major challenges in developing technology for bioethanol production from rice straw is selection of an appropriate pretreatment technique. The choice of pretreatment methods plays an important role to increase the efficiency of enzymatic saccharification thereby making the whole process economically viable. The present review discusses the available technologies for bioethanol production using rice straw.
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South American Historic Shipibo Poly-chrome Bowl Circa 1920’s, #831
$ 885.00
South American,
Historic Shipibo poly-chrom pottery bowl, ca 1920
831. Description: South American Historic Shipibo Indian hand formed and painted bowl. The piece shows a wonderful geometric hand painted poly-chrome design. The bottom is not signed and the piece is from the 1920's.
Dimensions: Measures 6" diameter and 2.5" tall.
Condition: Very good for its age.
The Shipibo-Conibo are an indigenous people along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rain forest in Perú. Formerly two groups, the Shipibo (apemen) and the Conibo (fishmen), they eventually became one distinct tribe through intermarriage and communal ritual and are currently known as the Shipibo-Conibo people. [1] [2]
Lifestyle, tradition and diet:The Shipibo-Conibo live in the 21st century while keeping one foot in the past, spanning millennia in the Amazonian rain forest. Many of their traditions are still practiced, such as ayahuasca shamanism. Shamanistic songs have inspired artistic tradition and decorative designs found in their clothing, pottery, tools and textiles. Some of the urbanized people live around Pucallpa in the Yarina Cocha, an extensive indigenous zone. Most others live in scattered villages over a large area of jungle forest extending from Brazil to Ecuador.
Shipibo-Conibo women make bead work and textiles, but are probably best known for their pottery, decorated with maze-like red and black geometric patterns. While these ceramics were traditionally made for use in the home, an expanding tourist market has provided many households with extra income through the sale of pots and other craft items. They also prepare chapo, a sweet plantain beverage.
The Shipibo of the village of Pao-Yan used to have a diet of fish, yucca and fruits. Now, however, the situation has deteriorated because of global weather changes and now there is mostly just yucca and fish. Since there has been drought followed by flooding, most of the mature fruit trees have died, and some of the banana trees and plantains are struggling. Global increases in energy and food prices have risen due to deforestation and erosion along the Ucayali River. The basic needs of the people are more important now than ever, affecting their long term planning abilities. There is now a sense that hunger may not be that far off for those in the farther reaches of the Shipibo nation. [2] [3]
Contact with western sources – including the governments of Peru and Brazil – has been sporadic over the past three centuries. The Shipibo are noted for a rich and complex cosmology, which is tied directly to the art and artifacts they produce. Christian missionaries have worked to convert them since the late 17th century,[4] [5] particularly from the Franciscans.[6]
Population: Distribution of the Shipibo-Conibo (marked with an arrow) amongst other Pano-speaking ethnicities
With an estimated population of over 20,000, the Shipibo-Conibo represent approximately 8% of the indigenous registered population. Census data is unreliable due to the transitory nature of the group. Large amounts of the population have relocated to urban areas – in particular the eastern Peruvian cities of Pucallpa and Yarinacocha – to gain access to better educational and health services, as well as to look for alternative sources of monetary income.
The population numbers for this group have fluctuated in the last decades between approximately 11,000 (Wise and Ribeiro, 1978) to as many as 25,000 individuals (Hern 1994).
Like all other indigenous populations in the Amazon basin, the Shipibo-Conibo are threatened by severe pressure from outside influences such as oil speculation, logging, narco-trafficking, conservation, and missionaries. [7] [8]
Known authorities:
Donald W Lathrap
Warren de Boer
James A Lauriault/Loriot
Earwin H Lauriault
1. Eakin, Lucile; Erwin Laurialy; Harry Boonstra (1986). "People of the Ucayali: The Shipibo and Conibo of Peru". International Museum of Cultures Publication: 62.
2. "The Shipibo-Conibo Amazon Forest People at the Dawn of the 21st Century".
3. Bradfield, R.B; James Lauriault (1961). "Diet and food beliefs of Peruvian jungle tribes: 1. The Shipibo (monkey people)". Journal of the American Dietetic (39): 126–28.
4. Eakin, Lucille; Erwin Lauriault; Harry Boonstra (1980). "Bosquejo etnográfico de los shipibo-conibo del Ucayali". Lima: 101.
5. Kensinger, Kenneth M (1985). "Panoan linguistic, folklorisic and ehtnographic research: retrospect and prospect". South American Indian languages: retrospect and prospect: 224–85.
6. Wikisource-logo.svg "Sipibo Indians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
7.Bardales R., César (1979). "Quimisha Incabo ini yoia (Leyendas de los shipibo-conibo sobre los tres Incas)". Comunidades y Culturas Peruanas (12): 53.
8. Eakin, Lucille. "Nuevo destino: The life story of a Shipibo bilingual eduactor". Summer Institute of Linguistics Museum of Anthropology publication (9): 26. (Source: Wikipedia)
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5 years ago
11 Rulers From World History Who Had Pretty Much Lost It Up There
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Souvik Ray
Souvik RayUpdated on Dec 17, 2015, 18:12 IST
History taught us about rulers who were powerful and had grand achievements, or those who brought about tyranny and bloodbaths. It often falls short on those who never took the path to glory and fell down a well of insanity.
1. Emperor Caligula of Rome
More of a sociopath than crazy, Caligula derived cheap thrills from playing ruthless pranks on his senators and people. Some more serious offences of his were when the Circus Maximus ran out of criminals to sacrifice to the lions, and he ordered his guards to throw the first five rows of spectators into the arena. Other insane feats he committed were his torture methods that involved sawing his victims from the crotch to the chest.
Thankfully Caligula's reign of terror came to an end within a period of four years.
2. King George III of Great Britain
If there was one man who proved the power of the Hanoverians was human after all, it was George III, who suffered from porphyria, perhaps an effect of inbreeding among the various royal families of Europe. Remembered best for overseeing the loss of the colonies of America, George was unable to rule and remained in his apartments at Windsor Castle. As his madness got worse, he spent his days kept behind bars and tied up in a straitjacket.
3. Sultan Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire
Raised in seclusion because of his eccentric behaviour, Ibrahim had an immense liking for fat women. So much so that he sent his men out in search of the fattest woman in his empire. It is said he rewarded said women with the title of governor and a pension.
4. Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire
Considered one of the most hated rulers of Mughal history, Aurangzeb ruled with an iron fist with an air of intolerance very different from his father and forefathers. Basically, paranoid. Afraid that his empire would be taken away from him, he moved his capital twice from Delhi to Aurangabad and back. His xenophobia was so immense that he destroyed traces of non-Islamic culture through the empire and punished Muslims who dressed like Hindus. Despite being largely remembered as anti-Hindu, he changed his views depending on the situation, in order to win the sympathies of the minorities.
5. Charles VI of France
At the beginning of his reign, Charles was a popular monarch for his benevolent nature. Unfortunately his madness set in later on in life which led to his reputation being diminished. He killed his knights because one of them dropped a spear (pretty harsh for a mad man). Convinced that his bones were made of glass, Charles refused to bathe for the longest time.
6. Joanna of Castile
This Spanish princess was married to a handsome man whom she loved fervently. Unfortunately, his demise came too soon, and she was devastated. To keep him by her side for eternity, Joanna had her husband's body embalmed and his coffin was carried with her wherever she went. She would look at his dead face often until her family could endure no more. She was sent to a nunnery to spend the last years of her life. Oh yes, the corpse went with her too.
7. Farouk of Egypt
Growing up sheltered and spoilt by his mother, Farouk lived the life of a playboy prince with luxury cars of the day and shopping sprees across Europe. He was a horrible kleptomaniac and his victims were personalities like Winston Churchill from whom he stole a watch. Other than swiping riches, he did have a fancy for stealing other men's wives.
A look into the man's mind - once Farouk had nightmares involving lions. This instigated him to shoot all the lions at Cairo Zoo. Fortunately or unfortunately, the dreams didn't end.
8. Jean Bedel Bokassa, former President of the Central African Republic
After being president for a year in 1976, Bokassa decided to convert his nation into an empire, and in true Napoleonic style, proclaim himself emperor. His government organised a lavish coronation ceremony which no heads of state attended. Again, fortunately or unfortunately, the emperors rule didn't last longer than two years.
9. Saparmurat Niyazov, former President of Turkmenistan
Coming to power after the fall of the USSR, the first thing on his agenda was to rename everything, from the days of the week, to the months of the year, and commodities like bread! You'll be interested to know he renamed it after his own mother)
After his death, all of the above were undone.
10. Queen Maria I of Portugal
After outliving her husband and children, Maria lost her mind and was treated by the same physician who attended to King George III of England. She was known to dress up in children's clothes and her voice could be heard through the walls of her palace, screaming non-stop.
11. Emperor Justin II of the Byzantine Empire
After an unsuccessful career in campaigning and losing wars to the Persians, Emperor Justin spent his remaining days as a recluse. Records reveal he sat on a wheelchair-like throne and was pushed around his domain. Other than biting attendants who came in his way, Justin was actually a cannibal who ate the servants who displeased him. According to John of Ephesus, he ordered organ music to be played through his palace constantly, in order to calm his mind.
Rulers of the Byzantine Empire
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Children Who Eat Cured Meat and Fish Increase Risk of Leukemia By 74%, Says Study
Children who regularly consume processed meat may have a heightened risk of developing leukemia, while those who eat a plant-based diet that contains soy products decrease their risk of developing the disease, studies find.
The findings come from numerous studies. The results of a study conducted in 2009 and published by the online journal BMC Cancer researched the diets and diseases of 515 Taiwanese primary school and teenage children. It found that the children who regularly ate cured meat and fish more than once a week had a 74 percent greater chance of developing acute leukemia. The children who rarely ate cured meat and fish with a diet focused on vegetables and soy products had just half the chance of developing acute leukemia as meat-eaters. The results suggest a connection between animals in the human diet and leukemia but research has yet to pinpoint the exact reason why.
Other research suggests that the precursor to cancer is nitrites added to meat during the curing process. Cured meats are processed by adding preservatives and flavorings such as sugar, salt, and chemical compounds; these create the opportunity for the development of nitrosamines, which have been noted as a compound with a strong correlation to cancer.
Dr. David C. Christiani of the Harvard School, one of the lead researchers in the leukemia study, told the website Reuters Health that he and his colleagues recommend children do not consume large amounts of cured meat and fish so as to best prevent the disease developing.
The leukemia study is one of many research efforts that suggest humans should reduce intake of meat and other animal products in order to reduce the risk of developing acute and chronic diseases. A recent study published by the World Cancer Research Fund found that reducing consumption of red meat, processed meats, and dairy can drastically reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer. These findings are echoed by more studies that say eating red meat is linked to an increased chance of distal cancer in women and that processed meat is linked to colorectal cancer. Conversely, a vegan diet is linked with greater breast cancer treatment results, and some people following the diet have been able to produce red blood cells that are more effective at combating cancer than the cells in people who eat meat.
Image Credit: Shuttershock
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What is the role of arterial blood gases in the workup of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)?
Updated: Dec 27, 2017
• Author: Shelley C Springer, JD, MD, MSc, MBA, FAAP; Chief Editor: Muhammad Aslam, MD more...
• Print
Depending on presentation acuity, hypoventilation and frank apnea are seen in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Arterial blood gas (ABG) can aid in the determination of the infant's need for respiratory support. The ABG can also provide information of the acid-base status.
Acute acidosis is worrisome. Lactic acidosis results from decreased cardiac output (as in cardiovascular collapse and shock), leading to poor perfusion of peripheral tissues. Tissue necrosis may also add to the observed metabolic acidosis.
An arterial blood sample is a convenient way to simultaneously obtain a blood culture, CBC, serum electrolytes, and ABG for the initial evaluation (note that arterial blood has a lower yield for demonstrating bacteremia than does venous blood). Depending on presentation acuity, inserting a peripheral arterial line while peripheral perfusion and intravascular volume are still within the reference range may be prudent. This peripheral arterial line facilitates serial blood sampling and invasive blood pressure monitoring that is essential if the baby's condition deteriorates.
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Atmospheric Methane Levels Have Surged in the Last Decade, and Scientists Aren't Sure Why
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Satellite view of Earth with moon in background. Atmospheric methane levels have increased over the past decade, baffling scientists. iStock
Levels of atmospheric methane—a greenhouse gas far more potent than carbon dioxide—have surged over the past decade, and scientists are not sure why.
The amount of methane released into the atmosphere since 2007 accounts for more than 6 percent of the total growth in emissions since the start of the industrial revolution.
According to a paper published in February in the American Geophysical Union journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles, the impact of the rising atmospheric methane could jeopardize our ability to meet targets set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
In the agreement, nations across the globe pledged to keep global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius (35.6 degrees Fahrenheit) on pre-industrial levels. World leaders mostly set out to do this by finding ways to reduce their CO2 emissions.
"The current growth [in methane] has now lasted over a decade," the study said. "If growth continues at similar rates through subsequent decades, evidence presented here demonstrates that the extra climate warming impact of the methane can significantly negate or even reverse progress in climate mitigation from reducing CO2 emissions."
Pre-industrial methane levels were around 720 parts per billion (ppb). In 1984, they were recorded as at 1,645 ppb. Over the next 20 years, the growth appeared to slow down, with 2006 levels recorded at 1,775 ppb. After this, emissions started to rise again. In 2017, they had reached 1,850 ppb.
Matt Rigby, an atmospheric scientist from the U.K.'s University of Bristol, who was not involved in the study, told the Los Angeles Times that researchers had hoped atmospheric methane levels would start falling. "But we've seen quite the opposite: It's been growing steadily for over a decade," he said. "It's just such a confusing picture. Everyone's puzzled. We're just puzzled."
In the study, scientists noted that while the growth of methane had been reported across the globe, it was especially notable in the tropics and northern mid‐latitudes. "The increase is continuing," the team wrote, adding that since 2007, the carbon isotope ratio—which is normally used to identify the origin of the methane—had changed significantly, indicating a shift of the source.
"All we know is that the amount in the air was very roughly steady in the early years of theis century. It looked like the methane budget had equilibrated," Nisbet told Newsweek. "A lot was being made, and a lot was being destroyed, and there was a balance. Imagine you are driving down the highway, foot flat on the accelerator. Eventually you'll get to a speed where the car whizzes down the road, but doesn't go any faster … that's where we seemed to be from about 2000 to 2006. But then we started accelerating again in 2007, and changed gear in 2014 to increase the rate of acceleration."
So where is it coming from? Methane can be produced in a number of ways. Most commonly, we associate it with the breakdown of biological material. However, it can also come from the fossil fuel industry. Increases in either or both of these provide a plausible answer.
A third idea is that the "cleansing power" of the atmosphere is declining, meaning methane is not being destroyed at such a fast pace. This means that even if emissions are not growing, methane is lingering in the atmosphere for longer.
At the moment, it is unclear exactly how and why methane in the atmosphere is growing—and this is a big problem. "The need to determine the factors behind the recent rise in methane is urgent: Indeed, essential if global warming is to be limited within the Paris Agreement limits," they concluded.
Nisbet said that while there is little that can be done to stop biological sources of methane, we can do a great deal to reduce fossil fuel emissions from the natural gas and coal industries. For the food industry—another source of methane—the situation is more complex. "If you replace organic milk from a stony Welsh hillside with soy milk produced by intensive culitivation and pesticides on a grubbed up South American rain forest, there's no gain," Nisbet said.
Anita Ganesan, an atmospheric scientist at the U.K.'s University of Bristol, who was not involved in the study, told Newsweek that the study findings have some "really worrying implications for the Paris Agreement." She said that by not reducing methane emissions in the way scientists had hoped, meeting targets set out will be all the more challenging.
"At the moment, we don't have a concrete handle on what is causing this rapid growth in methane concentrations—there are a lot of ideas that have been, and continue to be, put forward, but with no firm resolution," she said. "Because methane is a greenhouse gas that is firmly rooted in both natural and man-made systems, both of which affect and themselves are affected by climate, the cause for this surge in concentrations could result from only one or even a combination of many factors. This is still an open question and Nisbet et al., show us that we urgently need to find ways of closing the debate."
Nisbet said he believes it is still possible to meet the pledges laid out in the Paris Agreement. "There's evidence that in many major developed nations the climate warming emissions are coming down quickly," he said. "As we turn away from coal, and as we electrify our transport and heating with non-CO2 electricity, these nations are indeed making real inroads into the problem.
"But there are very great challenges—the two most obvious are the extraordinary amount of methane and CO2 emitted from coal-mining and burning in coal-addicted nations like China, India, Australia and South Africa, and more generally the incredible population growth in central Africa and the Middle East which is causing huge changes in the regional farming, burning, and animal populations and thus methane and CO2 emissions … The best long-term way to tackle surging regional emissions is to bring down population growth—and to do that we need to encourage girls to stay in school and give old people pensions—but that's a long way from the methane problem."
This article has been updated to include quotes from Euan Nisbet and Anita Ganesan.
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Watson Highlands Taiga | One Earth
Watson Highlands Taiga
Watson Highlands Taiga
Image credit: Courtesy of Bri Gachtal
Watson Highlands Taiga
The ecoregion’s land area is provided in units of 1,000 hectares. The protection goal is the Global Safety Net (GSN1) area for the given ecoregion. The protection level indicates the percentage of the GSN goal that is currently protected on a scale of 0-10. N/A means data is not available at this time.
Bioregion: Greater Yukon (NA6)
Realm: Subarctic America
Ecoregion Size (1000 ha):
Ecoregin ID:
Protection Goal:
Protection Level:
States: Canada: YT, BC, NT
The Watson Highlands Taiga ecoregion includes a large part of the Yukon Plateau and other highlands, ranging from the southwestern edge of Northwest Territories in the east, westward across northern British Columbia and a larger area of southern Yukon Territory, almost to Alaska. Its southwestern edge is barely within the spectacular Kluane National Park and Reserve.
Formerly called the Yukon Interior Dry Forests ecoregion, with somewhat different boundaries, the present Watson Highlands Taiga ecoregion is bounded by the Ogilvie-Mackenzie Alpine Tundra ecoregion on the north, the Muskwa-Slave Lake Taiga ecoregion on the east, the Northern Cordillera Forests ecoregion on the south, and the Alaska-St. Elias Range Tundra and Interior Yukon-Alaska Alpine Tundra ecoregions on the west. Whitehorse, the capital and only city in the Yukon Territory, lies within this ecoregion. Whitehorse, named after the White Horse Rapids, which resemble the mane of a white horse, is noteworthy for having the least air pollution of any city in the world, according to the Guinness World Records.
The flagship species of the Watson Highlands Taiga ecoregion is the common raven. Image credit: Creative Commons
The climate of the Watson Highlands Taiga ecoregion is dry subarctic. The average temperature in summer across the ecoregion is around 11°C and winter temperatures range from -19°C to -16.5°C. Average annual precipitation is in the 225–400 mm range across the ecoregion but is drier in the rain shadow of the Coast Mountains; Whitehorse is the driest city in Canada, with annual rainfall of 145 cm and annual snowfall of 1,450 mm. The topography is generally rolling hills and plateaus separated by broad and often deeply cut valleys. Most elevations are above 1,000 m and permafrost is discontinuous.
The boreal forest is dominated by black spruce and white spruce, with lodgepole pine on the driest sites and burned areas. Fire is the dominant agent of natural disturbance, and fires are frequent enough that relatively young successional forests are more common than old growth. Grasslands often occur on south-facing slopes at low elevations. These are some of the most northern grasslands in North America, and their juxtaposition with boreal forest in this ecoregion is unique.
The subalpine zone is usually dominated by subalpine fir, along with dwarf birch and willow up to the tree line. The higher alpine zone is characterized by mountain avens, dwarf shrubs, forbs, grasses, and lichens. Among the characteristic mammals are caribou, moose, mountain goat, Dall sheep, grizzly bear, black bear, wolf, coyote, beaver, and snowshoe hare. Noteworthy birds include common raven, golden eagle, and ptarmigan.
Snowshoe hare. Image credit: NPS Climate Change Response, Creative Commons
With only 5% of its area within protected areas, the Watson Highlands Taiga ecoregion clearly requires significantly more protection before the existing threats intensity. Chief among these threats is habitat fragmentation related to transportation corridors and urban growth around Whitehorse. Timber harvest and mining also pose a problem in some areas.
Priority conservation actions for the next decade are to: 1) vastly increase designation of conservation lands; 2) reduce the rate of road-building, logging, mining, and other intensive human activities throughout the ecoregion; and 3) protect vulnerable wildlife from over-hunting.
Beaver. Image credit: Creative Commons
1. Ricketts, T.H. et al. 1999. Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
2. Ecological Stratification Working Group. 1995. A National Ecological Framework for Canada. Environment Canada and other agencies, Ottawa.
3. Elliott-Fisk, D.L. 2000. The taiga and boreal forest. In M.G. Barbour and W.D. Billings, editors. North American Terrestrial Vegetation, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
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Woman practicing yoga pose The Tree Vrksasana
Yoga for Balance
January 09, 2020
Yogis have long believed that when the body is balanced then so too is the mind. And when both body and mind are balanced then so too is life.
If only it was that easy, however, a regular yoga practice can help.
Yoga postures and techniques are able to help us achieve overall physical and emotional balance. They also teach us valuable tools and techniques that we can draw on during challenging or changing times.
Even when we feel balanced that can all change in a moment.
One of the keys to physical and emotional balance is being consistent with our practice.
The physical body is rarely symmetrical. One side of the body is usually stronger or more flexible than the other. Such imbalances can eventually cause minor aches and pains, if ignored they could eventually develop into something more serious.
Yoga encourages us to keep tuning into the body and discovering these small imbalances.
Remember that all physical imbalances can also be reflected emotionally.
So working to achieve a good sense of physical balance will reflect throughout your entire life.
That being said balance is not about strength or standing on one leg.
In Yoga finding balance also goes way beyond the physical aspect. The words Ha - Tha Yoga, translates to mean the following; - sun - moon - yoke or the joining or coming together of the sun and the moon. This has lead many yogis to believe that one of the main objectives of Hatha Yoga is to bring balance to opposing forces and to encourage them to work together for positive changes, movement or acceptance to occur.
Quick Tip for Improving your Balance
Perform postures that help to open the body, especially the chest and heart area. Balancing becomes easier when energy flows freely around the body. If the chest is closed and the shoulders are rolled forwards it can be difficult to balance as the body is pulled forward and out of alignment.
Make sure that you focus on your alignment.
Try the following two easy postures to help improve balance.
Baddha Konasana (The Cobbler or Bound Angle)
Baddha Konasana is easy to perform. Next time you practice it try doing so following the below instructions this will help you find overall balance in this simple seated posture.
Begin by sitting with a straight spine and the soles of your feet together. Become aware of the connection between your sitting bones and the floor, then work to draw up your lower abdominal muscles maintaining the connection between your sitting bones and the floor.
Take your time to feel that you are growing up out of the crown of your head, feel the length of your spine as you maintain a connection between your sitting bones and the earth.
Instead of holding onto your feet allow your wrists to rest lightly on your knees, to help open the chest and the area around the heart.
Take your focus to the sides of your body, both sides of your body from your underarms to the floor should be equal in length, also notice the position of your torso and keep your chest open, make sure that your body is not rotating keep it square to the front. Now notice your knees, both knees should be releasing equally towards the floor.
As you hold the posture breathing slowly in and out through your nose continue to scan through all these areas to ensure that the body remains in a state of balance. When you feel ready it is possible to work on the subtle connection between breath and movement. As you inhale allow your knees to lift slightly and as you exhale allow the knees to drift towards the floor. Remain mindful throughout.
The Tree (Vrksasana)
Begin standing with a small space between the insides of your feet and the outside edges of your feet parallel. Transfer all your weight onto your right foot and lift the left leg. Place the sole of the left foot against the inside of the right foot with the toes pointing down and the knee out to the side. Join the palms of the hands to form a prayer position in front of your chest. Breathe slowly through your nose for ten complete breaths and then repeat on the other side.
Once the body is experiencing a greater sense of balance it is possible to enjoy improved levels of health and vitality. The risk of injury is reduced, falls and tumbles will become rarer, aches and pains experienced due to incorrect posture will diminish, energy levels will be enhanced as stress and tension caused by imbalances are removed, internal organs are able to function more efficiently, circulation will improve and greater levels of oxygen and nutrients will be received by the cells. Not forgetting that the mind will become clearer and more focused too.
The Yoga 2 Hear class Yoga for Balance has been created to bring balance to the body and mind.
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Charting Methods and Formats in Nursing
Healthcare professionals, including nurses, have the enormous responsibility of gathering accurate patient information consistent with the principle of patient-centered care. Moreover, clinical staff have the obligation of incorporating patient information with scientific evidence and professional expertise to deliver high-quality and safe patient care. Standard operating procedures and charts are essential to guide nurses and other clinical staff in ensuring accurate and efficient patient care, including precise assessment to avoid misdiagnosis of patient problems. Therefore, it is imperative to describe the SOAP and PIE charting in nursing.
SOAP Charting
Documentation is a crucial component in healthcare for accountability and reference purposes. The process should be well-defined and organized for standardization and ease of reference. Consequently, the SOAP acronym representing subjective, objective, assessment, and planning is a popular documentation strategy that ensures efficient and structured documentation in healthcare practice (Podder et al., 2020). The method is helpful to guide clinical staff in having focused execution of patient evaluation while highlighting specific aspects.
Comprehensive assessment of a patient for definitive diagnosis and treatment is the product of the accurate utilization of the SOAP format. Consequently, the format can record critical aspects of patient information that guided clinical decision-making. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary care team can have effective communication concerning all aspects of patient care based on the SOAP charting. Therefore, SOAP is an effective protocol that guided clinical reasoning among healthcare professionals for high-quality patient care. The format structure follows the order of Subjective information, Objective data, Assessment, and Planning.
Subjective component
The section is essential to gather the patient’s experiences, personal feelings, or opinions of the patient’s significant others regarding the patient’s healthcare status or the reason that made the patient seek medical attention. Moreover, the subjective component provides a foundation to conduct subsequent orders or procedures. The comprehensive execution of the subjective element involves assessing the patient’s chief complaint, history of presenting illness, history taking, review of systems, and the presence of current medications or allergies.
Objective Component
The clinician gathers the objective patient data through comprehensive physical examinations, vital signs observation, and diagnostic tests such as laboratory or imaging investigations. Moreover, findings by other clinical staff constitute objective data.
The integration of subjective and objective data to generate patient diagnosis is the assessment component of the SOAP format. The patient cc and interaction of body systems are essential to state the accurate patient diagnosis and other plausible problems often referred to as the differential diagnosis. The differential diagnosis must be in the order of highest to lowest probability.
The plan involves the statement of the necessity of additional investigations and senior review or consultations. Moreover, the plan component serves as a communication tool between the multidisciplinary team members regarding the patient’s therapy.
Proposed Improvement of the SOAP Charting
Standard operating procedures may need continuous improvement to ensure high-quality patient care. For this reason, the SOAP format may need rearrangement to assume the order APSO for ease of access of information on ongoing care (Podder et al., 2020). The APSO order is beneficial to physicians to refine the efficiency and accuracy of structuring patient information for chronic disease management while ensuring effective communication of patient information.
Communication of Patient Information Using SOAP Charting
Patient’s name: John Smith. DOB: 08-10-1951. Sex: Male
Clinician: Dr. Jerry Jones
Chief Complain
The patient complains of left arm pain. Additionally, the patient complains of leg weakness that increases with going up steps with bilateral leg pains.
History of Presenting Complains
A 70-year-old male patient presenting with pains in the left arm, legs, and left leg weakness that increases with going up steps. The patient’s leg pain is aching, worsening at night. Moreover, the pain is better when he elevates his legs.
Vital signs
BP- 165/85mmHg, PR- 60bpm, RR- 16 breaths per minute, Temperature-98.5 degrees Fahrenheit, SPO2-97%, pain -5 out of 10 scale, height- 182cm, Weight- 165kg.
Physical Examination findings
The patient has peripheral edema of both ankles and inflammation on both legs.
Imaging investigations
The patient has leg fractures following X-ray studies.
The patient’s diagnosis is hypertension with bilateral leg and ankles edema, heart diseases, and diabetes.
The patient should elevate his legs for one hour four times a day. Moreover, the patient to take 25mg Hydrochlorothiazide tablet once daily in the morning. The patient should don support stocking until the next appointment at two weeks.
PIE Charting
The problem-focused charting method constitutes the acronym PIE that stands for Problem, Intervention, and Evaluation. The process assumes a definite problem-oriented structure with the SOAP format. Moreover, the PIE charting ensures satisfactory quality documentation in terms of comprehensiveness and conciseness to record patient’s pertinent information (Almasi et al., 2018). The simplicity of structure ensures efficiency in collecting and recording patient’s information as opposed to the time-consuming SOAP format. Structurally, the problem component denotes the patient’s diagnosis, such as ineffective breathing patterns. Clinical interventions are essential to alleviate the patient’s problem, while the evaluation component establishes the impact of interventions to improve the patient’s clinical status.
Patient Scenario
A 46-year-old female patient is admitted to the emergency department with a chief complaint of excessive vaginal bleeding for the last 12 hours. Additionally, she has used over nine fully soaked gynaecological pads since the onset of bleeding. The patient reports general body weakness, and on examination, she appears lethargic and has pallor demonstrated in the palms of hands and the conjunctiva of the eyes. Vital signs observation reveals that the patient has a blood pressure of 88/54mmHG, a pulse rate of 111bpm, a temperature of 38.6degree Celsius, a Respiratory Rate of 25breaths per minute, and saturating at 86% room air. Therefore, the patient’s life-threatening problem is deficient fluid volume related to abnormal uterine bleeding as evidenced by being lethargic, BP of 88/54mmHg, and pulse rate of 11bpm.
Prompt treatment is essential to prevent the complication of the patient’s clinical state or even death. Therefore, interventions should aim at restoring adequate fluid volume status within the next 6 hours, with the indicators being blood pressure of over 100/60mmHg, Pulse rate of lower than 100bpm, and urine output at the rate of 25mls per hour, and resolved lethargy. Therefore, the RN secured large-bore intravenous access then administered Hartman’s solution one liter in the first 20 minutes, one liter in 30 minutes, and slow infusion at 3mls per minute after the first hour. The patient received intravenous Tranexamic acid 1g STAT as ordered. Additionally, it is imperative to periodically monitor the patient’s vital signs while highlighting blood pressure, urine output, and pulse rate.
Healthcare professionals have to ensure high-quality patient care through consistent assessment of patient’s responses to therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the patient with low fluid volume demands close monitoring to detect complications such as shock with acute kidney injury. After six hours, general observation reveals that the patient is less lethargic, evidenced by prompt response to questions and alertness. Assessment of vital signs establishes an improvement in the blood pressure level to 103/59mmHg. The pulse rate is still elevated at 96bpm but lower than the initial observation. Furthermore, the patient has a urine output at the rate of an estimated 28mls per hour with the cessation of profuse per vaginal bleeding. Nonetheless, the pallor demands administration of blood products such as whole blood.
Almasi, S., Cheraghi, F., Dehghani, M., Ehsani, S., Khalili, A., & Alimohammadi, N. (2018). Effects of problem, intervention, evaluation (PIE) training on the quality of nursing documentation among students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 15(1). Web.
Podder, V., Lew, V., & Ghassemzadeh, S. (2020). SOAP notes. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Web.
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What is the board meeting voting procedure?
The voting of the board is a way of making a decision, in which each shareholder has the right to express his opinion through the casting vote. Various issues can be put to the vote: mergers, acquisitions of other companies, personnel issues, and so on.
Remote shareholders meeting
A remote General Meeting is an opportunity to vote at the Meeting by submitting voting ballots remotely, without being physically present at the meeting venue. Voting is granted through a depository institution serving the shareholder.
The greatest threat is the deprivation of the shareholder of the right to express his opinion on a specific issue at the Meeting, the right to ask a question. To date, there is still no practice of appealing against a remote Meeting, but such a risk exists.
Another advantage of the remote Meeting is that it is a “silent” Meeting. No one comes anywhere and makes a fuss about the decision-making. In certain cases – very convenient.
Of course, given that the remote Meeting is held using electronic systems, all communications with shareholders take place exclusively in electronic format. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of shareholders who will be personally notified of the convening of the Meeting, respectively and reduces their number in voting at the Meeting. Although this paragraph applies mainly to post-privatization joint-stock companies. For example, the remote Meeting of the Central Securities Depository itself was attended by more shareholders than usually came to an ordinary face-to-face Meeting. In addition, at the remote Meeting, shareholders were more actively interested in the Meeting and submitted requests regarding agenda items, draft resolutions.
How online voting works
Online voting is an excellent tool for quick feedback, decision-making, and allows you to check with colleagues at any time. This is how you communicate that you remember them and their opinion is valuable.
1. You can create your voting by configuring each of its parameters manually, or choose a ready-made template from the management platform that you work within your company.
2. It will not be difficult to distribute the vote – usually users of the platform for the board of the company receive notifications. If this does not happen, then send the link to your general chat or email personally to those from whom you are waiting for votes.
3. Flexible platform settings for shareholders make it possible to make voting open, closed, limit it in time, and take into account the quorum meeting. After the completion of the voting, the results are made public.
Using Internet voting is an easy way to get feedback or make decisions without having to sit in long meetings in the office.
Voting by different squads
If the agenda of the General Meeting of Shareholders includes issues on which voting is carried out by different compositions of voters, the determination of the quorum for deciding on these issues is carried out separately. At the same time, the absence of a quorum for deciding on issues voted on by one set of voters does not prevent the adoption of a decision on issues that are voted on by another set of voters, for the adoption of which there is a quorum.
In the absence of a quorum for holding the annual general meeting, a repeated general meeting with the same agenda must be held. The repeated general meeting is considered valid if it was attended by shareholders who in the aggregate have the number of shares specified in the company’s regulations.
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observed in the chapter immediately foregoing, that all the various emotions of beauty have one common character, that of sweetness and gaiety. The emotion of grandeur has a different character: a large object that is agreeable, occupies the whole attention, and swells the heart into a vivid emotion, which, though extremely pleasant, is rather serious than gay. And this affords a good reason for distinguishing in language these different emotions. The emotions raised by color, by regularity, by proportion, and by order, have such a resemblance to each other, as readily to come unde one general term, viz. the emotion of beauty; but the emotion of grandeur is so different from these mentioned, as to merit a peculiar name.
Though regularity, proportion, order, and color, contribute to grandeur as well as to beauty, yet these qualities are not by far so essential to the former as to the latter. To make out that proposition, some preliminaries are requisite. In the first place, the mind, not being totally occupied with a small object, can give its attention at the same time to every minute part; but in a great or extensive object, the mind being totally occupied with the capital and striking parts, has no attention left for those that are little or indifferent. In the next place, two similar objects appear not similar when viewed at different distances; the similar parts of a very large object, cannot be seen but at different distances; and for that reason, its regularity, and the proportion of its parts, are, in some measure, lost to the eye; neither are the irregularities of a very large object so conspicuous as of one that is small. Hence it is, that a large object is, not so agreeable by its regularity, as a small object; nor so disagreeable by its irregularities.
These considerations make it evident, that grandeur is satisfied with a less degree of regularity and of the other qualities mentioned, than is requisite for beauty; which may be illustrated by the following experiment. Approaching to a small conical hill, we take an accurate survey of every part, and are sensible of the slightest deviation from regularity and proportion. Supposing the hill to be considerably enlarged, so as to make us less sensible of its regularity, it will, upon that account, appear less beautiful. It will not, however, appear less agreeable, because some slight emotion of grandeur comes in place of what is lost in beauty. And at last, when the hill is enlarged to a great mountain, the small degree of beauty that is left, is sunk in its grandeur. Hence it is, that a towering hill is delightful, if it have but the slightest resemblance of a cone; and a chain of mountains no less so, though deficient in the accuracy of order and proportion. We require a small surface to be smooth; but in an extensive plain, considerable inequalities are overlooked. In a word, regularity, proportion, order, and color, contribute to grandeur as well as to beauty; but with a remarkable difference, that, in passing from small to great, they are not required in the same degree of perfection. This remark serves to explain the extreme delight we have in viewing the face of nature, when sufficiently enriched and diversified with objects. The bulk of the objects in a natural landscape are beautiful, and some of them grand:
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a flowing river, a spreading oak, a round hill, an extended plain, are delightful; and even a rugged rock or barren heath, though in themselves disagreeable, contribute, by contrast, to the beauty of the whole. Joining to these, the verdure of the fields, the mixture of light and shade, and the sublime canopy spread over all; it will not appear wonderful, that so extensive a group of splendid objects should swell the heart to its utmost bounds, and raise the strongest emotion of grandeur. The spectator is conscious of an enthusiasm, which cannot bear confinement, nor the strictness of regularity and order: he loves to range at large; and is so enchanted with magnificent objects, as to overlook slight beauties or deformities.
The same observation is applicable, in some measure, to works of art: in a small building, the slightest irregularity is disagreeable; but, in a magnificent palace, or a large Gothic church, irregularities are less regarded in an epic poem we pardon many negligences that would not be permitted in a sonnet or epigram. Notwithstanding such exceptions, it may be justly laid down for a rule, that in works of art, order and regularity ought to be governing principles and hence the observation of Longinus,* # In works of art we have regard to exact proportion; in those of nature, to grandeur and magnificence."
The same reflections are, in a good measure, applicable to sublimity; particularly, that, like grandeur, it is a species of agreeableness; that a beautiful object placed high, appearing more agreeable than formerly, produces in the spectator a new emotion, termed the emotion of sublimity; and that the perfection of order, regularity, and proportion, is less required in objects placed high, or at a distance, than at hand.
The pleasant emotion raised by large objects, has not escaped the
He doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus; and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs.
Julius Cæsar, Act I. Sc. 3.
Cleopatra. I dreamt there was an Emp'ror Antony;
Oh such another sleep, that I might sce
But such another man!
His face was as the heavens: and therein stuck
A sun and moon, which kept their course, and lighted
The little O o' th' earth.
His legs bestrid the ocean, his rear'd arm
Crested the world.
Antony and Cleopatra, Act V. Sc. 3.
Dies not alone, but, like a gulph, doth draw
What's near it with it. It's a massy wheel
Fix'd on the summit of the highest mount;
To whose huge spokes, ten thousand lesser things
Are mortis'd and adjoin'd; which when it falls,
Each small annexment, petty consequence,
Attends the boist'rous ruin.
Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 8.
The poets have also made good use of the emotion produced by the elevated situation of an object:
Quod si me lyricis vatibus inseres,
Sublimi feriam sidera vertice.
• Chap. 30.
Horat. Carm. 1. 1. Ode 1.
Amongst the lyric bards let me be read,
High as the stars shall rise my lofty head.
O thou! the earthly author of my blood,
Whose youthful spirit, in me regenerate,
Doth with a twofold vigor lift me up,
To reach at victory above my head. Richard II. Act I. Sc. 4.
Northumberland, thou ladder wherewithal
The mounting Bolingbroke ascends my throne..
Richard II. Act V Sc. 2.
Antony. Why was I rais'd the meteor of the world,
Hung in the skies, and blazing as I travell'd,
Till all my fires were spent; and then cast downward;
To be trod out by Cæsar? Dryden, All for Love, Act I.
The description of Paradise in the fourth book of Paradise Lost, ☛ a fine illustration of the impression made by elevated objects:
So on he fares, and to the border comes
Of Eden, where delicious Paradise,
Now nearer, crowns with her inclosure green,
As with a rural mound, the champain head
Of a steep wilderness; whose hairy sides
With thicket overgrown, grotesque and wild,
Access deny'd; and overhead up grew
Insuperable height of loftiest shade,
Cedar and pine, and fir, and branching palm,
A sylvan scene; and as the ranks ascend,
Shade above shade, a woody theatre
Of stateliest view. Yet higher than their tops
The verd'rous wall of Paradise up sprung;
Which to our general sire gave prospect large
Into his nether empire neighb'ring round.
And higher than that wall a circling row
Of goodliest trees, loaden with fairest fruit,
Blossoms and fruits at once of golden hue,
Appear'd with gay enamel'd colors mix'd.'"
B. 4. l. 131.
Though a grand object is agreeable, we must not infer that a little object is disagreeable; which would be unhappy for man, considering that he is surrounded with so many objects of that kind. The same holds with respect to place: a body placed high is agreeable; but the same body placed low, is not, by that circumstance, rendered disagreeable. Littleness and lowness of place are precisely similar in the following particular, that they neither give pleasure nor pain. And in this may visibly be discovered peculiar attention in fitting the internal constitution of man to his external circumstances. Were littleness and lowness of place agreeable, greatness and elevation could not be so were littleness and lowness of place disagreeable, they would occasion perpetual uneasiness.
The difference between great and little with respect to agreeableness, is remarkably felt in a series, when we pass gradually from the one extreme to the other. A mental progress from the capital to the kingdom, from that to Europe-to the whole earth-to the planetary system-to the universe, is extremely pleasant: the heart swells, and the mind is dilated, at every step. The returning in an opposite direction is not positively painful, though our pleasure lessens at every step, till it vanishes into indifference: such a progress may sometimes produce pleasure of a different sort, which arises from
taking a narrower and narrower inspection. The same observation holds in a progress upward and downward. Ascent is pleasant, because it elevates us: but descent is never painful; it is for the most part pleasant from a different cause, that it is according to the order of nature. The fall of a stone from any height is extremely agreeable by its accelerated motion. I feel it pleasant to descend from a mountain, because the descent is natural and easy. Neither is looking downward painful; on the contrary, to look down upon objects makes part of the pleasure of elevation: looking down becomes then only painful when the object is so far below as to create dizziness; and even when that is the case, we feel a sort of pleasure mixed with pain. Witness Shakspeare's description of Dover cliffs:
How fearful
And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eye so low!
The crows and choughs, that wing the midway-air,
Show scarce so gross as beetles. Half-way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire; dreadful trade!
Methinks he seems no bigger than his head.
The fishermen that walk upon the beach,
Appear like mice; and yon tall anchoring bark
Diminish'd to her cock; her cock, a buoy
Almost too small for sight. The murmuring surge,
That on th' unnumber'd idle pebbles chafes,
Cannot be heard so high. I'll look no more,
Lest my brain turn, and the deficient sight
Topple down headlong. King Lear, Act IV. Sc. 6.
A remark is made above, that the emotions of grandeur and sublimity are nearly allied; and hence it is, that the one term is frequently put for the other. An increasing series of numbers, for example, producing an emotion similar to that of mounting upward, is commonly termed an ascending series: a series of numbers gradually decreasing, producing an emotion similar to that of going downward, is commonly termed a descending series: we talk familiarly of going up to the capital, and of going down to the country: from a lesser kingdom we talk of going up to a greater; whence the anabasis in the Greek language, when one travels from Greece to Persia. We discover the same way of speaking in the language even of Japan; and its universality proves it the offspring of a natural feeling.
The foregoing observation leads us to consider grandeur and sublimity in a figurative sense, and as applicable to the fine arts. Hitherto these terms have been taken in their proper sense, as applicable to objects of sight only: and it was of importance to bestow some pains upon that article; because, generally speaking, the figurative sense of a word is derived from its proper sense, which holds remarkably at present. Beauty in its original signification is confined to objects of sight; but, as many other objects, intellectual as well as moral, raise emotions resembling that of beauty, the resemblance of the effects prompts us to extend the term beauty to these objects. This equally accounts for the terms grandeur and sublimity taken in a figurative sense. Every motion, from whatever cause
• Kempfer's History of Japan, b. 5. chap. 2.
it proceeds, that resembles an emotion of grandeur or elevation, is called by the same name: thus generosity is said to be an elevated emotion, as well as great courage; and that firmness of soul which is superior to misfortunes, obtains the peculiar name of magnanimity. On the other hand, every emotion that contracts the mind, and fixes it upon things trivial or of no importance, is termed low, by its resemblance to an emotion produced by a little or low object of sight: thus an appetite for trifling amusements is called a low taste. The same terms are applied to characters and actions: we talk familiarly of an elevated genius, of a great man, and equally so of littleness of mind some actions are great and elevated, and others are little and grovelling. Sentiments, and even expressions, are characterised in the same manner: an expression or sentiment that raises the mind is denominated great or elevated; and hence the SUBLIME* in poetry. In such figurative terms, we lose the distinction between great and elevated in their proper sense; for the resemblance is not so entire as to preserve these terms distinct in their figurative application. We carry this figure still farther. Elevation in its proper sense, imports superiority of place; and lowness, inferiority of place: and hence a man of superior talents, of superior rank, of inferior parts, of inferior taste, and such like. The veneration we have for our ancestors, and for the ancients in general, being similar to the emotion produced by an elevated object of sight, justifies the figurative expression, of the ancients being raised above us, or possessing a superior place. And we may remark in passing, that as words are intimately connected with ideas, many, by this form of expression, are led to conceive their ancestors as really above them in place, and their posterity below them:
A grandam's name is little less in love,
Than is the doting title of a mother:
They are as children but one step below.
Richard III. Act IV. Sc. 5.
The notes of the gamut, proceeding regularly from the blunter or grosser sounds to the more acute and piercing, produce, in the hearer, a feeling somewhat similar to what is produced by mounting upward; and this gives occasion to the figurative expressions, a high note, a low note.
Such is the resemblance in feeling between real and figurative grandeur, that among the nations on the east coast of Afric, who are directed purely by nature, the officers of state are, with respect to rank,
Longinus gives a description of the Sublime that is not amiss, though far from being just in every circumstance, "That the mind is elevated by it, and so sensibly affected, as to swell in transport and inward pride, as if what is only heard or read, were its own invention." But he adheres not to this description; in his 6th chapter, he justly observes, that many passions have nothing of the grand, such as grief, fear, pity, which depress the mind instead of raising it; ang yet, in chap. 8. he mentions Sappho's ode upon love as sublime: beautiful it is undoubtedly, but it cannot be sublime, because it really depresses the mind instead of raising it. His translator Boileaux is not more successful in his instances. In his 10th reflection, he cites a passage from Demosthenes and another from Herodotus as sublime, which have not the least tincture of that quality.
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Reviewing Judicial Review
In the most famous defense of the U.S. Supreme Court’s power to declare acts of the federal and state legislatures unconstitutional, Alexander Hamilton argued that it was the Court’s job only to implement the will of the people as expressed in the Constitution. If the Court went beyond that—interpreting the document to include things that did not reflect the people’s original understanding—then the justices would be infringing on liberty itself. Quoting Montesquieu on this point, Hamilton stressed that judges should not be legislators and implied that they should leave the creation of new law to other branches of government, or to the people themselves.
That was American orthodoxy for most of our history, but beginning in 1937, the Court—frightened by Franklin D. Roosevelt’s overwhelming electoral success and concerned by his charge that the justices were applying “horse and buggy” notions to their interpretation of the Constitution—began to rewrite that document, in accordance with the President’s preferences. The first thing the justices changed was the allocation of power between the state and federal governments, as they began to permit Congress to regulate virtually all of American life. In the 1950’s, 60’s, and 70’s, the justices, often influenced by trendy psychological or sociological theories, took control of state education, of state and local law enforcement, and of legislative reapportionment. In 1973, out of whole cloth, the Supreme Court created a constitutional right to abortion, and, in similar acts of judicial legerdemain, the Court forbade mandatory prayer and Bible reading in America’s public schools.
Campaigning for president, Sen. John McCain repeated George W. Bush’s claim that, if elected, he would appoint judges who would understand the difference between judging and legislating. Barack Obama, a former constitutional-law professor who is more closely in tune with the current biases of the academy, declared that he would choose justices who had some sense of what it meant to be an outsider, or a member of a minority, or a teenage mother. Obama was strongly signaling that he believes the judicial role is to change the law in a more progressive direction—toward the reallocation of resources and power to minorities, women, labor, and other favored constituencies of the Democratic Party.
Obama was the choice of a majority of the American people, and, alas, popular opinion now seems to reject what we Americans have always gloried in: the rule of law itself. Can anything be done? Have we completely lost our cherished notion that ours was supposed to be “a government of laws and not of men”? For decades Republicans thought that, if only Republican presidents could put conservative jurists on the Court, there could be a return to the jurisprudence of the Framers, but with some exceptions (Scalia, Thomas, Roberts, and Alito), this strategy has failed. Some—most notably, Chronicles contributor William Quirk—have urged Congress to control the Court by “stripping” it of jurisdiction to meddle in areas better left to the states, but that requires a Congress committed to reining in judicial abuses. We now have a congressional majority that celebrates them. Worse, the few efforts that Congress has undertaken to strip jurisdiction—in the area of wartime executive discretion, for example—have been blatantly and wrongly rebuffed by a majority of the Court itself.
Probably the only means of restoring the Republic’s original understanding of law is to remind the American people how that understanding came to be. The Framers, having studied the manner in which English monarchs misused the courts to serve their own purposes, sought to ensure that our law would protect citizens’ most important interests: life, liberty, and property (after John Locke’s formulation). Those Framers also understood that there could be no order without law, no law without morality, and no morality without religion. They were, in short, the antithesis of the secular humanists who are now ascendant in our country. Those in charge are currently in the process of imperiling private property itself, and one can only hope that they do not extend their efforts to endanger life and liberty. Out of the current chaos, however, may come a realization of an earlier, better way.
This article first appeared in the May 2009 issue of Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture.
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How to Design a Personalized Weight Training Routine
Mahmoud Ibrahim, Certified Personal Trainer with a Bachelor's Degree in Athletic Training and Sports Science.
Resistance training is probably the single most controversial type of training there is, as it is surrounded by hundreds of myths and misconceptions. Resistance training is also the field of fitness where proper manipulation of volume, load, and rest can play the most drastic role in determining the outcome of a given program. By manipulating these aspects of a given program, the expected outcome could change from improved muscular endurance to increased muscular strength or even muscle hypertrophy.
Training Principles and Their Application to Resistance Training
In designing any type of resistance training program, the following principles should be observed and applied:
1. Specificity
The development of muscular fitness is specific to the muscle group that is exercised, the type of contraction, and the training intensity. Strength and endurance gains are also specific to the speed and range of motion used during the training. For example, in isometric training, strength gains at angles other than the training angle are typically 50% less than those at the exercised angle.
2. Overload
To promote strength and endurance gains, workloads have to be greater than normal. A number of exercises, sets, reps, percentage of RM (Repetition Maximum), and duration can all be manipulated to tax the muscular system beyond what it is accustomed to.
3. Progression
Training volume, or the total amount of work performed per session, must be periodically increased in order to continue overloading the muscular system and achieve further improvements in muscular strength and/or endurance. However, doing too much too soon could cause excessive muscle soreness and increase the risk of injury. Therefore, the progression needs to be gradual. Usually, as your muscular system adapts to a given resistance, you become able to perform more reps with that weight. Thus, the number of reps you are able to perform will indicate when the resistance needs to be increased throughout the training program.
4. Initial Strength and Diminishing Returns
Individuals with lower initial strength will show greater relative gains and a faster rate of improvement in response to resistance training compared to those starting with higher strength levels, due to the greater gap between the beginners’ strength level and their genetic potential. However, as you start approaching your genetic potential, the rate of improvement slows and eventually plateaus.
5. Reversibility
The positive physiological adaptations and improvements in muscle structure and function achieved through resistance training are reversible. When individuals stop exercising (or significantly reduce the training volume), detraining occurs and, within a few months, most of the training improvements are lost.
Different Ways of Splitting a Resistance Training Program
Depending on the goal of the program and the rest period needed between training sessions, the program could be split over two or more days using one of the following methods:
1. Regional Split
The body could be split into Upper, core, and lower regions to be trained on different days. Example:
• Upper body on Saturdays and Tuesdays
• Core on Sundays and Wednesdays
• Lower body on Mondays and Thursdays
• Rest on Fridays
2. Segmentation
When the training volume is particularly high, it could be helpful to divide the body into several segments that are trained on different days. Example:
• Saturdays: chest and elbow flexors
• Sundays: abs, obliques, and deep back muscles
• Mondays: lats and elbow extensors
• Tuesdays: shoulders and calves
• Wednesdays: upper back, quads, and hip adductors
• Thursdays: hamstrings, glutes, and hip abductors
• Fridays: rest
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3. Opposition
The body can also be split into pairs of opposing muscle groups that are trained over the days of the week. Example:
• Saturdays: chest and upper back (including post. delts)
• Sundays: lats and delts
• Mondays: arms (elbow and wrist flexors and extensors)
• Tuesdays: abs, obliques, and deep back muscles
• Wednesdays: hip and knee flexors and extensors
• Thursdays: hip adductors and abductors with ankle plantar and dorsi flexors
• Fridays: rest
4. Agonist/Antagonist
You could also choose to train agonists and antagonists on different days of the week. Example:
• Saturdays, Mondays, and Wednesdays: chest, delts, elbow and wrist flexors, abs and obliques, hip flexors and knee extensors, hip adductors, and ankle dorsi-flexors
• Sundays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays: upper back, lats, elbow and wrist extensors, deep back muscles, hip extensors and knee flexors, hip abductors and ankle plantar-flexors
• Fridays: rest
Guidelines for Designing a Resistance Training Program
Since most of us are average human beings who want to achieve a reasonable combination of muscular strength, size, and endurance, I am going to focus this article mainly around guidelines that apply to the average person. However, the table below will also provide you with the needed norms for training bodybuilders and weight-lifters.
Resistance Training Guidelines
* Each one of these columns is inversely related to the one on its left (i.e. the higher the %RM, the lower the reps; the higher the reps, the lower the sets and the higher the sets, the lower the number of exercises per muscle group and vice-versa).
GoalExercises per muscle group*Sets*Reps*% RM*Rest between sets
Maximal Strength
3-5 mins
90 sec - 3 mins.
30-90 secs
Toning/Body Sculpting
30-90 secs
70 & Below
30-90 secs
Fat Burning
70 & Below
0-20 secs
1 RM Estimations
Reps% RM
16 or more
60 or less
• N.B.1: From the above table, you can see that a program designed for hypertrophy, would also achieve a significant strength and endurance gains
• N.B.2.: Resistance training loads higher than 80%RM are associated with higher instances of injury and dropout.
• N.B.3.: Most researches suggest that resistance training programs involving 4 sets or more result in overtraining, decreased benefits and a higher risk of injury.
• N.B.4.: The 1RM value could be determined from the number of reps you perform using a sub-maximal weight. Use the adjacent table for that.
Steps for Designing a Resistance Training Program
1. Identify the primary goal of the first program (mesocycle): Strength, muscular endurance, hypertrophy or toning.
2. How much time and what frequency they are willing to commit to this program.
3. Depending on your goals and time commitment, determine the way you are going to split the program.
4. Using results from your assessments, identify specific muscle groups that need particular attention (particularly tight, particularly weak, etc.).
5. Select exercises that target all the major muscle groups of the body and incorporate exercises that address muscular imbalances gleaned from step 4.
6. Based on your goals and current strength and endurance levels, determine appropriate starting loads, reps, and sets for each exercise, as well as the appropriate amount and type of rest between sets (active recovery or total recovery).
7. Set criteria for progressive overload. For Example Increase resistance by 5% when 10 to 12 reps can be performed in two consecutive sessions.
The Concepts of Active Recovery and Periodical Recovery
Active Recovery basically refers to the concept of doing active work for one muscle or muscle group while another is resting. To allow a muscle to recover from a previous effort, only that muscle needs to rest. During that rest period, other muscles could be trained. This will allow you to use your time more effectively and prevent boredom.
For Example: If your program involves performing two sets of each exercise with a 30-second rest in between, you could perform one set of an upper-body exercise (bench press), then one set of a lower-body exercise (leg press) while the chest muscles rest, then repeat both again.
The concept of active recovery can also be applied to training days. Since we know that muscle groups should be allowed at least one day’s rest between sessions, you could train certain muscles on one day while training others on the next day. This would allow the muscles of day 1 to rest while other muscles are being challenged on day 2.
Periodical Recovery refers to the fact that you may benefit from a periodical rest from resistance training altogether.
For Example: If you know that you are going to spend two weeks in July by the beach, you could advise them to walk and swim daily and use that time as the Stabilization period between two mesocycles.
Best of luck!
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French Heat | Open Mind
It’s hot these days, it’s unusually hot, even dangerously hot, in a lot of places a lot of the time. While America has been hit hard this summer, it seems that Europe has been hit even harder. Naturally, this causes a lot of people to speculate, or to outright declare, or to outright deny, that the frequency and severity of heat waves has been increased by man-made climate change, also known as “global warming.”
I decided to study a single location in Europe, the daily high temperature in a small region near the town of Beaune, France, known for centuries as an outstanding wine-making region.
I retrieved data from the ERA5 reanalysis, and for each year I isolated the data for summer, which is defined as the months of June, July, and August. Then I computed each year’s summer average temperature, giving this:
I probably should have left out this year (2022) because it’s not over yet (these data only go through June!), but I left it in place anyway. You might already have guessed that there is a statistically significant trend, summer is warming up. What’s not so obvious is that there is a statistically significant change in the rate of summer warming, which got faster around 1980.
The red line shows a lowess smooth, but you can verify not just an upward trend, but the acceleration around 1980, either with changepoint analysis or simply by fitting a quadratic curve using least-squares regression.
It’s also worth noting that the hottest single summer by far was 2003. That was the year when a massive fluctuation combined with the upward trend to make the hottest summer weather on record for this region.
If we’re interested in extreme heat, then we want to know more than just how the summer average has changed. In particular, we want to know just how hot it gets each year and how that may have changed over time. It turns out that the same pattern we see in the summer average, is also present in the hottest day of each year:
For other measures of how much excess heat each year brings during summer, I also defined a “hot day” as one in the top 5% of all summer days, and counted how many such days occurred each summer; again the year 2003 really sticks out with more than any other, and in addition (as in, even if you leave out the year 2003 entirely) an upward trend is clear (and statistically significant).
I also defined the “hot degrees” as the accumulated temperature over threshold for each year; again, 2003 exceeds all others and again an upward trend is clear and statistically significant (even if you leave out the year 2003 entirely):
All told, it’s abundantly clear that summer temperature is increasing, and all the given measures of extreme hit are increasing too.
Perhaps the real detail is in the actual probability density function for summer temperature. I estimated it, using both a histogram and a kernel density estimator, for each decade individually, to investigate whether, and in what way, the distribution was changing. The first decade in this record (1950-1960) is quite different from the last (2010-2020):
Furthermore, the difference is statistically significant (overwhelmingly so, according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), and it’s not just because the mean value has increased; even the shape of the distribution has changed significantly, showing higher variance to accompany its higher mean value, both of which increase the probability and severity of extreme heat.
Looking at the estimated probability density for each decade, we see that the first four of them (from 1950 through 1990) are similar, but the last three (from 1990 through 2020) are markedly different:
This suggested comparing the distributions for the data before and after 1990, and it turns out to be very similar to the comparison of the first and last full decades given above:
However, the statistical significance of both results — the the average has increased, and that the variance has increased — is greater because the comparison is based on larger sets of data.
There is simply no doubt that in this wine-growing region of France, summer extreme heat has increased, in terms of hottest day of the year, number of hot days, and total excess degrees per summer. This is reflected in the increase in summer average temperature, and although that is the dominant factor in the rise of extreme heat, it is further exaggerated by the increase in the variance of summer temperature.
But this record only goes back to 1950. Fortunately, for this region we have an excellent proxy data set directly related to summer temperature. In general, the hotter the summer in Beaune, France, the sooner they harvest the wine grapes.
Those dates are on record, and if we use them as proxy data to predict the summer average temperature, it does a remarkably good job, explaining 60% of the variance of the temperature data:
Now the interesting part: the record of grape harvest date (GHD) in Beaune, France goes back to the year 1354. If we use the grape harvest dates to estimate summer temperature, and use outbursts of extremely hot summer as indicators of extreme summer heat, we can estimate it going back over 650 years:
Clearly, extreme summer heat over the last few decades has been more frequent, and more severe, than in the previous 650 years.
It’s because of man-made climate change (global warming). This summer is what a 1.2°C-heated planet looks like. But in the future this won’t seem so bad — compared to the 1.5°C-heated planet. If we get to 2°C …
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20 Most Interesting Grasshopper Facts For Kids
Grasshopper Facts for Kids
When you really think about it there are some pretty astounding and interesting grasshopper facts for kids and adults alike.
How Many Grasshopper Species Are There?
For fact, not even every type of grasshopper has been seen. There are thought to be between 11,000 and 18,000 different species of grasshoppers.
What Is Grasshoppers Natural Habitat?
Grasshopper facts tell us that grasshoppers thrive in all types of habitat. They are so adaptable they inhabit all parts of the world except for the North and South Poles.
What Is A Grasshopper?
Grasshopper is a collective name used to refer 9,000 varied species of jumping, singing insects of two families under Orthoptera order. Grasshopper has a pair of wings, strong hind legs and tough mouthparts. They are classified into two families namely Tettigoniidae or long-horned grasshoppers and Acrididae or Short-horned grasshopper.
How Big Do Grasshoppers Get?
Their sizes vary from 1 centimetre to 10 centimetre.
Fun Grasshoppers Facts For Kids
Grasshoppers do have something in common as you can see from the following grasshopper facts for kids.
Grasshoppers Ears and Eyes
They don’t have any ears at all, and they all have five eyes. Grasshopper facts tell us that the five eyes of the grasshopper are different. Three are what are called three simple eyes and two, compound eyes. If you have ever tried to catch a grasshopper you have seen firsthand how very hard it is. That is because all of these eyes allow a grasshopper to see not only long distances, but also forwards, backwards and sideways.
What Do Grasshoppers Eat?
They are herbivores, who eat only plants. Grasshoppers are all herbivores but different types of grasshoppers prefer different kinds of plants. They can cause a lot of trouble should swarms of grasshoppers start eating a farmer’s crops. They can cause a lot of damage and the crop will sell for less money. Some of the foods grasshoppers really love include corn, oats, rye, cotton, barley, wheat, alfalfa, and clover.
Grasshoppers Don’t Have A Nose
One of the strangest grasshopper facts is that they do not have a nose with which to breathe. Instead, they have holes all along the sides of their bodies for breathing.
What Do Grasshoppers Look Like?
A grasshopper is made up of a head, abdomen, thorax, two pair of wings, six legs that have joints and two antennae.
How Far Can A Grasshopper Jump?
Grasshoppers typically hop when they move but they can jump 20 times the length of their body.
How And Why Grasshoppers Sing?
Grasshoppers are unique among insects in that they sing. While their song sounds kind of like a chirp, different species make the noise in different ways. Some grasshoppers rub their wings together and others clatter their wings. The sounds attract male grasshoppers to females for mating.
How Do Grasshoppers Mate?
They go through three stages of reproduction. First there are eggs, then nymphs, then adult grasshoppers. You can see grasshoppers wherever there is plenty of food for them, such as in fields and meadows.
How Much Does A Grasshopper Weigh?
For instance, a large grasshopper can have 20.6 grams of protein and a small one can have around 14.3 grams.
Grasshoppers Are An Important Part Of The Ecosystem
Grasshoppers are an important part of the ecosystem of the world. Overall they fulfill a function in nature. They even do some things that help farmers, such as eating poisonous weeds and leaving nutrients in the soil.
Facts About Grasshoppers
Above are just basic facts about grasshoppers. If you want to know more information about this jumping creature, read on and enjoy these several interesting facts about grasshopper.
Grasshopper Predators
Natural grasshopper predators are mainly flies, coyotes, rodents, reptiles, spiders, beetles, skunks and birds.
Smallest Grasshopper Specie
Pygmy grasshopper is the smallest specie of grasshopper measuring less then 20 mm.
Grasshoppers Mating Season
Grasshoppers usually mate in fall season.
Baby Grasshoppers
Young baby grasshoppers have to undergo through molts or shed of their body coats and grow new ones several time before they turn into winged adult grasshopper.
How Is A Grasshopper Resting?
While resting, grasshopper’s hindwings are getting folded and gets covered by front wings.
How Do Grasshoppers Defend Themselves?
They usually try to jump they way out. If all fails, it is known that grasshopper spits what they called “tobacco juices”. It is a brown, bitter juice which is used as their defense mechanism.
All Grasshoppers Sing
While long-horned grasshoppers have longer antenna, short-horned grasshoppers have shorter antenna (as the name suggests). Both types of grasshoppers have auditory organs, but long-horned ones have it in their forelegs while short-horned ones have it on their abdomen.
More Animal Facts
You can find many more interesting facts about animals on Kidzable. You could take a look at our millipede facts, or for more furry animals facts you could check alpaca facts.
What do you think?
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Sheep Names
Sheep Names: Funny, Badass and Famous Names For Sheep
Ladybug Facts for Kids
Ladybug Facts For Kids
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Home / Delve into the Depths in the Kobold Blog / Amarok: The Spirit of the Wolf
Amarok: The Spirit of the Wolf
Amarok: The Spirit of the Wolf
An illustration of a black wolf from The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America by John James Audubon and John Bachman, originally published in three volumes (1845-1848)
Titles: The Spirit of the Wolf, Lord Alpha, Mighty Huntress
Symbol: A regal wolf’s head with bloodied jaws
Portfolio: Hunting, leadership, physical and mental strength
Typical Worshippers: Northern hunters, rural warriors, tribal chieftains
Alignment: Neutral
Domains: Glory, Nobility, Protection, Strength
Subdomains: Defense, Ferocity, Heroism, Honor, Leadership, Resolve
Favored Weapon: Punching dagger
An ancient deity whose worship predates civilization, Amarok is a noble god of leaders and also a goddess of the hunt. Although her gender is fluid, to his faithful Amarok’s duality makes perfect sense; it is as natural as the wolf that protects his pack or hunts prey for her pups. The hardy tribes people of northern climes are Amarok’s typical worshipers, but her faithful are among any who have vowed to hunt honorably, lead with strength and wisdom, and protect their kin.
Appearance and Emissaries
No matter the gender ascribed to her, Amarok’s avatar is always a gigantic wolf with ebon fur and piercing eyes the color of molten gold. His teeth and jaws often drip with blood, either from a fresh kill or from enemies who foolishly threatened her children. Amarok manifests to his followers very rarely, but it’s said that any wolf with raven-black fur is a sign of her favor. Some tribes have even supposedly received cryptic messages from black wolves in the form of stolen livestock, returned waifs, or gifted kills. These happenings, the faithful say, are Amarok’s way of providing warnings or showing mercy.
Tenets of the Faith
These same tribes also claim that Amarok’s wrath is a fierce and terrible thing. Whispers abound of entire villages that have been decimated by enraged wolves after their inhabitants angered her. While pursuing an honest hunt and keeping loved ones safe are simple ways to please Amarok, he despises those who humiliate weaker opponents, revel in cowardice, or kill for sport. Additionally, those who kill a wolf, even by accident, have surely made an enemy of Amarok.
Amarok is fiercely devoted to the untamed wilderness and open sky, and so her clerics typically build no temples in her honor. Instead, they sometimes build small shrines to him in their villages; these holy works usually involve a wolf’s head carved into fine wood, stone, or, rarely, obsidian. Amarok’s clerics also prize any wolf claws they find—as long as the items have been naturally shed.
Clerics of Amarok usually say their prayers each morning over a fresh kill or, if that’s not possible, a sacred wolf claw. In addition, Amarok’s faith contains numerous minor rituals meant to garner her favor—mostly performed before hunts or when enemies threaten.
Amarok’s most sacred ritual takes place every year in the dead of winter. This tradition, known as the Trial of the Wolf, involves a village’s strongest ram, bull, or other livestock beast. The faithful place the untethered animal near a shrine to Amarok; if a wolf preys on the creature within 24 hours, Amarok’s clerics declare that the Spirit of the Wolf has shown her favor and accepted the sacrifice. In this case, a great, jubilant feast is had. If the sacrifice remains unaccepted, however, the villagers believe they must work harder to please the noble Amarok—as his favor might be the difference between their life and death.
3 thoughts on “Amarok: The Spirit of the Wolf”
1. The language nerd in me felt it necessary to compliment you on the switching pronouns. It captures the fluid nature of Amerok’s gender very well!
On a more substantive note, the ritual at the end feels very primal and spot-on. It fits right in with a society living in a harsh wilderness and reminds me of traditions of leaving a dish of milk out for the fairies/trolls/spirits in our world, albeit more brutal.
I also really dig the idea that these worshipers fear, love, and respect Amerok all at the same time just as she both protects and preys upon them. There’s a complex relationship there that I can already imagine a series of adventures being built around.
Great work, Amanda.
2. Hi, Brian, and thank you! I’m very glad you liked this deity. Wolves and the Inuit myths about Amarok have always been fascinating to me, so I hoped folks might be interested in something like this.
I toyed with several variations of the ritual you mentioned before arriving at the version you see here, so I’m really glad to hear it works for you. In fact, there were lots of stories and traditions I thought about including, but I wanted to make sure to convey the faith’s basic facts and tenets first.
You are certainly right that there seems to be lots of design room in this concept. I’d love to expand upon it sometime in the future!
3. This is a good multi-faceted God/dess, very much like what I argued for when we were designing the Midgard pantheons. It would make a good fit for the ancient and primal Southlands if Kobold Press ever makes that book.
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Ghouls in a graveyard, the cover of Prepared 2
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Crankshaft Position Sensor Diagram: Detailed Insights
Crankshaft Position Sensor as the name indicates it is a type of sensing device. In this article we will discuss about Crankshaft Position Sensor Diagram.
Crankshaft Position Sensor Diagram has importance in both petrol and diesel engines because Crankshaft Position Sensor is an electronic device most widely used to detect ignition timing and engine RPM. This diagram helps in proper installation of the sensor.
To maintain the efficiency of a car’s engine it is necessary to maintain a suggested speed by all the internal parts. To make it possible the crankshaft position sensor must senses the precise position of the crankshaft. In automobile engineering Crankshaft Position Sensor is commonly abbreviated as CKP.
What is a Crankshaft Position Sensor?
The main function of a crankshaft position sensor is to investigate the position or rotational speed of the crankshaft in both petrol and diesel engines.
Crankshaft Position Sensors perform multiple activities, mainly it monitors the exact movement of the crankshaft and in turn we get other related important parameters like engine speed and ignition and fuel injection timing. Engine speed in RPM can also measured by using these sensors.
Depending on model, year of manufacturing and making the crankshaft position sensor wiring diagram are quite different from each other. Generally the manufacturer of these sensors decide the wiring diagram as per the requirement and demand in the market.
For different brands of Position Sensors the color of wires are different and color codes also vary as per the brands. Before wiring a specific make and model of sensor one has to check the car’s owner manual.
crankshaft position sensor diagram
Crankshaft Position Sensor; Image credit: Wikipedia
Crankshaft Position Sensor Working
CKP is placed very near to the reluctor ring so that the teeth attached to it rotates close to the sensor tip. There is a gap maintained in between the reluctor teeth to give the ECU a reference point to the crankshaft rotation or position.
With the rotation of the crankshaft, a pulsed voltage signal is produced by the sensor, each pulse is corresponding to the teeth of the reluctor ring.
Using these signals the engine control unit to determine the exact timing of fuel injection or spark ignition and in which cylinder. If anyone of the cylinders misfires, the signal from the cylinder also indicates it. Whenever the signal from the sensor is missing the control unit stops spark and fuel injector won’t operate.
Engine fan with Hall effect sensor; Image Credit: Wikipedia
2 Wire Crank Sensor Wiring Diagram
The two-wire crankshaft position sensor consists of a Signal Wire, a Ground Wire and an ECU.
In 2 wire crank sensor, the function of the signal wire to send the voltage from position sensor to the ECU(Electronic Control Unit). The ground wire is required to complete the electric circuit. Both of these wires are connected to ECU.
2 Wire Crank Sensor
2 wire crank sensor is an inductive type sensor which consists of sensor magnet and winding coil and a toothed wheel. As the reluctor ring or the toothed wheel comes closer to the crank sensor, the magnetic field fluctuates as a result voltage is produced in the wiring coil. This voltage or signal is sent to the ECU which will calculate the position of the crankshaft.
Inductive type position sensors does not require any external voltage source wire to energize it. When any item comes near to it produces the voltage itself. The Crankshaft Position Sensor Diagram for 2Wire is given below:
2 Wire Crankshaft Position Sensor Diagram
Crankshaft Position Sensor diagrams are different depending on the type and model of the sensors.
3 Wire Crank Sensor Wiring Diagram
3 wire crank sensor mainly consists of 3 wires, reference voltage, signal and ground wire. This type of sensors are classified as hall effect type sensor.
A 3 wire crank sensor has a magnet and a steel type material like germanium and a transistor. As soon as the toothed wheel comes near the sensor, the magnetic flux of the magnet in the sensor changes and as a result voltage is produced. This voltage is ampliphied by the transistor and sent to the car computer.
3 Wire Crank Sensor
Additional external voltage is required in 3 wire crank sensor. This type of sensor has an integrated circuit and an outside power source is necessary to work which amplifies the voltage.
That’s why it has three wires, earth, voltage, and a signal wire. The Crankshaft Position Sensor Diagram for 3 Wire is given below:
3 Wire Crankshaft Position Sensor Diagram
Crankshaft Motion
A crankshaft plays an important role inside an IC Engine by transforming the reciprocating movement of the piston into rotary motion.
In a reciprocating engine, using a connecting rod piston and crankshaft are connected so that reciprocating motion of the piston can be delivered to the crankshaft. After receiving this reciprocating motion from piston via connecting rod, crankshaft changes it into rotary motion.
Crankshaft is essential to get rotary motion for the flywheel which ultimately responsible for moving the car wheels.
Sangeeta Das
I am Sangeeta Das. I have completed my Masters in Mechanical Engineering with specialization in I.C Engine and Automobiles. I have around ten years of experience encompassing industry and academia. My area of interest includes I.C. Engines, Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. You can reach me at
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called by the soul of Peter III – Pugachev uprising in 1773
in 1761, Peter Fedorovich, the grandson of Russian Czar Peter I, succeeded to the throne.
in that year, after the death of King Peter I, her little daughter became czar. But the female czar had no son, so she went to Germany to take her sister’s son as her own son, so that he could inherit his throne. The female czar named his nephew Peter III. When Peter III came to Russia, he brought his wife by the way. Her wife’s name was Sophia, but the name was the same as Peter I’s sister, so he gave a Russian name – Ekaterina.
at the end of 1761, the female czar died, and Peter III became the legal heir to the throne of czar. After Peter III came to power, he took many measures to improve the life of the lower class people, which damaged the interests of the big landlords and nobles and was strongly opposed by the upper class. Taking advantage of this opportunity, with the help of her two lovers, the ambitious yekaterina launched a palace coup on June 28, 1762, forced Peter III to abdicate, and soon assassinated him. Since then, yekaterina has ascended to the throne of Czar and become yekaterina II. After yekaterina came to power, she implemented a completely different policy from Peter III. she further strengthened the autocratic system of the feudal serfdom and brutally exploited and squeezed the broad masses of the people. She also expanded the privileges of the nobility and gave many lands to the nobility, together with the people living there. During her reign, half of the farmers in the country became serfs. Serfs lived like pigs and dogs. They were the private property of landlords and had no personal freedom. Landlords can insult, beat and scold serfs at will, or they can buy and sell them as animals. If they were slightly unhappy, they exiled the serfs to Siberia or punished them for hard labor. People can’t bear it. They all want to resist Tsar Ekaterina II, but no one takes the lead. One day in 1773, the expected leader finally appeared. His name was yemeilian Pugachev. Pugachev was born into a poor Cossack family in the town of zimovisk along the Don river. At the age of 18, he was drafted to fight in Poland and participated in the war against Turkey. Because of his bravery, he was promoted to second lieutenant. Later, he retired from the army and returned home because of illness.
yemeilian Pugachev in order to better mobilize farmers and serfs to join his uprising against the Czar, Taking advantage of the popular legend that “… Peter III was killed by the nobility because he wanted to improve the life of farmers. Later, it was spread in the area of Don River and Ural River that Peter III did not die and hid among the Cossacks…” under the pretext of Peter III’s resurrection, the national proclamation was issued in the name of Peter III, Call on farmers and serfs to submit to Peter III and unite against the aristocracy for a better life. The wise Pugachev took the dead Peter III, who was loved by the people, out as an “excuse” to start the war, and immediately received the support of the majority of farmers and serfs. The tide of uprising quickly swept Kazan, Ural and western Siberia.
on September 17, 1773, Pugachev led a small team composed of more than 80 Cossacks to attack the yak castle, which opened the prelude to the unveiling of justice. They won the first battle and then marched on Orenburg. Orenburg was an important military town of Russia in the southeast at that time. Orenburg city is strong, heavily guarded, and 70 cannons. It is easy to defend but difficult to attack. On October 7, Pugachev led the rebel army to attack Orenburg, but failed because of the great disparity of troops. So he decided to adopt the strategy of besieging the city and besieging Orenburg for a long time. During this period, Pugachev established a military commission to strengthen the construction of the army.
at the same time, Pugachev carried out a lot of publicity and encouragement work and spread denunciations everywhere, claiming to give the Cossacks “rivers, land, grasslands, salaries, weapons and food”; “Land, water, grassland, forest, freedom and food” were given to Bashkir, Kazak, Kalmyk and Tatars, and the people of all ethnic groups were called upon to revolt against yekajelina II. The peasants, workers and people of all ethnic groups of Cossacks have defected to the uprising. The rebel army soon grew to more than 30000 people. In a panic, yekajelina II quickly mobilized three armies to reinforce Orenburg, but all ended in failure.
in the spring of 1774, yekaterina II sent another army to reinforce Orenburg. On March 22, 1774, the two sides launched a fierce battle in shejitava, and the rebels were defeated. On April 1, the insurgents suffered another setback in the fierce battle in Samara, so they had to retreat from Orenburg and move to Bashkir area. On the way to the Bashkir area, many workers, farmers and Bashkirs joined the uprising.
on July 12, 1774, Pugachev divided the uprising into four columns and launched a fierce attack on Kazan, another important military town in southern Russia. After fierce fighting, the rebel army broke through Kashan city and the government army fled in a hurry. Two days later, the officers and soldiers immediately fell back, and the insurgents had to abandon the city and leave. In the battle in Kazan, about 8000 insurgents were killed and captured, making almost all the newly added teams lost. Pugachev retreated from Kazan, crossed the Volga River in the West and advanced towards the Don river. He planned to launch the Cossacks in the Don river area to attack charizin and then Moscow. On the way to the west, countless people took part in the uprising along the way, which soon swept through Novgorod and voronesh provinces.
yekajelina II was terrified and hurried back to the troops of the famous Russian general suvolov from the Turkish battlefield to pursue Pugachev. When Pugachev’s rebels had just approached charizin and were ready to attack the city, suvolov’s troops followed.
in the early morning of August 25, 1774, the two sides launched a decisive battle in sarnikov, and the rebels were defeated. Pugachev led more than 200 remnants to cross the Volga River to the East and escape to the depths of the grassland. The team kept shrinking, leaving less than 50 people. “kd
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The first half of 1942 was a difficult time for Britain.
It was not only hit by the fall of Singapore and the fall of Myanmar, but also faced the danger of the two sides of the fascist axis from the Caucasus in the East and North Africa in the south.
The heaviest thing was the fall of tubluk in North Africa.
After pulling out the nail, Rommel’s army can drive straight into the port of Egypt, Cairo and the Suez Canal.
This grim situation, especially the threat from North Africa, has led to an extremely difficult political situation at home – “only victory on the battlefield can save his position as prime minister”.
The way to achieve this goal is the landing of British and American Coalition forces in North Africa.
This idea is also in line with the Mediterranean strategy that Britain has always advocated.
In 1939, the British chief of general staff, general aisside, asserted that the Mediterranean Theater is the most important theater in which Britain can win or lose a war, and it is also the only battlefield in which Britain can launch ground offensive.
As long as Germany occupies Egypt and the Suez Canal, it is expected to win a short-term war.
Churchill wrote in April 1941: the loss of the Middle East is a major disaster for Great Britain.
For Britain, the Middle East is of great strategic significance.
Defending the Middle East is second only to defending the British mainland.
The Middle East is a base to support Turkey, the Soviet Union and the Mediterranean.
It is a springboard to India and Italy.
In particular, its rich oil resources are the lifeline of Britain.
Without it, Britain’s land, sea and air forces will be paralyzed.
In order to defend the Middle East, Britain has been preparing for the “sportsman” plan to land in northwest Africa since the summer of 1941, and has tried its best to persuade the United States to agree to the plan.
In December 1941, at the first meeting held by the United States and Britain, namely the “Acadia” meeting, Churchill expressed this strategic attempt of Britain in the form of a memorandum.
Churchill said that he realized that the development of the war in Russia was very important, but at present, he had no choice but to provide materials to the Russians.
Churchill suggested that the joint British and American landing operations in northwest Africa could reduce the pressure on the Soviet Union.
With the cooperation of the Libyan offensive launched by Britain, this amphibious offensive will eliminate the German troops in North Africa by the end of 1942 and make the Allied Mediterranean Sea unimpeded, which can save a lot of heavy tonnage than bypassing the Cape of good hope.
By controlling this key maritime link, the United States and Britain can turn their full attention to the European continent and completely defeat Germany.
Churchill’s proposal was endorsed by the president.
The “Acadia” conference finally ruled out the possibility of opening a second battlefield in Europe in 1942 and confirmed the strategic importance of the US British coalition occupation of French North Africa, which is scheduled to be implemented in May 1942.
Later, due to the tension in the Pacific theater, the British army in North Africa was frustrated in Cyrenaica, and the US military tended to land in Europe to open up a second battlefield, the “sportsman” plan was shelved.
In early July 1942, the North African front stabilized in Egypt.
Britain once again put forward the “sportsman” plan and advocated the implementation of large-scale landing operations on the northwest coast of Africa.
This can not only threaten Rommel’s rear and solve the siege of Egypt, but also drive German and Italian troops out of North Africa to ensure the security of Gibraltar, and then go north to Italy, the Balkans and forge ahead in Southeast Europe.
On July 7, the British wartime cabinet held a meeting and concluded that the US government must be persuaded to return to the “sportsman” campaign plan because it was unlikely to carry out the “attack” campaign, that is, the limited assault across the English Channel in 1942.
The next day, Churchill wrote to Roosevelt that the responsible generals of the British army, Navy or air force were not prepared to recommend the “attack” plan as a possible operation in 1942.
Organizing an immature battle in 1942 would only end in failure and decisively destroy the prospect of a large-scale battle in 1943.
Then Churchill made it clear that the British and American troops landed in North Africa in 1942.
He wrote: I am convinced that the “sportsman” plan is the best opportunity to ease the Russian Front in 1942.
This plan has always been in line with your opinion.
In fact, it is your dominant idea.
This is the real second battlefield in 1942.
I have discussed the matter with the cabinet and the National Defense Committee, and everyone agrees.
This is the most reliable and fruitful attack possible this autumn.
On July 14, Churchill wrote again to Roosevelt urging: I hope you understand my current situation.
I have found that no one thinks the “bash” plan is feasible.
I hope you will implement the “sportsman” plan as soon as possible.
On the evening of July 15, President Roosevelt, in a conversation with his personal adviser Hopkins, expressed unease about Britain’s lack of enthusiasm for “strike”.
At the same time, it pointed out that the United States could not wait until 1943 to fight Germany.
“If we can’t launch an attack in the ‘attack’, we should take the second best action – not the Pacific Ocean”.
He said that a clear and specific decision should be made on the theater of the US Army’s ground operations against Germany in 1942.
“The theater under consideration is North Africa and the Middle East”.
Although the military opposed fighting in North Africa and advocated fighting against the axis powers in Europe or the Pacific, Roosevelt insisted on his idea.
He believes that one of the great advantages of the “sportsman” operation is that it is purely an American initiative.
It will seize West Africa, make the enemy unable to use the ports there, and make a start for the ultimate control of the Mediterranean.
Another theater is the Middle East, where the United States may not encounter any resistance.
It can use troops in Egypt or dispatch troops from the northern end of the Persian Gulf.
Only the United States has the right to participate in the war as soon as possible, just as all other countries have the right to participate in the war.
To this end, Roosevelt sent us army chief of Staff General Marshall, Harry Hopkins and US Secretary of naval operations admiral Kim to London again on July 16 to discuss the joint operation plan with British leaders and gave instructions to the London meeting.
One of the instructions is to try to hold the Middle East, because losing the Middle East means a series of losses: losing Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Lose Syria.
Throw away the Mosul oil well.
As the enemy attacked from the north and West, he lost the Persian Gulf and could not get oil from the Persian Gulf at the same time.
If Germany joins forces with Japan, it is likely to lose the Indian Ocean.
virtueThe army is likely to occupy Tunisia, Algiers, Morocco and Dakar and cut off the sea crossing route through Freetown and Liberia.
It seriously endangers all shipping in the South Atlantic, as well as Brazil and the east coast of South America.
At the same time, Roosevelt also asked them to “carefully study the possibility of carrying out ‘attack’.
Such a combat action will certainly give great support to Russia this year, and it can become a turning point for saving Russia this year”.
According to the instructions, in the event of failure to reach an agreement on the implementation of the “strike hard” campaign, the United States representative shall notify the president of the situation and determine “other locations where the U.S. military fought in 1942” after careful study of the international situation.
Finally, the directive emphasizes that the current goal is that American ground forces must go to war against the German army in 1942.
On July 20, Britain and the United States held its first plenary meeting.
Marshall opposed the proposal of landing near Casablanca in northwest Africa, believing that it would not help the severe war on the eastern front and would not reduce the pressure on the Soviet Union.
In addition, if the troops are invested in the “sportsman” operation that does not play a great role, it will consume the troops for no reason.
Instead, it is better to use these valuable combat forces in the possible “encirclement and annihilation” operation in 1943.
Admiral Kim is more inclined to put his troops into the Pacific to deal with Japan’s expansion.
Churchill agreed with the “encirclement and annihilation” campaign in 1943, but firmly opposed large-scale ground operations in battlefields outside North Africa in 1942.
He first pointed out that with the existing ships, forces and weapons of the Allied forces, it was certainly impossible to implement the “strike hard” plan in 1942.
The plan not only faces the possibility of failure, but also will swallow up “all the resources” necessary for larger military operations.
He then stressed that since the plan to land in France could not be implemented, the “sportsman” plan to land in North Africa should be considered.
The British side believes that the scale of the “sportsman” plan is slightly smaller and requires less troops, equipment and materials than those landing in Europe.
Therefore, it is more likely to succeed.
Moreover, if implemented smoothly, it may become a decisive turning point in the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
At the same time, it can also reduce the pressure on the southern battlefield of the Soviet Union and play the role of the second battlefield.
Subsequently, the chiefs of staff of the two countries held three meetings on this issue, but they failed to reach an agreement.
Roosevelt learned of this news and sent a telegram to the American personnel in London to reiterate his instructions before they left Washington that other plans for launching operations against Germany with the participation of American ground forces in 1942 must be formulated.
President Roosevelt proposed five battle plans and asked the military to give priority to landing in North Africa.
They are as follows: first, a new offensive aimed at Algiers or Morocco or returning to the two places.
Second, the US military is fully responsible for the initial stage of the original combat operations in North Africa.
Third, the operation of attacking northern Norway.
Fourth, the US military reinforced the British forces in Egypt in order to launch an offensive there.
Fifth, the US military has been entering the Caucasus through Iran.
Roosevelt finally urged the US representative to make a decision with “our friends” as soon as possible.
According to Roosevelt’s instructions, the Joint Chiefs of staff of the United States and Britain convened on July 24 to quickly reach an agreement and adopt a memorandum on the Allied campaign from 1942 to 1943.
The contents are as follows: as long as there is a possibility of successfully implementing the “encirclement and annihilation” campaign before July 1943, we cannot slow down the preparations for this campaign.
If before September 15, there are signs that the Russian resistance in the east line stops or weakens sharply, which makes the hope of successfully carrying out the “encirclement and annihilation” campaign slim, then we should make up our mind to jointly carry out the landing campaign along the coast of northwest Africa in the short term before December 1942.
Therefore, it is necessary to immediately formulate such a joint African campaign plan and set a deadline for the concentration of vehicles, naval forces and troops, so as to carry out the landing operation of the first echelon of the landing troops before December 1, 1942.
The implementation of the African campaign actually ruled out the possibility of successfully implementing the “encirclement and annihilation” campaign in 1943.
Therefore, we will be in a defensive situation around the European continent, excluding air force action and blockade.
However, the organizational work of attacking the mainland, the formulation of plans and the preparation of troops should be considered to continue under the following circumstances, that is, when Germany’s strength has been seriously weakened, of course, the campaign can be carried out only with the guarantee of resources.
The second meeting of the US UK Joint Chiefs of staff held on July 25 decided to change the code name of the landing campaign in North and northwest Africa to “Torch”.
On the same day, President Roosevelt telegraphed Hopkins that preparations should be made immediately for the plan to land in North Africa “no later than October 1”.
Accordingly, in July 1942, when the German and Italian troops were pressing on Egypt, Britain and the United States finally made the decision to carry out the landing campaign in North Africa in the autumn of 1942 after a long discussion.
From the beginning of August, the British and American staff began to make practical preparations for the attack on North Africa.
In addition to determining the commander of the “Torch” operation and mobilizing a large number of troops, air squadrons, equipment and supplies, Churchill also visited North Africa and rectified the command system of the Middle East theater.
General Harold Alexander was appointed the commander-in-chief of the British forces in the Middle East, General Bernard served as the commander of the eighth group army of the British army and instructed the eighth group army to make all preparations, cooperate with the “Torch” battle in autumn, launch a large-scale attack on the enemy of aRaman first, and then work with the British and American Coalition forces that landed to completely wipe out the German and Italian African group army.
Since then, Churchill flew to Moscow to meet with Stalin and exchange views with Stalin on the “Torch” plan to replace the opening of the second battlefield in Europe.
In order to persuade Stalin, Churchill listed various reasons and benefits of adopting the “Torch” plan, and drew a famous crocodile figure, which shows that Britain’s intention is to attack the crocodile’s soft lower abdomen, the Mediterranean, when hitting the crocodile’s hard nose, that is, northern France.
Stalin finally agreed to the British and American strategic plan.
“Attacking the enemy’s soft belly” is a typical “indirect strategy” that Britain has always adopted, that is, avoiding the important and neglecting the actual, fighting on the edge, sweeping away the peripheral enemies, using the opportunity to fight in the secondary direction to accumulate strength, and then advancing to the main battlefield in the final stage of the war.
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Industry Terms
Animal-Assisted Intervention (AAI)
Animal-assisted interventions are goal-oriented and structured interventions that intentionally incorporate animals in health, education, and human service for the purpose of therapeutic gains and improved health and wellness. Animal-assisted therapy (AAT), animal-assisted education (AAE), and animal-assisted activities (AAA) are all forms of animal-assisted interventions. In all these interventions, the animal may be part of a volunteer therapy animal team working under the direction of a professional or an animal that belongs to the professional.
Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT)
Animal-assisted therapy is a goal-oriented, planned, structured, and documented therapeutic intervention directed by health and human service providers as part of their profession. A wide variety of disciplines may incorporate AAT. Possible practitioners could include physicians, occupational therapists, physical therapists, certified therapeutic recreation specialists, nurses, social workers, speech therapists, or mental health professionals.
Animal-Assisted Education (AAE)
Animal-assisted education is a goal-oriented, planned, and structured intervention directed by a general education or special education professional. The focus of the activities is on academic goals, prosocial skills, and cognitive functioning with student progress being both measured and documented.
Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA)
Animal-assisted activities provide opportunities for motivational, educational, and/or recreational benefits to enhance quality of life. While more informal in nature, these activities are delivered by a specially trained professional, paraprofessional, and/or volunteer, in partnership with an animal that meets specific criteria for suitability.
We have a chart that breaks down the different types of animal-assisted interventions. View or download
Animal-Assisted Crisis Response (AACR)
Animal-assisted crisis response is a form of animal-assisted activities which provides comfort to those who have been affected by natural, human-caused, or technological disasters. AACR is effective because the safety, familiarity, novelty, and interest in the animal have been found to be impactful when building rapport with a person affected by crisis. Learn more…
Animal-Assisted Workplace Well-being (AAWW)
When Pet Partners therapy animal teams make workplace well-being visits, they boost employee morale and satisfaction, and increase productivity. Numerous studies have shown that when people take just a few moments to pet an animal, their stress is reduced. Research also shows that animals in the workplace often lead to more productive coworker interaction, increased trust levels between colleagues, and more effective collaboration.
Animal-Related Engagement (ARE)
Animal-related engagement is any engagement opportunity that allows participants the benefits of the human-animal bond by encouraging the remembrance of feelings that are commonly associated with interaction with an animal.
Therapy Animal
Therapy animals can provide physical, psychological, and emotional benefits to those they interact with, typically in facility settings such as healthcare, assisted living, and schools. While most frequently dogs, therapy animals can include other domesticated species such as cats, equines, and rabbits, to name a few. These pets are evaluated on their ability to safely interact with a wide range of populations, and their handlers are trained in best practices to ensure effective interactions that support animal welfare. Therapy animal handlers may volunteer their time to visit with their animals in the community, or they may be practitioners who utilize the power of the human-animal bond in professional settings.
Assistance Animal (also commonly called Service Animal)
Assistance animals are defined as dogs and in some cases miniature horses that are individually trained to do work or perform tasks for people with disabilities. Examples include guide dogs for people who are blind, hearing dogs for people who are deaf, or dogs trained to provide mobility assistance or communicate medical alerts.
Assistance dogs are considered working animals, not pets. The work or task a dog has been trained to provide must be directly related to the person’s disability. Guide, hearing, and service dogs are permitted, in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), to accompany a person with a disability almost anywhere the general public is allowed. This includes restaurants, businesses, and on airplanes.
Emotional Support Animal
We have a useful chart that gives a general overview of the differences between therapy, service/assistance, and emotional support animals. View or download
Facility Animal
A facility animal is an animal who is regularly present in a residential or clinical setting. These animals may be a variety of species from dogs and cats to birds or fish. They might live with a handler who is an employee of the facility and come to work each day, or they might live at the facility full-time under the care of a primary staff person. Facility animals should be specially trained for extended interactions with clients or residents of the facility, which may include AAA, AAE, or AAT. These animals do not have special rights of access in public unless they are accompanying and directly supporting a client with a disability.
Pet Partners Terms
The process through which a therapy animal team becomes part of the Pet Partners Therapy Animal Program. This process confirms that the team meets the requirements of our program and is suitable to participate in AAI. There is a distinction between registration and certification. Therapy animal teams are registered, not certified. Certification implies that an independent third party has assessed an individual’s mastery of knowledge and skills. For example, a doctor is certified by a Board of Medicine, not by the medical school where they completed their education. At this time, no independent certifying bodies for therapy animals exist.
Therapy Animal Team
A unique combination of one handler and one animal working together that registers through Pet Partners to participate in volunteer AAI in their community. Because Pet Partners believes in the importance of proactive handling for both animal welfare and client safety reasons, we emphasize the importance of balance between a skilled handler, an appropriate animal, and a positive, communicative relationship between the two. Our registration process is designed to assess this through a combination of coursework and evaluation.
The human end of the leash in a therapy animal team, facilitating interactions between their animal and clients with skill and knowledge acquired through the Pet Partners Handler Course.
Team Evaluator (TE)
Volunteer Instructor (VI)
This stands for You Are Your Animal’s Best Advocate. YAYABA is your most important responsibility as a handler, because your animal’s welfare should always be your top priority.
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Autonomy And Benevolent Lies By Thomas Hill
Good Essays
The Case of Benevolent Lies In “Autonomy and Benevolent Lies” Thomas Hill presents the case of benevolent lies and if they are morally troublesome. Philosophers have been debating the moral difference between a malicious lie, told in order to hurt people, and a benevolent lie. According to Hill benevolent lies are “intended to benefit the person deceived, for no ulterior motives, and they actually succeed in giving comfort without causing main” (Thomas E. Hill). Many argue that benevolent lies are no different from a malicious lie because telling a lie is morally wrong. Others argue benevolent lies and malicious lies differ because of the deliberate intentions. Hill provides the reader with three cases of a benevolent lies. The three cases he presents are the possible suicide of a student which a Professor lies to the student’s mother, the…show more content…
In cases involving benevolent lies many argue these lies are “good lies” because they aren’t causing immediate harm or danger to anyone. Hill contends benevolent lies are wrong not only because they’re a lie, but they violate autonomy. Hill points out autonomy is morally important because it helps explain the right and wrong of different actions. When a benevolent lie is told it interferes with a person’s autonomy by depriving them of knowledge. The knowledge deprives them from the options open to them in the given situation. Hill’s argument is plausible because benevolent lies are troublesome. It is important for someone to have autonomy because if you’re making the decision for someone you can never know if it’s the right one. In the “Mother of Lies” case the mother has violated her daughter’s autonomy because she hasn’t given her the opportunity to decide if she wants to meet her real father. I believe in the right of autonomy; therefore, I object benevolent lies. Furthermore, benevolent lies go against what is morally
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Yalda night – the Persian Christmas
Iranians start preparing for Yalda night celebrations in December. "Yalda" in old Persian language (syriac) means birth. Yalda night, (Shab-e-Yalda) is a traditional Iranian celebration of the longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. This Persian winter event is commemorated on or around December 20 or 21 each year. Many Iranians are out making their purchases of fruits such as pomegranate, watermelon and various dried nuts. Today Yalda celebrations have become a social occasion when friends and family gather to eat and drink until after midnight.
20141111yalda -5
The fruits signify the hope for having a fruitful spring and summer. Many Iranians believe the red-colored fruits symbolize glow of life. Pomegranates, placed on top of a fruit basket, are reminders of the cycle of life the rebirth and revival of generations. The purple outer covering of a pomegranate symbolizes birth or dawn, and their bright red seeds represent the glow of life.
Shab-e Yalda, the longest and darkest night of the year, for many Persians symbolizes a fresh beginning for the remainder of the calendar year. It is also famous as "shab-e-chelleh". It is one of the most important celebrations in ancient Iran, dating back some 5,000 years ago and continues to be celebrated to this day.
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How Is Fahrenheit 451 Changing Society
Decent Essays
What changes societies? Ray Bradbury's book, Fahrenheit 451, takes place in an engrossing society. Anyone who reads this novel will easily be able to identify that the lives of the people in this society are surrounded by parlor walls and seashells. This science fiction book is centered around a fireman named Guy Montag, however his job isn't what it seems to be. In this society, firemen burn books rather than putting fires out. When Montag meets Clarisse McClellan, she starts to open up his thoughts. He starts to think about life in a different way. Montag starts to think about things that had never had a meaning to him or anyone. He meets up with an old professor that he met at a park once and they decide to group up and start reprinting
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New Orleans: A Historic City
Decent Essays
New Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana, it is located in the southern part of the state, between The Mississippi River and Lake Ponchartrain. New Orleans has belonged to Spain, France, and the United States. It was founded by the French in 1718. New Orleans has about 712 churches in all. It has about 165 city owned parks. New Orleans is famous for its French Quarter, with its mixture of French, Spanish, and native architectural styles. The Mardi Gras is a week of carnival held in New Orleans before the beginning of Lent, it is the most spectacular festival in the U.S. and is a popular tourist attraction. In spite of Hurricane Katrina, the 2006 Mardi Gras was still scheduled to be held. The mayor of New Orleans was named Mitch Landrieu.
The first Europeans that are known to go past the big city of New Orleans were followers of a Spanish soldier named Hernando Cortez. He died on the banks of the Mississippi River in 1543. Later, a French explorer named Robert Cavelier de La Salle had led an expedition from Canada going through the Mississippi state. To make a larger population in new settlement, France had to send prisoners, bonded servants, and slaves, and slaves. Back then in New Orleans French is one of the most popular languages. Also, the history of New Orleans around 1718 defined “Creole” as “a child born in the Spanish Colonies.” New Orleans has a lot of history to it, very exciting too.
There is a tradition that New Orleans has every year and it’s a
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Our Community
History and general form
O'Connor was first settled in 1948. It was named after Richard Edward O'Connor (1851-1912), who was a judge in the High Court and a founder of the Australian constitution. The street names in O'Connor are named after explorers, Australian flora, legislators and pioneers. The suburb is located in North Canberra, an area bordered by the Black Mountain Reserve and O'Connor Ridge to the south and west, and Mount Ainslie and Mount Majura to the east. The basic structure of O'Connor, with its curvilinear tree-lined streets, wide verges and blocks, was a part of Walter Burley Griffins original vision for the city, which sought to provide a healthy social and physical environment in a garden-like setting.
O'Connor is a wedge-shaped suburb, which is defined by Wattle Street on the north-eastern edge and David Street to the southeast. On the western side O'Connor is defined by Dryandra Street and bushland, O'Connor Ridge to the northwest and Black Mountain Reserve to the south west.
O'Connor Neighbourhood Plan, ACTPLA, 2003
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How to Write a Good Rhetorical Essay
How to Write a Good Rhetorical Essay
What is rhetoric? This is the study of how communicators use words to have impact on their audience. Thus, a rhetoric essay analyzes a nonfictional work in various parts and seeks to explain how these parts enhance a specific effect. To know how to write a good rhetoric essay, you must use different approaches to inform, persuade or entertain the audience.
Besides writing a rhetoric essay on a book or article, it is possible to conduct a rhetoric analysis on visual arguments like cartoons, adverts and speech. In this context, a rhetorician refers to the author of a document or speech or the maker of an advert, cartoon or any other visual work.
It is possible to get a surprise assignment asking you to write rhetoric essays. It becomes unthinkable to work on a paper, which you do not know the format. This article breaks down everything you need to know about rhetoric writing.
Here are the Basics on How to Write a Good Rhetoric Essay
This section will clearly show you how to write a good a rhetoric essay. Firstly, your objective should be to explain the techniques of the author and their effectiveness. Remember, the essay is not your opinion on the arguments in the piece of work. Instead, your main concern is how the writer made the claims and if the approach was successful.
Bring out artistic and inartistic proofs. An author creates an artistic proof with appeals and canons while inartistic proof exists outside the limits of the rhetorician i.e. testimonies, surveys, facts, polls, statistics and data. Either of these proofs could be effective in building one’s case.
To write a good rhetorical essay, focus on the appeals in the publication. How does the author use the appeals to win the approval of readers or viewers? The common types of appeals are pathetic, ethical and logical.
With pathetic appeal, the author triggers the emotions of audience to receive their approval based on the ideas present in the piece of work. Here, the creator of the work taps into the sympathy and compassion of readers to persuade the audience of their claims. Effective rhetoricians can evoke these feelings even if they were missing in the beginning.
For example, this rhetorical essay, Confessions of a Female Chauvinist Sow shows how the writer Anne Roiphe, uses anecdotes to win her audience.
“Personal anecdotes, contrast, and comparison are techniques Roiphe skillfully uses to create a strong, convincing essay.”
Roiphe begins her essay with a personal anecdote describing the “horrifying” knowledge of marrying a man who resembled her father.
In another anecdote, Roiphe captures how she got mad money from the mother. “My mother and I knew young men were apt to drink too much . . .”
Here is the link to the essay.
Why appeals are important when Writing Rhetoric Essays
In ethical appeal, the focus is always on the credibility and character of the creator of the work. How does his or her character win the audience? Many rhetoricians use themselves as experts to assert their argument and win the readers or viewers.
In our daily lives, clergymen are examples of rhetoricians who convince their audience to buy arguments they pursue because of their known character as moral authorities.
Here is another Example to consider when figuring out how to write a good rhetoric essay. Why Privacy Matters: Debunking the Nothing-to -Hide Argument- Sample Rhetorical Analysis pdf
The author says, “I’ve got nothing to hide…only if you’re doing something wrong should you worry, and then you don’t deserve to keep it private.”
The author uses this statement to build trust with the readers, based on what readers see as a common belief. The author uses ethos to achieve this.
Tips on Writing a Good Rhetoric Essay
• Prepare yourself: Writing a good rhetoric essay requires thorough preparation. Conduct meticulous research during pre-writing stage to understand the background of the piece of work you intend to analyze. Ask yourself the purpose of the piece.
• Look for appeals. What appeals, evidence, and techniques does the author use to convince the audience to their side of argument? Identify some of these appeals, evidence and approaches and state their effectiveness. Start by noting down the answers to these fundamental questions on a piece of paper. Do not worry about how they sound. Just do it and hit the road.
• Identify the tone. Also, try to bring out the undiscovered techniques, which are present in the piece of work. For example, if the author uses a didactic tone, identify specific instances in your essay. If possible, have many examples to drive your point in explaining particular techniques, which the rhetorician uses.
However, mentioning these techniques without highlighting their effectiveness does not add value to your rhetorical essay. Does the author achieve anything by employing either of them?
Approaches to Writing an Introduction of a Rhetorical Essay
Drafting a thesis statement is an important step when writing a good rhetorical essay. This should not be a problem once you brainstorm your research topic. Select three or four techniques from the work to allow you make a strong case.
Rhetoricians employ a range of techniques. Do not endeavor to explore all of them. Concentrate on important approaches, which seem to appeal to the audience, as they are the effective techniques. Make sure you describe the methods persuasively to affirm your understanding of the arguments that the creator of the piece of work is making.
With a clear thesis statement, you are ready to do your introduction, body and the conclusion of your rhetorical essay. Your introduction should have a link to the argument of the writer.
Example of a Rhetorical Essay: The Right Stuff found on: Rhet Analysis pdf.
The writer introduces the essay by saying:
“Impressions formed in high school are more vivid and indelible than those formed at any other time in life.”
Here, the author captures the reader’s attention by explaining the need for education. By stressing the importance of education, the reader is interested to read the whole essay.
More guidelines on on How to Write a Good Rhetorical Essay
The body of your rhetorical essay carries the weight of your analysis. Make sure that every paragraph of the body starts with a topic sentence. Besides this, the entire paragraph should relate with the topic sentence. Allow the ideas to flow logically, without mixing your arguments. This enhances cohesion as your ideas appear sequentially as they are in the introduction paragraph.
Ask yourself about the organization of your paragraphs throughout the essay. For example, will you discuss each technique at a time? Will you start with ethos, pathos, logos and finalize with a discussion of their effectiveness?
Use a chronological order. Trying to figure out how to write a good rhetorical essay could be a daunting task if you do not have a sequence of ideas in place. A chronology allows you to present your ideas in the same manner your audience follows.
Take precaution when using chronological ordering, especially with documents that have narratives. For instance, applying this method on music videos or TV shows could lead to plot summaries, which is far from the purpose of a rhetorical essay. Remember a rhetorical essay captures the techniques that the author uses to achieve his or her goal of persuading the audience.
Apply spatial ordering: This approach focuses on the parts of a document depending on how the eye scans them. While chronological ordering is based on all the pages wholesomely, spatial focuses on the arrangement of ideas in single page. Here are some rules to observe:
• English speakers use left to right and top down sequence for normal reading and scanning.
• Eyes naturally locate the centers. The center could be a location on the page or an item on the same page.
• Lines allow the eyes to scan the document systematically, from left to right.
• Most people focus on the top left quadrant of a web page when reading and move after spending substantive time where there is enough information.
What to Remember When Concluding a Rhetoric Essay
Knowing how to write a good rhetoric essay demands that you write a standard ending paragraph. A good rhetorical essay should have a good conclusion, which enhances the mood of closure for the audience. Do not leave your audience hanging, with unanswered questions.
State your main argument in the conclusion to remind your audience about your main topic of discussion. Does the argument matter? You should answer if the argument is important to the audience or a waste of their time.
Make recommendations on bettering this analysis. Here, ask yourself if there were cases that limited your analysis. Indicate how this further research would help in supporting your efforts. Mention the impact of the subject to the real world, which could affirm the need for advance research.
Keep it brief and concise, without unnecessary repetition. Convince the reader that you understand the arguments, which the creator of the piece of work is discussing. You do not want to leave your audience bored. Paint a lasting image that will make them reread your essay endlessly.
Are you still wondering how to write a good rhetorical essay? If you have difficulties writing a rhetorical essay of your choice, get in touch with us for assistance. Visit our homepage for more information about our academic writing services. You can also continue reading more academic paper writing guidelines and sample papers on this blog.
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How can we age more healthily in the future?
Découvrir les sciences de la vie
• Santé et médecine
• Histoire
• La vie au labo
• Édition génique / CRISPR
Thanks in part to advances in molecular biology, the human population is living longer. This is obviously great news for us as individuals, but it does create problems and concerns for society. As lifespans increase, more people will develop diseases associated with ageing, such as dementia and cancer.
Over the past 75 years that Eppendorf has been supporting biologists, our understanding of the way humans age has come a long way. We are now able to study how genetic changes within individual cells contribute to ageing and associated diseases. This is leading to more effective treatments, for when things go wrong.
This increased understanding has revealed the important role that the microbiome plays in ageing. The microbiome is composed of all microorganisms – bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses – living in or on the human body. Studies have shown how the microbiome of our intestines changes dramatically during ageing, and that these changes are linked to human health and lifespan.
For example, the gut microbiome is thought to trigger changes in immunity and cognitive function, two key determinants in healthy ageing. Any decline in immune function increases the chance of infections and is thought to increase the chance of cancer. A decline in cognitive function is directly linked to dementia.
Ideally, to live a healthy life for longer we want to be free of disease. New treatments have helped us live longer with diseases such as cancer, however some of the treatments can have debilitating side-effects, reducing quality of life.
So, what are the challenges in finding cures for cancer and dementia in the next 75 years? In cancer, many successful therapies exist and thanks to researchers worldwide the breadth of therapies in continually expanding, for example with new immunotherapies such as CAR-T.
For dementia, the number of approvals for new treatments has been much lower. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, is still not fully understood, but with the advent of new molecular biology techniques, such as single-cell sequencing, our understanding of dementia and cancer should intensify.
For a quarter of a century, we’ve been supporting research into ageing and other areas of molecular biology through the Eppendorf Award for Young European Investigators in partnership with the journal Nature®. In 2018, Professor Andrea Ablasser was awarded the prize for her work showing how a mechanism involved in the immune response is also activated in ageing cells.
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For hundreds of years, addiction was treated as a moral failing. People who struggled with addiction were accused of lacking self-discipline and willpower. While some people still believe that drug or alcohol addiction is a choice, advances in scientific research have made it evident that addiction is actually a chronic, progressive and relapsing disease of the brain. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at whether addiction is a disease or a choice, examine the disease model of addiction and explain why it’s important to recognize addiction as a chronic condition.
Is Addiction a Disease or a Choice?
Addiction shares certain important characteristics with other chronic conditions, including diabetes, heart disease and asthma. In cases of these diseases, an affected person can go into remission with proper treatment; the risk of relapse is significant with these conditions as well. Addiction, along with many other chronic diseases, can be successfully managed and treated, resulting in remission. Another factor that points to addiction as a disease is the genetic component; esearch shows that about half the risk for drug or alcohol addiction can be liked to genes.1
Changes in the Brain
The disease model of addiction illustrates the fact that addiction causes changes in the brain.2 When a physical dependency forms, the affected person loses the ability to stop taking the substance without experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Addiction also impacts a person’s ability to make decisions and exert self-control.
The reality of these changes in the brain counter an objection some people have to the disease model of addiction: how can addiction be considered a disease when a person chooses to begin using drugs or alcohol in the first place? It is true that people make a conscious choice to first try alcohol or drugs, but many people experiment with or casually use these substances without developing an addiction. For people with a genetic predisposition to addiction or who are exposed to other factors that increase the risk of addiction, the changes to the brain occur early on. It doesn’t take long for drug or alcohol use to develop into a full-blown addiction.
Key Implications
Why does it matter whether we consider addiction a disease or a choice? The answer is simple: the way we understand addiction has a large impact on the way we view and treat people who struggle with it. The idea that a person suffering from addiction made a conscious choice and “got what they deserved” is baseless and discouraging. Understanding that addiction is a disease that can be treated provides hope and reaffirms that it’s possible to overcome the condition and get a fresh start. The disease model of addiction also serves as a good reminder that relapse is common and not a sign of failure. A relapse simply means that the person may require further treatment or need more time to work on their recovery skills.
The scientific advances of the 20th century made it clear that addiction is a chronic and relapsing disease with a significant genetic component. Addiction has devastating consequences, ruining relationships, derailing careers and destroying good health.
With this in mind, a key question needs to be asked. If addiction is simply a choice, why would anyone choose it?
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The two most common types of treatment programs that people with addictions attend are inpatient or outpatient programs. When people choose outpatient programs, they continue to reside at home and attend the treatment facility at prearranged times. Inpatient clients reside in treatment facilities, and remain residents until they complete the treatment program, after which they return to their homes.
Extended Care
Sober living or extended care programs are a good option for people who have previously been in recovery but relapsed afterward. While recovery programs are very successful, relapse rates range from 40 to 60 percent after treatment.1 This may seem high, but it is similar to relapse rates following treatment for other types of chronic illness, such as diabetes. Extended care programs, often referred to as sober living, are designed to reduce relapse rates, or to prolong the period that people stay sober after completing their initial treatment programs. In many cases, relapse occurs when the person in recovery returns to the environment in which they lived before getting treatment.
Addiction is an illness that can befall people who take drugs or alcohol. A common misconception is that it is a choice people make to take drugs or alcohol. In reality, a combination of factors, many of which are outside their control, can lead people to lose control of their substance use.2 Getting sober is rarely a matter of simply deciding to stop. Without the kind of expert help that people get in recovery programs, many will struggle to succeed in quitting.
Many who have successfully gotten sober using a rehab recovery program will struggle to stay sober if they return home immediately after treatment. This is particularly true when people return to an environment that stresses them. The source of that stress could be family dysfunction, lack of support, or other factors related to prior substance use.
After Rehab
Instead of returning to the family home after completing their recovery program, patients can move into an extended care program. These are communities of people who are in recovery, and they are alcohol- and drug-free. That means residents cannot use drugs or alcohol either in or outside the community. Many communities insist that residents agree to take random tests to ensure that they are not drinking or using drugs.
While there are strict rules in place, people are encouraged to live lives that are as normal as possible. They can come and go as they please, and they are encouraged to seek work, return to school or start training. They begin to live a normal life while still benefiting from the support network in the sober living community.
Sober living communities allow people to build on the progress they make in recovery, and better equip people to stay sober when they eventually leave the community. They ease the transition for people leaving recovery programs and retaking their place in society. They help people build confidence that they can cope with the outside world.
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Art History Reader: Mannerism
Average: 5 (3 votes)
Parmigianino, Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror, ca. 1523-1524. Source.
Something very strange was going on in Italy around the turn of the 16th century. The country was just cresting the wave of one of the most dazzling periods in Western art–the Italian High Renaissance–and yet suddenly, things were starting to look a little… off. The rationality and harmonious proportions of the High Renaissance gave way to outrageous anatomies, weird poses, wild colors, and mysterious meanings. Common sense was thrown out the window, and everything grew illogical, distorted, and just plain weird. Why did Renaissance art start doing this?
The style that emerged in the 1520s and lasted until 1600 (a period sometimes called the Late Renaissance) came to be known as Mannerism. It is named after “maniera”, an Italian term for “style” or “manner,” and refers to a stylized, exaggerated approach to painting and sculpture. When the term was first widely used in the 17th century, it was used pejoratively to disparage the Italian Renaissance art from this period, which later audiences deemed overly stylized and tasteless, a far cry from the classicism of the High Renaissance greats like Raphael and Michelangelo (although, if one were to look very closely at the Sistine Chapel ceiling, they would see the earliest stirrings of mannerist tendencies in Michelangelo’s figures). Today, however, Mannerism isn’t such a loaded term–we have 20th century expressionism and abstraction to thank for our modern weirdness metric–and instead we use it to broadly refer to 16th century art throughout Europe (and even in places like the Americas after Europeans arrived) that is fantastically stylized, highly artificial, somewhat distorted, and often emotionally provocative.
Perhaps because of its place as the “bridge” between the rationality of the Renaissance and the magnificence of the Baroque, Mannerism has always been a tough “-ism” to grasp. Its defining characteristics don’t seem to define anything at all. So in an effort to make sense of this odd moment in art, let’s try to nail down three solid characteristics:
Parmigianino, Madonna with the Long Neck, 1535-1540. Source.
Long. Necks.
Or at least that was Italian artist Parmigianino’s approach when he painted Madonna with the Long Neck, sometimes called Madonna and Long Child with Angels and St. Jerome–either way, the subject matter’s general long-ness is emphasized. In the painting, we see the central figure of the Virgin dominate the composition, her long body coming to a point at her tiny head tilted upon an impossibly long neck. The Christ child lays sprawled across her lap, unnaturally long as well, while a group of clustered angels admire him from a narrow space on the right side of the painting. The left side of the painting is largely empty except for a sparse column in the background and the tiny figure of the prophet, Saint Jerome, who holds open a scroll, presumably full of mysterious prophecies. The background recedes dramatically into deep, deep space that seemingly goes on for miles. This is a work of extreme exaggeration. Everything, from the proportions of the figures to the illogical perspective to the random architectural elements, serves to pull you into the otherworldly space of the divine, where correct proportions are not required.
Artificial Color
Jacopo da Pontormo, The Deposition, ca. 1525-1528. Source.
Many Mannerist artists shunned the naturalistic colors used by the High Renaissance artists in favor of more unrealistic hues. The Italian artist Jacopo da Pontormo was especially fond of painting with a highly saturated palette, which we can see on full display in The Deposition. The scene is a chaotic mass of twisting bodies that all appear washed out, as if they were photographed using the brightest flash setting on a camera. The colors become even stranger the longer you examine the figures and begin to notice that some of them appear to sport pink and blue torsos, colors extending from–yet indistinguishable from–their clothing. The garish colors nearly distract you from the subject matter: Christ in the moment that he is taken down from the cross. It seems unusual that Pontormo would use such a garish palette to depict this poignant scene of grief and suffering, but then again, Mannerism is nothing if not unusual.
Elaborate Ornamentation
Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Vertumnus, 1591. Source.
Speaking of unusual, one Mannerist artist was in a league of his own entirely. Giuseppe Arcimboldo was the court painter to the eccentric Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II at his palace in Prague. The emperor was a great patron and collector of art (in fact, he patronized so much Mannerist art that the adjective Rudolfine, as in “Rudolfine Mannerism,” is often used in art history to describe the work created in Prague during his reign as emperor), and in the service of his court, Arcimboldo had found his audience. The emperor had a penchant for exotic animals, botanical gardens, and any strange object he could house in his extensive “cabinet of curiosities.” Arcimboldo’s imaginative portrait heads, made entirely of objects such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish and books fit right in. His whimsical works were certainly made to entertain the court, but more than just odd, fanciful pictures, these works reflect a part of Renaissance culture that isn’t often discussed.
The Renaissance was not just a period of interest in–and revival of–ideas from antiquity, it was also a period of great curiosity, discovery, and anxiety. The early and mid-16th century was a period of enormous social, economic, and political change throughout the world. The rise of capitalism and absolutism, colonization and exploitation of new lands and peoples, and new developments in the science of anatomy and optics contributed to a general sense of unease and ambiguity, which some could argue is reflected in Mannerism’s contorted and unbalanced forms.
The 16th century also saw the rise of a wealthy merchant class, thanks in large part to the forced colonization of distant lands, and they wanted to spend that money on art. The tastes of aristocratic patrons, particularly those within court circles, directly influenced the self-conscious artifice and deliberate complexity of Mannerist art. Patrons were eager to own a piece of art on the cutting edge of the new developments in style so they could show off their knowledge and good taste.
Lastly, perhaps the most direct influence on Mannerist art was the rise of the status of the artist from the nameless craftsmen in a Medieval guild to the single-named celebrities we think of today: Michelangelo, Botticelli, Tintoretto, and so on. The elevation of individual potential–a facet of humanist thought–inevitably led to the development of personal style. Collecting the art of someone with their own distinctive style meant you were also collecting their ingenuity and intellect. Stylishness was therefore a must by the mid-16th century.
Eventually, the Catholic Counter-Reformation would declare Mannerist art too sensuous and ambiguous for depicting religious imagery. In 1563, the Council of Trent–the governing body in charge of reforming the Catholic church–met for a final session to discuss images specifically. While the council was not specific about what art should look like, it did express that sacred images should be clear and devoid of showy artistry. Put another way, art should not be lascivious or frivolous, it should not perplex viewers (which Mannerists seemingly loved to do), and ultimately, it should serve an educational purpose, moving viewers to further dedicate their lives to Christ. This all came at a time when the Church was anxious to counter Protestant idolatry, which called for the destruction of all religious images, claiming they encouraged the worship of false idols. After all, the majority of people at the time were illiterate, so the educational role of images for teaching the Catholic faithful could not be understated. This role became especially crucial as the Church expanded its reach with conquests, colonialism, and evangelization beyond Europe during the 16th century.
The effects of the Counter-Reformation on art would be felt for decades, and the Mannerists were effectively stymied by the anxiety of images felt throughout Catholic Christendom. This is not to say that Mannerism didn’t find a way to adapt to the Tridentine (adj. meaning, relating to the Council of Trent) decrees. One notable example was the Spanish master, El Greco (born Domenikos Theotokopoulos), or The Greek. Born and raised in Crete, El Greco was trained as a Greek icon painter (in a post-Byzantine style). He left for Venice at age twenty-six, where he worked in Titian’s workshop and was influenced by Tintoretto’s loose brushwork. He then traveled to Rome before settling in Toledo, Spain in 1577 to work for the Spanish King Philip II. He lived there until his death in 1614.
Toledo was a very Catholic place, so you can imagine El Greco–in the service of the King, no less–would have been eager to stick to the Tridentine edicts on images. And for the most part, he was! His painting, Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586–88), with its depiction of saints in both the earthly and heavenly realms, strongly reaffirmed the importance of saints as the intercessors between humans and the divine (and provided a major counter to the Protestant attacks on saints in the Church). El Greco’s ability to pair the mystical and the spiritual with the life around him was just what Counter Reformation art was looking for. However, one needs only to observe his elongated, strangely lit figures, use of unnatural color, and odd fisheye lens perspective to see that Mannerist techniques are alive and well in his work.
Despite attacks from the most intimidating governing body in the world at the time, Mannerism went on to have a lasting legacy. Many years after the decline of the Mannerists, Baroque artists dared to create dynamic and dramatic works showcasing a refinement of the experimentation their predecessors pioneered. Mannerism paved the way and emboldened future generations of artists to innovate and push the boundaries of style. More than just a weird little moment sandwiched between the well-known Renaissance and Baroque periods, Mannerism indicated the moment that art became individualized, self-consciously stylized, and elevated as a tool with which the elite could compare intellectual notes. In other words, Mannerism was a radically modern moment in art, a fantastically weird period of discovery that resulted in an explosion of creativity that still intrigues audiences almost 500 years later.
Key Works of Art:
Related Movements:
Jennifer L. Gutierrez
Assistant Professor, Sacramento City College
Comments (7)
tran vi
Thank you very much to the owner of the blog, this is a beautifully designed site with a lot of interesting and rich content, with a lot of people participating.bubble shooter
“ Everything, from the proportions of the figures to the illogical perspective to the random architectural elements, serves to pull you into the otherworldly space of the divine, where correct proportions are not required.” This is so fascinating to me, especially when contrasted with the Tridentine decree that art depicting the divine should not “perplex” the viewer. It’s…the divine! It’s literally beyond human comprehension, that’s the whole point 😂 The Mannerists were dope. At least they were thinking outside the box!
Deniz Philip
Wow mannerism was a vibe!! Thanks for this very good read!
among us
The replies on this forum caught me off guard. I am very happy to have connected with people who share the same passion as me. Let's play poppy playtime together so we can discover new passions. We will see you at the game.
Thanks for article.
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Kshipanti, Kṣipantī: 1 definition
The Sanskrit term Kṣipantī can be transliterated into English as Ksipanti or Kshipanti, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
[«previous next»] — Kshipanti in Mahayana glossary
Source: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā
Kṣipantī (क्षिपन्ती) (Cf. Pratikṣipantī) refers to “rejecting”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “[...] At that time, sixty koṭis of Bodhisattvas, having stood up from the congregation, joined their palms, paid homage to the Lord, and then uttered these verses in one voice: ‘[...] (226) ‘We are ascetics [only in name], but do not have the qualities of ascetics’. Hearing the true accusation, they will reject (pratikṣipat) this Sūtra. (227) Just as a mirror would never bring pleasure to those who had their noses and ears sliced off, so, having heard the true accusation, they will reject (kṣipat) the true dharma. [...]’”.
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Types of violence can include emotional, verbal, financial, digital, physical, and sexual abuse.
To learn more about the different types of abuse, visit
What is Dating Violence?
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Female Genital Mutilation
Female genital mutilation is practiced by different tribes and cultures. It is used to ensure social and moral norms among girls, and it is believed that it symbolizes maturity. It is used to control women in many regions (Simister 247).
Africa and the Middle East have recorded the highest number of cases of FGM in the recent past (Masho and Matthews 232). Sunna circumcision is practiced mostly in these regions. It involves the cutting of prepuce. Clitoridectomy is a painful removal of the clitoris and scrapping of the labia majora. Infibulation is mostly performed by Somalis and practiced through the Nile. It involves cutting of clitoris and sewing scrapped sides of the vulva across the vagina.
Mutilating is used in place of circumcision by authors because it is not necessary and harmful. It should not be compared to regular circumcision because it is a safe medical procedure (Ekenze, Ezegwal, and Adiri 285). It may cause such complications as a genital malfunction and recurrent urinary infections of the genitals. The authors of the article are ethnocentric because they do not consider the history of these traditions and the fact that villagers are not educated on this topic. They describe it as barbaric, wrong, and unacceptable. However, this point of view is justified because this practice is illegal and causes severe health problems.
This article describes why such operations are considered necessary in some regions. It is believed that it should be performed before the marriage. FGM is practiced to make a girl clean. Alternatives to such initiation ceremonies are also described. The prohibition of such acts may be dangerous in some regions and may lead to protests and conflicts. However, it is necessary. Long-term implications of intervention are not discussed in this article, and it is an issue because cultural differences should be considered first of all. Overall, it is a huge problem because it violates the rights of many females but it is a part of the tradition in some communities, and they are not educated on this issue.
Works Cited
Ekenze, S. O., H. U. Ezegwui, and C. O. Adiri. “Genital Lesions Complicating Female Genital Cutting in Infancy: A Hospital-Based Study in South-East Nigeria”. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 27.4 (2007): 285-290. Print.
Masho, Saba W., and Lindsey Matthews. “Factors Determining Whether Ethiopian Women Support Continuation of Female Genital Mutilation”. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 107.3 (2009): 232-235. Print.
Simister, John G. “Domestic Violence and Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya: Effects of Ethnicity and Education”. Journal of Family Violence 25.3 (2009): 247-257. Print.
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Three Essential Elements for Modeling the Age of Steam
No one can deny the romanticism attached to steam locomotives. They are still part of the popular culture today and will hold their place for a very long time. Those who have worked with steam locomotives will tell you that they are much more than machinery. They take a life and personality of their own.
It should come as no surprise that the age of steam is still a very popular choice among modelers today. Let’s take a look at the five most essential scenic elements to include for a layout designed for steam.
Roundhouses are one of the most iconic elements of the steam era. Largely obsolete today, they once held very significant importance in all the major steam operations. While their main function was storage, they were also used for heavy maintenance work as well. Today, just a handful of roundhouses remain in service, and many have been converted into event venues, industrial spaces, and museums.
Coaling Towers
Another iconic item of the steam locomotive era was coaling towers. Because steam was generated from boiling water, and the water was bodied by burning coal. Therefore, coaling towers were crucial to keeping the steam engines up and running. These were very imposing infrastructures that could be seen from many miles away. Coal was delivered by hopper cars, and these cars would empty in the pit below. From here, coal lifting was done using a pulley system into the silos. Once a locomotive needed refilling, it would just go underneath, and the silos would empty into the tender.
Today, coaling towers are a thing of the past, but some still remain in situ thanks to their sturdy construction. Why are they there? Because it is just too expensive to dismantle them.
Water Towers
Water towers are the most recognizable features of the steam era. They were also the most important ones. Steam locomotives need water for safe operation. If there is no proper water supply, a locomotive could easily overheat, and there is a risk of boiler explosion. In the early days, water stops were required every few miles. For this reason, every small town depot featured a water depot. As the locomotives grew in size, their water storage capacity also grew. They allowed the railroads to decrease the number of water stops and most trains started traveling 100 miles or even more without needing a stop.
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Monitoring Particulates Against the Range of Light
by Gordy Slack
Nineteenth century naturalist and writer John Muir called the Sierra Nevada Mountains the ‘Range of Light’ because of the stunning luminosity of its peaks viewed from California’s Great Central Valley. Today, Muir would be heartbroken to see his favorite mountains obscured by the thick soup of pollution that so often fills the valley these days.
The particulate constituents of that smog, which blows east from the Pacific coast’s urban areas, are generated by highway traffic and agricultural activity in the valley itself, and come increasingly from other valley-based industries as the region’s economy grows. Air pollution is effectively trapped in the valley, which is capped by an inversion above and by mountain ranges that define its north, south, and eastern edges. In winter, the inversion layer drops and concentrates the trapped and dirty air, leading to health crises for asthmatics and others with allergies and lung conditions. And it is just plain unhealthy for everyone else. According to the US EPA, five of America’s ten most air-polluted cities are in California’s Central Valley.
Later this year, Shawn Newsam will begin pointing cameras at the horizon to gather data he hopes will provide easy to access, constantly updated information about air quality throughout California’s Central Valley.
As he drives to work each day, Shawn Newsam, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at UC Merced, gazes toward the Sierras twenty miles to the east. Sometimes the mountains look clear and close enough to touch, he says, and other times he cannot see them at all. If he can see the peaks clearly, he worries less about his two children playing outdoors. But if that dark haze obscures the mountains, he may recommend keeping them inside.
It is not a very scientific approach to measuring particulates in the air, acknowledges Newsam, but right now, there is really no better working alternative. With only a handful of point measurements of particulate matter for the entire Central Valley, air quality warnings just are not local enough to be of much use. “Air quality in the valley is a quickly changeable and highly localized affair,” Newsam says. A reading from Fresno, say, may not reflect the air conditions in nearby Modesto or Clovis.
Supported partly with a grant from CITRIS, Newsam is developing a network of several dozen cameras that can collect data and possibly analyze air particulates around the Central Valley. The project could provide a quick, easily accessible way to evaluate local air quality in real time.
This spring, Newsam will aim digital cameras at the horizon and analyze the resulting atmospheric images in hope of finding meaningful associations between them and the particulates in the air they depict. Broadly speaking, he will be taking two approaches, one from above the data, the other from beneath.
First, from above, he will develop models of the different light dispersal effects of different size particles. “We may then be able to automate the application of such analyses to the images for lots of real time data about both the concentration of particulates in the air and the size of the particles themselves,” he says.
The size of airborne particles matters as much as their composition, says Anthony Wexler, UC Davis Professor of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering and a specialist on air pollution. “Larger particles affect the health of the lung, whereas smaller ones can penetrate into the bloodstream, circulate, and affect other organs,” says Wexler, who is consulting with Newsam on the project.
But there may be a simpler way to establish the correlation between what Newsam’s camera’s record and the air particles' size and concentration. Simple data mining, Newsam says, may be a shortcut to just as potent a result. By capturing and analyzing numerous images and then comparing them to direct particulate measurements (which are much more expensive) simultaneously taken and analyzed by the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (Valley Air District), Newsam may be able to find correlations between the two.
To accomplish this, Newsam will apply different data mining techniques, including Bayesian classifiers, decision tree classifiers, neural network classifiers, and support vector machines.
The health effects of particulates are determined by both the concentration of the particles in the air and by their size. Newsam’s project could allow easy and instant evaluation of both.
Newsam will use both linear and nonlinear regression to model the relationship between the features of the images he gathers and the particulate data he gets from the Valley Air District. Quantifiable image texture features will be used to examine the amount of detail visible on distant objects, such as mountains, as well as analyze the spectral signatures of the light scattered by the particles, possibly employing a hyperspectral camera that can take pictures at narrow light wavelength bandwidths. And he will also compare images taken using polarization filters at different angles in case there is a detectable and interpretable polarization effect on light scattered by different size particles.
One way or the other, Newsam expects his research to bear fruit. As his research is, as he calls it “investigatory, very experimental,” he does acknowledge the possibility that neither the modeling nor the data mining will result in reliable ways to draw useful particulate information from his photographs.
“The Holy Grail would be finding a quick way to draw conclusions about particulates from images,” Newsam says. “But even if I do not get that, we will still have a far more complete track record of whether visibility is getting worse or better and by how much.”
Such a record will become more valuable as the human population in the valley grows and, in all likelihood, as air quality worsens, Newsam says. And with the aid of projective computer technologies, graphic what-if scenarios could be accurately illustrated. “If a politician or bureaucrat wanted to know what the Sierra Nevada viewed from the Merced Campus would look like ten years from now given different economic and emission scenarios, we could show them,” Newsam says.
The data collected by his widely distributed cameras may serve another purpose as well. As photons become an increasingly important source of energy in the valley, the need to make accurate, short-term predictions about how much energy the sun will contribute to the grid at any given time becomes increasingly important. Newsam’s images could provide up-to-the minute projections of solar irradiance over large geographic areas and thus make inexpensive forecasts of the potential output of photovoltaic systems in the area. Newsam has approached PG&E with his research plan, and the energy company has shown interest in developing a real-time map of solar irradiance. In this way, by aiding solar energy’s reliability, reading air pollution could have the side effect of reducing it. That would please John Muir as well as Newsam’s kids, who just want to play outside.
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How Does Dry Cleaning Really Work
Dry Cleaning LondonDry cleaning is a specialized fabric treatment process which originated within the tailoring industry in the early 1800’s.
Modern dry cleaning’s origins are credited to a man by the name of Thomas Jennings, who first started using solvent based cleaning solutions to treat synthetic and hard to clean textiles.
Throughout the 19th and 20th century, dry cleaning solutions rapidly developed from more rudimentary approaches, like kerosene and gasoline, to chemicals like PCE, which was first synthesized in 1821 by Michael Farady.
Since then dry cleaning has become one of the major ways any sort of professional cleaning service would approach hard to clean materials that would otherwise shrink from high heat and water.
What Does Dry Cleaning Mean
Despite the name, dry cleaning is a process which uses liquids solvents to clean stains from water sensitive textiles like wool. Usually this process involves several cycles of cleaning, which often rely on the mechanized help of dry cleaning machines.
In the clothing industry, dry cleaning is widely used due to its safe and gentle nature with delicate textiles like silk and natural wool. In home and dry carpet cleaning, dry cleaners use specialized equipment sets which simulates the larger-scale mechanism which best describe dry cleaning.
How Many Types of Dry Cleaning are There
Dry cleaning can generally be separated into to three different categories – industrial, domestic and clothes based. Industrial cleaning is focused on cleaning a large amount of clothes, mostly as a part of the latter post production in the manufacturing of garments and clothing in general.
The domestic dry cleaning process is the sort of dry cleaning that we at provide, which is focused towards the precise remove of grime, stains and dirt from rugs and carpets, beds and furniture.
Clothes based dry cleaning is tailored towards the end needs of a consumer who has already bought a mass produces piece of clothing. It can be found all around the UK in the form of specialized services which clean your clothes for you.
What Sort of Dry Cleaning Chemicals are Used in the 21st Century
The most widely known and used type of dry cleaning chemical is perchloroethylene or PCE. It is an ethylene chemical compound from the chlorocarbon chemical group.
Due to its close bond to chlorine, it’s a great agent against organic matter, acting as a solvent for its base molecules, allowing them to dissolve upon contact.
Another type of chemical which is most often used in green dry cleaning is decamethylcyclopentasiloxane a.k.a Green Earth. It is a slightly volatile compound which acts as a spotting agent and similarly to PCE, helps dissolve organic materials more easily.
It does not pose any significant health concerns nor does it have any major environmental adverse affects to aquatic life.
What is the Difference Between Detergents and Dry Cleaning Chemicals?
While detergents are most often thought to be used primarily in laundering processes (washing clothes with water), they can also be used in dry cleaning procedures.
There is, however, a major difference between detergents and dry cleaning chemicals as the latter is the main acting agent and can often clean on its own.
During the dry cleaning process, detergents may or may not be present and aid during a specific period of soiling removal.
Detergents are chemically different than PCE (the most common dry cleaning chemical) as they are bound to a different set of esters. While PCE is from the ethylene family, most detergents rely on a totally different set of chemical reactions to act within the structure of textile fibers.
As the name might suggest, detergents deter grime and soiling from gathering onto the fabric, which means they linger onto the fabric molecules. PCE is 100% removed from the fabric once the cleaning process is done.
How does Dry Cleaning Work
Mobile dry cleaning, such as the one we provide, uses a specialized portable dry cleaning machine which has three separate compartments. One compartment is for the type of solvent we will be using in the process – the choice of which depends on the type of soiling and fabric material.
There is a filtering compartment which filters and cycles through the solvent in order to remove any hard impurities which might contaminate the fabric.
The third compartment is the dry and wet pump portion, which circulates the solvent into the fabric, which is focused onto the affected spot with a narrowing nozzle. The circulation of the solvent through the fabric removes the stains, which are then extracted with a wet vacuum.
Dry cleaning chemicals are an effective solution to quite a lot of soiling problems, because they:
• Carry water away from water-based soils and stains which aids in their removal;
• Chemically suspend stains so they do not reabsorb back into the fabric or material;
• Fully penetrate the fabric and act as a “spotting agent” working both sides of the stain to fully remove it from the fabric.
Depending on the type of material, non water-based detergents will be added during the dry cleaning process into the chemical mix to aid in the removal of hard to extract soils.
Is Dry Cleaning Safe for Home Use
UK law mandates that a professional and licensed dry cleaner is to use bio-degradable, safe cleaning solutions, as well as to provide the means for their disposal and total extraction from domestic and commercial areas.
In order to dry clean in the 21st century, all services must provide evidence of the possession of cleaning solutions from the ranks of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (a.k.a Green Earth).
PCE or perchloroethylene, can be quite harmful to the human body if ingested or if it’s vapors are inhaled. Health and Safety Administrations highly suggest wearing PPE (personal protective equipment) when using PCE for cleaning.
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Rajlich’s Hypothesis
I met Petr Rajlich, a Czech geologist from the South Bohemian Region, in 2010 during a geological student contest. He told me about his geological ideas that were sometimes really very different from the mainstream. For the first time, I heard about the possibility that Earth might be expanding or that most of the Czech Republic could be a relic of a meteorite hit (Czech Crater).
Petr has an interesting idea that not only a meteorite hit the region of Bohemia, but also influenced the rocks by a physical phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation (Rajlich’s Hypothesis).
In 2010, I also published a paper together with Petr and Vaclav Benes. I found an interesting monazite sample in Pisek pegmatites with Vaclav and decided to discuss the topic with Petr. Finally, we produced a short paper:
The lamellae inside quartz that were for the first time described by Petr as ‘cavitation lamellae’ or ‘wavefronts’ are a subject of hot debates. There exist various versions of their origin:
• Ultrasonic cavitation due to a meteorite hit,
• zonal growths or
• tensile fractures.
In 2014, I produced a short study together with a colleague from the Technical University in Munich Erwin Isaac Alvarez Polanco. I cite from Wikipedia: ‘It can be assumed that according to high number of wavefronts transferred through the minerals and resulting high number of cavity implosions, the structure of quartz was partially disrupted during the fluidization and the distribution of prevailing pressure was respected during the transfer into a solid state. There could be then preferred a creation of denser quartz in the area of higher pressure. This means a creation of smaller basic molecular Si-O rings. The situation in the area of lower pressure could be opposite. A finding of such harmonic signature of the quartz density is considered to be an option for the hypothesis verification.’ So we decided to make few simple models of quartz with periodic density distribution. And to propose few ways of its future probing. Here you can find our poster:
My Appeal to Paleontologists and Evolutionary Biologists
As I am dealing with the chthonian theory, I decided to ask scientists whether they have an evidence for ‘conventional’ fossil ages they publish. It is a big surprise for me to find out that they probably haven’t. My question on ResearchGate reached already 300 reads and there is no relevant answer.
You can find it here:
I am still waiting for the answers. I thought that it will be easy to provide any evidence, but it seems that it is harder than expected.
Why do I actually ask? According to the chthonian theory, Earth had an icy sarcophagus and started to expand rapidly approximately 180 million years ago. The loads from the ice were rather unsuitable for living organisms to evolve or arise. The same with high gravity.
Public Lecture
My first public lecture about the connection between the continental edges of the northern Zealandia and western South America will be held on 20 December 2017 at the Charles University in Prague. I will talk about the basic relations of the Earth’s lithosphere, motions measurements and also Earth’s chthonian origin (icy sarcophagus, solar luminosity, other bodies). Everybody is welcome!
Where? Vinicna 5, Prague, Czech Republic
Time? 15:30-17:30
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+1 (844) 430-0510 [email protected]
How an electric vacuum suction cup works
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An electric vacuum suction cup is what you use when you want to hang a poster on a glass window or pick up a sheet of glass. GRABO electric vacuum suction cup is best suited for fixing any item on a flat surface or a non-porous surface, and it will stick if a lot of force is involved and used correctly. These electric vacuum suction cups are produced with soft rubber and adhere to the surface using force or air pressure. The suction cup must meet three requirements for them to function effectively. The first is that it needs to possess a cup shape with a hollow center and flat spreading sides, it must also stick to a flat non-porous surface, and thirdly it must be made of air-tight material.
The science of how a suction cup works
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Picture everyone, everything in the world surrounded by an ocean of .air, and this air places pressure on the outside and inside of everything. When you press a suction cup against a wall or a window, you force out the air inside it, eliminating the pressure inside the suction cup and creating a vacuum that seals the cup tightly to the surface you want it to stick. A suction cup will come off when air pressure on the outside becomes lower than the air pressure inside the suction cup. It will make a pop-like sound when you pull a suction cup off the wall that is the air rushing in to fill the vacuum.
In science, gravity and friction are the two main forces that make it possible for suction cups to work. Gravity pulls the molecules in the air towards the earth, creating atmospheric pressure. An excellent electric vacuum suction cup on a slick surface causes pressure to be applied to the outside of the cup, pushing it down onto the surface, and friction keeps the electric vacuum suction cup sliding.
Modern suction cups are made of highly flexible synthetic such as PVC plastic or neoprene. Electric vacuum suction cups are prized for their reliability; these materials are preferred to natural rubber because they are stronger and more resistant to sunlight, abrasion, and temperature extremes. Earlier, suction cups were made from glass or gourds. These handy devices are designed to conform to the shape of the surface that they are stuck to and will adhere best to smooth and non-porous like metal or glass.
Air pressure
Once the air is forced out from the device, a vacuum is created. Since atmospheric pressure will always try to equalize itself, air naturally fills in any missing gaps. This pressure pushes against the air outside of the suction cup. Since it cannot penetrate the suction cup surface, it forces it instead of against the flat pieces of glass; if air can work under the edges of the suction cup or through the surface, the seal will break, and the suction cup will fall off.
Maintenance of your electric vacuum suction cup
Like any other device, your electric vacuum suction cups need maintenance; this maintenance is what ensures the prolonged usage of your device. Here are a few guidelines to follow to keep your device in check. One of the first factors to keep in mind about your GRABO electric vacuum suction cup is that they work best when they are kept clean and free from dirt. Ensure you check your suction cup regularly to ensure no changes in temperature or humidity may gradually make the cup lose suction.
To achieve proper suction, ensure that the surface you want to attach to your electric vacuum suction cup is appropriately cleaned with warm water and soap. Ensure that both inside and outside of the suction cup are clean and dry before use.
Also, to enhance suction, make sure that you apply a dab of Vaseline or oil to keep the seal tight. You can also dampen your fingers with water and lightly moisten the inner suction cup. Moistening helps to keep the suction seal tight. Make sure that you do not get too much moisture but just enough to coat the surface.
Make sure you press the center of each suction cup down firmly to the glass and keep fir hold for about fifteen seconds. Then gently release the pressure until all air bubbles inside evaporate, and a vacuum is created. To firmly seal the cup to the surface, all the air should be trapped between the suction cup and the object, and do not let the suction cup slide; if they slide easily, you might have used too much moisture.
The electric vacuum suction cup might need to be burped from time to time by pressing down on them so that whatever might have been seeped in can be eliminated.
Lastly, ensure to keep the suction cup out of the reach of children.
An electric vacuum suction cup saves you a lot of stress. To prolong the life span of your electric vacuum suction cup, you must maintain it properly and also purchase good quality. You can only get good quality when you buy from an experienced and qualified manufacturer like GRABO. An experienced manufacturer will also see to it that you get all the necessary information for the effective functioning of your suction cup.
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5 food allergies in children and their symptoms
Mothers are constantly concerned about the diet and eating habits of their children. Every parent wants to give their child a good diet and enough nutrition. However, some foods may cause allergies in children. In fact, some food allergies in children can be severe and have a detrimental effect on their health. Although there isn’t a clear reason why allergies occur or why the immune system reacts strangely to foods that are actually safe, you should be cautious and keep those foods away from your children. And that is feasible if you are aware of their symptoms.
Health Shots got in touch with Dr Vrushali Bichkar, Consultant Paediatrician and Neonatologist, Motherhood Hospital, Lullanagar, Pune, to find out the foods which can cause allergies in kids and what their symptoms are.
Here are some common foods allergies in children:
1. Milk
All mothers blindly believe that giving their babies milk will be beneficial to their child’s health. However, milk is one of the most common types of food allergies in children. Some kids overcome their milk allergies, but others experience lactose intolerance or food sensitivity throughout their entire lives. If your child has a milk allergy, milk or other dairy products may cause him or her to feel bloated and gassy. Always visit your doctor if you experience symptoms of an allergic reaction since they might be fatal.
food allergies in children
Kids need proper nourishment but milk is not the only option. Image courtesy: Shutterstock
2. Nuts
Nuts, including almonds, cashews, pistachios, hazelnuts, and walnuts may cause allergies in some kids. When you give your baby nuts for the first time, pay close attention to how the body responds. If your kid is healthy, there is no need to worry. If your child complains of any sort of issue, stop giving him nuts and seek medical attention. Some signs of nut allergy include red bumps (hives), a runny nose, cramping, nausea, or vomiting.
3. Eggs
Dear moms, you will be surprised to learn that some kids can have egg allergies. Yes, that’s true. You should protect your kid from eating the entire egg because egg yolk is sometimes contaminated with egg white which also causes harm. Because of this, according to Dr Bichkar, “Foods that have even traces of eggs in the ingredients also need to be avoided by such children.” However, if your child is allergic to eggs, this indicates that they are actually allergic to the protein in them. Eggs are not the only source of protein. Exceptional substitute sources of comparable protein, minerals, and vitamins include meat, fish, dairy products, grains, and legumes.
food allergies in children
Eggs can be harmful if you are allergic to them. Image courtesy: Shutterstock
4. Wheat
Children can also develop wheat allergies, but the symptoms of this allergic reaction, which include swelling, itching, and throat or tongue discomfort, are minimal and are easy to identify. Hives, itchy rashes, skin edema, and nasal congestion may also appear in severe cases.
5. Peanuts
You may suddenly develop a peanut allergy. An allergy to peanuts is one of the most frequent triggers of severe allergic reactions and can appear at any time. And in some cases, it poses a threat to life. According to Dr Bichkar, “Children who are allergic to peanuts may sometimes experience adverse reactions after eating them.” Consult your doctor right away, even if the symptoms are minor. Some of its symptoms include itchiness, runny nose, shortness of breath, stomach problems, skin responses, and throat tightness.
food allergies in children
Even a small amount of peanuts may trigger a reaction, so avoid it. Image courtesy: Shutterstock
Here are some common signs and symptoms of food allergies in children:
1. Skin rashes or hives (atopic dermatitis or eczema): A majority of children will exhibit these symptoms in case they have consumed something that is allergic.
2. Difficulty in breathing: This is also a common symptom of an allergy.
3. Abdominal distress: Upset stomach pain can immediately occur if you eat foods that can lead to allergies.
4. Sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, or itchy eyes: These red flags are seen in children. It will be imperative for the parents to seek timely attention once they notice the symptoms.
food allergies in children
Be mindful of what you’re feeding your kid. Image courtesy: Shutterstock
5. Vomiting and diarrhoea: These are other worrisome symptoms of a food allergy.
6. Itching in the mouth: Itching in the mouth can also be seen after you eat something that you are allergic to.
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June 18th Is FAA Drone Safety Day
If you’ve followed the topic of electric aircraft, you know that the smaller unmanned variety is currently dominating the segment. Small aircraft need less energy, and that has made powering them with electricity instead of fossil fuels possible. Plus, they displace fossil fuel-powered manned aircraft in many cases, so they’re a big environmental benefit.
But, they do come with some drawbacks. Because some of them are so cheap and easy to use, you don’t have to be a professional user with training and common sense to afford one. There have been many media reports of people doing beefheaded things with them. Spying on neighbors (with a device that makes as much noise as a weed wacker, so they notice right away), crashing them into buildings, crash landings onto White House grounds, and many other incidents have hit the news.
Combine this with people on the ground with more gun than common sense, and it even becomes a firearms safety issue. As an instructor, I wouldn’t advise students to shoot at any aircraft, even small unmanned ones being misused, because it’s unsafe for a long list of reasons and is against both federal law (a felony that’ll make you lose your guns) and the laws of most US states. But some people do that anyway.
With all of these safety issues, it shouldn’t be surprising that the FAA is trying to increase awareness of both safety and the applicable laws. So, in 2019, they started. a “National Drone Safety Awareness,” which ran until 2021, the agency is combining events into one day to make things simpler for everyone. Plus, Drone Safety Day stands out next to all of the different “awareness weeks” that there are these days.
Drone Safety Day is going to go beyond awareness, and focus on the following topics:
• Education: How to safely operate drones, fostering greater understanding of the commercial and recreational uses of drones, and highlighting how drones are being used in education.
• Equity: Opening opportunities for all operators. Drones offer an accessible pathway into aviation and provide more opportunities for historically excluded communities to be part of the aviation community.
• Economics: Highlighting the economic, social, and safety benefits of using drone technology. For example, using a drone to inspect infrastructure that would be more dangerous for a human to inspect (ie bridges, towers, power-lines, etc.).
• Emergencies: Learning how drones are used in emergency situations such as natural disasters, search and rescue, firefighting, public safety, and other uses.
• Environment: Understanding the environmental and sustainability benefits of drone technology. From reforestation to monitoring wildlife populations, there are countless ways to engage with our environment using drones.
What’s great about all of this is that they’re not going to focus on drones as some nasty pest that we all need to be aware of so we can call in the pest control company. The FAA wants people to know what the safety risks are, but they also want the public to know what the safety benefits of drones are. They’re protecting the environment, keeping people out of harm’s way, saving people money, and giving diverse people better income opportunities.
You can learn more about Drone Safety Day here.
Featured image provided by the Federal Aviation Administration, National Center For Autonomous Technologies.
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Burnham Archive | Trotskyist Writers Index | ETOL Main Page
James Burnham
Let the People Vote on War!
At the Moment War Breaks, Every Person Will Be Forced
Under the War Machine’s Totalitarian Heel
(14 July 1939)
From Socialist Appeal, Vol. III No. 50, 14 July 1939, p. 1.
Totalitarian War
IN PAST civilizations, war was usually the business of a restricted class or caste of the population. The great majority not only took no part in the fighting, but, in point of fact, their lives were very little affected, even indirectly, by the conduct and outcome of wars and battles.
In feudal times, for example, most of the people were serfs and vileins, who lived attached to the land where they were born. They gained their sustenance from locally self-sufficient agriculture and simple handicrafts, with scarcely any trade or commerce. They were required to turn over a certain percentage of their crops to their feudal lord, and usually also to work for a certain number of days each year on jobs assigned to them by their lord or his bailiffs. They were not, however, subject to any kind of military service.
With the exception of one or two of the Crusades, wars were fought exclusively by members of the feudal nobility itself, assisted by their personal servants who acted, however, in non-military capacities. Fighting was considered, you might say, to be a “privilege” and prerogative of the nobility. In these feudal wars, not many persons, even of the nobility, were killed. Most weapons were crude, suited not for mass slaughter but for individual, hand-to-hand combat; and fairly adequate protective devices, such as armor and shields, were worn.
The results of these wars, moreover, did not greatly affect the conditions of life of the great majority. Sometimes a chivalric army would commandeer all the crops of a given district, or even lay it waste by fire and pillage. But, since the armies were small and slow-moving, the roads few and poor and scattered, this did not happen often in any particular place. And the question of who won the war was of hardly any concern to the average serf. His duties and obligations were the same whether Baron X or Count Y was his lord.
Even in the first centuries of modern times, the situation did not greatly change. In fifteenth century Italy, for instance, where the first stage of modern civilization reached its height, the powerful cities usually conducted wars by hiring mercenary armies. Most of the citizenry kept busy at its industrial and commercial tasks, and the major inconvenience of war was only an added drain on the treasury.
Everybody Involved Now
Today, everything is changed. The world-wide division of labor, the development of a world economy, rapid transportation and communication, more or less universal education, have transformed war from the sport of nobles or the profession of mercenaries into a mass enterprise involving every single member of the population. Directly or indirectly, everyone is part of the war machine.
In the first place, in our day, vast numbers of the population are directly concerned in the fighting of a war. The war armies are not restricted groups of professionals but mass armies made up of millions of individuals. Most of these millions are drafted or conscripted from the broad ranks of workers and peasants and farmers. In the battles of modern wars, great masses of people are killed or wounded. In the war of 1914–18 at least thirteen million were killed, and about thirty million more were wounded.
But with the growth of new methods of fighting, such as airplane bombing and gas attacks, many persons who are not soldiers are killed and wounded in modern battles. A bomb or a gas shell does its work as quickly on old women or children as on men with uniforms.
In modern war, moreover, death and wounds and disease are not confined to the battlefields. Scarcity of food, disruption of medical service, dislocation of hygienic and sanitary measures, all extend the casualty lists traceable to the war by untold millions.
These factors, however, all of them directly bound up with war in its fighting aspect, by no means complete the picture. The war of 1914–18 taught us that in modern war, the entire population and all activities must be assembled into the war machine. The army is no longer just the soldiers in uniform; everyone belongs to the army. Every factory, mine and mill and farm go on a war basis. Education and movies and religion and art are harnessed to war propaganda. All organizations, such as political parties and unions and clubs and fraternal societies, either line up for the war or are illegalized. No “individual freedom” is tolerated. Everyone must think and talk and act for the war, or be subject to the most severe penalties.
Includes All Humanity
In short, war has become, in our day, totalitarian. War is no longer a matter for some sections of the population, and some types of activities. War dominates and controls the total life and activities of the totality of the population. The governments and general staffs of every nation recognize this to be the case. That is why the war plans of all governments include the organization of the whole country and the entire population along totalitarian lines. In the case of the United States, as elsewhere, these plans are fully prepared. Many of them are included in the famous document known as the “Industrial Mobilization Plan,” the provisions of which are scheduled to go into effect on “M”-Day – the day that war begins.
The problem of modern war is, thus, a problem for every human being. With the destiny of each one of us at stake, it would seem wise and proper for us to try to decide ourselves what to do, and not to turn ourselves blindly over to the hands of others.
(Continued in next issue: The History of the Ludlow War Referendum)
Burnham Archive | Trotskyist Writers Index | ETOL Main Page
Last updated: 29 February 2016
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A Tale: Another Version of Colter’s Run
If there’s a story that deserves retelling, it is John Colter’s tale of his escape from a band of Blackfeet Indians. Colter mustered out of Lewis and Clark’s Corps of Discovery in 1806 and began his career as a trapper and Indian trader. In 1807, while searching for Indians to trade with, Colter passed through the area that is now Yellowstone National Park. In 1808 he made his famous run from the Blackfeet.
Colter apparently was illiterate, but there are at least two versions of his tale that were written by men who heard him tell it. The one below is from Thomas James’ book, Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans. It generally agrees with John Bradbury’s version, but differs in some details. It’s interesting to compare these two versions of Colter’s Run.
Colter had gone with a companion named Potts to the Jefferson River, which is the most western of the three Forks, and runs near the base of the mountains. They were both proceeding up the river in search of beaver, each in his own canoe, when a war party of about eight hundred Black-Feet Indians suddenly appeared on the east bank of the river.
The Chiefs ordered them to come ashore, and apprehending robbery only, and knowing the utter hopelessness of flight, and having dropped his traps over the side of the canoe from the Indians, into the water, which was here quite shallow, he hastened to obey their mandate.
On reaching the shore, he was seized, disarmed and stripped entirely naked. Potts was still in his canoe in the middle of the stream, where he remained stationary, watching the result. Colter requested him to come ashore, which he refused to do, saying he might as well lose his life at once, as be stripped and robbed in the manner Colter had been. An Indian immediately fired and shot him about the hip; he dropped down in the canoe, but instantly rose with his rifle in his hands.
“Are you hurt,” said Colter.
“Yes, said he, too much hurt to escape; if you can get away do so. I will kill at least one of them.”
He leveled his rifle and shot an Indian dead. In an instant, at least a hundred bullets pierced his body and as many savages rushed into the stream and pulled the canoe, containing his riddled corpse, ashore. They dragged the body up onto the bank, and with their hatchets and knives cut and hacked it all to pieces, and limb from limb. The entrails, heart, lungs &c, they threw into Colter’s face.
The relations of the killed Indian were furious with rage and struggled, with tomahawk in hand, to reach Colter, while others held them back. He was every moment expecting the death blow or the fatal shot that should lay him beside his companion.
A council was hastily held over him and his fate quickly determined upon. He expected to die by tomahawk, slow, lingering and horrible. But they had magnanimously determined to give him a chance, though a slight one, for his life.
After the council, a Chief pointed to the prairie and motioned him away with his hand, saying in the Crow language, “go—go away.” He supposed they intended to shoot him as soon as he was out of the crowd and presented a fair mark to their guns. He started in a walk, and an old Indian with impatient signs and exclamations, told him to go faster, and as he still kept a walk, the same Indian manifested his wishes by still more violent gestures and adjurations.
When he had gone a distance of eighty or a hundred yards from the army of his enemies, he saw the younger Indians throwing off their blankets, leggings, and other encumbrances, as if for a race. Now he knew their object. He was to run a race, of which the prize was to be his own life and scalp.
Off he started with the speed of the wind. The war-whoop and yell immediately arose behind him; and looking back, he saw a large company of young warriors, with spears, in rapid pursuit. He ran with all the strength that nature, excited to the utmost, could give; fear and hope lent a supernatural vigor to his limbs and the rapidity of his flight astonished himself.
The Madison Fork lay directly before him, five miles from his starting place. He had run half the distance when his strength began to fail and the blood to gush from his nostrils. At every leap, the red stream spurted before him, and his limbs were growing rapidly weaker and weaker. He stopped and looked back; he had far outstripped all his pursuers and could get off if strength would only hold out.
One solitary Indian, far ahead of the others, was rapidly approaching, with a spear in his right hand, and a blanket streaming behind from his left hand and shoulder. Despairing of escape, Colter awaited his pursuer and called to him in the Crow language, to save his life.
The savage did not seem to hear him, but letting go his blanket, and seizing his spear with both hands, he rushed at Colter, naked and defenseless as he stood before him and made a desperate lunge to transfix him.
Colter seized the spear, near the head, with his right hand, and exerting his whole strength, aided by the weight of the falling Indian, who had lost his balance in the fury of the onset, he broke off the iron head or blade which remained in his hand, while the savage fell to the ground and lay prostrate and disarmed before him.
Now was his turn to beg for his life, which he did in the Crow language, and held up his hands imploringly, but Colter was not in a mood to remember the golden rule, and pinned his adversary through the body to the earth by one stab with the spearhead. He quickly drew the weapon from the body of the now dying Indian, and seizing his blanket as lawful spoil, he again set out with renewed strength, feeling, he said to me, as if he had not run a mile.
A shout and yell arose from the pursuing army in his rear as from a legion of devils, and he saw the prairie behind him covered with Indians in full and rapid chase. Before him, if anywhere, was life and safety; behind him certain death; and running as never man before sped the foot, except, perhaps, at the Olympic Games, he reached his goal, the Madison river and the end of his five mile heat.
Dashing through the willows on the bank he plunged into the stream and saw close beside him a beaver house, standing like a coal-pit about ten feet above the surface of the water, which was here of about the same depth. This presented to him a refuge from his ferocious enemies of which he immediately availed himself.
Diving under the water he arose into the beaver house, where he found a dry and comfortable resting place on the upper floor or story of this singular structure. The Indians soon came up, and in their search for him, they stood upon the roof of his house of refuge, which he expected every moment to hear them breaking open. He also feared that they would set it on fire.
After a diligent search on that side of the river, they crossed over, and in about two hours returned again to his temporary habitation in which he was enjoying bodily rest, though with much anxious foreboding. The beaver houses are divided into two stories and will generally accommodate several men in a dry and comfortable lodging.
In this asylum, Colter kept fast till night. The cries of his terrible enemies had gradually died away, and all was still around him, when he ventured out of his hiding place . . .
He traveled day and night, stopping only for necessary repose, and eating roots and the bark of trees, for eleven days. He reached the Fort, nearly exhausted by hunger, fatigue and excitement. His only clothing was the Indian’s blanket, whom he had killed in the race, and his only weapon, the same Indian’s spear which he brought to the Fort as a trophy. His beard was long, his face and whole body were thin and emaciated by hunger, and his limbs and feet swollen and sore. The company at the Fort did not recognize him in this dismal plight until he made himself known
— Adapted from Thomas James, Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans. Saint Louis, Missouri Historical Society, 1916. [Edited with notes and biographical sketches by Walter B. Douglas] Pages 57-64.
— Image, “Old Bill Williams.” Wikipedia Commons.
— You might also enjoy John Bradbury’s version of Colter’s Run.
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Modernizing the educational system in the USA and Canada: a comparative study
The purpose of the article is to identify the measures taken to modernize the US and Canadian educational system, to highlight the similarities and differences that characterize reforming efforts in the US and Canada in order to provide quality education for children with special educational needs. Historical and retrospective methods are applied for consistent disclosure of the inclusive education genesis; the comparative method is used to compare and contrast the reforms to modernize education and to include children with special educational needs in regular schools. Taking into consideration the level of social movement and the federal government’s influence on the educational policies, similar and different measures to modernize schools in the USA and Canada are identified. The similarities include: that inclusive education in both countries depends on how active social movement for equal opportunities and equity is; how efficiently legislation responds to students’ needs; how a teacher training system takes into account a school’s need to educate every child; and appropriate funding to accommodate student needs. Differences include the following points: inclusion of students with disabilities into the regular educational setting in the USA is clearly expressed in the U.S. inclusive education legislation, and this legislation is imperative to the placement of students with disabilities into a regular education setting while in Canada inclusion is recommended except New Brunswick and three territories where the policy is totally inclusive. The research novelty. The study emphasizes the importance of the legislative imperative of using evidence-based practices, "Response to Intervention", "Multitiered Support System" that provide for the special educational needs of all students. The practical significance of these research findings is determined by the research problem relevance, novelty, and conclusions of general theoretical and practical value. The results can serve as a theoretical and methodological impetus for comparative pedagogical research. The reforms described in the research accentuate the importance of measures that can significantly improve the quality of education and provide all children with the necessary support to reach their potential.
Keywords: modernization, reforming, inclusive education, children with special educational needs, state policy, legislative framework, "Response to intervention", "Multitiered support system"
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How Does Amazon Use Artificial Intelligence?
Continuous AI is being used to comprehend the context and purpose of client search queries so they can understand why people are looking for certain items. Alexa, the first smart speaker from Amazon, is powered by conversational AI. Intelligent robots are automating even Amazon’s warehouses.
Similarly, How does Amazon use AI in their warehouses?
By automating the ability to predict consumer demand, evaluate product availability, optimize delivery routes, and customize customer communications while monitoring the whole supply chain, Amazon uses AI to increase supply and make sense of the data.
Also, it is asked, What is the name of the Amazon artificial intelligence?
For users of Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon AI is a collection of artificial intelligence (AI) services that include machine learning and deep learning technology.
Secondly, What does Amazon use robots for?
The workers greet the robots when they arrive at the place where the item is kept, according to Leavitt. By carrying out the task in this manner, we are doubling or perhaps tripling the productivity of the workers in the warehouse and reducing their amount of walking by maybe 75% or 80%.
Also, How does Amazon use deep learning?
For the purpose of enabling machine learning algorithms to provide insightful analyses and judgments that will help it grow its company, Amazon makes use of the vast amounts of customer-related data that are kept in its databases on the cloud.
People also ask, How has Amazon used technology?
Amazon has been a pioneer in numerous technology fields in the twenty-first century, including cloud computing, e-readers, online grocery shopping, streaming video, and gaming. Not coincidentally, the majority are methods for receiving, consuming, and storing information, entertainment, and goods that Amazon sells.
Related Questions and Answers
Does Amazon use machine learning?
Amazon can more precisely predict demand by collecting and utilizing machine learning to analyze buying data on items. In order to monitor buying trends and spot fraudulent transactions, machine learning is also used.
How does Amazon store their data?
Data is kept in two separate ways: 1) often used data is kept in very quick storage (like SSD drives), and 2) seldom accessed data is kept in an affordable object store, like Amazon S3.
Does AWS use artificial intelligence?
AWS provides the most comprehensive range of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) services to fit your business objectives, whether you want to improve customer experience, increase efficiency and optimize business operations, or speed up and scale up innovation.
What is Amazon machine learning?
An application developer may utilize algorithms to find patterns in end-user data, build mathematical models based on those patterns, and then design and deploy predictive apps using Amazon Machine Learning, a service provided by Amazon Web Services.
How much of Amazon is automated?
Only 14% of overall gross sales, which includes an estimated 3P revenue, are made up of it. When Amazon reaches that stage, there will be a significant upside prospect from increasing warehouse efficiency, which they will probably achieve via further automation and robots.
How many robots does Amazon use?
Without addressing Amazon’s robots, it would be hard to explain Amazon’s warehouse operations: according to the company’s article today, around 350,000 mobile drive unit robots presently coexist with the hundreds of thousands of people working at its fulfillment centers around the world.
Will Amazon replace workers with robots?
New warehouse robot introduced by Amazon, which claims it won’t replace employees, Amazon debuted its first mobile completely autonomous robot that can securely assist people while moving heavy trolleys.
How does Amazon use neural networks?’s demand forecasting system relies on CNN algorithms, a family of neural network-based machine learning (ML) techniques, to anticipate daily demand for more than 400 million goods.
Is Alexa deep learning?
The public beta launch of Alexa Conversations dialogue management, which enables developers to use a cutting-edge dialogue manager driven by deep learning to construct sophisticated, nonlinear conversational experiences, was also unveiled by Amazon scientists at today’s Alexa Live event.
What form of technology does Amazon use?
All of Linux is used to power Amazon’s enormous technological core. The three biggest Linux databases in the world as of 2005 belonged to Amazon, with capacities of 7.8 terabytes (TB), 18.5 TB, and 24.7 TB, respectively [ref].
How is Amazon innovative?
One-Click transactions. Until you visit another retail website and have to complete out many forms and browse through multiple pages to make a purchase, we tend to take advances like one-click purchasing for granted. The ordering procedure has been significantly simplified by Amazon to make it as fast and simple as possible across the board.
What makes Amazon unique?
The fact that Amazon has never been happy to “remain in its lane” is what sets the firm apart. The business started out as an online merchant and is today a (perhaps the) titan of cloud computing operations.
What are the types of AWS machine learning?
Regression, binary classification, and multiclass classification are the three ML model types that Amazon ML offers. The kind of target you wish to anticipate will determine the kind of model you should use.
What data software does Amazon use?
Relational Database Service by Amazon Six well-known database engines, including Amazon Aurora, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle Database, and SQL Server, are accessible with Amazon RDS, with instance kinds that are optimized for memory, performance, or I/O.
What data analytic tools does Amazon use?
12 Tools for Amazon Analytics and Tracking for Vendors: 10.DataHawk. Helium Trendle. ManageByStats. Pacvue. Amazon Tracker Sellics. Forest Scout.
How does Amazon collect data on its customers?
Through its Alexa voice assistant, e-commerce platform, Kindle e-readers, Audible audiobooks, video and music platforms, home security cameras, and fitness trackers, Amazon gathers information on its customers. In people’s homes, Alexa-enabled gadgets record, and Ring security cameras photograph every visitor.
How does Amazon use forecasting?
Machine learning is used by Amazon Forecast, a fully managed service, to provide predictions that are very accurate. Amazon Forecast utilizes machine learning to mix time series data with extra factors to create predictions using the same technology as
Which cloud platform is best for AI?
Top ten AI platforms Google Cloud AI is the platform used. AI services on Amazon’s platform. Microsoft Azure AI is a platform. System: IBM. the IBM Watson Studio platform. Team Google Brain. the TensorFlow platform. DataRobot. DataRobot platform. Holmes Wipro. Wipro Holmes AI and automation platform is the platform.
What is the Amazon core machine learning team?
The center of excellence for using machine learning techniques and technology to address complex problems, seize exciting opportunities, and delight consumers is Amazon’s Machine Learning team.
What automation tools does Amazon use?
Despite the fact that there are other marketplace repricer tools available, the one for Amazon is by far the most often used. The built-in repricer tool on Amazon is called Amazon Automate Pricing. This application automatically adjusts the pricing of your Amazon items depending on the information you provide.
When did Amazon start using automation?
Amazon said that since employing robots in its facilities started in 2012, it had created over a million new employment globally.
Who makes robots for Amazon?
Systems Kiva
Amazon uses artificial intelligence to be able to make recommendations for its customers. It does this by using machine learning and natural language processing.
This Video Should Help:
Amazon Prime is a service that offers unlimited two-day shipping on many items. The company uses artificial intelligence to predict what customers will want and when they’ll want it. Reference: amazon prime artificial intelligence.
• amazon artificial intelligence supply chain
• when did amazon start using ai
• artificial intelligence amazon warehouse
• amazon ai research
• how does google use ai
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The Financial Express
Elon Musk's long-standing vision to integrate A.I. into human brain
| Updated: July 21, 2022 17:22:55
Mashable India Mashable India
Elon Musk's objectives for enhancing the human brain are beyond ambitious. But how does he plan to achieve this goal?
The answer is Neuralink. It was started by Musk for looking into the possibilities of interfacing the human brain with computers or A.I. There will be no need for touching, tapping or any kind of contact. The implant will allow us to control devices just by using our thoughts.
Neuralink is all about implanting a chip (N1) in the human brain. To implant it, an 8mm portion of our head must be removed.
The N1, a square chip attached with thin threads, is implanted in the brain. The threads are as small as 1/10th part of human hair. Hence, it is not possible for the doctors to implant it, so a surgical robot is used.
An interesting fact about this whole process is that it is completely reversible. It can be removed and replaced anytime.
Matthew Nagle was the first person ever with spinal cord paralysis to have a brain implant that gave him the ability to operate a computer cursor. Nagle mastered the fundamental movement needed to play Pong in under four days.
So how does the process actually work? The human brain has millions of neurons. They transfer messages through electric signals. When these electric signals are fired, an electromagnetic field is created.
The threads receive signals and send them to the chip. The chip then converts electrical signals into binary code. When we give any info from outside, the chip converts binary code into electric signals and sends it to the neuron.
There are also some really far-fetched possibilities like things as crazy as effective human telepathy where your Neuralink picks up some aspect of your thoughts and transmits them over the Internet and implants them into the other person’s brain.
If it is safe from at least an electromagnetic pulse (emp) or a solar flare, and if it is upgradable or at least compatible with future versions, then its growth in popularity is only a matter of time.
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Jobs Computers Can Never Replace
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Because how could artificial intelligence ever understand the human senses enough to eclipse real, flesh-and-blood chefs? Chefs have the difficult task of blending culinary skills with a presentation that pleases both the eyes and palate. Artificial intelligence, for the foreseeable future, has no reason to ingest food and therefore could probably never truly get how great bacon is on everything. Going to culinary school is a good way to ensure your job is never taken by a robot — because there is no way they would know if something was too salty.
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You've definitely heard about fake news by now. There's a chance it's come up in class, around the dinner table with your family, or on Twitter.
But the term may have left you wondering: WTF is fake news anyway? Is it something you yell out when you want to dismiss a source that you disagree with? When people say "fake news" are they just talking about satire sites like The Onion? Or does it mean some websites and news outlets are actually making up facts that are seriously influencing people's ideas and, in the meantime, shaping our culture and even affecting our elections?
To get to the bottom of the "fake news" phenomenon, we spoke with Katy Byron, manager of Poynter's MediaWise, a non-profit project funded by Google.org and part of the Google News Initiative that teaches teens how to sort fact from fiction online. MediaWise's goal is to train the next generation of fact-checkers so that we can all tell good journalism from garbage lies. And it's super important as not all news is created equal.
So if you've wanted to learn more about the facts of fake news, how to tell real news from fabricated stuff, and ways that you can make the internet a more truthful place, be sure to read on.
Here's everything you need to know about fake news...
What is fake news?
You might be a little confused about the true definition of fake news, and that's completely understandable. "This term has become very muddied and unclear over time," says Byron, who defines fake news as a combination of misinformation and disinformation that appears online and in your social media feeds. "Misinformation is more common and it basically means anything you see online that is misleading, inaccurate or flat-out false. Disinformation is more sinister. It’s intentionally misleading and full of straight-up lies — think propaganda, the really ugly side of bad info online."
Why does fake news exist?
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Like anything, there are shades of grey when it comes to the seriousness of fake news. "Sometimes you may share something online that you thought was real, but it was actually wrong or inaccurate, and that counts [as fake news]," says Byron. But there's a more dangerous aspect of fake news out there: "It's a strategy that bad actors around the world are using to influence large numbers of people to do bad things — like sway a political election."
So, why is this happening now? Is fake news totally brand new? If you've heard about propaganda is history class, then you know that there have always been issues with people spreading misinformation. But the reason why this strain of fake news is so rampant is because of the internet. "Part of the reason fake news exists is because a lot of people get their news and information on social media and there are no editors or gatekeepers on those platforms (in the general sense)," says Byron. "Back in the day, people got their news from the newspaper, which was edited by professional editors and reported and written by professional reporters. There are rules regulating these social, online communities and platforms, but they are much more lax than the standards set for the front page of a newspaper, for example."
Basically, it used to be someone's job to vet all of the information that got into your hands (and there still are journalists hard at work — like us here at Seventeen — to give you the facts and just the facts), but that doesn't mean there's not a lot of totally biased, unreliable content making its way into your feed. There are just so many news outlets to choose from these days that it can be hard to discern which ones are legit or not.
There's also the fact that social media (as a news delivery source) can feel so intimate. You look at your phone all the time, it lives in your back pocket, it's where you keep up with your friends and share things with your squad. You can be really vulnerable when you're online, which is why you can be super susceptible to internalizing the things you see on there without even realizing it.
Since social media is so intimate, Byron urges young people to learn how to take control of their feeds. "Now, everyone needs to learn how to edit their own online news consumption, how to sift through and edit their social media feeds themselves. That’s what MediaWise is all about — we’re teaching teens the skills to do this themselves," she says.
Is fake news dangerous?
It sure is! The bottom-line is that this is a rampant problem and it’s growing fast, says Byron. "If you read something inaccurate or misleading online, it could impact decisions you make IRL. It could be something everyday like reading a Yelp review to help you decide which coffee shop to hit up. But it also could be something super important like where to go to college, get your first job, or how you cast your first vote," she says.
It's a natural thing to look to news to make informed decisions throughout your day and your life. And what if the news you're basing your decisions on is nothing more than some made-up trash? That would not bode well for your future.
How can you tell the difference between real and fake news?
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OK, if fake news is so damn dangerous, then how do you know if you're reading something fake or not? "There are a number of skills we teach through MediaWise that are helpful, but they take practice," Byron says. She recommends starting with John Green’s fake news CrashCourse series called Navigating Digital Information. "One of the MediaWise partners is Stanford History Education Group, which is developing a curriculum called Civic Online Reasoning that will be taught in middle schools and high schools starting this fall. The CrashCourse series gives a preview of that," says Byron.
But what if you don't have time for crash courses and classes? Then, there are certain things you should always keep in mind when reading something online. According to Byron, you want to ask yourself these three key questions designed by the Stanford History Education group when you’re trying to figure out if something is real or not:
1. Who is behind the info?
2. What’s the evidence?
3. What do other sources say?
These questions sound simple enough, but they can really help you easily knock out fake news contenders. If you see a story from a news organization you don't know much about, saying something that doesn't have any evidence to back it up, and then find that this take is very different than other things being sent around the internet, then a fake news alarm should be going off.
Any other helpful tips for spotting fake news in the wild?
YES. According to Byron, these are her top 3 favorite quick tips for fake news:
Tip 1: Reverse Google Image Search
If you see a social post with a photo that looks a little off, you can use a reverse Google image search to find out where else it’s been posted online. On mobile, you need to use the Google Chrome app, tap and hold down on the image you want to search, then select “Open in Chrome.” Once that opens up, tap and hold the image again and select “search google for this image.” A lot of times this will bring up articles or fact-checks related to the image.
How YOU Can Fact-Check the Internet (VIDEO)
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Tip 2: Lateral Reading
When you’re looking at content online, you should ask yourself ‘who is behind this information?’ to help you figure out if it’s legit. You can figure that out by opening up tabs and reading other related stories from sources you've heard of and trust. It’s important to get off the page you’re on, and see what other info is out there. It can be as simple as Googling the name of the source or keywords from the post itself.
Tip 3: Native Ads
According to research from Stanford History Education Group, 80% of teens don’t know the difference between a native ad and a news story online. Look for keywords like "sponsored," "paid content" and "promoted"… those indicate the content was paid for by an advertiser. Native ads aren’t bad, but they are usually trying to sell you something or influence you in some way while straight news content is just trying to inform you.
What are some sites that are notorious for fake news?
According to Byron, a lot of people confuse satire websites for real news websites. "World News Daily Report and 8Satire are satire sites that confuse people a lot," she says.
Unfortunately, there's no concrete list of fake news sites out there. Why? Because new ones pop up all time. "For example, during the midterm elections, campaigns and political action committees (PACs) for candidates were creating 'news' websites about their opponents, which were full of misleading headlines and info, and meant to look like real news websites," she says.
How can you make a difference when it comes to stopping fake news?
According to Byron, if you want to help make the internet a better place — try this out: think before you share. Ask yourself: Is this real? Does anything look off with this post? Can I answer the 3 key questions: Who is behind the info? What’s the evidence? What do other sources say? If you take a minute to do a tiny bit of digging before sharing something that looks a little sus, it can go a long way.
Also, if you do see something that you’re just not sure about, you can share the link and tag it with #IsThisLegit and @MediaWise, and Byron's team will help you figure it out! "Definitely check out our accounts on social @MediaWise for videos with our tips including some awesome fact-checking videos on IG from the MediaWise Teen Fact-Checking Network," she says. "We will be accepting applications in the next few months for our next batch of teen fact-checkers so follow us on IG and we’ll post the application form once it’s up!"
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Menhir Freienfeld
No. 9a
When the menhir was discovered during excavations, it stood at the western corner of Freienfeld Manor in burnt black soil, surrounded by a circle of stones. Some of these stones still circle the menhir.
The menhir is, in comparison to other menhirs, primitive, yet there is clear evidence of workmanship. The glacial erratic of quartz phyllite is 1.65 m high with a circumference of 1.95 m and is reminiscent of a cyclopic giant.
As with other menhirs, it is likely anthropomorphous and imitates, though remotely, the stature of a person. The menhir was presumably a place for worship of gods, heros or the dead. It is probably a male menhir, with three aligned holes, and wearing a clearly visible collar.
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American Ingenuity vs. Drill Baby Drill
2 min. read
The following is a guest post by Sierra Club (Virginia chapter) Assistant Director J.R. Tolbert
In recent weeks turmoil in the Middle East has led to a spike in gasoline prices. This spike in gasoline prices has led to a corresponding increase in the price of food. As prices rise the United States is faced with yet another fork in the road moment.
We know that proponents of the fossil fuel industry will reuse the rallying cry of, "Drill Baby Drill." First, we must address the myth that more drilling will solve this problem.
By increasing domestic production of oil we would only be adding a very small amount of oil into the global marketplace. Once America's oil goes onto the global marketplace it is just as likely to feed China's growing oil addiction as it is that of the United States. Furthermore, there is not enough oil from America to make a dent large enough to truly bring down gasoline prices. Most analysts agree that if the United States exploited the oil we have offshore that it would only decrease gasoline prices by about .02 cents, and that doesn't take effect for at least a decade.
So, what are we to do as a country? How are we supposed to counter higher oil prices and protect our slow economic rebound?
Unfortunately, there are no easy answers. America has had numerous opportunities to move toward energy independence in the past, but they have been thwarted by Big Oil and their allies in Congress. But, let's give it a shot.
The first step America must take is to get serious about finding alternatives to oil. In Virginia, we have two companies with promising technologies that could help us do just that. Both Red Birch Energy (Danville) and Algal Farms, Inc. (Hopewell) are working to develop innovative biofuel technologies.
In the case of Red Birch farmers can grow canola seeds which are then turned into biodiesel. This technology could power America's trucking industry, but it needs a level playing field. Algal Farms is turning wastewater into algae which can then be turned into biofuel or clean burning synthetic coal.
Why haven't these technologies taken off? The answer is simple. America has an outdated energy policy that favors fossil fuels, and rewards those companies with massive taxpayer funded subsidies. One of the first things we should do as a nation is stop investing in Big Oil and begin investing in the American entrepreneur.
The American spirit has long been the answer to some of our nation's most pressing industrial questions. The question that needs to be answered today is has American ingenuity and entrepreneurship lost to corporate welfare and greed?
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How Often Do Hockey Players Switch Lines?
How often do hockey players switch lines? A good rule of thumb is to wait until the puck leaves the defensive zone before switching lines. This way, your players won't be playing against the opposing team's top line. However, coaches will often call players off on the fly to keep the game organized. Here are some common reasons why players switch lines during a game. Continue reading to find out. And keep reading to learn more about hockey and shifting on the fly.
The four forward lines in hockey
As a team manager, you may be wondering: How often do hockey players switch forward lines? The answer is that it depends. Players switch on and off the line depending on their position, speed, and personality. Line changes may occur as frequently as nightly. Usually, players play for 45 to 60 seconds before shifting off. Changing lines allows players to stay fresh and not get too tired. When changing lines, a new line will come out, which can increase the chances of scoring a goal.
Hockey teams use four lines, one for each forward position. Each line is made up of a center, left wing, and right wing. Each line has a different role and tends to play fewer minutes than the first two lines. First and second lines tend to score more goals, while third and fourth lines play more defensively and physically. The best lines are often created by balancing different skills and roles among players.
Coaches call players off on the fly to keep the game organized
Keeping the game organized involves phasing the players off and on again. Good coaches manage emotions while calling a player off. The first step is acknowledging the suffering caused by the decision. The next step involves communicating sensitivity and minimizing anguish. The final step involves manipulating the player. Here are some tips on how to handle the situation:
Shortening the bench to get offensive players on the ice
Shortening the bench to get offensive players out on the ice is a popular strategy used by some teams. It is not necessary to play all of the best offensive players, but to bring in a few more. A typical NHL lineup includes two goaltenders, six defensemen, and 12 forwards. Usually, teams break up their lines into four groups of two, three, and one, and sometimes, they even shorten the bench.
The worst case scenario of shortening the bench is an empty net. There is a backup goalie, but players will volunteer to stand in front of the net without the equipment. As a result, opponents will take hard shots to psych out the goalie. A short bench also means that defense is important. Shortening the bench is a great way to get more offensive players on the ice, but not everyone can do it.
Shifting on the fly to avoid playing against the opposing team's top line
Hockey is one of the few sports that allow players to make shifts on the fly. The reason is simple: a fresh line on the ice will have a greater chance of scoring goals than a tired one. A team can also switch lines by winning faceoffs and scoring chances. Only hockey allows players to make shifts on the fly. By allowing the alternate captains to make substitutions, hockey keeps play exciting and fast.
Traditionally, hockey coaches matched up forwards against other forwards, but these days, the opposite is the case. Goalies aren't usually given high-quality minutes, and they may spend the entire game on the ice. Shifting on the fly to avoid playing against the top line of the opposing team can be done by the coach or a player on the bench.
Changing gloves on the fly
Many hockey players are suffering from Gear Acquisition Syndrome, and will quickly replace their worn out equipment when the first signs of wear appear. However, there are some ways to maintain your hockey equipment more efficiently. One cost-effective option is to repalm the gloves. Repalming can be a very affordable way to replace the palms of hockey gloves. It is possible to send your gloves to a specialist to have the palms replaced, and in the meantime, you'll be able to keep playing without a headache.
The NHL players typically change their gloves after every game period. However, they may change them several times throughout the game. Players change their sticks frequently. Changing the stick is another way to avoid breaking it. Typically, players switch between different brands. However, in some cases, a player will need to change their stick more often. Changing gloves on the fly is a very simple process and takes less than a minute.
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Assignment help 3070
a) A jet turbine (shown below, not to scale) rotates at an angular velocity ? = 15,000 rpm. Estimate the stress on the turbine blade if the turbine disk radius R = 70 cm and the blade’s cross-sectional area A = 15 cm2 . The mass of the blade is 0.2 kg.
(b) The blade material has a room-temperature yield stress of 400 MPa, and the temperature-dependence of the yield stress ?y is given by
?y (T) = ?0 (1 ? (T / Tm ? T )),
where Tm = 1,700 K is the melting temperature of the material and ?0 is the yield stress at absolute zero. At what temperature will the blade deform plastically under the influence of the stress in part (a)?
(Attached the picture for the problem)
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What is the correct answer?
Major component of flint glass is
A. Lead oxide
B. Silica
C. Alumina
D. Soda
Related Questions
Pick out the wrong statement. Which of the following is not produced on commercial scale from sea water? Thermal pyrolysis of ethylene dichloride produces Chemical name of 'alum' is Which one of the following is not an elastomer? Reaction of calcium carbide with water produces a gas, which is used Nickel is not used as a catalyst in the __________ reaction. Parathion and Malathion are Starting material for the commercial production of ethyl alcohol in India… Synthetic glycerine is produced from Salt cake is chemically represented by Soap cannot be used with hard water, because Addition of calcium oxide to water produces Phenol is mainly used Co-efficient of thermal expansion of glass is decreased by the addition… Fermentation of molasses to produce ethyl alcohol is done at __________… Which glass is usually used in optical work? Hydrazine is used in water treatment for the removal of __________ acid is the main constituent of cotton seed oil. In nylon-66, the first and second numbers (i.e., 6) respectively designate… Main constituents of natural rubber is Isopropyl benzene produced by alkylation of benzene with propylene is… Caprolactam (a raw material for nylon-6 manufacture) is produced from Nicotine is Which of the following is not a food additive? Pick out the wrong statement. Paper pulp produced by Kraft/sulphate process is The compressive strength of cement should not be less than about 110Kg/cm2… Phenol formaldehyde resin is used as an adhesive in making Which of the following, when pyrolysed, produces Perchloroethylene?
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Recall of paired-associate lists (declarative memory) and mirror-tracing skills (procedural memory) was assessed after retention intervals defined over early and late nocturnal sleep. In addition, effects of sleep on recall were compared with those of early and late retention intervals filled with wakefulness. Twenty healthy men served as subjects. Saliva cortisol concentrations were determined before and after the retention intervals to determine pituitary-adrenal secretory activity. Sleep was determined somnopolygraphically. Sleep generally enhanced recall when compared with the effects of corresponding retention intervals of wakefulness. The benefit from sleep on recall depended on the phase of sleep and on the type of memory: Recall of paired-associate lists improved more during early sleep, and recall of mirror-tracing skills improved more during late sleep. The effects may reflect different influences of slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep since time in SWS was 5 times longer during the early than late sleep retention interval, and time in REM sleep was twice as long during late than early sleep (p < 0.005). Changes in cortisol concentrations, which independently of sleep and wakefulness were lower during early retention intervals than late ones, cannot account for the effects of sleep on memory. The experiments for the first time dissociate specific effects of early and late sleep on two principal types of memory, declarative and procedural, in humans.
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This GBCA Safety Toolbox Talk provides tips for working in extreme heat. Click below to download the Toolbox Talk as a one-page handout.
Working in Extreme Heat
Working in excessive heat can lead to injuries such as heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat rash. In 2017, 87 people died in the US from exposure to excessive heat (National Safety Council Injury Facts).
Here are 10 tips to avoid heat related injuries:
1. Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of fluids; drink about 16 ounces before starting and at least one cup (8 ounces) of water every 20 minutes while working in the heat, not just if you’re
2. Avoid dehydrating liquids. Alcohol, coffee, tea and caffeinated soft drinks can hurt more than help.
3. Wear protective clothing. Lightweight, light-colored and loose-fitting clothing helps protect against heat. Change clothing if it gets completely saturated in sweat, but be mindful of this clothing near rotating equipment.
4. Pace yourself, and work at an even pace. Know your own limits and ability to work safely in heat.
5. Schedule frequent breaks. Take time for rest periods and water breaks in a shaded or air conditioned area.
6. Use a damp rag to stay cool. Wipe your face or put it around your neck.
7. Avoid getting sunburn. Use sunscreen and wear a hat if working outside.
8. Be alert to signs of heat-related illness. Know what to look for and check on other workers that might be at high risk. Check the OSHA NIOSH Heat Safety Tool.
9. Avoid direct sun. Find shade or block out the sun if possible.
10. Eat smaller meals. Eat fruits high in fiber and natural juice. Avoid high protein foods.
Remember that heat-related deaths can happen to anyone. Workers are at greater risk of heat stress, however, if they meet the following criteria:
1. Aged 65 years or older
2. Are overweight
3. Have heart disease or high blood pressure
4. Take medications that are affected by extreme heat. Check with your medical provider or pharmacist to see if your medications produce this side-effect.
Remember to record the attendees of your toolbox talk!
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product reviews, and analyses.
What Is Sleep Pressure and How to Get Enough of It
Try to remember a day when you were physically active and performed many cognitive tasks. Now imagine a day when you just chilled on your couch all day. Which day made you feel sleepier in the evening? The contrast between sleepiness after such days is at least partially explained by sleep pressure.
What is sleep pressure?
Sleep pressure is a phenomenon that makes us tired, sleepy and helps us to fall asleep. Sleep pressure builds up throughout the day and makes us sleepy in the evening. From a literal sense of view, sleep pressure basically “pressures” your brain and you to sleep. This is all due to a molecule called adenosine.
Adenosine is produced as a residual product in virtually every process in our bodies, from muscle contraction and digestion, nerve cell signaling, to the production of hormones and new blood cells. Adenosine gradually accumulates in our brain throughout the day and the more adenosine accumulates, the sleepier we feel. In the brain, adenosine makes us tired and sleepy in two ways.
First, adenosine travels to the wakefulness and alertness centers of our brain, where it binds to nerve cells and slows down their activity thereby making us less alert and less awake. Second, adenosine travels to the sleep centers of our brain, where it binds to nerve cells and stimulates their activity, contributing to the feeling of sleepiness. Then, during sleep, adenosine is gradually removed from the brain and when we wake up in the morning with less adenosine in our brains, we feel refreshed and the cycle of adenosine and sleepiness begins again.
Caffeine counteracts sleep pressure
Majority of us cannot imagine our mornings without a cup of coffee. Coffee makes us feel more awake, refreshed, alert and have more energy. Doesn’t all of this sound suspiciously as the complete opposite of what adenosine does? If it does, you are completely right – caffeine in your coffee actually works its magic by acting on the adenosine system.
Caffeine is like the twin brother of adenosine. The molecular structures of caffeine and adenosine are very similar, and for our brain caffeine looks exactly like adenosine. The only difference is that when caffeine binds to the same cells that adenosine normally binds to, it does nothing more but sit there, take up space, and prevent adenosine from binding. In this manner, caffeine keeps us awake and alert by blocking the sleep-inducing effects of adenosine on our brain cells.
This is something we want in the morning and throughout the day – to stay sharp and focused – but we do not want caffeine to keep us awake in the night when we go to sleep. Caffeine is known to make it harder to fall asleep by reducing sleep pressure and also disrupt our sleep and reduce sleep quality by making our sleep more superficial which increases the probability of waking up in the night.
A common issue regarding caffeine is that many people do not know that caffeine stays in our bodies for a really long time. It takes approximately 8-10 hours on average for an average healthy adult to get rid of caffeine from their system. Therefore, I would encourage you to take your last dose of caffeine 8-10 hours before sleep and be aware of all the hidden sources of caffeine, such as sports and energy drinks, tea, cocoa and chocolate!
Naps decrease sleep pressure
Have you heard people saying that one should avoid sleeping in the daytime as it might make it harder to sleep at night? Well, that is not entirely wrong. Naps are truly beneficial for your energy, motivation, mental health and cognitive performance, but they can also disrupt your nightly sleep.
The sleepiness inducing adenosine is removed from our brain when we are sleeping. This happens no matter when we are sleeping – in the night or napping during the day. Therefore, daytime naps can actually reduce sleep pressure and make it harder to fall asleep in the evening. The trick here is the duration of the nap. Shorter than 30-minute naps have been shown to improve your memory, focus, mood and energy without any harmful consequences on the nightly slumber. However, longer naps than 30 minutes bring us to the deep stages of sleep and it is precisely the deepest sleep that removes the sleep-inducing adenosine from the brain. Therefore, napping for longer than 30 minutes might reduce your sleep pressure making it harder to fall asleep at night.
Physical activity increases sleep pressure
So, how can I build up my sleep pressure, you might ask? Well, one of the most well-established ways to increase your sleep pressure throughout the day is physical activity.
Evidence shows that physical activity helps you to fall asleep faster, improves your sleep quality and might even improve insomnia. Help your body increase sleep pressure by getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity every day. Just remember, this does not have to be some hardcore calisthenics, a walk in the morning in sunshine will do wonders! However, avoid intense workout at least 3 hours before sleep as it might activate your brain and make it harder to fall asleep.
Sleep pressure is a phenomenon that makes us tired and sleepy in the evening. Simply put, the more sleep pressure you build up through your day, the easier it will be to fall asleep and stay asleep in the night. You can help yourself get a better night of sleep through building up your sleep pressure by avoiding caffeine late in the day, not overindulging in naps, especially in the second part of your day, and being physically active throughout the day.
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Speeding up Javascript addition
Tags: low-level
Assumed: knowledge of JIT compilers, knowledge of x86 assembly.
All numbers in Javascript are doubles. But NodeJS’s Javascript engine, V8, doesn’t represent them that way.
V8 has an optimization for SMall Integers (aka Smis). An Smi is an integer between -2^{31} and 2^{31} - 1. Smis are stored in the high 32 bits of 64 bit words. V8 uses the last bit for “tagging” whether the object is a pointer or an Smi.
|---high 32 bits ---|--- low 32 bits ---|
Pointer: |________________address_____________001|
Smi: |____int32_value____|0000000000000000000|
this is a tag bit
We will call this representation the tagged representation. Note that in order to add two Smis, we need to untag them first. We can do this by right shifting them both by 32 bits, to get the actual 32 bit value stored in the upper half.
Note that the result of adding two Smis may not be representable as an Smi. For example, if x = 2^{31} - 1 and y = 1, then x and y are both representable as Smis. However x + y = 2^{31}, which is outside the range of an Smi.
Let’s consider the code NodeJS generates for adding two Smis. We’ll call the add function many times with Smi arguments, to induce V8’s optimizer into specializing it for the case of adding two Smis. (I’ve done some cleaning to make the assembly look nicer.)
for (let i = 0; i < 1e7; i++) add(i, 1);
which outputs:
$ node --print-opt-code t.js
movq rdx,[rbp+0x18] ; load argument x
testb rdx,0x1 ; look at last bit of x
jnz <+0x97> ; bailout if x is not an Smi
movq rcx,[rbp+0x10] ; load argument y
testb rcx,0x1 ; look at last bit of y
jnz <+0xa3> ; bailout if y is not an Smi
movq rdi,rcx ; untag Smi x
shrq rdi, 32 ; by shifting away the 0s
movq r8,rdx ; untag Smi y
shrq r8, 32 ; by shifting away the 0s
addl rdi,r8 ; add x and y
jo <+0xaf> ; bailout if overflow
shlq rdi, 32 ; retag `rdi`
V8 needs to insert bailouts, in case we later call add with something which is not an Smi, like add('1','2'). The bailouts generated are straightforward: check if x is an Smi otherwise bailout, check if y is an Smi otherwise bailout.
But can we do better? One idea is to optimistically add the two Smis! There is some magic here: if we just add the two 64-bit tagged values, that’s the same thing as shifting down and then adding. That is:
x + y == ((x >> 32) + (y >> 32)) << 32
(when the low 32 bits of x and y are all 0s)
Note that this only works when the low 32 bits of x and y are all 0s – i.e., we need to be sure that x and y are Smis when we add them.
Consider the last three bits of the Pointer & Smi diagram above. If we add two pointers, the last three bits will always be 010. If we add a pointer and an Smi, the last three bits will always be 001. If we add two Smis, the last three bits will be 000. In other words, we actually added two Smis if the last two bits are both 0.
One lazy way to do this is to ask a C compiler what it would write. Here’s gcc’s output:
uint32_t add_smi_smi(uint32_t x, uint32_t y,
uint32_t (*bailout)()) {
uint32_t s;
if (__builtin_add_overflow(x, y, &s) || (s & 3)) {
return bailout();
return s;
If we compile this with gcc -O3, and then translate it to use the same stack loads that the V8 version does, we get something like this. (I changed the assembly syntax to match V8’s.)
xorl rbx,rbx ; set rbx to zero (for later)
movq rdx,[rbp+0x18] ; load x
movq rcx,[rbp+0x10] ; load y
addq rdx,rcx ; add x + y
seto bl ; set bl if addition overflowed
movq rax,rdx ; copy rdx to rax
andl eax,0x3 ; compute eax = eax & 3
orq rax,rbx ; compute rax = rax | rbx
jne <bailout> ; if rax != 0, bailout
I benchmarked the “fast path” (i.e., no bailouts) using nanoBench. This ends up being around 25% faster on my server, and produces machine code which is about half the size! But it also has a disadvantage: we need to do some extra work in the bailout to check which condition failed (in particular, we don’t know if x was not an Smi, y was not an Smi, or if they were both Smis but an overflowed occurred).
Overall, I’m not sure if implementing this would be a net win, but I suspect it would be. If I have time, I’ll implement this (potentially a hacky incorrect version) in V8 and see how much better the computation heavy benchmarks get.
Posted on 2022-02-01
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Threading the binding of a seventeenth century manuscript, creating dyes from walnuts to use historically accurate ink, protecting a Civil War soldier's letter to his sister, and knowing the intricacies of paper fibers - this is the crucial work of IU Libraries Preservationists.
Preservationists at IU Libraries in the E. Lingle Craig Preservation Lab use science and art to maintain the longevity of a variety of materials in our collections. Your support ensures that we have all of the tools and resources to repair and preserve materials as well as add to our knowledge through ongoing training.
The mission of the E. Lingle Craig Preservation Lab is to facilitate the use of information resources for as long as they are needed, and in the forms most appropriate for their effective use. In the IU Bloomington Libraries, where permanent retention is the goal, the role of the Preservation Lab is to stabilize and improve the condition of the book and paper collections, ensuring that they are accessible for use by both present and future researchers. This means protecting the collections from avoidable damage and deterioration, repairing and conserving materials, and replacing or copying materials that cannot be repaired. More information is available from the Preservation Lab
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Britain lands discovers new ancients | MENAFN.COM
Wednesday, 10 August 2022 02:48 GMT
Britain lands discovers new ancients
(MENAFN) Archaeologians and scientists have discovered a proof of a formerly unidentified stone circle through a prehistoric ceremonial site in Cornwall on Britain's seaside of the south east.
A group of volunteers emptied Castilly Henge clos to Bodmin of bracken as well as cleaned for the archaeologists to localize the stone circle utilizing modern surveying methods. This localization discovered at least seven grooves spaced at a same distance in the interior, making a shape looking like a crooked horseshoe.
Not every henge, a circular or oval-shaped group with a channel being round the inner edge, structured amid the Neolithic era between 3,000 and 2,500 BC, has a stone circle, adding to that, there is just one other in Cornwall, Stripple Stones on the steep of Hawk’s Tor on Bodmin Moor.
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the Wright family lives in the suburb of Deaton, Ohio.
Milton Wright, his father, studied in a Seminary when he was young, later became a priest and married German woman Susan Kathleen goner.
Wilbur was born on April 16, 1867.
On August 19, 1871, his fourth brother Orville was born.
Wilbur and Orville both love machinery.
They like to dismantle and do it since childhood.
They are most interested in clocks, scales and other things.
They often take out the curved nails, broken clocks, rusty blades and sections of iron wire that are treasured in the “treasure chest” to play with, leaving them scattered all over the house.
In spring, the countryside is covered with green grass and the wind blows.
The residents of Deaton town like to play kites, especially the children are more interested in competing with each other to see whose kites fly high.
This has become a local custom.
Wilbur’s kite is not only unique, but also flies very high.
Everyone envies it.
One day, the two brothers finished flying their kites, lay down on the green grass like a carpet and rested.
Looking up at the eagle flying high and gliding in the sky, Wilbur said to his brother: “if only you had a pair of wings on your body, you could fly around freely in the sky like a bird!” The father who was promoted to bishop preached abroad all year round and seldom came home.
Once he brought back a gift to his two brothers.
This is a butterfly tied with paper.
The father held the belly of the paper butterfly with his left hand and twisted the rubber plate hidden in the belly with his right hand.
As soon as my father loosened his hand, the paper butterfly flew.
The brothers were stunned.
Orville, who always liked to use his mind, thought to himself: the little paper butterfly can’t fly high, but can only fly a few feet away.
If it is enlarged, will it fly higher and farther? He told Wilbur the idea of being a big, flying “bird” with a certain weight.
The eldest and second brothers go to school in other places, so Wilbur and Orville, who go to school in their hometown, have a lot of housework to do.
Every day after school, they buried themselves in making “big bird” after helping their mother do things.
A few days later, the “big bird” bound with a rubber band was finally completed.
But as soon as it flew, it was broken by a branch.
It makes them very depressed.
After Wilbur graduated from high school, the brothers founded the deeton weekly.
The newspaper business is booming, and they have a lot of savings on hand.
Mother suffers from tuberculosis.
The brothers bought a lot of tonics.
However, she can’t eat and her body is getting weaker and weaker.
Before his mother died, he called the brothers to bed and told them to serve the public with their intelligence.
The Wright brothers have made great achievements in their career, but they are still obsessed with the machinery they are interested in.
One day in 1894, they pawned the newspaper to a news agency, rented a store in the downtown area, hung the sign of “Wright brothers bicycle shop”, and officially ran their specialty business.
“Wright brothers bicycle shop” flourished.
They asked their good friend ed to help take care of the store and hired several helpers.
But as soon as they are free, even if there is lightning, thunder, wind and rain, the brothers will run to the countryside to fly kites.
This makes people around feel very strange.
In fact, they are observing the wind and airflow in all kinds of weather.
They also repeatedly read zoological works to understand the skeletal tissue of birds and the action of flapping their wings and taking off.
They often go outdoors to observe the flight of birds.
Once, a group of wild geese flew over their heads.
They rushed out of the house recklessly to watch, which surprised the customers in the store and wondered why there was a fire in the place.
Decades before the Wright brothers studied planes, several Britons invented gliders and airships, but their flights failed.
One day in August 1896, there was a sad news: Otto lilinda, a German, was unfortunately destroyed and killed while trying to fly the glider he invented.
The Wright brothers were not discouraged by the failure of others.
They carefully designed a box kite.
The two sides of the “box” are tied with four ropes, and some bicycle parts are used on the kite.
The purpose of designing this strange kite is to understand how objects floating in the air can fly stably and change direction freely.
Wilbur wrote to Professor langler of the Smithsonian Institute for help.
Langler is a famous scientist in the United States and is also keen on the research of aircraft.
He was glad to have friends like the Wright brothers, and was very enthusiastic to send them many documents and books in this regard.
In 1900, after several months of busy work, the Wright brothers made a glider from wood and cloth.
After a long journey, they came to Kitty Hawk on the Atlantic coast.
Outside this desolate small fishing village, there are endless beaches and small hills suitable for taking off.
It is an ideal test flight point with strong sea breeze all year round.
The first two days were too windy and the test flight was unsuccessful.
On the third day, when the wind speed reached 8 meters per second, Wilbur climbed up the fuselage again and fell on the lower wing.
Orville pulled the rope and ran forward.
The wings floated lightly.
Wilbur carefully manipulated it.
He saw the fuselage sliding forward 2.
5 meters from the ground, and the beach retreated rapidly.
Although it only glided for 30 meters, it was able to fly after all.
This first success inspired the Wright brothers.
After they returned to Deaton Town, they immediately imitated the wings of birds and made various curved wings.
They tested them in their own wind tunnel to measure the resistance and buoyancy generated on the wings.
In the spring of 1901, Wilbur and Orville improved Otto lilinda’s calculations and built the second glider.
This is not an imitation of our predecessors, but a new aircraft based on our own experiments.
The new plane is larger, with elevator in front and rudder in the rear.
These devices can keep the fuselage stable and change the flight direction.
This autumn, the improved No.
3 glider took off.
Glider No.
3 can fly in strong wind and breeze and stayed in the air for 30 seconds.
Such achievements surprised even themselves.
They went on to build the fourth glider.
More than 3000 gliding flight tests were conducted in Kitty Hawk.
No matter how good a glider is, it can’t fly without the help of wind.
The two brothers have been thinking about this problem in their minds.
As soon as they returned to Deaton, they immediately changed their bicycles into an aircraft factory.
But at that time, almost everyone did not believe that human beings could fly in the sky, even some famous scientists were no exception.
The key component of the powered aircraft is the engine.
The Wright brothers stepped up the development of their own gasoline engine.
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Mar 2, 2022
Supreme Court on Kanwar Yatra: Right to life takes priority over religious sentiments
The Uttar Pradesh government has cancelled the Kanwar Yatra after the Supreme Court asked it to reconsider allowing it to be held in a physical form. The Court said that the health of citizens and their right to life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is most important. All other sentiments, including religious, are secondary to this most basic fundamental right.
What is Article 21?
Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty to every person (citizen or non-citizen). Only proper legal procedure can interfere with and restrict the right to life and personal liberty. Over the years, through judicial interpretation, the meaning of ‘life and personal liberty’ has expanded to include several specific rights.
Apart from the right to health, what are some other major rights under Article 21?
1. Right to Dignity
In the Francis Coralie case, the Supreme Court held that the right to life includes the right to live with human dignity, and the bare necessities of life that go along with a life of dignity. These include:
• Adequate nutrition
• Clothing and shelter
• Facilities for reading, writing and expressing oneself in diverse forms
• Freely moving about and mingling with fellow human beings
1. Right to Livelihood
In the Olga Tellis case, the Supreme Court included the right to livelihood in the right to life because no person can live without the means of living. Depriving someone of their livelihood would strip their life of its content and meaningfulness, and make it impossible to live.
1. Right to Enjoy Pollution-Free Air and Water
In the Subhash Kumar case, the Supreme Court held that the fundamental right to life includes the right to enjoy pollution-free water and air. If water or air pollution impairs the quality of life of a citizen, they have the constitutional right to approach the court for removing the pollution.
1. Right to Education
In the Mohini Jain case, the Supreme Court held that the right to education flows directly from right to life. The right to life and the dignity of an individual cannot be assured unless it is accompanied by the right to education. The State Government has an obligation to try to provide educational facilities at all levels to citizens.
1. Right to Privacy
In the Puttaswamy case, the Supreme Court held that privacy is a constitutionally protected right which emerges primarily from the guarantee of life and personal liberty in Article 21. Privacy includes preserving personal intimacies, the sanctity of family life, marriage, procreation, the home and sexual orientation. The right to privacy is a right to be left alone, and recognises every person’s ability to control vital aspects of their life. Personal choices governing a way of life are a part of privacy.
To know more about how Article 21 expanded to include several other rights, see here.
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Crypto Explained: Hashing
Welcome to the Crypto Explained series of blog posts where we explain technical terms in an accessible manner. In this post we will be discussing hashing.
Hashing is a very important technical concept that I feel everyone, technical and non-technical people alike should learn. I will explain it like this.
Hashing is essentially a digital fingerprint that can be created for any data at all. So let’s take this very article you are reading. If we feed the text through a hashing algorithm it could produce what looks like a string of meaningless text and numbers known as the hashing; e.g. cab1234vgf2ggkj3sklsfskj34ffscx00191f99ass0011111 which corresponds to the original text. If you change even one tiny detail in the text such as removing a letter or adding an extra space, then the hashing algorithm would produce a totally different hash.
Furthermore it is extremely hard to transform a hash back into the original text. As a result you can store the hash of some sensitive piece on information, and the only practical way of deciphering a hash, would be to have the deciphered data to begin with and re-running the hashing algorithm. In the world of cryptocurrency this presents the ability to easily verify the data that someone gives you.
For example, on the Cardano blockchain, rather than storing a smart contract script on the blockchain, it would store the hash of the script. A decentralized application could then give the blockchain the script it wishes to run and the blockchain could confirm that the script being sent to them has not been tampered with by checking its hash.
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What foods contain the most fiber?
What foods contain the most fiber?
What foods contain the most fiber?
Top 10 High-Fiber Foods
• Berries.
• Avocados.
• Popcorn.
• Whole Grains.
• Apples.
• Dried Fruits.
• Potatoes.
• Nuts. Nuts aren’t just a great source of protein and healthy fats—sunflower seeds and almonds each have more than 3 grams of fiber in a serving.
What 3 foods have the most fiber?
Apples, bananas, oranges, strawberries all have around 3 to 4 grams of fiber. (Eat the apple peels — that’s where the most fiber is!) Raspberries win the fiber race at 8 grams per cup. Exotic fruits are also good sources of fiber: A mango has 5 grams, a persimmon has 6, and 1 cup of guava has about 9.
How can I increase fiber in my diet?
Tips for fitting in more fiber
1. Jump-start your day.
2. Switch to whole grains.
3. Bulk up baked goods.
4. Lean on legumes.
6. Make snacks count.
What snacks are high in Fibre?
High fibre snack ideas
• Low-fat whole grain granola bar – without chocolate, caramel and marshmallow.
• An orange and roasted, unsalted soy nuts.
• Berries – blueberries, raspberries, strawberries or blackberries.
• Baby carrots with hummus.
• Whole grain crackers and roasted edamame (green soybeans in the pod).
How can I increase Fibre in my diet?
Simple suggestions for increasing your daily fibre intake include:
1. Eat breakfast cereals that contain barley, wheat or oats.
2. Switch to wholemeal or multigrain breads and brown rice.
3. Add an extra vegetable to every evening meal.
4. Snack on fruit, dried fruit, nuts or wholemeal crackers.
What fruit is low in sugar high fiber?
Berries in general are nutritional bargains: They’re high in antioxidants, fiber and vitamins while being low in fat, carbs and calories. Raspberries have more fiber than blueberries or strawberries, and the fiber helps avoid a sugar spike by slowing down the body’s breakdown of carbohydrates and absorption of sugar.
What foods have a lot of fiber in them?
not present Fruits Apple w/skin Serving size 1 medium Serving size 1 medium Fiber (grams per serving) 3.7 Peach 1 medium 1 medium 1.7 Pear 1 medium 1 medium 4.0 Pineapple 1 cup (pieces) 1 cup (pieces) 2.0 Plum 1 medium 1 medium 1.0
How much fiber should you eat in a day?
Women should try to eat at least 21 to 25 grams of fiber a day, while men should aim for 30 to 38 grams a day. Here’s a look at how much dietary fiber is found in some common foods. When buying packaged foods, check the Nutrition Facts label for fiber content. It can vary among brands. *Rounded to nearest 0.5 gram.
How can I increase the amount of fiber in my diet?
View a list of common foods and drinks and the amount of fiber in a standard portion. Read about dietary fiber: what it is, where it is found, and how you can increase the amount of fiber in your diet.
What happens if you add too much fiber to your diet?
If you add fiber too quickly to your diet it can lead to an increase in bloating, excess gas, and other symptoms. Remember to do everything in moderation and add items to your diet slowly over time. Was this chart helpful?
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Are solar powered generators loud?
Are solar powered generators loud?
Yes, solar powered generators are typically loud, but they can be an important part of a home’s already loud noise environment. Some of the benefits of solar powered generators are that they are relatively easy to use, and they can be controlled with a few simple controls. Additionally, solar powered generators are often very economic to operate, which means they can help pay for their themselves.
Buy Solar Panels, Save Money and Sell Your Excess Electricity to the Big Companies
How do gas generators produce electricity?
Gas generators produce electricity by crushing or smelting legs of gas, which are then mixed with coal or other coals to create Electricity. The electricity is then fed back into the gas generator, which processes the electricity to create power.
how does a solar powered generator work
What are 3rd generation solar cells?
The 3rd generation solar cells are the most recent type of solar cells to be developed. They are made of thin film and have a much higher efficiency than traditional solar cells. They are perfect for use in new, intense orShort supply of 3rd generation solar cells?.
romising suns applications. The efficiency of this new type of solar cells is so high, that they are perfect for into the near future.
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How Much Does The Orange Solar Tent Cost
How do solar powered tents work?
API quota exceeded. You can make 500 requests per day.
What is solar tent?
The solar tent is a concept tent designed by Kaleidescope Design for the French Telecom company Orange who hoped to use the tent at Glastonbury music festival in the UK to assist festival-goers keep their bearings at night, as well as keep in touch with friends and family.
Who has designed and developed the world’s first solar heated military tent?
Sonam Wangchuk, an Indian scientist famous for innovations & a famous movie character has developed the world’s 1st Solar Heated Military Tent. Himalayan Institute of Alternatives of Ladakh (HAIL) developed this project for military soldiers.
Is there a solar heater?
Solar air heaters are not as commonly available as conventional space heaters (yet), but they are beginning to catch on in popularity due to how incredibly energy efficient they are, especially when compared to even the most energy efficient conventional space heaters.
Can solar lights catch on fire?
Most manufacturers of solar powered lights have faced criticism for manufacturing defective lights that cause the batteries to overheat and ultimately catch fire. So to answer the question, yes. Solar powered lights can catch fire because of the use of Li-Ion batteries that are extremely volatile and combustible.
How hot is solar hot water?
The temperature of the water may exceed 60 degrees Celsius (a requirement to kill bacteria). In order to ensure a safe temperature at the taps, a tempering valve will reduce the temperature to around 45 degrees.
Are solar air heaters worth it?
The return on investment (ROI) for a solar air heater is relatively short. Your energy savings will equal the cost to buy (or make) and install the system in 5 to 7 years if you use electricity or wood to heat your home; it’ll take 6 to 15 years to pay for itself if you heat with gas [source: Darling, altE].
Can solar lights be left out in the rain?
Yes, most well-manufactured solar lights can be left out in the rain and maintain their functionality. Although some units are not completely waterproof, most sealed solar lights with a weatherproof resting of IP65 can withstand extended rainy conditions.
Can a solar panel explode?
Solar panels may not produce as much energy as traditional power sources, but you can’t point those other sources at the sun and get free electricity either. Solar panels aren’t dangerous; they can’t explode when you drop them and they can’t set your house on fire.
Can solar lights electrocute you?
Can Solar Lights Electrocute You? Answer: Not directly. Solar lights are powered by solar energy stored in extra low voltage rechargeable batteries and are usually not wired to be live wires. They will only send electric current if they electrically short out, just like any other electrical device.
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Poetry Review The Journals of Susanna Moodie
One of the finest collections of poetry known is The Journals of Susanna Moodie, reiterating several poems contoured to environmental factors. Most of the poems are interconnected and weaves a cumulative effect on the reader. Of course, the cohesiveness comes from one persona, which is Susanna Moodie. Significantly, this book utters a woman’s growth and development into another land where light, darkness, trees, and fire form an important story in Moodie’s life. For instance is Moodie’s transformation in a foreign land, translated by light protruding into darkness.
Sensibility on Moodie’s part will enhance the captivity of making such values on the environmental influences during and after her migration (Bilan, 2007). In this book, Atwood emphasizes the lack of connection a person has with a specific land. The “light” specified in the character of Moodie derives an inner margin between the land and the protagonist. The first of the three journals conveys the initialized entrance of Moodie unto a foreign space.
It is described that Moodie sees herself as a light shedding to rocks. It seems that she already knew herself as a foreign character.
Seen in this book, is the addressed change through acceptance and eventual exploration of greater self. Susanna Moodie is the protagonist, where she lives in the period of the 19th century, as an English immigrant to Upper Canada. This book is composed of eighteen poems under three journals. The first journal entails Moodie’s journey across the Atlantic and up the St. Lawrence where her departure becomes a difficult undertaking.
Her migration has caused several deaths among her children. Following this event is her husband’s work as sheriff in Belleville.
In the second journal, Mrs. Moodie experiences the haunting of the difficulties she had known in her past, which eventually links to what she has become in the third journal, a haunting ghost (Hammill, 2003). The Planters This poem sees how their adaptation comes in the unknown land. In the first stanza saying, “They move between the jagged edge Of the forest and the jagged river On a stumpy patch of cleared land. ” (Atwood 16) Clearly, the stanza reiterates the difficulty of migration. Somehow, there is a description of their origin, “jagged” meaning diverse or interchanging life.
On the next verse, ‘stumpy patch of cleared land,’ the characterization of the foreign land looked civilized to her or quiet. This description may also mean silence, where there is no one to cling to because of adapting to a new culture. The next stanza focuses on her husband’s and other neighbor’s status on their quest. Identified by describing how they foster their imminent work in the fields, she describes their hard adjustment through exploration uttering, “my husband, a neighbor, and another man Weeding the few rows Of string beans and dusty potatoes They bend, straighten; the sun
Lights up their faces and hands, candles Flickering in the wind against the” (Atwood 16) It seems as though their work is very hard. Mrs. Moodie knows that their migration costs a lot than it should and the primary factor beaming is their culture. She also sees that their experience is similar to what other persons like them endure. The sun emphasized are the superiors, she sees her husband and the other who work as only candles, “flickering” or unsure of what they are doing. In addition, the instability portrayed may come from the sense of viewing their upholding traditions or what they are used to.
Connected to this proposition is still the diffidence they feel on a foreign land. As said in the following, “unbright earth. I see them; I know None of them believe they are here. They deny the ground they stand on. ” (Atwood 16) Their uncertainty dictates their actions. Moodie knows the unpleasant fact of their migration. Hence, the acceptance should be obscure rather than clarified. In a sense, the viewed party is undermined not by the consequences but of experiences they reach. She accepts yet another hurtful fact of their stay in that cleared land, as she utters of their future troubled but coping, to the unknown world.
“pretend the dirt is future. And they are right. If they let go Of that illusion solid to them as a shovel,” (Atwood 17) Uttering these words would mean of the unpleasant pursuit dictated by their present status. Dirt would mean the strange, unacceptable, and unworthy but still, they have to and need to approve of it as part of their lives. She accepts it, spoiled and impaired. She acknowledges that if they try to accept that fact, stated as “solid to them as a shovel,” they are doomed. Finally, she identifies of the unknown world vehemently depraved of freedom, stating,
“open their eyes for a moment To these trees, to this particular sun They would be surrounded, stormed, and broken In upon by branches, roots, tendrils, the dark side of light As I am. ” (Atwood 17). Mrs. Moodies know of her position. She knows that similarly, other people superior to them determine her fate. Her understanding of that freedom, when persevered to the highest will result to a much bigger problem. She describes it by trees, its members, that they are the darker side of light. Generally, Mrs. Moodie experiences alienation from the verge of Victorian era.
Her perception is more complex than any other is, more than her husband and those having similar fate. The separation of dark and light begins to break down unto her senses. Paths and Thingscape Explained in this entry is the attempt of Mrs. Moodie to take course of assimilation, though she is unsure of what she is doing. She wants this to happen, as she ventures into a new world. In these words, she starts to wander of other person’s embrace of the new world, asserting, “Those who went ahead Of us in the forest Bent the early trees So that they grew the signals: The trail was not among the trees but
the trees” (Atwood 20) Again, she sees superiority over those who went ahead of her. She becomes the observer of the future unfolds of to the people comparable to her status. However, she dreams of awakening herself and accepting what these trees offer. She expresses what others dream of, extolling of the detriments, “and there are some, who have dreams Of birds flying into shapes Of letters; the sky’s codes; And dream also The significance of numbers (count petals of certain flowers). (20) The endowment of certain plans to make their future pleasant upholds her wishes of a better future.
It supports her adaptation to the new land. Even though it proclaims of an uncertain trail held by people superior to them, still, she manifests of her justifications as correct. Guided by uncertainty and mere courage she advances into a more treacherous state of adjusting, she exalts of her undertakings, “In the morning I advance Through the doorway: the sun On the bark, the inter- twisted branches, here a blue movement in the leaves, dispersed Calls/no trails; rocks And grey tufts of moss” (Atwood 20) Her endeavor of finally settling to new pastures becomes wide and unsurpassed.
She feels more comfortable of telling her spiritual bereavement over many things. More importantly, she endures of freedom like any body else and cannot commit herself to dependence. However, she feels insecurity of what is hiding unto the depths of the new world. She picks up the obligatory impression parallel with the others who dreamt of liberation. She exclaims of her concerns, “The petals of the fire- Weed fall where they fall I am watched like an invader Who knows hostility but not where The day shrinks back from me” (Atwood 21) Her definition inclines a surety of purposeful downfall after an undertaking.
She exceeds advancement but treats it as a threat and not a triumph. Her overwhelmed quest modifies the true picture of the superiority over her and excludes courageous acts. However, this comprehensive characterization of Mrs. Moodie’s opinions may be false, as some elements may prove supportive of what she plans or does. The transformation possible ends in a negative opinion rather than a separate entity. What she does not conceptualize is the harmonious feeling of the subjective entities around her. Even though this is partially correct, she gratifies each vision as complete though it is not.
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Pakistan Modern History
Pakistan is a country located in Southern Asia. With the capital city of Islamabad, Pakistan has a population of 220,892,351 based on a recent census from COUNTRYAAH. Pakistan was already a fragile state formation at the time of its creation in 1947. Repeated military coups and wars against India have made it difficult for democracy to gain a foothold. Bitter power struggles between the military and the leading politicians, combined with an ever stronger influence from religious extremism, have made Pakistan one of Asia's most unstable countries.
Pakistan Modern History
Pakistan was proclaimed an independent state on August 14, 1947 - the day before the creation of the Indian Union. The division into two states was the result of increased contradictions between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (see Older History). Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah became general governor - in effect head of state - and Liaquat Ali Khan prime minister.
• ABBREVIATIONFINDER: List of most commonly used acronyms containing Pakistan. Also includes historical, economical and political aspects of the country.
Pakistan had a difficult start. The division of India led to mass exodus of Muslims from Hindu areas and vice versa. At least half a million refugees, the majority of Muslims, were murdered in the hate mood that was whipped up. The new state had no capital, no administration (it was largely run by Hindus and Sikhs who had fled), no organized defense and eight million refugees to take care of.
Pakistan was a major producer of jute and cotton, but the processing industries were inaccessible in India. The country consisted of two halves - West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) - between each other very different and separated by 160 km of Indian territory. In addition, after only a few years, a political vacuum arose since Jinnah died in 1948 and Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951. Check best-medical-schools for more information about Pakistan.
Contemporary History of PakistanWar on Kashmir
One issue that has for years poisoned Pakistan-India relations is that of Kashmir. At the split of 1947, Kashmir's Hindu Maharaja doubted where to join his Muslim-dominated country. The Muslims revolted and were supported by Pakistani volunteers. To get help from India, the maharadjan was forced to join Kashmir. Full war broke out and went on throughout 1948. At the ceasefire, about two-thirds of Kashmir landed in India and the rest came under Pakistani control. Since then, the standstill line has served as a national border (read more about the conflict in Kashmir here).
During the 1950s, Pakistan was increasingly evolving towards an authoritarian regime under the strong influence of the bureaucracy and the military. The Muslim League split and the governments succeeded. In October 1958, the first military coup was conducted and Commander Ayub Khan proclaimed president. A new constitution that came into force in 1962 gave the president great power.
Economic growth accelerated under the protection of the military and with American assistance, but only a small elite benefited. At the same time, the social divisions grew and dissatisfaction grew. In order to divert attention from the domestic political problems, the regime undermined the dissatisfaction prevailing in the Indian part of Kashmir and provoked a new war in 1965. After violent demonstrations, Ayub Khan in 1969 abandoned power to another general, Yahya Khan.
In East Pakistan, discontent had prevailed all the time. The area accounted for a large part of Pakistan's export revenue, but most of the money went to the West. In Pakistan's administration and armed forces, West Pakistanis dominated. The government tended to ignore the recurring natural disasters in the east.
East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh
During Yahya Khan, in 1970, Pakistan's first free elections were organized. Nearly all the mandates in the east went to the Awami League, led by Mujibur Rahman and demanded increased self-government, while the Pakistani People's Party (PPP), formed in 1967 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, won clearly in the west. Yahya Khan's and Bhutto's unwillingness to grant Rahman government power prompted the Awami League to advocate independence for East Pakistan.
On March 23, 1971, the new state of Bangladesh was proclaimed. The army was deployed to defeat the uprising and the Bengals turned into guerrilla war. Pakistan accused India of supporting the Bengals and after some border disputes, India invaded East Pakistan in November. The war spread to West Pakistan and on December 16, 1971, the Pakistani army surrendered. The land was divided.
After the loss of the war, Yahya Khan resigned and Bhutto became president. A new constitution in 1973 gave Pakistan a parliamentary system and Bhutto now became prime minister. After taking power, he became increasingly authoritarian, which led to the opposition parties forming an alliance prior to the 1977 election. PPP's grand victory was immediately met by accusations of cheating.
Strikes and demonstrations erupted, opposition leaders were imprisoned and chaos spread. About 1,000 people are believed to have been killed. On July 5, 1977, the military intervened. Political leaders were imprisoned, laws of war were introduced and Parliament dissolved. The coup leader, Commander-in-Chief Muhammad Zia ul-Haq, quickly betrayed the promise of re-election and took over the presidential post in 1978. Bhutto was sentenced to death and executed in April 1979.
Islamization of society
During Zia ul-Haq there was a strong Islamization of society. The political parties were not allowed to work openly because, according to him, the party system was Islamic. When the long-delayed parliamentary elections were held in February 1985, the candidates had to stand as individuals.
Zia ul-Haq also passed a series of constitutional amendments, which gave the President great power to dissolve Parliament and dismiss or appoint the Prime Minister. After getting Parliament to retroactively approve all decisions made by the military regime, Zia ul-Haq repealed the exception laws in December 1985.
After many years in prison, house arrest and escape, Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir started a campaign against Zia ul-Haq in 1986. However, no political opening was given until the president was killed in an air crash in August 1988. The Supreme Court decided that the parties could openly stand in it elections announced until November of that year.
The election gave PPP a scarce victory and Benazir Bhutto formed government with the support of several other parties. She was dismissed in August 1990 by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan after being accused of corruption and abuse of power and for failing to maintain law and order.
Political power struggle
In the October 1990 general election, a conservative alliance prevailed and Muslim League leader Nawaz Sharif became prime minister. Disputes between Sharif and the president in April 1993 led to this government being dismissed as well but reinstated by the Supreme Court. Oppositions continued and fears of a military coup escalated before the crisis was resolved by the July commander persuading both of them to resign.
The new elections in October 1993 made Benazir Bhutto prime minister for the second time. Her second term as head of government was marred by political violence in the province of Sindh, which was severely defeated by the army. At the same time, a violent conflict raged between Sunni and Shia extremists.
The violence harmed the country's economy. Bhutto was also involved in a power struggle with the Supreme Court over the right to appoint higher judges. Her decision to appoint her husband Asif Ali Zardari as Minister of Investment spurred the allegations of corruption. In November 1996, Bhutto was dismissed by the President. After the February 1997 election, Nawaz Sharif became prime minister for the third time. He now started what can be described as a legal vendetta against Bhutto. In April 1999, she was sentenced to five years in prison, ten years of political bans and soaring fines. Bhutto had, however, in good time sat down to safety abroad.
In the fall of 1997, a power struggle broke out between Sharif, the President of the Supreme Court and the President. The crisis ended with the resignation of the President and the President of the Supreme Court dismissed by his own judges. But in October 1999, when Sharif tried to dismiss the commander-in-chief, General Pervez Musharraf, he was instead deposed, imprisoned and eventually forced into exile in Saudi Arabia.
Musharraf takes power
The coup maker Musharraf was ordered by the Supreme Court to reinstate civil rule by October 2002. He obeyed, but still maintained power by anticipating the general elections on several points. He made himself president with strengthened powers and had the appointment confirmed in a questionable referendum, secured the military's influence over politics by creating a national security council and building his own party - called the Muslim League-Quaid-in-Azam (PML-Q) - with perfectly loyal politicians.
The work opportunities of the former dominant parties were limited. By contrast, the Islamist parties, which previously had weak support in the elections, were able to hold mass meetings under the guise of religious gathering or the like. Rapid radicalization of Islamists took place under the protection of the military regime. At the same time, the country was politically isolated after the nuclear explosions in 1998 and the military coup in 1999.
The economy deteriorated rapidly. The terrorist attacks against the United States in September 2001 and the subsequent US-led attack on the Taliban-ruled Afghanistan therefore came as a gift from above for the country. By standing on the US side, Pakistan received extensive financial support.
In the October 2002 parliamentary elections, the presidential PML-Q won a clear majority. But Musharraf had a difficult balance to go between his support for the United States and the need to stay well with those who supported the Afghan Taliban. Following an attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001, Musharraf was also hard pressed by Indian forces to strike against Kashmiri separatists, who were able to engage in terrorist activities from hiding places in Pakistan. A number of extremist movements were banned and hundreds of their members were imprisoned. Nevertheless, Musharraf did not get in the way of the radical Islamists. Many of the movements resurfaced and several assassination attempts were directed at the president. In clan-controlled areas along the Afghan border, the army fought bloody battles with local militia suspected of protecting Afghan and other foreign terrorists.
The red mosque is stormed
In March 2007, Musharraf dismissed Supreme Court President Iftikhar Chaudhry for "abuse of power" since he criticized the lack of legal security in the country. Around Chaudhry, then, a regime-critical movement was gathered, which became a growing problem for the president. In July of that year, the Supreme Court annulled the dismissal of Chaudhry.
That same month, security forces surrounded the Red Mosque (Lal Masjid) in Islamabad, where hundreds of militant Islamists had entrenched themselves. After just over a week, the mosque was stormed and dozens of people shot dead.
Islamists and foreign terrorist groups now called for a fight against the government. A few days later, about 100 people, most of the army soldiers and police, were killed in attacks in the clan area of North Waziristan and the Northwest Border Province (today Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). The clans in North Waziristan canceled a peace treaty signed with the government in 2006.
During protests from the opposition, Musharraf was allowed to stand in the presidential election in October 2007, despite having failed to promise to resign as commander-in-chief. However, the Supreme Court's final decision would not come until one month after the election. By proposing a division of power with Benazir Bhutto, he persuaded the PPP not to join the boycott of Parliament's vote, after which Musharraf won clearly. He had also issued a broad amnesty for hundreds of corruption-suspected politicians and officials to pave the way for cooperation with, above all, the PPP.
Benazir Bhutto is murdered
With the help of dictatorial exception laws, Musharraf got his re-election approved by the Supreme Court, which now had only regime-loyal members. He then announced his new election until January 8, 2008. On November 28, 2007, Musharraf resigned as commander-in-chief and the day after he was installed at the presidential post. On December 16, the exception laws were repealed.
Benazir Bhutto was assassinated on December 27 after an election in Rawalpindi. Her 19-year-old son Bilawal was appointed new chairman of the PPP, but until then his father Asif Ali Zardari came to lead the party. Zardari, however, was contentious and had been imprisoned for eleven years for corruption, blackmail and murder.
The murder triggered bloody riots. Both in Pakistan and abroad, demands were made for an international investigation of the attack. A UN report, completed in 2010, accused the authorities of failing to protect Bhutto. The police were also criticized for making a lousy investigation of the attack.
The unrest caused the election to be postponed just over a month to February 2008. PPP and PML-N won big and together formed a government with the support of a few smaller parties. PPP's Yusuf Raza Gilani was appointed Prime Minister. Already in May 2008, however, the PML-N left the government after disagreement with the PPP about the judges dismissed by Musharraf with the help of the exception laws the year before. The PML-N considered that the judges would regain their positions in the Supreme Court, while the PPP wanted to limit their power. It was presumed that Zardari was afraid that corruption cases would resume if the previous judges returned.
Struggles in the Swat Valley
Faced with an urgent threat from Parliament to face trial by the Constitution for violating the Constitution, Musharraf resigned from the presidential post in August of that year. In September, Asif Ali Zardari was elected as his successor.
In March 2009, the government agreed that the judges dismissed by Musharraf get their seats back in the Supreme Court. HD then determined that the state of emergency declared by Musharraf in 2007 was illegal. The judges also annulled Musharraf's amnesty for corruption-suspected politicians.
Meanwhile, Pakistan was drawing ever closer to a civil war. Islamists, gathered within Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (Pakistani Taliban Movement, TTP), carried out more and more attacks. TTP leader Baitullah Mehsud was one of those suspected of the murder of Benazir Bhutto.
Swat Valley in the north was dominated by a Taliban-like militia since 2008. In February 2009, the government agreed to a local peace agreement that in practice recognized the Taliban as rulers and admitted that Islamic law, sharia, would be applied there. When the Islamists almost immediately broke the peace treaty and tried to expand their territory, the army went against the offensive. The fighting drove at least 1.5 million civilians in a short time.
After the Taliban leader Baitullah Mehsud was killed in August 2009 in a US rocket attack, TTP took a bloody revenge. From October to the end of 2009, around 600 people were killed and throughout 2009, 3,021 people were victims of terrorist attacks. Pakistan had become one of the world's most dangerous countries.
Presidential power is diminished
During the first half of 2010, the terrorist act continued with the same intensity. Only when Pakistan was hit by severe floods in the summer after unusually heavy monsoon rains did the wave of terror temporarily slow down.
In 2010, the United States stepped up its rocket attacks from unmanned aircraft, "drones," to suspected Taliban or al-Qaeda detention in the Northwest clan areas. A large number of people were reported to have been killed.
In April 2010, the Parliament passed a constitutional amendment which eliminated many of the amendments to the constitution that former dictators made to increase their own power. Pakistan became a parliamentary democracy (see Political system).
After a period of power struggle between the government, the military and the judiciary, Prime Minister Gilani was convicted of court strife in April 2012. Parliament appointed Raja Pervez Ashraf of the PPP. His PPP-dominated government ruled Pakistan until March 2013, when, according to the rules, it handed over to an unpolitical government ahead of the parliamentary elections in May. For the first time in Pakistan's history, a democratically elected government could have sat for a full term.
Democratic change of power
In the spring of 2013, the country's first democratic power change took place. In March, the PML-N won the parliamentary elections over the PPP. After a violent electoral movement, including Taliban attacks on secular parties, the PML-N received almost a third of the vote, which converted into a mandate gave the party nearly half of the seats in the National Assembly.
With the support of a few small parties, PML-N chairman Nawaz Sharif was able to take up as prime minister for the fourth time and form a stable government. Later in the year, PML-N consolidated its strong position when the party's candidate Mamnoon Hussain was elected president.
The PPP went back heavily in the elections, getting only a quarter as many seats as the PML-N and just a few more seats than Pakistan's Justice for Justice (PTI), led by former cricket star Imran Khan.
Sharif set as its two most important goals to strengthen the country's economy and increase security. While the first goal seemed to be achieved, things went worse with the second. The attempts to start a peace dialogue with the Taliban within TTP were difficult. Even as the dialogue was being prepared in September 2013, hundreds of people were killed in a series of blast attacks blamed on the Taliban by the government. Instead of sending out negotiating troops, the government formed a special military force against terrorism in the area around the big city of Peshawar.
Offensive against clan areas
On a visit to Washington that fall, Sharif failed to make an American pledge to stop drone strikes, which, during the "war on terror," claimed the lives of a large number of civilian Pakistanis. Shortly thereafter, TTP leader Hakimullah Mehsud was killed in a drone attack in North Waziristan. A new Taliban leader was appointed a notorious mule from Swat Valley, Fazlullah.
The plans for peace talks were not revived until February 2014. The United States, on the government's appeal, then temporarily halted drone flights to facilitate the talks. However, attempts to get negotiations started were interrupted by new attacks, which in some cases were attributed to outbreak groups that wanted to sabotage the peace chances. In April, the government side launched air raids against South Waziristan and North Waziristan and the Taliban responded with new assaults.
In June 2014, TTP split when the formerly dominant Mehsud clan formed its own phalanx based in South Waziristan. The clan pointed out that TTP has become increasingly "Islamic" through methods such as blackmail, kidnappings and explosive attacks in public places.
That same month, the United States resumed the drone attacks, at the same time as the Pakistani Air Force resumed bombing Taliban mounts in the northwest. Shortly thereafter, the army launched a major ground offensive against North Waziristan. Soon, 800,000 people were reported to have fled their homes and the army claimed to have taken over the territory's main place of Miranshah. In December, the army said that at least 1,600 people, most militant Islamists, had been killed during the offensive and that a few hundred army soldiers had fallen.
After a massacre of 132 children and 16 adults at a school in Peshawar in December 2014, the authorities appeared to take the fight against extremism in a seriously scarcely observed way before. They set up military courts with the power to try civilians for terrorist offenses. The death penalty was introduced for terrorists. When the military courts' term of office expired in January 2017, 274 had been charged with terrorist offenses, 161 had been sentenced to death and twelve had been executed by hanging.
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Beth Shadur created a globe for the Cool Globes Public Art Project in Chicago. The Cool Globes Project addresses the issue of global warming, and invited artists to present solutions to the problem. Shadur’s globe, For the Seventh Generation, uses the Native American Iroquois concept that we take care of the earth for the seventh generation to come. Shadur used symbols from various world cultures indicating how each culture values the earth and its elements. Included are the Iroquois turtle, representative of the Turtle clan whose role it is to protect the earth; the blackbird holding a white feather, also a Native American symbol of protector of the earth; the Jaan bee, who takes its food from the flower while pollinating it for future growth; and the Chinese water symbol, expressing the love of the water. Also included is text from Leviticus in Hebrew and English, “for the earth is mine,”; text from the Faithkeeper of the Iroquois tribe on the seventh generation symbol; and a poem by Arizona poet Lois Roma-Deeley, created especially for the globe. The symbols and text decorate the ocean areas of the globe, while flowers indigenous to Illinois decorate the land masses, to show the Native American value of using indigenous plant material to save water.
Shown below are pictures of the work in progress.
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Salt helps proteins move on down the road
October 28, 2019
HOUSTON - (Oct. 28, 2019) - With a lot of hard work and a dash of salt, Rice University scientists have taken a step toward simplifying drug manufacture.
Rice chemist Christy Landes and her colleagues reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences their strategy to make polymer membrane-based separation of proteins more efficient.
"It costs about $3 billion to bring a drug based on a biological protein to the consumer," Landes said. "And around half of that can be because purification is done by trial and error. Billions of dollars are wasted every year because there is no way to predictively design a separation scheme for a protein."
The Rice lab is developing models to predict how tuning the behavior of individual proteins at membrane interfaces will affect separation.
Through their research, they discovered how using salt to tune two distinct interactions between a nylon stationary phase support and a model protein, transferrin, helps make separations more efficient.
The researchers focused on salt, because "salting out" is a common step in chromatography, an industry-standard process by which the elements in a solution are separated, or "purified." The filters can be natural material like soil, absorbents like cellulose or, increasingly, polymers, including nylon.
"Think of these filters like stops along a highway," said co-author Logan Bishop, who combined his simulations with experiments by lead author Nicholas Moringo. Both are National Science Foundation (NSF) graduate fellows at Rice.
"The first stop separates out the big rigs, the next stop gets the pickup trucks, and eventually you're just left with the normal cars you want," Bishop said. "Here, we're talking about all the different forces that separate different components as a mixture moves through the column."
Dissolved salt creates solvated ions that interact with proteins and tune them to either stop and interact with the chromatography column or move on through the column. At the end of salting out, the desired protein can be extracted from the column with a solvent and made available for further purification steps.
Exactly how the salt influences the separation is just one question the researchers hope to answer through their experiments and simulations. "The most important thing that we did in this paper was to marry observations of individual proteins interacting at the nylon interface to an understanding of exactly how they interact," Landes said. "Our simulations now let us predict the improved separation efficiencies under realistic conditions."
The researchers identified competing forces at the nylon surface that could be tuned by salt concentration. Observations revealed that folded transferrin proteins tended to hop around the nylon, but they partially unfold once attached to the membrane. Higher salt concentrations unfold them even more, decreasing the hopping and allowing the membrane interactions to improve the separation efficiency.
"The salt tunes the distribution of these two ways of interacting, and it also changes the structure of the protein at the interface," Landes said. "But they're each only part of the competition at the micro scale that give you the macroscopic effect. That's why it's so expensive to optimize the process with trial and error."
"We'd like to be able to test a library of surface chemistries in differing conditions in one shot on a cover slip, so we can identify the ideal conditions for separation," Moringo said. "Then we can use the simulation to predict which combinatorial answer on your chip is going to be the right one to optimize separation."
It will take years before simulations incorporate all the possible parameters, but it's a journey worth taking to make drug design and manufacture better, Bishop said. "The model is not quite complex enough, and there's an argument that we're never going to be able to match the complexity of the chromatography process," he said. "But our hope is we can get a close-enough approximation to start shaving off some of those costs and get closer to a real solution."
Landes noted that pharmaceutical companies have mastered their current techniques, as far as they go. "Nobody knows better than industrial engineers how to optimize a process to get the most results for the least amount of money, as long as they stay on the path they've been following for 70 years," she said. "But we're moving onto a transformative path. That's what academic research is for."
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Anastasiia Misiura, Nicole Carrejo, Rashad Baiyasi and Fan Ye; alumni Wenxiao Wang and Hao Shen, now an assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry at Kent State University, and Jacob Robinson, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering and of bioengineering. Landes is a professor of chemistry, of electrical and computer engineering and of chemical and biomolecular engineering.
The Welch Foundation and the NSF supported the research.
Read the abstract at
This news release can be found online
Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews.
Related materials:
Landes Research Group:
Hao Shen:
Rice Department of Chemistry:
Wiess School of Natural Sciences:
Images for download:
Rice University researchers found that adsorption of transferrin to the nylon interface in chromatography (top) induces the partial unfolding of the protein (bottom). That unfolding is enhanced in the presence of salt. Controlling the process could help build better models to predict protein separation, a critical process in drug manufacture. (Credit: Landes Research Group/Rice University)
An illustration shows two modes of transferrin-nylon interaction, a "hopping" mechanism known as CTRW (orange) and single-site adsorption-desorption (blue). Rice University chemists showed how salt modifies surface interactions in chromatography used to separate drug proteins and suggested limiting CTRW diffusion in the stationary phase will improve separation. (Credit: Landes Research Group/Rice University)
Nicholas Moringo, left, and Logan Bishop, both National Science Foundation graduate fellows at Rice University, discuss a detail in their work to refine models of how salt modifies surface interactions in chromatography used to separate valuable drug proteins. The research could be a step toward simplifying drug manufacture. (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)
Jeff Falk
Mike Williams
Rice University
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In this article, we are providing A Triumph of Surgery Extra Questions and Answers PDF Class 10 English Footprints Without Feet CBSE, Extra Questions for Class 10 English Footprints Without Feet was designed by subject expert teachers.
A Triumph of Surgery Extra Questions and Answers Class 10 English Footprints Without Feet
Extract Based Questions [3 Marks each]
Question 1.
‘And did you cut down on the sweet things as I told you?’
(a) What sweet things are being referred to in the extract?
(b) Why does the speaker enquire if the sweet things have been cut down?
(c) What is the meaning of the phrase ‘cut down’?
(d) What is the opposite of ‘sweet’?
(a) The sweet things mentioned in the extract are cream cakes and chocolates.
(b) The speaker enquires if the sweet things have been cut down because these were spoiling Tricki’s health and he needed to be put on a strict diet.
(c) The phrase ‘cut down’ means ‘to reduce the quantity of something’.
(d) ‘Sour’ is its opposite.
Question 2.
I tried to sound severe: “Now ! really mean this. If you don’t cut his food right down and give him more exercise he is going to be really ill. You must harden your heart and keep him on a very strict diet”. [CBSE 2014]
(a) Why did the speaker try to sound severe?
(b) For whom was the advice given and why?
(c) Find the word in the extract which is a synonym of the word ‘serious’.
(d) What is the antonym of ‘hardened’?
(a) The speaker tried to sound severe to make Mrs Pumphrey take his advice seriously and act on it.
(b) The advice was giverf’for Tricki because he had become obese and listless. He was unwell and the speaker wanted him to be on a strict diet.
(c) The word is ‘severe’.
(d) Its antonym is ‘softened’.
Question 3.
As I moved off, Mrs Pumphrey, with a despairing cry, threw an armful of the little coats through the window. I looked in the mirror before I turned the corner of the drive; everybody was in tears.
(a) Where was the speaker going and with whom?
(b) Why was everybody in tears? ‘
(c) Find the word in the extract which is an antonym of the word ‘cheerful’.
(d) What is the opposite of ‘before’?
(a) The speaker was going to the hospital with Tricki.
(b) Everybody was in tears because Tricki was being hospitalised as he was ill. Everyone was worried about his health.
(c) The word is ‘despairing’.
(d) ‘After’ is its opposite.
Question 4.
“Poor old lad”, I said. “You haven’t a kick in you but I think I know a cure for you”. [CBSE 2012]
(a) Why does the speaker say “poor old lad”.
(b) What cure did the speaker know?
(c) What is the meaning of ‘a kick’ in the extract?
(d) Write a synonym of ‘cure1.
(a) The speaker addresses Tricki as a poor old lad because he is unwell and listless.
(b) The speaker knew that the cure for Tricki’s illness is to put him on a strict diet.
(c) The phrase means ‘any alertness’.
(d) ‘Heal’ is a synonym of‘cure’.
Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks each]
Question 1.
What made James Herriot expect a call from Mrs Pumphrey? [CBSE 2015]
James Herriot’s encounter with Mrs Pumphrey and Tricki made him expect a call for help. He was sure that the extra diet and no physical activity would soon put Tricki’s health in danger. And just as anticipated, Mrs Pumphrey called the vet a few days afterwards.
Question 2.
What ‘extra’ did Mrs Pumphrey start to give Tricki and why?
Mrs Pumphrey thought that Tricki was suffering from malnutrition, as he was weak and listless. So, she started to give him extra snacks like cod-liver oil and malt between the main meals and Horlicks after dinner to make him stronger. She aslo continued his cream cakes and chocolates.
Question 3.
What made Mrs Pumphrey call the vet?
Tricki’s condition made Mr» Pumphrey call the vet for help. Tricki had become fat and lazy. He just used to lie on his rug and pant. He also refused to eat food, even his favourite dishes. His bouts of vomiting added to Mrs Pumphrey’s worry. That is why, she called James Herriot.
Question 4.
How can you say that it was hard for Mrs Pumphrey to part with her doting pet?
Mrs Pumphrey treated Tricki as her own child. She loved him very much. It was very difficult for her to see Tricki in such a situation. She was distraught when she had to make the decision to hospitalise Tricki, for her love for him knew no bounds. It was a terrible and tearful moment for her but she agreed to Herriot’s suggestion for the betterment of her pet.
Question 5.
What kind of treatment was given to Tricki? Did it help in his recovery?
Tricki was given a non-medicinal treatment. His diet regimen was altered depending upon his body’s response to it. He was kept on liquid diet for the first two days and then his diet was gradually increased. Yes, this treatment did help Tricki as it built up energy in him. He had transformed to an energetic, hard-muscled dog in just a fortnight.
Question 6.
Was Tricki suffering from any ailment in reality? If not, then what made him inactive and lethargic?
No, Tricki was not suffering from any ailment. It was his greed for food and the love of his mistress that spoilt his health to such an extent. He was being overfed everyday and that made him obese and lethargic. That is why his health showed rapid improvement when his diet was controlled.
Question 7.
Briefly describe Herriot’s days of content.
The time of Tricki’s stay at the hospital was a period of content for Herriot. He used to enjoy the treat that arrived in the name of Tricki, as he could not afford all this for „ himself. Herriojj used to relish the fresh eggs in breakfast, wine before and during lunch and brandy in the night.
Question 8.
Do you think Tricki was enjoying his stay at the hospital? [CBSE 2011]
Yes, Tricki was definitely enjoying his stay at the hospital. He had befriended the gang of shabby household dogs. He had found a new joy in being bowled over, trampled on and squashed. He had also become very energetic. He used to play and run all day long with the dogs. He was having a great time.
Long Answer (Value Based) Type Questions [8 Marks each]
Question 1.
Excess of everything is bad. Comment in the wake of Mrs Pumphrey’s love for Tricki.
Mrs Pumphrey was a rich woman who loved her dog very much. She loved to live a comfortable and lavish life and also wanted her dog to spend a similar one. She had maintained a wardrobe full of fancy fur coats, dresses, beds etc for Tricki. Apart from this, she used to overfeed Tricki out of her love and concern. She used to serve him cod-liver oil and malt between the main meals and Horlicks after dinner to give him strength. She never realised that Tricki was a greedy dog and this would spoil his health. She could not even refuse to answer Tricki drooling for cream cakes and chocolates. Her overfeeding worsened Tricki’s condition. This made the dog lazy, inactive and obese. He used to lie on his rug and pant all day long. Mrs Pumphrey fed him excessively, spoiling Tricki’s health to such an extent that he had to be hospitalised. Even in the hospital she continued to convey Tricki her love through eggs, wine and brandy. Her fondness and care for Tricki proved that excess of everything made him fall sick.
Question 2.
Pen down incidences in support of values one should inculcate from Mr James Herriot. [CBSE 2015]
Mr Herriot was a capable veterinary surgeon who treated Tricki. He was a very compassionate doctor and a wise and sympathetic human being. He showed his capabilities almost immediately when he advised Mrs Pumphrey to put Tricki on a strict diet after understanding his symptoms. He can also be said to be an understanding and tactful person as he knew exactly how to free Tricki from the spoiling love of Mrs Pumphrey for his betterment. He does not operate upon the poor dog unnecessarily and adopts a practical approach to treat him. Mr James was a caring and polite individual as he successfully allays Mrs Pumphrey’s anxiety about Tricki’s recovery patiently. He was in all a good human being and a successful professional.
Question 3.
Do you think parents like Mrs Pumphrey exist? If yes, is it a good thing to pamper children? Why or why not? [CBSE 2012]
Yes, parents like Mrs Pumphrey definitely exist. These people spoil their children by ptaking sure all their demands are met. They spoil their children in the name of love and care. They not only feed them junk but also spoil their social habits. This kind of a behaviour is very harmful for children. Such overprotective parental behaviour hinders their growth as adults. In fact it sows the seeds of greed and dependency in them They become stubborn and do not learn to value anything. For them, hard work is a myth as they get everything easily. Over pampered children often fail to face the hardships of life later, as for them life has been a cakewalk. Pampering children in moderation is healthy, but excess of it is harmful. It is not just bad for humans but also for animals, as we see in the story ‘A triumph of Surgery’.
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The Big Picture
Our future, visualized.
Irene Posch, Ebru Kurbak
Irene Posch, Ebru Kurbak
Textiles become circuits in 'The Embroidered Computer'
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Google and others have developed smart clothing with built-in integrated circuits, but what if the textile itself formed the circuit? That's the idea behind The Embroidered Computer, an interactive installation from artist and researcher Irene Posch and designer/artist Ebru Kurbak , shown at this year's Instanbul Design Biennial.
It's a working 8-bit electromechanical computer made from gold, linen, hematite, wood, silver and copper that functions equally as a decorative textile. As Posch notes on her website, the piece explores "the appearance of current digital and electronic technologies surrounding us, as well as our interaction with them." At the same exhibition, the artists also showed off The Yarn Recorder, a device that can record and playback sounds using steel-cored yarn.
The Embroidered Computer
The Embroidered Computer has flippable relays like those used in mainframes before semiconductors came along. While they're not nearly as fast, you have to admit that they look a lot cooler in operation (above).
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The dominant material is gold, used for its highly conductive properties, arranged in patterns to form the logic of a simple 8-bit computer. "Traditionally purely decorative, their pattern here defines the function," the artists wrote. "They lay bare core digital routines usually hidden in black boxes. Users are invited to interact with the piece in programming the textile to computer for them."
While the artwork brings the hidden beauty of programmed circuits front and center, it also makes a normally decorative object functional. The piece imagines a timeline where computers were developed by artisans, rather than engineers, using ancient methods and skills. "Through its mere existence, it evokes one of the many imaginable alternative histories of computing technology and stories of plausible alternatives to our present daily lives," said Kurbak and Posch.
It's an ironic inversion, because the Jacquard Loom, which was invented in 1804, used a crude electromechanical computer powered by punch-cards to weave complex patterns. That in turn inspired Charles Babbage in his creation of the Analytical Engine, essentially the first general-purpose computer. "The Analytical Engine weaves algebraic patterns, just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves," said Babbage's contemporary and computing pioneer Ada Lovelace.
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A guide to fire wood, for wood burning stoves and log gasification boilers
Part 1 - Fire wood
As a business we are constantly having the conversations about fire wood, we always amazed by the theory’s people come out with, for example yesterday I was at a potential customers home, who has a small ash plantation. He proceeded to explain that ash wood could be burnt wet, I asked him why ash had these magical properties. His answer was its true I read it online.
So who makes up the theories? Well frankly, who cares.
What’s important is that customers are burning fire wood with a maximum moisture content of 20 %. To test your fire wood take one of your logs that you think is ready to burn. Split the log down the grain and use your moisture meter to test the core of the log, if it has a moisture content of 20% or lower it is fit to burn. Note different woods with different densities will dry out at different rates, also a large chunk of wood will take longer to dry out than a smaller split piece of wood.
But why is it so important to burn dry wood ( max 20%). The moisture content in wood is simply water, when you burn the wood the water is converted to steam which makes its way up your chimney to the atmosphere, if you have a excess of water you will have a excess of steam which will cool the burning temperature in the fire box and lower the flue gas temperature.
This has various effects
1. A lower fire box temperature due to too much moisture ,this will mean less heat is produced to the room or to the boiler as you are simply drying the wood in the fire box instead of converting the wood to heat energy.
2. You will get dirty glass and tar build up within your appliance and chimney system, reducing its lifespan and efficiency
3. A greater chance of chimney fires, this is caused by tar build up within the chimney. Chimney fires reduce the lifespan of the chimney drastically
4. By having a lower fire box temperature, you burn off less emissions, creating more fly ash and more smoke. So that defra approved appliance suddenly is not as clean burning as it’s supposed to be .
5. Blocked chimney, causing potential carbon monoxide poisoning.
6. Poor heat output
What type of wood should I burn. Does it matter?
Most woods have very similar energy value per kg , most people have issues understanding this as the pick up a log of beech and another of Sitka spruce both are the same size but the beech has a much greater mass and greater calorific value. This is because the beech is much denser.
However, 1 kg of beech is roughly the same energy value as 1 kg of stika spruce but not the same bulk.
Therefore, you may need twice the volume of soft wood compared to hard woods e.g. beech / oak, to create the same amount of energy.
Next time we will go through kiln dried wood opposed to air dried. What’s the difference?
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Hemp And CBD Industry Terms And Definitions: A Basic Guide For Business Owners
Every industry has what is known as nomenclature or terms and definitions that apply to the various aspects of manufacturing, products and services. We wanted to give you a guide of basic terms and definitions that you might find helpful in building your CBD business. Let’s start at the beginning, the seed:
Industrial Seeds
Hemp, or industrial hemp is a strain of the Cannabis Sativa plant species. Industrial hemp is grown for its various derived products including, biomass, seeds used for food products, oils, and for fiber for woven products as well as many other fiber applications.
CBD Seeds (Non-Feminized)
Naturally pollinated hemp plants or those using traditional breeding techniques usually produce a relatively even split between male and female seeds. These are known as regular or non-feminized seeds.
CBD Seeds (Feminized)
Feminized CBD seeds are seeds that have been either genetically modified (by removing the X chromosome) or naturally by non-genetic practices to produce almost all female plants. Non-genetic techniques include spraying female plants with a colloidal silver or silver thiosulphate solution.
Clones are exact reproductions of an original ‘mother plant’, by taking a stem cutting or tissue culture and placing it in a media to take root. Once the clone has rooted it can be transplanted into a cultivation facility or field.
Biomass VS Dried Flower
Biomass is the dried hemp plant materials that include stalks, leaves, flower/buds, and/or seeds that have been harvested. Dry flower is the dried flower and bud of the hemp plant that has been removed from the stalk. It usually contains a minimum amount of stems and it can be used for smoking or used to make pre-rolled joints.
Kief is also known as cannabis crystals. It refers to the resinous trichomes of cannabis sativa that accumulates from sifted dry flower. It can be sifted through a mesh screen from the flower grinding process.
Crude Hemp Oil
Crude Hemp Oil is the extracted oil from the hemp biomass that contains all of the cannabinoids, terpenes and other plant compounds. There are a number of extraction methods used by processors to extract the crude hemp oil. The two most common are CO2 extraction: using pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) to pull the CBD and other phytocannabinoids and compounds from the plant and Solvent Extraction: using ethanol, by far the most common solvent, to pull all of the compounds from the plant.
The crude oil then usually goes through a process known as ‘winterization’ or decarboxylation to remove the organic plant compounds such as waxes, lipids and chlorophyll. This process creates a more transparent, potent distillate.
Full- Spectrum CBD Oil
Full Spectrum CBD Oil is the oil extracted from the flowers and leaves of the hemp plant.
The full spectrum extraction retains the entire spectrum of 110 plus cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, essential vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, proteins, chlorophyll and fiber.
Hemp is high in the cannabinoid CBD and low in THC (regulated not to exceed 0.03%): however, it does provide the full spectrum of the plant’s compounds and benefits without any psychoactive effect.
Broad Spectrum CBD
Broad Spectrum CBD is basically the same as full spectrum: however all of the THC is removed in the extraction process. This provides the benefits of a full spectrum CBD with the exception of the cannabinoid THC. This is beneficial for certain people that need to drug test, athletes and children.
CBD Isolate
Isolate is the purest form of CBD which is a product of removing all of the other compounds found in the plant. This results in a crystal or powder with 0% THC and 96% to 99% CBD.
Mother Liquor
Mother liquor is a part of a solution left over in chemical processes after crystallization such as in CBD isolate: it is the residual that contains all of the other compounds.
Our Laurelcrest team looks forward to assisting you with crafting your CBD brand from inception to distribution. Please contact us to learn more about our products and services.
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This article will explain to you the different reasons why your normal vitamin D levels need to be regulated and controlled. If you don’t have high enough levels of vitamin D, you can put yourself at risk of suffering from a variety of different kinds of ailments and issues that can cause you a great deal of harm in the long run.
Severe vitamin D deficiency is characterized by a low level of 25(OH)D or 12 ng/ml. Recent studies have shown that low vitamin D levels increase the risk of death in sepsis, a complication of a severe infection. Furthermore, sepsis patients have lower levels of vitamin D in their blood, which has implications for their health. Research has also shown that a link between low vitamin D levels and Toll-like receptor activation has a significant effect on the immune response. Therefore , it is advisable to consider completing a vitamin D test in order to establish whether or not you have normal vitamin D levels present.
Evidence Gathered From Further Studies
One study concluded that Vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk of cancer and precancerous lesions. However, further studies are needed to determine if this practice has any impact on the risk of cancer and precancerous lesion formation. In addition to the toxicity, vitamin D supplementation can also improve vitamin D levels. But, it is still unclear whether it is helpful or not for patients. But one recent meta-analysis of individual patient data found that vitamin D supplementation can increase vitamin D levels in healthy adults.
In general, there is no preparation needed for the vitamin D blood test. However, some health care providers will advise their patients if they need to do any special preparations before the test. A small blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm. In some cases, the health care professional will tie a band around the upper arm to make it easier to find the vein. Then, the person will disinfect a small patch of skin and insert a needle attached to the collection tube into the skin. A few drops of blood will be withdrawn.
There is little preparation required for the vitamin D blood test. The health care provider will provide the results and inform the patient if any preparations are necessary. In most cases, a small blood sample will be taken from the arm. A band will be placed on the upper arm so that the vein is easier to find. A small patch of skin will be disinfected before a needle is inserted into the skin. Once the blood sample is taken, the health care professional will take a sample and analyse it. Alternatively you may choose an alternative home testing kit which doesn’t require a health professional in order to administer the test
If you want to ensure that your vitamin D levels are normal, it is important that you take active steps where possible in order to ensure that they are at the right levels. Doing this will help you to maintain your health and and will help you preserve the right vitamin D levels.
To improve your diet, you can incorporate more fruits into your meals. They contain a variety of vitamins and minerals. You can use these fruits instead of your favorite processed foods, such as chips, cookies, and other treats. The more fruits you include in your meals, the better your health will be. You can also try keeping a food diary to track what you are eating. This will help you make changes that will improve your overall health and reduce your weight.
When you try to improve your diet, it’s important to keep in mind that older stomachs produce less gastric acid. This makes it more difficult to absorb vitamin B-12. Therefore, you should limit your fast food intake and stick to a daily calorie allowance of 2.4 mcg. Additionally, you should try to incorporate more fruits and vegetables in your diet. Avoid high-calorie sodas, and sweetened beverages. Your body needs a wide variety of vitamins and minerals.
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There are so many things that may get you down when you are a student. It can be anything from getting a bad grade on a final to not knowing what you want to do after you graduate. These aren’t the only things that can cause you not to feel your best, however. As a student, you may experience Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), especially if you are going to school in a new place. If your school is in an area where you aren’t familiar with the weather, this may cause you to feel down, especially if you have to experience cold and rainy seasons that seem like they have no end in sight. Here’s a look at what you can do about it.
What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?
Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD for short, is a condition in which a person may feel depressed when the seasons change. Much of the time these feelings happen during the winter, but they can happen in any season, depending on the conditions present. If you experience depressive symptoms during the winter, you could be experiencing Seasonal Affective Disorder. Feeling down for multiple days, where you also feel like you can’t do anything and have no desire to may be a clue that you are affected by SAD. In this case, there are many ways in which you can manage it, which is good news. For more information on SAD, you can read this article.
How to Can Manage SAD
When you are looking to manage SAD and its symptoms, there are a few things you need to look into and consider.
1. Get yourself checked out. When you are feeling sad or like you don’t want to do anything, you should have yourself checked out by a physician. You may be able to do that at the clinic on-campus or meet with your regular doctor if you are able to. They can tell you if you have any physical ailments that must be treated.
2. Eat right. You should also do what you can to eat right. While this may be hard on a college campus, you should do your best to remember to eat fruits and vegetables when they are available. Also, try to drink water when you are able to, so you don’t become dehydrated.
3. Sleep well. Another thing that can be hard for a student to do is get enough sleep, but this is important. Shoot for getting 7 hours a night when possible or give yourself a specific time to go to sleep every night.
4. Exercise. This is also something that you should try to do a few times a week. Luckily, when you are a student, this can be easy to accomplish. For instance, you can walk to some of your classes or take a run around campus. In some cases, there are gyms or fitness centres at universities that you are able to use because you are a student.
5. Talk to someone. SAD may make you feel like you need to stay isolated, but you should refrain from doing so. Talk to people around you, your friends and family, and if you still need more help, consider talking to a therapist. They will be able to lend a hand when it comes to addressing your symptoms and can talk to you about your treatment options.
6. Get a light box. One type of treatment option that a therapist may talk to you about is a light box. This is a light that is designed to mimic natural lighting. Oftentimes, a person is asked to sit next to the light for a specific amount of time each day. Light boxes have been used for decades for the treatment of SAD. This treatment may be able to lessen certain SAD symptoms, especially when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy and medicines, when applicable.
7. Keep at it. Remember that when you are feeling the effects of SAD, this is something that may not go away overnight. Once you seek treatment for this condition, you may start to see an improvement in your symptoms over time. You should take it day to day and be aware that it can get better.
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DNA: Next step?
Urazmatan Islands, S.E.
From the dense forested hills of these remote islands, where medical research has been conducted intensively for three decades, comes a startling report, which has caused amazement throughout the scientific community.
It began with a phenomenon of genetic modification of women of child-bearing age whose use of electronic devices had increased 400%-500% in the past five years. An almost invisible change in DNA molecules was observed, peaking during pregnancy. Geneticists, neuroscience researchers and microcellular reproductive physicians released a previously classified announcement of the birth of a 10-and-one-half-pound male, with an iPhone in his hand, tiny enough to fit into the infant’s palm, with rudimentary software directing the child to gurgle, smile and cry.
Despite the newborn’s small fingers, operation of the software was efficient. Subsequently, other instances of this digital breakthrough appeared. Babies were being born equipped with iPhones whose software programming was actively attuned to the child’s growth. Toddler iPhones were reported, and researchers predicted that preschool iPhones would emerge, delivering age-appropriate modifications so that by adolescence, children’s personal, individualized iPhones would be as normal as thumbs, elbows and knees.
How this news will impact the global population is unknown at this time. Predictions vary, but the VIPs of DNA suggest major skepticism will be followed by serious debate concerning ways to adapt to this new stage of evolution and utilize it to improve communication. Meanwhile, manufacturers of juvenile iPhone accessories are anticipating an economic boom.
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